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+Project Gutenberg's From Farm House to the White House, by William M. Thayer
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: From Farm House to the White House
+       The life of George Washington, his boyhood, youth, manhood,
+       public and private life and services
+
+Author: William M. Thayer
+
+Release Date: April 27, 2009 [EBook #28618]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FROM FARM HOUSE TO THE WHITE HOUSE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Jude Eylander and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: George Washington]
+
+
+    LOG CABIN TO WHITE HOUSE SERIES
+
+    From Farm House to the White House
+
+    THE LIFE OF
+    GEORGE WASHINGTON
+
+    HIS BOYHOOD, YOUTH, MANHOOD, PUBLIC
+    AND PRIVATE LIFE AND SERVICES
+
+    _By_ William M. Thayer
+
+    Author of "From Log Cabin to White House,"
+    "From Pioneer Home to White House,"
+    "From Tannery to White House,"
+    "From Boyhood to Manhood," etc., etc.
+
+    _ILLUSTRATED_
+
+    NEW YORK
+    HURST & COMPANY PUBLISHERS
+
+
+
+
+Log Cabin to White House Series.
+
+UNIFORM WITH THIS VOLUME.
+
+BY WILLIAM M. THAYER:
+
+    From Boyhood to Manhood--Life of Benjamin Franklin.
+
+    From Farm House to White House--Life of George Washington.
+
+    From Log Cabin to White House--Life of James A. Garfield,
+    with eulogy by Hon. James G. Blaine.
+
+    From Pioneer Home to White House--Life of Abraham Lincoln,
+    with eulogy by Hon. Geo. Bancroft.
+
+    From Tannery to White House--Life of Ulysses S. Grant.
+
+BY EDWARD S. ELLIS:
+
+    From Ranch to White House--Life of Theodore Roosevelt.
+
+_Price Post-Paid, 75˘. each, or $4.50 for the set._
+
+HURST & COMPANY
+PUBLISHERS, NEW YORK.
+
+
+Copyright, 1890, By JAMES H. EARLE.
+
+
+
+
+    To ALL WHO HONOR TRUE MANHOOD,
+    This Volume,
+    _REPRESENTING THE ELEMENTS OF SUCCESS_,
+    From Boyhood to Manhood
+    IN THE
+    CAREER AND NOBLE CHARACTER
+    OF
+    GEORGE WASHINGTON,
+    "_THE FATHER OF HIS COUNTRY_,"
+    Is Sincerely and Affectionately Dedicated.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+Every American, old or young, should become familiar with the life of
+Washington; it will confirm their patriotism and strengthen their
+loyalty. Such a character will become an inspiration to them, eliciting
+nobler aims, and impelling to nobler deeds.
+
+Washington himself wrote to his step-son, who was in college:
+
+    "You are now extending into that stage of life when good or bad
+    habits are formed; when the mind will be turned to things useful
+    and praiseworthy or to dissipation and vice. Fix on which ever
+    it may, it will stick by you; for you know it has been said, and
+    truly, 'The way the twig is bent the tree's inclined.' This, in
+    a strong point of view, shows the propriety of letting your
+    inexperience be directed by maturer advice, and in placing guard
+    upon the avenues which lead to idleness and vice. The latter
+    will approach like a thief, working upon your passions,
+    encouraged, perhaps, by bad examples, the propensity to which
+    will increase in proportion to the practice of it and your
+    yielding. Virtue and vice cannot be allied, nor can idleness and
+    industry; of course if you resolve to adhere to the former of
+    these extremes, an intimacy with those who incline to the latter
+    of them would be extremely embarrassing to you; it would be a
+    stumbling block in your way, and act like a mill-stone hung to
+    your neck; for it is the nature of idleness and vice to obtain
+    as many votaries as they can....
+
+    "It is to close application and perseverance that men of letters
+    and science are indebted for their knowledge and usefulness; and
+    you are now at the period of life when these are to be acquired,
+    or lost for ever. As you know how anxious your friends are to
+    see you enter upon the grand theatre of life with the advantages
+    of a finished education, a highly cultivated mind, and a proper
+    sense of your duties to God and man, I shall only add one
+    sentiment before I close this letter and that is, to pay due
+    respect and obedience to your tutors, and affectionate reverence
+    for the president of the college, whose character merits your
+    highest regards. Let no bad example, for such is to be met in
+    all seminaries, have an improper influence upon your conduct.
+    Let this be such, and let it be your pride to demean yourself
+    in such a manner as to obtain the good will of your superiors
+    and the love of your fellow students."
+
+Better advice than this was never given to a youth; and to enforce it,
+we present in this volume the life and character of the great man who so
+lovingly tendered it. By employing the colloquial style, anecdotal
+illustration, and thrilling incident, the author hopes more successfully
+to accomplish his purpose.
+
+In the preparation of this work the author has availed himself of the
+abundant material furnished by Washington's well-known biographers,
+Ramsey, Weems, Marshall, Sparks, Bancroft, Irving, Everett, Custis,
+etc., together with the anecdotes of his earlier and later life, found
+in eulogies, essays, and literary articles upon his life and character,
+with which the literature of our country abounds. Incident is allowed to
+tell the life story of the subject. The incidents of his boyhood and
+youth are particularly narrated, that the achievements of ripe manhood
+may more clearly appear to be the outcome of a life well begun. To such
+an example parents and guardians can point with confidence and hope.
+
+Believing that biography should be written and read so as to assure a
+sharp analysis of character, thereby bringing the real qualities of the
+subject to the front, and believing, also, that the biographies of the
+noblest men only should be written for the young, since "example is more
+powerful than precept," the author sends forth this humble volume,
+invoking for it the considerate indulgence of critics, and the blessing
+of Divine Providence.
+
+    W. M. T.
+
+FRANKLIN, Mass.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+    I.
+
+    ANCESTORS AND BIRTH.
+
+    Ancestors in England--John and Lawrence Washington--Family of
+    Note--The Washington Manor and Irving--Sir Henry Washington in
+    War--English Fox Hunting--Washington and Franklin--The
+    Washingtons in America--Birth of George--House where
+    born--Ceremony of placing a Slab on it by Custis--Paulding
+    describes the Place--The House described--George
+    baptized--Removal to Banks of Rappahannock--Large Estates--Style
+    of Living--Vast Wilderness--Militia--Depredations by
+    Indians--Negro Slavery                                            23
+
+
+    II.
+
+    BOYHOOD.
+
+    Reliable Information about it--Visit to the Orchard, and the
+    Rebuke to Selfishness--George's Name growing in the Garden--Its
+    Lesson about God--The Hatchet, and it Lesson about
+    Lying--Raising a Regiment of Soldiers--George's Brother in
+    Uniform--Effect of Military Display on George--Playing
+    Soldier--His Brother Lawrence a Good Soldier--Love Greater than
+    War--George's Military Spirit increasing--George's Manly
+    Bearing--Excels in Athletic Sports--What Fitzhugh said--The
+    Sequel                                                            36
+
+
+    III.
+
+    SCHOOL DAYS.
+
+    His Brother Lawrence educated in England--Leaving Home--George
+    at School when Five Years Old--His Teacher, Hobby--What a
+    Biographer says of his Progress--The Homeschool--His
+    Writing-book and Thoroughness--A Good Speller--Studying and
+    Playing with all his Might--Best Runner, Wrestler, etc.--The
+    School Grounds a Military Camp--An English and Spanish Army of
+    Boys--Juvenile Commander-in-chief--A Quarrel that George could
+    not Conquer--Truth-teller and Peacemaker--At Mr. Williams'
+    School, and a Mother's Lesson--Studying Surveying--Mimic
+    War--Surveying School-grounds--Later Surveying--Settling a
+    Difficulty--Acting as Umpire--What Mr. Weems says--What Mrs.
+    Kirkland says                                                     52
+
+
+    IV.
+
+    METHOD AND THOROUGHNESS.
+
+    Doing Things Well--Dialogue with Lawrence--His "Book of Forms,"
+    and what a Schoolmate thought of it--His "Book of Problems:" its
+    Use and Abuse--His "Book of Drawing"--Odd Moments--Preserving
+    Bits of Prose and Verse--What Irving says--His "Rules of
+    Behavior"--What Lawrence Washington and his Wife thought of
+    them--Their Influence over him--Part of them Quoted--What
+    Everett says of them--Author's Opinion--Sample Extract from his
+    Copy-book--These show his Character--His Heart made a Level
+    Head                                                              72
+
+
+    V.
+
+    FOUR INCIDENTS AND THEIR LESSONS.
+
+    His Father's Sudden Sickness--George at Chotauk--The Doctor's
+    Opinion--Growing Worse, and Startling Revelation--George sent
+    for--He arrived when his Father was dying--Affecting
+    Scene--Death and Will--The Arabian Colt--Attempt to ride
+    him--The Animal killed--George confessing his Wrong-doing--The
+    "Lowland Beauty"--George in Love--A Human Heart after All--What
+    Irving says about it--Naval Officers at Vernon--Wants to be a
+    Midshipman--His Mother's Opposition, and Lawrence's
+    Approval--Enlists--Appears before his Mother in Naval
+    Costume--Her Grief--He does not go--His True Manliness asserts
+    itself                                                            82
+
+
+    VI.
+
+    HIS MOTHER.
+
+    Her Views of Correct Family Government--Secret of George's
+    Correct Life--What Custis says about it--What Lawrence
+    Washington said--Obedience commanded--How she commanded her
+    Servants--Her One Book, next to the Bible, consulted--What
+    Everett said of it--Quotations from it--They teach Honesty,
+    Industry, Fidelity, Religion, etc.--Her
+    Ancestry--Courage--Afraid of Lightning--Her Singular
+    Dream--Weems' Explanation--Care of her Family--Mr. Sparks'
+    Tribute--Irving's Tribute--Her Son visits her before going to
+    War--Her Patriotism--Taking Charge of her Own Business--Her Joy
+    over Cornwallis' Surrender--Her Son's Visit to her--The Ball,
+    and his Staff introduced to her--Compared with Napoleon's
+    Mother--Lafayette's Visit to her--Her Son's Visit to her before
+    becoming President--Custis' description of the Scene--Her Death,
+    Burial, and Monument--Jackson's Eulogy--John Adams' Words--The
+    Mother of Such a Son, and the Son of Such a Mother               103
+
+
+    VII.
+
+    YOUNG SURVEYOR.
+
+    His Mother's Views about his Future--The Plea of Lawrence--Goes
+    to Live at Mount Vernon--Lawrence's Eye on a Military Life for
+    him--Lessons in "The Manual Exercise"--Lessons in
+    "Fencing"--Reading Military Treatises--In the Family of William
+    Fairfax--What the Latter thought of him--Meets Lord
+    Fairfax--What Everett says of him--What Irving says--Reading
+    Books and Fox Hunting--An Unexpected Proposition--Becomes a
+    Surveyor--His Appearance now--Keeping a Journal--Extracts from
+    Letter and Journal--Mode of Life described--Hardships--What
+    Abbott and Everett say of his Hardships--Camping Out--In Indian
+    Wigwam--His Journal describes a Scene--Other Entries--What he
+    recorded--Sparks' Tribute to his Thoroughness as a
+    Surveyor--Everett's Tribute--The Stevenson Family--Sports with
+    the Seven Sons--Among his Officers, Later--Greenaway
+    Court--Appointed Public Surveyor--In Training for the War of
+    Seventy-six                                                      132
+
+
+    VIII.
+
+    MILITARY HONORS.
+
+    The Proposition of Lawrence, and Discussion of it--Appointed
+    Adjutant-general--Ill Health of Lawrence--Decides to spend the
+    Winter in Barbadoes--George goes with him--Lawrence no
+    Better--George has the Small-pox--Returns to Virginia in
+    April--Lawrence returns in June and dies in Six Weeks--George
+    one of his Executors--What Everett says of it--Enters Masonic
+    Lodge--His Commission renewed--Duties pressing upon him--Signs
+    of War--Encroachments by the French--The Claims of the
+    Indians--What a Chief said--The Governor's Conference with
+    Gist--Mission to the French proposed--George offers his
+    Services--Interview with Governor Dinwiddie--A Copy of his
+    Commission--His Companions--Visits his Mother--Letter to French
+    Commander                                                        150
+
+
+    IX.
+
+    MISSION TO THE FRENCH.
+
+    The Journey begun--Route--A Storm--A Torrent--Baggage on
+    Canal--Visit to Shingiss--Tanacharisson--Monochatica--Meeting
+    Deserters--Learning of the Forts from there to New Orleans--The
+    Half-king--Describes his Visit to Pierre Paul, now Dead--His
+    Speech--Pierre Paul's Reply--Indian Council and Washington's
+    Speech--Indian's Reply--Results of the Council--Indians to
+    conduct them to the Fort--Journey delayed--Way to
+    Venango--Arrival and Conference with the French--Dinner
+    Scene--Information 163
+
+
+    X.
+
+    FRENCH MISSION--(CONTINUED.)
+
+    The Next Fort--Introduction to Commander--Arrival of Paul's
+    Successor--Receives Dinwiddie's Letter--Washington draws Plan of
+    the Fort--His Inquiries about Certain Captures--Reparti's Reply
+    to Dinwiddie--French attempt to bribe Indians--Injury to White
+    Thunder, and Delay--Return Journey--Snow--Washington and Gist
+    leave the Party--Their Adventure--The Indian Guide--He proves
+    False--A Startling Episode--The Indian disposed of--Reaching the
+    River--Building a Raft--Attempt to Cross--Washington straggling
+    in the Water--They reach an Island--Escape--Twenty Indian
+    Warriors--The Indian Queen--Arrival at Williamsburg--Interview
+    with the Governor--His Journal printed                           178
+
+
+    XI.
+
+    HIS FIRST BATTLE.
+
+    Effect of Washington's Mission--Orders from the
+    King--Recruiting--The Governor's Bounty to Soldiers--Washington
+    offered the Command--Talk with a Friend--Letter to Colonel
+    Corbin--Does not accept Command--Payne knocks Washington
+    down--How the Affair ended--What McGuire says of Washington's
+    Magnanimity--Washington takes up his March--Meeting Captain
+    Trent--Need of More Men--Courier announces Surrender of
+    Fort--Declaration of War--Washington's Prompt Action--March to
+    Red Stone Creek and Great Meadows--The French surprised, and a
+    Battle--Jumonville killed--Entrenching at Great Meadows--Short
+    of Supplies--His Own Chaplain--Order against Swearing--Marching
+    to meet the Foe--Retreat to Great Meadows--A Hot
+    Battle--Washington surrenders--Return to Williamsburg--Honors,
+    and Larger Provisions--Death of Jumonville
+    justified--Dinwiddie's Words                                     194
+
+
+    XII.
+
+    ON GENERAL BRADDOCK'S STAFF.
+
+    Governor Dinwiddie's Proposition--Washington dissents--Dinwiddie
+    insists--Washington's Letter--His Rank reduced from Colonel to
+    Captain--He resigns, and retires to Mount Vernon--The Enterprise
+    abandoned--A Convention of the Colonies--The King sends General
+    Braddock with Army--He demands the Services of Washington--Their
+    Correspondence and Interview--Washington's Motive--On the
+    Staff--Meeting with his Mother--The March begins--Grand
+    Spectacle--Braddock's Talk with Dr. Franklin--Underrating Indian
+    Tactics--Washington disabled by Sickness--Talk with Braddock
+    about Indians--Army Wagons Useless--Braddock's Temper and Love
+    of Drink--Good Disciplinarian--Washington's Advice
+    rejected--Indian Allies--How deserted--What Scarvoyadi
+    said--Surprised by Indians--Terrible Battle--Washington's
+    Bravery--Dr. Craik's Word--An Eye-witness--How British
+    fought--Braddock mortally wounded--Whole Command on
+    Washington--Retreat--Braddock's Confession--Dies at Fort
+    Necessity--Burial--Horrible Scenes at Duquesne--Testimony of a
+    Prisoner--Words of Washington--Letter to his Mother--Letter to
+    his Brother                                                      211
+
+
+    XIII.
+
+    ON THE FRONTIER.
+
+    General Dunbar a Coward--Goes into Winter Quarters in
+    Philadelphia--Assembly meets--Washington's Advice to the
+    Governor--The Assembly Timid--Washington appointed
+    Commander-in-chief of Virginia Forces--Failure of the Other
+    Expeditions--Conference with Fairfax--Headquarters at
+    Winchester--A Great Scare--Its Funny Termination--Washington's
+    Appeal to Dinwiddie--Trouble with Captain Dagworthy--Goes to
+    Boston on Horseback--Meets Miss Phillips in New
+    York--Honors--His Return--Love in New York--Sudden Alarm calls
+    him to Winchester--Hurried Steps at Defence--Letter to Loudoun
+    describing the Condition of Frontier--Appeal to Dinwiddie for
+    the Terrified People--Indian Atrocities--Dreadful Scenes
+    described by Washington--Washington Sick Four
+    Months--Changes                                                  232
+
+
+    XIV.
+
+    A RIFT IN THE CLOUD.
+
+    Great Need of the Hour--The People Timid--Washington's Mother
+    again--Another Expedition against Duquesne--Size of the
+    Army--Goes to Williamsburg--Mr. Chamberlain's Salutation--Stops
+    to Dine--Meets Mrs. Custis--A Widow Bewitching--Business
+    done--Returning, stops to see Mrs. Custis--A Treaty of Love--The
+    New Road Project--Washington opposes it--Elected to House of
+    Burgesses--Delay--Army moved in September--Braddock's Folly
+    repeated--Washington overruled--His Prophecy--Major Grant--His
+    Reckless Course--Conceit of Grant and Forbes--Marching into an
+    Indian Ambuscade--A Bloody Battle--Defeat of the
+    English--Retreat--Where was Washington--His Views--Forbes
+    proposes Winter Quarters--Washington proposes and leads Another
+    Attack--The Enemy escapes from the Fort--Washington plants Flag
+    over it--Leaves Force to rebuild--French War ended--Washington
+    resigns--Goes to Mount Vernon--Testimonial of Officers           249
+
+
+    XV.
+
+    HIS WIFE AND HOME.
+
+    Who was Mrs. Custis--Rich and Beautiful--Washington's
+    Marriage--What Negro said of him--Took Seat in House of
+    Burgesses--Happy Man--The Legislature do him Honor--Removes to
+    Mount Vernon--His Estates described--Sixteen Spinning
+    Wheels--Mrs. Washington at the Head--Irving's Description--Rank
+    necessarily maintained--Company, and English Style--Mrs.
+    Washington's Wardrobe--His Wardrobe--Education of her
+    Children--Their Wardrobe--Her Kindness to Slaves--Domestic
+    Habits--Washington labored on Farm--Systematic
+    Habits--Improvements on Farm--Reclaiming Dismal Swamp--Hunting
+    in Winter--Interlopers, and the War against them--The Hunter
+    conquered--Attending Episcopal Church--Mrs. Washington a Devout
+    Christian--Building a House of Worship--Washington at
+    Church--Death of Mrs. Washington's Daughter--The Son
+    Wayward--Letter about Love--King's College, and
+    Incident--Keeping his Books--In her Husband's Headquarters in
+    Winter--Death--Mount Vernon now                                  270
+
+
+    XVI.
+
+    COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF.
+
+    More Indian Depredations, and War--Washington's Conference with
+    Mason on English Tyranny--Taxation without
+    Representation--Oppressive Acts multiplied--The Stamp
+    Act--Patrick Henry in the Assembly--Treason--Governor dissolved
+    the Assembly--A Re-election--Washington stands with Patrick
+    Henry--Discussion with Fairfax on the State of Affairs--Dr.
+    Franklin before a Committee of Parliament--Friends of America in
+    Parliament--Next Assembly Bolder, and dissolved by
+    Governor--Washington's Plan to use no Articles taxed--The Tax
+    removed except on Tea--Tea thrown into Boston Harbor--Action of
+    the Citizens against British Soldiers--Day of Fasting and
+    Prayer--Effigies and Mock Processions Boston Port
+    Bill--Washington's Journey to Ohio in Behalf of his Old
+    Soldiers--First American Congress--The Chaplain Memorial to the
+    King--Chatham's Defence of the Colonies--British Soldiers sent
+    to Boston--The Patriots aroused--Battles of Lexington and
+    Concord--The Revolution begun--Putnam and the Grand
+    Rally--Second American Congress--Washington and Adams--Raise an
+    Army, and choose Washington for Commander-in-chief--Adams'
+    Opinion of him                                                   295
+
+
+    XVII.
+
+    IN THE SIEGE OF BOSTON.
+
+    Adams to Washington--Prepares to Take Command--Letter to Mrs.
+    Washington--His Will--Another Letter--Starts--Meets a
+    Courier--His Journey--Legislature--Assumes Command--Mrs. Adams'
+    Opinion--Talk with Gen. Ward--Order and Discipline--Condition of
+    the Army--Washington's first Order--Change Wrought--Scarcity of
+    Powder--Feat of Knox--Washington's Headquarters--Day of
+    Fasting--Arrival of Supplies--Cruelty of British to
+    Prisoners--Remonstrance Against--Retaliation--Army
+    Reduced--Feelings of Washington--Proposed Attack on Boston--His
+    Plan--Cannonading Described--British Repulsed by Storm--Boston
+    Evacuated--British Depredation--Washington Provides for Charity
+    at Home--Mrs. Washington in Cambridge--His Rigid Discipline, an
+    Incident--Old South and North Church--A Theatre and a
+    Scare--British Pride Humbled--Action of Congress                 321
+
+
+    XVIII.
+
+    DEFENDING NEW YORK.
+
+    Where the Enemy is going--General Putnam in Command at New
+    York--Washington Goes There--Hears from the Enemy--Condition of
+    our Army in New York--Words of Washington--Letter to his
+    Brother--Action of Congress--Plot to Seize Washington--A
+    Conspirator Hung--Enemy in the Harbor--Declaration of
+    Independence Read to the Army--Statue of George III.
+    destroyed--Putnam and Hamilton--Sir Henry Clinton--Attacking
+    Fort Moultrie--Cudjo--The Army encouraged--The Corporal
+    rebuked--The Sabbath honored--Washington's Address--Army in Bad
+    plight--Order against Profanity--The Enemy moving to capture
+    Brooklyn Heights--Livingston's Message--Washington's Address to
+    Army--Terrible Battle--Americans retreat under cover of
+    Storm--What Sparks says of it--A Council of
+    War--Deserters--Retreat from New York--Stand at Harlem--Nathan
+    Hale--Washington's Daring--Great Fire in New York--Loss in
+    Canada--Disaffection in Army--General Lee returns to
+    Harlem--Council of War--Another Retreat necessary                349
+
+
+    XIX.
+
+    FROM HARLEM TO TRENTON.
+
+    Fort Washington and Allies--Retreat to White Plains--Looking for
+    a Position--The Enemy in Camp--A Battle--Falling back to North
+    Castle--The Enemy withdraw--What Washington suspected--Advised
+    to evacuate Fort Washington--The Enemy capture the Fort--Gloomy
+    Times--Retreat over the Hackensack--Retreat to Newark--General
+    Lee disobeying Orders--Further Retreat--Boats for Seventy Miles
+    collected--Disappointment and a Plot--Opposition to
+    Washington--Retreat to Trenton--Darkest Hour yet--Washington
+    still hopeful--Will retreat over every River and
+    Mountain--General Lee's Treasonable Course--General Heath's
+    Firmness--Crossing the Delaware--Skill of Washington in
+    Retreating--Lee still disobeys Orders--Lee's Folly and
+    Capture--Magnanimity of Washington                               372
+
+
+    XX.
+
+    BATTLES OF TRENTON AND PRINCETON.
+
+    Putnam fortifying Philadelphia--Congress investing Washington
+    with More Power--Arrival of Troops--Startling Proposition by
+    Washington--Recrosses the Delaware to Fight--His Address to his
+    Army--The Battle--The Enemy driven--The Hessian Commander
+    mortally wounded--Fruits of this Victory--The Welcome News
+    spreads--Washington sees the Time for Another Blow--Over the
+    Delaware again--Raises Money for the Army--Action of
+    Congress--The Enemy marching from Princeton--A
+    Battle--Cornwallis outwitted--God on the Side of the Weak
+    Battalions--Battle of Princeton--An Affecting
+    Incident--Cornwallis at his Wits End--Results of the
+    Battle--Fall of General Mercer--His Bravery to the
+    End--Washington goes to Morristown for Winter Quarters--The
+    Enemy Panic-stricken--Driven out of Jersey--Wonderful
+    Achievements in Ten Days--Tributes of Praise--Camp at Morristown
+    broken up--Celebrating the Lord's Supper--Encamped at
+    Germantown--British Fleet appears--Washington meets Lafayette,
+    and appoints him on his Staff--Some Account of the Young
+    Nobleman                                                         389
+
+
+    XXI.
+
+    DEFEAT AND VICTORY.
+
+    Plans of the British for 1777--A Temperance Officer--Battle of
+    Bennington--Grand Victory--Battle at Fort Schuyler--Indian
+    Butchery--Miss McCrea murdered by them--Battle of
+    Brandywine--Lafayette wounded--Providential Care--Battle of
+    Germantown, and Results--Washington's Daring--Forts reduced, and
+    the Enemy take Philadelphia--Burgoyne captured, and his
+    Supplies--Kosciusko--The British revelling in
+    Philadelphia--Washington in Winter Quarters at Valley
+    Forge--Famine in Camp, and Great Sufferings--Washington feeding
+    a Soldier--A Conspiracy against the Chief--Dr.
+    Craik--Hamilton--Mrs. Washington in Camp--Her Pity for
+    Soldiers--Washington engaged in Prayer--Baron
+    Stuben--Pulaski--Exchange of Distinguished Prisoners--Alliance
+    with France--Council of War--British evacuate
+    Philadelphia--Pursued--Battle of Monmouth--A Thrilling Incident,
+    and Dr. Griffith--The Fifer Boy--Lee's Cowardly
+    Conduct--Hamilton--Washington's Exposure to Death--Grand
+    Victory--Enemy retreat--Lee Court-martialed--Arrival of French
+    Fleet--Winter Quarters at Middlebrook--Cruelties of the
+    Enemy--Massacres of Cherry Valley and Wyoming--Scenes at close
+    of 1779--British Cruelty to Prisoners in the "Sugar House" and
+    "Jersey Prison-ship"                                             405
+
+
+    XXII.
+
+    CLOSE OF THE WAR.
+
+    Treason of Arnold--How Accomplished--Capture and Execution
+    of André--Arnold serving in the British Army--Ravages in
+    Virginia--Attacking Mount Vernon--Washington goes South--Calls
+    at Mount Vernon--Joins Lafayette at Williamsburg--Attacks
+    Cornwallis at Yorktown--Bombardment--Governor Nelson--Taking
+    of Two Redoubts--Washington's Narrow Escape--Surrender of
+    Cornwallis--Washington's Order--Fruits of the Victory--The
+    Formal Delivery of Cornwallis' Sword--Delivery of Flags--Divine
+    Service--Sickness and Death of his Step-son--Sad Scene--Help of
+    French Fleet--God for Small Battalions again--Washington's
+    War-horse--News of Cornwallis' Surrender in Philadelphia--Action
+    of Congress, and Day of Thanksgiving--News in
+    England--Washington's Plan to Push the War                       426
+
+
+    XXIII.
+
+    PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES.
+
+    Conference with Lafayette--Negotiations for War--Sir Henry
+    Clinton--Treaty of Peace--What America Won, and England
+    Lost--Washington Parting with his Soldiers--Meets Congress at
+    Annapolis--Retires to Mount Vernon--Improvement of his Mansion
+    and Plantations--Encourages Education--Refuses Gift of
+    $40,000--Generosity to the Poor--A Pleasing Incident--Meeting
+    Payne again--His Industry--In Convention to Form
+    Constitution--Elected President--Reluctance to Accept--Journey
+    to New York--Ovation at Trenton--At New York--His Cabinet--Style
+    of Living--Grooming Horses--His Sickness--Tour through New
+    England--Example of Punctuality--Too Late for Dinner--The Pair
+    of Horses--Presidential Mansion--The Injured Debtor--Urged for
+    Second Presidential Term--Elected--Fruits of it--Tour South, and
+    Punctuality--Amount of his Work--Thoroughness--Civil Service
+    Reform--Lafayette in Exile--Washington's Maxims--Offered a Third
+    Term--Farewell Address--Retirement--His Opposition to
+    Slavery--Emancipation of them--The Result                        440
+
+
+    XXIV.
+
+    DEATH AND FUNERAL CEREMONIES.
+
+    Exposure and Cold--Ignores Wise Suggestions--Severe
+    Attack--Rawlins bleeds him--Believes his End is Near, and
+    Resignation--His Will--The Physicians arrive--All Remedies
+    fail--His Last Request--Death--Mrs. Washington's Words--What
+    Custis says of her--Sad Tidings spread--Action of Congress--The
+    Senate's Letter to President Adams--The Funeral at Mount
+    Vernon--Sorrow Universal--What Irving says--Eulogy by Fisher
+    Ames--Lord Brougham's Estimate--Everett's Final Conclusion, and
+    Father of His Country                                            484
+
+
+    XXV.
+
+    Eulogy by General Henry Lee                                      491
+
+
+
+
+LIFE OF WASHINGTON
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+ANCESTORS AND BIRTH.
+
+
+More than two hundred years ago, when America was chiefly inhabited by
+Indians two brothers, in England, John and Lawrence Washington, resolved
+to remove hither. As they were not poor, doomed to eke out a miserable
+existence from a reluctant soil, it is supposed that _politics_ was the
+immediate cause of their removal. It was during the reign of Cromwell,
+and he made it hot for his enemies. In 1655 a general insurrection was
+attempted, and the vengeance of Cromwell descended upon the heads of all
+the participants and not a few of their friends, making their land an
+uncomfortable place for a residence. There is no evidence that these
+brothers were engaged in the insurrection; but there is quite sufficient
+proof that the political situation was stormy, subjecting the Washington
+family to frequent molestation.
+
+Edward Everett says: "There is no doubt that the politics of the family
+determined the two brothers, John and Lawrence, to emigrate to Virginia;
+that colony being the favorite resort of the Cavaliers, during the
+government of Cromwell, as New England was the retreat of the Puritans,
+in the period which preceded the Commonwealth."
+
+We suspect that these brothers did not understand Indians as well as they
+did Cromwell, or they would not have been so willing to exchange the
+latter for the former. However, English colonists had settled in the
+wilderness of Virginia, and, possibly, some of their own acquaintances
+were already there. They knew somewhat of that particular portion of the
+new world, and what they knew was generally favorable. Being young men,
+too, unmarried, intelligent, adventurous and fearless, life in America
+appeared to them romantic rather than otherwise. Be this as it may, John
+and Lawrence Washington removed to this country in 1657, and settled in
+Westmoreland County, Virginia.
+
+One fact indicates that they belonged to a noble ancestry. Lawrence was
+educated at Oxford University, and was a lawyer by profession, and
+therefore was a young man of rank and promise, while John was engaged in
+business and resided on a valuable estate at South Cove in Yorkshire.
+They were young men of brains and tact, fitted by natural endowments and
+education to lay the foundation of things in a new country. They
+descended from an ancestry of honor and influence from the twelfth
+century. That ancestry lived in warlike times. Some of them were
+renowned for deeds of heroism. All of them were known for loyalty,
+intelligence and solidity of character. Washington Irving paid a visit
+to the ancient "Washington's manor" at Sulgrave, several years before he
+wrote the "Life of George Washington," and he said,--
+
+"It was in a rural neighborhood, where the farm-houses were quaint and
+antiquated. A part only of the manor-house remained, and was inhabited by
+a farmer. The Washington crest, in colored glass, was to be seen in a
+window of what is now the buttery. A window, on which the whole family
+arms was emblazoned, had been removed to the residence of the actual
+proprietor of the manor. Another relic of the ancient manor of the
+Washingtons was a rookery in a venerable grove hard by. The rooks, those
+staunch adherents to old family abodes, still hovered and cawed about
+their hereditary nests. In the pavement of the parish church we were
+shown a stone slab, bearing effigies, on plates of brass, of Lawrence
+Washington, gent., and Anne his wife, and their four sons and eleven
+daughters. The inscription, in black letters, was dated 1564."
+
+A nephew of John and Lawrence Washington, Sir Henry Washington,
+distinguished himself in the civil wars, under Prince Rupert, at the
+storming of Bristol, where he broke through the wall with a handful of
+infantry after the assailants had been beaten off, and led the forces to
+victory. For his prowess he was promoted, and was in command at
+Worcester, when that place was stormed, at a time when the king fled
+from Oxford in disguise and the loyal cause was in peril. He received a
+letter from General Fairfax, whose victorious army was at Haddington,
+demanding the immediate surrender of Worcester. Colonel Washington
+replied:
+
+    "SIR,--It is acknowledged by your books, and by report of your
+    own quarter, that the king is in some of your armies. That
+    granted, it may be easy for you to procure his majesty's
+    commands for the disposal of this garrison. Till then, I shall
+    make good the trust reposed in me. As for conditions, if I
+    shall be necessitated, I shall make the best I can. The worst
+    I know, and fear not; if I had, the profession of a soldier
+    had not been begun, nor so long continued by your
+    Excellency's humble servant."      HENRY WASHINGTON.
+
+For three months he withstood the siege, experiencing hunger and
+hardship, until his Majesty ordered capitulation.
+
+Irving says of this heroic stand, "Those who believe in hereditary
+virtues may see foreshadowed in the conduct of this Washington of
+Worcester, the magnanimous constancy of purpose, the disposition to
+'hope against hope,' which bore our Washington triumphantly through the
+darkest days of our revolution."
+
+It appears that the Washingtons were first in war as well as in peace,
+centuries ago. There was wealth, fame and influence in the family, from
+generation to generation. Their prominence in the grand hunt of those
+times proves their high social and public position.
+
+Irvington says, "Hunting came next to war in those days, as the
+occupation of the nobility and gentry. The clergy engaged in it equally
+with the laity. The hunting establishment of the Bishop of Durham (who
+belonged to the Washington family) was on a princely scale. He had his
+forests, chases and parks, with their train of foresters, rangers and
+park-keepers. A grand hunt was a splendid pageant, in which all his
+barons and knights attended him with horse and hound."
+
+Later, the famous English fox-hunting, in which noblemen engaged with
+great pomp and expense, engaged the attention of the Washingtons. We
+refer to the fact here, because it will explain certain things connected
+with the life and times of our George Washington in Virginia.
+
+Everett says, "It may be mentioned as a somewhat striking fact, and one
+I believe not hitherto adverted to, that the families of Washington and
+Franklin--the former the great leader of the American Revolution, the
+latter not second to any of his patriotic associates--were established
+for several generations in the same central county of Northamptonshire,
+and within a few miles of each other; the Washingtons at Brighton and
+Sulgrave, belonging to the landed gentry of the county, and in the great
+civil war supporting the royal side; the Franklins, at the village of
+Ecton, living on the produce of a farm of thirty acres, and the earnings
+of their trade as blacksmiths, and espousing,--some of them, at least,
+and the father and uncle of Benjamin Franklin among the number,--the
+principles of the non-conformists. Their respective emigrations, germs
+of great events, in history, took place,--that of John Washington, the
+great-grandfather of George, in 1657, to loyal Virginia,--that of Josiah
+Franklin, the father of Benjamin, about the year 1685, to the metropolis
+of Puritan New England."
+
+This brief sketch of the Washington family in the mother country must
+suffice. Its history in our country began in 1657, on the West Bank of
+the Potomac, about fifty miles from its entrance into Chesapeake Bay, in
+Westmoreland County. The two brothers, John and Lawrence, purchased an
+estate of several thousand acres there, and erected thereon a
+comfortable dwelling. In process of time, John married Miss Anne Pope,
+and went to reside on Bridge's Creek. Two sons, Lawrence and John, and a
+daughter, were the fruits of his union. Lawrence, the oldest son,
+married Mildred Warner, daughter of Colonel Augustus Warner, by whom he
+had three children, John, Augustine and Mildred. The second son,
+Augustine, became the father of George Washington. He married Jane
+Butler, by whom he had four children--Butler, Lawrence, Augustine and
+Jane. His wife died; and two years thereafter, Mary Ball, a young lady
+of great beauty, became his second wife. They were married March 6,
+1730. Their first child was George, who was born February 22, 1732. Five
+other children--Betty, Samuel, John Augustine, Charles and
+Mildred--were added to the family.
+
+John Washington, grandfather of Augustine, distinguished himself in
+military affairs, and became lieutenant-colonel in the wars against the
+Indians. He was one of the largest planters in the colony, and became
+one of the most influential men. In time he became a magistrate and a
+member of the House of Burgesses. The name of the parish in which he
+lived--Washington--was derived from him.
+
+Augustine Washington, father of George, lived on Pope's Creek when the
+latter was born, about one-half mile from the Potomac. The house in
+which George was born was pulled down or burned before the Revolution.
+
+The site is now designated by a slab, bearing the inscription:
+
+                       HERE,
+    ON THE 11TH OF FEBRUARY (OLD STYLE), 1732,
+                 GEORGE WASHINGTON
+                     WAS BORN.
+
+The slab was placed there by George Washington Parke Custis--his
+grandson--sixty-seven years ago. Thirty-six years after he performed
+the grateful act, he published the following account of it in the
+_Alexandria Gazette_:
+
+"In June, 1815, I sailed on my own vessel, the 'Lady of the Lake,' a
+fine top-sail schooner of ninety tons, accompanied by two gentlemen,
+Messrs. Lewis and Grimes, bound to Pope's Creek, in the county of
+Westmoreland, carrying with us a slab of freestone, having the following
+inscription:
+
+                       HERE,
+    ON THE 11TH OF FEBRUARY, 1732, (OLD STYLE),
+                 GEORGE WASHINGTON
+                     WAS BORN.
+
+"Our pilot approached the Westmoreland shore cautiously (as our vessel
+drew nearly eight feet of water), and he was but indifferently
+acquainted with so unfrequented a navigation.
+
+"Desirous of making the ceremonial of depositing the stone as imposing
+as circumstances would permit, we enveloped it in the 'star-spangled
+banner' of our country, and it was borne to its resting place in the
+arms of the descendants of four revolutionary patriots and
+soldiers--SAMUEL LEWIS, son of George Lewis, a captain in Baylor's
+regiment of horse, and a nephew of Washington; WILLIAM GRIMES, the son
+of Benjamin Grimes, a gallant and distinguished officer of the
+Life-guard; the CAPTAIN of the vessel, the son of a brave soldier
+wounded in the battle of Guilford; and GEORGE W. P. CUSTIS, the son of
+John Parke Custis, aid-de-camp to the commander-in-chief before
+Cambridge and Yorktown.
+
+"We gathered together the bricks of an ancient chimney that once formed
+the hearth around which Washington in his infancy had played, and
+constructed a rude kind of a pedestal, on which we reverently placed the
+FIRST STONE, commending it to the attention and respect of the American
+people in general, and to the citizens of Westmoreland in particular.
+
+"Bidding adieu to those who had received us so kindly, we re-embarked
+and hoisted our colors, and being provided with a piece of canon and
+suitable ammunition, we fired a salute, awakening the echoes that had
+slept for ages around the hallowed spot; and while the smoke of our
+martial tribute to the birth-place of the _Pater Patrić_ still lingered
+on the bosom of the Potomac, we spread our sails to a favoring breeze,
+and sped joyously to our homes."
+
+Mr. Paulding, in his life of Washington, describes the place as follows:
+
+"A few scanty relics alone remain to mark the spot, which will ever be
+sacred in the eyes of posterity. A clump of old decayed fig trees,
+probably coeval with the mansion, yet exists; and a number of vines and
+shrubs and flowers still reproduce themselves every year, as if to mark
+its site, and flourish among the hallowed ruins. The spot is of the
+deepest interest, not only from its associations, but its natural
+beauties. It commands a view of the Maryland shore of the Potomac, one
+of the most majestic of rivers and of its course for many miles towards
+the Chesapeake Bay. An aged gentlemen, still living in the neighborhood,
+remembers the house in which Washington was born. It was a low-pitched,
+single-storied frame building, with four rooms on the first floor, and
+an enormous chimney at each end on the outside. This was the style of
+the better sort of houses in those days, and they are still occasionally
+seen in the old settlements of Virginia."
+
+Irving says that "the roof was steep, and sloped down into low,
+projecting eaves;" so that an artist's eye can readily see the house as
+it was.
+
+Let the reader bear in mind that John Washington was the founder of the
+Washington family in America, and George Washington was his
+great-grandson.
+
+George was baptized on the 5th of April following, when he was about six
+weeks old. Mrs. Mildred Gregory acted as godmother, and Mr. Beverly
+Whiting and Captain Christopher Brooks, godfathers.
+
+When George was four or five years old, his father resolved to move to a
+plantation on the banks of the Rappahannock River, opposite
+Fredericksburg.
+
+"There are many advantages in that locality," he remarked to his wife;
+"besides, the land is better."
+
+"There can't be much fault found with the land anywhere in this part of
+the country," responded Mrs. Washington. "It needs little but using."
+
+"Very true; but somehow I have taken a great liking to the banks of the
+Rappahannock," continued Mr. Washington. "The children will like the
+change, I know."
+
+"That may be; children like change; a novelty just suits them," answered
+Mrs. Washington. "I have never known them to express dissatisfaction
+with this place. They are about as happy as children can well be."
+
+"There can be no doubt of that, judging from daily observation,"
+responded her husband, somewhat facetiously. "If a change does not add
+to the sum total of their happiness, I trust that it will not subtract
+much from it."
+
+"Understand me," continued Mrs. Washington, "I am not setting myself up
+in opposition to your plan of removing. It may prove the very best thing
+for us all. We sha'n't know till we try."
+
+"Well, I think I shall try it," added Mr. Washington.
+
+And he did try it. He removed to the aforesaid locality in the year
+1737. The estate was already his own.
+
+The reader must know from what has been said already, that estates of
+two, three and five thousand acres, in Virginia, at that time, were
+common. Many wealthy English families, fond of rural life, and coveting
+ample grounds for hunting and roaming, had settled in the "Old
+Dominion," where land was cheap as well as fertile. The Washington
+family was one of them. From the day that John Washington and his
+brother settled in Virginia, they and their numerous descendants were
+large landholders. When George was forty-one years of age, just before
+the stirring scenes of the Revolution, we find him writing to a Mr.
+Calvert of George Washington Parke Custis:
+
+"Mr. Custis' estate consists of about _fifteen thousand acres_ of land,
+a good part of it adjoining the city of Williamsburg, and none of it
+forty miles from that place; several lots in the said city; between two
+and three hundred negroes, and about eight or ten thousand pounds upon
+bond, and in the hands of his merchants. This estate he now holds
+independent of his mother's dower, which will be an addition to it at
+her death."
+
+Wealthy families at that time lived in expensive style. They kept their
+"turn-outs and liveried servants," as we call them now, and made an
+imposing appearance on public occasions. The proprietors were "gentlemen
+farmers," whose mansions were conducted on a grand scale of hospitality.
+Everybody was welcome, even Indians.
+
+When George's father removed to the banks of the Rappahannock, one vast,
+unbroken forest, on either side, met his view. The woodman's axe had
+opened only here and there a patch of the woods to the light of the sun.
+These forests abounded with game, and had long been the hunting ground
+of the red men. The river swarmed with water-fowl of various names and
+plumage, and often the Indian's birch canoe darted over its waters like
+a spirit.
+
+The Colony supported a military organization at that time. The Indians
+were friendly to the English colonists, but they might not continue to
+be. England and France were friendly to each other, also, yet both had
+an eye upon the same possessions in the new world. There was no telling
+how soon a resort to arms might be inevitable. The militia must be
+maintained against the time of need.
+
+George was almost too young to appreciate the danger when his ears first
+listened to tales of Indian depredations.
+
+"Several families murdered in cold blood by roving savages," was the
+news Mr. Washington brought home one day.
+
+"Where? Where?" Mrs. Washington inquired, with evident anxiety.
+
+"A long way from here," her husband replied, "but it shows the murderous
+spirit of Indians all the same."
+
+"A treacherous race!" remarked Mrs. Washington.
+
+"Yes; treacherous indeed!" her husband replied, "There is no telling
+what is in store for us, in my opinion."
+
+"There is no more reason for their murdering white men and woman so far
+away than there is for their doing it near by us," suggested Mrs.
+Washington.
+
+"None whatever. Revenge, or desire for plunder, prompted the deed, no
+doubt; and revenge or hope of plunder is just as likely to move them
+here as there to killing and burning," Mr. Washington said.
+
+Occasional startling news of this kind, discussed in the family, was
+listened to by George, whose precocity took in the situation well for
+one so young. Early in life he had a good understanding of Indian
+character, and of the trouble that might come to the colonists through
+these savage denizens of the forest. There is good evidence that
+apprehensions of Indian hostilities filled him with anxiety long before
+they actually commenced.
+
+At that time, also, negro slavery existed among the colonists. The large
+estates were worked by slave labor. The Washington family held slaves.
+Some planters owned several hundred. As there was no question raised
+about the right or wrong of the slave system, it is probable that
+George's mind was not exercised upon the subject. He grew up in the
+midst of the institution without calling in question its rectitude. We
+mention the fact here, because it was one of the early influences of his
+ancestry and birth-place which must have been offset by home
+instructions and the rapid unfolding of a singularly manly character.
+
+
+
+
+II.
+
+BOYHOOD.
+
+
+It is fortunate that the materials of Washington's early life were
+preserved by one who was rector of the Mount Vernon parish while members
+of the family and other friends survived. Rev. M. L. Weems ministered
+there seventy-five years ago, and he gathered information from a woman
+who was neighbor to the Washingtons in her childhood, and from John
+Fitzhugh, who was often with George in his early home. In addition,
+descendants of the family, who had fondly preserved valuable incidents
+of their illustrious ancestor's boyhood and manhood, furnished them for
+his biography by their pastor. We are indebted to Mr. Weems for most of
+the facts relating to Washington's boyhood.
+
+In the autumn of 1737, Mr. Washington went to the door of a neighbor and
+relative, leading George by the hand. The woman who related the incident
+to Mr. Weems was a little girl at that time, and was visiting the
+family.
+
+"Will you take a walk with us?" inquired George's father, addressing
+himself to the girl just mentioned, and her cousin, whose name was
+Washington.
+
+"We are going to take a walk in the orchard," continued Mr. Washington.
+"It is a fine sight now."
+
+Both of the parties addressed promptly accepted the invitation,
+delighted to take a stroll among the trees that were bending under their
+burden of fruit.
+
+A walk of a half-mile brought them to the orchard, where an unusual
+spectacle awaited them.
+
+"Oh, see the apples!" exclaimed George. "Such a lot of them!" And he
+clapped his hands and fairly danced in his excitement.
+
+"I never saw such a sight," said the girl who accompanied them.
+
+"It is a spectacle, indeed!" responded Mr. Washington. "It is not often
+we see so much fruit in one field as we see here."
+
+It was not so much the enormous crop of apples upon the trees, as it was
+the great quantity on the ground beneath them that attracted George. The
+winds had relieved the trees of a portion of their burden, and the
+ground was literally covered with the luscious fruit. George had never
+beheld such a display of apples, and his young heart bounded with
+delight over the scene.
+
+They roamed through the orchard for a time, chatting and enjoying the
+occasion thoroughly, when Mr. Washington rather disturbed the flow of
+animal spirits by saying,--
+
+"Now, George, look here, my son! Don't you remember when this good
+cousin of yours (referring to the lad who was with them) brought you
+that fine large apple last spring, how hardly I could prevail on you to
+divide it with your brothers and sisters, though I promised you that if
+you would but do it God would give you plenty of apples this fall."
+
+George made no reply but hung his head in shame. He had not forgotten
+his selfishness on that occasion, and he was greatly mortified.
+
+His father continued,--
+
+"Now, look up, my son; look up, George! See how richly the blessed God
+has made good my promise to you. Wherever you turn your eyes, you see
+the trees loaded with fine fruit; many of them, indeed, breaking down;
+while the ground is covered with mellow apples, more than you could eat,
+my son, in all your life-time."
+
+George made no reply. His young companions stood in silence, gazing at
+him, as if wondering what all this counsel meant. Mr. Washington waited
+for his son to speak; and just as he was concluding that George had
+nothing to say for himself, the latter turned manfully to his father,
+and said:
+
+"_Well, pa, only forgive me this time, and see if I am ever stingy any
+more._"
+
+Mr. Washington had a purpose in going to the orchard, and it was well
+accomplished. His son got one nobler idea into his head, and one nobler
+resolve into his heart. Henceforth the noble boy would treat selfishness
+as a foe instead of a friend.
+
+Mr. Washington resorted to the following device to impress his son with
+a proper conception of God as the Creator of all things. In the spring
+he carefully prepared a bed in the garden, beside the walk, where George
+would frequently go for pleasure. When the bed was prepared, he wrote
+George's name in full in the pulverized earth, and sowed the same with
+cabbage seed. In due time, of course, the seed appeared in green,
+thrifty shoots, forming the letters as clearly as they stand in the
+alphabet. George discovered them one day. He was then seven or eight
+years old. He stood for a moment in silent wonder.
+
+"Those are letters sure enough," he thought.
+
+Then he read them aloud, "G-E-O-R-G-E W-A-S-H-I-N-G-T-O-N."
+
+With wondering eyes he rushed to the house, and excitedly broke the
+news.
+
+"Oh, pa, come here! come here!"
+
+"What's the matter, my son? what's the matter?" responded his father.
+
+"Oh, come here, I tell you, pa; come here!" and the boy could scarcely
+contain himself, so great was his excitement.
+
+"But what is it, my son? Can't you tell me what has happened?"
+
+"Come here, and I'll show you the greatest sight you ever saw in your
+life!"
+
+By this time he was pulling his father along towards the garden, the
+latter understanding full well what had happened. Very soon they reached
+the bed, where the bright, thrifty cabbage plants had spelled the name
+of GEORGE WASHINGTON in full.
+
+"There, pa!" exclaimed George, pointing to his name in cabbage plants,
+and exhibiting the greatest astonishment by his appearance. "Did you
+ever see such a sight in all your life-time?"
+
+"Well, George, it does seem like a curious affair sure enough," his
+father answered. "But who should make it there, pa? Who made it there?"
+
+"Why, it _grew_ there, of course, my son."
+
+"No, pa! No, no! somebody put it there."
+
+"Then you think it did not grow there by _chance_?"
+
+"No, indeed, it never did. That couldn't be."
+
+"How is that, my son? Don't it look very much like _chance_?"
+
+"Why, no, pa; did you ever know anybody's name in a plant bed before?"
+
+"Well, George, might not such a thing happen though I never saw it
+before?"
+
+"Yes, pa; but I never saw plants grow up so as to make a single letter
+of my name before. How could they grow up so as to make _all_ the
+letters of my name! And all standing one after another so as to spell my
+name exactly--and all so nice and even, too, at top and bottom! Somebody
+did it. _You_ did it, pa, to scare me, because I am your little boy."
+
+"Well, George, you have guessed right," answered Mr. Washington. "I did
+do it, but not to scare you, my son, but to teach you a great truth
+which I wish you to understand. I want to introduce you to your _true_
+Father."
+
+"Ain't you my _true_ father, pa?"
+
+"Yes, I am your father, George, as the world calls it, and love you with
+a father's love. Yet, with all my love for you, I am but a poor father
+in comparison with your _true_ Father."
+
+"I know well enough whom you mean," continued George. "You mean God,
+don't you?"
+
+"Yes, I mean Him, indeed, my son. _He_ is your _true_ Father," was Mr.
+Washington's hearty answer.
+
+George went on with his inquiries, and his father, answered, adding at
+last:
+
+"Well, then, as you could not believe that _chance_ had made and put
+together so exactly the letters of your name (though only sixteen), then
+how can you believe that _chance_ could have made and put together all
+those millions and millions of things that are now so exactly fitted for
+your good! Eyes to see with; ears to hear with; nose to smell with; a
+mouth to eat with; teeth to bite with; hands to handle with; feet to
+walk with; a mind to think with; a heart to love with; a home to live
+in; parents to care for you, and brothers and sisters to love you! Why,
+look at this beautiful world in which you live, with its golden, light
+to cheer you by day, and its still night to wrap you in sleep when you
+are too tired to play; its fruits, and flowers and fields of grass and
+grain; its horses to draw you and cows to give you milk; its sheep to
+furnish wool to cloth you, and meat for your food; its sun, moon and
+stars to comfort you; bubbling springs to quench your thirst; wood to
+burn that you may be warm in winter; and _ten thousand other good
+things_--so many that my son could never number them all, or even think
+of them! Could _chance_ bring about all these things so exactly as to
+suit your _wants_ and _wishes_?"
+
+"No, pa, chance could not do it," answered George, really taking in this
+new view of the world around him.
+
+"What was it, then, do you think, my son?" continued his father.
+
+"God did it," George replied.
+
+"Yes, George, it is all the work of God, and nobody else," responded his
+father. "He gives us all."
+
+"Does God give me everything? Don't you give me _some things_?" George
+inquired.
+
+"I give you something!" exclaimed his father. "How can I give you
+anything, George? I who have nothing on earth I can call my own; no, not
+even the breath I draw!"
+
+"Ain't the house yours, and the garden, and the horses and oxen and
+sheep?" still inquired George, failing to comprehend the great truth of
+God's ownership.
+
+"Oh, no, my son, no! Why, you make me shrink into nothing, George, when
+you talk of all these things belonging to _me_, who can't even make a
+_grain of sand_! How could I give life to the oxen and horses, when I
+can't give life even to a fly, my son?"
+
+George was introduced into a new world by this lesson, as his father
+intended that he should be. His precocious mind grasped, finally, the
+great idea of his "_true_ Father," and the lesson never had to be
+repeated.
+
+We have rehearsed this incident somewhat in detail as given by Mr.
+Weems, because its influence will be found interwoven with George's
+future private and public life.
+
+Another story told by Mr. Weems is the famous _hatchet_ story, which has
+been rehearsed to so many children, since that day, to rebuke falsehood
+and promote truth-telling.
+
+His father made him a present of a hatchet with which George was
+especially delighted. Of course he proceeded forthwith to try it, first
+hacking his mother's pea-sticks, and, finally, trying its edge upon the
+body of a beautiful "English cherry-tree." Without understanding that he
+was destroying the tree, he chopped away upon it to his heart's content,
+leaving the bark, if not the solid wood underneath, in a very
+dilapidated condition. The next morning his father discovered the
+trespass, and, rushing into the house, under much excitement, he
+exclaimed:
+
+"My beautiful cherry-tree is utterly ruined. Who could hack it in that
+manner?"
+
+Nobody knew.
+
+"I would not have taken five guineas for it," he added, with a
+long-drawn sigh. The words had scarcely escaped from his lips before
+George appeared with his hatchet.
+
+"George," said his father, "do you know who killed that cherry-tree in
+the garden?"
+
+George had not stopped to think, until that moment, that he had used his
+hatchet improperly. His father's question was a revelation to him; and
+he hung his head in a guilty manner for a moment.
+
+"George, did you do it?" urged his father.
+
+Raising his head, and looking his father fully in the face, he replied:
+
+"I can't tell a lie, pa; you know I can't tell a lie, I did cut it with
+my hatchet."
+
+Mr. Washington was well-nigh overcome by this frank and honest reply.
+For a moment he stood spell bound; then recovering himself, he
+exclaimed:
+
+"Come to my arms, my boy! You have paid for the cherry-tree a thousand
+times over. Such an act of heroism is worth more to me than a thousand
+trees!"
+
+Mr. Weems regards this honest confession the out-growth of previous
+instructions upon the sin of lying and the beauty of truthfulness. He
+represents Mr. Washington as saying to his son:
+
+"Truth, George, is the loveliest quality of youth. I would ride fifty
+miles, my son, to see the little boy whose heart is so honest, and his
+lips so pure, that we may depend on every word he says."
+
+"But, oh, how different, George, is the case with the boy who is so given
+to lying that nobody can believe a word he says. He is looked at with
+aversion wherever he goes, and parents dread to see him come among their
+children. O George, rather than see you come to this pass, dear as you
+are to me, I would follow you to your grave."
+
+Here George protested against being charged with lying. "Do I ever tell
+lies?" he asked.
+
+"No, George, I thank God you do not; and I rejoice in the hope that you
+never will. At least, you shall never, from me, have cause to be guilty
+of so shameful a thing. You know I have always told you, and now tell
+you again, that, whenever by accident you do anything wrong, which must
+often be the case, as you are but a little boy, without _experience_ or
+_knowledge_, never tell a falsehood to conceal it; but come bravely up,
+and tell me of it; and your confession will merit love instead of
+punishment."
+
+As we proceed with this narrative, after having enjoyed this glimpse of
+George's earliest years, the charming lines of Burleigh will find a
+fitting application.
+
+    "By honest work and inward truth
+       The victories of our life are won,
+     And what is wisely done in youth
+       For all the years is wisely done;
+     The little deeds of every day
+     Shape that within which lives for aye.
+
+    "No thought so buried in the dark
+       It shall not bear its bloom in light;
+     No act too small to leave its mark
+       Upon the young hearts tablet white;
+     Our grand achievements, secret springs,
+     Are tempered among trivial things.
+
+    "No soul at last is truly great
+       That was not greatly true at first;
+     In childhood's play are seeds of fate
+       Whose flower in manhood's work shall burst.
+     In the clinched fist of baby Thor
+     Might seem his hammer clutched for war.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    "The firmest tower to heaven up-piled
+       Hides deepest its foundation-stone;
+     Do well the duty of the child,
+       And manhood's task is well begun;
+     In thunders of the forum yet
+     Resounds the mastered alphabet."
+
+George was about eight years old when a great excitement arose among the
+colonists in Virginia, and the fife and drum were heard, to announce
+that England, the mother country, needed soldiers.
+
+"A regiment of four battalions is called for, by the king, for a
+campaign in the West Indies," announced Mr. Washington to his son
+Lawrence, a young man twenty-two years of age.
+
+"A good opportunity for me," answered Lawrence, who possessed much of
+the military spirit of his ancestors. "Perhaps I can get a commission."
+
+"Perhaps so," responded his father; "your education ought to place you
+above the common soldier."
+
+Lawrence had just returned from England, where he had spent seven years
+in study, enjoying the best literary advantages the country could
+afford.
+
+"Well, I can enlist and then see what can be done," continued Lawrence.
+"The regiment will be raised at once, and I can soon find out whether
+there is an appointment for me."
+
+Soon recruiting parties were parading at the sound of fife and drum, and
+the military spirit was aroused in the hearts of both young and old. The
+enthusiasm spread and grew like a fire in the wilderness. The colonists
+were truly loyal to the king, and their patriotism led them, heartily
+and promptly, into the defence of the English cause in the West Indies
+against the Spaniards.
+
+Recruiting advanced rapidly, and the regiment was soon raised. Lawrence
+obtained a captain's commission, and appeared wearing the insignia
+of his office. Music, drilling, parading, now became the order of the
+day, and it was a new and exciting scene to George. Soldiers in uniform,
+armed and equipped for war, marching at the sound of music, captivated
+his soul. It awakened all the ancestral spirit of chivalry that was in
+his heart. The sight of his big brother at the head of his company,
+drilling his men in military tactics, filled him with wonder. Gladly
+would he have donned a soldier's suit and sailed with the regiment to
+the West Indies, so wrought upon was his young heart.
+
+In due time the regiment embarked for the West Indies, and George was
+obliged to part with his noble brother, to whom he had become strongly
+attached since his return from England. The departure of so many
+colonists, and the cessation of military display, left George in a
+serious frame of mind. For the first time in his life he experienced the
+sensation of loneliness.
+
+However, he had caught the military spirit, and he found relief in
+playing soldier with his companions. There is no doubt that George
+inherited somewhat the love and tact for military life for which his
+English ancestors were renowned; and now that born element of his
+character was called into active exercise. The recruiting campaign
+converted him into an amateur soldier.
+
+From that time George found more real pleasure in mimic parades and
+battles than he found in any other sport. A stick, corn-stalk or
+broom-handle, answered for gun or sword, and the meadow in front of his
+father's house became his muster-field. Here Lewis Willis, John
+Fitzhugh, William Bustle, Langhorn Dade, and other companions, marched
+and counter-marched, under the generalship of their young commander,
+George. Soldiering became the popular pastime of the region, in which
+the boys played the part of the Englishmen and Spaniards better than
+boys can do it now.
+
+Lawrence served two years under Admiral Vernon in the West Indies
+campaign, and returned to Virginia in the autumn of 1742. He proved
+himself a hero in war. Irving says: "He was present at the siege of
+Carthagena, when it was bombarded by the fleet, and when the troops
+attempted to escalade the citadel. It was an ineffectual attack; the
+ships could not get near enough to throw their shells into the town, and
+the scaling ladders proved too short. That part of the attack, however,
+with which Lawrence was concerned, distinguished itself by its bravery.
+The troops sustained, unflinching, a destructive fire for several hours,
+and at length retired with honor, their small force having sustained a
+loss of about six hundred in killed and wounded."
+
+Lawrence intended to return to England after a brief stay at home.
+
+"My record will insure me a promotion in the army," he said to his
+father, who was averse at first to his return.
+
+"Very true; but army life is objectionable in many ways," his father
+replied. "The honors hardly pay."
+
+"But my experience for two years has fitted me for that service more
+than for any other, and that is to be thought of," suggested Lawrence.
+
+"Yes; but other avenues to business are always open to young men of
+spirit," remarked his father. "Nor is it necessary for them to leave the
+country in order to accomplish a noble purpose."
+
+However, Mr. Washington withdrew his objections to his son's return to
+the army; though, subsequently, he was pleased that he abandoned the
+project under the following circumstances.
+
+There lived an educated English gentleman in Fairfax County by the name
+of William Fairfax. He had charge of a very large estate belonging to
+his cousin, Lord Fairfax, of England. This William Fairfax had a
+daughter, Anne, as well educated and accomplished as Lawrence. Mutual
+respect between Lawrence and Anne ripened into mutual love, and they
+became engaged. This unexpected episode in the lives of the promising
+couple changed the plans of Lawrence; and he voluntarily abandoned the
+idea of returning to the army.
+
+The martial spirit of George did not abate when Lawrence came home from
+the war; it rather increased than otherwise. For his ears were regaled
+with many stories of army life, in which bravery, peril, bloodshed, and
+hairbreadth escapes were strangely mixed. There was a singular
+fascination in these tales of war to George; and he never tired of
+listening to them. The more he heard, the more he enjoyed playing
+soldier. He was constantly learning military tactics, too, from the lips
+of his brother. Being a bright, intelligent boy, he readily comprehended
+and appropriated information upon a subject that was so congenial to his
+heart. Lawrence was impressed by the precocity of his little brother, as
+well as his tact at soldiering, so that he was all the more gratified to
+nurture his martial spirit by rehearsing his experience in war. Lawrence
+was twenty-four years of age, and George but ten, so that the latter
+looked up to the former somewhat as a son looks up to a father, drinking
+in his words as words of wisdom, and accepting his experience as that of
+an officer of rank. Lawrence became his military teacher, really; and
+the opportunity to George proved a sort of West Point.
+
+Lawrence, and others, too, were very much charmed by George's manly
+bearing, even before he was ten years old. John Fitzhugh said of him,
+"He was born a man."
+
+He was very handsome, large of his age, tall and straight, graceful and
+dignified in his movements. These qualities were so conspicuous as to
+attract the attention of strangers.
+
+He was very athletic, too, and loved more active sports than playing
+marbles. He excelled in running, wrestling, leaping, and throwing the
+bar, sports that were popular at that time. In these things he took the
+lead.
+
+John Fitzhugh said of him, as a runner: "He ran wonderfully. We had
+nobody hereabouts that could come near him. There was a young Langhorn
+Dade, of Westmoreland, a clean-made, light young fellow, a mighty swift
+runner, too--but then he was no match for George: Langy, indeed, did not
+like to give it up, and would brag that he had sometimes brought George
+to a tie. But I believe he was mistaken; for I have seen them run
+together many a time, and George always beat him easy enough."
+
+He would throw a stone further then any other boy. Col. Lewis Willis,
+who was one of his boon companions, said that he "had often seen George
+throw a stone across the Rappahannock, at the lower ferry of
+Fredericksburg." No other boy could do it.
+
+His great physical strength was early displayed in lifting and carrying
+burdens.
+
+The sequel will show how well his marked physical development served him
+in public life. A boy of less muscular power could not have made a
+general of such endurance under privations and hardships.
+
+Much more relating to the boyhood of George Washington will appear in
+subsequent chapters. Enough has been said in this chapter to accomplish
+our purpose.
+
+
+
+
+III.
+
+SCHOOL-DAYS.
+
+
+"We must come to some conclusion before long about Lawrence's
+education," remarked Mr. Washington to his wife. "It is certain that not
+much more can be done for him here."
+
+"He deserves and must have something better than the schools of this
+colony can give him," answered Mrs. Washington. "Besides, it will do the
+boy good to go from home, and mix in such cultivated society as he will
+have in England."
+
+They had often discussed the matter of sending Lawrence to England to be
+educated. The wealthier classes of Virginia were accustomed to send
+their sons to the mother country for a higher education than was
+possible at home. Indeed, it was sending them "home" in one sense, for
+England was their "home." They were only colonists here, where the
+schools were poor indeed. Neither their good-will nor their money alone
+could make good schools. They lacked suitable teachers and other
+facilities, which neither money nor good intentions could furnish.
+
+"He should go, if he goes at all, as soon as possible," continued Mr.
+Washington. "There is no time to lose when a boy gets to be fifteen
+years old. Eight years at school there will make him twenty-three when
+he gets through; and by that time he should be prepared to enter upon
+some pursuit for life."
+
+"Eight years is a longer time than it is absolutely necessary for him to
+spend," suggested Mrs. Washington. "Five or six years may be sufficient
+unless he decides to enter one of the learned professions."
+
+"He can't be too well educated, whether he enters a learned profession
+or not," responded Mr. Washington. "Too much education is quite as
+impossible as too much honesty; and I do not expect he will ever have
+too much of the latter."
+
+"I shall not deny that," replied Mrs. Washington. "I shall rejoice as
+much as you in the best opportunities he can have. I was only suggesting
+what might be if absolutely necessary to save time or expense."
+
+Their conclusion was (as stated in the second chapter), to send Lawrence
+to England as soon as his wardrobe could be made ready, in which
+determination the lad rejoiced more than his parents ever knew. His
+ambition for an English education was strong; and, boy-like, he coveted
+a residence in England for a while.
+
+Within a few weeks he sailed for the mother country, leaving a sensible
+void in the family. George did not interest himself particularly in the
+affair, although he might have added an occasional "coo"; for he was
+only one year old when his big brother left for England. His
+inexperience was sufficient excuse for his indifference to so important
+an affair.
+
+George went to school when he was five years of age. A man by the name
+of Hobby lived in one of his father's tenements, and he served the
+public in the double capacity of parish sexton and school-master. It is
+claimed that he was a wounded soldier with a wooden leg, a kind,
+Christian gentleman, whose very limited education may have qualified him
+to dig graves and open the house of worship, but not to teach the young.
+However, he did teach school quite a number of years, and some of his
+pupils called him "Old Wooden Leg"--a fact that confirms the story of
+his having but one leg. He could "read, write and cipher" possibly, for
+that day, but beyond that he made no pretensions. Yet, that was the best
+school George could have at that time.
+
+"We hope he will have a better one sometime," his father remarked. "I
+may not be able to send him to England, but I hope we shall see better
+schools here before many years have passed."
+
+"Mr. Hobby can teach him A, B, C, as well as any body, I suppose,"
+answered Mrs. Washington; and he can make a beginning in reading and
+writing with him, perhaps.
+
+"Yes, and he may give him a start in arithmetic," added Mr. Washington.
+"Hobby knows something of addition, subtraction, multiplication and
+division. But a bright boy will run him dry in two or three years."
+
+"Mr. Hobby will do the best he knows how for George or any other boy,"
+continued Mrs. Washington. "He is a good man, and looks after the morals
+of his scholars; and that is a good deal in educating children."
+
+"Of course it is; it is everything," replied Mr. Washington. "In that
+respect, Hobby has the confidence of all who know him. He does the very
+best he can, and the most cultivated people can do no better than that."
+
+George was soon on the very best terms with his teacher. The attraction
+was mutual. Hobby saw a bright, studious, obedient boy in George, and
+George saw a kind, loving and faithful teacher in Hobby. In these
+circumstances commendable progress was immediate in George's career.
+
+One of his biographers says of him in Hobby's school:
+
+"The rapid progress George made in his studies was owing, not so much to
+his uncommon aptitude at learning, as to the diligence and industry with
+which he applied himself to them. When other boys were staring out of
+the window, watching the birds and squirrels sporting among the
+tree-tops; or sitting idly with their hands in their pockets, opening
+and shutting their jack-knives, or counting their marbles, or munching
+apples or corn-dodgers behind their books, or, naughtier still, shooting
+paper bullets at Hobby's wooden leg; our George was studying with all
+his might, closing his ears to the buzz of the school-room; nor would he
+once raise his eyes from his book till every word of his lesson was
+ready to drop from his tongue's end of its own accord. So well did he
+apply himself, and so attentive was he to everything taught him, that,
+by the time he was ten years old, he had learned all that the good old
+grave-digger knew himself; and it was this worthy man's boast, in after
+years, that he had laid the foundation of Washington's future greatness.
+But what Hobby could not teach him at school, George learned at home
+from his father and mother, who were well educated for those days; and
+many a long winter evening did these good parents spend in telling
+their children interesting and instructive stories of olden times, of
+far-off countries and strange people, which George would write down in
+his copy book in his neatest, roundest hand, and remember ever
+afterwards."
+
+What this biographer claims was not all the instruction which George
+received at home. His instruction at Hobby's school was supplemented by
+lessons in reading, penmanship and arithmetic by his father, who was
+much better qualified than Hobby to teach the young. Mr. Washington was
+a wise man, and he saw that George's school would prove far more
+beneficial to him when enforced by such lessons as he himself could
+impart at home. Thus Hobby's school really became a force in the
+education of George, because it was ably supported by the home school.
+Otherwise that first school which George attended might have proved of
+little value to him.
+
+George became Mr. Hobby's most important pupil, because he was an
+example of obedience, application, method and thoroughness.
+
+"George always does his work well," Mr. Hobby would say, exhibiting his
+writing-book to the school. "Not one blot, no finger-marks, everything
+neat and clean."
+
+In contrast with some of the dirty, blotted pages in other
+writing-books, that of George was a marvel of neatness and excellence.
+
+"It is just as easy to do the best you can as it is to do poorly," Mr.
+Hobby continued, by way of rebuke and encouragement to dull and careless
+scholars. "George does not have to work any harder to be thorough than
+some of you do to be scarcely passible. He is a little more careful,
+that is all."
+
+His writing-book, held up to the view of the school with the one most
+badly defaced, honored George's thoroughness, and sharply reproved the
+other boy's carelessness. Mr. Hobby sought to arouse dull scholars by
+encouragement full as much as he did by punishment. Hence, George's
+neat, attractive writing-book, contrasted with one of the opposite
+qualities, became a stimulus to endeavor. All could keep their fingers
+clean if they would, even if they had to go to the banks of the
+Rappahannock to wash them; and no pupil was fated to blot his book, as
+Mr. Hobby very plainly showed; so that George's example was a constant
+benediction to the school.
+
+"The scholar who does as well as he can in one thing will do as well as
+he can in another," said Mr. Hobby. "George has the best writing-book in
+school, and he is the best reader and speller. It is because his rule is
+to do the best he can."
+
+It was not expected that George would fail in spelling. He did fail
+occasionally on a word, it is true, but so seldom that his schoolmates
+anticipated no failure on his part. In spelling-matches, the side on
+which he was chosen was expected to win. If all others failed on a word,
+George was supposed to be equal to the occasion.
+
+"Well, George, we shall be obliged to depend on you to help us out of
+this difficulty," Mr. Hobby had frequent occasion to say, when all eyes
+would turn to George for the solution.
+
+"There is a thousand times more enjoyment in doing things well than
+there is in doing them poorly," Mr. Hobby said. "The happiest boy in
+this school is the boy who is thorough in his studies."
+
+The pupils understood the remark perfectly. It was not necessary that
+their teacher should say whether he meant a particular boy or not. They
+made their own application. The boy who does his work well is not hid in
+a corner. It is impossible to hide him.
+
+Yet, George was at home on the play-ground. He loved the games and
+sports of his school-days. No boy enjoyed a trial at wrestling, running
+or leaping, better than he did. He played just as he studied--with all
+his might. He aspired to be the best wrestler, runner and leaper in
+school. William Bustle was his principal competitor. Many and many a
+time they were pitted against each other in a race or wrestle.
+
+"George is too much for him," was the verdict of Lewis Willis and
+Langhorn Dade and others.
+
+"In a race George will always win," remarked John Fitzhugh. "He runs
+like a deer."
+
+"And he wrestles like a man," said Lewis Willis. "No boy is so strong in
+his arms as he is. I am nowhere when he once gets his long arms around
+me. It's like getting into a vice."
+
+"William is about a match for him, though," suggested Lewis Willis,
+referring to William Bustle. "George has the advantage of him in being
+taller and heavier."
+
+"And quicker," suggested Willis. "He is spry as a cat."
+
+"Old Wooden Leg was about right when he said that the boy who would
+write and spell well would do everything else well," remarked Langhorn
+Dade. "It is true of George, sure."
+
+So George was master of the situation on the play-ground. By common
+consent the supremacy was conceded to him. He was first in frolic, as,
+years thereafter, he was "first in war."
+
+When the excitement of recruiting for the campaign against the Spaniards
+in the West Indies prevailed, and George's military ardor was aroused,
+he proposed to convert the play-ground into a muster-field, and make
+soldiers of his schoolmates.
+
+"Let us have two armies, English and Spanish," he said. "I will command
+the English and William (William Bustle) the Spanish." And so they
+recruited for both armies. Drilling, parading, and fighting, imparted a
+warlike appearance to the school-grounds. All other sports were
+abandoned for this more exciting one, and Mr. Hobby's pupils suddenly
+became warriors.
+
+"The Spaniards must be conquered and driven out of English territory,"
+shouted George to his men.
+
+"The Spaniards can't be expelled from their stronghold," shouted back
+their defiant commander, William Bustle. "You advance at your peril."
+
+"You resist at your peril," replied George. "The only terms of peace are
+_surrender_, SURRENDER!"
+
+"Spaniards never surrender!" shouted General Bustle; and his men
+supplemented his defiant attitude with a yell. "We are here to fight,
+not to surrender!"
+
+"Forward! march," cried the English general in response to the
+challenge: and the hostile forces, with sticks and corn-stalks,
+waged mimic warfare with the tact and resolution of veterans. Charges,
+sieges and battles followed in quick succession, affording great sport
+for the boys, who were, unconsciously, training for real warfare in the
+future.
+
+William Bustle was the equal of George in ability and skill to handle
+his youthful army, but the latter possessed a magnetic power that really
+made him commander-in-chief of Hobby's school. He was regarded as the
+military organizer of these juvenile forces, and hence the meritorious
+author of their greatest fun.
+
+One of the stories that has come down to us from George's school-days is
+honorable to him as a truth-telling boy. A difficulty arose among
+several boys in school, and it grew into a quarrel. Three or four of
+George's companions were engaged in the melee, and some hard blows were
+given back and forth. Other boys were much wrought upon by the trouble,
+and allowed their sympathies to draw them to the side of one party or
+the other. Thus the school was divided in opinion upon the question,
+each party blaming the other with more or less demonstration.
+
+"What is this that I hear about a quarrel among you, boys?" inquired
+Master Hobby, on learning of the trouble. "Dogs delight to bark and
+bite."
+
+The boys made no answer, but looked at each other significantly, some of
+them smiling, others frowning. Mr. Hobby continued:
+
+"Is it true that some of my boys have been fighting?"
+
+No one answered. Evidently Mr. Hobby knew more about the affair than any
+of them supposed.
+
+"Well, I am not surprised that you have nothing to say about it," added
+Mr. Hobby. "There is not much to be said in favor of fighting. But I
+must know the truth about it. How is it, William (addressing William
+Bustle), what do you know about it?"
+
+William glanced his eye over the school-room and hesitated, as if the
+question put him into a tight place. He had no desire to volunteer
+information.
+
+"Speak out," urged his teacher; "we must know the truth about it. I fear
+that this was not a _sham_ fight from all I can learn. Did _you_ fight?"
+
+"Yes, sir, I did my part," William finally answered with considerable
+self-possession.
+
+"Your part?" repeated Mr. Hobby, inquiringly. "Who assigned such a part
+to you?"
+
+"Nobody but myself. I don't like to stand and look on when boys are
+abused."
+
+"Don't? eh! I wish you would act on that principle when you see some
+_lessons_ in your class abused, and come to the rescue by learning them.
+That would be acting to some purpose." This was a sharp rejoinder by the
+teacher; and William, as well as the other boys, understood its
+application.
+
+"But that talk is neither one thing nor another, William," continued Mr.
+Hobby. "Waste no more time in this way, but let us have the truth at
+once. Be a man now, though you were not when engaged in a quarrel with
+your companions."
+
+William was now reassured by his master's tone, and he proceeded to give
+his version of the affair. His statement was simply a vindication of his
+side of the trouble, and Mr. Hobby so regarded it.
+
+"Now, Lewis (addressing Lewis Willis), we will hear what you have to
+say," continued Mr. Hobby. "You were engaged in this disgraceful affair,
+I believe."
+
+Lewis admitted that he was, but he hesitated about replying.
+
+"Well, let us have it, if you have anything to say for yourself. There
+is not much to be said for boys who fight."
+
+Lewis mustered courage enough to tell his story, which was as one-sided
+as that of William. He presented _his_ side of the difficulty as well as
+he could, whereupon Mr. Hobby remarked:
+
+"Both of you cannot be right. Now, I would like to know how many of you
+think that William is right. As many scholars as think that William's
+statement is correct may raise their hands."
+
+Several hands went up.
+
+"Those who think that Lewis is right may raise their hands."
+
+Several hands were raised. George did not vote.
+
+"Did no one attempt to prevent or reconcile this trouble?" inquired Mr.
+Hobby--a question that was suggested by the facts he had learned.
+
+"George did," answered one of the smaller boys.
+
+"Ah! George tried to keep the peace, did he? That was noble! But he did
+not succeed?" Mr. Hobby added, by way of inquiry.
+
+"No, sir," replied the lad. "They did not mind him."
+
+"Well, I think we will mind him now, and hear what he says," responded
+the teacher. "A boy who will plead for peace when others fight deserves
+to be heard; and I think we can depend upon his version of the affair.
+Now, George (turning to George Washington), shall we hear what you have
+to say about this unfortunate trouble?"
+
+George hesitated for a moment, as if he would gladly be excused from
+expressing his opinion, when Mr. Hobby encouraged him by the remark:
+
+"I think we all shall be glad to learn how the quarrel is regarded by a
+peace-maker."
+
+George hesitated no longer, but hastened to give an account of the
+affair. He did not agree with either of the boys who had spoken, but
+discovered blame upon both sides, which was a correct view of the case.
+
+"And you interposed and tried to reconcile the angry parties?" inquired
+Mr. Hobby.
+
+"I tried to," modestly answered George, as if conscious that his efforts
+were of little avail with the belligerents.
+
+"Your effort is just as commendable as it would have been if it had
+proved successful," responded Mr. Hobby in a complimentary manner.
+"And now, I want to know how many of my scholars, girls and boys, agree
+with George. You have heard his story. As many of you as agree with
+George may signify it by raising your hands."
+
+There was a prompt and large array of hands.
+
+"Those who do not agree with George may raise their hands." Only three
+or four hands went up.
+
+"I agree with George," added Mr. Hobby. "I think he has given us a
+reliable account of the trouble; and you all ought to be ashamed of
+yourselves that you did not heed his advice, and refuse to quarrel. I
+shall take time to consider my duty in the circumstances; meanwhile the
+fighting boys may reflect upon their disgrace."
+
+This incident presents two qualities of George's character, always
+prominent from his earliest school-days. He was known as a truth-teller.
+His word could be depended upon. He would not tell a falsehood to shield
+his most intimate companion. His word was so reliable that when he gave
+an account of the quarrel, not a few of the scholars accepted it simply
+because it was the statement of truth-telling George. Even several whose
+sympathies were strongly with William or Lewis finally voted for
+George's version. It was their confidence in his adherence to truth that
+settled their opinion.
+
+George was often called a "peace-maker." Mr. Hobby called him so. His
+associates and their parents called him so. There could be no hard words
+or quarrels among his schoolmates with his consent. Sometimes an angry
+boy would charge him with being a "coward" because he always pleaded for
+peace; but his accuser knew full well that George was no "coward." There
+was not a braver boy in that "field-school" than he. He proved his
+bravery by rebuking falsehood and fighting among his class-mates. A
+cowardly boy yields to the ruling spirit around him; but George never
+did, except when that spirit was in the interest of peace.
+
+Soon after the death of George's father, of which we shall speak
+particularly in another place, his connection with Mr. Hobby's school
+was severed.
+
+"How would you like to go to Mr. Williams' school at Bridge's Creek,
+George?" his mother inquired. "Mr. Williams is an excellent teacher, I
+suppose, the very best there is in Virginia."
+
+"I should like it," George answered. "Can I go?"
+
+"I have been thinking of it," his mother responded. "You can live with
+your brother Augustine; the school is not far from his house."
+
+"Shall I go soon?" asked George.
+
+"Yes, as soon as you can get ready. You are at an age now when you must
+attend to the higher branches of knowledge, if ever."
+
+"What shall I study?" inquired George.
+
+"Arithmetic, of course, and I have been thinking of book-keeping and
+surveying, very important studies for planters and everybody else in
+these parts."
+
+"Then you mean I shall be a planter?" George inquired.
+
+"Yes, there is not much but a planter that you can be in this State; and
+a good planter may be as useful and honored as a good merchant or
+lawyer."
+
+"I would as soon be a planter as anything else," continued George "and I
+will try to make a good one."
+
+"That is the main thing," responded his mother. "Planter, merchant or
+lawyer, become the best there is, and you will be both prospered and
+honored. You have learned about all you can at Mr. Hobby's school; it is
+time to go up higher."
+
+"That will suit me as well as it will you," replied George. "I do not
+object to going up higher."
+
+"Some boys act as if they do," rejoined Mrs. Washington; "but I hope you
+will never belong to that class. Do the best you can in every place, and
+you will never be ashamed of your conduct."
+
+Within a few weeks George found himself a member of Mr. Williams'
+school, and a resident of his brother Augustine's family. Arithmetic and
+book-keeping engaged his attention at once, and, after a few months,
+surveying was added to his regular studies.
+
+Mr. Williams was a thorough instructor, and believed that scholars
+should master one branch of study before they took up another. He paid
+much attention to reading, spelling and penmanship, encouraging his
+pupils to place a high value upon these common, but fundamental,
+studies.
+
+"You are a good mathematician, George, and surveying will come easy to
+you," remarked Mr. Williams. "Surveyors will be in great demand in this
+country before it is many years older."
+
+"I should like to understand it," replied George, "and I mean to
+understand it before I have done going to school."
+
+"And the sooner you commence the study of it the better it will be for
+you," added Mr. Williams. "You are old enough, and sufficiently advanced
+to pursue it successfully. By and by you can survey the fields about
+here, by way of practising the art; and you will enjoy it hugely. It
+will be better than play."
+
+"Better than playing soldier?" said George inquiringly, and in a tone of
+pleasantry. He had already organized the boys in Mr. William's school
+into two armies, and more than one mimic battle had been fought.
+
+"Yes, better than any sham thing," answered Mr. Williams. "It will be
+study and diversion together--work and play--improving mind and body at
+the same time."
+
+"I see, I see," responded George. "I can abandon soldiering for that."
+But he never did. There was too great fascination about military tactics
+to allow of that. He devoted himself to surveying with commendable
+application and rapid progress; but he continued, to some extent, the
+chief sport of his school-days--mimic war.
+
+George was not more than thirteen or fourteen years of age when he
+surveyed the land about the school-house. He was the first pupil in Mr.
+Williams' school who had performed such a practical piece of work, and
+his school-mates were deeply interested in his exploit. He ranked high
+as a scholar, and his manly bearing made him appear several years older
+than he was. He led Mr. Williams' school, as he did that of Mr. Hobby,
+in scholarship, behavior and physical prowess. He seemed born to lead,
+and his associates were content to have it so.
+
+One of his biographers speaks as follows of his first efforts at
+surveying:
+
+"When he had advanced so far in his study as to give him some idea of
+the proper use and handling of the chain and compass, the two principal
+instruments employed in this art, he began to put his knowledge into
+practice by taking surveys of the farms lying in the immediate
+neighborhood of his school-house.
+
+"Assisted by his school-mates, he would follow up and measure off, with
+the help of his long steel chain, the boundary lines between the farms,
+such as fences, roads, and water-courses; then those dividing the
+different parts of the same farm; determining at the same time, with the
+help of his compass, their various courses, their crooks and windings,
+and the angles formed at their points of meeting or intersection. This
+would enable him to get at the shape and size not only of each farm, but
+of every meadow, field and wood composing it. This done, he would make a
+map or drawing on paper of the land surveyed, whereon would be clearly
+traced the lines dividing the different parts with the name and number
+of acres of each attached, while on the opposite page he would write
+down the long and difficult tables of figures by which these results had
+been reached. All this he would execute with as much neatness and
+accuracy as if it had been left with him to decide thereby some gravely
+disputed land-claim."
+
+Irving says of him as a surveyor: "In this he schooled himself
+thoroughly; making surveys about the neighborhood, and keeping regular
+field-books, in which the boundaries and measurements of the fields
+surveyed were carefully entered, and diagrams made with a neatness and
+exactness, as if the whole related to important land transactions
+instead of being mere school exercises. Thus, in his earliest days,
+there was perseverance and completeness in all his undertakings. Nothing
+was left half done, or done in a hurried and slovenly manner. The habit
+of mind thus cultivated continued through life; so that however
+complicated his tasks and overwhelming his cares, in the arduous and
+hazardous situations in which he was often placed, he found time to do
+everything, and _to do it well_. He had acquired the magic of method,
+which of itself works wonders."
+
+One day a dispute arose between two pupils respecting a chapter of
+Virginia's early history--Captain Smith and Pocahontas.
+
+"She saved his life," exclaimed one.
+
+"Very true; but she was not the daughter of King Opechancanough, as you
+say," replied the other.
+
+"Whose daughter was she, then?"
+
+"She was Powhattan's daughter; and her father was going to kill Captain
+Smith."
+
+"No, she was not Powhattan's daughter; I tell you that Opechancanough
+was her father," rejoined the other with some warmth.
+
+"And I tell you that Powhattan was her father, and Opechancanough was
+her uncle. If you can't recite history more correctly than that you had
+better keep still. Anybody knows that Pocahontas was the daughter of
+Powhattan; and he was the greatest Indian chief in Virginia."
+
+"And you are a conceited, ignorant fellow, to suppose that nobody knows
+anything but yourself."
+
+And so the dispute became more heated, until both parties were greatly
+excited; whereupon a listening school-mate called out:
+
+"Leave it to George; he will settle it."
+
+"Agreed!" responded one.
+
+"Agreed!" shouted the other.
+
+And George was called in to settle the controversy, both parties
+acquiescing in his decision.
+
+George often acted as umpire among the boys in Mr. Williams' school.
+Sometimes, as in the above instance, both parties chose him for umpire.
+Their confidence in his word and judgment led them to submit cases of
+trial or controversy to him, whether relating to studies or games. Many
+disputes were thus brought to a speedy termination by his discriminating
+and candid judgment.
+
+Mr. Weems says of him at this time:
+
+"He carried with him his virtues, his zeal for unblemished character,
+his love of truth and detestation of whatever was false and base. A gilt
+chariot with richest robes and liveried servants could not have
+befriended him so well; for, in a short time, so completely had his
+virtues secured the love and confidence of the boys, his _word_ was just
+as current among them as a _law_. A very aged gentleman, formerly a
+school-mate of his, has often assured me that nothing was more common,
+when the boys were in high dispute about a question of fact, than for
+some little shaver among the mimic heroes, to call out:
+
+"'Well, boys, George Washington was there; George Washington was there;
+he knows all about it; and if he don't say it was so, why, then we will
+give it up.'
+
+"'Done,' exclaimed the adverse party.
+
+"Then away they would run to hunt for George. Soon as his verdict was
+heard, the difficulty was settled, and all hands would return to play
+again."
+
+Another biographer, Mrs. Kirkland, says, "It is recorded of his school
+days that he was always head boy; and whether this report be authentic
+or not, we can easily imagine the case to have been so, not exclusively
+by means of scholarship, perhaps, but by the aid of certain other
+qualities, very powerful in school as elsewhere, and which he so
+exhibited in after life. His probity, courage, ability and high sense of
+justice were probably evident, even then, for there is every reason to
+believe their foundations were laid very early. The boys would,
+therefore, respect him, and choose him for an umpire in their little
+troubles, as they are said to have done.... He was famous for hindering
+quarrels, and perhaps his early taste for military manoeuvers was only
+an accidental form of that love of mathematical combinations (the marked
+trait of Napoleon's earlier years) and the tendency to order, promptness
+and thoroughness, which characterized him so strikingly in after life.
+The good soldier is by no means a man with a special disposition to
+fight."
+
+George was such an example of order, neatness, thorough scholarship and
+exact behavior in Mr. Williams' school that we shall devote the next
+chapter to these qualities.
+
+
+
+
+IV.
+
+METHOD AND THOROUGHNESS.
+
+
+"These are finely done," remarked Lawrence Washington to George, after
+an examination of the maps, copy-books, and writing-books, which George
+brought with him from Mr. Williams' school. "It would be difficult for
+any one to excel them."
+
+"It takes considerable time to do them," remarked George.
+
+"It takes time to do anything _well_," responded Lawrence, "but the
+habit is worth everything to you."
+
+"That is what Mr. Williams says," answered George. "He talks to the boys
+often about doing things well."
+
+"And no matter what it is that a boy is doing, if it is nothing more
+than chopping wood, it pays to do it as well as he can," added Lawrence.
+"Mr. Williams is an excellent teacher."
+
+"I think so," responded George. "He makes everything so plain that we
+can understand him; and he makes us feel that we shall need all we learn
+most when we become men."
+
+"Well, if you learn that last lesson thoroughly it will be of great
+service to you every day," remarked Lawrence. "Many boys never stop to
+think that they will soon be men, and so they are not fitted for the
+duties of manhood when it comes."
+
+"Mr. Williams talks much about method in study and work," continued
+George. "He says that many persons accomplish little or nothing in life
+because they are neither systematic nor thorough in what they do. 'A
+place for everything and everything in its place,' is one of his
+frequent remarks."
+
+"And you must have produced these maps and copy-books under that rule,"
+suggested Lawrence. "They are as excellent in orderly arrangement as
+they are in neatness."
+
+George spent his vacation with Lawrence, who really had charge of his
+education after Mr. Washington died. Lawrence married the daughter of
+William Fairfax three months after the death of his father, and settled
+on the plantation which his father bequeathed to him, near Hunting
+Creek, and to which Lawrence gave the name of Mount Vernon, in honor of
+Admiral Vernon, under whom he did military service in the West Indies,
+and for whom he cherished profound respect.
+
+Lawrence was strongly attached to his young brother in whom he
+discovered the elements of a future noble manhood. He delighted to have
+him at his Mount Vernon home, and insisted that he should spend all his
+time there when out of school. It was during a vacation that Lawrence
+examined his maps and copy-books, as narrated, George having brought
+them with him for his brother to inspect.
+
+One of George's copy-books attracted much attention in school, because
+it was unlike that of any other scholar, and it was an original idea
+with him.
+
+"What do you call it, George, and what do you ever expect to do with
+it?" inquired a school-mate.
+
+"You can call it what you please," replied George. "I expect that it
+will be of great service to me when I become a man."
+
+"That is looking a long way ahead, it seems to me," rejoined his
+companion. "I prefer to know what will be of service to me _now_. You
+can scarcely tell what will be best for you when you become a man."
+
+"I know that what I am copying into that book will be of use to me in
+manhood, because men use these forms. I call it a 'Book of Forms' for
+the want of a better name." And George's words denoted entire confidence
+in his original idea of the use of forms.
+
+"Well, the book looks well anyway," continued his school-mate holding
+the copy-book up to view. "As to that, I should like to see any work of
+yours that does not look well. But what are these forms, anyhow?"
+
+"They are receipts, bills of exchange, notes of hand, deeds, wills,
+land-warrants, bonds and useful forms of that kind," answered George.
+"If I have them here in this book together, they will be convenient for
+use ten or twenty years hence."
+
+"Yes, I see; you can run a lawyer's office on that book," suggested his
+friend.
+
+"A farmer's office, you mean. A farmer may find use for every form there
+is in that book; and if he does not, it will be no disadvantage to him
+to understand them."
+
+"You are right, George, as you are usually. I shall know where to go for
+a form when I want to make my will," remarked his companion in a
+complimentary way.
+
+"And I shall be glad to serve you without charge provided you remember
+me," responded George. "I predict that many men will live who will be
+glad to consult this book to help them out of difficulties."
+
+Perhaps the forethought and sagacity of George were foreshadowed more
+clearly by this copy-book than by any other. Its reference to the
+necessities of manhood was so plain and direct as to prove that he kept
+preparation for that period of life constantly in view. This book has
+been carefully preserved, and may be seen to-day at Mount Vernon.
+
+Another manuscript volume of his which has been preserved is a book of
+arithmetical problems. It was customary, when George attended school, to
+write the solution of problems in arithmetic in a blank-book--not the
+result merely, but the whole process of solution. Sometimes the rules
+were copied, also, into the book. It was a very good practice for a
+studious, persevering, conscientious boy like George; but the method was
+a wretched one for certain indolent pupils to whom study was penance;
+for this class often relied upon these manuscript volumes to furnish
+problems solved, instead of resorting to hard study. They were passed
+around among the idle scholars clandestinely, to help them over hard
+places without study. Mr. Williams forbade the deceitful practice, and
+punished pupils who were discovered in the cheat; nevertheless, poor
+scholars continued to risk punishment rather than buckle down to
+persistent study. There is no doubt that George's book of problems,
+copied in his clear, round hand, did considerable secret service in this
+way. But the preparation of it was an excellent discipline for George.
+Neatness, application, perseverance, thoroughness, with several other
+qualities, were indispensable in the preparation of so fair a book.
+
+In another copy-book George displayed a talent for sketching and
+drawing, which elicited Mr. Williams' commendation.
+
+"That portrait is well executed," he said. "You have a talent in that
+direction, evidently; the likeness is good." It was the face of one of
+the scholars, drawn with his pen.
+
+"Have you practised much in this art?" continued Mr. Williams.
+
+"No, sir; only a little, for amusement."
+
+"Just to see what you could do?" added Mr. Williams, inquiringly.
+
+"Yes, that is all."
+
+"Well, I advise you to cultivate your talent for drawing. These animals
+are well done, too. Practise will give you an ability in this line,
+which may prove of real service to you in future years."
+
+George had drawn animals, also, in the book, and he had given wings to
+some birds with a flourish of his pen, showing both taste and tact
+in the use of the pen. George was not a boy who believed in
+_flourishes_, except those executed in ink. His interest in the art of
+penmanship drew his attention to these as ornamental and ingenious.
+
+"A facile use of the pen will always be serviceable to you," he said to
+George. "No one can become too skilful in wielding it. But it requires
+much careful practise."
+
+"I have discovered that," answered George. "I do not expect to excel in
+the art of penmanship."
+
+"You may, with your application and perseverance," responded his
+teacher. "'Perseverance conquers all things,' it is said, and I believe
+it."
+
+"But I have not time for everything," remarked George. "Odd moments are
+all the time I can devote to such things."
+
+"And odd moments have done much for some boys," added his teacher.
+"Fragments of time well improved have made some men illustrious."
+
+"It will take larger fragments of time than I have to make me
+illustrious," suggested George, dryly.
+
+"Perhaps not; you are not authorized to come to such a conclusion.
+There are too many facts known to warrant it. Your industry and
+resolution are equal to it."
+
+George accepted the compliment in silence with his usual modesty,
+considerably encouraged by his teacher's words to persevere in doing
+things well.
+
+This copy-book, containing sketches of his companions and pen-pictures
+of birds and beasts, has been carefully preserved with others. It is a
+valuable relic, too, as showing that George was not always the sedate,
+serious boy he has generally been represented to be; for some of these
+sketches border upon the comical, and evidently were intended to bring
+a smile over the faces of his school-mates. Mixed with his usually
+grave and practical way of doing things, they show more of the cheerful,
+roguish boy than is accorded to George by writers in general.
+
+Another copy-book contains many extracts, in prose and poetry, which
+particularly interested George at the time. He was in the habit of
+preserving in this way choice bits of prose and poetry for future use.
+They were copied in his clear, fair handwriting, with every _i_ dotted
+and every _t_ crossed, and every comma and period nicely made and
+placed.
+
+All these copy books, with other proofs of George's thorough scholarship
+and progress, can now be seen at Mount Vernon, where he lived and died.
+
+Irving says of these: "His manuscript school-books still exist, and are
+models of neatness and accuracy. One of them, it is true, a ciphering
+book, preserved in the library at Mount Vernon, has some school-boy
+attempts at calligraphy; nondescript birds, executed with the flourish
+of a pen, or profiles of faces, probably intended for those of his
+school-mates; the rest are all grave and business-like. Before he
+was thirteen years of age he had copied into a volume forms for all
+kinds of mercantile and legal papers, bills of exchange, notes of hand,
+deeds, bonds and the like. This early self-tuition gave him throughout
+life a lawyer's skill in drafting documents, and a merchant's exactness
+in keeping accounts; so that all the concerns of his various estates,
+his dealings with his domestic stewards and foreign agents, his accounts
+with governments, and all the financial transactions, are to this day to
+be seen posted up in books, in his own handwriting, monuments of his
+method and unvaried accuracy."
+
+There was yet another manuscript more important, really, than those of
+which we have spoken. It contained one hundred and ten rules for
+regulating his conduct, to which he gave the title, "RULES OF BEHAVIOR
+IN COMPANY AND CONVERSATION."
+
+When Lawrence Washington examined this manuscript he remarked to his
+wife, "It is remarkable that a boy of his years should make such a
+collection of rules as this. They are creditable to a much older head
+than his."
+
+"They are not original with him, are they?" responded his wife.
+
+"I think not; they must be a collection which he has made from time to
+time. It would not be possible for a boy of his age to produce such a
+code of manners and morals out of his own brain. Hear this," and he
+proceeded to read some of the "Rules."
+
+"Associate yourself with men of good quality if you esteem your
+reputation, for it is better to be alone than in bad company."
+
+"Good counsel, surely, and well expressed," remarked Mrs. Washington.
+
+"It shows a degree of thoughtfulness and desire to be correct, beyond
+his years," added Lawrence. "The other rules are no less practical and
+significant." He continued to read:
+
+"Every action in company ought to be with some sign of respect to those
+present.
+
+"Speak not when others speak; sit not when others stand. Speak not when
+you should hold your peace. Walk not when others stop."
+
+"That is paying attention to little things with a will," remarked Mrs.
+Washington.
+
+"And that is what impresses me," responded Lawrence. "Most boys think
+that such small matters are beneath their notice, when attention to
+these secures attention to more important things."
+
+"Very true," replied his wife; "and it certainly shows a desire to be
+correct in behavior that is commendable."
+
+"And as unusual as it is commendable," added Lawrence. "It is such a
+manly view of life as we seldom meet with, except in ripe manhood."
+
+"Well, read more of his rules," suggested Mrs. Washington.
+
+Lawrence continued to read, "In your apparel, be modest, and endeavor to
+accommodate yourself to nature rather than to procure admiration; keep
+to the fashion of your equals, such as are civil and orderly, with
+respect to times and places.
+
+"Wherein you reprove another, be unblamable yourself, for example is
+better than precept.
+
+"When a man does all he can, though it succeeds not well, blame not him
+that did it."
+
+"Not many men reduce these rules to practise very thoroughly," remarked
+Lawrence. "To square one's life by these rules requires uncommon
+circumspection and decision. Few are equal to it."
+
+"I think that George comes as near doing it as any one," suggested Mrs.
+Washington.
+
+"I was just thinking of that," replied Lawrence. "I am not sure but his
+manly bearing is owing to these rules. No one can think enough of them
+to write them down carefully in a book without being more or less
+influenced by their lessons."
+
+"It would seem so," remarked Mrs. Washington; "but are there no rules
+relating to our higher duties to God among the whole number?"
+
+"Yes, several; but you should remember that these are rules of behavior
+in company and conversation alone, and not our religious duties. But
+here is one rule that lies in that direction":
+
+"Labor to keep in your heart that little spark of celestial fire called
+conscience."
+
+"And here is another":
+
+"If you speak of God or His attributes, let it be seriously, in
+reverence; and honor and obey your parents."
+
+"George has done that to perfection," remarked Lawrence. "Profanity and
+disobedience, even in their least offensive form, he was never guilty
+of. And here is still another rule having reference to our higher
+obligations, which he has observed with commendable carefulness":
+
+"Let your recreations be manful, not sinful."
+
+"I think it is remarkable, as you say, that one so young as George
+should make such a collection of rules," said Mrs. Washington. "May it
+not be that a remarkable future is before him?"
+
+"It may be, and I am inclined to think it will be," answered Lawrence.
+"If a bright spring-time is the harbinger of an ample harvest, such a
+youth must foreshadow noble manhood."
+
+Thus were George's "Rules of Behavior in Company and Conversation"
+discussed at Mount Vernon, and the young author of them was more admired
+in consequence.
+
+We will furnish our readers with more of his "Rules," since all of them
+are important, and had much to do, doubtless, with the formation of
+George's character.
+
+"Speak not of doleful things in time of mirth, nor at the table; speak
+not of melancholy things, as death and wounds; and if others mention
+them, change, if you can, the discourse. Tell not your dreams but to
+your intimate friend.
+
+"Break not a jest when none take pleasure in mirth; laugh not loud, nor
+at all, without occasion; deride no man's misfortune, though there seem
+to be some cause.
+
+"Speak not injurious words, neither in jest nor earnest; scoff at none,
+although they give occasion.
+
+"Seek not to lessen the merits of others; neither give more than due
+praise.
+
+"Go not thither where you know not whether you shall be welcome.
+
+"Give not advice without being asked; and when desired, do it briefly.
+
+"Reprove not the imperfections of others, for that belongs to parents,
+masters and superiors.
+
+"Gaze not on the marks and blemishes of others, and ask not how they
+came. What you may speak in secret to your friend, deliver not before
+others.
+
+"Think before you speak; pronounce not imperfectly, nor bring out your
+words too hastily, but orderly and distinctly.
+
+"When another speaks, be attentive yourself, and disturb not the
+audience. If any hesitate in his words, help him not, nor prompt him,
+without being desired; interrupt him not, nor answer him, until his
+speech be ended.
+
+"Treat with men at right times about business, and whisper not, in the
+company of others.
+
+"Be not in haste to relate news if you know not the truth thereof.
+
+"Be not curious to know the affairs of others, neither approach those
+that speak in private.
+
+"Undertake not what you cannot perform, but be careful to keep your
+promise.
+
+"Speak not evil of the absent, for it is unjust.
+
+"Make no show of taking delight in your victuals. Feed not with
+greediness. Cut your food with a knife, and lean not on the table;
+neither find fault with what you eat.
+
+"Be not a flatterer; neither play with any one that delights not to be
+played with.
+
+"Show not yourself glad at the misfortune of another, though he were
+your enemy.
+
+"It is good manners to prefer them to whom we speak before ourselves,
+especially if they are above us; with whom in no sort ought we to begin.
+
+"Strive not with your superiors in an argument, but always submit your
+judgment to others with modesty.
+
+"Undertake not to teach your equal in the art him self professes, for it
+is immodest and presumptuous.
+
+"Before you advise or find fault with any one, consider whether it ought
+to be in public or in private; presently, or at some other time; in what
+terms to do it; and, in reproving, show no sign of anger, but do it with
+sweetness and mildness.
+
+"Use no reproachful language against any one, neither curse nor revile.
+
+"Be not hasty to believe flying reports to the injury of any.
+
+"Play not the peacock, looking everywhere about you to see if you be
+well-decked; if your shoes fit well; if your pantaloons sit neatly, and
+clothes handsomely.
+
+"Let your conversation be without malice or envy, for it is a sign of a
+kindly and commendable nature; and in all cases of passion, admit reason
+to govern.
+
+"Utter not base and frivolous things amongst grave and learned men, nor
+very difficult questions or subjects among the ignorant, nor things hard
+to believe."
+
+These are only a part of the Rules which George adopted for his
+instruction and guidance through life. In weighing them, the reader must
+feel the force of Everett's remarks, who said of them, "Among his
+manuscripts still in existence, there is one, written under thirteen
+years of age, which deserves to be mentioned as containing striking
+indications of early maturity. The piece referred to is entitled 'Rules
+of Behavior in Company and Conversation.' These rules are written out in
+the form of maxims, to the number of one hundred and ten." "They form,"
+says Mr. Sparks, "a minute code of regulations for building up the
+habits of morals and manners and good conduct in very young persons."
+Whether they were taken in a body from some manual of education, or
+compiled by Washington himself from various books, or framed from his
+own youthful observation and reflection, is unknown. The first is,
+perhaps, the more probable supposition. If compiled by a lad under
+thirteen, and still more, if the fruit of his own meditations, they
+would constitute a most extraordinary example of early prudence and
+thoughtfulness. Some of the rules which form a part of this youthful
+code of manners and morals had their influence over Washington, and gave
+a complexion to his habits through life.
+
+That a boy of twelve or thirteen years should compile such a code of
+manners and morals, shows, unmistakably, the bent of his mind. We
+discover valuable elements of character in the formation and execution
+of such a purpose. It is equally true, also, that his book of prose and
+poetical extracts reveals his taste and aims no less surely than his
+"Rules." The following extract, taken from that manuscript volume, tells
+about the same story of the boy as his "Rules of Behavior" tell:--
+
+    "These are the things, which, once possessed,
+     Will make a life that's truly blest;
+     A good estate on healthy soil,
+     Not got by vice, nor yet by toil;
+     Round a warm fire a pleasant joke,
+     With chimney ever free from smoke;
+     A strength entire, a sparkling bowl,
+     A quiet wife, a quiet soul;
+     A mind, as well as body, whole;
+     Prudent simplicity, constant friends,
+     A diet which no art commends,
+     A merry night without much drinking,
+     A happy thought without much thinking.
+     Each night by quiet sleep made short,
+     A will to be but what thou art:
+     Possessed of these, all else defy,
+     And neither wish nor fear to die;
+     These are the things, which, once possessed,
+     Will make a life that's truly blest."
+
+His strong love for simple, pure, domestic life appears in this
+selection--a love for which he was distinguished to the day of his
+death.
+
+The school-days of George ended one month before he was sixteen years of
+age. Mr. Hobby and Mr. Williams were his only teachers, except his
+parents. "Not very rare opportunities," the reader will say. No larger
+opportunities for mental culture now would be considered meagre indeed.
+But he made the most of what he had, so that his small advantages did
+more for him than the best opportunities do for less industrious and
+noble boys.
+
+A strong bond united him to his teacher and schoolmates. It was not so
+much his scholarship as his character that endeared him to both teacher
+and pupils. The secret of it was found in his _heart_ rather than his
+head. His school-mates were moved to tears on parting with him, and so
+was his teacher. And those tears were a sincere tribute to the unsullied
+character of the boy.
+
+
+
+
+V.
+
+FOUR INCIDENTS AND THEIR LESSONS.
+
+
+Certain incidents occurred in the young life of our hero, which so
+forcibly illustrate leading elements of his character that we stop here
+to record them.
+
+His father came home one day so sick that he took to his bed at once. It
+was a severe attack of an old complaint, which he had vainly tried to
+remove.
+
+"You must have the doctor," said Mrs. Washington, somewhat alarmed by
+the severity of the attack.
+
+"Wait a little, and see," replied her husband; "perhaps the usual
+remedies will relieve me." He kept remedies in the house for such
+attacks, and Mrs. Washington soon administered them. But the relief was
+only partial, and a servant was sent for the doctor.
+
+"Go in haste," said Mrs. Washington, as Jake mounted the horse and
+galloped away. "Tell the doctor to come as soon as possible," were the
+last words that Jake heard as he dashed forward. Mrs. Washington was
+thoroughly alarmed. Returning to her husband's bedside, she said:
+
+"I want to send for George."
+
+"Not now," her husband answered. "I think the doctor will relieve me.
+Besides, George has only just got there, and it is not well to disturb
+him unnecessarily."
+
+George had gone to visit friends at Chotana, about twenty miles distant,
+where he proposed to spend his vacation.
+
+Mrs. Washington yielded to her husband's desire, although intense
+anxiety filled her heart. She seemed to have a presentiment that it was
+her husband's last sickness. Back and forth she went from door to
+bedroom, and from bedroom to door, awaiting with tremulous emotion the
+coming of the physician, at the same time employing such remedies as she
+thought might afford relief.
+
+"A very sick man," was the doctor's verdict, "but I think we can relieve
+him soon." His encouraging words lifted a burden from Mrs. Washington's
+heart, although she still apprehended the worst, and yet she could
+scarcely tell why.
+
+"You think that he will recover?" she said to the doctor, as he was
+leaving the house.
+
+"I think so; he is relieved for the present, and I hope that he will
+continue to improve," the doctor answered; and he answered just as he
+felt.
+
+Still Mrs. Washington could not disguise her fears. She was a devout
+Christian woman, and she carried her burden to the Lord. She found some
+relief in laying her anxieties upon the great Burden-bearer. She came
+forth from communion with the Father of mercies more composed if not
+more hopeful. She possessed a degree of willingness to leave her
+companion in God's hand.
+
+Mr. Washington was relieved of acute pain, but further than that he did
+not improve. After continuing several days in this condition, he said to
+his wife one morning:
+
+"You may send for George to-day."
+
+"I will," Mrs. Washington replied, bursting into tears. "I wish I had
+sent before."
+
+"It might have been as well had we known," Mr. Washington responded, in
+a suggestive way.
+
+"Do you think that your sickness will prove fatal?"
+
+"I fear so. I think I am losing ground fast. I have failed very much in
+strength the last twenty-four hours. God's will be done."
+
+"I hope I shall have grace to say so honestly."
+
+"And I trust that God will give me grace to say so with true
+submission," continued Mr. Washington. "I should like to live if it is
+God's will; but if He orders otherwise, we must accept His ordering as
+best."
+
+Mrs. Washington could say no more. Her cup of sorrow was full and
+running over. But she sorrowed not as one without hope. Both she and her
+husband had been active Christians. They were prominent working members
+of the Episcopal Church. They knew, from happy experience, that solace
+and support were found in divine grace, so that this sudden and terrible
+affliction did not overtake them unawares, really. They were prepared
+for it in an important sense.
+
+The doctor called just as this interview closed, and he seconded Mr.
+Washington's request to send for George.
+
+"A great change has come over him since yesterday," he said to Mrs.
+Washington.
+
+"He just told me that he was sinking," replied Mrs. Washington.
+
+"I fear it is so; and George better be sent for at soon as possible. A
+few hours may bring the end." The physician spoke as if there were no
+more ground for hope.
+
+"May God have mercy on us," responded Mrs. Washington, as she hastened
+from the room, with deep emotion, to despatch a servant for George.
+
+Mr. Washington continued to sink rapidly during the day, his reason at
+times wavering, though his distress was not acute. Conscious that he
+could not survive many hours, he expressed an anxiety to see George once
+more, and seemed impatient for his arrival.
+
+It was almost night when George arrived, and his father was dying. His
+mother met him at the door, with emotion too deep for utterance. Her
+tears and despairing look told the story more plainly than words to
+George. He knew that there was no hope.
+
+Hastening into his father's presence he was appalled by the change. That
+cheerful, loving face was struck with death. Fastening his eyes upon his
+son, as if he recognized him, the dying man _looked_ his last farewell.
+He could not speak nor lift a finger. He was almost "beyond the river."
+
+George was completely overcome. Throwing himself upon his father's neck,
+he broke into convulsive sobs, kissing him again and again, and giving
+way to the most passionate grief. The scene was affecting beyond
+description. All hearts were melted by the child's artless exhibition of
+filial love and sorrow. He loved his father with a devotion that knew no
+bounds, as he had reason to love him. Without this paternal friend, life
+would lose its charm to him, and he "would never be glad any more." So
+it seemed to him when he first was made conscious that his father was
+dying. The great sorrow seemed too great for him to bear. His young
+heart well nigh burst.
+
+Here we have evidence of what George was as a son. He had not only loved
+and reverenced his father, but he had obeyed him with true filial
+respect. Obedience was one of his leading virtues. This endeared him to
+his father. Their tender love was mutual. "George thought the world of
+his father and his father thought the world of him." That dying scene in
+the family was proof of it.
+
+In a few days all that was mortal of Augustine Washington was committed
+to the dust, and George was a fatherless boy. As we have already
+intimated, this sudden affliction changed the current of George's life.
+Different plans and different experiences followed.
+
+Mr. Washington, with characteristic foresight, had made his will. Irving
+says of it, "To Lawrence he gave the estate on the banks of the Potomac,
+with other real property, and several shares in iron-works. To
+Augustine, the second son by the first marriage, the old homestead and
+estate in Westmoreland. The children by the second marriage were
+severally well provided for; and George, when he became of age, was to
+have the house and lands on the Rappahannock."
+
+Mrs. Washington assumed the care of the estate after the death of her
+husband, and continued her love of fine horses. She possessed several of
+rare beauty and fleetness. Among them was an Arabian colt, full grown,
+broken to the harness, but not to the saddle. He would not allow a man
+to ride him. He was so high strung, and so fractiously opposed to any
+one getting upon his back, that Mrs. Washington had forbidden any one on
+the farm attempting the feat.
+
+George had two or three young friends visiting him, and they were
+admiring the antics of the colt in the meadow in front of the house.
+
+"I should like to ride him," remarked George.
+
+"Ride him!" exclaimed one of the number. "I thought nobody could ride
+him. That is what I have heard."
+
+"Well, I should like to try," continued George. "If I could once get
+upon his back, I would run the risk anyway. He would prance some, I
+guess."
+
+"I should like to see you try, George," remarked another of his friends
+present. "You can ride him if any one can. But how do you know that you
+can't ride him? Have you ever tried?"
+
+"No."
+
+"Did any one ever try?"
+
+"I believe Jake has; or, at least, he has tried to get on his back."
+
+"If I were in your place I would see whether I could ride him or not,"
+suggested his friend. "What's the harm?"
+
+"Mother would not allow it," answered George; "She would expect to see
+my brains beat out if I should attempt it."
+
+"But your mother would like it if you succeeded in riding him," rejoined
+his friend, by way of inducing him to make the attempt.
+
+"I have no doubt she would; but if I should break my neck, instead of
+the colt, she would not be glad at all."
+
+"Of course not; but I don't see any particular need of breaking your
+neck or limbs by making the attempt; and it would be a feather in your
+cap to manage the colt. Suppose we try;" and this proposition was made
+by George's companion in good faith.
+
+"I have no fears for myself," answered George; "there is no danger in
+trying to get upon his back that I see, and once there, I will risk
+being thrown."
+
+"That is so," continued his friend, "and suppose we try it some day."
+
+After some more discussion upon the subject, George agreed to make the
+attempt to mount the colt early the following morning, and his young
+friend seconded his decision heartily.
+
+The next morning, a full hour before breakfast-time, the boys were out,
+eager to participate in the sport of conquering a wild colt. The colt
+appeared to snuff trouble, for he was unusually gay and crank that
+morning. His head and tail were up, as he went prancing around the
+field, when the boys put in their appearance.
+
+"Drive him into a corner!" exclaimed George.
+
+"Drive the wind into a corner as easily," replied one of the boys, just
+beginning to appreciate the difficulties of the situation.
+
+"Well, he must be caught before he can be mounted," said George,
+philosophically. "I did not promise to mount him until he was bridled."
+
+"That is so," responded another boy, more hopeful of results. "That
+corner yonder is a good place for the business," pointing to the
+eastward.
+
+So they all rallied to drive the colt into the proposed corner; and, in
+the language of another who has described the scene, "after a deal of
+chasing and racing, heading and doubling, falling down and picking
+themselves up again, and more shouting and laughing than they had breath
+to spare for, they at last succeeded in driving the panting and
+affrighted young animal into the corner. Here, by some means or other
+(it was difficult to tell precisely how) they managed to bridle him,
+although at no small risk of a broken head or two from his heels, that
+he seemed to fling about him in a dozen different directions at once."
+
+"Lead him away from this corner," said one of the boys.
+
+"Yes," answered George, "we must go well toward the centre of the field;
+he will want room to throw me."
+
+So, throwing the bridle-reins over the colt's neck, and taking hold of
+the bridle close by the bits, the animal was led toward the centre of
+the field.
+
+Before the boys or the colt were aware of George's purpose, with one
+bound he leaped upon the colt's back, and, seizing the reins, was
+prepared for the worst. His playmates were as much astonished as the
+animal was at this unexpected feat, and they rushed away to escape
+disaster.
+
+"Look out, George!" shouted one, as the colt reared and stood upon his
+hind legs.
+
+"He'll throw you, George, if you don't look out!" screamed another, as
+the animal reversed his position and sent his hind legs high into the
+air.
+
+"Stick, George, stick!" they cried, as the colt dashed forward like the
+wind a few rods, then stopped, reared, and kicked again, as if
+determined to throw the rider. All the while George's companions were
+alarmed at the fearful plunges of the animal, fearing that he would dash
+him to the ground.
+
+At length the furious beast took the bits between his teeth and plunged
+forward upon the "dead run." George had no control over him as he dashed
+forward like mad. He hung to the reins like a veteran horseman as the
+wild creature leaped and plunged and kicked. His companions looked on in
+breathless interest, expecting every moment to see the young rider
+hurled to the ground. But, to their surprise, the colt stumbled,
+staggered a few steps, and fell, George still upon his back. They ran to
+the rescue, when George exclaimed, "The colt is dead!"
+
+"Dead?" responded one of the boys in astonishment, "more likely his leg
+is broken."
+
+"No, he is dead, sure. See the blood running from his mouth."
+
+Sure enough, the animal was dying. In his fearful plunging he had
+ruptured a blood-vessel, and was bleeding to death. In a few moments the
+young Arabian colt was dead.
+
+"Too bad!" mournfully spoke George, with big tears starting to his eyes.
+"I wish I had never made the attempt to ride him."
+
+"_I_ wish so now," answered one of his companions; "but who ever thought
+that the colt could kill himself?"
+
+"Mother will feel bad enough now," continued George. "I am sorry that I
+have caused her so much trouble."
+
+"What shall you tell her?" inquired a companion.
+
+"I shall tell her the truth," manfully answered George; "that is all
+there is to tell about it."
+
+The boys were soon at the breakfast-table, as cheerful as the
+circumstances would permit.
+
+"Well, boys, have you seen the Arabian colt in your walks this morning?"
+Mrs. Washington inquired.
+
+There was no reply for a moment. The boys looked at each other as if the
+crisis had come, and they were not quite prepared for it. At length
+George answered frankly:
+
+"Mother, the colt is dead."
+
+"Dead!" his mother exclaimed, "what can you mean, George?"
+
+"He is certainly dead, mother."
+
+"Have you seen him?"
+
+"Yes; and I know that he is dead."
+
+"How could such a thing happen?" said his mother, sadly and musingly.
+
+"I will tell you all about it, mother," replied George, resolved upon
+making a clean breast of the affair. He went on to narrate how he
+arrived at the conclusion to ride the colt, not forgetting to say that
+he thought his mother would be pleased with the act if he succeeded in
+riding the fractious animal successfully. He described the manner of
+catching, bridling, and mounting the colt, as well as his furious
+plunging, rearing, and running; and he closed by the honest confession,
+"I did wrong, mother, and I am very sorry that I attempted to ride the
+colt. I hope that you will forgive me, and I will never be so
+disobedient again."
+
+"Forgive you, my son," his mother answered, evidently too well satisfied
+with the truthfulness of her boy to think much of her loss, "your
+frankness in telling me the truth is worth a thousand colts to me. Most
+gladly do I forgive you, and trust that the lesson you are taught by
+this unfortunate affair will go with you through life."
+
+In this incident we discover the daring, adventurous spirit of George.
+His courage was equal to his honesty. No act of his life approached so
+nearly to disobedience as this. Yet the spirit of disobedience was not
+in his heart. His mother had forbidden any one to ride the colt, but it
+was because she feared the colt would injure them. "If I can ride him
+successfully, and prove that he can be broken to the saddle, mother will
+be delighted," he reasoned. His thoughts were of pleasing instead of
+disobeying his mother. Were there any doubt on this point, his rehearsal
+of the whole story, with no attempt to shield himself from censure,
+together with his sincere desire to be forgiven, settles the question
+beyond controversy.
+
+After George left Mr. Williams' school, and had gone to reside with his
+brother Lawrence at Mount Vernon, a companion discovered in his journal
+several verses that breathed love for an unknown "lowland beauty."
+
+"What is this, George?" he asked. "Are you the poet who writes such
+lines as these?" And he read aloud the verses.
+
+"To be honest I must acknowledge the authorship," George answered, with
+his usual frankness. "But there is more truth than poetry in the
+production, I imagine."
+
+"I was suspicious of that," responded his friend. "That means that you
+fell in love with some bewitching girl, I conclude."
+
+"All of that," answered George, with no disposition to conceal anything.
+
+"That accounts for your poetical turn of mind," continued his friend.
+"I have heard it said that lovers take to poetry."
+
+"I don't know about that; but I confess to being smitten by the
+'lowland beauty,'" was George's honest answer.
+
+"Who is she, and where does she live?"
+
+"That is of no consequence now; she is nothing to me, although she is
+much in my thoughts."
+
+"Did she respond to your professions of love?"
+
+"I never made any profession of love to her."
+
+"How is that?"
+
+"I am too young and bashful to take such a step; it would be foolish
+indeed."
+
+"Well, to love and keep it to one's self must be misery indeed,"
+continued his companion.
+
+"There is something in that," answered George, "and I shall not conceal
+that it has made me unhappy at times."
+
+"And it was a kind of relief to let your tender regard express itself in
+poetry?" suggested his friend.
+
+"Exactly so; and you are the only person in the world to whom I have
+spoken of the affair."
+
+We have introduced this incident to show the tender side of George's
+heart. His gravity, decorum, and thoughtful habit were such as almost to
+preclude the possibility of his being captivated by a "lowland beauty."
+But this incident shows that he was much like the average boy of
+Christendom in this regard.
+
+Irving says: "Whatever may have been the reason, this early attachment
+seems to have been a source of poignant discomfort to him. It clung to
+him after he look a final leave of school in the autumn of 1747, and
+went to reside with his brother Lawrence at Mount Vernon. Here he
+continued his mathematical studies and his practice in surveying,
+disturbed at times by recurrences of his unlucky passion. Though by no
+means of a poetical temperament, the waste pages of his journal betray
+several attempts to pour forth his amorous sorrows in verse. They are
+mere common-place rhymes, such as lovers at his age are apt to write, in
+which he bewails his
+
+    "'Poor, restless heart,
+      Wounded by Cupid's dart;'
+
+and 'bleeding for one who remains pitiless of his griefs and woes.'
+
+"The tenor of some of the verses induce us to believe that he never told
+his love; but, as we have already surmised, was prevented by his
+bashfulness.
+
+    "'Ah, woe is me, that I should love and conceal!
+      Long have I wished and never dare reveal.'
+
+"It is difficult to reconcile one's self to the idea of the cool and
+sedate Washington, the great champion of American liberty, a woe-worn
+lover in his youthful days, 'sighing like a furnace,' and inditing
+plaintive verses about the groves of Mount Vernon. We are glad of an
+opportunity, however, of penetrating to his native feelings, and finding
+that under his studied decorum and reserve _he had a heart of flesh
+throbbing with the warm impulses of human nature_."
+
+In another place, Irving refers to the affair again, and furnishes the
+following bit of information:
+
+"The object of this early passion is not positively known. Tradition
+states that the 'lowland beauty' was a Miss Grimes of Westmoreland,
+afterwards Mrs. Lee, and mother of General Henry Lee, who figured in
+Revolutionary times as Light Horse Harry, and was always a favorite with
+Washington, probably from the recollections of his early tenderness for
+the mother."
+
+George, as we have already intimated, spent his time out of school at
+Mount Vernon, with his brother Lawrence, who had become a man of
+considerable repute and influence for one of his years. Here he was
+brought into contact with military men, and occasionally naval officers
+were entertained by Lawrence. Often vessels anchored in the river, and
+the officers enjoyed the abundant hospitality of the Mount Vernon
+mansion. George was a close observer of what passed in his new home, and
+a careful listener to the tales of war and a seafaring life frequently
+told in his hearing. The martial spirit within him was aroused by these
+tales of adventure and glory, and he was prepared for almost any
+hardship or peril in the way of the object of his ambition. Besides, his
+brother was disposed to encourage his aspirations in the direction of a
+military life. He discovered the elements of a good soldier in the boy,
+and really felt that distinction awaited him in a military career.
+
+"How would you like a midshipman's berth on a British man-of-war?"
+inquired Lawrence.
+
+"I should like nothing better," George answered.
+
+"You would then be in the service of the king, and have a chance to
+prove your loyalty by your deeds," added Lawrence. "Your promotion would
+be certain."
+
+"If I deserved it," added George, with thoughtful interest.
+
+"Yes, if you deserved it," repeated Lawrence; "and I have no doubt that
+you would deserve it."
+
+"But I fear that mother will not consent to such an arrangement,"
+suggested George.
+
+"I will confer with her upon the subject," replied Lawrence. "I think
+she will take the same view of it that I do."
+
+Lawrence did confer with his mother concerning this venture, and found
+her wholly averse to the project.
+
+"I can never consent that he should follow such a life," she said.
+
+"But I am sure that he would distinguish himself there, and bring honor
+to the family," urged Lawrence.
+
+"Character is worth more than distinction," responded Mrs. Washington.
+"I fear the effect of such a life upon his character."
+
+"George can be trusted in any position, no matter what the temptations
+may be," Lawrence pleaded.
+
+"That may be true, and it may not be true," remarked Mrs. Washington.
+"We ought not to incur the risk unless absolutely obliged to do it."
+
+"If there be a risk," remarked Lawrence, doubtfully.
+
+"Besides," continued Mrs. Washington, "I could not consent to his going
+so far from home unless it were impossible for him to gain a livelihood
+near by."
+
+She was unyielding in this interview, and could see no reason why she
+should consent to such a separation. But Lawrence persevered in his
+efforts to obtain her consent, and finally it was given with manifest
+reluctance. A writer describes what followed thus:
+
+"Within a short time a British man-of-war moved up the Potomac, and
+cast anchor in full view of Mount Vernon. On board of this vessel his
+brother Lawrence procured him a midshipman's warrant, after having by
+much persuasion gained the consent of his mother; which, however, she
+yielded with much reluctance and many misgivings with respect to the
+profession her son was about to choose. Not knowing how much pain all
+this was giving his mother, George was as near wild with delight as
+could well be with a boy of a nature so even and steady. Now, what had
+all along been but a waking dream was about to become a solemn reality.
+His preparations were soon made: already was his trunk packed, and
+carried on board the ship that was to bear him so far away from his
+native land; and nothing now remained but to bid farewell to the loved
+ones at home. But when he came and stood before his mother, dressed in
+his gay midshipman's uniform, so tall and robust in figure, so handsome
+in face, and so noble in look and gesture, the thought took possession
+of her mind, that, if she suffered him to leave her then, she might
+never see him more; and losing her usual firmness and self-control, she
+burst into tears.
+
+"'I cannot consent to let you go,' she said, at length. 'It will break
+my heart, George.'
+
+"'How can I refuse to go now that I have enlisted, and my trunk is on
+board?' pleaded George.
+
+"'Order your trunk ashore, and return your uniform, my son, if you do
+not wish to crush your mother's heart,' responded Mrs. Washington. 'I
+cannot bear the thought.'"
+
+George was overcome by the spectacle of his mother's grief, and with the
+tears running down his cheeks he replied, like the young hero that he
+was:
+
+"'Mother, I can never go and cause you so much grief. I will stay at
+home.'"
+
+His trunk was brought ashore, his uniform was returned, his tears were
+wiped away, and he was happier in thus yielding to his mother's
+reasonable request than he could or would have been in gratifying his
+own wishes.
+
+The higher and nobler qualities of manly character here triumphed over
+the lower passions and desires. It was an excellent discipline for
+George, while, at the same time, the incident exhibits the sterling
+qualities of his heart.
+
+The four incidents narrated present different aspects of George's
+character, and show, without additional proof, that he was an uncommon
+boy. The several qualities displayed in these experiences lie at the
+foundation of human excellence. Without them the future career of a
+youth may prove a failure. With them, a manly, virtuous character is
+well nigh assured.
+
+
+
+
+VI.
+
+HIS MOTHER.
+
+
+"Obedience and truthfulness are cardinal virtues to be cultivated,"
+remarked Mrs. Washington to her husband, with whom she frequently
+discussed the subject of family government. "No son or daughter can form
+a reliable character without them."
+
+"There can be no question about that," answered Mr. Washington; "and for
+that reason these virtues are just as necessary for the state as they
+are for the family; reliable citizens cannot be made without them any
+more than reliable sons and daughters."
+
+"I suppose that God means to make reliable citizens out of obedient and
+truthful children," continued Mrs. Washington. "Good family government
+assures good civil government. We must learn to obey before we know how
+to govern."
+
+"And I think that obedience to parents is likely to be followed by
+obedience to God," responded Mr. Washington. "Disobedience is attended
+by a state of mind that is inimical to sincere obedience to God."
+
+"The Bible teaches that plainly," replied Mrs. Washington. "There is
+something very tender and impressive in the lesson, 'Children, obey your
+parents in the Lord: for this is right. Honor thy father and mother;
+which is the first commandment with promise; that it may be well with
+thee, and thou mayst live long on the earth.' A longer and better life
+is promised to those who obey their parents, and it must be because they
+are led to God thereby."
+
+"Obedience is the _first_ commandment, according to that," remarked Mr.
+Washington, "the most important of all, and I have no doubt of it. We
+are to begin _there_ in order to make children what they ought to be."
+
+"The consequences of disobedience as threatened in the Scriptures are
+fearful," added Mrs. Washington. "There could scarcely be more startling
+words than these: 'The eye that mocketh at his father, and despiseth to
+obey his mother, the ravens of the valley shall pick it out, and the
+young eagles shall eat it.' Disobedience to and irreverence for parents
+must be wicked, indeed, to warrant such a threatening."
+
+Here was the secret of Mrs. Washington's successful family government.
+That George owed more to faithful maternal example and training than he
+did to any other influence, he always believed and acknowledged. And
+OBEDIENCE was the first commandment in the Washington family. George
+Washington Parke Custis, a grandson, said:
+
+"The mother of Washington, in forming him for those distinguished parts
+he was destined to perform, _first taught him the duties of_ OBEDIENCE,
+the better to prepare him for those of command. In the well-ordered
+domicile where his early years were passed, the levity and indulgence
+common to youth was tempered by a deference and well-regulated restraint
+which, while it curtailed or suppressed no rational enjoyment usual in
+the spring-time of life, prescribed those enjoyments within the bounds
+of moderation and propriety.
+
+"The matron held in reserve an authority which never departed from her;
+not even when her son had become the most illustrious of men. It seemed
+to say, 'I am your mother, the being who gave you life, the guide who
+directed your steps when they needed the guidance of age and wisdom, the
+parental affection which claimed your love, the parental authority
+which commanded your obedience; whatever may be your success, whatever
+your renown, next to your God you owe them most to me.' Nor did the
+chief dissent from these truths; but to the last moments of the life of
+his venerable parent, he yielded to her will the most dutiful and
+implicit obedience, and felt for her person and character the most holy
+reverence and attachment."
+
+Lawrence Washington, Esq., of Chotauk, a relative and playmate of George
+in boyhood, described the home of the mother as follows:
+
+"I was often there with George, his playmate, school-mate, and young
+man's companion. Of the mother I was ten times more afraid than I ever
+was of my own parents. She awed me in the midst of her kindness, for she
+was, indeed, truly kind. I have often been present with her sons,
+proper, tall fellows, too, and we were all as mute as mice; and even
+now, when time has whitened my locks, and I am the grandparent of a
+second generation, I could not behold that remarkable woman without
+feelings it is impossible to describe. Whoever has seen that
+awe-inspiring air and manner so characteristic in the Father of his
+Country will remember the matron as she appeared when the presiding
+genius of her well-ordered household, COMMANDING AND BEING OBEYED."
+
+Mrs. Washington commanded obedience of her servants and agents as she
+did of her children. On one occasion she ordered an employee to perform
+a certain piece of work in a prescribed way. On going to the field she
+was disappointed.
+
+"Did I not tell you to do that piece of work?" she inquired of him.
+
+"Yes, madam."
+
+"Did I not direct you _how_ to do it?"
+
+"Yes, madam."
+
+"Then why have you not done as you were directed to do?"
+
+"Because I thought my way of doing it was better than yours," the
+servant answered.
+
+"Pray, tell me, who gave you any exercise of judgment in the matter? I
+_command_ you, sir; there is nothing left for you but to obey."
+
+So obedience was the law of her homestead. Outside and inside it seemed
+order, harmony, and efficiency.
+
+There was one volume upon which she relied next to the Bible,--"Sir
+Matthew Hale's Contemplations, Moral and Divine."
+
+Everett said of the influence of this book upon the life of Washington,
+"It would not be difficult to point out in the character of Washington
+some practical exemplification of the maxims of the Christian life as
+laid down by that illustrious magistrate."
+
+That Mrs. Washington made this volume the basis of her home instruction,
+there is ample proof. The character of her son bore faithful witness to
+the fidelity with which she taught and enforced the excellent counsels
+which the distinguished author gave in his "Contemplations." It will
+assist our purpose to cite some of its lessons in brief, as follows:
+
+"An humble man leans not to his own understanding; he is sensible of the
+deficiency of his own power and wisdom, and trusts not in it; he is also
+sensible of the all-sufficient power, wisdom, and goodness of Almighty
+God, and commits himself to Him for counsel, guidance, direction, and
+strength."
+
+"Consider what it is thou pridest thyself in, and examine well the
+nature of the things themselves, how little and inconsiderable they are;
+at least how uncertain and unstable they are."
+
+"Thou hast, it may be, wealth, stores of money; but how much of it is of
+use to thee? That which thou spendest is gone; that which thou keepest
+is as insignificant as so much dirt or clay; only thy care about it
+makes thy life the more uneasy."
+
+"Thou has honor, esteem; thou art deceived, thou hast it not. He hath it
+that gives it thee, and which He may detain from thee at pleasure."
+
+"Much time might be saved and redeemed, in retrenching the unnecessary
+waste thereof, in our ordinary sleep, attiring and dressing ourselves,
+and the length of our meals as breakfasts, dinners, suppers; which,
+especially in this latter age, and among people of the better sort, are
+protracted to an immoderate and excessive length."
+
+"Gaming, taverns, and plays, as they are pernicious, and corrupt
+youth; so, if they had no other fault, yet they are justly to be
+declined in respect to their excessive expense of time, and habituating
+men to idleness and vain thoughts, and disturbing passions, when they
+are past, as well as while they are used."
+
+"Be obstinately constant to your devotion at certain times, and be sure
+to spend the Lord's Day entirely in those religious duties proper for
+it; and let nothing but an inevitable necessity divert you from it."
+
+"Be industrious and faithful to your calling. The merciful God has not
+only indulged us with a far greater portion of time for our ordinary
+occasions than he has reserved for himself, but also enjoins and
+requires our industry and diligence in it."
+
+"Honesty and plain dealings in transactions, as well public as private,
+is the best and soundest prudence and policy, and overmatch craft and
+subtlety."
+
+"To rob for burnt offerings, and to lie for God, is a greater disservice
+to His Majesty than to rob for rapine or lie for advantage."
+
+"As he is overcareful that will not put on his clothes for fear of
+wearing them out, or use his axe for fear of hurting it, so he gives but
+an ill account of a healthy body that dares not employ it in a suitable
+occupation for fear of hurting his health."
+
+"Improve the opportunity of place, eminence, and greatness to serve God
+and your country, with all vigilance, diligence, and fidelity."
+
+"Reputation is not the thing primarily to be looked after in the
+exercise of virtue, for that is to affect the substance for the sake of
+the shadow, which is a kind of levity and weakness of mind; but look at
+virtue and the worth of it, as that which is first desirable, and
+reputation as a fair and useful accession to it."
+
+"Take a man that is employed as a statesman or politician, though he
+have much wisdom and prudence, it commonly degenerates into craft and
+cunning and pitiful shuffling, without the fear of God; but mingle the
+fear of Almighty God with that kind of wisdom, and it renders it noble
+and generous and honest and stable."
+
+"Whatever you do, be very careful to retain in your heart a _habit of
+religion_, that may be always about you, and keep your heart and life
+always as in His presence, and tending towards Him."
+
+We might quote much more of equal value from this treasury of wisdom.
+The book touches humanity at almost every point, and there is scarcely
+any lesson, relating to the elements of success in life, which it does
+not contain. Industry, perseverance, self-denial, decision, energy,
+economy, frugality, thoroughness, magnanimity, courage, fidelity,
+honesty, principle, and religion,--these, and all other indispensable
+human qualities, receive careful and just attention. And we repeat,
+George Washington's character was formed upon the basis of those
+instructions, under the moulding power of a superior mother.
+
+Mrs. Washington descended from a family of distinction among the
+Virginia colonists. Mr. Paulding says of her: "As a native of Virginia,
+she was hospitable by birthright, and always received her visitors with
+a smiling welcome. But they were never asked to stay but once, and she
+always speeded the parting guest by affording every facility in her
+power. She possessed all those domestic habits and qualities that confer
+value on women, and had no desire to be distinguished by any titles but
+those of a good wife and mother."
+
+She was a very resolute woman, and exercised the most complete
+self-control in the presence of danger and difficulties. There was but a
+single exception to this remark, she was afraid of thunder and lightning.
+At fifteen years of age she was walking with a young female friend, when
+they were overtaken by a fearful thunder-shower, and her friend was
+struck by lightning at her side and instantly killed. The terrible
+calamity wrought seriously upon her nervous system, and from that time
+she was unable to control her nerves during a thunder-storm. Otherwise
+she was one of the most fearless and resolute women ever born in
+Virginia.
+
+Mrs. Washington was not regarded as a superstitious woman, yet she had a
+dream when George was about five years old which so deeply impressed her
+that she pondered it through life. Mr. Weems gives it as she told it to
+a neighbor more than once, as follows:
+
+"I dreamt," said the mother of Washington, "that I was sitting on the
+piazza of a large new house, into which we had but lately moved. George,
+at that time about five years old, was in the garden with his corn-stalk
+plough, busily running little furrows in the sand, in imitation of Negro
+Dick, a fine black boy, with whose ploughing George was so taken that
+it was sometimes a hard matter to get him to his dinner. And so, as I
+was sitting on the piazza at my work, I suddenly heard in my dream a
+kind of roaring noise on the _eastern_ side of the house. On running out
+to see what was the matter, I beheld a dreadful sheet of fire bursting
+from the roof. The sight struck me with a horror which took away my
+strength, and threw me, almost senseless, to the ground. My husband and
+the servants, as I saw in my dream, soon came up; but, like myself, were
+so terrified at the sight that they could make no attempt to extinguish
+the flames. In this most distressing state the image of my little son
+came, I thought, to my mind, more dear and tender than ever, and turning
+towards the garden where he was engaged with his little corn-stalk
+plough, I screamed out twice with all my might, '_George_! _George_!' In
+a few moments, as I thought, he threw down his mimic plough, and ran to
+me, saying, '_High! ma! what makes you call so angry! ain't I a good
+boy? don't I always run to you soon as I hear you call_?' I could make
+no reply, but just threw up my arms towards the flame. He looked up and
+saw the house all on fire; but instead of bursting out a-crying, as
+might have been expected from a child, he instantly _brightened_ up and
+seemed ready to fly to extinguish it. But first looking at me with great
+tenderness, he said, '_O ma, don't be afraid! God Almighty will help us,
+and we shall soon put it out_.' His looks and words revived our spirits
+in so wonderful a manner that we all instantly set about to assist him.
+A ladder was presently brought, on which, as I saw in my dream, he ran
+up with the nimbleness of a squirrel and the servants supplied him with
+water, which he threw on the fire from an _American gourd_. But that
+growing weaker, the flame appeared to gain ground, breaking forth and
+roaring most dreadfully, which so frightened the servants that many of
+them, like persons in despair, began to leave him. But he, still
+undaunted, continued to ply it with water, animating the servants at the
+same time, both by his words and actions. For a long time the contest
+appeared very doubtful; but at length a venerable old man, with a tall
+cap and an iron rod in his hand, like a lightning-rod, reached out to
+him a curious little trough, like a _wooden shoe_! On receiving this he
+redoubled his exertions, and soon extinguished the fire. Our joy on the
+occasion was unbounded. But he, on the contrary, showing no more of
+transport now than of terror before, looked rather sad at the sight of
+the great harm that had been done. Then I saw in my dream that after
+some time spent as in deep thought, he called out with much joy, '_Well
+ma, now if you and the family will but consent, we can make a far better
+roof than this ever was_; a roof of such a _quality_ that, if well _kept
+together_, it will last forever; but if you take it apart, you will make
+the house ten thousand times worse than it was before.'"
+
+Mr. Weems adds: "This, though certainly a very curious dream, needs no
+Daniel to interpret it, especially if we take Mrs. Washington's new
+house for the young colony government; the fire on its east side for
+North's civil war; the gourd, which George first employed, for the
+American three and six months' enlistments; the old man, with his cap
+and iron rod, for Dr. Franklin; the _shoe-like_ vessel which he reached
+to George for the sabot, or wooden-shoed nation, the French whom
+Franklin courted a long time for America; and the new roof proposed by
+George for a staunch, honest Republic, that '_equal government_' which,
+by guarding alike the welfare of all, ought by all to be so heartily
+beloved as to _endure forever_."
+
+There are many anecdotes told of her which illustrate her character
+better than plain statement.
+
+The death of her husband was a crushing blow to her; yet, on the whole,
+her Christian hope triumphed. Friends offered to assist her in the
+management of her large estate, for all the property left to her
+children was to be controlled by her until they each one became of age.
+
+"No," she answered, "God has put the responsibility upon me by the death
+of my husband, and I must meet it. He will give me wisdom and strength
+as I need it."
+
+"But it is too much care and labor for a woman," suggested one, thinking
+that what had required the constant and careful attention of a man could
+not be added to the cares of a woman, whose hands were full with
+household duties before.
+
+"We can bear more and do more than we think we can when compelled by the
+force of circumstances," replied Mrs. Washington. "In ourselves we are
+weak, and can do but little; but by the help of God we are made equal to
+the demands of duty."
+
+"Equal to all that comes within the bounds of reason," responded the
+relative, intending that it was unreasonable for the mother of five
+young children, the eldest but eleven years old, to undertake so much.
+
+"Certainly; and the _demands of duty_ are always within the bounds of
+reason," answered Mrs. Washington; "that was what I said. Providence has
+laid this burden of care and labor upon me, and upon no one else. While
+I shall be very thankful for advice and assistance from my friends, I
+must not shrink from the cares of this new position."
+
+It was in this spirit that Mrs. Washington took up the additional duties
+devolved upon her by the sudden death of her husband. In view of this
+fact, Mr. Sparks paid her the following just tribute:
+
+"In these important duties Mrs. Washington acquitted herself with great
+fidelity to her trust, and with entire success. Her good sense,
+assiduity, tenderness, and vigilance overcame every obstacle; and, as
+the richest reward of a mother's solicitude and toil, she had the
+happiness to see all her children come forward with a fair promise into
+life, filling the sphere allotted them in a manner equally honorable to
+themselves, and to the parent who had been the only guide of their
+principles, conduct, and habits. She lived to witness the noble career
+of her eldest son, till, by his own rare merits, he was raised to the
+head of a nation, and applauded and revered by the whole world. It has
+been said that there never was a great man, the elements of whose
+greatness might not be traced to the original characteristics or early
+influence of his mother. If this be true, how much do mankind owe to the
+mother of Washington?"
+
+Irving said: "She proved herself worthy of the trust. Endowed with
+plain, direct, good sense, thorough conscientiousness, and prompt
+decision, she governed her family strictly, but kindly, exacting
+deference while she inspired affection. George, being her eldest son,
+was thought to be her favorite, yet she never gave him undue preference;
+and the implicit deference exacted from him in childhood continued to be
+habitually observed by him to the day of her death. He inherited from
+her a high temper and a spirit of command, but her early precepts and
+example taught him to restrain and govern that temper, and to square his
+conduct on the exact principles of equity and justice.
+
+"Tradition gives an interesting picture of the widow, with her little
+flock gathered round her, as was her daily wont, reading to them lessons
+of religion and morality out of some standard work. Her favorite volume
+was Sir Matthew Hale's 'Contemplations, Moral and Divine.' The admirable
+maxims therein contained for outward actions, as well as for
+self-government, sank deep into the mind of George, and doubtless had a
+great influence in forming his character. They certainly were
+exemplified in his conduct throughout life. This mother's manual,
+bearing his mother's name, Mary Washington, written with her own hand,
+was ever preserved by him with filial care, and may still be seen in the
+archives of Mount Vernon."
+
+When her son first engaged in the war against the French and Indians,
+she appeared to be indifferent to the honor conferred upon him.
+
+"You must go at the call of your country, but I regret that it is
+necessary, George," she said, when he paid her his farewell visit. "May
+the Lord go with you, and preserve you and the country!"
+
+"And may He preserve and bless you, whether He preserves me or not!"
+answered her son. "The perils of war render my return uncertain, to say
+the least; and it is always wise to be prepared for the worst."
+
+"I trust that I am prepared for anything that Providence orders,"
+responded Mrs. Washington, "though it is with pain that I approach this
+separation. These trying times require great sacrifices of all, and we
+must make them cheerfully."
+
+"Victory would not be far away if all possessed that spirit," answered
+the young commander. "If there is patriotism enough in the country to
+defend our cause, the country will be saved."
+
+That Washington himself was deeply affected by this interview, his own
+tears, when he bade his mother final adieu, bore unmistakable witness.
+
+When the news of his crossing the Delaware, at a time of great peril and
+gloom in the land, was brought to her, she exclaimed, raising her hand
+heavenward, "Thank God! thank God for the success!"
+
+There appeared to be no recognition of peculiar wisdom and skill on the
+part of her son, though the friends gathered were full of his praise.
+
+"The country is profoundly grateful to your son for his achievements,"
+suggested one; "and the praise of his countrymen knows no bounds."
+
+"I have no doubt that George deserves well of his country," Mrs.
+Washington replied, "but, my good sir, here is too much flattery."
+
+"No flattery at all, but deserved praise," her friend and neighbor
+retorted.
+
+"Well, I have no fears about George," she replied. "He will not forget
+the lessons I have taught him; he will not forget _himself_, though he
+is the subject of so much praise."
+
+After her son had left for Cambridge, Mass., to take charge of the
+troops, her son-in-law, Mr. Fielding Lewis, offered to lighten her
+labors by taking care of her property, or some part of it at least.
+
+"No, Fielding, it is not necessary; I am competent to attend to it
+myself," she answered.
+
+"I did not question your competency; I only wanted to relieve you of
+some care," the son-in-law answered.
+
+"I understand and appreciate your kindness," she said; "but,
+nevertheless, I must decline your offer. My friends are all very kind to
+me, and I feel very grateful, but it is better for me to bear this
+responsibility as long as I can."
+
+After discussing the subject still further, Mrs. Washington yielded in
+part to his request; she said:
+
+"Fielding, you may keep my books in order, as your eyesight is better
+than mine, but leave the executive management to me."
+
+When Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown, Washington despatched a
+messenger to convey the glad tidings to his mother at Fredericksburg. At
+once her friends and neighbors called with great enthusiasm to honor her
+as the mother of the conqueror of England.
+
+"Bless God!" she exclaimed, on receipt of the news. "The war will now be
+ended, and peace and independence and happiness bless the country."
+
+"Your son is the most illustrious general in the world," remarked one.
+
+"The nation idolizes him," said another.
+
+"The soldiers almost worship him," still another.
+
+"The saviour of his country," announced a fourth in jubilant state of
+mind, desiring, at the same time, to gratify his mother.
+
+But none of these lofty tributes to her son afforded her pleasure; they
+seemed to annoy her by causing her to feel that the divine blessing was
+overlooked.
+
+"We must not forget the great Giver, in our joy over the success of our
+arms," she said.
+
+She had never forgotten Him. During those six long years of conflict,
+her hope had been inspired, and her comfort found, at the mercy-seat.
+Daily, during the warm season of the year, she had repaired to a
+secluded spot near her dwelling to pray for her George and her country.
+At other seasons of the year she daily remembered them within her quiet
+home. However gratified she may have been with the honors lavished upon
+her son, she would not allow herself to honor the creature more than the
+Creator.
+
+As soon as possible after the surrender of Cornwallis, Washington
+visited his mother at Fredericksburg, attended by his splendid suite.
+The latter were extremely anxious to behold and honor the aged matron,
+whom their illustrious chief respected and loved so sincerely.
+
+On arriving at Fredericksburg, he quartered his suite comfortably, and
+then repaired alone and on foot to see his mother, whom he had not seen
+for over six years. She met him at the door with feelings we cannot
+conceive, much less describe.
+
+In silence and tears they embraced each other, with that tender, mutual
+pledge of undying love--a kiss.
+
+"God has answered my prayers, George, and I praise Him that I see your
+face again," she said.
+
+"Yes, my dear mother, God has indeed heard your prayers, and the thought
+that you were interceding for me at the throne of grace was always an
+inspiration to me," answered the son.
+
+"How changed, George!" the mother remarked, scanning his face closely,
+and noticing that he had grown old rapidly. "You bear the marks of war."
+
+"True, men grow old fast in war," the son replied; "but my health is
+good, and rest and peace will soon make me as good as new."
+
+"For that I shall devoutly pray," Mrs. Washington responded.
+
+For an hour, and more, the conversation continued, the mother making
+many inquiries concerning his health and future plans, the prospects of
+peace and prosperity to the country, and kindred subjects; but she did
+not drop a single word respecting his fame.
+
+The inhabitants of Fredericksburg and vicinity immediately arranged for
+a grand military ball in honor of Gen. Washington and his staff. Such an
+occasion would furnish a favorable opportunity for the members of
+Washington's staff to meet his mother.
+
+At that time, as now, it was customary for military and civic leaders to
+allow their joy over happy occasions to ooze out through their heels. We
+are unable to explain the phenomenon; but the fact remains, that a ball
+on a grand scale was planned, to which Washington's mother was specially
+invited. Her reply to the flattering invitation was characteristic.
+
+"Although my dancing days are pretty well over, I shall be most happy to
+contribute what I can to the general festivity."
+
+Mrs. Washington was then over seventy years of age.
+
+It was the gayest assembly ever convened in Virginia at that time, and
+perhaps the occasion was the merriest. Gay belles and dignified matrons
+graced the occasion, arrayed in rich laces and bright brocades, the well
+preserved relics of scenes when neither national misfortune nor private
+calamity forbade their use.
+
+In addition to Washington's staff, many other military officers were
+present, all gorgeously dressed, contributing largely to the beauty and
+grandeur of the scene.
+
+"But despite the soul-soothing charm of music," says a writer, "the
+fascinations of female loveliness, and the flattering devotion of the
+gallant brave, all was eager suspense and expectation, until there
+entered, unannounced and unattended, the mother of Washington, leaning
+on the arm of her son.
+
+"The large audience at once paid their respects to the honored guests,
+the mother of the chief being the central figure of the occasion.
+Washington presented American and European officers to his mother, who
+wore the simple but becoming and appropriate costume of the Virginia
+ladies of the olden time, while the sincere congratulations of the whole
+assembly were tendered to her."
+
+The writer just quoted continues:
+
+"The European strangers gazed long in wondering amazement upon the
+sublime and touching spectacle. Accustomed to the meretricious display
+of European courts, they regarded with astonishment her unadorned
+attire, and the mingled simplicity and majesty for which the language
+and manners of the mother of Washington were so remarkable."
+
+When the clock struck nine, the venerable lady arose, and said:
+
+"Come, George, it is time for old people to be at home."
+
+Then expressing her gratification at being able to be present on so
+extraordinary an occasion, and wishing the company much joy, she
+retired, as she came, leaning on the arm of her son.
+
+This picture of beautiful simplicity and absence of pride, in the midst
+of distinguished honors, contrasts finely with a scene in the life of
+another great general, Napoleon. On one occasion, when Napoleon gave
+audience to famous guests, together with several members of his family,
+his mother advanced towards him. According to a royal custom, the
+emperor extended his hand to her to kiss, as he had done when his
+brothers and sisters approached him.
+
+"No," responded his mother; "you are the king, the emperor of all the
+rest, but you are _my son_."
+
+Mrs. Washington was always actuated by a similar sense of propriety; and
+her demeanor towards the general seemed to say, "You are my son." And
+the general accepted that exhibition of maternal dignity and love as
+proper and honorable.
+
+At the close of the Revolution, Lafayette, before leaving the country,
+visited Mrs. Washington at her home. One of her grandsons accompanied
+him to the house. As they approached, the grandson said, pointing to an
+old lady in the garden:
+
+"There is my grandmother in the garden."
+
+"Indeed!" answered Lafayette. "I am happy to find her able to be out."
+
+Lafayette saluted her in his cordial way on coming up to her, when she
+replied:
+
+"Ah, Marquis, you see an old woman; but come, I can make you welcome to
+my poor dwelling without the parade of changing my dress."
+
+"I come to bid you adieu before leaving the country," remarked
+Lafayette, when they were seated in the house. "I desired to see you
+once more."
+
+"I assure you that nothing could afford me more real pleasure than to
+welcome once more to my home so distinguished a friend of my son and my
+country," Mrs. Washington answered.
+
+"I congratulate you upon having such a son and such a country,"
+continued Lafayette.
+
+"I trust that I am grateful for both," Mrs. Washington replied.
+
+"I rejoice with you in your son's well-earned fame," continued the
+distinguished Frenchman, "and I am glad that you have lived to see this
+day."
+
+Lafayette proceeded to rehearse the patriotic deeds of Washington for
+his country, growing more and more enthusiastic in his praise as he
+continued, until finally Mrs. Washington remarked:
+
+"_I am not surprised at what George has done, for he was always a good
+boy._"
+
+Washington retired to his home at Mount Vernon at the close of the war,
+and earnestly entreated his mother to take up her abode with him.
+
+"You are too aged and infirm to live alone," he said, "and I can have no
+greater pleasure than to have you in my family."
+
+"I feel truly grateful for your kindness, George, but I enjoy my mode of
+life," she answered. "I think it is according to the direction of
+Providence."
+
+"It would not be in opposition to Providence if you should come to live
+with me," responded Washington with a smile.
+
+"Nevertheless, I must decline. I thank you from the bottom of my heart
+for your interest and love, _but I feel fully competent to take care of
+myself_."
+
+That settled the question, and she remained at Fredericksburg.
+
+When Washington was elected President of the United States, he paid a
+farewell visit to his mother. He was about to depart for the seat of
+government, which was in New York City.
+
+"I would gladly have avoided this responsibility for your sake, as well
+as mine," remarked Washington; "but Providence seemed to leave me no way
+of escape, and I have come to bid you an affectionate farewell."
+
+"You are in the way of duty, George, and I have no desire to interpose,"
+his mother answered. "My race is almost run, and I shall never see you
+again in the flesh."
+
+"I hope we shall meet again; though at your great age, and with such a
+serious disease upon you, the end cannot be far away," replied the son.
+
+Mrs. Washington was then eighty-three years of age, and was suffering
+from a cancer in the breast.
+
+"Yes, I am old and feeble, and growing more so every day," continued his
+mother; "and I wait the summons of the Master without fear or anxiety."
+
+Pausing a moment, as if to control emotion, she added, "Go, George, and
+fulfil the high destiny to which Providence calls you; and may God
+continue to guide and bless you!"
+
+At this point let Mr. Custis speak:
+
+"Washington was deeply affected. His head rested upon the shoulder of
+his parent, whose aged arm feebly, yet fondly, encircled his neck. That
+brow, on which fame had wreathed the purest laurel virtue ever gave to
+created man, relaxed from its lofty bearing. That look, which would have
+awed a Roman senate in its Fabrician day, was bent in filial tenderness
+upon the time-worn features of the aged matron. He wept. A thousand
+recollections crowded upon his mind, as memory, retracing scenes long
+passed, carried him back to the maternal mansion and the days of
+juvenility, where he beheld that mother, whose care, education, and
+discipline caused him to reach the topmost height of laudable ambition.
+Yet, how were his glories forgotten while he gazed upon her whom, wasted
+by time and malady, he should part with to meet no more!"
+
+Washington never saw his mother again. She died Aug. 25, 1789. Her last
+days were characterized by that cheerful resignation to the divine will
+for which she was ever distinguished, and she passed away in the
+triumphs of Christian faith.
+
+Her remains were laid in the burial ground of Fredericksburg, in a spot
+which she selected, because it was situated near the place where she was
+wont to retire for meditation and prayer. For many years her grave was
+unmarked by slab or monument; but in 1833, Silas E. Barrows, Esq., of
+New York City, undertook the erection of a monument at his own expense.
+
+On the seventh day of May of that year, President Jackson laid the
+corner-stone in the presence of a great concourse of people. It was
+estimated that more than fifteen thousand persons assembled to honor the
+dead.
+
+The plan of the monument was pyramidical, and the height of the obelisk
+forty-five feet. A colossal bust of Washington adorned the shaft,
+surmounted by the American eagle sustaining a civic crown above the
+hero's head, and with the simple inscription:
+
+        MARY,
+    THE MOTHER OF
+     WASHINGTON.
+
+From President Jackson's eulogy on the interesting occasion, we make the
+following brief extract:
+
+"In the grave before us lie the remains of his mother. Long has it been
+unmarked by any monumental tablet, but not unhonored. You have
+undertaken the pious duty of erecting a column to her name, and of
+inscribing upon it the simple but affecting words, 'Mary, the Mother of
+Washington.' No eulogy could be higher, and it appeals to the heart of
+every American.... The mother and son are beyond the reach of human
+applause, but the bright example of paternal and filial excellence which
+their conduct furnishes cannot but produce the most salutary effects
+upon our countrymen. Let their example be before us from the first
+lesson which is taught the child, till the mother's duties yield to the
+course of preparation and action which nature prescribes for him....
+
+"Fellow citizens, at your request, and in your name, I now deposit this
+plate in the spot destined for it; and when the American pilgrim shall,
+in after ages, come up to this high and holy place, and lay his hand
+upon this sacred column, may he recall the virtues of her who sleeps
+beneath, and depart with his affections purified and his piety
+strengthened, while he invokes blessings upon the mother of Washington."
+
+John Adams wrote to his wife concerning a certain statesman: "In reading
+history, you will generally observe, when you find a great character,
+whether a general, a statesman, or a philosopher, some female about him,
+either in the character of a mother, wife, or sister, who has knowledge
+and ambition above the ordinary level of women; and that much of his
+eminence is owing to her precepts, example, or instigation in some shape
+or other."
+
+This remark was remarkably illustrated in the career of Washington. He
+always acknowledged his indebtedness to maternal influence. He could
+say, with John Quincy Adams, "Such as I have been, whatever it was; such
+as I am, whatever it is; and such as I hope to be in all futurity, must
+be ascribed, under Providence, to the precepts and example of my
+mother."
+
+Historians and poets, statesmen and orators, have ever accorded to the
+mother of Washington a signal influence to determine his character and
+career. And so universal is this sentiment, that the American people
+consider that the noblest tribute to her memory is the inscription upon
+her monument:
+
+        MARY,
+    THE MOTHER OF
+     WASHINGTON.
+
+
+
+
+VII.
+
+YOUNG SURVEYOR.
+
+
+"George can make his home with me, now that his school-days are over,"
+said Lawrence to his mother, anxious to keep his young brother in his
+own family at Mount Vernon.
+
+"But I need him more than you do," objected Mrs. Washington; "you can
+hardly imagine how I miss him."
+
+"So do we miss him when he is not here," responded Lawrence. "George is
+good company, as much so as a man of twenty-five years of age. I want
+very much that he should make his home with me."
+
+"I thought he might be of service to me in running the farm, and, at the
+same time, pursue his studies by himself," continued Mrs. Washington.
+
+"He can study better with me," suggested Lawrence, "because I can assist
+him as well as not."
+
+"There is no doubt of that," replied the mother, "and that is the only
+reason I can see why he should make his home with you."
+
+"There is one other reason, mother, and a good one, too."
+
+"What is it?"
+
+"He will have a better opportunity to get into business if he lives with
+me. I have much company, and just the class of men to introduce a
+capable youth like George into some good pursuit."
+
+"There is something in that," responded Mrs. Washington.
+
+"There is much in it every way," added Lawrence. "George is now at an
+age when his plans for life should be forming. He is competent to occupy
+almost any position that offers, and I can be of real service to him in
+directing and advising him."
+
+There is evidence to believe that Lawrence had not wholly abandoned the
+idea of introducing George into military life. He himself had become a
+man of influence in the State. He was a member of the House of
+Burgesses, and adjutant-general of his district; a gentleman of
+acknowledged ability and position. He saw in George the foreshadowing of
+a distinguished man. He had more exalted ideas than his mother of the
+boy's ability and promise. If he could have him in his family, he could
+assist him onward and upward, beyond what would be possible if he
+remained with his mother.
+
+It was finally settled that George should take up his abode with
+Lawrence at Mount Vernon. We need not say that this decision was
+congenial to George. He was so strongly attached to Lawrence, and
+enjoyed being at Mount Vernon so much, that he found great delight in
+removing thither permanently. It proved to be a very important step in
+his career, as Lawrence prophesied it would be.
+
+George had not passed his sixteenth birthday. Though still a boy, his
+views and aims of life were those of a man. He pursued arithmetic and
+surveying under the direction of his brother, with reference to future
+manhood. Nor was that all.
+
+One day Lawrence surprised him by the inquiry, "George, how would you
+like to take lessons in the manual exercise of Adjutant Muse?"
+
+"I should like it," George replied.
+
+"It may be of service to you at some future day," Lawrence continued.
+"It will do you no harm, surely."
+
+"I am ready for the lessons any time," added George. "I have always had
+a desire to know something in that line."
+
+Adjutant Muse served with Lawrence in the war against the Spaniards in
+the West Indies, and he was a competent teacher of the manual exercise.
+It was arranged that he should instruct George in the art.
+
+Subsequently, also, Lawrence made arrangements with Monsieur Van Braam
+to instruct George in the _art of fencing_. He had an idea that
+dexterity in the use of his limbs, as well as fire-arms, would be of
+future use to him. These facts indicate that Lawrence did not expect
+that his young brother would become a farmer. There is traditional
+evidence that he stated as much to George, whose military aspirations
+were nurtured in the Mount Vernon home.
+
+Adjutant Muse encouraged George to read certain treaties upon the art of
+war, which he offered to loan him. From these volumes he acquired
+considerable knowledge of the theory of tactics, and of the evolution of
+troops. No previous branch of study had enlisted his interest more
+thoroughly than did these works upon military tactics; and we may easily
+discover the design of Providence to prepare him in this way to act a
+conspicuous part in the achievement of American independence.
+
+At Mount Vernon George met William Fairfax, whose daughter Lawrence
+married. He occupied a valuable estate of his cousin Lord Fairfax, at
+Belvoir, seven or eight miles from Mount Vernon. He was an English
+gentleman of culture and wealth, very much respected by all who knew
+him.
+
+Mr. Fairfax became very much interested in George, regarding him as a
+youth of rare, manly virtues.
+
+"He is a man already," he remarked to Lawrence; "very mature for one of
+his years."
+
+"I think so," Lawrence answered, "and I hope the way will be opened for
+his noblest development."
+
+"He must visit us at Belvoir; I should delight to have him spend much
+time in my family," Mr. Fairfax added.
+
+"And I should be pleased to have him," responded Lawrence. "He would
+derive great benefit from it."
+
+"My sons and daughters would find him a very genial companion,"
+continued Mr. Fairfax. "I think the benefit from the society of each
+other would be mutual."
+
+In this way George was introduced to the Fairfax family, with whom he
+spent many of his happiest days and weeks. It was one of the most
+favorable incidents of his young life when he was welcomed to that
+family, for there he enjoyed society of culture, where character, and
+neither wealth nor honors, ranked highest. Just at that age he needed
+the influence of education and cultivated manners, and here he found
+both with the sons and daughters of Mr. Fairfax. Alternately, between
+this family at Belvoir and his brother's family at Mount Vernon, he
+enjoyed a discipline of social intercourse, better for him, in some
+respects, than even Mr. Williams's school.
+
+At Belvoir George met Lord Fairfax, a relative of William Fairfax,
+recently from England. "He was the owner of immense domains in
+Virginia," says Mr. Everett. "He had inherited through his mother, the
+daughter of Lord Culpepper, the original grantee, a vast tract of land,
+originally including the entire territory between the Potomac and
+Rappahannock Rivers."
+
+Mr. Everett says of him further: "Lord Fairfax was a man of cultivated
+mind, educated at Oxford, the associate of the wits of London, the
+author of one or two papers in the _Spectator_, and an _habitué_ of the
+polite circles of the metropolis. A disappointment in love is said to
+have cast a shadow over his after life, and to have led him to pass his
+time in voluntary exile on his Virginia estates, watching and promoting
+the rapid development of the resources of the country, following the
+hounds through the primeval forests, and cheering his solitary hours by
+reading and a limited society of chosen friends."
+
+The "love affair" to which Mr. Everett refers is explained by Mr. Irving
+as follows:
+
+"In the height of his fashionable career he became strongly attached to
+a young lady of rank, paid his addresses, and was accepted. The wedding
+day was fixed; the wedding dresses were provided, together with
+servants and equipages for the matrimonial establishment. Suddenly the
+lady broke her engagement. She had been dazzled by the superior
+brilliancy of a ducal coronet.
+
+"It was a cruel blow alike to the affection and pride of Lord Fairfax,
+and wrought a change in both character and conduct. From that time he
+almost avoided the sex, and became shy and embarrassed in their society,
+excepting among those with whom he was connected or particularly
+intimate. This may have been among the reasons which ultimately induced
+him to abandon the gay world and bury himself in the wilds of America."
+
+Lord Fairfax was charmed by the appearance of George.
+
+"A remarkable lad," he said to his relative, William Fairfax; "so manly,
+so intelligent in knowledge beyond his years."
+
+"Yet not a mere book-worm," replied William. "No boy likes games and
+hunting better than he."
+
+"A capital horseman, I notice," added the nobleman; "strong and powerful
+for one of his years. Yet he likes books. It seems to me that he is
+unusually fond of reading."
+
+Lord Fairfax possessed quite a number of valuable books, new and rare to
+George, who had pored over them with absorbing interest. The nobleman
+inferred that he must possess an unusual taste for reading, and this was
+really true.
+
+"Yes, he generally wants to know what the books he meets with contain,"
+responded William. "He has made the contents of such books as he could
+reach his own."
+
+"I must take him out hunting with me," continued Lord Fairfax. "He will
+make a good companion, I imagine."
+
+Lord Fairfax delighted in fox-hunting. In England, before he came to
+this country, his best sport was found in the fox-hunt. He kept his
+hounds, and all the accoutrements for the chase, so that he was always
+prepared for the sport. He found increased pleasure in the pastime after
+George became his companion in the chase. The latter enjoyed it, too,
+with a keen relish. It was not altogether new to him; he had been
+occasionally on such excursions with others. But the English nobleman
+understood fox-hunting as no one else in Virginia did. He had learned it
+as practised by English lords, who live in baronial style. For this
+reason George enjoyed the wild sport as he never did before.
+
+One day George was surprised by a proposition from Lord Fairfax.
+
+"How would you like to survey my lands for me, George? You appear to
+understand the business."
+
+"I should like nothing better if I can do it to suit you," George
+answered. "I like surveying."
+
+"Well, the only way for me to do is to survey my land, and sell it, if
+I would keep 'squatters' off," added Lord Fairfax. "Squatters" were a
+class of persons took up their abode upon lands which did not belong to
+them, without leave or license.
+
+"You can do it to suit me, I have no doubt," continued the noble lord,
+"and I can satisfy you as to pay."
+
+"I will confer with Lawrence about it," said George; "and I shall want
+to see my mother, also, I have no doubt but that they will think well of
+the plan."
+
+"That is right," answered Lord Fairfax. "Think it over carefully before
+you decide. You can undertake the work any time."
+
+George was not long in consulting Lawrence, nor in securing the approval
+of his mother. He had frequently been home to see his mother, improving
+every favorable opportunity to show his filial devotion thereby. On this
+visit, the prospect of an honorable and remunerative pursuit added
+interest thereto.
+
+Having obtained the approval of his mother and Lawrence, and formally
+accepted the proposition of Lord Fairfax, George set to work in earnest
+preparation for the task. He would be under the necessity of plunging
+into the wilderness, where savage beasts and savage men might confront
+him at almost any time. He must travel on horseback with attendants
+carrying his outfit at considerable disadvantage, shooting game and
+catching fish for food, and be absent weeks and possibly months at a
+time. Camping out at night, or finding a lodge in some poor cabin,
+breasting severe storms, encountering Indians, and other new experiences
+required preparation.
+
+George William Fairfax, a son of William, accompanied him, together with
+two or three attendants. A writer describes the heroic boy, then sixteen
+years of age, as follows:
+
+"There he is, a tall, handsome youth, with his right arm thrown across
+the horse's neck, and his left hand grasping his compass-staff. He is
+clad in a buck-skin hunting-shirt, with leggings and moccasins of the
+same material, the simple garb of a backwoods man, and one that well
+becomes him now, as in perfect keeping with the wildness of the
+surrounding scenery; while in his broad leathern belt are stuck the long
+hunting-knife and Indian tomahawk. In stature he is much above most
+youths of the same age. He is of a noble, robust form, with high and
+strong but smooth features, light brown hair, large blue eyes, not
+brilliant, but beaming with a clear and steady light, as if a soul
+looked through them that knew no taint of vice or meanness, and a
+countenance aglow with truth and courage, modest gentleness, and manly
+self-reliance."
+
+"You must continue to keep your journal," said Lawrence; "it will be
+more valuable than ever to you."
+
+George had kept a journal of events and experiences for two or three
+years, and his brother encouraged him in doing it as valuable
+discipline.
+
+"I intend to do it," answered George, "and I shall take more interest in
+it because I shall have something worth recording."
+
+"Twenty or thirty years from now you will put a higher value upon your
+journal than you do now," added Lawrence. "I should recommend every
+youth to keep a journal."
+
+"Especially in the woods," responded George, facetiously.
+
+"Yes, in the woods or out; no boy can afford to lose the discipline of
+it," rejoined Lawrence. "For so simple and easy practice it pays a large
+interest."
+
+"Small investments and large income! That is what you mean," remarked
+George.
+
+"Exactly; my word for it, you will find it so," added Lawrence.
+
+That journal has proved of far more value than Lawrence predicted. After
+the lapse of over one hundred and thirty years, we are able to learn
+from it about the hardships, dangers, and severe labors of his surveying
+expeditions. A few extracts from letters and journal will afford an
+insight into that important period of his life.
+
+He wrote to one of his friends, after an experience of several months,
+thus:
+
+"Your letter gave me the more pleasure, as I received it among
+barbarians, and an uncouth set of people. Since you received my last
+letter I have not slept above three or four nights in a bed; but after
+walking a good deal all the day, I have lain down before the fire upon a
+little hay, straw, fodder, or a bear-skin--whichsoever was to be
+had--with man, wife, and children, like dogs and cats; and happy is he
+who gets the berth nearest the fire. Nothing would make it pass off
+tolerably but a good reward. A doubloon[A] is my constant gain every
+day that the weather will permit my going out, and sometimes six
+pistoles[B]. The coldness of the weather will not allow of my making a
+long stay, as the lodging is rather too cold for the time of year. I
+have never had my clothes off, but have lain and slept in them, except
+the few nights I have been in Fredericksburg."
+
+    [A] $7 50.
+    [B] A pistole was $3.50
+
+The entry in his journal for the third day after he started, in March,
+1748, was as follows:
+
+"Worked hard till night, and then returned. After supper we were lighted
+into a room; and I, not being so good a woodsman as the rest, stripped
+myself very orderly, and went into the bed, as they called it, when, to
+my surprise, I found it to be nothing but a little straw matted
+together, without sheet or anything else, but only one threadbare
+blanket, with double its weight of vermin. I was glad to get up and put
+on my clothes, and lie as my companions did. Had we not been very tired,
+I am sure that we should not have slept much that night. I made a
+promise to sleep so no more, choosing rather to sleep in the open air
+before a fire."
+
+George commenced operations for Lord Fairfax early in March, when the
+mountains were still white with snow, and wintry blasts swept over the
+plains. The heavy rains of spring had swollen the streams into torrents,
+so that it was perilous to ford them. Of course the hardships of such an
+expedition were largely increased by the rough, cold weather of the
+season.
+
+Abbot says: "The enterprise upon which Washington had entered was one
+full of romance, toil, and peril. It required the exercise of constant
+vigilance and sagacity. Though these wilds may be called pathless still
+there were here and there narrow trails, which the moccasined foot of
+the savage had trodden for centuries. They led in a narrow track,
+scarcely two feet in breadth, through dense thickets, over craggy hills,
+and along the banks of placid streams or foaming torrents."
+
+Everett says: "The hardships of this occupation will not be fully
+comprehended by those who are acquainted with the surveyor's duties only
+as they are practised in old and thickly settled countries. In addition
+to the want of accommodation, the service was attended by serious
+perils. In new countries, of which 'squatters' have begun to take
+possession, the surveyor is at all times a highly unwelcome visitor, and
+sometimes goes about his duties at the risk of his life. Besides this, a
+portion of the land traversed by Washington formed a part of that
+debatable land, the disputed right to which was the original moving
+cause of the 'Seven Years' War.' The French were already in motion, both
+from Canada and Louisiana, to preoccupy the banks of the Ohio, and
+the savages in their interest roamed the intervening country up to
+the settlements of Virginia."
+
+Another entry in his journal is the following:
+
+"Rained till about two o'clock, and then cleared up, when we were
+agreeably surprised at the sight of more than thirty Indians, coming
+from war with only one scalp. We had some liquor with us, of which we
+gave them a part. This, elevating their spirits, put them in the humor
+of dancing. We then had a war dance. After clearing a large space, and
+making a great fire in the middle, the men seated themselves around it,
+and the speaker made a grand speech, telling them in what manner they
+were to dance. After he had finished, the best dancer jumped up, as one
+awakened from sleep, and ran and jumped about the ring in the most
+comical manner. He was followed by the rest. Then began their music,
+which was performed with a pot half full of water, and a deer skin
+stretched tight over it, and a gourd with some shot in it to rattle, and
+a piece of horse's tail tied to it to make it look fine. One person kept
+rattling and another drumming all the while they were dancing."
+
+George had never seen Indians in their wigwams until his surveying
+expedition. He had never witnessed a war dance nor been brought face to
+face with these red men until he engaged in this pursuit for Lord
+Fairfax. The Indians were friendly, though it was known that they looked
+upon the encroachments of the English colonists with suspicion, if not
+with some bitterness. Occasionally a wandering band plundered defenceless
+families and spread consternation abroad. But such hostile demonstrations
+were exceptional.
+
+"Strange must have been the emotions which at times agitated the bosom
+of this pensive, reflective, heroic boy, as at midnight, far away from
+the haunts of civilization, in the wigwam of the savage, he listened to
+the wailings of the storm, interrupted only by the melancholy cry of the
+night-bird, and the howl of wolves and other unknown beasts of prey. By
+the flickering light of the wigwam fire, he saw, sharing his couch, the
+dusky form of the Indian hunter, his squaw, and his pappooses."
+
+Other entries in his journal show that George was compelled to submit to
+privations that were new and strange to him.
+
+"Travelled up to Solomon Hedges', Esquire, to-day, one of _His Majesty's
+Justices of the Peace_, in the county of Frederick, where we camped.
+When we came to supper there was neither a knife on the table nor a fork
+to eat with; but as good luck would have it, we had knives of our own."
+
+George put in italics the words indicated, evidently to call attention
+to the poverty and degradation of some of "His Majesty's Justices." He
+had a high-sounding title to his name, but neither knife nor fork!
+
+"April 8: We camped in the woods, and after we had pitched our tent and
+made a large fire, we pulled out our knapsacks to recruit ourselves.
+Every one was his own cook. Our spits were forked sticks, our plates
+were large chips. As for dishes, we had none."
+
+One "blowing, rainy night," George was startled from a sound sleep by
+the cry of "Fire! Fire! Fire!"
+
+He sprung to his feet half asleep, scarcely knowing what unearthly sound
+awoke him.
+
+"Your bed is on fire, George," shouted the same companion. "Narrow
+escape for you."
+
+Sure enough, George discovered that the straw on which he was lying had
+taken fire, and, but for the timely warning of his more wakeful
+companion, he must have been severely burned.
+
+His diary contained such items as, "The number of acres in each lot
+surveyed, the quality of the soil, the height of the hills, the growth
+of plants and trees, the extent of the valleys, and the length, breadth,
+and course of the streams." On these various topics he reported to his
+employer, furnishing him thereby the necessary data on which to base a
+judgment on sale of land.
+
+Mr. Sparks, speaking of the thoroughness of his work as a surveyor,
+says, "Nor was his skill confined to the more simple processes of the
+art. He used logarithms, and proved the accuracy of his work by
+different methods. The manuscripts fill several quires of paper, and are
+remarkable for the care with which they were kept, the neatness and
+uniformity of the handwriting, the beauty of the diagrams, and a precise
+method and arrangement in copying out tables and columns of figures.
+These particulars will not be thought too trivial to be noticed when it
+is known he retained similar habits through life. His business papers,
+day-books, ledgers, and letter-books, in which, before the Revolution,
+no one wrote but himself, exhibit specimens of the same studious care
+and exactness. Every fact occupies a clear and distinct place."
+
+Mr. Everett says: "He soon became distinguished for the accuracy of his
+surveys, and obtained the appointment of a public surveyor, which
+enabled him to enter his plans as legally valid in the county offices.
+The imperfect manner in which land surveys at that time were generally
+executed led in the sequel to constant litigation; but an experienced
+practitioner in the Western courts pronounced in after years that, of
+all the surveys which had come within his knowledge, those of Washington
+could alone be depended upon."
+
+Mr. Weems mentions George's connection with the family of Widow
+Stevenson, with whom he made headquarters while surveying Frederick
+County, which was then very large, embracing what is now Berkeley,
+Jefferson, and Shenandoah Counties. She had seven sons, William,
+Valentine, John, Hugh, Dick, James, and Mark, all stalwart fellows.
+These seven young men, in Herculean size and strength, were equal,
+perhaps, to any seven sons of any one mother in Christendom. This was a
+family exactly to George's mind, because promising him an abundance of
+that manly exercise in which he delighted.
+
+"Come," said Valentine, "let us go out to the Green, and see who the
+best man is."
+
+The "Green" was an extended level field in front of the house, a nice
+spot for jumping, wrestling, and other sports. By a trial to see which
+was "the best man," Valentine meant to see who would excel in these
+athletic exercises.
+
+"Agreed," responded George, "I am tired enough to go to bed, but it
+always rests me to test my strength."
+
+It was just at night, and George had just come in from a trip of several
+days. He came around to Mrs. Stevenson's as often as he could, though he
+camped in the woods at night most of the time.
+
+"That is so with me," said Dick. "I sleep better after an _Indian hug_,
+or a few long leaps, or a hard run."
+
+"Provided you beat," suggested John. "I don't believe that it
+contributes much to your sleep when you are worsted."
+
+"Don't sleep so soundly, perhaps," replied Dick, humorously. "It would
+give me a pretty long nap to lay George on his back."
+
+"Yes, I think it would," retorted George. "Perhaps you would never wake
+up, you would be so happy and that would be a great pity."
+
+"Well, come," urged William, who had been a close listener, "let us see
+what we can do. It will get to be dark while we are talking."
+
+And so they hurried away to the "Green" for sport. This was done again
+and again during his stay with the Stevensons. Mr. Weems says:
+
+"Here it was that George, after a hard day's toil at surveying, like a
+young Greek training for the Olympic games, used to turn out with his
+sturdy young companions, '_to see_,' as they termed it, '_which was the
+best man_' at running, jumping, and wrestling. And so keen was their
+passion for these sports, and so great their ambition to out-do one
+another, that they would often keep them up, especially on moon shining
+nights, till bed-time. Mrs. Stevenson's sons, though not taller than
+George, were much heavier men; so that at wrestling, and particularly at
+the _close_ or _Indian Hug_, he seldom gained much matter of triumphs.
+But in all trials of agility, they stood no chance with him."
+
+Mr. Weems continues:
+
+"From these Frederick County gymnastics there followed an effect which
+shows the very wide difference between participating in innocent and
+guilty pleasures. While companions in raking and gambling heartily
+despise and hate one another, and when they meet in the streets pass
+each other with looks cold and shy as sheep-thieving curs, these
+virtuous young men, by spending their evenings together in innocent and
+manly exercises, contracted a friendship which lasted for life. When
+George, twenty-five years after this, was called to lead the American
+armies, he did not forget his old friends, but gave commissions to all
+of them who chose to join the army. William, who was as brave a man as
+ever shouldered a musket, was advanced as high as the rank of colonel,
+when he was burned to death by the Indians at Sandusky. And equally
+cordial was the love of these young men for George, of whom they ever
+spoke as of a brother."
+
+When Washington had attained his highest honors, and the War of
+Independence was over, the Stevensons loved to rehearse their runnings
+and wrestlings with him. Said Hugh exultingly to some friends:
+
+"Brother John and I have often laid the conqueror of England on his
+back."
+
+"But we were no match for him in running and jumping," honestly retorted
+John.
+
+It was George's thorough survey and glowing description of a region
+beyond the Blue Ridge that induced Lord Fairfax to erect a costly stone
+mansion there for his trans-Atlantic home. He called it Greenaway Court,
+and it became one of the most beautiful and attractive estates in
+Virginia, where the proprietor lived in an expensive style, dispensing a
+generous hospitality. It was at Greenaway Court that George first read
+the history of England.
+
+George's success as a surveyor for Lord Fairfax called the attention of
+the Virginia authorities to him, and he was appointed public surveyor,
+as stated by Mr. Everett, whom we have quoted, deriving a discipline
+therefrom which was of great service to him in his future public career.
+The business, also, made him familiar with the country, particularly the
+Shenandoah Valley, which means "Shining daughter of the stars," so that
+he was able to invest money afterwards to great advantage in real
+estate.
+
+That George did not forget his "Lowland Beauty," even after his pleasant
+connection with the Fairfax family, is quite evident from one of his
+letters to an old companion, as follows:
+
+    DEAR ROBIN:--As it is the greatest mark of affection and esteem
+    which absent friends can show each other to write and often
+    communicate their thoughts, I shall endeavor from time to time
+    to acquaint you with my situation and employments in life. And
+    I could wish you would take half the pains to send me a letter
+    by any opportunity, as you may be well assured of its meeting
+    with a welcome reception. My place at present is at Lord
+    Fairfax's, where I might, were I disengaged, pass my time very
+    pleasantly, as there is a very agreeable young lady in the
+    house, Colonel George Fairfax's wife's sister. But that only
+    adds fuel to the fire, as being often and unavoidably in her
+    company revives my former passion for your Lowland Beauty;
+    whereas, were I to live more retired from young ladies, I might
+    in some measure alleviate my sorrow, by burying that chaste and
+    troublesome passion in oblivion; and I am very well assured that
+    this will be the only antidote or remedy.
+
+Providence was sending him to a noble destiny. We can trace the divine
+discipline all through the privations and responsibilities of his life
+as surveyor. God was preparing him for the Revolution of 1776.
+
+Mr. Frost, one of his biographers, says: "The business of practical
+surveying undoubtedly formed a very important part of Washington's
+preparation for the office of military commander. It not only hardened
+and invigorated the already robust frame, but it educated his eye, and
+accustomed him to judge respecting distances, and advantages of
+position. By making him an able civil engineer, it laid the foundation
+of his future eminence in a military capacity. It was more immediately
+advantageous to him by procuring for him the acquaintance of the
+principal landholders of the State, and by making known to them his
+remarkable judgment, good-sense, and ability in the conduct of affairs.
+The effect of this last circumstance was seen in his appointment, at the
+age of nineteen, to the office of adjutant-general, with the rank of
+major. This gave him the charge of a district, with the duty of
+exercising the militia, inspecting their arms, and superintending their
+discipline."
+
+Lord Fairfax loved him with the love of a father, but he did not dream
+that he was becoming the benefactor of England's conqueror.
+
+Mr. Weems says: "Little did the old gentleman expect that he was
+educating a youth who should one day dismember the British Empire, and
+break his own heart, which truly came to pass; for on hearing that
+Washington had captured Cornwallis and all his army, he called out to his
+black servant, 'Come, Joe, carry me to my bed, for it is high time for me
+to die.'"
+
+
+
+
+VIII.
+
+MILITARY HONORS.
+
+
+"There is a chance for you, George, in the reorganization of the
+militia," remarked Lawrence, who was personally interested in a movement
+to improve the soldiery of Virginia.
+
+"What chance?" George asked.
+
+"For an appointment as my successor. The state of my health makes my
+resignation necessary, and you are competent to take charge of my
+district."
+
+"My youth will prevent that."
+
+"Not necessarily. Youth will not weigh so much against you as a
+competency will do for you. Qualifications for the place is what the
+authorities will require."
+
+"And their attention will naturally be directed to older men, who are
+well known," suggested George.
+
+"But I propose to present your claims, when I forward my resignation,
+myself," continued Lawrence.
+
+"You have enjoyed superior opportunities to fit you for such a position;
+and for the appointing power to know your qualifications is to secure to
+you the place."
+
+"What will be my duties if I get the appointment?" inquired George.
+
+"You will be adjutant-general, with the rank of major, and will have
+charge of the militia in the district. You will have to drill them at
+stated times, inspect their arms, and make their organization as
+thorough as possible."
+
+"And give all my time to the work?"
+
+"No, not all your time will be required. It is no small responsibility
+to assume, however; but you are equal to it, and it will be a grand
+school for you. You will have a salary of one hundred and fifty pounds,
+and you will be held responsible for the efficiency of the militia."
+
+"I don't know about taking so much responsibility upon myself,"
+responded George, whose modest estimate of his own abilities was one of
+his virtues. "Experience is indispensable for such a position, it seems
+to me, and I have not had experience."
+
+"Well, we will see what can be done," added Lawrence. "I have made up my
+mind to intercede for you as my successor, as the best qualified of any
+man I know in this district for the position. I may fail, but I shall
+try."
+
+Lawrence accomplished his purpose in due time, and George was appointed
+to the command of the militia in the district, although he was but
+nineteen years of age. No difficulty was experienced in securing the
+position for him, for his exploits in the role of surveyor were well
+known. His character and ability had also given him considerable public
+notoriety for one of his years.
+
+Lawrence was in feeble health at this time. Pulmonary troubles had been
+gradually undermining his constitution for two or three years, although
+he continued to serve the colony in public relations. Winter was
+approaching, and his physician advised a change of climate. The severity
+of another Virginia winter might prove too much for him.
+
+"If I go to Barbadoes you must go with me," said Lawrence to George. "It
+will not be necessary for you to enter upon your new duties as commander
+of the district until spring."
+
+"Then your wife will not go," answered George, inferring that his
+services would be required because hers could not be had.
+
+"No; she will not be able to go, and I cannot think of going alone."
+
+"Well, I shall be very willing to go," continued George, "and think I
+shall enjoy the change. That you need to escape from the Virginia winter
+is very evident. You are not as well as you were six months ago."
+
+"No one can be so conscious of that as myself," remarked Lawrence, with
+a degree of sadness that pierced George's heart. "I have failed very
+fast within the last three months, and I sometimes doubt whether a
+change of climate will do me any good."
+
+"Perhaps your view of the case is too gloomy," suggested George, whom we
+ought to call _Major_ Washington now, but will not at present. "I
+believe that the foreign air will put new life into you."
+
+"That is what I need," responded Lawrence, "for the old life within me
+is rapidly dying out. I must get new strength from some source, or my
+days are numbered."
+
+Lawrence was very much depressed at this time, and he was also peevish
+and difficult to please. George could manage him better than any one
+else, except his wife, for the reason that his confidence in his young
+brother was unbounded. The latter knew how to encourage the sick man
+without concealing from him his true condition. Lawrence was certainly
+in a very critical state of health, and his physician had so announced
+to his friends. George was alarmed about his brother, although he was
+confident that a winter in Barbadoes would put him in the way of
+complete restoration.
+
+It was settled that they should spend the winter in Barbadoes, and hasty
+preparations were made for the voyage. George had accepted his
+appointment, but, now arranged to enter upon the duties of the office
+after his return. He was glad to be able to accompany his brother to a
+more favorable clime.
+
+We have not space to record their experience abroad in detail. It will
+answer our purpose to record the fact that a change of climate did not
+improve Lawrence Washington. On the whole, he continued to fail, so that
+he returned to Virginia late in the spring of 1751, a weaker and less
+happy man. His sojourn in a warmer country through the winter and spring
+months proved that he was beyond hope of recovery.
+
+George had one experience in Barbadoes that we must record. He was
+attacked by the small-pox with considerable severity, occasioning much
+anxiety to Lawrence. However, he rallied from the attack more rapidly
+than was expected, his good physical condition enabling him to resist
+disease as weaker ones cannot. But he carried the marks of the loathsome
+disease through life.
+
+George kept a journal when abroad, as he had done at home, and the
+entries concerning the small-pox are as follows:
+
+"Nov. 4, 1751.--This morning received a card from Major Clarke,
+welcoming us to Barbadoes, with an invitation to breakfast and dine with
+him. We went--myself with some reluctance, as the small-pox was in the
+family. We were received in the most kind and friendly manner by him."
+
+That he took the small-pox when on this friendly visit is evident from
+the entry in his journal for Nov. 17, as follows:
+
+"Was strongly attacked with the small-pox. Sent for Dr. Lanahan, whose
+attendance was very constant till my recovery and going out, which were
+not till Thursday, the 12th of December."
+
+We ought to state that in February of 1752, as there was no perceptible
+improvement in Lawrence, Dr Lanahan decided that he should remove to
+Bermuda in the early spring. This would prolong his stay, and it was
+agreed that George should return to Virginia, and accompany Mrs.
+Washington and children to Bermuda, where she would meet her husband.
+
+George returned, reaching Mount Vernon about the 1st of April. But
+Lawrence continued to fail in health, which modified his plans, so that
+he relinquished the idea of going to Bermuda, preferring rather to
+return to his native land and die. His wife remained at home to await
+his coming, about the 1st of June. He lived but six or seven weeks after
+reaching Mount Vernon, and died on the 26th of July, at the age of
+thirty-four. Conscious that his speedy death was inevitable, he made
+every arrangement necessary for the sad change. He had large
+possessions, which he left to his wife and only child, though he showed
+his strong attachment to George by a liberal legacy. In the event of his
+child's death, the Mount Vernon estate would revert to George. The child
+did not long survive, whereupon this valuable estate came into George's
+possession. Although he was but twenty years old when his brother died,
+he was the chief executor of his will.
+
+Mr. Everett says of him: "George was appointed one of the executors of
+his will, by which, in the event of the daughter's decease, Mount Vernon
+was bequeathed to him. Although the youngest of the executors, in
+consequence of his more thorough knowledge of his brother's affairs, the
+responsible management of his extensive estates devolved upon him. He
+did not, however, allow these private engagements to interfere with his
+public duties. As the probability of a collision on the frontier
+increased, greater attention was paid to the military organization of
+the province. On the arrival of Governor Dinwiddie from England in 1752,
+it was divided into four military districts, and Washington's
+appointment was renewed as adjutant-general of the northern division,
+in which several counties were included. The duties devolving upon him
+under this commission, in attending the reviews of the militia and
+superintending their exercises, were performed with a punctuality and
+zeal, which rapidly drew towards him the notice and favor of the
+community."
+
+On the 4th of November, 1852, George was initiated into the Masonic
+Lodge of "Free and Accepted Masons" at Fredericksburg, and on the third
+of March following, he was advanced to the second degree of fellowcraft,
+and on the 4th of August next after, he was made a Master Mason.
+
+Governor Dinwiddie's renewal of George's commission on his return,
+imposed immediate military duties upon him. The organization and
+drilling of the militia, inspection of their arms and accoutrements,
+together with other duties, made a large draft upon his thoughts and
+labors. Still, he found time to be with his brother Lawrence during his
+declining moments, and was with him when he died, performing the last
+deeds of fraternal love in a manner that honored his noble nature.
+
+There was a growing excitement now about the encroachments of the
+French, and the Colonists began to feel that their rights and honor were
+at stake. It was quite evident that the French designed to gain
+ascendency in North America, while the English considered that their
+claim to its rule was pre-eminent. The French had established a line of
+military fortified posts from Canada to the southern part of the
+Mississippi, and they were fast securing a foothold in the beautiful
+valley of the Ohio.
+
+The English said: "England discovered this country fifty years ago, and
+has a better right to it than the French have."
+
+France denied this claim, because "her ships were the first which
+entered the River St. Lawrence, and her voyagers, ascending the
+magnificent stream, discovered that series of majestic lakes, whose
+fertile shores presented inviting homes for countless millions. Her
+enterprising explorers, in the birch canoe, travelled the solitary
+windings of the Ohio and the Mississippi."
+
+At the same time the Indians justly claimed right and title to the whole
+country as the aboriginal inhabitants. Both English and French might
+purchase it, or portions of it, of them, but in no other way could they
+gain possession of it without becoming interlopers and robbers. So here
+was a fine opportunity for trouble. A keen, quick-witted chief, assuming
+to ridicule the claims of the English and French, sarcastically said to
+Mr. Gist, a representative of the Virginian Colonists:
+
+"Whereabouts do the Indian lands lie, since the French claim all the
+land on one side of the Ohio River and the English all on the other?"
+
+Governor Dinwiddie found it necessary to send an ambassador to the
+French on the Ohio, to inquire into their claims and purposes.
+
+"It is a responsible and perilous undertaking," he said to Mr. Gist.
+"Who is equal to it?"
+
+"I am sure I cannot tell," Mr. Gist replied. "There ought to be in this
+famous colony some spirit brave enough to accept the mission, and fully
+competent to execute it."
+
+"Yes; but who is it?"
+
+"I am unable to answer."
+
+"But we must find him," continued the governor. "The time has fully come
+for Virginia to defend the rights of Great Britain."
+
+"There can be no doubt about that," replied Mr. Gist; "but who will
+endure the hardships and risk his life on a mission to the Ohio is more
+than I can tell."
+
+A writer says of the project: "It was indeed a perilous enterprise; one
+from which the noblest spirit might recoil. The first garrison which
+could be reached was on the Ohio River, about one hundred and twenty
+miles below the point where Pittsburg now stands. Here the French were
+erecting a strong fortress, to which the Indians resorted for trade.
+There was an intervening wilderness, from the settlements in Virginia,
+to be traversed, of pathless forests, gloomy morasses, craggy mountains,
+and almost impenetrable thickets, of nearly six hundred miles. Bands of
+savages on the war-path or engaged in the hunt were ever ranging these
+wilds. Many were exasperated by wrongs which they themselves had
+received, and of which they had heard, inflicted by the white men. The
+Indians in all these northwest regions had welcomed the French as
+brothers, and truly fraternal relationship existed between them; and
+they had nearly all learned to hate the English.... It would be very
+easy for the French so to arrange matters, that a band of savages
+should massacre and plunder the party of the commissioners, in the
+depths of the forest, under such circumstances that it would necessarily
+be regarded as merely a savage outrage."
+
+In these circumstances, Governor Dinwiddie found it difficult to secure
+a responsible party to accept the commission. He offered it to certain
+men in whom he had great confidence, but all of them declined. At
+length, however, Major Washington, as we will call George now, waited
+upon the governor, and surprised him by saying:
+
+"I have come, Governor Dinwiddie, to offer my services as commissioner
+to Ohio. If you consider me competent for the position, I will accept
+it, and do the best I can."
+
+"Certainly you are competent for this business," answered the governor,
+"and you are as brave as you are competent. It is a perilous
+undertaking, and may cost you your life."
+
+"I understand that," responded the major; "and I have come to this
+decision after weighing well the difficulties and dangers. My occupation
+as surveyor has inured me to hardships, and given me some acquaintance
+with Indian life and character."
+
+"That is true," remarked the governor, who was familiar with young
+Washington's success in surveying, as well as with his knowledge of
+military affairs, "and that experience will be of great value on such a
+mission as this. I will appoint you commissioner at once, with full
+powers to plan and perform the expedition."
+
+"And what are your wishes about the time of starting?" inquired
+Washington.
+
+"As soon as your preparations can be consummated," Governor Dinwiddie
+answered. "Winter is near by, and the sooner you can start the better."
+
+"I can be ready within a few days," replied Washington, his answer
+furnishing a good illustration of his promptness.
+
+"Just as you please; the whole responsibility is with you, and I will
+forward your commission as soon as possible," the governor said.
+
+We are able to furnish the commission under which Washington acted on
+that important mission, as follows:
+
+    I, reposing especial trust in the ability, conduct, and fidelity
+    of you, the said George Washington, have appointed you my
+    express messenger; and you are hereby authorized and empowered
+    to proceed hence, with all convenient and possible despatch, to
+    that part or place on the River Ohio where the French have
+    lately erected a fort or forts, or where the commandant of the
+    French forces resides, in order to deliver my letter and message
+    to him; and, after waiting not exceeding one week for an answer,
+    you are to take leave and return immediately back.
+
+    To this commission I have set my hand, and caused the great seal
+    of this Dominion to be affixed, at the city of Williamsburg, the
+    seat of my government, this thirtieth day of October, in the
+    twenty-seventh year of the reign of King George the Second, King
+    of Great Britain, Annoque Domini, 1753.      ROBERT DINWIDDIE.
+
+The news of Washington's voluntary offer to act as commissioner to the
+French on the Ohio was received with great satisfaction by the
+Colonists. They took occasion both in public and private to extol his
+bravery and unselfishness. To a less humble and modest young man the
+enthusiastic demonstration in his honor would have proved too
+flattering; but no amount of such praise could develop vanity in
+Washington.
+
+Hastily he prepared for the expedition. When ready to start, the company
+consisted of eight persons, as follows: Washington; Christopher Gist;
+John Davidson, an interpreter for the Indians; Jacob Van Braam, his old
+fencing-master, who could speak French; Henry Steward and William
+Jenkins, experienced "woodsmen;" and two Indian guides, Barnaby Currin
+and John McQuire. Mr. Gist was eminently qualified for the post given to
+him; for having made a settlement between the northwestern ridge of the
+Alleghanies and Monongahela River, he had often traversed the country,
+and was well acquainted with the habits of the Indians in the
+neighborhood through which their route lay.
+
+Before starting upon this perilous mission, Washington paid a flying
+visit to his mother, who was dearer to him than any other living person.
+The announcement that he was to proceed to the Ohio at once filled her
+with alarm at first, and she thoroughly regretted that he had assumed
+the responsibility. However, she took a favorable view of the
+enterprise, and said:
+
+"It is a very responsible trust to be committed to one of your age,
+George, but God will give you wisdom and watch over you, if you commit
+your ways to Him. My prayers shall not cease to go up for your success
+and return."
+
+With such emotions as unfeigned filial love creates, Washington parted
+from his mother.
+
+The following is a copy of the letter which Washington carried from
+Governor Dinwiddie to the French commander on the Ohio:
+
+    SIR:--The lands upon the River Ohio, in the western parts of the
+    Colony of Virginia, are so notoriously known to be the property
+    of the Crown of Great Britain, that it is a matter of equal
+    concern and surprise to me to hear that a body of French forces
+    are erecting fortresses and making settlements upon that river,
+    within his Majesty's dominions. The _many_ and _repeated_
+    complaints I have received of these acts of _hostility_ lay me
+    under the necessity of sending, in the name of the king, my
+    master, the bearer hereof, George Washington, Esq., one of the
+    adjutants-general of the forces of this dominion, to complain to
+    you of the encroachments thus made, and of the injuries done to
+    the subjects of Great Britain, in violation of the law of
+    nations, and the treaties now subsisting between the two
+    crowns. If these facts be true, and you think fit to justify
+    your proceedings, I must desire you to acquaint me by whose
+    authority and instructions you have lately marched from Canada
+    with an armed force, and invaded the King of Great Britain's
+    territories, in the manner complained of; that, according to
+    the purpose and resolution of your answer, I may act agreeably
+    to the commission I am honored with, from the king, my master.
+    However, sir, in obedience to my instructions, it becomes my
+    duty to require your peaceable departure; and that you will
+    forbear prosecuting a purpose so interruptive of the harmony and
+    good understanding which his Majesty is desirous to continue and
+    cultivate with the most Christian king.      ROBERT DINWIDDIE.
+
+
+
+
+IX.
+
+MISSION TO THE FRENCH.
+
+
+Washington left Williamsburg on the thirty-first day of October, 1753.
+He proceeded to Fredericksburg, where Van Braam joined him, thence to
+Alexandria and Winchester for supplies and horses, but did not arrive at
+Will's Creek, where Mr. Gist and others of the party were found, until
+Nov. 14.
+
+"Now we must depend on you, Mr. Gist, to pilot us through the
+wilderness," said Washington. "My knowledge of the way ends about where
+yours begins, I suspect; so we shall commit ourselves to your care."
+
+"Well, I shall take a straight course to Frazier's, on the Monongahela
+River," answered Gist.
+
+"And who is Frazier?" inquired Washington.
+
+"He is an Indian trader, who lives at the mouth of Turtle Creek."
+
+"Well acquainted with the country, I suppose he is," suggested
+Washington.
+
+"He ought to be, for he has been at his business several years, and is
+an intelligent, responsible man."
+
+"Such a man as we need to see, I should think," continued Washington;
+"so I agree to follow you to Frazier's without a single objection."
+
+"A storm is brewing, and will soon be upon us," said Mr. Gist. "I fear
+that a hard time awaits us."
+
+"I expect as much as that," replied Washington. "Such a journey as we
+propose can be no child's play at any season of the year."
+
+That a storm impeded their progress is quite evident from Washington's
+journal:
+
+"The excessive rains and vast quantity of snow which had fallen
+prevented our reaching Mr. Frazier, the Indian trader's, until Thursday,
+the 22d."
+
+"The French general is dead," was the first announcement of Mr. Frazier,
+on learning the object of the expedition.
+
+"What!" exclaimed Washington, "General Pierre Paul?"
+
+"Yes; messengers have been sent to the Indian traders down the river
+announcing his death, and the return of the major part of the army into
+winter quarters," answered Frazier.
+
+"A sudden death, no doubt, and it must necessitate some change in the
+present plans of the French," remarked Washington.
+
+"Doubtless," replied Frazier. "He died on the twenty-ninth day of
+October, nearly a month ago. It will not affect your business, however."
+
+"No; but this torrent will," answered Washington, alluding to the
+impassable waters of the Monongahela, which the rains had swollen to a
+flood.
+
+"No crossing here except by swimming the horses."
+
+"And that will be hardly advisable," rejoined Frazier, "since you can
+take your baggage down to the fork of the Ohio in a canoe."
+
+"A good suggestion," said Washington. "Can you provide me with a canoe?"
+
+"Fortunately I can, and shall be glad to render you any other assistance
+possible. It is ten miles to the fork, and you will reach there with the
+horses before the canoe with the baggage."
+
+Washington engaged the canoe, loaded the baggage upon it, and sent
+Currin and Steward down the river with it, while he went with the horses
+and the rest of the party by land. He arrived at the fort in advance of
+the canoe, and improved the time to visit Shingiss, King of the
+Delawares, a warrior who had been a terror to the English on the
+frontier, though he was now their friend.
+
+Shingiss received Washington in a friendly manner, though with manifest
+reserve. When he learned what was the object of his mission, and that an
+Indian Council was proposed at Logstown, his friendliness grew into
+cordiality, and he promised not only to be present at the Council, but
+to accompany Washington and his party thither.
+
+They arrived at Logstown on the evening of Nov. 24. Washington inquired
+for Tanacharisson, the half-king, and found that he was out at his
+hunting cabin on Little Beaver Creek, fifteen miles away. Tanacharisson
+was called half-king because his authority was subject to that of the
+Five Nations.
+
+As the half-king was absent, he repaired to Monacatoocha, with John
+Davidson, his Indian interpreter, and informed him that he was sent a
+messenger to the French general, and was ordered to call upon the
+sachems of the Six Nations to acquaint them with it.
+
+"I gave him a string of wampum and a twist of tobacco," says Washington
+in his journal, "and desired him to send for the half-king, which he
+promised to do by a 'runner' in the morning, and for other sachems. I
+invited him and the other great men present to my tent, where they
+stayed about an hour, and returned."
+
+At this place Washington met four Frenchmen who had deserted from a
+company at Kuskuskas, an Indian town on Big Beaver Creek, Pennsylvania.
+Through Van Braam, he inquired:
+
+"Where do you hail from now?"
+
+"From New Orleans. We were sent with a hundred men and eight canoe loads
+of provisions to this place, where we expected to meet as many more men
+from the forts on this side of Lake Erie, to convey them and the stores
+up."
+
+"What about the French forts near New Orleans?"
+
+"There are four small forts between New Orleans and Twigtwies," one of
+the Frenchmen said.
+
+"And how many men?" Washington asked.
+
+"About forty, and a few pieces of artillery."
+
+"What is there at New Orleans?"
+
+"A large fort at the mouth of the Mississippi, with thirty-five
+companies of forty men each."
+
+"How many guns does the fort mount?"
+
+"Eight carriage guns."
+
+"Quite a formidable affair," remarked Washington. "With courage and
+skill to correspond they can withstand quite a siege; and what is there
+at Twigtwies?"
+
+"Several companies, and a fort mounting six guns."
+
+"And is that all?"
+
+"Not exactly. There is a small fort on the Ohio, at the mouth of the
+Obaish (Wabash), garrisoned by a few men."
+
+The information he gathered from these men was valuable to him and the
+Virginia authorities.
+
+As soon as the half-king returned, Washington called upon him with his
+interpreter, making known his business, and inviting him to his own
+tent. The chief cordially accepted the invitation, and he accompanied
+him on his return.
+
+"I understand that you have visited the French commander, to whom I am
+going," remarked Washington, "and perhaps you can give me some
+information about the ways and distance."
+
+"The nearest and levelest way," answered the half-king, "is now
+impassable on account of many deep and miry savannas."
+
+"Then we must adopt the next best way," suggested Washington.
+
+"Yes; and that is by the way of Venango, at the confluence of French
+Creek and the Alleghany," said Tanacharisson.
+
+"How great is the distance?"
+
+"You cannot get to the nearest fort in less than five or six nights'
+sleep, good travelling."
+
+"How were you received at the fort?" continued Washington, anxious to
+make the most of his informant.
+
+"General Pierre Paul was alive then, and he received me sternly,"
+replied the chief.
+
+"In what way did he show his sternness?" Washington asked.
+
+"By his abrupt inquiry, 'What did you come here about?' And he ordered
+me, in an insolent way, to declare my business."
+
+"And what did you tell him?" urged Washington.
+
+"I made this speech to him," the half-king answered with a smile; and he
+proceeded to rehearse his address to the French commander. As Washington
+preserved the speech of Tanacharisson, together with the French
+general's reply, we furnish the remainder of the interview from that
+valuable document:
+
+"Fathers, I am come to tell you your own speeches, what your own mouths
+have declared.
+
+"Fathers, you, in former days, set a silver basin before us, wherein
+there was the leg of a beaver, and desired all the nations to come and
+eat of it,--to eat in peace and plenty, and not to be churlish to one
+another; and that if any such person should be found to be a disturber,
+I here lay down by the edge of the dish a rod, which you must scourge
+them with; and if your father should get foolish, in my old days, I
+desire you may use it upon me as well as others.
+
+"Now, fathers, it is you who are the disturbers in this land, by coming
+and building your towns, and taking it away unknown to us, and by force.
+
+"Fathers, we kindled a fire a long time ago at a place called Montreal,
+where we desired you to stay, and not to come and intrude upon our land.
+I now desire you may dispatch to that place; for be it known to you,
+fathers, that this is our land, and not yours.
+
+"Fathers, I desire you may hear me in civilness; if not, we must handle
+that rod which was laid down for the use of obstreperous. If you had
+come in a peaceable manner, like our brothers, the English, we would not
+have been against your trading with us as they do; but to come, fathers,
+and build houses upon our land, and to take it by force, is what we
+cannot submit to.
+
+"Fathers, both you and the English are white; we live in a country
+between; therefore the land belongs to neither one nor the other. But
+the Great Being above allowed it to be a place of residence for us; So,
+fathers, I desire you to withdraw, as I have done our brothers, the
+English; for I will keep you at arm's length. I lay this down as a trial
+for both, to see which will have the greatest regard to it, and that
+side we will stand by, and make equal sharers with us. Our brothers, the
+English, have heard this, and I come now to tell it to you, for I am not
+afraid to discharge you off this land."
+
+This, he said, was the substance of what he spoke to the general, who
+made this reply:
+
+"'Now, my child, I have heard your speech; you spoke first, but it is my
+time to speak now. Where is my wampum that you took away with the marks
+of towns on it? This wampum I do not know, which you have discharged me
+off the land with; but you need not put yourself to the trouble of
+speaking, for I will not hear you. I am not afraid of flies or
+mosquitoes, for Indians are such as those; I tell you down that river I
+will go, and build upon it, according to my command. If the river was
+blocked up, I have forces sufficient to burst it open, and tread under
+my feet all that stand in opposition, together with their alliances, for
+my force is as the sand upon the seashore; therefore, here is your
+wampum. I sling it at you. Child, you talk foolish; you say this land
+belongs to you, but there is not the black of my nail yours. I saw that
+land sooner than you did; before the Shannoahs and you were at war. Lead
+was the man who went down and took possession of that river. It is my
+land, and I will have it, let who will stand up for or say against it. I
+will buy and sell with the English (mockingly). If people will be ruled
+by me they may expect kindness, but not else.'
+
+"The half-king told me he had inquired of the general after two
+Englishmen who were made prisoners, and received this answer:
+
+"'Child, you think it a very great hardship that I made prisoners of
+those two people at Venango. Don't you concern yourself with it; we took
+and carried them to Canada, to get intelligence of what the English were
+doing in Virginia.'
+
+"He informed me that they had built two forts; one on Lake Erie, and
+another on French Creek, near a small lake, about fifteen miles asunder,
+and a large wagon-road between. They are both built after the same
+model, but different in size, that on the lake the largest. He gave me a
+plan of them of his own drawing."
+
+The Indians inquired very particularly after their brothers in Carolina
+jail.
+
+They also asked what sort of a boy it was who was taken from the South
+Branch, for they were told by some Indians that a party of "French
+Indians had carried a white boy by Kuskheskia Town, towards the lakes."
+
+The Indian Council which Washington convened, assembled at nine o'clock,
+on the twenty-sixth day of November, and he made the following speech to
+the rude children of the forest:
+
+"Brothers, I have called you together in council, by order of your
+brother, the governor of Virginia, to acquaint you that I am sent with
+all possible despatch to visit and deliver a letter to the French
+commandant of very great importance to your brothers, the English, and I
+dare say to you, their friends and allies.
+
+"I was desired, brothers, by your brother, the governor, to call upon
+you, the sachems of the nations, to inform you of it, and to ask your
+advice and assistance to proceed the nearest and best road to the
+French. You see, brothers, I have gotten thus far on my journey.
+
+"His Honor likewise desired me to apply to you for some of your young
+men to conduct and provide provisions for us on our way, and be a
+safe-guard against those French Indians who have taken up the hatchet
+against us. I have spoken thus particularly to you, brothers, because
+his Honor, our governor, treats you as good friends and allies, and
+holds you in great esteem. To confirm what I have said, I give you this
+string of wampum."
+
+The sachems listened to this speech with profound attention, noting
+every word; and when Major Washington concluded, they conferred together
+for some time, when Tanacharisson arose, and replied:
+
+"Now, my brother, in regard to what my brother, the governor, had
+desired of me, I return you this answer:
+
+"I rely upon you as a brother ought to do, as you say we are brothers
+and one people. We shall put heart in hand, and speak to our fathers,
+the French, concerning the speech they made to me; and you may depend
+that we will endeavor to be your guard.
+
+"Brother, as you have asked my advice, I hope you will be ruled by it,
+and stay until I can provide a company to go with you. The French speech
+belt is not here; I have to go for it to my hunting cabin. Likewise, the
+people whom I have ordered in are not yet come, and cannot until the
+third night from this; until which time, brother, I must beg you to
+stay. I intend to send the guard of Rincoes, Shannoahs, and Delawares,
+that our brothers may see the love and loyalty we bear them."
+
+Washington replied to the half-king:
+
+"Brother, your offer is a very generous one, for which I heartily thank
+you; but my orders are to make all possible despatch, so that I am
+obliged to leave, much against my inclination. My business requires the
+greatest expedition, and will not admit of so much delay."
+
+"We are sorry for this decision, brother," continued Tanacharisson; "but
+we shall not permit you to go without a guard, lest some accident befall
+you, and, in consequence, reflection be cast upon us. Besides, this is a
+matter of no small moment, and must not be entered into without due
+consideration; for I intend to deliver up the French speech belt, and
+make the Shannoahs and Delawares do the same."
+
+Accordingly the half-king gave orders to the King Shingiss, who was
+present, to attend on Wednesday night with the wampum, and two men of
+their nation to be in readiness to set out with Washington and his party
+in the morning. But Washington did not leave as he designed, because he
+found that the sachems would be greatly offended if he did. His journal
+says: "I found it was impossible to go off without offending them in the
+most egregious manner."
+
+The entry in his journal for the next day, Nov. 27, is:
+
+"Runners were despatched very early for the Shannoah chiefs. The
+half-king himself set out to fetch the French speech belt from his
+hunting cabin."
+
+On the following evening, Nov. 28, Tanacharisson returned with the
+French speech belt, and came to Washington's tent in company with
+Monacatoocha and two other sachems.
+
+"An Indian from Venango," said Monacatoocha, "has brought news that the
+French have called all the Mingoes, Delawares, and several other tribes
+together, and told them that they intended to have been down the river
+this fall, but the waters were growing cold, and the winter advancing,
+which obliged them to go into quarters, but that they might assuredly
+expect them in the spring with a far greater number, and requested them
+to remain passive, and not inter-meddle unless they had a mind to draw
+all their force upon them, for that they expected to fight the English
+three years, in which time they should conquer; but that if they should
+prove equally strong, the French and the English would join to cut them
+all off and divide the land between them; that, though they had lost
+their general and some few of their soldiers, yet there were men enough
+to reinforce them, and make them masters of the Ohio."
+
+Washington inquired concerning the reliability of this information, and
+was told that "one Captain Joncaire, their interpreter-in-chief, living
+at Venango, and a man of note in the army, delivered the speech to us."
+
+On the next morning, the half-king and Monacatoocha appeared very early
+at Washington's tent, and besought him to wait another day.
+
+"We have used all diligence possible, but the Shannoah chiefs have not
+brought the wampum ordered, but will be here to-night," the half-king
+said. "If they should not come in to-night, we will not delay you
+another day, but will send it after you as soon as it arrives."
+
+Washington yielded to their request, giving the reason in his journal
+thus:
+
+"When I found them so pressing in their request, and knew that the
+returning of wampum[C] was the abolishing of agreements, and giving
+this up was shaking off all dependence upon the French, I consented to
+stay, as I believed an offence offered at this crisis might be attended
+with greater ill-consequence than another day's delay."
+
+    [C] Small beads made of shells, used for money.
+
+Washington's journal continues:
+
+"In the evening, late, they came again, and acquainted me that the
+Shannoahs were not yet arrived, but that it should not retard the
+prosecution of our journey. He delivered in my hearing the speech that
+was to be made to the French by Jeskakake, one of their old chiefs,
+which was giving up the belt the late commandant had asked for, and
+repeating nearly the same speech he himself had done before.
+
+"He also delivered a string of wampum to this chief, which was sent by
+King Shingiss, to be given to Kustalogo, with orders to repair to the
+French and deliver up the wampum.
+
+"He likewise gave a very large string of black and white wampum, which
+was to be sent up immediately to the Six Nations, if the French refused
+to quit the land at this warning, which was the third and last time, and
+was the right of this Jeskakake to deliver."
+
+On the evening before Washington left the place, the great men of the
+Indians assembled at their council-house, to discuss the journey, and
+decide who should go. The result was, that, instead of the numerous
+convoy promised, they concluded to send but three of their chiefs and
+one famous hunter.
+
+When the company were ready to start, about nine o'clock, on the morning
+of Nov. 30, and Washington found that his escort consisted only of the
+half-king, Jeskakake, White Thunder, and the Hunter, he said to
+Tanacharisson:
+
+"Brother, how is this? This is not the complete guard you promised me."
+
+"Very true, brother," answered the half-king, "but be assured there is
+no intention to be untrue. When we conferred together last night it was
+thought so large a number might give the French suspicions of evil
+designs, and cause them to treat us rudely."
+
+The journey was resumed, and proved very wearisome on account of stormy
+weather and hard traveling. They reached Venango, seventy miles distant,
+on the fourth day of December. Venango was situated at the mouth of
+French Creek, on the Ohio.
+
+Seeing the French colors flying from the house of Mr. John Frazier, an
+English subject, whom they had driven from his house, Washington
+repaired thither at once, to inquire where the commander of the French
+forces resided. He found three officers there, one of whom, Captain
+Joncaire, of whom Monacatoocha had spoken, said:
+
+"I command the French now."
+
+Washington had made known his business, whereupon Captain Joncaire
+referred him to an officer in another fort farther on.
+
+"But you will stop and dine with us?" said the captain in a very cordial
+manner. "We shall feel honored by your company."
+
+Washington accepted the invitation, which turned to his advantage beyond
+his expectations; for the French officers imbibed so much wine that they
+became talkative, as well as communicative, and imparted information
+which they would have withholden when sober.
+
+"The French design to take possession of the Ohio." said one of the
+tipsy officers, "and they will do it in spite of all opposition. We know
+that the English can raise two men to our one, but they are so mortal
+slow that we can accomplish our object while they are getting ready. The
+French have an undoubted right to this river, and they will maintain
+it."
+
+Washington appreciated his opportunity to gain information, and he plied
+his inquiries for that purpose. He learned that the French had about
+fifteen hundred men between that place and Lake Ontario, but that all
+except six hundred of them were recalled after the death of General
+Pierre Paul. He learned, also, the number of forts the French had
+erected, and where situated, together with the number of men required to
+garrison each. Hence, the information acquired was worth much more than
+his dinner.
+
+
+
+
+X.
+
+FRENCH MISSION--(CONTINUED.)
+
+
+Monsieur La Force and three other soldiers accompanied Washington to see
+the commander at the next fort. The French officers resorted to various
+stratagems to prevent Tanacharisson, Jeskakake, White Thunder, and the
+Hunter going with Washington. The latter understood very well that their
+object was to have an opportunity to win them over to the French. But
+Washington insisted upon their going with him, and rebuked Captain
+Joncaire for his meddlesome disposition.
+
+They were four days on their way to visit the commander, being obliged
+to wade through miry swamps much of the way. They reached the fort on
+the eleventh day of December.
+
+On the 12th, Washington waited upon the commander of the fort and made
+known his business, at the same time presenting him with the letter of
+Governor Dinwiddie. Returning the letter, the officer said:
+
+"The proper officer for you to see is Monsieur Reparti, whom the French
+government has commissioned to fill the position made vacant by the
+death of General Pierre Paul. He arrived seven days ago, and is expected
+at this fort every hour."
+
+Monsieur Reparti did not arrive until the next day, when the second
+officer in command introduced Washington to him. He received Governor
+Dinwiddie's letter, and retired to translate it. In a short time,
+however, he sent for Washington and his interpreter to correct the
+translation, and see that it was well understood. Then dismissing
+Washington, Reparti called his officers to a council of war. While the
+French officers were thus engaged in secret, Washington had a good
+opportunity to ascertain the dimensions and equipments of the fort, and
+draw a plan of the same. He lost no time in making observations which
+would be of great benefit to his government. The following is a
+description of the fort which he recorded at the time to carry to
+Governor Dinwiddie:
+
+"It is situated on the south or west fork of French Creek, near the
+water, and is almost surrounded by the creek and a small branch of it,
+which form a kind of island. Four houses compose the sides. The bastions
+are made of piles driven into the ground, standing more than twelve feet
+above it, and sharp at top, with port-holes cut for cannon, and
+loop-holes for the small arms to fire through. There are eight six-pound
+pieces mounted in each bastion, and one piece of four pounds before the
+gate. In the bastions are a guard-house, chapel, doctor's lodging, and
+the commander's private store, round which are laid platforms for the
+cannon and men to stand on. There are several barracks without the fort,
+for the soldiers' dwellings, covered, some with bark and some with
+boards, made chiefly of logs. There are also several other houses, such
+as stables, smith's shop, etc.
+
+"I could get no certain account of the number of men here; but,
+according to the best judgment I could form, there are a hundred,
+exclusive of officers, of whom there are many. I also gave orders to the
+people who were with me to take an exact account of the canoes which
+were hauled up to convey their forces down in the spring. This they did,
+and sold fifty of birch-bark, and a hundred and seventy of pine, besides
+many others, which were blocked out, in readiness for being made."
+
+In his interview with the commander, Washington inquired of him: "By
+what authority have the French made prisoners of several of our English
+subjects?"
+
+"The country belongs to us," answered the commander, "and no Englishman
+has a right to trade upon these waters. I have orders to make prisoners
+of every Englishman who attempts it on these waters."
+
+"How about the boy who was captured and carried through this place?"
+asked Washington.
+
+"That a boy was captured and carried past here, I will not deny,"
+replied Reparti, "but I do not remember the name of the place he came
+from, nor understand the facts in the case particularly. The Indians had
+two or three scalps with them also."
+
+"But I was told at Venango that they had _eight_?" retorted Washington.
+
+Reparti was embarrassed here, and evaded an answer.
+
+"What has been done with John Trotter and James McClochlan, two
+Pennsylvania traders, whom the French captured and carried away with all
+their goods?" continued Washington.
+
+"They were sent to Canada, but I understand that they have now gone
+home," Reparti answered.
+
+On the next day Washington received the commander's reply to Governor
+Dinwiddie's letter, and therefore was ready to return. The snow was
+deep, the weather stormy, and the horses exhausted, so that the homeward
+journey was undertaken with much discouragement.
+
+When about ready to start, Washington found that the French were
+presenting large inducements to his Indian guides to remain. He was
+obliged to resort to strategy, and finally to reprimand, to frustrate
+their plans. When the French officers saw that all their efforts to
+detain them were fruitless, they offered them intoxicating liquors in
+order to overcome them. This device would have succeeded, as the Indians
+loved rum, but for Washington's emphatic protest. He charged the French
+officers with base efforts to hinder his mission, and forbade half-king,
+with imposing threats, to touch the liquor. In this way he succeeded in
+his purpose to start on his return journey.
+
+Just before starting, however, White Thunder received an injury, making
+it necessary for half-king to stay over with him until the next day, and
+take him down the river in a canoe.
+
+"Captain Joncaire will have a good opportunity to bribe you," suggested
+Washington.
+
+"Never," replied the half-king; "I know the French better than you do. I
+am a friend to the English."
+
+"But Captain Joncaire is a plausible Frenchman, and he will do his best
+to influence you," retorted Washington. "You must be guarded against his
+fair speech."
+
+The result of this interview was, that the whole party waited for White
+Thunder until the next day.
+
+The hardships of the return journey exceeded by far their previous
+experience, as indicated by Washington's journal:
+
+"We had a tedious and very fatiguing passage down the creek. Several
+times we had liked to have been staved against rocks, and many times
+were obliged all hands to get out and remain in the water half an hour
+or more, getting over the shoals. At one place the ice had lodged, and
+made it impassable by water; we were therefore obliged to carry our
+canoe across the neck of land, a quarter of a mile over. We did not
+reach Venango until the 22d, where we met with our horses.
+
+"This creek is extremely crooked. I dare say the distance between the
+fort and Venango cannot be less than one hundred and thirty miles, to
+follow the meanders."
+
+At Venango the horses, which Currin took there by land, were met, and
+the men relieved them by distributing the baggage among themselves in
+packs. In this way they traveled three days, the snow all the while
+increasing, and the horses becoming weaker and weaker. Washington saw
+that to keep with the party would delay his arrival at Williamsburg
+until the House of Burgesses had adjourned, which would be a
+disappointment to the public, as well as to the governor. If possible,
+the governor should receive his report before the adjournment of the
+Assembly.
+
+"There is only one way for us to go Mr. Gist," said Washington; "you and
+I must strike right through the wilderness alone, leaving the party to
+reach there as best they can. My report will be too late if we plod
+along in this way."
+
+"It may be later if we undertake so perilous an adventure alone,"
+responded Gist. "There is not one chance in ten of our ever reaching
+Williamsburg in that way."
+
+"You are too fearful altogether," replied Washington. "I think you and I
+are equal to the undertaking. No doubt we shall have a rough time of it,
+but we are used to that; it will be no novelty to us."
+
+"I shall abide by your decision," added Gist, "for you are commander of
+this expedition, and my duty is to obey. But I believe that both of us
+will repent of ever undertaking such an adventure."
+
+"Well, then, I will take the responsibility," said Washington, "and you
+and I will take the nearest and quickest route home."
+
+"Which may prove the longest, both in distance and time," retorted Gist.
+
+Washington put the remainder of the party, together with the baggage and
+horses, into the care of Van Braam, with instructions and money. He
+himself had traveled for three days in an "Indian's walking dress," but
+now made a change described in his journal thus:
+
+"I took my necessary papers, pulled off my clothes, and tied myself up
+in a watch-coat. Then, with gun in hand and pack on my back, in which
+were my papers and provisions, I set out with Mr. Gist, fitted in the
+same manner, on Wednesday, the 26th."
+
+They traveled eighteen miles on that day, and stopped for the night at
+an Indian cabin. Washington usually traveled on horseback, so that he
+was unused to the hardships of such a journey on foot, and he was much
+exhausted.
+
+They arose at two o'clock in the morning to continue their journey. When
+they reached Murdering Town, they fell in with an Indian who called Mr.
+Gist by name.
+
+"I saw you at Venango," said the Indian.
+
+Then Mr. Gist recognized him as an Indian whom he saw at Joncaire's in
+Venango, when they were on their journey to the French fort, which fact
+made him somewhat suspicious of the redskin.
+
+"I am glad to see you," insisted the Indian. "How does it happen that
+you are traveling on foot in this direction?"
+
+"Our business requires it," was Gist's short reply.
+
+"When did you leave Venango?" the Indian continued.
+
+Mr. Gist informed him.
+
+"Where did you leave your horses and the rest of your party?"
+
+Mr. Gist answered evasively.
+
+"And where are you going?"
+
+"To the forks of the Alleghany as direct as we can go," Washington
+answered. "Can you go with us and show us the nearest way?"
+
+"I can just as well as not," replied the Indian, "and I can take your
+pack along, too."
+
+From this point Washington was considerably relieved by transferring his
+pack to the back of the savage. They traveled very rapidly for ten
+miles, when Washington's feet grew sore, and he became very weary.
+
+"You are taking us too much northeasterly," said Mr. Gist to the Indian,
+suspicious that he was intentionally taking them out of their way.
+
+"That is what I think," added Washington. "I am quite confident that we
+are bearing too much to the northeast."
+
+The truth was, that both Washington and Mr. Gist were suspicious that
+the Indian was proving treacherous, though neither of them suggested the
+idea to the other.
+
+"But let us encamp here," continued Washington, "for I need rest."
+
+"I will carry your gun, and that will relieve you," said the Indian, a
+suggestion that strengthened suspicions already awakened.
+
+"No; I prefer to carry my own gun," replied Washington; "you will do
+your part if you carry my pack."
+
+"But it is not safe to encamp here," the Indian added, "for Ottawa
+Indians hunt in these woods, and they will scalp an Englishman wherever
+they find him. But if you will go to my cabin you are safe."
+
+"And where is your cabin?" inquired Gist.
+
+"So near that we could hear a gun if fired there now," the Indian
+replied.
+
+Although strongly suspicious of his designs, both followed him for a
+distance, steering in a more northerly direction. Gist grew uneasy, and
+stopping, said, "I will go no farther."
+
+"A whoop could be heard at my cabin now," the Indian insisted. "We shall
+soon be there."
+
+They traveled two miles farther, when Washington remarked:
+
+"I shall stop at the next place we find water, and you must stop, too,"
+addressing the Indian. This was said in a decisive manner. In a few
+moments they emerged from the woods into a long meadow. The Indian was
+three or four rods in advance of them. Suddenly stopping and turning
+about, the treacherous savage aimed his gun at Gist, and fired.
+
+"Are you shot?" cried Washington, rushing forward to his companion.
+"Are you shot?"
+
+"No; but it is what I feared from the time we employed the rascal to
+guide us," answered Gist. The shot missed.
+
+The Indian ran behind a large white oak, Washington and Gist following
+after him. Approaching the tree, they discovered that he was reloading
+his gun.
+
+"You rascal!" exclaimed Gist, raising his musket to give the Indian its
+contents.
+
+"No; that won't do," said Washington to Gist, pushing aside his gun. "We
+are worse off when you have killed him than we are now." He thought the
+tribe would avenge his death by killing them.
+
+"The villain deserves a bullet through his heart," shouted Gist, "and I
+can put one through with good relish."
+
+"Very true," answered Washington with the most astonishing coolness,
+"but it is not good policy for us to take his life now."
+
+Washington took away the Indian's gun and compelled him to walk ahead.
+At the first run of water he ordered him to build a camp fire, as if he
+designed to encamp there for the night. When this was done Gist said to
+him:
+
+"I suppose you were lost, and fired your gun."
+
+"No, I was not lost," answered the savage, "I know where my cabin is,
+and it is not far away."
+
+"Well, then," continued Gist, "do you go home, and here is a cake of
+bread for you, and you must provide meat for us in the morning."
+
+The Indian was glad enough to get away without being pierced by a
+bullet, and he promised them excellent fare the next morning. It was
+nine o'clock at night when he left them, taking with him his gun, that
+Washington returned to him. Gist followed him for quite a distance, to
+be sure that he was not deceiving them, and then hurried back.
+
+"Now, since you would not let me shoot the villain," he said to
+Washington, "we must shoulder our packs and hurry away, and walk all
+night, or we shall never see Williamsburg."
+
+"You are right, Gist, and we will be off at once; and the fellow may
+keep his meat till we come this way again," replied Washington, with as
+much composure as if their lives had not been in jeopardy. By the light
+of the camp fire their compass showed them which way to go.
+
+The excitement of this perilous episode seemed to rest Washington's
+weary limbs, so that they traveled rapidly through the whole night,
+finding themselves at the head of Piney Creek in the morning.
+Washington's journal has the following entry for that day:
+
+"The next day we continued traveling until quite dark, and got to the
+river, two miles above Shannopin's. We expected to have found the river
+frozen, but it was not, only about fifty yards from each shore. The ice,
+I suppose, had broken up above, for it was driving in vast quantities."
+
+"What next?" said Gist, with an air which indicated that he recalled his
+warning words to Washington about the perils of such a journey. "If the
+Indian's bullet had taken effect we should have been saved some trouble
+here."
+
+"A formidable difficulty, to be sure," answered Washington; "but a good
+share of wit and perseverance may overcome it. No way of getting over
+this stream, I think, except on a raft."
+
+"A raft!" exclaimed Gist. "A raft would be swamped in a giffy by that
+ice. Besides, what have we to build a raft with? A hatchet alone will
+not do it."
+
+"A hatchet is much better than nothing," responded Washington. "We will
+try what a hatchet can do towards it. If we fail, we will fail in
+trying."
+
+"Try it is, then," said Gist, rather admiring Washington's hopefulness
+and pluck than otherwise. "I am at your service, and if anybody can
+cross the river, I think a man of your grit can."
+
+So they set to work to construct a raft, with no implement but a
+solitary hatchet, consuming a whole day in the work. When the awkward
+affair was fairly launched, they went on board of it, and pushed off for
+the opposite shore. About mid-way of the river, the floating ice came
+down with such violence as to threaten the destruction of the raft.
+
+"We can never reach the shore on this craft," said Gist, in a tone
+indicating entire resignation to a watery grave.
+
+"Can't we stop the raft and let the ice go by?" answered Washington, at
+the same time putting down the setting pole to accomplish this purpose.
+But the rapidity of the torrent dashed the raft with such violence
+against the pole that it threw Washington into ten feet of water.
+
+"Hold on!" shouted Gist under the greatest alarm; "grasp this oar." And
+he reached out his oar to Washington, who had already caught hold of one
+of the raft-logs. A severe but short struggle, and he was on the raft
+again.
+
+"A cold bath," remarked Washington, as he stood upon the raft again,
+shaking the water from his drenched clothes.
+
+"It is a miracle that you were not drowned," replied Gist; "and you
+would have been if you were as nervous as some people."
+
+"I am cool enough now," said Washington, his wet clothes already
+beginning to stiffen on his back in the wintry blast. "I shall not
+despair so long as I remember that one faithful saint is praying for
+me," referring to the promise of his mother.
+
+They made a desperate effort to keep their craft right side up in the
+floating ice, but failed in the attempt.
+
+"No use!" exclaimed Gist. "We must quit the concern and make for that
+island."
+
+"Yes; and that immediately, if we would save ourselves," responded
+Washington, as he leaped into the water, followed by Gist. The island
+was but a few rods distant, and they reached it just at night, with the
+gloomy prospect of remaining shelterless upon it until the next morning.
+
+"Not much better off here than we were in the water," suggested Gist.
+"My fingers are frozen, and some of my toes; and what is to prevent the
+freezing of the remainder of my body?"
+
+"If we perish, we will perish trying to keep alive," remarked
+Washington. "We have plenty of room to exercise ourselves here, and keep
+up a circulation, with no fear of being shot at by savages. It will not
+do to sleep in this predicament."
+
+"It will be our last sleep if we do," answered Gist. "The cold is
+rapidly increasing, and I hardly see how any amount of exercise can save
+us."
+
+"Be a little more hopeful, Gist. I have faith to believe that we shall
+be saved yet," said Washington. "This increasing cold is providential,
+I think. It will freeze the river before morning, and thus provide a way
+for us to escape from this island."
+
+"Well, that is a hopeful view, I confess," replied Gist; "but how the
+biting cold can freeze the river without freezing us is incomprehensible
+to me."
+
+They made a remarkable night of it, and saved their lives by muscular
+exertion. They dashed about in the cold, gathering hope and courage from
+hour to hour as the water of the stream congealed harder and harder. In
+the morning they crossed the river on the ice, truly thankful to a kind
+Providence, which had delivered them from what, to human view, was
+inevitable death.
+
+Once upon the other side of the river, they made their way as speedily
+as possible to the house of Mr. Frazier, a few miles distant, where they
+regaled themselves with fire and food to their hearts' content,
+recounting their adventures, and causing all to wonder that they were
+still among the living.
+
+Here Washington met twenty warriors, who were going to the southward to
+war, but had returned from Great Kenhawa, because there they found a
+family of seven people killed and scalped.
+
+"Why did you return?" inquired Washington of a chief.
+
+"For fear the inhabitants might take us to be the murderers," the chief
+replied.
+
+"Did the condition of the bodies show that the massacre was recent?"
+Washington inquired further.
+
+"Not very recent; the bodies were scattered about, and several of them
+were much eaten by hogs," was the chief's answer.
+
+"Have you any suspicions as to who the murderers were?" urged
+Washington.
+
+"Certain marks which they left behind showed that the butchery was done
+by Indians of the Ottawa nation," was the information given in answer to
+his question.
+
+Mr. Frazier informed Washington that an Indian queen, living three miles
+distant, had taken offense because he did not call upon her on his way
+to the fort. As he was obliged to wait two days for horses, he paid her
+a visit and made her a present of a watch-coat.
+
+Washington's final entry in his journal is:
+
+"Tuesday, the 1st of January, 1774, we left Mr. Frazier's house, and
+arrived at Mr. Gist's, at Monongahela, the 2d, where I bought a horse
+and saddle. The 6th, we met seventeen horses loaded with materials and
+stores for a fort at the fork of the Ohio, and the day after, some
+families going out to settle. This day we arrived at Will's Creek,
+after as fatiguing a journey as it is possible to conceive, rendered so
+by excessive bad weather. From the first day of December to the
+fifteenth, there was but one day on which it did not rain or snow
+incessantly; and throughout the whole journey we met with nothing but
+one continued series of cold, wet weather, which occasioned very
+uncomfortable lodgings, especially after we had quitted our tent, which
+was some screen from the inclemency of it."
+
+Washington arrived at Williamsburg on the sixteenth day of January, and
+immediately reported to Governor Dinwiddie, delivering the reply of the
+French commander; the belts of wampum from the Indian tribes, as pledges
+of friendship; together with his journal, as his report of the
+expedition.
+
+Weems says, "The governor was much pleased with the Indian belts, more
+with the Frenchman's letter, but most of all with Washington's journal."
+
+"I shall have your journal published immediately," said the governor to
+Washington.
+
+"I beg your honor not to give it to the public in print," replied
+Washington; "it is a very defective document, written, as it was, in the
+wilderness, under the most unfavorable circumstances. It was intended
+for no eyes but yours."
+
+"My dear man," said the hearty Scotchman, "you are altogether too modest
+in this matter. I am sure that the document is worthy of the greatest
+publicity."
+
+"But you will grant me the privilege of amending it," pleaded
+Washington, almost frightened at the idea of his journal appearing in
+print.
+
+"Indeed, major, there is no time for that now," answered the governor.
+"The Assembly will rise to-morrow or next day, and I want each member to
+have several copies to carry home with him. You need not give yourself
+any uneasiness, man, for your journal is worthy of a perusal by the King
+of Great Britain, and I intend to present him with a copy."
+
+The journal went to press at once, and was in the hands of members of
+the Assembly before the adjournment. It was received with the greatest
+enthusiasm and praise everywhere, and was published in all the papers of
+the Colony. Copies were sent to England, and there it appeared in the
+journals of the day.
+
+
+
+
+XI.
+
+HIS FIRST BATTLE.
+
+
+Washington's report concerning the designs of the French created intense
+excitement in Virginia and the neighboring Colonies. Governor Dinwiddie
+could see no other way to maintain the dignity of his government than by
+a resort to arms. He so reported to his Majesty the King of England. The
+excitement there became even greater than it was in America. Everybody
+wanted to fight to vindicate the nation's honor. The popular
+conversation was a declaration of war against the French.
+
+The British Government was not long in framing instructions to the
+American Colonies, and orders were issued that they should unite in one
+confederacy and drive the French out of the land. The king directed
+Governor Dinwiddie to raise a force in Virginia, and the order was
+received with great enthusiasm. Washington was appointed to push
+recruiting, with headquarters at Alexandria. New York and South Carolina
+pledged two independent companies.
+
+Washington anticipated a rush of volunteers when the governor sent out
+his call for troops, but the small pay offered did not induce the
+stalwart yeomanry, and other reliable classes, to relinquish their
+honorable occupations at home for the hunger and hardships of war. The
+result was, that a very unreliable class offered to enlist. One writer
+says:
+
+"There gathered about him a rabble of ragamuffins and worthless fellows,
+who had spent their lives in tramping up and down the country, without
+settled homes or occupations. Some were without hats and shoes; some had
+coats and no shirts, some had shirts and no coats; and all were without
+arms, or any keen desire to use them if they had them. All this
+disgusted and disheartened our youthful colonel not a little, for he was
+young, and had yet to learn that it is of just such stuff that the
+beginnings of armies are always made."
+
+Washington wrote to Governor Dinwiddie in a very desponding tone,
+complaining of the want of patriotism in the Colony. Immediately the
+governor came to his relief by issuing a proclamation, in which he said:
+
+"Two hundred thousand acres of the very best land on the head-water of
+the Ohio will be appropriated, and divided among those who enlist and
+serve during the war."
+
+The effect of this order was good, and soon one company was raised and
+sent forward, under Captain Trent, to occupy the junction of the
+Monongahela and Alleghany Rivers, and there erect a fort, before the
+French could possess it. This was the spot which Washington recommended
+to Governor Dinwiddie as an admirable location for a fort.
+
+When the work of recruiting was completed, the governor offered the
+command of the whole force to Washington, although Colonel Fry was
+entitled to it by right of seniority. Such was Washington's popularity,
+that Governor Dinwiddie knew the people would hail the appointment with
+unfeigned satisfaction. But Washington, with his usual modest estimate
+of himself, said to a friend:
+
+"I cannot take the responsibility; I am not equal to it."
+
+"That is not for you to say," urged his friend. "The people believe that
+you are just the man for the place, and will not be satisfied unless you
+take command."
+
+"The command belongs to Colonel Fry, whose competency no one disputes,
+and whose age is certainly a qualification in his favor," answered
+Washington.
+
+"All that may be true; it probably is true; nevertheless, the governor
+understands what the popular demand is, and has acted accordingly," his
+friend retorted. "My advice is, accept the position, and bury your
+modesty."
+
+"It is not modesty," protested Washington. "I have too much love for my
+country to do anything to prejudice her interests."
+
+On declining to assume the chief command, Washington wrote to Colonel
+Corbin, who desired that he should accept, as follows:
+
+"The command of the whole forces is what I neither look for, expect, or
+desire, for I must be impartial enough to confess it is a charge too
+great for my youth and inexperience to be intrusted with. Knowing this,
+I have too sincere a love for my country to undertake that which may
+tend to the prejudice of it. But, if I could entertain hopes that you
+thought me worthy of the post of lieutenant-colonel, and would favor me
+so far as to mention it at the appointment of officers, I could not but
+entertain a true sense of the kindness. I flatter myself that, under a
+skilful commander or man of sense (which I most sincerely wish to serve
+under), with my own application and diligent study of my duty, I shall
+be able to conduct my steps without censure, and, in time, render myself
+worthy of the promotion that I shall be favored with now."
+
+Colonel Joshua Fry was appointed to the chief command, and Washington
+was made lieutenant-colonel.
+
+While Washington was attending to his duties at Alexandria, an incident
+occurred which illustrates the strength of his moral character. There
+was an election for members of the House of Burgesses, and the two
+opposing candidates in that district were Colonel George Fairfax and a
+Mr. Elzey.
+
+"I am well acquainted with Colonel Fairfax," remarked Washington to the
+bystanders, "and I know him to be abundantly qualified for the position.
+He is able, and a true patriot."
+
+"As much can be said of Mr. Elzey, and perhaps more," replied a man by
+the name of Payne, a great friend and admirer of the latter gentleman.
+"His experience qualifies him for the office beyond most men in the
+district."
+
+Here Washington remarked, somewhat sarcastically, that character, after
+all, in such times, was the highest qualification, a remark that was
+readily construed into an insinuation that Payne's candidate did not
+possess it, whereupon Payne struck him so violently with a stick as to
+knock him down.
+
+A scene followed. Washington's friends sprang forward to his rescue, but
+he was on his feet before their help reached him. They turned upon his
+assailant.
+
+"What do you mean, you dastard?" exclaimed one.
+
+"Take him into custody"! shouted another.
+
+"Knock him down!" bawled a third.
+
+"No, gentlemen," interrupted Washington, just in season to prevent a
+collision, "do not touch the man. Perhaps he was not altogether to
+blame. My remark was hasty. Let us have no more trouble."
+
+The officers and others present were nearly as much surprised by
+Washington's intercession for his assailant as they were by the latter's
+heartless blow, and they stood speechless. The young commander remained
+until the excitement ceased, when he repaired to his lodgings at the
+hotel, where he immediately wrote a note to Mr. Payne, asking him to
+call in the morning.
+
+Anticipating a challenge to a duel, Payne armed himself with a pistol in
+the morning before making the call. To his surprise, Washington met him
+at the door with an apology.
+
+"I ask your pardon for an offence given in an unguarded moment," he
+said, grasping his hand.
+
+Payne was thoroughly embarrassed by this reception, and he was so filled
+with admiration by the magnanimity of the act, that he became one of
+Washington's warmest friends. Their mutual friendship lasted as long as
+they lived.
+
+Mr. McGuire very properly says of this deed:
+
+"How noble and becoming was this conduct! It was especially admirable in
+a youthful soldier, whose very profession exposed him to peculiar
+temptations on such an occasion. How many would have been driven, by the
+fear of reproach and dread of unfavorable insinuations, to incur the
+hazards of a duel, thus offering up at the shrine of honor the costly
+sacrifice of human life. It was not possible that a man like Washington,
+so endowed with moral courage and regard for virtue, should be moved by
+the fear of man to such a course. He dreaded not the charge of cowardice
+from the mouths of fools. In his own bosom he had its ample refutation.
+He was conscious of a fortitude which no dangers could shake. To
+display it in murdering a fellow-citizen was not his ambition. He had
+before him the tented field and the enemies of his country, and he was
+pledged for the hazards of a mortal conflict in her defence. Here he was
+willing to show his courage and lay down his life. He would not do so to
+gratify revenge, or win applause from the vain."
+
+When Washington had recruited two more companies of fifty men each, he
+applied to Governor Dinwiddie for permission to advance for the better
+protection of the frontier. Having procured the order from the governor,
+he marched out of camp, equipped not only with arms, but also with
+implements of labor for constructing a road over which supplies and
+cannon might be readily transported. This was a great undertaking, since
+there were giant trees to be felled, hills to be levelled, marshes to be
+filled, rocks to be blasted, and bridges to be built. So great a work
+was this, that the little army was fourteen days going thirteen miles.
+They reached Will's Creek on the 24th of April, 1754, where Washington
+unexpectedly met Captain Trent.
+
+"What are you doing here, captain," said Washington, somewhat surprised
+at seeing him.
+
+"Recruiting my command," answered Trent. "I need more men to construct
+the fort."
+
+"That is certain, and we need more men everywhere," responded
+Washington. "It is fearfully hard work to prosecute such a campaign with
+so few men. But how are you succeeding?"
+
+"As well as could be expected under the circumstances. I am thankful for
+the smallest number of recruits, for forty men to construct and garrison
+a fort at the forks of the Ohio is altogether too small a force."
+
+While discussing this matter, Ensign Ward entered the camp, and
+surprised both Washington and Trent by saying:
+
+"The garrison at the fort have surrendered to the French."
+
+Captain Trent left Ensign Ward in command of his force at the forks,
+while he was recruiting at Will's Creek.
+
+"How can that be?" exclaimed Trent, surprised beyond measure.
+
+"On the 17th," the ensign explained, "we were surprised by the
+appearance of the French fleet in the river, under the command of
+Captain Contrecoeur, consisting of three hundred canoes and sixty
+batteaux, carrying a thousand men and eighteen cannon."
+
+"To take possession of the forks and erect a fort for their own
+defence," interjected Washington, who had called the attention of
+Governor Dinwiddie to the probability of such an event.
+
+"Yes, that was what they came for," replied Ward; "and they were glad to
+see one so far under way, no doubt, as it would lighten their labors."
+
+"Did they make an attack?" inquired Washington.
+
+"Captain Contrecoeur planted his cannon to sweep the fort, drew up his
+men in readiness for an attack, and then sent a demand to the English to
+surrender in one hour, or he would open fire."
+
+"Under the circumstances you could not object with much resolution,"
+remarked Washington.
+
+"I didn't, but surrendered without parleying," replied Ward; "and we
+were allowed to march out bearing our arms and all our tools."
+
+"This is a declaration of war," remarked Washington, "and we must govern
+ourselves accordingly."
+
+He called his officers together for consultation, and said to them:
+
+"The French have now invaded the frontier of the Colony, and as I
+construe my instructions from the government, it is my duty to march
+forward to meet the invaders."
+
+"Without reinforcements from Colonel Fry?" anxiously inquired one of his
+officers.
+
+"No. We can march to the mouth of Red Stone Creek, which is thirty-seven
+miles above the fort captured by the French, there throw up defences,
+and await the arrival of reinforcements."
+
+A messenger was posted away to Colonel Fry, while the army took up the
+line of march to Red Stone Creek, where it hastily intrenched and
+awaited reinforcements.
+
+About the 1st of May, Captain Stevens arrived with his company of fifty
+men. Colonel Fry remained at his post to complete arrangements and bring
+up supplies; but he suddenly died, so that Washington was forced to act
+as commander-in-chief.
+
+With his little army increased to one hundred and fifty men, Washington
+proceeded to Great Meadows, making a road suitable for transporting
+supplies as he advanced, and reaching his destination on the 27th of
+May. They had but just encamped when Mr. Gist arrived.
+
+"I have seen the trail of a party within five miles of you, which I am
+sure were French," he said to Washington, under evident excitement.
+
+"I am not surprised at that announcement," replied Washington. "War is
+inevitable, and we must accept the issue. We must look after these
+French."
+
+"Or they will look after _us_," retorted Gist. "The French mean
+business; there can be no doubt of that. Unless we mean business it
+is all up with us."
+
+"I will pursue them at once," continued Washington; and he took forty
+men, leaving the remainder of his force to work on the intrenchments.
+Half-king, with a few Indians, joined him, and when it was supposed they
+were in the vicinity of the French party, two Indian scouts were sent
+forward, who discovered their camp two miles distant. It was in the dawn
+of the morning, and they had traveled all night through the driving
+storm and darkness, and, of course, were poorly prepared for battle. But
+Washington determined upon an attack immediately. Arranging his own men
+on the right and the Indians on the left, he advanced rapidly upon the
+enemy. The latter were taken unawares, but they sprang to their arms and
+opened fire on catching sight of the English. A brief, sharp, bloody
+encounter ensued, when the French surrendered, having lost ten men
+killed and one wounded. Twenty-one were taken prisoners. Washington's
+loss was one man killed and two or three wounded.
+
+Among the slain Frenchmen was their popular commander, Captain
+Jumonville. The twenty-one prisoners were sent, under a strong guard, to
+Governor Dinwiddie, with a plea from Washington that they should be
+treated with humanity. He withstood Tanacharisson and his redskins, who
+wanted to slay every one of the prisoners, and rebuked their revengeful
+spirit.
+
+"The French army at the forks will avenge the death of Jumonville," said
+Washington to Gist, "and the whole force will march against us."
+
+"They will if they are like the rest of mankind," responded Gist, "and
+that, too, without waiting for ceremony."
+
+"We will be prepared for them," added Washington. "It will never do for
+an army to be caught napping, especially a little one like mine."
+
+"But you will fight against great odds," suggested Gist; "the French
+have every advantage in men and means."
+
+"True, very true, but we must make our fortifications strong at the
+Meadows, and do the best we can."
+
+This little conquering squad of English rejoined the army at the
+Meadows, and proceeded at once to make their fort impregnable. Here
+Washington soon received additional reinforcements, swelling his army to
+four hundred soldiers. Among them was a company of one hundred men from
+North Carolina, under Captain Mackey. The latter officer made some
+trouble for Washington by claiming superiority of rank, because his
+commission was from the King of England, while Washington's was from a
+provincial governor only. However, this difficulty was soon adjusted
+through Washington's tact and magnanimity.
+
+The army was short of provisions at this time, supplies not having been
+sent forward as Washington expected. His men were very much tried, and
+many of them were exasperated. Adding hunger and needless suffering to
+their pittance of pay was quite enough to demoralize the rank and file.
+Washington could not blame them much, in the circumstances, although the
+discontent added to his trials. He wrote to Governor Dinwiddie in his
+troubles, as follows:
+
+"Giving up my commission is quite contrary to my intentions. Nay, I ask
+it as a greater favor than any amongst the many I have received from
+your honor, to confirm it to me. But let me serve voluntarily; then I
+will, with the greatest pleasure in life, devote my services to the
+expedition, without any other reward than the satisfaction of serving my
+country; but to be slaving dangerously for the shadow of pay, through
+woods, rocks, and mountains, I would rather prefer the great toil of a
+day laborer, and dig for a maintenance, provided I were reduced to the
+necessity, than serve upon such ignoble terms.... I hope what I have
+said will not be taken amiss, for I really believe, were it as much in
+your power as it is in your inclination, we should be treated as
+gentlemen and officers, and not have annexed to the most trifling pay
+that ever was given to English officers the glorious allowance of
+soldier's diet, a pound of pork, with bread in proportion, per day. Be
+the consequence what it will, I am determined not to leave the regiment,
+but to be among the last men to quit the Ohio."
+
+Washington preferred to serve his country without pay rather than have
+the reputation of being paid when receiving but a pittance, and half
+starved into the bargain. His appeal was a sincere and earnest one for
+his soldiers.
+
+As on former occasions, Washington was his own chaplain. Twice a day his
+little army were called to prayers in the fort, which he himself
+conducted. On the Sabbath only works of necessity were performed, and he
+conducted religious services. Sometimes his brief remarks, called forth
+by the condition of his army, deeply impressed his listeners, who knew
+that they were honest words from a true heart.
+
+He was exceedingly annoyed by the profanity and wickedness of his men,
+and at one time he issued the following order:
+
+"Colonel Washington has observed that the men of his regiment are very
+profane and reprobate. He takes this opportunity to inform them of his
+great displeasure at such practices, and assures them that, if they do
+not leave them off, they shall be severely punished. The officers are
+desired, if they hear any men swear or make use of an oath or
+execration, to order the offender twenty-five lashes immediately,
+without a court-martial. For a second offence he shall be more severely
+punished."
+
+As the French army did not make its appearance after waiting many days
+for it, Washington resolved to march upon Fort Duquesne, as the French
+had named their stronghold at the forks in honor of the governor of
+Canada.
+
+Leaving Captain Mackey with his company to garrison the fort, Washington
+advanced towards the forks. But he had marched only thirteen miles when
+he met several friendly Indians, one of whom said:
+
+"The French are on the march against you."
+
+"How far away?" inquired Washington.
+
+"A few miles only."
+
+"In large force?"
+
+"Eight hundred Frenchmen and four hundred Indians."
+
+"I can hardly credit that they are coming with so large a force,"
+replied Washington. "That is a formidable army for my small army to
+fight."
+
+The Indians convinced him that it was even so, whereupon he called a
+council of war, when it was unanimously decided to retreat to their base
+of supplies. After two days of wearisome marching, on the retreat, they
+reached the fort at the Great Meadows. Here many of the men and horses
+were so exhausted and weak for the want of food that Washington decided
+to make a stand there. He was forced to stop there, and so he named the
+stockade "Fort Necessity."
+
+The able-bodied soldiers were set to work digging a trench around the
+fortifications, and felling large trees to obstruct the march of the
+enemy upon their works. But their labors were far from being completed
+when, on the morning of July 3, a wounded sentinel came rushing into
+camp and shouting, "The enemy is upon us! The French army is here!"
+
+The drum beat the soldiers into line quickly, outside of their
+fortifications, though subsequently they were withdrawn into the fort.
+About eleven o'clock the enemy opened a heavy fire upon the fort, which
+was returned with spirit.
+
+"Waste no powder; fire at discretion; and where-ever you discover a
+head, pick it off," were Washington's instructions to his men.
+
+The battle raged all day until eight o'clock in the evening, when the
+French commander, Monsieur De Villiers, sent a flag of truce. Supposing
+it was a scheme to get a spy within the fort to discover its strength,
+Washington declined to receive it. But De Villiers, evidently thinking
+the English force was much larger than it actually was, persisted in his
+application for a parley. He asked that an English officer be sent to
+him, promising him absolute safety.
+
+Washington sent Van Braam, who returned in a short time with articles of
+capitulation for him to sign, and he was accompanied by De Villiers
+himself.
+
+Washington declined to sign them until they were amended to suit his
+wishes. About midnight the articles were signed, and the fort
+surrendered.
+
+On the morning of July 4, 1754, the little army marched out of the fort,
+with banners flying and the band playing, carrying their arms with them,
+so that there was no degradation in the surrender. As the French had
+killed all of Washington's horses and cattle, he could not take away his
+cannon and heavy baggage; so it was stipulated that these should be
+protected until he could send for them.
+
+In this his first battle, Washington lost fifty-eight men, while the
+French lost two hundred in killed and wounded.
+
+Washington marched his little army back to Williamsburg, where he was
+received with distinguished honors. The governor tendered him hearty
+thanks in behalf of the government; and the House of Burgesses, which
+soon assembled, unanimously adopted a vote of thanks "for their bravery,
+and the gallant manner in which they had conducted themselves in the
+defence of the country." A resolution was passed, also, granting an
+appropriation of four hundred pistoles to be distributed among the
+soldiers who had aided in the expedition. In addition, the assembly made
+an appropriation of ten thousand dollars, in October following, for the
+public service; and soon afterwards the English government forwarded
+fifty thousand dollars for the same purpose.
+
+The defeat of Washington did not appear to modify the public confidence
+in him. The people knew full well the great odds against which he
+contended, and judged him accordingly. That he should defend Fort
+Necessity so long and so successfully, when fatigue and hunger were
+creating discontent, was proof to them of skill and courage; and that he
+should secure terms of capitulation so honorable, appeared to them a
+reason of praise rather than censure.
+
+French historians have censured Washington for the death of Jumonville,
+denominating the attack upon his small party "assassination." They claim
+that he was sent upon an embassy, of which there is not a shadow of
+proof. On the other hand, there is positive evidence that Jumonville was
+conducting a reconnoitering party, to ascertain the position and
+strength of the English.
+
+Washington's report to Governor Dinwiddie, and the latter's letter to
+Lord Albemarle, establish the facts in the case beyond contradiction.
+For this reason we introduce them here:
+
+"I set out with forty men before ten, and it was from that time till
+near sunrise before we reached the Indians' camp, having marched in
+small paths, through a heavy rain, and a night as dark as it is possible
+to conceive. We were frequently tumbling over one another, and often so
+lost that fifteen or twenty minutes' search would not find the path
+again.
+
+"When we came to the half-king, I counselled with him, and got his
+assent to go hand in hand and strike the French. Accordingly he,
+Monacawacha, and a few other Indians, set out with us; and when we came
+to the place where the troops were, the half-king sent two Indians to
+follow the tracks and discover their lodgment, which they did, at a very
+obscure place, surrounded with rocks. I, thereupon, in conjunction with
+the half-king and Monacawacha, formed a disposition to attack them on
+all sides, which we accordingly did; and, after an engagement of fifteen
+minutes, we killed ten, wounded one, and took twenty-one prisoners.
+Amongst those killed was Monsieur Jumonville, the commander. The
+principal officers taken are Monsieur Drouillon, and Monsieur La Force,
+of whom your Honor has often heard me speak as a bold, enterprising man,
+and a person of great subtlety and cunning. These officers pretend that
+they were coming on an embassy; but the absurdity of this pretext is too
+glaring, as you will see by the instructions and summons enclosed. Their
+instructions were to reconnoiter the country, roads, creeks, and the
+like, as far as the Potomac, which they were about to do. These
+enterprising men were purposely chosen out to procure intelligence,
+which they were to send back by some brisk despatches, _with the mention
+of the day that they were to serve the summons_, which could be with no
+other view than to get reinforcements to fall upon us immediately
+after."
+
+Governor Dinwiddie wrote to Lord Albemarle as follows:
+
+"The prisoners said they were come as an embassy from the fort: but your
+lordship knows that ambassadors do not come with such an armed force
+without a trumpet or any other sign of friendship; nor can it be thought
+that they were on an embassy, by their staying so long reconnoitering
+our small camp, but more probably that they expected a reinforcement to
+cut us off."
+
+
+
+XII.
+
+ ON GENERAL BRADDOCK'S STAFF.
+
+With the quite liberal provisions now made for the public service,
+Governor Dinwiddie resolved to increase the army to ten companies of one
+hundred men each, and capture Fort Duquesne at once. He sent for
+Washington, now twenty-two years of age, and laid his plan before him.
+
+"It will prove disastrous," was Washington's prompt answer, to the
+surprise of the governor.
+
+"You surprise me!" rejoined the governor. "With a thousand men I thought
+the fort could easily be captured."
+
+"But you do not take into account the time required to drill the army
+and march to the fort," answered Washington. "Winter will be upon us
+before we are ready to besiege the fort."
+
+"I hardly see the need of consuming as much time as you indicate in
+preparation," suggested the governor.
+
+"You would understand it if you had had the experience with a
+half-drilled army through one campaign, as I have had," replied
+Washington.
+
+"But your force was a very small one," suggested Governor Dinwiddie.
+"With two or three times as many men you will be able to reduce the fort
+without the drill."
+
+"My experience rather teaches me that the larger the army the more
+necessary the drill, in order to handle it efficiently," Washington
+replied.
+
+"Then you are opposed to such a campaign now, under any circumstances,
+if I understand you," continued the governor.
+
+"My judgment decides against the practicability of such an expedition;
+nevertheless, I am at your service. My duty is to obey." This was
+Washington's sincere reply.
+
+Governor Dinwiddie was a conceited man, jealous of his own authority,
+and he did not like to be opposed by such a stripling as Colonel
+Washington, much less was he willing to abandon a project of his own by
+the advice of an inferior officer. For this reason he adhered to his
+original plan, and instructed Washington to fill up his regiment to a
+thousand as soon as possible. With what feelings Washington undertook
+this task may be learned from his letter to William Fairfax, Esq.,
+president of Governor Dinwiddie's council:
+
+"I have orders to complete my regiment, and not a sixpence is sent for
+that purpose. Can it be imagined that subjects fit for this service, who
+have been so much impressed with and alarmed at the want of provisions,
+which was a main objection to enlisting before, will more readily engage
+now, without money, than they did before with it?... To show you the
+state of the regiment, I have sent you a report, by which you will
+perceive what great deficiencies there are of men, arms, tents, kettles,
+screws (which was a fatal want before), bayonets, cartouch-boxes, and
+everything else. Again, were our men ever so willing to go, for want of
+the proper necessaries of life they are now unable to do it. The chief
+part are almost naked, and scarcely a man has either _shoes, stockings,
+or a hat_. These things the merchants will not credit them for. The
+country has made no provision. They have no money themselves, and it
+cannot be expected that the officers will engage for them again,
+personally having suffered greatly on this head already.... There is not
+a man that has a blanket to secure him from cold or wet."
+
+That the conceited provincial governor was bent upon having his own way
+is evident from the fact that he wrote privately to England, and secured
+the passage of an act that made provincial officers of the army inferior
+to the English officers in rank. Under this act, Washington's rank would
+be that of captain instead of colonel.
+
+"Of course I shall not serve longer in the army under such an
+arrangement," said Washington to Mr. Fairfax. "Not that I covet higher
+rank, but self-respect requires me to throw up my commission."
+
+"For one, I can never blame you," replied Fairfax. "The animus of the
+thing is suited to discourage every soldier in the colony. If England
+expects the Colonies to fight her battles under such an arrangement, she
+will be greatly disappointed."
+
+"So I think," answered Washington; "and if I do not mistake the temper
+of the colonists, they will never submit to such injustice; never. It is
+but the most reasonable thing that provincial troops should be placed
+upon the same footing as the king's. They should be as liberally
+provided for, and enjoy the opportunities of promotion equally with the
+others."
+
+"Unless they do, England cannot long claim colonies in North America,"
+added Fairfax.
+
+As indicated by the foregoing, Washington returned his commission, and
+other officers did the same. The measure which Governor Dinwiddie
+adopted to bring Washington to terms, and put the army more directly
+under his own control, suddenly upset his authority. Instead of marching
+upon Fort Duquesne at once, a speedy abandonment of the enterprise was
+forced upon him. He could snub Washington, but he could not compel him
+to recruit and lead the army. Washington retired to private life at
+Mount Vernon.
+
+Governor Dinwiddie was never in such trouble before. Fort Duquesne
+haunted him in his sleep. The stripling of a colonel had outwitted his
+Excellency. What could he do?
+
+The British Government advised a confederacy of the Colonies, believing
+that "in union there is strength." Accordingly, a delegate convention
+was called at Albany, "to form a league with the Six Nations of Indians,
+and to concert among themselves a plan of united operations for defence
+against the common enemy." The New England States, New York,
+Pennsylvania, and Maryland accepted the proposition, and sent delegates
+to the convention. A league was formed with the Six Nations, but the
+convention could not agree upon a plan of common defence acceptable both
+to the colonies and the British Government. Benjamin Franklin was a
+member of the convention from Pennsylvania, holding the position of
+postmaster-general under the king at the time and he presented a plan
+that was accepted by all the delegates except those from Connecticut.
+For the want of complete union, the project was abandoned, and the
+British ministry took the conduct of the war into their own hands. They
+promptly adopted measures to force the French Government to retire from
+their advanced position in America.
+
+In January, 1755, General Braddock was sent from Ireland, with two
+regiments of infantry, well equipped and well drilled. Their arrival
+aroused the depressed Colonists to enthusiasm. They forgot the troubles
+that had divided them, and united to expel the French from the country.
+
+General Braddock reported to Governor Dinwiddie at Williamsburg, and
+laid before him his plans of operation. As the fame of the youthful
+Washington had reached him in the old country, his thoughts were very
+naturally directed to him in this interview.
+
+"Where is Colonel Washington," he inquired. "I long to see him."
+
+"He is retired from the service, sir," replied the governor.
+
+"Retired?" exclaimed General Braddock. "Colonel Washington retired?
+Pray, sir, what is the reason?"
+
+"He was displeased with the king's order reducing the rank of provincial
+officers," answered the governor. And he proceeded to explain the matter
+in full, without exposing his own agency in the matter. General Braddock
+heard him through, when he retorted with indignation:
+
+"Colonel Washington is right. It is a shame for the government to issue
+such an order, and as unjust as it is shameful."
+
+"But your disciplined troops are far more valuable than an undisciplined
+force like ours," suggested the governor.
+
+"Granted," answered General Braddock; "and so much more credit to
+Colonel Washington, who handled undisciplined troops so well. He must be
+a brave and efficient officer."
+
+"He is," responded Governor Dinwiddie; "no one disputes that."
+
+"Then he ought to have the chance for promotion that the king's officers
+do," interrupted the general. "I don't like such partiality. Colonel
+Washington must be brought back into service."
+
+"I should be glad to see him in active service again, and nothing would
+please our people more," rejoined the governor. "He is an idol with the
+Colonists, he has proved himself so loyal, brave, and efficient."
+
+"Well, where is he? I must see him," continued General Braddock.
+
+He was told that he was on his farm at Mount Vernon.
+
+"Then he must leave his farm for the service of his country, as
+Cincinnatus did," interjected Braddock.
+
+General Braddock addressed a letter to him, soliciting an interview, and
+appealing to him strongly to give his able services to the "common
+cause." He urged him to join his army, and offered him an honorable
+position upon his staff.
+
+Washington was too much of a patriot to allow his personal grievance to
+interfere with the defence of his country in these circumstances, and he
+waited upon General Braddock at Alexandria, and accepted the position.
+However, he wrote to a friend that it was not altogether patriotism that
+determined his decision.
+
+"I must be ingenuous enough to confess," he wrote, "that I am not a
+little biassed by selfish considerations. To explain: I wish earnestly
+to attain some knowledge in the military profession, and, believing a
+more favorable opportunity cannot offer than to serve under an officer
+of General Braddock's abilities and experience, it does, you may
+reasonably suppose, contribute not a little to influence my choice."
+
+As soon as possible after the arrival of General Braddock, Governor
+Dinwiddie called a conference of the governors of five Colonies to
+discuss war measures. The result of the conference was the plan of
+undertaking three expeditions. "The first of these was to be conducted
+by Braddock, with the British troops, against Fort Duquesne; the second,
+under the command of Governor Shirley of Maryland, now honored with the
+commission of general from the king, was intended for the reduction of
+the French fort of Niagara, and was composed of American regulars and
+Indians; the third was an expedition against Crown Point, to be
+undertaken by a regiment of militia."
+
+As soon as Washington's mother learned that her son had decided to join
+Braddock's army, she hastened to Mount Vernon in great distress.
+
+"I hoped you had quit war forever, George," she said, "and would be
+content to look after your farm and mother, without exposing yourself to
+death any more."
+
+"A man must be loyal to his country, mother," replied Washington. "He is
+not much of a man if he is not willing to risk his life for his
+country."
+
+"I will not dispute you, George, on that point," continued his mother;
+"but somehow I had got it into my mind that you were through with war,
+and I was glad of it. I suppose that a mother's love had more to do with
+it than patriotism."
+
+"But you believe in patriotism?" added Washington.
+
+"Of course I do."
+
+"But do not want your son to be patriotic," he quickly added, knowing
+exactly what course to pursue in order to secure his mother's approval.
+
+"Not so, George," Mrs. Washington answered. "I honor patriotism, and if
+it is _necessary_ for you to join the army again, I am willing. As I
+said, a mother's love got the better of me for the moment."
+
+"It does seem necessary for me to go, mother, in the circumstances,"
+added Washington. "As I am situated the refusal might be easily
+construed into a lack of patriotism. This is a critical time for the
+Colonies, when loyalty and patriotism alone can sustain their cause."
+
+"You are right, my son, and I will heartily withdraw my objections,"
+responded Mrs. Washington, touched by her son's devotion to his country.
+"My prayers are all that I can give to my country, and these it shall
+have. That God may protect you through all the dangers and hardships of
+war, and return you in safety, will be my constant prayer. With His
+blessing you can be a useful man in war, as in peace, and without it you
+can expect nothing."
+
+Thus, as before, Washington entered upon the campaign with his mother's
+pious benediction. On the 9th of June he left Alexandria with Braddock's
+army, recruited to nearly three thousand men. Virginia raised three
+companies of her best marksmen, who joined the British troops. When the
+march began, and Washington took in the grand military display, every
+soldier well clad and equipped, instead of being ragged and poorly
+armed, he said, "This is the grandest spectacle I ever beheld."
+
+As another has said, "Not the shabby, discouraging, inglorious war of
+men without hats and shoes, kettles and bayonets, but the military array
+of a young officer's brightest dreams: a host in gallant uniforms, with
+nodding plumes, the clang of inspiring music, and the dazzling splendor
+of banners flaunting in the sun. Victory was a thing of course. The want
+of proper equipment had occasioned defeat and mortification. The
+presence of everything that a soldier's heart could wish or his fancy
+devise was sure to bring triumph that would extinguish all memory of
+former failure."
+
+General Braddock was an experienced officer, but he knew nothing of
+Indian warfare. Evidently he regarded the French as his chief
+antagonists, and supposed that an easy victory could be won. His
+conversation with Benjamin Franklin, who visited him, as
+postmaster-general, to make arrangements for the transmission of the
+mails to and from the army, reveals much of the general's character.
+
+"Not a long campaign, I think," he remarked to Franklin.
+
+"Nevertheless a hard one," answered Franklin. "In such a country as
+this, campaigning is attended with serious difficulties."
+
+"But difficulties lessen before experienced officers and soldiers,"
+responded Braddock.
+
+"Can you give me any idea of your intended progress?" inquired Franklin,
+for the purpose of drawing him out, and learning what were his real
+ideas of the country.
+
+"After taking Fort Duquesne," Braddock replied, "I am to proceed to
+Niagara; and, having taken that, to Frontenac, if the season will allow,
+and I suppose it will, for Duquesne can hardly detain me above three or
+four days; and then I can see nothing to obstruct my march to Niagara."
+
+"I supposed that it would require a longer time than that to reduce Fort
+Duquesne," said Washington. "The French have had ample time to
+strengthen their fortification."
+
+"That may be, but I do not apprehend much difficulty in accomplishing my
+object there," was the general's confident reply.
+
+"To be sure, sir," continued Franklin, "if you arrive well before
+Duquesne with these fine troops, so well provided with artillery,
+the fort, though completely fortified and assisted with a very strong
+garrison, can probably make but a short resistance. The only danger I
+apprehend of obstruction to your march is from the ambuscades of the
+Indians, who, by constant practice, are dexterous in laying and
+executing them; and your slender line of troops, nearly four miles long,
+which your army must make, may expose it to be attacked by surprise on
+its flanks, and to be cut like thread into several pieces, which, from
+their distance, cannot come up in time to support one another."
+
+General Braddock smiled at what he thought was Franklin's ignorance, and
+answered in a self-assuring manner:
+
+"These savages may, indeed, be a formidable enemy to raw American
+militia; but upon the king's regular and disciplined troops, sir, it is
+impossible they should make an impression."
+
+In describing this interview afterwards, Franklin said sarcastically:
+
+"I was conscious of an impropriety in my disputing with a military man
+in matters of his profession and said no more."
+
+Washington was so ill after the army reached the great crossings of the
+Youghiogeny, that Dr. Craik advised him to stop until he rallied. He had
+been feverish for several days, and for that reason had ridden in a
+covered wagon.
+
+"Death is almost inevitable if you continue," said Dr. Craik. "Stop here
+until the violence of your fever abates, and then you can come up with
+Dunbar's rear division."
+
+"I think you are unnecessarily alarmed, doctor," answered Washington.
+"In a few days I shall be all right. It will be a great trial to me to
+stop here and not advance with the army."
+
+"It may prove a greater trial for you to advance," suggested Dr. Craik.
+"Rest and quiet may restore you speedily now, but it may be too late
+three days hence."
+
+General Braddock also appealed to him.
+
+"You are altogether too unwell to proceed, Colonel Washington," he said,
+"and you must not attempt it."
+
+"But I would not miss being with you at the attack upon Fort Duquesne
+for five hundred pounds," replied Washington.
+
+"And you will not if you stop here until you are better; but if you go
+on, you may be dead and buried by that time, or too sick to participate
+in the battle," was the general's wise answer.
+
+"I will stop here if you will promise that I shall rejoin the army
+before an engagement," added Washington.
+
+"I pledge you my word of honor, in the most solemn manner, that it shall
+be effected."
+
+Washington remained, soon rallied, and rejoined the army when it was
+encamped about two miles from the Monongahela River.
+
+Washington had feared disaster, as Franklin did, from Braddock's
+ignorance of Indian warfare.
+
+"Let me reconnoitre in advance with the three companies of Virginia
+marksmen," he proposed. "We understand the tactics of the savages, and
+can fight them in their own way."
+
+"Allow me to suggest, young man, that the savages will be of little
+account before my regulars," was Braddock's haughty answer, evidently
+thinking that his youthful aid-de-camp was too officious.
+
+"The best disciplined troops are not competent to fight Indians in the
+Indian way if they have had no experience with savages," persisted
+Washington. "The order of battle and the usual rules and tactics of war
+are of no account here."
+
+"That may be your opinion and experience," replied the general, "but you
+have not had the king's efficient troops here before. That makes all the
+difference in the world."
+
+"Nevertheless," added Washington, "defeat awaits us unless we are
+prepared to meet Indians with their own tactics."
+
+Before the army took up its line of march from Alexandria, Washington
+advised General Braddock not to wait for any wagons to be provided.
+Braddock had been disappointed in getting a supply of these; and when
+Dr. Franklin visited him, he bargained with him to purchase in
+Pennsylvania, and forward at once, a sufficient number of them, with
+four horses to each wagon.
+
+"Army wagons will be a burden to us instead of a help, much of the way,"
+said Washington. "The road is narrow and rough, and pack-horses will
+prove better than wagons."
+
+But these suggestions were unheeded by the haughty British officer, who
+insisted that his army should be provided for and move in the wilds of
+America as in the cultivated countries of Europe. He had too much
+official pride to allow himself to be instructed by a stripling in
+Virginia.
+
+General Braddock possessed a high temper, and he was excessively fond of
+intoxicating drinks. With too much temper and too much drink to carry,
+he often became an overbearing officer. Washington wrote as follows to
+Mr. Fairfax at one time:
+
+"The general, by frequent breaches of contract, has lost all patience,
+and for want of that temperance and moderation which should be used by a
+man of sense upon these occasions, will, I fear, represent us in a light
+we little deserve; for, instead of blaming individuals, as he ought, he
+charges all his disappointments to public supineness, and looks upon the
+country, I believe, as void of honor and honesty. We have frequent
+disputes on this head, which are maintained with warmth on both sides,
+especially on his, who is incapable of arguing with or giving up any
+point he asserts, let it be ever so incompatible with reason or common
+sense."
+
+It should be recorded in his favor that General Braddock was a strict
+disciplinarian in the army. Each regiment was provided with a chaplain,
+and every soldier was required to attend prayers each day, and on Sunday
+be present at divine services. He refused to tolerate some practices
+among his men which are common in armies. The most vicious class of
+soldiers indulged in a wholesome fear of him.
+
+After Braddock's army crossed the Monongahela, and were within ten miles
+of Duquesne, and no sign nor sound of an enemy was seen or heard,
+Washington grew anxious, and he said:
+
+"General, this silence so near the fort in our country is rather ominous
+than otherwise. A scouting party ought to go forward. We are liable to
+find ourselves in an ambuscade of Indians at any moment."
+
+"Indians have a poor show in the presence of this force," replied the
+general. "The king's troops will show you how to handle savages."
+
+"I will scour the woods in advance with the Virginia provincials if you
+say the word, general," Washington continued, apprehending that they
+were in the very jaws of danger. He knew very well that French and
+Indian scouts must be near them watching their movements. But Braddock
+declined his offer and they marched on in European style, "three hundred
+men under Colonel Gage forming the advanced party, followed by a party
+of two hundred; and last of all, the general, with the main body,
+Colonel Duncan leading the rear with supplies."
+
+We should have stated that, in the outset, Indians flocked to the
+English standard; among them White Thunder Scarooyadi, successor to
+half-king, who had died, and others, associated with Washington in his
+former campaign. Silver Heels, so called from his nimbleness, a renowned
+warrior, came and tendered his services.
+
+Through Washington's entreaty, General Braddock received the red
+warriors kindly, with military honors. He made them presents in the name
+of the king, and they, in turned, danced and sung war songs. But such
+was Braddock's demeanor towards them subsequently, that they became
+displeased; and, when their dissatisfaction was intensified by the
+improper conduct of some young English officers towards Bright
+Lightning, the beautiful daughter of White Thunder, they all deserted
+the army in disgust. When within ten miles of Duquesne, on the ninth day
+of July, Braddock had no Indians in his command.
+
+Scarooyadi reported to the governor and Council of Pennsylvania, after
+Braddock's defeat: "It was owing to the pride and arrogance of that
+great general who came from England. He is now dead, but he was a bad
+man when he was alive. He looked upon us as dogs, and would never hear
+anything that was said to him. We often endeavored to advise him, and
+tell him of the danger he was in with his soldiers; but he never
+appeared pleased with us, and that was the reason a great many of our
+warriors left him." He proposed to take up the hatchet again with the
+English, and said:
+
+"Let us unite our strength; you are numerous, and all the English
+governors along your seashore can raise men enough; but don't let those
+that come from over the great seas be concerned any more. _They are
+unfit to fight in the woods. Let us go ourselves, we that came out of
+this ground._"
+
+Three or four o'clock on that ninth day of July, as the advance of the
+army was ascending a rise of ground, a volley of musketry suddenly
+arrested their progress. From a ravine, concealed by dense foliage,
+a deadly fire was poured into their faces. Before they had recovered
+from their surprise, another volley was fired into them from the other
+side. These volleys mowed them down like grass. Yet the enemy could not
+be seen. The English directed their fire towards the smoke of battle,
+though but for a moment. For the torrent of lead, shot into their faces,
+forced the advance back upon the main column, and confusion followed.
+General Braddock bravely sought to rally them, to move forward in
+orderly columns, as on European battlefields, but his efforts were
+abortive; for six hundred Indians, painted and armed for battle and
+thirsting for blood, burst from their ambuscade, followed by three
+hundred French and Canadians, sure of victory; and the work of carnage
+grew terrific.
+
+Early in the conflict two of Braddock's aides-de-camp, Captains Orme and
+Morris, fell, and Washington alone remained to carry the general's
+orders here and there. Without the least regard to personal safety, he
+galloped over the field, his tall, noble form presenting a rare target
+for the Indian sharpshooters, who took special pains to bring him down.
+Two horses were shot under him, and four balls pierced his clothes;
+still he was conspicuous everywhere that he could be of service, and for
+three hours distributed his commander's orders, with the deadly missiles
+flying around him like hailstones. Dr. Craik said:
+
+"I expected to see him fall every moment. He dashed over the field,
+reckless of death, when the bullets whistled about him on every side.
+Why he was not killed I cannot divine, unless a watchful Providence was
+preserving him for more important work."
+
+One of the principal Indian warriors fired at him again and again; and,
+at his bidding, a score of young braves did the same, without so much as
+grazing his skin, keeping up their fire until convinced that the Great
+Spirit had given to him a charmed life that he might not be shot in
+battle.
+
+Mr. Paulding gives the description of an eye-witness thus:
+
+"I saw him take hold of a brass field-piece as if it had been a stick.
+He looked like a fury; he tore the sheet-lead from the touch-hole, he
+placed one hand on the muzzle, the other on the breach; he pulled with
+this and he pushed with that, and wheeled it round as if it had been
+nothing. It tore the ground like a plough. The powder monkey rushed up
+with the fire, and then the cannon began to bark, I tell you. They
+fought and they fought, and the Indians yelled when the rest of the
+brass cannon made the bark of the trees fly, and the Indians came down.
+That place they call Rock Hill, and there they left five hundred men
+dead on the ground."
+
+A bullet struck Washington's gold watch-seal, and knocked it from his
+chain. Eighty years after the battle that seal was found by a visitor to
+the battle ground, and it is now preserved among the relics of the
+Washington family.
+
+The English officers behaved heroically, and won Washington's admiration
+by their bravery; but the English _soldiers_ acted like cowards.
+Panic-stricken in the first place, they did not recover from their
+consternation during the engagement. The unearthly yells of the savages,
+which they had never heard before, seemed to terrify them even more than
+the whistling of bullets. They lost self-control, disregarded the orders
+of their officers, and ran hither and thither like frightened sheep.
+Sixty-three of the eighty-five English officers were killed or wounded,
+a fact that shows how bravely they fought.
+
+General Braddock proved himself a brave and faithful commander. He did
+all that mortal man could do to save his army, exposing himself to death
+from first to last. After three hours of hard fighting, during which
+time four horses were shot under him, he fell, pierced by several
+bullets, and was borne from the field.
+
+Now the whole command depended upon Washington, who had taken special
+pains to have the Virginia marksmen fight the Indians after their own
+fashion. Their effective tactics had saved the English army from
+complete destruction. And now Washington rallied them afresh, to cover
+the army in its retreat, bearing their wounded commander as they went.
+
+Mr. Meek's description of the final contest is so particular and graphic
+that we quote it here:
+
+"Happily, on the left, where lay the heaviest fire, Washington's rangers
+were posted, but not exposed like the British. For, on hearing the
+savage yells aforesaid, in a moment they flew each to his tree, like the
+Indians; and, like them, each leveled his rifle, and with as deadly aim.
+This, through a kind Providence, saved Braddock's army; for, exulting in
+their confusion, the savages, grimly painted, and yelling like furies,
+leaped from their coverts, eager to glut their hellish rage with a total
+massacre of the British. But, faithful to their friends, Washington's
+rangers stepped forth with joy to met the assailants. Then rose a scene
+sufficient to fill the stoutest heart with horror. _Here_ falls the
+brave Virginia blue, under the stroke of his nimbler foe; and _there_,
+man on man, the Indians perish beneath the furious storm of lead. But
+who can tell the joy of Washington, when he saw this handful of his
+despised countrymen thus gallantly defending their British friends, and,
+by dint of mortal steel, driving back their blood-thirsty assailants?
+Happy check! for by this time, covered with wounds, Braddock had fallen;
+his aids and officers, to a man, killed or wounded; and his troops, in
+_hopeless_, _helpless_ despair, flying backwards and forwards from the
+fire of the Indians, like flocks of crowded sheep from the presence of
+their butchers. Washington alone remained unhurt. Two horses had been
+killed under him. Showers of bullets had lifted his locks or pierced his
+regimentals. But still protected by heaven, still supported by a
+strength not his own, he had continued to fly from quarter to quarter,
+where his presence was most needed, sometimes animating his rangers,
+sometimes striving, but in vain, to rally the regulars. 'Twas his lot to
+be close to the brave but imprudent Braddock when he fell, and assisted
+to place him in a tumbril, or little cart. As he was laid down, pale and
+near spent with loss of blood, he faintly said to Washington:
+
+"Well, colonel, what's to be done now?"
+
+"Retreat, retreat by all means," answered Washington. "The regulars
+won't fight and the rangers are nearly all killed."
+
+"Poor fellows! poor fellows!" weakly replied the dying general. "Do as
+you will, colonel, the command is on you."
+
+"More than half of the army are dead and wounded," continued Washington,
+"and retreat is all that is left us. The surviving rangers can cover the
+retreat of the remnant."
+
+"Pardon me, colonel for rejecting your counsel, which I now deeply
+regret," the general frankly confessed. "I see it now, but it is all
+over."
+
+The command of the army reverted to Colonel Dunbar after the fall of
+Braddock; but he was several miles away, on the other side of the
+Monongahela, when the disaster occurred, in charge of the rear division
+and supplies. Hence the authority of Washington for the time being.
+
+When the retreating army recrossed the river and reached Colonel Dunbar,
+and he learned the extent of the disaster, the wildest confusion
+followed. Colonel Dunbar proved himself unfit for his position, by
+losing his self-control, ordering the heavy baggage and supplies to be
+burned, and hastening the retreat to Fort Necessity.
+
+General Braddock died soon after the shattered army reached Fort
+Necessity. Tradition says that he died in the arms of Washington, to
+whom he gave his favorite servant, Bishop, expressing regrets again and
+again that he had not treated his youthful aid-de-camp with more
+consideration.
+
+Washington conducted the funeral services over the remains of the
+British general, and made it a very impressive ceremony. His voice
+trembled with emotion when he read the Episcopal service, and tears
+stood in his eyes as he thought of the victory that might have been,
+instead of the terrible defeat that was.
+
+Subsequent information received by Washington proved that the French at
+Fort Duquesne celebrated their victory by a drunken carousal, and that
+they treated their prisoners with great barbarity. Colonel Smith, who
+was a prisoner there, and an eye-witness, subsequently bore the
+following testimony, after speaking of the victorious savages returning
+with the spoils of war, such as grenadiers' caps, canteens, muskets,
+swords, bayonets, rich uniforms, and dripping scalps:
+
+"Those that were coming in and those who had arrived kept up a constant
+firing of small arms, and also of the great guns in the fort, which was
+accompanied by the most hideous shouts and yells from all quarters, so
+that it appeared to me as if the infernal regions had broken loose.
+About sundown I beheld a small party coming in with about a dozen of
+prisoners, stripped naked, with their hands tied behind their backs.
+Their faces and parts of their bodies were blackened. These prisoners
+they burned to death on the banks of the Alleghany River, opposite to
+the fort. I stood on the walls of the fort until I beheld them begin to
+burn one of these men. They tied him to a stake and kept touching him
+with fire-brands, red-hot irons, etc., and he screamed in the most
+doleful manner. The Indians, in the mean time, were yelling like
+infernal spirits. As this scene was too shocking for me, I returned to
+my lodgings both sorry and sore.
+
+"From the best information I could receive, there were only seven
+Indians and four French killed in this battle. Five hundred British lay
+dead in the field, besides what were killed in the river, after their
+retreat. The morning after the battle I saw Braddock's artillery
+brought into the fort. The same day, also, I saw several Indians in the
+dress of British officers, with the sashes, half-moons, laced hats,
+etc., which the British wore."
+
+Washington said: "The French are responsible for these atrocious
+cruelties, for the Indians are their allies, instigated to war by their
+influence, fighting under their banner, and paid by their money. The
+burning of our men under the very walls of their fort must have been
+done by their approval."
+
+He embraced the first opportunity after the battle, to write to his
+mother, that she might know of his safety, and be relieved of any
+anxiety which exaggerated reports might create. His letter to her was
+dated Fort Cumberland, July 18, 1755, and the first paragraph was:
+
+"As I doubt not but you have heard of our defeat, and, perhaps, had it
+represented in a worse light, if possible, than it deserves, I have
+taken this opportunity to give you some account of the engagement as it
+happened within ten miles of the French fort, on Wednesday, the 9th
+inst."
+
+He wrote to his brother:
+
+"The Virginia troops showed a good deal of bravery, and were nearly all
+killed. The dastardly behavior of those they called regulars exposed all
+others that were ordered to do their duty to almost certain death. At
+last, in despite of all the efforts of the officers to the contrary,
+they ran, as sheep pursued by dogs, and it was impossible to rally them.
+
+"By the all-powerful dispensations of Providence I have been protected
+beyond all human probability or expectation, for I had four bullets
+through my coat and two horses shot under me, yet escaped unhurt,
+although death was leveling my companions on every side of me."
+
+
+
+
+XIII.
+
+ON THE FRONTIER.
+
+
+Washington's advice to Colonel Dunbar was: "Reorganize and march upon
+Duquesne. That fort can be captured by strategy."
+
+"I can do nothing with an army so demoralized as this," replied Dunbar.
+"We may as well consider this campaign ended. Our force is now too much
+reduced to capture Duquesne."
+
+"Nevertheless I believe that this defeat may be turned into victory,"
+added Washington. "At any rate I am not in favor of utterly abandoning
+the attempt."
+
+"Better that than to make a second attempt and fail," retorted Dunbar.
+"I do not propose to remain and see the remnant of my army annihilated."
+
+"What, then, will you do?"
+
+"Strike my tents and repair to Philadelphia and go into winter
+quarters," answered Dunbar.
+
+"Go into winter quarters before dog-days have fairly set in!" exclaimed
+Washington, surprised by the suggestion. "What will the people of our
+country say to that?"
+
+"They may say what they please," said Dunbar. "The risk is too great for
+me to assume under the circumstances, and I decide to go into camp in
+Philadelphia."
+
+"Then there is no alternative for me but to return to Williamsburg,"
+added Washington, perfectly satisfied that Dunbar was too much of a
+coward to be intrusted with the command of an army.
+
+Colonel Dunbar acted accordingly; struck his tents, and, under the
+impulse of his excessive fear, hurried his troops off to Philadelphia.
+Washington regretfully and sorrowfully marched the Virginia force back
+to Williamsburg. News of the disaster had reached that place before his
+arrival, causing great excitement and sorrow; but when the people looked
+upon his shattered and diminished force, their hearts were touched, and
+their fears greatly augmented. Nor did they attach blame to Washington;
+on the other hand, the sentiment was universal that, but for his bravery
+and skill, Braddock's army would have been well nigh annihilated.
+
+Governor Dinwiddie immediately called together the Assembly to consider
+what could be done in the crisis. In the meantime he conferred with
+Washington respecting the way of retrieving their loss.
+
+"Raise a force of two or three thousand men," said Washington, "and
+reduce Fort Duquesne as soon as possible. Under the flush of this
+victory the French will urge the Indians on to devastation and carnage
+throughout the frontier. A speedy, bold, successful attack upon the fort
+will prevent such a calamity."
+
+"I had not thought of that," answered the governor, "but it is a
+sensible view of the matter to take. We must protect the country against
+Indian depredations if it be possible."
+
+"Or we are in a far worse condition than ever," interjected Washington.
+"You know what the Indians are under the excitement of victory;
+_savages_ in the worst sense of the word."
+
+"And there will be no mercy shown to the defenceless settlements and the
+scattered families of the frontier," added the governor. "All the
+horrors of Indian massacre and outrage will be witnessed in our
+country."
+
+Governor Dinwiddie canvassed the whole subject with Washington, so that
+he was prepared to make definite suggestions to the Legislature when
+that body convened. He advised them to raise two thousand troops and
+make a liberal appropriation of money, "to carry the war into Africa,"
+on the ground that otherwise the enemy would be emboldened to prosecute
+an aggressive war.
+
+When the Legislature assembled, leading members opposed aggressive
+warfare, and advised only defensive operations on the frontier. So they
+voted to raise a thousand troops only, and appropriated money
+accordingly, a very great disappointment to Washington and those who
+took the same view of the situation that he did. At the same time
+Washington was appointed commander-in-chief of the Virginia forces, with
+the unusual power of appointing his own field officers and aide-de-camp
+and secretary. This was on the 14th of August, 1755.
+
+On a former page we said that expeditions against the French and Indians
+at Niagara and Crown Point were planned at the same time the expedition
+against Duquesne was determined upon. Both of these expeditions failed.
+They started from Albany, N.Y., the first under the command of Governor
+Shirley of Massachusetts; the other under William Johnson, an Irishman,
+who was on intimate terms of friendship with the most powerful chiefs of
+the Six Nations. When these two expeditions were fairly under way, news
+of the disastrous defeat of Braddock reached them, and completely
+demoralized the troops. The Indians, who were always inclined to join
+the winning side, deserted the ranks, and many white soldiers followed
+their cowardly example. The expedition under Johnson accomplished
+something in another direction; but both expeditions failed, so far as
+the proposed reduction of Niagara and Crown Point was concerned.
+
+"A fatal mistake!" remarked Washington to Mr. Fairfax. "Such timid
+measures are just suited to encourage the enemy."
+
+"It cannot be otherwise," answered Fairfax. "To provide just enough men
+to make a good target, and just enough money to pay for shooting them
+down, is very poor policy, in my judgment."
+
+"When it comes to actual service," continued Washington, "there will not
+be over seven hundred reliable soldiers for fighting. To defend three
+hundred and sixty miles of frontier with this small force is next to
+impossible. To mass them in one locality will leave other localities
+exposed; and to divide them up into squads, and scatter them over the
+whole distance, is arranging them for the enemy to readily cut them off
+one after another."
+
+"A bloody work, that infuriated savages will enjoy," remarked Mr.
+Fairfax. "The more I think of it, the more I shrink from the
+contemplation of the horrible butchery that will probably follow this
+serious mistake of the government."
+
+"Yet I accept my appointment, lest a refusal be misconstrued," continued
+Washington. "But I have served so long with inadequate support by the
+government, followed by disasters, that I had hoped for the most liberal
+provisions now."
+
+"And they should have been freely granted," added Mr. Fairfax.
+
+"No one can be more sensible of my failures than I am," Washington
+remarked with his usual modesty. "If an old proverb will apply to my
+case, I shall certainly close with a share of success, for surely no man
+ever made a worse beginning than I have. Still, I want a fair chance to
+redeem my fortunes if I can."
+
+In September Washington established his headquarters at Winchester,
+beyond the Blue Ridge, in the beautiful valley of the Shenandoah. It was
+a frontier town, one hundred and forty miles northwest of Richmond. He
+found the people of the town under great alarm in consequence of
+frequent reports of depredations by French and Indians. The town was
+crowded with men, women, and children, who had fled from their homes in
+the wilderness to this place for protection, on hearing that the Indians
+were on the war-path. Many of these reports were exaggerated, and others
+had no foundation in truth. For instance, one morning the report came
+that a party of Indians was within twelve miles of the town, pillaging,
+burning and murdering in the most terrible manner. The report filled the
+inhabitants with consternation, and women and children were half crazed
+with fear.
+
+Washington ordered a company of soldiers to follow him in driving back
+the foe, but not one of them would respond. Their fears were greater
+than their patriotism. Suspecting that the report might be exaggerated,
+he sent out scouts to learn something more definite. The scouts returned
+in one hour with the startling intelligence, "The Indians are less than
+four miles away, destroying everything in their track."
+
+On being questioned by Washington as to the facts in the case, the
+scouts said, "We heard their yells and guns distinctly, and there is not
+a shadow of doubt but that they will fall upon Winchester within an
+hour."
+
+Washington appealed to the soldiers again, and supplemented his appeal
+by authority and threats.
+
+About forty volunteered to accompany him to meet the savage foe. Moving
+with extreme caution and circumspection, they reached the spot where the
+scouts heard the yells of Indian warriors. Sure enough, they heard a
+kind of yell and the discharge of a musket, but nothing that indicated
+the presence of savages to Washington's experienced ear. Pressing on a
+few rods farther, a turn of the road disclosed to Washington two drunken
+soldiers, cursing, yelling and carousing, and occasionally firing off a
+pistol into the air. He made prisoners of the two worthless fellows, who
+had proved the scouts to be cowards, conveyed them to Winchester, and
+locked them up.
+
+This incident shows that there was little discipline among the soldiers,
+and little self-possession among the people. In his discouragement,
+Washington wrote to Governor Dinwiddie:
+
+"In all things I meet with the greatest opposition. No orders are obeyed
+but such as a party of soldiers, or my own drawn sword, enforces.
+Without this, not a single horse, for the most earnest occasion, can be
+had, to such a pitch has the insolence of these people arrived by having
+every point hitherto submitted to them. However, I have given up none
+where his majesty's service requires the contrary, and when my
+proceedings are justified by my instructions; nor will I, unless they
+execute what they threaten, that is, 'blow out our brains.'... I would
+again hint the necessity of putting the militia under a better
+regulation, had I not mentioned it twice before and a third time may
+seem impertinent. But I must once more beg leave to declare that, unless
+the Assembly will pass an act to enforce military law in all its parts,
+I must decline the honor that has been so generously intended me. I see
+the growing insolence of the soldiers, and the indolence and inactivity
+of the officers, who are all sensible how limited their punishments are,
+compared with what they ought to be. In fine, I can plainly see that
+under the present establishment we shall become a nuisance, an
+unsupportable charge to our country, and never answer any one
+expectation of the Assembly.... Why should it be expected from us, who
+are all young and inexperienced, to govern and keep up a proper spirit
+of discipline without laws, when the best and most experienced can
+scarcely do it with them? If we consult our interest, I am sure it
+loudly calls for them. I can confidently assert that recruiting,
+clothing, arming, maintaining, and subsisting soldiers who have since
+deserted have cost the country an immense sum, which might have been
+prevented were we under restraints that would terrify the soldiers from
+such practices."
+
+Another trial which Washington experienced was the refusal of Captain
+Dagworthy, in command at Fort Cumberland, to obey his orders. Dagworthy
+had received his commission from the king, and he claimed that hence he
+was Washington's superior, who received his commission from a provincial
+governor. This affair created much excitement in Washington's command,
+and his officers drew up a memorial, praying him--
+
+"To appeal to General Shirley, who was commander-in-chief of all the
+British forces in North America, and whose headquarters are in Boston.
+His decision will settle the question forever."
+
+Washington applied to Governor Dinwiddie for permission to proceed to
+Boston at once for this purpose, and obtained it. Notwithstanding the
+deep snow and wintry weather, he started upon this mission on the 4th of
+February, 1756, accompanied by Captains Mercer and Stewart. They
+travelled on horseback the whole distance, and "took with them their
+negro servants, who, riding behind with their master's saddle-bags and
+portmanteaus, and dressed in fine livery, with gold lace on their fur
+hats, and blue cloaks, gave quite an air of style and consequence to the
+little cavalcade."
+
+In New York City Washington was entertained by Beverly Robinson, a
+distinguished citizen, at whose house he met a very accomplished young
+lady, Miss Phillips, sister of Mrs. Robinson. Her many attractions
+captivated the young hero more than any lady friend had done since his
+experience with the "Lowland Beauty." However, he did not capitulate,
+but bore his colors forward to Boston, whither his fame had gone before
+him.
+
+He received a warm reception in Boston, such as was never accorded to so
+youthful an officer. His gallant conduct in saving Braddock's army from
+destruction, together with other deeds of heroism, known throughout the
+Colonies, had made him famous; and now, "his tall and commanding form,
+the manly beauty of his face, his dignified bearing, his rich and
+handsome dress, and the unequalled skill with which he managed his large
+and noble horse," awakened admiration in the minds of all beholders.
+
+Having procured an order from General Shirley, under which a commission
+from a provincial governor was as good as one from the king, Washington
+started upon his return journey, after remaining ten days in Boston. He
+stopped two weeks in New York City with Beverly Robinson, whose wife's
+charming sister greatly pleased him. In her he beheld all that was
+beautiful in person, graceful in accomplishments, and excellent in
+character. There is no doubt that the young hero, who had withstood the
+assaults of French and Indians combined, had resolved to surrender to
+the bewitching charms of this damsel. But he found that a true and
+worthy friend of his had already captured the prize, and was exulting in
+the possession of her heart. Disappointed, but not cast down, he bade
+the charmer adieu, and hurried away.
+
+He reached Williamsburg on the twenty-third day of March, after an
+absence of seven weeks. He had but just arrived when a messenger came
+dashing into town, the bearer of appalling news.
+
+"The Indians are approaching Winchester in force, burning and plundering
+as they go!" he shouted.
+
+"Have you any better evidence of their depredations than rumor?"
+inquired Washington, recalling some experiences of the past, "or do you
+announce what you _know_ to be a fact?"
+
+"The evidence of their approach and plunder is positive," replied the
+messenger; "and the inhabitants are flocking into town from their
+pillaged and burning homes."
+
+Washington was satisfied that the startling tidings was no false alarm,
+and, putting spurs to his charger, he dashed away to Winchester. His
+arrival reassured the terrified inhabitants and they bravely rallied to
+defend their homes. Everything was put upon a war basis as soon as
+possible. A few days passed, and Washington wrote to the governor as
+follows:
+
+"However absurd it may appear, it is, nevertheless, certain that five
+hundred Indians have it more in their power to annoy the inhabitants
+than ten times their number of regulars. Besides the advantageous way
+they have of fighting in the woods, their cunning and craft, their
+activity and patient sufferings are not to be equalled. They prowl about
+like wolves, and, like them, do their mischief by stealth. They depend
+upon their dexterity in hunting, and upon the cattle of the inhabitants,
+for provisions."
+
+In an interview with Mr. Fairfax, Washington remarked:
+
+"You will recall my prophecy that our frontier will be ravaged until
+Fort Duquesne is captured and the French are driven from the Ohio."
+
+"I remember your prophecy distinctly," replied Mr. Fairfax; "and now we
+reap as we sowed. We sowed to the wind, and now we are reaping the
+whirlwind."
+
+"Even now it is not too late to recover what has been lost, were the
+government so disposed," continued Washington. "I do not despair only so
+far as those in authority fail to support military operations. The enemy
+has appealed to arms, and there is no alternative but to accept the
+challenge."
+
+The following extract from one of his letters to General Loudoun, who
+superseded General Shirley as commander-in-chief of the British forces
+in America, discloses the unhappy condition of affairs:
+
+"I am too little acquainted, sir, with pathetic language, to attempt a
+description of the people's distresses; but I have a generous soul,
+sensible of wrongs and swelling for redress. But what can I do? I see
+their situation, know their danger, and participate in their sufferings,
+without having it in my power to give them further relief than uncertain
+promises. In short, I see inevitable destruction in so clear a light,
+that unless vigorous measures are taken by the Assembly, and speedy
+assistance sent from below, the poor inhabitants that are now in forts
+must unavoidably fall, while the remainder are flying before a barbarous
+foe. In fine, the melancholy situation of the people, the little
+prospect of assistance, the gross and scandalous abuse cast upon the
+officers in general, which reflects upon me in particular, for suffering
+misconduct of such extraordinary kinds, and the distant prospect, if
+any, of gaining honor and reputation in the service, cause me to lament
+the hour that gave me a commission: and would induce me, at any other
+time than this of imminent danger, to resign, without one hesitating
+moment, a command from which I never expect to reap either honor or
+benefit; but, on the contrary, have almost an absolute certainty of
+incurring displeasure below, while the murder of helpless families may
+be laid to my account here. The supplicating tears of the women and
+moving petitions of the men melt me into such deadly sorrow that I
+solemnly declare, if I know my own mind, I could offer myself a willing
+sacrifice to the butchering enemy, provided that would contribute to the
+people's ease."
+
+Two days afterwards, he addressed another letter to the governor, in
+which he said:
+
+"Not an hour, nay, scarcely a minute, passes, that does not produce
+fresh alarms and melancholy accounts. Nor is it possible to give the
+people the necessary assistance for their defence, on account of the
+small number of men we have, or that are likely to be here for some
+time. The inhabitants are removing daily, and in a short time will leave
+this country as desolate as Hampshire, where scarce a family lives."
+
+"Three families were murdered night before last, at the distance of less
+than twelve miles from this place; and every day we have accounts of
+such cruelties and barbarities as are shocking to human nature. It is
+not possible to conceive the situation and danger of this miserable
+country. Such numbers of French and Indians are all round that no road
+is safe; and here we know not the hour we may be attacked."
+
+For nearly two years Washington vainly attempted the defence of the
+frontier, the French and Indians all the while plundering and murdering
+the inhabitants in one locality while he was defending another,
+multiplying scenes of barbarity as only savages could. The following
+description of a single scene is by Washington himself:
+
+"One day as we drew near, through the woods, to a dwelling, suddenly we
+heard the discharge of a gun. Whereupon, quickening our pace, and
+creeping up through the thick bushes to a fence, we saw what we had
+dreaded--a party of Indians, loaded with plunder, coming out of a house,
+which, by the smoke, appeared as if it were just set on fire. In a
+moment we gave the savages a shower of rifle balls, which killed every
+man of them but one, who attempted to run off, but in vain; for some of
+our swift-footed hunters gave chase, and soon overtook and demolished
+him with their tomahawks. On rushing into the house and putting out the
+fire, we saw a mournful sight indeed: a young woman lying on the bed
+floated with blood, her forehead cleft with a hatchet, and on her breast
+two little children, apparently twins, and about nine months old,
+bathing her bosom with blood flowing from their deeply gashed heads! I
+had often beheld the mangled remains of my murdered countrymen, but
+never before felt what I did on this occasion. To see these poor
+innocents, these little, unoffending angels, just entered upon life,
+and, instead of fondest sympathy and tenderness, meeting their bloody
+deaths, and from hands of brothers, too, filled my soul with the deepest
+horror of sin!
+
+"On tracing back into the corn-field the steps of the barbarians, we
+found a little boy, and beyond him his father, both weltering in blood.
+It appeared, from the print of his little feet in the furrows, that
+the child had been following his father's plough; and, seeing him shot
+down, had set off with all his might to get to the house, to his mother,
+but was overtaken and destroyed.
+
+"And, indeed, so great was the dread of the French and Indians
+throughout the settlements, that it was distressing to call even on
+those families who yet survived, but, from sickness or other causes, had
+not been able to get away. The poor creatures would run to meet us, like
+persons half distracted with joy, and then, with looks blank with
+terror, would tell that such or such a neighbor's family, perhaps the
+very night before, was murdered, and that they heard their cries and saw
+the flames that devoured their house. And also, that they themselves,
+after saying their prayers at night, never lay down to sleep without
+first taking leave of one another, as if they never expected to meet
+again in this world. But when we came to take our leave of these
+wretched families, my God, what were our feelings! To see the deep,
+silent grief of the men, and the looks of the poor women and children,
+as, falling upon their knees, with piercing screams, and eyes wild with
+terror, they seized our hands or hung to our clothes, entreating us for
+God's and mercy's sake not to leave them to be murdered! These things so
+filled my heart with grief, that I solemnly declare to God, if I know
+myself, I would gladly offer my own life a sacrifice to the butchering
+enemy, if I could but thereby insure the safety of these my poor,
+distressed countrymen."
+
+Washington continued to say to the government that this terrible state
+of affairs would not cease until Fort Duquesne was captured; and he
+entreated, again and again, to be provided with an army large enough to
+reduce the fort. But all in vain.
+
+Finally, near the close of the year 1757, his labors and anxieties threw
+him into a violent fever, and he was conveyed to Mount Vernon, where he
+lay for four months, sometimes so sick that his life was despaired of,
+all the time bearing upon his soul the responsibilities of his public
+position. His faithful servant Bishop, bequeathed to him by General
+Braddock, attended him night and day with singular devotion. It was not
+until April that he was able to resume his command.
+
+When Washington returned to his headquarters at Winchester, he was
+unexpectedly cheered by some favorable changes. General Loudoun had been
+superceded by General Abercrombie, and Governor Dinwiddie had been
+recalled to England.
+
+
+
+
+XIV.
+
+A RIFT IN THE CLOUD.
+
+
+"The people are disheartened," said Washington to Mr. Fairfax, "and we
+need successes to inspire hope within them. But this can never be until
+the king's officers understand how to fight Indians."
+
+"That is true, no doubt, but I have more hope that General Abercrombie
+will do something effective for this part of the country," answered
+Fairfax. "General Loudoun had more than his hands full to look after the
+troops at the north, so that he could give little attention to our
+claims."
+
+"I wish that it might be so," responded Washington; "but the only
+effective blow that can be struck for us is the reduction of Fort
+Duquesne. Until that is done, the enemy has a base of supplies, and a
+refuge from which to sally forth at any time, for pillage and butchery
+on the frontier. The possession of Canada is important, and victories
+there now would greatly encourage our people. An army of from five to
+ten thousand men would drive the French and Indians before it, and put
+the English into speedy possession of the Ohio."
+
+"And that will encourage the people, and put hope and life into them,"
+added Fairfax.
+
+"And patriotism, too, I should hope," said Washington. "Our people lack
+patriotism, and there is no disguising it."
+
+One of Washington's trials, at that time, was the unwillingness of the
+people to incur the expense and dangers of war. They appeared to think
+that sufferings and death alone awaited them in warfare with Indians.
+Such harrowing tales of cruelties by the savages had come to them, that
+they shrank from conflict with the barbarians.
+
+Mrs. Washington was very much opposed to her son going to the Ohio
+again. Rumors of another expedition against Duquesne reached her,
+whereupon she wrote to him, entreating him not to undertake the
+hazardous enterprise. He replied to her as follows:
+
+    DEAR MOTHER,--If it is my power to avoid going to the Ohio
+    again, I shall; but if the command is pressed upon me by the
+    general voice of the country, and offered upon such terms as
+    cannot be objected against, it would reflect dishonor upon me to
+    refuse it; and that, I am sure, must and ought to give you
+    greater uneasiness than my going in an honorable command. Upon
+    no other terms will I accept it. At present I have no proposals
+    made to me, nor have I any advice of such an intention, except
+    from private hands.
+
+General Abercrombie surprised Washington, however, by issuing an order
+to organize a strong expedition against Duquesne. The newly appointed
+commander-in-chief appeared to comprehend the situation as his
+predecessors had not, and Washington was overjoyed. The cloud that had
+enveloped his spirit was lifted, and he saw a brighter future.
+
+The northern troops, also, were meeting with successes, and news of
+their victories gladdened all hearts. The expeditions against Louisburg,
+Ticonderoga, and Crown Point proved fortunate, and the people became
+more and more hopeful as their advances were known.
+
+"There is hope now for our cause," remarked Washington to Mr. Fairfax at
+Williamsburg, very much elated by the prospect before him. "I can see
+the end now. It looks as if General Abercrombie was the right man in the
+right place."
+
+"I hope so," responded Mr. Fairfax. "He appears to think that two or
+three times as many troops as you have had before will be none too many
+to march against Duquesne."
+
+"There is my hope," continued Washington. "An army large enough to
+strike an effective blow will save both money and men for the
+government. Half enough is cruelly exposing all to defeat and butchery."
+
+"So it has proved," remarked Fairfax.
+
+"To the discouragement and fear of the people throughout this part of
+the country," replied Washington. "But if troops are furnished according
+to the order now, I have no fear about the result. Three thousand from
+Pennsylvania, twelve hundred from North Carolina, two thousand from
+Virginia, with seven hundred Indians, and as many regulars, will make an
+army of about eight thousand."
+
+"How large a force do you imagine the French have at Duquesne?" inquired
+Fairfax.
+
+"Not over one-third of our number. Perhaps not more than one-quarter as
+many. If the Assembly will be as liberal in supplying the Virginia
+soldiers with clothing, rations, arms, blankets, etc., as General
+Abercrombie has been, it will be a wise economy, as well as commendable
+patriotism."
+
+Washington was in Williamsburg at the time, for the purpose of laying
+before a committee of the Legislature the wants of his little army, and
+securing liberal supplies. On his way thither an incident occurred which
+should be narrated here.
+
+Passing through the county of New Kent, on his way to Williamsburg,
+Washington approached the baronial estate of Mr. Chamberlain. The
+proprietor was near his front gate, and, recognizing Washington, who was
+accompanied by his servant, saluted him, saying:
+
+"Colonel Washington, let it never be said that you passed the house of
+your father's friend without dismounting. I must insist upon the honor
+of detaining you as my guest."
+
+"I thank you with all my heart, my dear sir, but my business at
+Williamsburg demands haste, and you must excuse me to-day," was
+Washington's reply.
+
+"Business relating to the expedition against Fort Duquesne, I suppose?"
+
+"Yes; and its importance admits of no delay."
+
+"Nevertheless, I must press my invitation," continued Mr. Chamberlain,
+"for surely you must dine somewhere, and it will detain you no longer
+here than elsewhere. We will not detain you a moment after you have
+swallowed your dinner. I am too much interested in the capture of
+Duquesne to delay your business."
+
+"Your patriotism is equal to your hospitality," replied Washington, "and
+I am quite disposed to accept both, in the circumstances."
+
+"In that case you will accept my hearty thanks, also," added Mr.
+Chamberlain.
+
+"Do I understand that I may be excused immediately after dinner?" said
+Washington, still hesitating.
+
+"Immediately, with all the promptness of military discipline."
+
+"Then, sir, I accept your generous hospitality;" and Washington alighted
+from his horse immediately, saying to his servant Bishop, "Be sure and
+have the horses at the door by the time we rise from the dinner-table."
+
+"Is this the charger and this the servant presented to you by General
+Braddock?" Mr. Chamberlain inquired as they turned towards the house.
+
+"The same, sir."
+
+"You honor me, Colonel Washington, by accepting my invitation to
+dinner," continued Mr. Chamberlain. "I rejoice all the more in the
+opportunity to have you for my guest because I have other friends to
+dine with me to-day, who will regard it a real pleasure to meet our
+young and gallant soldier."
+
+Washington bowed his acknowledgments for the honest compliment, and they
+passed into the mansion, where he was soon introduced to the other
+guests, and brought face to face with them in the dining-hall.
+
+Among the guests was Mrs. Martha Custis, a young widow, accomplished,
+beautiful, and wealthy, about six months younger than Washington. Her
+charming appearance captivated the young hero's heart. He beheld in her
+such a partner as would make his future life happy.
+
+After dinner, instead of discoursing upon the importance of his mission
+to Williamsburg, and rushing for his horse, he entered into familiar
+conversation with Mrs. Custis. The longer he talked the more he admired
+the intelligence, grace, and character of the lady.
+
+His faithful servant Bishop was at the gate, with the horses, when the
+party rose from dinner. He waited and waited, wondering and wondering
+what could delay his master, who was always punctual as the clock. The
+favorite charger champed his bits and pawed the ground, as if he, too,
+wondered what had become of his rider's usual promptness. So the
+moments, and even hours, sped, trying the patience of Bishop and the
+horses.
+
+All this while Washington was engaged in pleasant conversation with Mrs.
+Custis and other guests, the former being the attraction which caused
+him to modify his views respecting his business at Williamsburg. She
+might not have been a "widow bewitched," but she certainly cast a spell
+over the hero of Monongahela, which he did not throw off; and, after a
+time of unusual social delight, he accepted an invitation to stop over
+night. Bishop was ordered to put the horses into the stable, and
+thoughts of war appear to have been banished.
+
+The next morning he hurried away to Williamsburg, and travelled at such
+a breakneck speed that Bishop was more puzzled than ever over the
+conduct of his master. He had sacrificed his well-earned reputation for
+promptitude on the day before, and now he seemed to be no longer
+merciful to his beast; quite enough to perplex the servant beyond
+measure. However, Washington expedited his business at Williamsburg,
+secured the supplies for his army that he asked, and returned by the way
+of the "White House" on the Pamunkey River, where Mrs. Custis lived in
+English style. How long he stopped there we have no means of learning;
+but long enough to consummate a treaty of love, in which it was
+stipulated that she should become his bride when the expedition against
+Duquesne had been brought to a close.
+
+In this affair Washington proved himself to be a true son of Adam and
+brother in our common humanity. He who is too great to be insensible to
+womanly charms and virtues, and too cold in his nature to love, cannot
+have an important mission to perform in this world.
+
+On his return to Winchester he found that the English officers were
+discussing the practicability of making a new road to Duquesne, or, at
+least, from Raystown to Duquesne by the way of Laurel Hill.
+
+"Better march thither by the old road which General Braddock
+constructed," suggested Washington.
+
+"His road did not lead him to victory," answered one of the officers
+naively.
+
+"Neither will a new road, if that is all you have to depend upon,"
+remarked Washington. "The difficulties of making a new road through this
+rough country are so great that such an enterprise should not be
+undertaken unless it is absolutely necessary."
+
+"We came to this country for such business whenever it is necessary,"
+said General Forbes, commander of the expedition.
+
+"Exactly; but a new road is not necessary to make this expedition
+against Duquesne a success."
+
+"How is that?"
+
+"Because it will consume so much time that winter will be upon us before
+we can reach the fort. An early movement on the old roads is far more
+desirable, in my judgment, than a late one on a new road."
+
+"But you do not consider that the king's regulars are experienced in
+such work, and they will not require the time which the provincial
+troops do to complete such a piece of work."
+
+"Perhaps so," replied Washington in a doubtful tone, as if he recalled
+the old boast of the English generals about the might of their regulars.
+He had seen enough of these boasted heroes in the former expedition
+against Duquesne to cause him to decidedly prefer provincial troops.
+
+"Besides," continued General Forbes, "the report of General Braddock to
+his government describes the old road as fearful, in consequence of
+dense forests, huge rocks, deep morasses, and plunging torrents."
+
+"None of these things caused his defeat," remarked Washington in rather
+a sarcastic vein.
+
+"As I understand it," added General Forbes, "there are not so thick
+woods and huge rocks, nor so perilous swamps and rivers by the proposed
+new route as there are by the old. Besides, the new road is fifty miles
+nearer."
+
+"The shortest way may prove longer than the longest way if you have the
+short way to build," was Washington's significant reply.
+
+The English officers were bound to have their own way, and they decided
+to make the new road, in view of which Washington wrote to the Speaker
+of the Assembly: "If this conduct of our leaders does not flow from
+superior orders, it must flow from a weakness too gross for me to name.
+Nothing now but a miracle can bring this campaign to a happy issue."
+
+A few days later he wrote:
+
+"I believe that all is lost. Our enterprise is ruined, and we shall be
+stopped this winter at the Laurel Hills."
+
+As the sequel will show, Washington proved himself to be a prophet.
+
+While these warlike preparations were going forward, Washington was
+elected to a seat in the House of Burgesses. It was not expected,
+however, that he would take his seat until the contemplated action
+against the French at Duquesne was consummated.
+
+It was in the month of May, 1758, that Washington went to Williamsburg
+and found his future wife, when passing through Kent County. It was the
+21st of September before the army was ready to strike their tents and
+take up the march from Raystown, where the whole army had assembled.
+Much of this time was fooled away by the English officers, who seemed to
+think that both French and Indians would take to their heels when they
+saw them coming.
+
+Washington was greatly annoyed by this unnecessary delay. To him it was
+ominous of evil. He was impatient to plant the English flag on the walls
+of Duquesne, and to make the beautiful Mrs. Custis his bride. The sooner
+the army accomplished the former, the sooner he would realize the
+latter.
+
+To add to his annoyance, General Forbes proposed to repeat General
+Braddock's folly, and send his regulars forward as a party of
+observation.
+
+"Such an arrangement was the cause of General Braddock's defeat," he
+said to General Forbes.
+
+"How so?"
+
+"His regulars knew nothing about Indian warfare. They never saw savages
+on the field of battle, and so they undertook to fight Indians as they
+did French."
+
+"Plenty of artillery, with a shower of bullets, whether by regulars or
+provincials, will do the business," remarked General Forbes, showing
+that he was as ignorant of the way savages fight as Braddock was.
+
+"I hope I can say, without vanity," continued Washington, "that, from
+long intimacy with these woods, and frequent scouting in them, my men
+are at least as well acquainted with all the passes and difficulties as
+any troops that will be employed. I will volunteer to scour the country
+in advance of the army."
+
+"You are brave and unselfish, certainly," answered Forbes; "but the
+regulars would hardly thank me for sending inexperienced troops forward
+instead of them."
+
+"If General Braddock's regulars, who were shot down in their tracks,
+could come to life, they would thank you for doing this very thing,"
+said Washington.
+
+"Then you have no faith in the English army to fight Indians."
+
+"None at all. Braddock's regulars were more terrified by the _yell_ of
+the savages than they were by the cannon of the French."
+
+"Well, then, colonel, I think we must redeem the credit of the British
+regulars by sending them forward at this time," answered General Forbes.
+"If Braddock's regulars disgraced their country and cause, as you affirm
+they did, it is time that Forbes's regulars should wipe out the
+dishonor. And that can be done only by detailing them for the work
+proposed."
+
+"As you please, general," answered Washington, seeing that Forbes was
+determined to employ his regulars as a scouting party. "You have my
+opinion, and you will have my obedience as heartily. Nothing that I can
+do to make this expedition successful shall be withholden."
+
+Therefore the regulars scoured the country in advance, eight hundred in
+number. Washington wrote again concerning the prospects under these
+unwise arrangements:
+
+"The golden opportunity has been lost, perhaps never more to return.
+Between building a new road and sending forward regulars to meet the
+Indians, our hope of success is small indeed. Small parties of Indians
+will effectually demoralize the English by keeping them under continual
+alarms, and attacking them in ambuscade."
+
+The advance party was under the command of Major Grant, a conceited,
+overbearing officer, who was as ignorant of Indian tactics as a baby.
+Besides, his extreme self-confidence made him boastful and reckless, as
+he subsequently found to his sorrow and shame. One of Washington's
+biographers says of Grant:
+
+"He was instructed to find out all he could about the enemy, without
+suffering the enemy to find out more than he could help about himself,
+and by all possible means to avoid a battle. But instead of conducting
+the expedition with silence and circumspection, he marched along in so
+open and boisterous a manner as made it appear he meant to give the
+enemy timely notice of his coming, and bully him into an attack even
+while yet on the way. The French, keeping themselves well-informed by
+their spies of his every movement, suffered him to approach almost to
+their very gates without molestation. When he got in the neighborhood of
+the fort, he posted himself on a hill overlooking it, and began throwing
+up intrenchments in full view of the garrison. As if all this were not
+imprudence enough, and as if bent on provoking the enemy to come out and
+give him battle on the instant, whether or no, he sent down a party of
+observation to spy out yet more narrowly the inside plan and defences of
+the fort, who were suffered not only to do this, but even to burn a
+house just outside the walls, and then return to their intrenchments
+without a hostile sign betokening the unseen foe so silent, yet
+watchful, within.
+
+"Early the next morning, as if to give the enemy warning of the
+threatened danger, the drums of the regulars beat the _réveille_, and
+the bag-pipes of the Highlanders woke the forest-echoes far and wide
+with their wild and shrilly din."
+
+During all this time there was silence in the fort, and no sign of the
+enemy anywhere around.
+
+"No enemy is here; they have fled before us," said Major Grant to
+General Forbes. "The English regulars have frightened them out of their
+wits, and they have taken leg-bail."
+
+"An illustration of the old adage, 'discretion is the better part of
+valor,'" answered Forbes.
+
+"And these are the heroic French and terrible savages of which that
+young American colonel tells so much!" continued Major Grant in a
+derisive manner. "All I regret is, that they did not stay to fight."
+
+"It is too serious a joke to fit out this expedition and march through
+this wilderness for nothing," added General Forbes. "We ought to have
+one chance at the foe, if nothing more."
+
+"Well, I am not disappointed in the least," responded Grant. "All this
+talk about the bravery of the French and the savagery of Indians is
+buncomb, and that is all. I will raise the English flag over the fort
+without a drop of blood being shed. Let me advance with the regulars;
+and Captain Lewis, with his Americans, remain behind with the baggage.
+We will show you how a fort can be taken."
+
+"Your order shall be obeyed," replied Captain Lewis, although he looked
+with contempt upon the braggart whom he addressed.
+
+General Braddock's blunder was repeated on that day. The regulars moved
+forward, and marched directly into an Indian ambuscade.
+
+With unearthly yells the savages sprang from their hiding places, and
+poured a terrific fire into the faces of the regulars. At the same time
+the French rushed out of their fort, sending volley after volley of
+leaden death into their ranks. The English stood their ground for a
+moment, then broke and retreated in confusion. The savages, emboldened
+by their success, rushed on to more fearful slaughter, and between
+musket and tomahawk, butchery reigned supreme.
+
+Major Lewis, who was left behind with the baggage, leaving fifty men
+under the charge of Captain Bullit to guard it, rushed forward with his
+Virginia force to the relief of the regulars. His timely aid checked the
+advance of the foe; but, in a hand to hand fight with an Indian warrior,
+he was taken prisoner, though not until the warrior lay dead at his
+feet.
+
+Major Grant was taken prisoner, and would have been tomahawked on the
+spot but for the interposition of a French officer.
+
+The retreat became a complete rout, the savages pursuing with their
+accustomed yells. Captain Bullit determined to resist the pursuit of the
+enemy by piling the baggage across the road for a barricade. Behind
+this, with his fifty men, he poured a deadly fire into the foe as they
+approached, volley after volley, checking their advance by striking
+terror to their hearts for a moment. Perceiving that he could not long
+hold out, he resorted to a strategy that would have been regarded
+barbarous if adopted by Indians. Irving speaks of it as follows:
+
+"They were checked for a time, but were again pressing forward in
+greater numbers, when Bullit and his men held out the signal of
+capitulation, and advanced, as if to surrender. When within eight yards
+of the enemy, they suddenly leveled their arms, poured a most effectual
+volley, and then charged with the bayonet. The Indians fled in dismay,
+and Bullit took advantage of this check to retreat, with all speed,
+collecting the wounded and scattered fugitives as he advanced."
+
+The whole of the straggling army did not reach Fort Loyal Harman at
+Laurel Hills until the fifth day of November. Many of the soldiers,
+especially the wounded, suffered terribly on the retreat.
+
+Washington was at Raystown when the attack was made upon the advance.
+Why and for what he was there, except by order of the commander, General
+Forbes, we know not. But he joined the beaten and demoralized army at
+Fort Loyal Harman.
+
+"Braddock's folly repeated must end in Braddock's defeat and shame," he
+remarked, on hearing of the disaster. "The result is no worse than I
+feared."
+
+"Your Virginians fought bravely," remarked General Forbes to Washington,
+evidently thinking that he had underrated their valor and efficiency.
+
+"I am not surprised to hear it," replied Washington. "I knew that they
+would prove themselves equal to the occasion."
+
+"Braver fellows never met a foe on the battlefield," continued General
+Forbes. "Our defeat would have been more bloody and shameful but for
+them."
+
+"And if they had formed the advance, they would not have been caught in
+an Indian ambuscade," remarked Washington suggestively.
+
+In this unfortunate battle the British lost twenty-one officers and two
+hundred and seventy-three privates in killed and wounded, more than
+one-third of the advance under Grant.
+
+"Well," continued General Forbes, "this snow and freezing weather will
+compel us to go into winter quarters here. After this defeat we are not
+in a condition to attack the fort immediately."
+
+"Our prospects are not very flattering, it must be confessed," remarked
+Washington, without expressing his opinion of the unnecessary and
+foolish blunder that had brought them into this plight. Had he led his
+Virginia rangers in advance, such a disgraceful record would not have
+been made.
+
+Washington prophesied that, between building a new road and sending
+regulars in advance, defeat was inevitable, and now General Forbes
+proposed to fulfil his prophecy.
+
+"What is your advice, Colonel Washington, under the circumstances?"
+inquired General Forbes, evidently designing to atone somewhat for his
+previous shabby treatment of the young Virginia hero. "Is it wise to
+march against the fort at this late season and in this rough weather?"
+
+Washington was not at all disposed to give advice after all his previous
+counsels had been treated with contempt; therefore he prolonged the
+conversation without gratifying the commanding general with an explicit
+statement of his opinions. In the midst of their interview two or three
+prisoners were brought in, and they gave such an account of the
+weakness and destitution of the French garrison that Washington advised
+an immediate advance upon the fort.
+
+"Is it possible?" said General Forbes, doubting the statement.
+
+"It is _possible_," answered Washington. "It is an easy matter to find
+out, however."
+
+"We are not exactly prepared for such a movement now," replied the
+general.
+
+"I am at your service, general, with my rangers," answered Washington,
+in a tone which showed that he coveted the business. We strongly suspect
+that Washington was thinking of his promised bride, and desired to close
+the campaign against Duquesne that he might claim her. To go into winter
+quarters, and leave the fort to be captured another season, would put
+off his wedding-day far beyond his wishes. The understanding was, that
+he would not be married until after the fall of Duquesne.
+
+"Your brave and generous offer is accepted, without conditions," General
+Forbes immediately replied, only too glad now to impose the labor and
+risk upon provincial troops.
+
+"I will be ready to move to-morrow," added Washington with his usual
+promptness.
+
+"As soon as you please, and in what manner you please. The whole thing
+is in your hands."
+
+"Very well, sir; we march to-morrow," added Washington as he hurried
+away.
+
+On the next day he took up the line of march towards Duquesne,
+proceeding with extreme caution as he approached the vicinity of the
+fort. The locality of the recent battle was marked by the dead bodies of
+their fallen brothers, a sickening spectacle to behold. Around them,
+too, were scattered the bones of comrades who fell in the first battle,
+three years before, a melancholy reminder of the defeat and death which
+followed the blundering of conceited officers.
+
+No sign of the enemy appeared. Silence reigned supreme. Scouts reported
+no trace of the foe. Still the "rangers" moved forward with the utmost
+caution. Indians could not surprise them now.
+
+Coming in sight of the fort, they saw that it was deserted. No flag
+floated over its walls. On the double-quick, Washington led his troops
+into it, and not a Frenchman or Indian was found. The wooden buildings
+were burned to ashes, together with such baggage and other material as
+the occupants could not carry away in boats. Not a cannon, gun, or
+cartridge remained. Washington planted the English flag upon the walls
+of the fort with his own hand, on the twenty-fifth day of November,
+1758.
+
+It was learned, subsequently, that on account of the signal victories of
+the British army in Canada, no reinforcements or provisions were
+received at Duquesne. As the French garrison was in urgent need of both,
+the commander concluded, on the approach of Washington's command, that
+the better part of valor would be to abandon it; hence its evacuation.
+
+Washington adopted immediate and vigorous measures to rebuild the fort,
+to which he gave the name of Fort Pitt, in honor of the great English
+statesman, through whose influence the British Government finally
+ordered the capture of the fort. Leaving a sufficient number of troops
+to garrison it, he returned to Laurel Hill, whence he wrote to the
+Governor of Virginia, in behalf of his needy soldiers at Duquesne, as
+follows:
+
+"Considering their present circumstances," he writes: "I would by no
+means have consented to leave any part of them there, had not the
+general given me express orders.... By their present nakedness, the
+advanced season, and the inconceivable fatigues of an uncommonly long
+and laborious campaign, they are rendered totally incapable of any sort
+of service; and sickness, death, and desertion must, if they are not
+speedily supplied, greatly reduce their numbers. To replace them with
+equally good men will, perhaps, be found impossible."
+
+Irving says, "One of the first offices of the army, after taking
+possession of the fort, was to collect and bury, in one common tomb, the
+bones of their fellow-soldiers who had fallen in the battles of Braddock
+and Grant. In this pious duty it is said every one joined, from the
+general down to the private soldier; and some veterans assisted, with
+heavy hearts and frequent ejaculations of poignant feeling, who had been
+present in the scenes of defeat and carnage."
+
+The fall of Duquesne brought to an end the domination of the French on
+the Ohio, as Washington predicted, restoring peace to the frontier.
+Hostile Indians hastened to cast in their allegiance to the English, who
+had become conquerors, thus laying aside both tomahawk and
+scalping-knife, at least for a season.
+
+Washington resolved to abandon military life and retire to his estate at
+Mount Vernon, exchanging the hardships of war for the blessings of
+peace. He sent in his resignation, whereupon the officers of his command
+presented him with a flattering testimonial, from which we make the
+following extracts:
+
+"Sir, we, your most obedient and affectionate officers, beg leave to
+express our great concern at the disagreeable news we have received of
+your determination to resign the command of that corps in which we
+have so long served under you. The happiness we have enjoyed, and the
+honor we have acquired, together with the mutual regard which has always
+subsisted between you and your officers, have implanted so sensible an
+affection in the minds of us all, that we cannot be silent on this
+critical occasion.
+
+"In our earliest infancy you took us under your tuition, trained us up
+in the practice of that discipline which alone can constitute good
+troops, from the punctual observation of which you never suffered the
+least deviation.
+
+"Your steady adherence to impartial justice, your quick discernment, and
+invariable regard to merit, wisely intended to inculcate these genuine
+sentiments of true honor and passion for glory, from which the greatest
+military achievements have been derived, first heightened our natural
+emulation and our desire to excel. How much we improved by those
+regulations and your own example, with what alacrity we have hitherto
+discharged our duty, with what cheerfulness we have encountered the
+severest toil, especially while under your particular directions, we
+submit to yourself, and flatter ourselves that we have, in a great
+measure, answered your expectations.
+
+"Judge, then, how sensibly we must be affected by the loss of such an
+excellent commander, such a sincere friend, and so affable a
+companion.... It gives us additional sorrow, when we reflect, to find
+our unhappy country will receive a loss no less irreparable than our
+own. Where will it meet a man so experienced in military affairs--one so
+renowned for patriotism, conduct, and courage? Who has so great a
+knowledge of the enemy we have to deal with?... Who, in short, so
+able to support the military character of Virginia?
+
+"Your approved love to your king and country, and your uncommon
+perseverance in promoting the honor and true interest of the service,
+convince us that the most cogent reasons only could induce you to quit
+it; yet we, with the greatest deference, presume to entreat you to
+suspend those thoughts for another year, and to lead us on to assist in
+the glorious work of extirpating our enemies, towards which so
+considerable advances have been already made. In you we place the most
+implicit confidence. Your presence only will cause a steady firmness and
+vigor to actuate in every breast, despising the greatest dangers, and
+thinking light of toils and hardships, while led on by the man we know
+and love."
+
+This tribute to the character of an honored commander conveys to the
+reader a clear view of his illustrious position in the army, confirming
+the favorable opinions hitherto expressed by the author.
+
+
+
+
+XV.
+
+HIS WIFE AND HOME.
+
+
+Washington renounced military life to claim his bride. He was married at
+the "White House" on the 6th of January, 1759, a few weeks before his
+twenty-seventh birthday. Mrs. Custis was three months younger than the
+bridegroom.
+
+At seventeen years of age, Miss Martha Dandridge (for such was her
+maiden name) was a gay and beautiful belle, having many suitors, upon
+none of whom she looked favorably, except Colonel Daniel Parke Custis,
+son of Hon. John Custis of Arlington. To him she was married in 1749.
+Two sons and a daughter were the fruits of this marriage, the eldest of
+whom died a short time before his father. The biographer of Mr. Custis
+records an incident which furnishes a key to the character of this
+worthy and influential gentleman:
+
+"A short time before his death, he sent for a tenant, to whom, in
+settling an account, he was due one shilling. The tenant begged that the
+colonel, who had ever been most kind to his tenantry, would not trouble
+himself at all about such a trifle, as he, the tenant, had forgotten it
+long ago. 'But I have not,' rejoined the just and conscientious
+landlord; and bidding his creditor take up the coin, which had been
+purposely placed on his pillow, exclaimed, 'Now my accounts are closed
+with this world!' and shortly after expired."
+
+The loss of both husband and son was a terrible affliction to the
+youthful widow; yet her Christian hope sustained her wonderfully, so
+that she did not abandon herself to useless repinings. Her husband left
+her his large plantation, and from one to two hundred thousand dollars
+in money, the care of which, with her two surviving children, imposed
+new and unusual duties upon her. How well she met these responsibilities
+is told by her husband's biographer, thus:
+
+"Mrs. Custis, as sole executrix, managed the extensive landed and
+pecuniary concerns of the estates with surprising ability, making loans
+on mortgage of moneys, and, through her stewards and agents, conducting
+the sales or exportations of the crops to the best possible advantage."
+
+"Beautiful, gifted, with great fascination of manners, unusually
+accomplished, extremely wealthy, and youthful," as another has said, it
+is not surprising that, when the usual period of seclusion and mourning
+had passed, her hand and heart were sought by other worthy men. It was
+not, however, until she providentially met Colonel Washington, in the
+manner we have described, that she was at all disposed to enter into
+another matrimonial alliance.
+
+The wedding of Washington was a splendid affair conducted after the old
+English style that prevailed among wealthy planters. Military and civil
+officers with their wives, graced the occasion. Ladies appeared in the
+costliest brocades, laces, and jewels which the Old World could provide.
+The bride was arrayed in the height of English fashion, her wealth of
+charms a fit accompaniment to the manly beauty of the bridegroom, who
+stood six feet and three inches in his shoes, "The tallest and
+handsomest man of the Old Dominion."
+
+An old negro servant of Mrs. Custis expressed his views of his new
+master, as follows:
+
+"Never seed the like, sir,--never the like of him, though I have seen
+many in my day,--so tall, so straight! And then, sir, he sat on a horse
+and rode with such an air! Ah, sir, he was like no one else! Many of the
+grandest gentlemen, in the gold lace, were at the wedding, but none
+looked like the man himself."
+
+Washington resided at the "White House" three months before taking his
+seat in the House of Burgesses. That he had resolved to abandon a
+military career, and that his new relation afforded him unalloyed
+pleasure, is quite evident from what he wrote to a friend:
+
+"I am now, I believe, fixed in this seat, with an agreeable partner for
+life; and I hope to find more happiness in retirement than I ever
+experienced in the wide and bustling world."
+
+From a child, Mrs. Washington had enjoyed the luxuries and society that
+wealth multiplies. Her own property, now united to that of her husband,
+amounted to a large fortune. She could live in princely style, although
+she adopted that style only so far as her social position demanded.
+There was an aristocratic element that ruled in Virginia at that time,
+embracing the wealthy, cultured, and ruling classes, to which she
+belonged; and to this standard of living she was obliged to conform.
+Her home was the resort of the wealthiest and most influential people of
+Virginia.
+
+After three months had elapsed, Washington took his seat in the
+Legislature. That body arranged to honor the hero as soon as he appeared
+in the House, by a eulogistic address by the speaker. No sooner had he
+taken his seat, than the speaker, Mr. Robinson, immediately arose, and,
+commanding silence, addressed Washington in such language of praise as
+only true patriotism, united with personal friendship, could dictate;
+enlarging upon his heroic deeds for his country in its time of its
+greatest peril. As he closed, the whole Assembly rose to their feet,
+and saluted the young colonel with a bow.
+
+Had an earthquake suddenly shaken the Capitol to its centre, Washington
+would not have been more completely surprised. He was confounded. He
+rose to make his acknowledgments, but, alas! his tongue had forgotten
+its office. Thrice he essayed to speak, and thrice, in spite of every
+effort, his utterance failed him, save faintly to articulate, "Mr.
+Speaker! Mr. Speaker!"
+
+The speaker was equal to the occasion, and came to his relief in one of
+the best, quick-witted sallies on record.
+
+"Colonel Washington," he exclaimed, "sit down! sit down! Your modesty
+alone is equal to your merit."
+
+Soon after the adjournment of the Legislature, Washington removed his
+family to Mount Vernon, to devote himself to agricultural pursuits. For
+fifteen years he continued to abide there in domestic enjoyment. Every
+year of this fifteen he was elected to the House of Burgesses, where
+his counsels and great influence became indispensable. Still he was a
+farmer on a large scale, and devoted himself to the improvement of his
+estates, and the raising of wheat, corn, and tobacco. The landed
+estates of both himself and wife must have numbered more than twenty
+thousand acres, for his Mount Vernon estate alone amounted to over nine
+thousand acres. Then he owned large tracts of land outside, containing
+thousands of acres. Add to these extensive tracts the Custis estates,
+and we find him one of the largest landholders of North America.
+
+A thousand persons were required to perform the labors of his domestic
+and agricultural establishments, including his negroes. The products of
+his plantations were shipped to his agent in England; and he came to
+enjoy such a reputation there as a successful and upright planter, that
+the usual custom-house inspection of all packages and goods marked
+"George Washington" was omitted. A record of his products before us for
+a single year shows that he raised ten thousand bushels of corn and
+seven thousand bushels of wheat. One hundred cows, with oxen, horses,
+and mules in that proportion, stocked his immense estate. His farming
+implements, carriages, and the nicer materials for clothing himself and
+family, were imported from England. With this exception, the linen and
+woollen cloths used were made by hand on his own plantation. Sixteen
+spinning-wheels were kept in operation.
+
+Mrs. Washington took her position in this immense establishment as
+mistress, proving that her accomplishments and education under the
+influence of wealth did not make her vain and aristocratic. Unlike many
+planters' wives of that day, she did not consider that labor was
+degrading. She was provided with all the servants necessary, but she
+relinquished to no one, however competent, the oversight of her
+household affairs. "Carrying her keys at her side, and making frequent
+visits to the various apartments connected with the elaborate
+arrangements of the table and its 'aids and appliances,' the spotless
+purity of her attire always remained unsullied by her active
+participation in the mysteries of each and all." Neatness, order, and
+industry characterized her in the house, as they did her husband on the
+farm.
+
+That great care and responsibility must have devolved upon Mrs.
+Washington, appears from Irving's description of a Virginia estate.
+
+"A large Virginia estate in those days was a little empire," he says.
+"The mansion-house was the seat of government, with its numerous
+dependencies, such as kitchens, smoke-house, work-shops, and stables.
+In this mansion the planter moved supreme; his steward, or overseer, was
+his prime minister and executive officer; he had his legion of house
+negroes for domestic service, and his host of field negroes for the
+culture of tobacco, Indian corn, and other crops, and for other
+out-of-door labor. Their quarter formed a kind of hamlet apart, composed
+of various huts, with little gardens and poultry yards, all well
+stocked, and swarms of little negroes gambolling in the sunshine. Then
+there were large wooden edifices for curing tobacco, the staple and most
+profitable production, and mills for grinding wheat and Indian corn, of
+which large fields were cultivated for the supply of the family and the
+maintenance of the negroes."
+
+At the same time that Mrs. Washington had to preside over the farm-house
+for the sake of the one thousand souls on the large estate, she was
+obliged to conduct her domestic affairs in a costly and fashionable way
+for the sake of her guests. Her wardrobe, furniture, and preparations
+for special occasions were necessarily elaborate and expensive, for her
+mansion was the resort of the most distinguished men and women of the
+country. Almost every day some civil or military gentleman of
+distinction was found at her table. Hence, much style and expense were
+required to maintain her hospitable board. A silver service was demanded
+by the times, the manners and customs of which were imported from
+England. All other appointments corresponded with this royal standard.
+Irving says that Washington's "intimacy with the Fairfaxes and his
+intercourse with British officers of rank had their influence on his
+mode of living."
+
+Mrs. Washington had her chariot and four, with driver and black
+postilion in livery, more, perhaps, to entertain and honor her
+distinguished guests than for personal enjoyment. Her husband usually
+appeared on horseback. He loved horses, especially fine ones, and most
+of those in his stables were imported. To each he gave a name, suggested
+by some quality that attracted his observant eye, as Ajax, Blueskin,
+Valiant, Magnolia (Arabian), etc. Several noble dogs for fox-hunting
+were found about his house and stable--Vulcan, Singer, Ringwood,
+Sweetlips, Forrester, Music, Rockwood and Truelove. With such
+preparations, an English baronet and his wife, Lord Fairfax, the wealthy
+fox-hunter, provincial governors and generals, or the ordinary farmer,
+could all be accommodated on the Mount Vernon estate.
+
+An order sent to England in 1759 shows that Mrs. Washington's wardrobe
+received particular attention:
+
+    "A salmon-colored Tabby (velvet), with satin flowers for sack
+    and coat.
+
+    "One cap, handkerchief and tucker and ruffles, to be made of
+    Brussels lace or Point, proper to be worn with the above; to
+    cost Ł20 (one hundred dollars).
+
+    "Two fine flowered lawn aprons.
+
+    "Two pairs women's white silk hose.
+
+    "Six pairs fine cotton do.
+
+    "Six pairs thread do., four threaded.
+
+    "One pair black and one pair white satin shoes of the smallest
+    fives.
+
+    "Four pairs Calimanco do.
+
+    "One fashionable hat or bonnet.
+
+    "Six pairs women's best kid gloves.
+
+    "Six pairs do. mits.
+
+    "One doz. round silk lace.
+
+    "One doz. most fashionable cambric pocket h'k'c'fs.
+
+    "Six lbs. perfumed powder.
+
+    "One piece narrow white satin ribbon, pearl edge."
+
+Fashion ruled with mighty power at that time, and Mrs. Washington was
+one of its votaries from necessity, if not from choice. Her husband,
+too, paid much attention to dress; nor was it the result of her
+influence. Before he became acquainted with her, in one of his orders
+sent to England appears the following:
+
+    "Two pairs fine worked ruffles, at 20s. per pair.
+
+    "Two sets complete shoe brushes.
+
+    "Six pairs thread hose at 5s.
+
+    "Enough superfine blue cotton velvet for coat, waistcoat, and
+    breeches, with fine silk buttons to match, and necessary
+    trimmings, with garters for the breeches.
+
+    "Six pairs of the very neatest shoes; two pairs double
+    chancelled pumps; two pairs turned ditto; and two pairs stitched
+    shoes; to be made by Didsberry, over Col. Beiler's last.
+
+    "Six pairs gloves; three pairs for riding, with slit tops."
+
+As if fearing that the claims of fashion might not be carefully
+regarded, he added, "If worked ruffles should be out of fashion, send
+such as are not."
+
+An order for an outfit for horse-back riding shows how much attention
+was paid to comfort and appearance at that time among the wealthy
+planters of Virginia:
+
+    "One man's riding-saddle, hogskin seat, large-plated stirrups,
+    and everything complete; double-reined bridle and Pelham bit,
+    plated.
+
+    "A very neat and fashionable Newmarket saddle-cloth.
+
+    "A large and best portmanteau, saddle, bridle, and pillion.
+
+    "Cloak-bag, surcingle, checked saddle-cloth, holster, &c.
+
+    "A riding-frock of a handsome drab-colored broadcloth, with
+    plain, double-gilt buttons.
+
+    "A riding waistcoat of superfine scarlet cloth and gold lace,
+    with buttons like those of the coat.
+
+    "A blue surtout coat.
+
+    "A neat switch whip, silver cap.
+
+    "Black velvet cap for servant."
+
+Mrs. Washington devoted herself to the education of her two children,
+six and four years of age at the time of her marriage with Washington.
+Had their own father been living, he could not have co-operated with
+their mother more cheerfully and tenderly than Washington did. Their
+father left a fortune to each of them, and that fact determined the
+character and methods of their training, agreeable to the custom of that
+day and locality. The following order for articles for the children is
+quite instructive as to the management of the Mount Vernon home:
+
+    "For Master Custis, _6 years old_."
+
+        "One piece Irish Holland, at 4s.
+
+        "Two yards fine cambric, at 10s.
+
+        "Six pocket handkerchiefs, small and fine.
+
+        "Six pairs gloves.
+
+        "Two laced hats.
+
+        "Two pieces India nankeen.
+
+        "Six pairs fine thread stockings.
+
+        "Four pairs coarser do.
+
+        "Four pairs worsted do.
+
+        "Four pairs strong shoes.
+
+        "Four pairs pumps.
+
+        "One summer suit of clothes, to be made of some thing light and
+         thin.
+
+        "Three fine ivory combs.
+
+        "Two horn do. and two brushes.
+
+        "One piece black hair-ribbon.
+
+        "One pair handsome silver shoe and knee buckles.
+
+        "Six little books for children beginning to read.
+
+        "One light duffel cloak with silver frogs.
+
+        "10s. worth of toys."
+
+    "For Miss Custis, _4 years old_."
+
+        "Eight yards fine printed linen, at 3s. 6d.
+
+        "One piece Irish Holland, at 4s.
+
+        "Two ells fine Holland, at 10s.
+
+        "Eight pairs kid mits.
+
+        "Four pairs gloves.
+
+        "Two pairs silk shoes.
+
+        "Four pairs Calimanco do.
+
+        "Four pairs leather pumps.
+
+        Six pairs fine thread stockings.
+
+        "Four pairs worsted do.
+
+        "Half piece flowered dimity.
+
+        "Two yards fine cambric, at 10s.
+
+        "Two caps, two pairs ruffles, two tuckers, bibs, and aprons, if
+        fashionable.
+
+        "Two fans, two masks, two bonnets.
+
+        "Two m. minikins, one cloth cloak.
+
+        "One stiffened coat of fashionable silk, made to packthread
+        stays.
+
+        "Six yards ribbon.
+
+        "Two necklaces.
+
+        "One pair silver sleeve buttons, with stone.
+
+        "One fashionable, dressed baby, 10s., and other toys, 10s.
+
+        "Six pocket handkerchiefs."
+
+This insight into the early wedded life of Washington, a hundred and
+twenty years ago, upsets the notions of those people, in our day, who
+suppose that the sway of fashion belongs to modern times only.
+
+Mrs. Washington was proverbially kind to her slaves, though not more so
+than her husband. They constituted a part of her family, for whom she
+had to provide both in health and sickness. This fact explains several
+entries in his journal concerning the quantity of provisions used. For
+example, one entry is, "Although we keep one hundred and one cows, we
+have to buy some butter."
+
+Among their slaves were all kinds of artificers--carpenters,
+blacksmiths, shoemakers, tailors, wheel-wrights, and so forth. All these
+were indispensable on such an establishment, since a plantation must
+necessarily produce whatever ordinary use required. This arrangement
+imposed increased burdens upon the master of the plantation and the
+mistress of the house.
+
+Mrs. Washington was as domestic in the house as her husband was
+practical on the farm. His journal shows that, unlike many of the large
+planters, he labored with his men on the plantation.
+
+"Fitted a two-eyed plough instead of a duck-bill plough, and with much
+difficulty made my chariot wheel-horses plough. Put the pole-end horses
+into the plough in the morning, and put in the postilion and hind horses
+in the afternoon; but the ground being well swarded over, and very heavy
+ploughing, I repented putting them in at all, for fear it should give
+them a habit of stopping in the chariot."
+
+"Spent the greater part of the day in making a new plough of my own
+invention."
+
+"Bottled thirty-five dozen of cider."
+
+"Seven o'clock a messenger came to inform me that my mill was in great
+danger of being destroyed by the flood. I immediately hurried off all
+hands, with shovels, etc., to its assistance, and got there myself just
+time enough to give it a reprieve for this time, by wheeling gravel into
+the place the water had washed."
+
+"Surveyed some lines of my Mount Vernon tract of land."
+
+"Employed in running some lines between me and Mr. William Triplet."
+
+"Surveyed the water-courses of my Mount Vernon tract of land, taking
+advantage of the ice."
+
+"Laid out a road from Mount Vernon to the lane of Mr. Marley's."
+
+Irving says of Washington: "He was an early riser, often before
+day-break in the winter, when the nights were long. On such occasions he
+lit his own fire and wrote or read by candle-light. He breakfasted at
+seven in summer and eight in winter. Two small cups of tea and three or
+four cakes of Indian meal (called hoe-cakes) formed his frugal repast.
+Immediately after breakfast he mounted his horse, and visited those
+parts of the estate where any work was going on, seeing to everything
+with his own eyes, and often aiding with his own hands."
+
+Soon after he introduced his wife to his Mount Vernon estate, he began
+to improve and adorn the grounds. He made lawns, laid out walks and
+avenues, set out a great number of ornamental trees, and planted
+orchards of fruit-trees. He posted himself as far as possible in the
+science of agriculture, and made many improvements upon his plantations,
+by reclaiming land and increasing the productive power of the soil.
+
+Once he conceived the idea of reclaiming the Great Dismal Swamp, and
+actually explored it with reference to that ultimate purpose. Through
+his agency, the incorporated company known as the Dismal Swamp Company
+was organized. "This vast morass was about thirty miles long and ten
+miles wide, and its interior but little known" until Washington explored
+it, and found a lake six miles long and three miles wide near its
+centre.
+
+The large number of guests at Mount Vernon, and Washington's enjoyment
+in hunting, fishing, and visiting, particularly in winter time, when the
+cares of his plantation were less numerous, appear from his journal. In
+the month of January, 1770, are the following entries:
+
+    "2. Mr. Peake dined here.
+
+    "4. Went hunting with John Custis and Lund Washington. Started a
+    deer, and then a fox, but got neither.
+
+    "5. Went to Muddy Hole and Dogue Run. Took the dogs with me, but
+    found nothing. Warner Washington and Mr. Thurston came in the
+    evening.
+
+    "6. The two Col. Fairfaxes dined here, and Mr. R. Alexander and
+    the two gentlemen that came the day before.
+
+    "8. Went hunting with Mr. Alexander, J. Custis, and Lund
+    Washington. Killed a fox after three hours' chase. Mr. Thurston
+    came in the afternoon.
+
+    "9. Went a ducking, but got nothing, the creek and rivers being
+    frozen. Robert Adam dined here.
+
+    "10. Went hunting on the Neck, and visited the plantation there,
+    and killed a fox after treeing it three times and chasing it
+    three hours.
+
+    "13. Dined at Belvoir with Mrs. Washington and Mr. and Miss
+    Custis.
+
+    "15. Went up to Alexandria, expecting court, but there was none.
+    [He was county judge.]
+
+    "20. Went hunting with Jackay Custis, and killed a fox after a
+    three hours' chase.
+
+    "23. Went hunting after breakfast, and found a fox at Muddy Hole
+    and killed her. Mr. Temple and Mr. Robert Adam dined here.
+
+    "27. Went hunting; and after tracking a fox a good while, the
+    dogs raised a deer and ran out of the Neck with it, and did not
+    come home till the next day.
+
+    "28. Mr. Temple came here.
+
+    "29. Dined at Belvoir with J. P. Custis.
+
+    "30. Went hunting, and having found a deer, it ran to the head
+    of the Neck before we could stop the dogs. Mr. Peake dined
+    here."
+
+In the following month, February, fox-hunting occupied nine days, and
+five days were given to surveying.
+
+The laws of Virginia were very strict against interlopers on the
+Potomac. They were a great nuisance to the wealthy planters on its
+banks. Fishing and duck-hunting lured them thither. One day Mrs.
+Washington remarked to her husband, "I think that strangers are at the
+landing."
+
+"Are you sure they are strangers?"
+
+"Yes, I think so," Mrs. Washington answered. "Look and see."
+
+"They are strangers, surely," responded Washington, after a critical
+look towards the landing. "An oysterman's craft, I think."
+
+"What should an oysterman come to our landing for?"
+
+"We shall find out before long, no doubt," Washington replied.
+
+It was at the landing where the family barge was tied up. The affluent
+planters kept beautiful barges, imported from England, for the use of
+their families. Washington had one, rowed by six negroes, wearing a kind
+of uniform of check shirts and black velvet caps.
+
+They did find out very soon who the strangers were--an oysterman and his
+crew. They were a drunken, noisy rabble, who disturbed the neighborhood
+with their yells and revelry.
+
+"They must be sent away," remarked Washington, as he hurried toward the
+landing. But they were not in a condition to listen to his counsels.
+They were in the defiant state of intoxication, and refused to evacuate.
+They declared themselves able and determined "to hold the fort."
+
+The hero of Monongahela was not to be defied in that way. He adopted
+immediate measures to drive the mob away, but was not successful.
+Finally, summoning his negroes, and organizing a campaign against them,
+he forced them to leave, though, Irving says, "It took a campaign of
+three days to expel these invaders from the premises."
+
+At another time Washington was riding over his estate, when the report
+of a gun on the banks of the river, not far away, startled him. Turning
+his horse in the direction of the report, he soon discovered an
+interloper in a canoe, making havoc among the canvas-back ducks which
+were numerous on the river.
+
+"Stranger," he called.
+
+The hunter looked up.
+
+"By what authority are you trespassing upon these grounds?"
+
+The only reply that Washington received was, the hunter aimed his gun at
+him as if to fire. But the owner of Mount Vernon had seen guns pointed
+at him before; and, nothing daunted, he dashed into the river, shouting,
+"Fire if you dare!"
+
+Seizing the painter of the canoe, he drew it to the shore; then,
+springing from his horse, he wrested the gun from the hands of the
+astonished hunter.
+
+"I am the proprietor of this estate," he shouted, seizing the fellow by
+the nape of his neck and pulling him out of his canoe, "and we will see
+whose rights are to be regarded."
+
+The hunter begged for mercy, promising to quit the grounds and never
+more trespass upon them. Washington restored his gun to him, and allowed
+him to depart without further punishment.
+
+Mr. and Mrs. Washington were active and influential members of the
+Episcopal Church. Irving says:
+
+"The Episcopal Church predominated throughout the 'Ancient Dominion,' as
+it was termed. Each county was divided into parishes, as in England,
+each with its parochial church, its parsonage, and glebe. Washington was
+vestryman of two parishes,--Fairfax and Truro. The parochial church of
+the former was at Alexandria, ten miles from Mount Vernon; of the
+latter, at Pohick, about seven miles. The church at Pohick was rebuilt
+on a plan of his own, and in a great measure at his expense. At one or
+other of these churches he attended every Sunday, when the weather and
+the roads permitted. His demeanor was reverential and devout. Mrs.
+Washington knelt during the prayers; he always stood, as was the custom
+at that time."
+
+One of Mrs. Washington's biographers says of her:
+
+"It is recorded of this devout Christian that never, during her life,
+whether in prosperity or adversity, did she omit that daily
+self-communion and self-examination, and those private devotional
+exercises, which would best prepare her for the self-control and self
+denial by which she was, for more than half a century, so eminently
+distinguished. It was her habit to retire to her own apartment every
+morning after breakfast, there to devote an hour to solitary prayer and
+meditation."
+
+Mount Vernon was a home of prayer, of course. The presence of guests,
+however distinguished, never modified the family devotions. These were
+among the essentials of good family government. In one of Washington's
+orders sent to England is the following:
+
+"A small Bible, neatly bound in Turkey, and "John Parke Custis" wrote in
+gilt letters on the inside of the cover.
+
+"A neat small prayer-book bound as above, with "John Parke Custis," as
+above."
+
+The necessity of erecting a new house of worship was discussed in the
+vestry of Truro, and a vote in favor of the project was secured. On the
+location, the vestrymen were divided.
+
+"The old site is the proper one," said Mr. George Mason, whose residence
+was near the house of worship.
+
+"Not at all central," replied another.
+
+"Yet not so far aside as to discommode any one," responded Mason.
+
+"I beg leave to dissent from Mr. Mason," added a third. "The location is
+inconvenient for my family."
+
+"The sacred associations of the spot alone ought to keep the church
+there," urged Mr. Mason. "For generations our house of worship has stood
+there, and the place is hallowed by the sepulchres of our fathers around
+it."
+
+The subject was discussed, pro and con, when Washington's opinion was
+asked. Without reserve he remarked:
+
+"I cannot agree with my friend Mason that the location does not sensibly
+inconvenience some members of the parish. I think it does, and that a
+more central locality can be found. Neither can I see the force of his
+argument derived from the contiguity of the grave-yard. Churches are
+erected for the living, and not for the dead. The ashes of the dead can
+be sacredly protected by a suitable enclosure."
+
+The vestry adjourned without deciding upon the location, and before the
+next meeting, Washington carefully surveyed the parish, and made a neat
+plan of the same, showing that the old location was far from the centre.
+Mr. Mason urged with more earnestness than before the claims of the old
+site. But when Washington took his plan of survey from his pocket, and
+gave ocular demonstration that the old location was at one side of the
+parish, the new location was adopted at once.
+
+Rev. Lee Massey was rector of the church at that time, and he said of
+Washington:
+
+"I never knew so constant an attendant on church as Washington. And his
+behavior in the house of God was ever so deeply reverential that it
+produced the happiest effects on my congregation, and greatly assisted
+me in my pulpit labors. No company ever kept him from church. I have
+often been at Mount Vernon on the Sabbath morning when his
+breakfast-table was filled with guests; but to him they furnished no
+pretext for neglecting his God and losing the satisfaction of setting a
+good example. For, instead of staying at home out of false complaisance
+to them, he used constantly to invite them to accompany him."
+
+Mrs. Washington's daughter died in 1770, after a lingering and painful
+disease. It was a terrible blow to her; and how severe a blow it was to
+her husband may be learned from the following incident:
+
+Coming into the room when his wife's face was buried in her hands,
+convulsed with grief, he burst into tears, kneeled beside the bed, and
+poured out his soul in a most fervent prayer that God would yet spare
+the dear girl for the sake of her mother, and for Christ's sake. She had
+already breathed her last a moment before he entered the room; but, in
+his great sympathy for his wife, and his own passionate grief, the fact
+was unrecognized, and he sought relief in prayer.
+
+The son was between sixteen and seventeen years of age when the daughter
+died, and was beginning to be a very wayward boy. He was sent to an
+Episcopal school at Annapolis, Maryland, where he attended to
+fox-hunting and other amusements more than he did to his studies. He
+fell in love, also, with Eleanor Calvert, daughter of Benedict Calvert
+of Mount Airy, and he entered into a matrimonial engagement with her.
+Mrs. Washington was very much tried by the course of the young man, and,
+after canvassing the whole subject carefully with her husband, he
+addressed a letter to Miss Calvert's father, which was a compliment
+alike to his head and heart. It was a very long letter, and we have
+space for brief extracts only:
+
+    MOUNT VERNON, April 3, 1773.
+
+    "DEAR SIR,--I am now set down to write to you on a subject of
+    importance, and of no small embarrassment to me. My son-in-law
+    and ward, Mr. Custis, has paid his addresses to your second
+    daughter, and, having made some progress in her affections, has
+    solicited her in marriage. How far a union of this sort may be
+    agreeable to you, you best can tell; but I should think myself
+    wanting in candor were I not to confess that Miss Nelly's
+    amiable qualities are acknowledged on all hands, and that an
+    alliance with your family will be pleasing to his.
+
+    "This acknowledgment being made, you must permit me to add sir,
+    that at this, or in any short time, his youth, inexperience, and
+    unripened education, are, and will be, insuperable obstacles, in
+    my opinion, to the completion of the marriage. As his guardian,
+    I consider it my indispensable duty to endeavor to carry him
+    through a regular course of education, and to guard his youth to
+    a more advanced age, before an event on which his own peace and
+    the happiness of another are to depend, takes place....
+
+    "If the affection which they have avowed for each other is fixed
+    upon a solid basis, it will receive no diminution in the course
+    of two or three years, in which time he may prosecute his
+    studies, and thereby render himself more deserving of the lady
+    and useful to society. If, unfortunately, as they are both
+    young, there should be an abatement of affection on either side,
+    or both, it had better precede, than follow, marriage.
+
+    "Delivering my sentiments thus freely will not, I hope, lead you
+    into a belief that I am desirous of breaking off the match. To
+    postpone it is all I have in view; for I shall recommend to the
+    young gentleman, with the warmth that becomes a man of honor, to
+    consider himself as much engaged to your daughter as if the
+    indissoluble knot was tied; and, as the surest means of
+    affecting this, to apply himself closely to his studies, by
+    which he will, in a great measure, avoid those little
+    flirtations with other young ladies, that may, by dividing the
+    attention, contribute not a little to divide the affections."
+
+The result of this correspondence was that Washington took young Custis
+to King's (now Columbia) College, New York City, and entered him for two
+years. But love had so much more control of his heart than learning had
+of his head, that he remained there only a few months, when he returned
+to Mount Vernon, and was married to Miss Calvert on Feb. 3, 1774. The
+couple were nineteen and seventeen years of age, respectively, and their
+marriage proved a very fortunate event for themselves, and the families
+on both sides.
+
+The following incident, illustrative of Washington's fine personal
+appearance, transpired when he accompanied his step-son to New York. It
+is from the pen of Mr. Custis:
+
+"It was boasted at the table of the British governor that a regiment,
+just landed from England, contained among its officers some of the
+finest specimens of martial elegance in his Majesty's service; in fact,
+the most superb-looking fellows ever landed upon the shores of the new
+World. 'I wager your excellency a pair of gloves,' said Mrs. Morris, an
+American lady, 'that I will show you a finer man in the procession
+to-morrow than your excellency can select from your famous
+regiment;'--'Done, madam!' replied the governor. The morrow came (the
+fourth of June), and the procession, in honor of the birthday of the
+king, advanced through Broadway to the strains of military music. As the
+troops filed before the governor, he pointed out to the lady several
+officers by name, claiming her admiration for their superior persons and
+brilliant equipments. In rear of the troops came a band of officers not
+on duty, colonial officers, and strangers of distinction. Immediately,
+on their approach, the attention of the governor was seen to be directed
+toward a tall and martial figure, that marched with grave and measured
+tread, apparently indifferent to the scene around him. The lady now
+archly observed, 'I perceive that your excellency's eyes are turned to
+the right object; what say you to your wager now, sir?'--'Lost, madam,'
+replied the gallant governor; 'when I laid my wager I was not aware that
+Colonel Washington was in New York.'"
+
+Washington kept his own books at the same time that he attended to the
+business of his vast estates. The same neatness, method, and accuracy
+characterized his accounts at Mount Vernon that characterized his
+writing books at Mr. Williams' school. They were models.
+
+When Mrs. Washington went to Mount Vernon to live, the mansion contained
+only four square rooms on the ground. In this condition it remained
+until the close of the Revolution.
+
+During the Revolution she was wont to spend the winter with her husband
+in his winter quarters. The accommodations were always meagre. One of
+these winters he occupied a small frame house, unfurnished in the second
+story. The general could get along with the meagre comforts, but he
+desired better accommodations for his wife. So he sent for a young
+mechanic and fellow-apprentice.
+
+"Mrs. Washington will tell you what she wants, and you will make the
+changes under her direction," he said to them.
+
+Soon Mrs. Washington was in their presence.
+
+"Now, young men," she said, "I care for nothing but comfort here, and
+should like you to fit me up a beaufet on one side of the room, and some
+shelves and places for hanging clothes on the other."
+
+The mechanic said afterwards that "every morning Mrs. Washington came
+up-stairs to see us; and after she and the general had dined, she always
+called us down to eat at her table. We worked very hard, nailing smooth
+boards over the rough and worm-eaten planks, and stopping the crevices
+in the walls made by time and hard usage. We studied to do everything to
+please so pleasant a lady, and to make some return in our humble way for
+the kindness of the general."
+
+When the work was completed, Mrs. Washington was surveying it, when the
+mechanic said, "Madam, we have endeavored to do the best we could. I
+hope we have suited you."
+
+"I am astonished," Mrs. Washington replied. "Your work would do honor to
+an old master, and you are mere lads. I am not only satisfied, but
+highly gratified with what you have done for my comfort."
+
+She was accustomed to say, after the Revolution, "I heard the first
+cannon at the opening, and the last at the closing, of all the campaigns
+of the Revolutionary war."
+
+She survived her husband by two years. As death drew near, with mind
+clear and heart staid on God, she awaited the final summons with
+calmness and sweet resignation. She called her grandchildren to her
+bedside, "discoursed to them of their respective duties, spoke of the
+happy influence of religion, and then triumphantly resigned her spirit
+into the hands of her Saviour," and expired.
+
+Mount Vernon is now in a good state of preservation. A national
+association of women have charge of the place, that it may be kept in
+repair, and the relics--furniture, pictures, account books, library,
+etc.--be preserved for coming generations to see.
+
+
+
+
+XVI.
+
+COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF.
+
+
+During the fifteen years of Washington's peaceful abode at Mount Vernon,
+public affairs were hastening to a crisis. The "Seven Years' War,"
+beginning with Washington's attack upon De Jumonville, and ending with
+the surrender of Montreal and all Canada, and the signing of the treaty
+of peace at Fontainbleau, in 1763, had closed; but greater things
+awaited the colonists in the future.
+
+Scarcely had the people settled down in the enjoyment of peace when an
+insurrection broke out among the Indian tribes, including the Delawares,
+Shawnees, and other tribes on the Ohio, with whom Washington had
+mingled. It was called "Pontiac's War," because Pontiac, a famous Indian
+chief, was its master-spirit. He induced the tribes to take up the
+hatchet against the English.
+
+An attack was made upon all the English posts, from Detroit to Fort Pitt
+(late Duquesne). "Several of the small stockaded forts, the places of
+refuge of woodland neighbors, were surprised and sacked with remorseless
+butchery. The frontiers of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia were
+laid waste; traders in the wilderness were plundered and slain; hamlets
+and farm-houses were wrapped in flames, and their inhabitants
+massacred."
+
+Washington was not engaged in this Indian war, which was short in
+duration. At the time he was pushing his project of draining the Dismal
+Swamp.
+
+Other things, however, of a public nature enlisted his attention, as the
+following interview with Mr. George Mason will show:
+
+"It appears that the British Government propose to tax the Colonies to
+help pay its debts," remarked Mr. Mason. "At least, the subject is
+before Parliament for discussion."
+
+"Yes," answered Washington, "and the proposition is as unjust as it is
+impolitic. After we have helped the king maintain his authority in this
+country, we must not only pay our own bills, but help him pay his. The
+Colonists will never submit to that."
+
+"They never should, whether they will or not," replied Mason. "I
+understand that the British officers have represented to the government
+that the colonists are rich, and abundantly able to assist in paying the
+debt of England."
+
+"And that comes from entertaining them in an extravagant way, as our
+leaders did. A few rich families furnished the silver plate and luxuries
+that dazzled the eyes of British officers." Here Washington referred to
+what he never approved, "borrowing silver and begging luxuries" to treat
+British officers with.
+
+"But suppose Parliament actually imposes a tax upon us, and sends agents
+to collect it, what can be done?"
+
+"Resist the tax," Washington replied.
+
+"How resist?"
+
+"There is but one way to resist; resort to arms." "And there will be a
+poor show for us against the king's armies," said Mason.
+
+"And the king's temper," added Washington, alluding to the fact that
+King George the Third, then ruling England, was an ambitious,
+unprincipled, and tyrannical ruler.
+
+"The king will not be very merciful towards _rebels_."
+
+"No, of course not. I suppose that resistance to the tax will be
+rebellion."
+
+"It cannot be anything else. Nevertheless, we can never submit to
+taxation without representation," added Washington, referring to the
+fact that the Colonists had neither voice nor vote in the administration
+of the British Government.
+
+"Never! Even loyalty cannot approve so base an act of injustice."
+
+"Especially after Parliament has gone to the verge of extortion by
+previous acts," remarked Washington. "Our ports are now shut against
+foreign vessels; we can export our productions only to countries
+belonging to the British Crown, and must import goods only from England,
+and in English ships. Neither can we manufacture anything that will
+interfere with the manufactures of England. These are intolerant
+measures."
+
+"That is so; and I do not wonder that the New England Colonies,
+particularly, should remonstrate against these arbitrary restraints,
+since their interests are chiefly commercial, and, therefore, more
+seriously affected by them."
+
+"I doubt whether Parliament will venture upon so hazardous an
+experiment," continued Washington. "Walpole and Pitt, not to mention
+others, are opposed to this measure of deriving a revenue by taxation
+from the Colonies. Walpole said, 'It must be a bolder man than myself,
+and one less friendly to commerce, who should venture on such an
+expedient. For my part, I would encourage the trade of the Colonists to
+the utmost.' Such sentiments must have weight with the government."
+
+Contrary to Washington's expectations, Parliament voted, in 1764, that
+England had a right to tax America; and Grenville, then at the head of
+the government, proceeded to preparations for taxing the Colonies.
+Through his influence, also, the "Stamp Act" was passed in March, 1765,
+whereby "all instruments in writing were to be executed on stamped
+paper, to be purchased from the agents of the British Government."
+
+Other oppressive measures, also, were adopted subsequently, such as the
+appointment of judges by the English commissioners; that offenders
+should be tried in England for offences committed in America; with acts
+of lesser importance that infringed upon the rights of the people.
+
+These things aroused the indignation of the Colonists, and the
+excitement grew to the highest pitch. In New England violent measures
+were adopted to express the indignant remonstrance of the people.
+
+Two months after the passage of the "Stamp Act" in England, the Virginia
+Legislature convened at Williamsburg. Few of the members sympathized
+with the British Government. A large majority denounced the aforesaid
+measures as oppressive and tyrannical. Among the new members was Patrick
+Henry, a young lawyer of fearless courage and fervid eloquence. Rising
+in his seat, he presented a series of resolutions, which declared that
+the House of Burgesses of Virginia alone possessed the right to tax the
+people of that Colony, and whoever maintained the contrary should be
+deemed an enemy to the Colony.
+
+He supported these resolutions by a speech of surpassing eloquence,
+surprising his associates by his boldness and powerful oratory.
+
+"The resolutions are inflammatory," objected the speaker, Mr. Robinson.
+"We can maintain our rights without challenging the arms of the
+mother-country."
+
+"The resolutions are right in principle, but intemperate in spirit,"
+remarked another.
+
+"Our self-respect demands that we indignantly repel such invasion of our
+rights as taxation imposes!" exclaimed a third, in full accord with the
+resolutions.
+
+After the discussion had proceeded for a while, a timid spirit being
+manifested by a few, and indignant remonstrance against British tyranny
+by the many, Patrick Henry rose to reply to objections advanced.
+
+He vindicated colonial rights under the English Constitution by an
+argument of great power, showing how often and causelessly they had been
+assailed; and he justified the resolutions by the "cool deliberation" of
+Parliament in fastening the chains of slavery upon them. Warming with
+his theme, he advanced to matchless eloquence, and closed his philippic
+with such a daring burst of patriotism as startled the Assembly.
+
+"Cćsar had his Brutus!" he shouted; "Charles his Cromwell, and George
+the Third"--
+
+"Treason! Treason!" cried the speaker.
+
+"And George the Third may profit by their examples!" finishing the
+sentence in thunder tones.
+
+"Sir," he continued, after running his eye over the Assembly, "if this
+be treason (bowing to the speaker) make the most of it!"
+
+Lieutenant-governor Fauquier was alarmed at this disloyal demonstration,
+and proceeded to dissolve the Assembly, though not until the resolutions
+were adopted in a modified form, still retaining, however, their
+patriotic spirit.
+
+Washington supported the resolutions, and condemned the governor for
+dissolving the Assembly; and, as the governor ordered a new election,
+hoping thereby to secure a Legislature of truly loyal members, he
+recommended the re-election of those who voted for the resolutions, and
+the non-election of those who voted against them. The people were so
+impregnated with the spirit of Patrick Henry, that nearly every man who
+voted for the resolutions was returned to the next Assembly, and nearly
+all the others were left at home.
+
+"Patrick Henry's course was treasonable," said Lord Fairfax to
+Washington. "A petition to the king, expressing our grievances, and
+praying for the removal of these oppressive measures would accomplish
+far more for us in my judgment."
+
+"And yet Patrick Henry had right, justice, and patriotism on his side,"
+replied Washington. "Without his spirit we should bend our necks to the
+British yoke, and become a nation of slaves."
+
+"Yes; but appeal to the government should precede opposition," suggested
+Fairfax.
+
+"We have appealed,--vainly appealed," answered Washington. "The New
+England Colonies have remonstrated again and again; but their
+remonstrances have been spurned. The British Government must understand
+the patriotic spirit that animates our people."
+
+"All that is true; but it is not necessary to arouse the wrath of the
+British lion in order to accomplish that," remarked Fairfax.
+
+"That is a matter which should not trouble us," replied Washington. "Our
+rights and liberties should be maintained at all hazards. And I am
+heartily in favor of the New England plan to cease using importations on
+which taxes are imposed."
+
+"I am with you in that," said Fairfax.
+
+"I confess that my sympathies are with the inhabitants of Boston, even
+in their violent demonstrations against the enforcement of these unjust
+measures."
+
+"To what do you particularly refer?" inquired Lord Fairfax.
+
+"The citizens of Boston hung the stamp distributor in effigy, broke the
+windows of his office, and finally tore his office down and made a
+bonfire of the fragments. They closed their demonstration by pelting the
+officials, who interfered, with stones. The stamp distributor resigned
+his office at once."
+
+"That is insurrection," remarked Fairfax.
+
+"Very true, and I would not recommend a resort to such extreme measures;
+certainly not at this stage of affairs. Yet I really sympathize with the
+patriotic spirit that has aroused the people of Boston to repel acts of
+usurpation and tyranny."
+
+Benjamin Franklin had been sent to England as an agent of the Colonies
+to intercede for their rights. He was summoned before a committee of
+Parliament, where the following colloquy occurred:
+
+"What was the temper of America towards Great Britain before the year
+1763?" That was the year of the treaty between England and France, as we
+have seen.
+
+"The best in the world," Dr. Franklin answered. "They submitted
+willingly to the government of the Crown, and paid, in all their courts,
+obedience to the acts of Parliament. Numerous as the people are in the
+several old provinces, they cost you nothing in forts, citadels,
+garrisons, or armies, to keep them in subjection. They were governed by
+this country at the expense only of a little pen, ink, and paper. They
+were led by a thread.... Natives of Great Britain were always treated
+with particular regard; to be an Old England man was, of itself, a
+character of some respect, and gave a kind of rank among us."
+
+"And what is their temper now?"
+
+"Oh, very much altered!"
+
+"If the Stamp Act is not repealed, what do you think will be the
+consequences?"
+
+"A total loss of the respect and affection the people of America bear to
+this country, and of all the commerce that depends on that respect and
+affection."
+
+"Do you think the people of America would submit to pay the stamp duty
+if it was moderated?"
+
+"No, never, unless compelled by force of arms."
+
+This was stating the case without reserve; and, no doubt, it had much to
+do with the repeal of the Stamp Act in March, 1766.
+
+It should not be overlooked that the Colonies had some strong friends in
+Parliament. Charles Townsend advocated the enforcement of the Stamp Act.
+"Who are these Americans?" he cried. "Are they not our children, planted
+by our care, nourished by our indulgence, and protected by our arms?"
+
+The brave Colonel Barré, with cheeks all inflamed with virtuous
+indignation, replied:
+
+"They planted by your care? No, sir; your oppressions planted them in
+America! They fled from your tyranny to a then uncultivated and
+inhospitable country, where they exposed themselves to all the evils
+which a wilderness, filled with blood-thirsty savages, could threaten.
+And yet, actuated by true English love of liberty, they thought all
+these evils light in comparison with what they suffered in their own
+country, and from you, who ought to have been their friends.
+
+"They nourished by your indulgence? No, sir; they grew by your neglect!
+As soon as you began to indulge them, that boasted indulgence was to
+send them hungry packs of your own creatures to spy out their liberties,
+to misrepresent their actions, and to prey upon their substance! Yes,
+sir; you sent them men, whose behavior has often caused the blood of
+those Sons of Liberty to recoil within them--men promoted by you to the
+highest seats of justice in that country, who, to my knowledge, had good
+cause to dread a court of justice in their own! They protected by your
+arms? No, sir! They have nobly taken up arms in your defence--have
+exerted a most heroic valor, amidst their daily labors, for the defence
+of a country whose frontier was drenched in blood, while its interior
+parts gave up all their savings to our emolument!"
+
+These words of Barré were as just as they were heroic; for, in the
+"Seven Years' War" the Americans lost about thirty thousand men; and
+Massachusetts alone spent about two hundred and fifty thousand dollars
+in defence of the country.
+
+The next session of the House of Burgesses occurred after a Congress of
+delegates from the several Colonies met in New York City. The doings of
+that Congress were not suited to make the action of the Virginia
+Legislature more conciliatory, for that Congressional body denounced the
+acts of the British Parliament, and declared that Americans could never
+submit to such assaults upon their liberties.
+
+The Virginia Assembly was more insurrectionary at the next session,
+startling the new governor (Lord Botetourt) to such a degree that he
+appeared in the council chamber personally, and said:
+
+"Mr. Speaker, and gentlemen of the House of Burgesses, I have heard of
+your resolves, and augur ill of their effects. You have made it my duty
+to dissolve you, and you are dissolved accordingly."
+
+The Burgesses adjourned to a private house, and made Peyton Randolph
+moderator. Here Washington presented "a draft of the articles of
+association, concerted between him and George Mason. They formed the
+ground-work of an instrument signed by all present, pledging themselves
+neither to import nor use any goods, merchandise, or manufactures taxed
+by Parliament to raise a revenue in America."
+
+This plan had been adopted by the New England Colonies, and now measures
+were taken to make it universal.
+
+Washington adhered scrupulously to the plan, and allowed nothing to come
+into his house with the tax of England upon it. He wrote to his London
+agent:
+
+"You will perceive, in looking over the several invoices, that some of
+the goods there required are upon condition that the act of Parliament,
+imposing a duty on tea, paper, etc., for the purpose of raising a
+revenue in America, is totally repealed; and I beg the favor of you to
+be governed strictly thereby, as it will not be in my power to receive
+any articles contrary to our non-importation agreement, which I have
+subscribed and shall religiously adhere to, and should, if it were as I
+could wish it to be, ten times as strict."
+
+He wrote to George Mason:
+
+"Our all is at stake, and the little conveniences and comforts of life,
+when set in competition with our liberty, ought to be rejected not with
+reluctance, but with pleasure.... It is amazing how much this practice,
+if adopted in all the Colonies, would lessen the American imports, and
+distress the various traders and manufacturers in Great Britain."
+
+Washington's prediction was fulfilled. The traders of England were
+embarrassed by non-importation, and appealed to the government for
+relief. The tax was removed from all articles except tea. It was
+retained on tea in order "to show the Colonies that England claimed the
+right of taxation."
+
+To the Colonies a tax on one article was just as much an invasion of
+their rights as a tax upon all; so that the last act of Parliament was
+additional proof that England meant to force taxation upon them. Of
+course, as brave and fearless patriots, they resisted. Tea was
+universally discarded. Ship-loads of it in Boston, New York, and other
+ports were returned to England, or packed away to perish. In Boston
+seventeen citizens disguised themselves as Indians, boarded an English
+tea-vessel, and cast the tea into the dock. This act aroused the
+British lion, and he shook his mane and roared. Soon an English fleet
+appeared in Boston Harbor to reduce the inhabitants to subjection by
+force of arms. At the same time, the Boston Port Bill was enforced,
+thereby closing the harbor of that city to commerce.
+
+The citizens refused to provide quarters for the English troops, and
+declared, in public assembly, that quartering British soldiers in the
+State House and Faneuil Hall, as the English officers had done, was a
+still further and graver invasion of their rights.
+
+We should have said that the day on which the Stamp Act went into
+operation, Nov. 1, 1765, was observed throughout the Colonies as a day
+of fasting and prayer. The day was ushered in by the tolling of bells,
+as if the funeral ceremonies of the king himself were to be performed.
+Ships displayed their colors at half-mast. Business was suspended, and
+halls and churches were opened for prayer and addresses. Washington's
+journal shows that he spent the day very much as he did his Sabbaths,
+in devout worship in the house of God, and religious exercises at home.
+
+In Boston a solemn procession bore along the streets effigies of the men
+who were promoters of the Act, burying them with appropriate ceremonies.
+In New York City a similar procession carried the printed Act itself
+upon a pole, surmounted by a death's head, with a scroll bearing the
+inscription,
+
+    "THE FOLLY OF ENGLAND AND RUIN OF AMERICA."
+
+Lieutenant-Governor Colden, who had lent his influence to secure the
+Act, fearing violence, fled to the fort, and garrisoned it with marines
+from a ship of war. "The mob broke into his stable, drew out his
+chariot, put his effigy into it, paraded it through the streets to the
+Common (now the Park), where they hung it on a gallows. In the evening
+it was taken down, put again into the chariot, with the devil for a
+companion, and escorted back by torchlight to the bowling green, where
+the whole pageant, chariot and all, was burnt under the very guns of the
+fort."
+
+The day on which the Boston Port Bill went into effect was also set
+apart as a day of fasting, and similar demonstrations were made
+throughout the Colonies.
+
+It is necessary to turn aside at this point to speak of Washington's
+visit to Ohio in the interest of his officers and soldiers. It will be
+remembered that the Governor of Virginia pledged the Virginia troops led
+by Washington to the Ohio, two hundred thousand acres of the best land
+in that region. Years passed by, and this pledge was not redeemed. The
+British ministry opposed redeeming the pledge. But Washington did not
+forget the claim of his old associates in the hardships and perils of
+war. He took the matter in hand, and seized upon an opportune moment to
+carry out his purpose. He even performed a journey to the Ohio to select
+the best land possible for his deserving comrades. The opportune moment
+he chose for his journey is described as follows by Irving:
+
+"The Six Nations, by a treaty in 1768, had ceded to the British Crown,
+in consideration of a sum of money, all the lands possessed by them
+south of the Ohio. Land offices would soon be opened for the sale of
+them. Squatters and speculators were already preparing to swarm in, set
+up their marks on the choicest spots, and establish what were called
+preemption rights. Washington determined at once to visit the lands thus
+ceded, affix his mark on such tracts as he should select, and apply for
+a grant from government, in behalf of the 'soldiers' claim.'"
+
+This expedition was attended by considerable danger, as the Delawares,
+Shawnees, and Mingees considered that their rights were invaded by the
+action of the Six Nations. The appearance of white men upon their
+domains to claim lands was not at all agreeable to them.
+
+In these circumstances Washington undertook the journey, accompanied by
+his old friend Dr. Craik, and servant, with two servants of his own. All
+were mounted, with an additional horse to carry the baggage.
+
+They were twelve days on their way to Fort Pitt, where they took a large
+canoe to descend the Ohio as far as the Great Kanawha. Colonel Croghan,
+at the fort, engaged two Indians to conduct them thither, and John
+Nicholson as interpreter.
+
+It was during this trip down the Ohio that Washington enjoyed rare
+sport. Such herds of deer upon the banks, and flocks of wild turkeys,
+and such numbers of ducks and geese upon the river, he had never seen
+before. The canoe was loaded with game.
+
+It was on this trip, also, at the mouth of the Great Kanawha, that
+Washington met the old sachem "who lay in ambush on the banks of the
+Monongahela, and wrought such havoc in Braddock's army." The Indian
+chief came to honor Washington, accompanied with other warriors. After
+formal introduction, he addressed him thus, through Nicholson the
+interpreter:
+
+"I am a chief, and the ruler over many tribes. My influence extends to
+the waters of the great lakes, and to the far blue mountains. I have
+travelled a long and weary path that I might see the young warrior of
+the great battle. It was on the day when the white man's blood mixed
+with the streams of our forest that I first beheld this chief; I called
+to my young men and said, "Mark yon tall and daring warrior? He is not
+of the red-coat tribe: he hath an Indian's wisdom, and his warriors
+fight as we do; himself is alone exposed. Quick, let your aim be certain
+and he dies." Our rifles were levelled, rifles which, but for him, knew
+not how to miss. 'Twas all in vain; a power mightier far than we
+shielded him from harm. He cannot die in battle. I am old, and soon
+shall be gathered to the great council-fire of my fathers, in the land
+of shades; but ere I go, there is a something bids me speak in the voice
+of prophecy. Listen! _The Great Spirit protects that man, and guides his
+destinies. He will become the chief of nations, and a people yet unborn
+will hail him as the founder of a mighty empire!_"
+
+Washington successfully accomplished the object of his mission, and in
+the end his old companions in arms received their just dues. "Fifteen
+thousand acres were awarded to a field officer, nine thousand to a
+captain, six thousand to a subaltern, and so on." Stobo and Van Braam,
+who were with him at Great Meadows, received nine thousand acres
+apiece. They were in London at the time, and subsequently Washington
+purchased their claims through his London agent.
+
+How perilous his journey was at the time may be inferred from the fact
+that soon after his return there was another Indian outbreak on the
+banks of the Great Kanawha, whither Washington went, and in the
+engagement Colonel Lewis and other Virginians lost their lives.
+
+The Virginia Assembly was in session when the Boston Port Bill took
+effect, and the members voted to make the day one of fasting. They
+voted, also, at that session, to call a Congress of the Colonies. Other
+legislatures adopted a like measure; and the first American Congress
+convened in Philadelphia on the 5th of September, 1774. Washington was a
+member of this body, and took a leading part in addressing an able
+memorial to the King of Great Britain.
+
+Patrick Henry was asked who was the first man in the American Congress
+at Philadelphia, and he answered:
+
+"If you speak of eloquence, Mr. Rutledge of South Carolina is by far the
+greatest orator; but if you speak of solid information and sound
+judgment, Colonel Washington is unquestionably the greatest man on that
+floor."
+
+The patriots felt the need of divine guidance in their deliberations,
+and elected Rev. Mr. Duché of Philadelphia, an Episcopal clergyman,
+chaplain of Congress. A few mornings thereafter, news came that the enemy
+was cannonading Boston. It so happened that the Psalter for that day
+included the following passages:
+
+"Plead my cause, O Lord, with them that strive with me. Fight against
+them that fight against me. Take hold of shield and buckler, and stand
+up for my help. Draw out also the spear, and stop the way of them that
+persecute me. Say unto my soul, I am thy salvation."
+
+The effect upon the Assembly was thrilling. John Adams wrote to his wife
+about it:
+
+"You must remember this was the morning after we heard the horrible
+rumor of the cannonade of Boston. I never saw a greater effect upon an
+audience. It seemed as if Heaven had ordained that Psalm to be read on
+that morning.
+
+"After this, Mr. Duché unexpectedly struck out into an extemporaneous
+prayer, which filled the bosom of every man present. Episcopalian as he
+is, Dr. Cooper himself never prayed with such fervor, such ardor, such
+earnestness and pathos, and in language so eloquent and sublime for
+America, for the Congress, for the Province of Massachusetts Bay, and
+especially for the town of Boston."
+
+Most of the members stood during the prayer, but Washington was on his
+knees.
+
+Lord Chatham was still alive, an old man, feeble and disabled, when that
+memorial was laid before Parliament, and he "crawled" from his sick room
+into that body to plead for the American cause. The old orator kindled
+with patriotic fervor as he rose to defend the cause of the oppressed,
+and he gave utterance to one of the most eloquent and impassioned
+appeals ever delivered in Parliament. Our space will allow but a brief
+extract from it:
+
+"For God's sake then, my lords, let the way be instantly opened for
+reconciliation; I say instantly, or it will be too late forever. The
+Americans tell you--and remember it is the language of the whole
+continent--they tell you they will _never submit_ to be taxed without
+their own consent. They insist on a repeal of your laws. They do not ask
+it as a favor: they claim it as a _right_; they _demand it_. And I tell
+you the acts must be repealed; they _will_ be repealed: you cannot
+enforce them. But bare repeal will not satisfy this enlightened and
+spirited people. What! satisfy them by repealing a bit of paper? by
+repealing a piece of parchment? No! you must declare you have _no right
+to tax_ them; then they may trust you, then they will confide in you.
+There are, my lords, three millions of Whigs in America. Three millions
+of Whigs, with arms in their hands, are a _formidable body_! There are,
+I trust, double that number of Whigs in England; and I hope the Whigs in
+both countries will join and make a common cause. They are united by the
+strongest ties of sentiment and interest, and will therefore, I hope,
+fly to support their brethren. In this most alarming and distracted
+state of our affairs, though borne down by a cruel disease, I have
+crawled to this house, my lords, to give you my best advice, which is,
+to beseech his Majesty that orders may instantly be despatched to
+General Gage to remove the troops from Boston; their presence is a
+source of perpetual irritation and suspicion to those people. How can
+they trust you with the bayonet at their breasts? They have all the
+reason in the world to believe that you mean their death or slavery. Let
+us then set to this business in earnest. There is no time to be lost:
+every moment is big with danger. Nay, while I am now speaking, the
+decisive blow may be struck, and millions involved in the dreadful
+consequences! The very first drop of blood that is drawn will make a
+wound perhaps never to be healed--a wound of such rancorous malignity,
+as will, in all probability, mortify the whole body, and hasten, both on
+England and America, that dissolution to which all nations are
+destined....
+
+"My lord, if the ministers thus persevere in misadvising the king, he
+will be undone. He may, indeed, still wear his crown, but the American
+jewel out of it, it will not be worth the wearing."
+
+Although Chatham was supported by Lord Camden, Lord Shelburne, and the
+Marquis of Rockingham, his motion was rejected by a large majority, and
+nearly seven thousand more troops were forwarded to Boston as soon as
+possible.
+
+Mr. Weems states, what we should have mentioned before, that when
+England resolved to enforce the tax on tea, and sent a fleet of vessels
+loaded with the article to Boston, and other American ports, in order to
+test the matter, Lord Fairfax called upon Washington at his home.
+
+"A letter from my agent," said Washington, "announces that several
+vessels with cargoes of gunpowder tea are about to set sail to this
+country. Parliament is determined to tax our tea."
+
+"Why do you call it _gunpowder_ tea?" asked Fairfax.
+
+"Why, I am afraid, my lord," replied Washington, "it will prove
+inflammable, and produce an explosion that will shake both countries."
+
+His prediction was fulfilled, showing that he took in the situation,
+with that sagacity for which he was renowned.
+
+General Gage was in command of the royal forces in Boston. When the Port
+Bill went into operation, he removed the Legislature to Salem. But such
+was the indignation of the Colonists that, when the time of opening its
+session arrived, he did not dare to proceed thither. The members
+assembled, however, and, after waiting in vain for General Gage, they
+adjourned to Concord, where, immediately, the patriots began to collect
+arms, ammunition, and other supplies for war.
+
+The military force of General Gage in Boston was increased to such an
+extent that he soon exhausted his supplies. For relief, he sent out
+small foraging parties secretly, to seize and appropriate whatever they
+could lay their hands upon. Hearing that there was a magazine of
+supplies at Concord, on the night of April 18, 1775, he sent out eight
+hundred picked men, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Smith, to
+destroy it. By some means Dr. Warren of Boston learned of General Gage's
+intentions, and, by a previously concerted signal, gave the alarm. A
+light in the steeple of the Old North Church was the signal to certain
+patriots that the people must be called to arms.
+
+A courier on horseback dashed away from Charlestown, at breakneck speed,
+to give the alarm to the sleeping inhabitants of villages between that
+place and Concord. At the top of his voice he cried, to startle the
+minute-men from their beds, "The regulars are coming!"
+
+Certain leading patriots on the way must be aroused and told the story
+of their danger. So, with a furious pound upon their door, and the wild
+cry, "The regulars are coming!" the heroic patriots were routed from
+their beds.
+
+At Lexington Mrs. Harrington, a brave and trusty heroine, heard the
+midnight cry, and she sprang from her bed, ran to the chamber door, and
+shouted to her son, who was a minute-man, "John, get up! The regulars
+are coming!"
+
+By the time day-light began to dawn, the minute-men were in arms, and
+the whole region round about was fired with the courage and enthusiasm
+of men resolved to be free or die. When the British troops reached
+Lexington at five o'clock on the morning of April 19, they found a
+hundred minute-men drawn up in battle array. Major Pitcairn rode up
+to them, and shouted:
+
+"Disperse, you rebels! Throw down your arms and disperse!"
+
+His order was followed by a volley of musketry right into the faces of
+the Lexington soldiers, killing four and wounding several others. The
+minute-men dispersed, and the British troops hurried on to Concord. Here
+they met with an unexpectedly hot reception by several hundred
+minute-men, who had come through the darkness to defend their supplies
+and the town. Every hour their number increased by the accession of
+heroes, who came from even twenty miles away to meet the foe.
+
+The British commander was forced to order a retreat, in which his army
+suffered even more than it did in the battle. The minute-men, from
+behind trees, houses, barns, and stone walls, picked off the red-coats,
+so that when the invaders reached Lexington, on their retreat, they were
+exhausted, depleted, and disheartened. But for the arrival of
+reinforcements under Lord Percy, the Yankees would have killed or
+captured Colonel Smith and all his force.
+
+Notwithstanding Colonel Smith was reinforced by "sixteen companies of
+foot, a corps of marines, and two pieces of artillery," the retreat was
+continued. All the way from Lexington to Boston, minute-men, who lived
+remote from the route, and heard the startling news too late to hurry to
+Concord, annoyed the retreating army by pouring the contents of their
+muskets into their ranks from covert places where they concealed
+themselves for bloody work. When the British reached Charlestown, they
+had sustained a loss of sixty-five killed, one hundred and eighty
+wounded, and twenty-eight prisoners. The Americans lost fifty killed and
+thirty-four wounded.
+
+That was the opening of the Revolutionary War, in which independence was
+achieved. On that nineteenth day of April, 1775, was fired the first gun
+which, John Adams said, "was heard around the world." From that moment
+Americans armed themselves, and an army of defence was hastily rallied
+at Cambridge. The Assembly of Massachusetts was in session at the time,
+and voted to raise thirteen thousand men in the Colony, and ask the
+other New England Colonies to increase the number to thirty thousand.
+There was scarcely any need of such action by the Legislature, however,
+for the patriotism of the people was unbounded. The Concord fight
+obliterated the last vestige of apathy, and drew forth a spirit of
+heroism before unknown. From every quarter men rushed to arms
+voluntarily, ready to sacrifice even life in the common cause. As an
+example of the unparalleled devotion to the country, Israel Putnam of
+Connecticut was ploughing in the field when the news of the Concord
+fight reached him. Without stopping to go to his house, he jumped upon
+the back of his horse, instructed his son to carry the intelligence to
+his mother, and galloped away to join the troops at Cambridge. With such
+courage and patriotism Americans rallied for the defense of the country,
+coming even from the most distant hamlets of New England.
+
+The second American Congress met in Philadelphia about four weeks after
+the battle of Concord. Washington was in his seat promptly, wrought up
+to the highest pitch of determination in the cause of liberty. He had
+just come from a convention in Virginia, in which Patrick Henry stirred
+the hearts of all true patriots by one of his indescribable harangues
+for the American cause, in which he closed with the memorable words:
+
+"We must fight! I repeat it, sir, we must fight! An appeal to arms and
+to the God of hosts is all that is left us!"
+
+In that deep and solemn conviction Washington met his associates in the
+second Congress at Philadelphia. What were his opinions regarding the
+situation at that time may be learned from his familiar conversation
+with John Adams:
+
+"The decisive blow is struck," remarked Adams; "the Concord fight has
+made our duty plain."
+
+"It could not possibly be made plainer," replied Washington, "and the
+Concord fight must convince our oppressors that Americans will never
+yield to their domination."
+
+"You are right in that view, Colonel Washington; the spirit of hostility
+to tyranny is grander than I dreamed of. It augurs well for the future."
+
+"There is no alternative left to the Colonies," continued Washington;
+"the army of Great Britain has deliberately attacked us. The work of
+this Congress should be to create an army, and provide for defence."
+
+"In the most liberal manner, too, for that only is patriotic," added
+Adams. "When Parliament resorts to belligerent measures against the
+remonstrances of Chatham, Burke, Barré, Pitt, and other worthies, we are
+justified in putting the worst construction upon their intentions."
+
+"Nothing can be more obvious," responded Washington. "And the British
+troops must be expelled from Boston by force, or our American Colonies
+are reduced to a condition of vassalage. The army that precipitated the
+attack at Concord must be paid for the effrontery, or we are slaves."
+
+"Without appealing again to the king?"
+
+"Yes, without appealing again to his Majesty. Our appeals have been
+spurned. Our entreaties have been interpreted as the pleas of cowardice.
+Our patience has been regarded as pusillanimity. Because British
+oppression has been met by respectful remonstrance instead of indignant
+denunciation, it has appealed to arms; and that appeal must be promptly
+met by warlike preparations and the challenge to battle."
+
+The second American Congress did send another appeal to the king, though
+not with the vote of Washington. It was an able, patriotic paper,
+setting forth the grievances of the Colonists in language that would
+have moved the hearts of friends to pity. At the same time, however, the
+members voted to put the Colonies upon a war basis. Many independent
+military companies had been organized in the Colonies within a few
+months; and these, by vote, were constituted the Continental Army, in
+connection with others to be raised. Three millions of dollars were
+appropriated for supplying arms and stores, and five hundred dollars a
+month for the salary of a commander-in-chief, to be elected.
+
+The provincial army around Boston was gathered entirely from the New
+England Colonies, and was wholly without organization or discipline,
+a motley multitude of men, who left their homes and rushed to camp upon
+the impulse of patriotic sentiments. John Adams moved that Congress
+adopt that army, provide for its support, and elect for it a suitable
+commander. His speech on the occasion pointed so plainly to Washington
+as the man of all others for commander-in-chief, that the latter
+gentleman rose from his seat and left the hall. On the following day
+Washington was unanimously elected commander-in-chief of the Continental
+Army, a very unexpected honor to him.
+
+With much diffidence, and his usual modesty, he arose in his seat to
+accept the appointment, and said:
+
+"Though I am truly sensible of the high honor done me in this
+appointment, yet I feel great distress, from a consciousness that my
+abilities and military experience may not be equal to the extensive and
+important trust. However, as the Congress desire it, I will enter upon
+the momentous duty, and exert every power I possess in their service,
+and for the support of the glorious cause. I beg they will accept my
+most cordial thanks for this distinguished testimony of their
+approbation.
+
+"But lest some unlucky event should happen, unfavorable to my
+reputation, I beg it may be remembered by every gentleman in the room
+that I this day declare, with the utmost sincerity, I do not think
+myself equal to the command I am honored with.
+
+"As to pay, sir, I beg leave to assure the Congress, that, as no
+pecuniary consideration could have tempted me to accept this arduous
+employment at the expense of my domestic ease and happiness, I do not
+wish to make any profit from it. I will keep an exact account of my
+expenses; these, I doubt not, they will discharge, and that is all I
+desire."
+
+His acceptance was received with enthusiastic applause, followed by a
+resolution, declaring that "they would _maintain_ and _assist_ him and
+_adhere_ to him with their _lives_ and _fortunes_ in the same cause."
+
+The same Congress appointed Artemas Ward, Charles Lee, Philip Schuyler,
+and Israel Putnam major-generals; and Seth Pomeroy, Richard Montgomery,
+David Wooster, William Heath, Joseph Spencer, John Thomas, John
+Sullivan, and Nathaniel Greene brigadier-generals. Horatio Gates was
+appointed adjutant-general. These appointments were made with
+Washington's acquiescence, if not at his suggestion.
+
+John Adams wrote to a friend: "There is something charming to me in the
+conduct of Washington; a gentleman of the first fortunes on the
+continent, leaving his delicious retirement, his family and friends,
+sacrificing his ease, and hazarding all in the cause of his country.
+His views are noble and disinterested. He declared, when he accepted the
+mighty trust, that he would lay before us an exact account of his
+expenses, and not accept a shilling pay."
+
+
+
+
+XVII.
+
+IN THE SIEGE OF BOSTON.
+
+
+"There is no time to lose," remarked Adams to Washington. "Letters to me
+from Generals Warren and Ward insist that the undisciplined army cannot
+be kept together much longer without the aid of Congress; and Congress
+has done the best thing it could for the army in appointing you to its
+command."
+
+"I shall lose no time in preparations to take command of the army,"
+replied Washington. "I shall repair to Cambridge at once."
+
+"Without returning to Mount Vernon?"
+
+"Yes; that would consume too much time. Much as I should enjoy a visit
+home, I must forego the pleasure, and hasten to my command."
+
+"A sacrifice, truly," remarked Adams.
+
+"And one that both my wife and mother will appreciate," added
+Washington, "although the disappointment will be so great to them. Our
+country first, for the sake of our homes."
+
+"True, very true; and it is a terrible necessity that makes it true,"
+continued Adams. "War is serious business, and under its direful
+necessities you may never see your loved Mount Vernon again."
+
+"No one can be more sensible of that than myself, but personal pleasure
+must yield to the demands of patriotism in such a crisis as this. Duty
+is the watchword now."
+
+Without consuming time for more than the most hasty preparation,
+Washington started for Massachusetts, after penning the following tender
+letter to his wife. The epistle shows so much of his noble character
+that our narrative would be incomplete without it:
+
+    PHILADELPHIA, June 18, 1775.
+
+    MY DEAREST,--I am now set down to write you on a subject which
+    fills me with inexpressible concern; and this concern is greatly
+    aggravated and increased when I reflect upon the uneasiness I
+    know it will give you. It has been determined in Congress that
+    the whole army raised for the defence of the American cause
+    shall be put under my care, and that it is necessary for me to
+    proceed immediately to Boston to take upon me the command of it.
+
+    You may believe me, my dear Patsy, when I assure you in the most
+    solemn manner, that, so far from seeking this appointment, I
+    have used every endeavor in my power to avoid it, not only from
+    my unwillingness to part with you and the family, but from a
+    consciousness of its being a trust too great for my capacity,
+    and that I should enjoy more real happiness in one month with
+    you at home than I have the most distant prospect of finding
+    abroad, if my stay were to be seven times seven years. But as
+    it has been a kind of destiny that has thrown me upon this
+    service, I shall hope that my undertaking it is designed to
+    answer some good purpose. You might, and I suppose did,
+    perceive, from the tenor of my letters, that I was apprehensive
+    I could not avoid this appointment, as I did not pretend to
+    intimate when I should return. That was the case. It was
+    utterly out of my power to refuse this appointment without
+    exposing my character to such censures as would have reflected
+    dishonor upon myself and given pain to my friends. This I am
+    sure could not, and ought not, to be pleasing to you, and must
+    have lessened me considerably in my own esteem. I shall rely,
+    therefore, confidently on that Providence which has heretofore
+    preserved and been bountiful to me, not doubting but that I
+    shall return safe to you in the fall. I shall feel no pain from
+    the toil or the danger of the campaign; my unhappiness will flow
+    from the uneasiness I know you will feel from being left alone.
+    I therefore beg that you will summon your whole fortitude, and
+    pass your time as agreeably as possible. Nothing will give me so
+    much sincere satisfaction as to hear this, and to hear it from
+    your own pen. My earnest and ardent desire is, that you would
+    pursue any plan that is most likely to produce content and a
+    tolerable degree of tranquility; and it must add greatly to my
+    uneasy feelings to hear that you are dissatisfied or complaining
+    at what I really could not avoid.
+
+    As life is always uncertain, and common prudence dictates to
+    every man the necessity of settling his temporal concerns while
+    it is in his power, and while the mind is calm and undisturbed,
+    I have, since I came to this place (for I had not time to do it
+    before I left home), got Colonel Pendleton to draft a will for
+    me, by the directions I gave him, which will I now enclose.
+    The provisions made for you in case of my death will, I hope,
+    be agreeable. I shall add nothing more, as I have several
+    letters to write, but to desire that you will remember me to
+    your friends, and to assure you that I am, with the most
+    unfeigned regard, my dear Patsy,
+
+        Your affectionate husband.
+
+The preparation of his will is expressive of his thoughts and feelings
+at the time, and it magnifies, also, the sacrifice he was making for his
+country.
+
+It will be noticed that the letter to his wife is dated June 18, the day
+after the battle of Bunker Hill. He knew nothing of that battle, of
+course; and the fact shows all the more how rapidly public affairs were
+hastening to a crisis.
+
+It was the 23d of June when he left Philadelphia, and just before
+leaving he addressed another brief letter to his wife, that furnishes a
+key to his heart:
+
+    PHILADELPHIA, June 23, 1775.
+
+    MY DEAREST,--As I am within a few minutes of leaving this city,
+    I could not think of departing from it without dropping you a
+    line, especially as I do not know whether it will be in my power
+    to write again until I get to the camp at Boston. I go fully
+    trusting in that Providence which has been more bountiful to me
+    than I deserve, and in full confidence of a happy meeting with
+    you in the fall. I have not time to add more, as I am surrounded
+    by company to take leave of me. I retain an unalterable
+    affection for you, which neither time nor distance can change.
+    My best love to Jack and Nelly, and regards to the rest of the
+    family, concludes me, with the utmost sincerity,
+
+        Your entire
+            GEO. WASHINGTON.
+
+Two thousand troops had gathered in Philadelphia, and he reviewed them
+before leaving. The whole two thousand escorted him out of the city, and
+a company of light-horse escorted him to New York, together with
+Generals Lee and Schuyler.
+
+Twenty miles from Philadelphia he was met by a courier on horseback,
+bringing particulars of the battle of Bunker Hill.
+
+"How many Americans were engaged in it?" Washington inquired.
+
+"About twelve hundred only."
+
+"Who led them?"
+
+"General Prescott."
+
+"How many were killed?"
+
+"About four hundred and fifty were killed and wounded. The British lost
+more than half of their men."
+
+"What officers fell?"
+
+"The brave General Warren was one."
+
+"Did the men fight well?"
+
+"Never braver men met a foe."
+
+"Then the liberties of our country are safe," added Washington.
+
+As grand a welcome as could possibly be given, without the burning of
+powder, was tendered by the Provincial Assembly of New York and New
+Jersey. They could burn no powder because the Colony possessed but four
+barrels, having forwarded a thousand barrels to Cambridge for the use of
+the army.
+
+Washington left General Schuyler in command at New York and hastened
+forward to Cambridge, for at New York he received a more detailed
+account of the battle of Bunker Hill. This information caused him to
+hasten his journey; and he reached Watertown, where the Legislature was
+sitting, on the second day of July. That body gave him an enthusiastic
+welcome, and presented a lengthy address to him, in which they spread
+out the deplorable condition of the army, pledging their prompt aid in
+its organization and discipline.
+
+On the third day of July he was escorted by an imposing cavalcade to
+Cambridge, four miles distant, to take immediate command of the army.
+Notwithstanding the scarcity of powder, his arrival was announced by
+salvos of artillery; and the sight of him, in his splendid bearing, drew
+from the admiring thousands the heartiest cheers. The general of whom
+they had heard so much even more than met their expectations, and their
+joy knew no bounds.
+
+Washington wheeled his noble charger under the shadow of the "Great
+Elm," where he formally took command of the Continental Army, thereby
+making the tree historic to this day. He was forty-three years of age at
+that time.
+
+Mrs. John Adams was in Cambridge when Washington arrived, and she wrote
+of him as follows:
+
+"Dignity, ease, and complacency, the gentleman and the soldier look,
+agreeably blended in him. Modesty marks every line and feature of his
+face. These lines of Dryden instantly occurred to me:
+
+    "'Mark his majestic fabric! He's a temple
+      Sacred by birth, and built by hands divine;
+      His soul's the deity that lodges there,
+      Nor is the pile unworthy of the God.'"
+
+Washington found General Artemas Ward in command, who informed him that,
+"We have fourteen thousand five hundred men, including the sick."
+
+"How many troops of the king hold Boston?" Washington inquired.
+
+"About eleven thousand of the best disciplined troops that England could
+send over."
+
+"And how many inhabitants of Boston are there in the city now?"
+
+"Seventeen thousand; and it is said that they are treated as rebels,
+except the Tories, who support the cause of the Crown. General Gage is
+in command, and Generals Howe, Clinton, and Burgoyne arrived with their
+last reinforcements."
+
+"Gage was with me twenty years ago in the expedition against Duquesne,"
+said Washington. "Generals Howe, Clinton, and Burgoyne are the best
+generals the king can send, I suppose."
+
+"I judge so. At any rate this army is a mob compared to the royal army
+in Boston. Very few of them were ever in the service before. They know
+nothing about order and discipline, and care as little."
+
+"They must learn both as quickly as possible," responded Washington. "An
+army without discipline can be little more than a mob. My first step
+will be to bring the army under rigid military discipline."
+
+Washington, accompanied by General Lee, took immediate measures to
+acquaint himself with the condition of the army, and in an incredibly
+short time had it distributed thus: The right wing was stationed on the
+heights of Roxbury, under the command of Major-General Ward; the left
+wing was stationed on Winter and Prospect Hills, in what is now the
+city of Somerville, under command of Major-General Lee; while the
+centre, under Major-General Putnam, occupied Cambridge. The army was
+thus distributed over a line of some twelve miles in length.
+
+The army was destitute of clothing, ammunition, and nearly everything
+for its comfort. The mass of them were dressed as they were clad when
+they left their farms and work-shops, a dirty, ragged collection of
+armed men, though resolute and brave. Their cry against the king's
+troops in Boston was:
+
+"Shut them up! Starve them out! Drive them into their ships, and send
+their ships out to sea!"
+
+To add to the disheartening situation, Charlestown lay in ashes, having
+been set on fire by the enemy's shells at the battle of Bunker Hill;
+there were no well-constructed works throughout the whole line of
+fortifications; insubordination was popular among the troops, who called
+it _independence_; and still worse, jealousies prevailed among the
+troops of different Colonies.
+
+The larger part of the army, nearly ten thousand, belonged to
+Massachusetts, and they were in the worst plight of all. Washington made
+the following magnanimous apology for them:
+
+"This unhappy and devoted province has been so long in a state of
+anarchy, and the yoke has been laid so heavily on it, that great
+allowances are to be made for troops raised under such circumstances.
+The deficiency of members, discipline, and stores can only lead to this
+conclusion: _that their spirit has exceeded their strength_."
+
+A British officer wrote home:
+
+"The rebel army are in so wretched a condition as to clothing and
+accoutrements, that I believe no nation ever saw such a set of
+tatterdemalions. There are few coats among them but what are out at
+elbows, and in a whole regiment there is scarce a whole pair of
+breeches."
+
+Nevertheless, the material for an army in such a crisis was good. The
+famous General Nathaniel Greene of Rhode Island organized three
+regiments in that province after the Concord fight, and he was there
+with his men, "the best disciplined and appointed troops in the army."
+Connecticut also raised a respectable force, and put them under the
+command of General Israel Putnam, who left his plough in the furrow,
+and galloped off to Boston; and they were there. The brave Colonel Stark
+of New Hampshire, with his "Green Mountain boys," was there also. Other
+officers of ability were doing all they could with an undisciplined
+army, while the rank and file were eager to drive the foe out of Boston.
+A leader like Washington was needed to organize and manipulate this
+rough mass of material. A chief like him, too, was indispensable to
+elevate their moral condition; for drunkenness, revelry, lewdness,
+profanity, gambling, not to mention other evils, abounded.
+
+The following was Washington's first order to the army:
+
+"The Continental Congress having now taken all the troops of the several
+Colonies which have been raised, or which may be hereafter raised, for
+the support and defence of the liberties of America, into their pay and
+service, they are now the troops of the United Provinces of North
+America; and it is hoped that all distinctions of Colonies will be laid
+aside, so that one and the same spirit may animate the whole, and the
+only contest be, who shall render, on this great and trying occasion,
+the most essential service to the great and common cause in which we are
+all engaged. It is required and expected that exact discipline be
+observed, and due subordination prevail, through the whole army, as a
+failure in these most essential points must necessarily produce extreme
+hazard, disorder, and confusion, and end in shameful disappointment and
+disgrace. The general most earnestly requires and expects a due
+observance of those articles of war established for the government of
+the army, which forbid profane cursing, swearing, and drunkenness. And
+in like manner he requires and expects of all officers and soldiers, not
+engaged on actual duty, a punctual attendance on divine service, to
+implore the blessing of Heaven upon the means used for our safety and
+defence."
+
+Rev. William Emerson was a chaplain in the army, and he wrote as follows
+of the wonderful change Washington wrought in a short time:
+
+"There is great overturning in the camp as to order and regularity. New
+lords, new laws. The Generals Washington and Lee are upon the lines
+every day. New orders from his Excellency are read to the respective
+regiments every morning after prayers. The strictest government is
+taking place, and great distinction is made between officers and
+soldiers.
+
+"Every one is made to know his place and keep in it, or be tied up and
+receive thirty or forty lashes, according to his crime. Thousands are at
+work every day from four to eleven o'clock in the morning. It is
+surprising how much work has been done. The lines are extended almost
+from Cambridge to Mystic River, so that very soon it will be morally
+impossible for the enemy to get between the works, except in one place,
+which is supposed to be left purposely unfortified to entice the enemy
+out of their fortresses."
+
+"The British army in Boston understand their business," remarked
+Washington to his secretary, Mr. Reed. "Their works are thoroughly
+constructed, and they seem to be provided with every thing that war
+requires." At that time he had reconnoitered until he had acquired quite
+a thorough knowledge of their defences.
+
+"King George would not be likely to send over others," answered Reed.
+"He is too anxious to awe his rebellious subjects into submission to
+pursue another course."
+
+"Well, they are in close quarters now," continued Washington, "although,
+if they understood our weakness, they might fight their way out, and
+annihilate the American army. I have just discovered that all the powder
+in the camp will not furnish the soldiers nine cartridges apiece."
+
+"No more?" exclaimed Reed. "You surprise me!"
+
+"You cannot be more surprised than I am. It is a fearful condition for
+this army to be in."
+
+"How can it be so?" added Reed, still more surprised. "According to
+that, powder is scarcer than clothing."
+
+"It is true, if my investigation does not mislead," responded
+Washington. "No army was ever in a condition so deplorable; and I would
+not dare to let my soldiers know the actual state of things, lest they
+become demoralized."
+
+"Fortunate for us that so far they are in blissful ignorance of our
+condition," said Reed; "but this state of affairs must not be suffered
+to continue."
+
+"Certainly not; I shall take immediate measures to remedy the evil."
+
+And he did. Agents were sent in different directions to procure
+ammunition. A vessel was sent to the Bermudas for this purpose.
+Expeditions to capture British forts in this country and Canada were set
+on foot. The manufacture of powder was recommended by Congress.
+
+At that time, the transportation of supplies for an army was a slow and
+tedious work. There were no railroads, and the facilities for
+transportation by horses and cattle were far inferior to those of the
+present day. For example, a little later, Henry Knox, who was a thriving
+book-seller in Boston when the British took possession of the city, and
+who fought bravely at Bunker Hill, was sent to Ticonderoga and Crown
+Point, which the Americans had captured, to bring such artillery and
+ordnance stores as could be spared. He was instructed, also, to proceed
+to St. John and Montreal, both of which had just been captured by
+American expeditions under Benedict Arnold and Ethan Allen, Generals
+Schuyler and Montgomery. It was in the depth of winter when Knox
+returned with over fifty cannon, mortars, and howitzers, and a quantity
+of lead and flints, loaded upon forty sleds, drawn by eighty yoke of
+cattle. Washington procured for Knox the commission of colonel soon
+after he undertook the enterprise.
+
+Washington's headquarters were established at the CRAGIE HOUSE, a
+spacious building, favorably situated for the commander-in-chief. For
+many years it was owned by Professor Longfellow the poet, who died there
+some years since.
+
+Order, sobriety, and religion regulated his headquarters. Morning and
+evening prayers were scrupulously maintained, and the whole appearance
+of the place indicated that the renowned occupant was a Christian.
+
+Washington required the chaplains of all his regiments to conduct
+prayers morning and evening, and religious services on the Sabbath. The
+officers were required to see that their men attended all these
+services, since they were observed "for their good."
+
+Early in the siege of Boston, when he felt that "if success ever crowns
+the American cause, it will be because an All-wise Providence controls
+the affairs of men," Washington advised the appointment of a day of
+fasting and prayer, to intercede for the blessing of God upon the
+little army at Cambridge. Congress appointed the day, and the
+commander-in-chief required its observance throughout the army.
+Religious services were held, all business suspended, and the day was
+made as quiet and religious as Sunday.
+
+One of the earliest arrivals at the camp in Cambridge, after Washington
+took command, was from Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Maryland, fourteen
+hundred sharp-shooters, as we should call them now. They were tall,
+stalwart men, dressed in fringed hunting shirts and round caps.
+They were received in camp with the wildest demonstrations of joy. A few
+weeks later a long, lumbering train of wagons, laden with military
+stores captured on the sea, came into camp. Washington had been forced
+to send out cruisers, by the action of General Gage in arming vessels to
+capture supplies along the American coast. One of his cruisers captured
+a brigantine ladened with munitions of war,--two thousand stand of arms,
+one hundred thousand flints, thirty thousand round shot, and thirty-two
+tons musket balls,--which were taken into Cape Ann, and transported from
+thence on wagons to Cambridge.
+
+In this way, as well as by the action of Congress and the Provincial
+Legislatures, the army of Washington was strengthened and equipped. The
+British were so thoroughly entrenched in Boston, and their army so well
+disciplined and powerful, that it would have been foolhardy for
+Washington to attack them; besides, an attack would have resulted in
+burning the city and sacrificing the lives of many friends who lived
+there.
+
+"British officers must understand that men fighting for their country
+are patriots, and not malefactors," remarked Washington to Mr. Reed, his
+secretary. "Cruelty to prisoners anyway is contrary to all the rules of
+civilized warfare."
+
+"Well, we are 'rebels,' you know," replied Reed sarcastically, "and
+General Gage thinks that 'rebels' have no claim upon his clemency."
+
+"Cruelty to prisoners is not confined to General Gage," responded
+Washington. "There is no doubt that the king holds Allen [Ethan] in
+irons, and his fellow-captives, which is treating prisoners of war as
+savages do."
+
+Ethan Allen was the famous patriot who led two hundred and thirty men
+against Fort Ticonderoga, and captured it in May, 1775. He surprised the
+commander, and demanded an immediate surrender.
+
+"By whose authority do you make this demand?" inquired the officer in
+charge.
+
+"In the name of the Great Jehovah and the Continental Congress!" shouted
+Allen.
+
+He was captured by General Prescott in Canada.
+
+"Were the king's forces in Boston to sally forth and conquer our army,
+the rules of civilized warfare would be of no account to them, I am
+thinking;" suggested Mr. Reed. "It behooves us to keep out of their
+clutches, or die in the attempt."
+
+The cruelty of British officers to prisoners was the subject of frequent
+discussion between Washington and his advisers, and finally he wrote to
+General Gage as follows:
+
+"I understand that the officers engaged in the cause of liberty and
+their country, who, by the fortune of war have fallen into your hands,
+have been thrown indiscriminately into a common jail, appropriated to
+felons; that no consideration has been had for those of the most
+respectable rank, when languishing with wounds and sickness, and that
+some have been amputated in this unworthy situation.... The obligations
+arising from the rights of humanity and claims of rank are universally
+binding and extensive, except in case of retaliation. These, I should
+have hoped, would have dictated a more tender treatment of those
+individuals whom chance or war had put in your power.... My duty now
+makes it necessary to apprise you that, for the future, I shall regulate
+all my conduct towards those gentlemen who are, or may be, in our
+possession, exactly by the rule you shall observe toward those of ours
+now in your custody.
+
+"If severity and hardships mark the line of your conduct, painful as it
+may be to me, your prisoners will feel its effects. But if kindness and
+humanity are shown to us, I shall with pleasure consider those in our
+hands only as unfortunate, and they shall receive from me that treatment
+to which the unfortunate are ever entitled."
+
+The reply of General Gage was characteristic of a conceited, ambitious,
+and domineering officer of the king, and Washington closed his reply to
+it with these words:
+
+"I shall now, sir, close my correspondence with you, perhaps forever. If
+your officers, our prisoners, receive a treatment from me different from
+that which I wished to show them, they and you will remember the
+occasion of it."
+
+Subsequently, Washington ordered British officers at Watertown and Cape
+Ann, who were at large on parole, to be confined in the jail at
+Northampton, explaining to them that it was not agreeable to his
+feelings of humanity, but according to the treatment of Americans whom
+the officers of the crown held as prisoners. But he could not tolerate
+even this mild form of retaliation, and therefore in a short time he
+revoked the order, and the prisoners were at large again.
+
+"I was never more distressed in mind than I am now," remarked Washington
+to a member of his staff.
+
+"Why so?"
+
+"Within a few days this army will be reduced to less than ten thousand
+men by the expiration of enlistments," answered Washington; "and when we
+can ever attack Boston is a problem. For six months I have been waiting
+for powder, fire-arms, recruits, and what-not; and here we are with the
+1st of January, 1776, right upon us, when several thousand soldiers will
+leave."
+
+"A very discouraging fact indeed," answered the staff officer; "and how
+will you fill the breach created by their going?"
+
+"That is what troubles me. We shall be forced to require soldiers whose
+term of enlistment expires, to leave their muskets, allowing them fair
+compensation for the same. And to encourage their successors to bring
+arms, we must charge each one of them who fails to bring his gun one
+dollar for the use of the one we provide."
+
+"A novel way of recruiting and supplying an army, truly," said the staff
+officer.
+
+"The only way left to us," remarked Washington.
+
+"Yes; and I suppose that any way is better than none."
+
+Washington wrote to a friend on the 4th of January:
+
+"It is easier to conceive than to describe the situation of my mind for
+some time past and my feelings under our present circumstances. Search
+the volume of history through, and I much question whether a case
+similar to ours can be found; namely, to maintain a post against the
+power of the British troops for six months together without powder, and
+then to have one army disbanded and another raised within the same
+distance (musket shot) of a reinforced enemy.... For two months past I
+have scarcely emerged from one difficulty before I have been plunged
+into another. How it will end, God, in His great goodness, will direct.
+I am thankful for His protection to this time."
+
+A few days later he wrote:
+
+"The reflection of my situation and that of this army produces many an
+unhappy hour, when all around me are wrapped in sleep. Few people know
+the predicament we are in on a thousand accounts; fewer still will
+believe, if any disaster happens to these lines, from what cause it
+flows. I have often thought how much happier I should have been, if,
+instead of accepting the command under such circumstances, I had taken
+my musket on my shoulder and entered the ranks; or, if I could have
+justified the measure to posterity and my own conscience, had retired to
+the back country and lived in a wigwam."
+
+Still, through his tact and indomitable perseverance, Washington found
+his army in a condition to attack Boston in March. He had vainly tried
+to induce the British troops to leave their comfortable quarters and
+come out to battle. He had so effectually cut off their supplies by his
+determined siege that the British Government was compelled to send
+supplies from home. But now he felt that the time for action had come.
+He called a council of war.
+
+"Our situation compels action of some kind to save ourselves, even at
+great risk," he said to his advisers. "There is a cloud over the public
+mind, and there is danger on the north and on the south. Montgomery has
+fallen before Quebec, and our little army in Canada is depleted and
+broken. Tryon and the Tories are plotting mischief in New York, and
+Dunmore in Virginia. Clinton, too, is making depredations along the
+coast."
+
+"And what do you propose?" inquired one.
+
+"To attack Boston."
+
+"And take the risk?"
+
+"Yes; and take the risk, which will prove less, I believe, that the risk
+incurred by continual inaction."
+
+"Do you propose an immediate movement?"
+
+"On the 4th of March, the anniversary of the 'Boston Massacre.' It is a
+good time to avenge that wrong."
+
+On the 4th of March, 1775, the British troops, who were often insolent
+and overbearing to the citizens of Boston, were attacked and stoned by
+indignant parties. A brief contest followed, in which four Americans
+were killed and several wounded. This was called the "Boston Massacre."
+
+"I hope that your movement will be successful, but it is a hazardous
+one," suggested one of the council. "An attack all along the line?"
+
+"By no means," answered Washington. "The project is hazardous indeed,
+but that is inevitable. On the night of March 3 I propose to take
+possession of Dorchester Heights, throw up breastworks, and by the time
+the enemy can see the Heights in the morning, be prepared to hold the
+position."
+
+"And if the whole British army attack us, what then?"
+
+"General Putnam shall have a force of four thousand men on the opposite
+side of the town, in two divisions, under Generals Sullivan and Greene.
+At a given signal from Roxbury, they shall embark at the mouth of
+Charles River, cross under cover of three floating batteries, land in
+two places in Boston, secure its strong posts, force the gates and works
+at the neck, and let in the Roxbury troops. This, in case they make a
+determined attempt to dislodge us."
+
+Washington waited for a reply. The bold plan somewhat perplexed his
+advisers at first, and there was silence for a moment. At length one
+spoke, and then another, and still another, until every objection was
+canvassed. The plan was finally adopted, but kept a profound secret with
+the officers who were to conduct the enterprise.
+
+We cannot dwell upon details. Agreeable to Washington's arrangement,
+when the expedition with tools, arms, supplies, and other necessaries
+was ready to move on the evening of March 3, a terrible cannonading of
+the British by the American army, at two different points, commenced,
+under the cover of which our troops reached Dorchester Heights without
+attracting the attention of the enemy. The reader may judge of the
+cannonading by the words of Mrs. John Adams, who wrote to her husband
+thus:
+
+"I have just returned from Penn's Hill, where I have been sitting to
+hear the amazing roar of cannon, and from whence I could see every
+shell that was thrown. The sound, I think, is one of the grandest in
+nature, and is of the true species of the sublime. It is now an
+incessant roar.
+
+"I went to bed about twelve, and rose again a little after one. I could
+no more sleep than if I had been in the engagement; the rattling of the
+windows, the jar of the house, the continual roar of twenty-four
+pounders, and the bursting of shells, give us such ideas, and realize a
+scene to us of which we could scarcely form any conception. I hope to
+give you joy of Boston, even if it is in ruins, before I send this
+away."
+
+What the British beheld on the morning of March 4, to their surprise and
+alarm, is best told in the words of one of their officers.
+
+"This morning at daybreak we discovered two redoubts on Dorchester
+Point, and two smaller ones on their flanks. They were all raised during
+last night, with an expedition equal to that of 'the genii' belonging to
+Alladin's wonderful lamp. From these hills they command the whole town,
+so that we must drive them from their post or desert the place."
+
+The British general, Howe, exclaimed:
+
+"The rebels have done more work in one night than my whole army would
+have done in a month."
+
+General Howe had superseded General Gage some time before this exploit.
+
+Quickly as possible, General Howe began to bombard the new
+fortifications on Dorchester Heights. All through the day he cannonaded
+the little American army, and, under the cover of the bombardment,
+prepared to land twenty-five hundred picked men at night, and carry the
+Heights by storm. His guns did little damage, however, through the day.
+Washington was present in person, encouraging the soldiers, and
+directing them in strengthening the fortifications.
+
+Under the darkness of night General Howe sent twenty-five hundred of his
+best soldiers, in transports, to capture the "rebel works." But a
+furious northeast storm arose, and beat upon them with such violence
+that it was impossible to land. They were compelled to postpone the
+attack until the next night. But the storm continued, and even
+increased. The wind blew a gale and the rain descended in torrents all
+through the following day and night, shutting up the enemy within their
+own quarters, and allowing the Americans time to multiply their works
+and render them impregnable.
+
+When the storm ceased, an English officer declared that the Americans
+were invincible in their strong position. That General Howe was of the
+same opinion is evident from the fact that he decided to evacuate
+Boston.
+
+Had General Howe been able to land his troops on the first night, as he
+planned, there is little doubt that Washington would have been driven
+from the Heights as the Americans were driven from Bunker Hill, so that
+the intervention of the storm seemed peculiarly providential. When
+Washington issued his order, months before, for the strict observance of
+the Sabbath and daily religious service by the army, General Lee, who
+was a godless scoffer, remarked, derisively, "God is on the side of the
+heaviest battalions."
+
+But in this case the storm favored the _weakest_ battalions.
+
+General Howe conferred with the authorities of Boston, and promised to
+evacuate the city without inflicting harm upon it if the Americans would
+not attack him. Otherwise he would commit the city to the flames, and
+leave under cover of the mighty conflagration. Washington wrote to him:
+
+"If you will evacuate the city without plundering or doing any harm, I
+will not open fire upon you. But if you make any attempt to plunder, or
+if the torch is applied to a single building, I will open upon you the
+most deadly bombardment."
+
+Howe promised: yet such was the disposition of the British soldiers to
+acts of violence, that he was obliged to issue an order that soldiers
+found plundering should be hanged on the spot; and he had an officer,
+with a company of soldiers and a hangman, march through the streets,
+ready to execute his order.
+
+It was not, however, until the 17th of March that the embarkation of the
+British army commenced. About twelve thousand soldiers and refugees
+embarked in seventy-eight vessels. The refugees were Americans who
+favored the British cause (called Tories), and they did not dare to
+remain in this country. Washington wrote about these refugees:
+
+"By all accounts there never existed a more miserable set of beings than
+those wretched creatures now are. Taught to believe that the power of
+Great Britain was superior to all opposition, and that foreign aid was
+at hand, they were even higher and more insulting in their opposition
+than the regulars. When the order was issued, therefore, for embarking
+the troops in Boston, no electric shock, no sudden clap of thunder, in a
+word, the last trump, could not have struck them with greater
+consternation. They were at their wits' end; chose to commit themselves,
+in the manner I have above described, to the mercy of the waves at a
+tempestuous season, rather than meet their offended countrymen."
+
+With exceeding joy Washington beheld the "precipitate retreat" of the
+British army from Boston, but fired not a gun. One of General Howe's
+officers wrote afterwards:
+
+"It was lucky for the inhabitants now left in Boston that they did not,
+for I am informed that everything was prepared to set the town in a
+blaze had they fired one cannon."
+
+We have intentionally passed over several incidents, with the rehearsal
+of which we will bring this chapter to a close.
+
+When Washington assumed the command of the American army, he left his
+Mount Vernon estate in charge of Mr. Lund Washington, continuing to
+direct its management by correspondence. He expected to return to his
+home in the autumn, and so encouraged his wife to believe. But in this
+he was sorely disappointed. His thoughtful and benevolent character
+appears in one of his early letters to his agent:
+
+"Let the hospitality of the house with respect to the poor be kept up.
+Let no one go hungry away. If any of this kind of people should be in
+want of corn, supply their necessaries, provided it does not encourage
+them to idleness; and I have no objection to your giving my money in
+charity to the amount of forty or fifty pounds a year, when you think it
+is well bestowed. What I mean by having no objection is, that it is my
+desire that it should be done."
+
+Many Americans feared that the enemy might send a war vessel up the
+Potomac and destroy the Mount Vernon residence and capture Mrs.
+Washington. She was earnestly advised to leave, and repair to a place of
+safety beyond the Blue Ridge. But Washington sent for her to come to him
+at Cambridge.
+
+She was four weeks travelling from Mount Vernon to Cambridge. She
+performed the journey in her own carriage, a chariot drawn by four fine
+horses, with black postilions in scarlet and white liveries. This was an
+English style of equipage, and the public sentiment of that day demanded
+that the commander-in-chief should adopt it. She was accompanied by her
+son, and was escorted from place to place by guards of honor. Her
+arrival in Cambridge was the signal for great rejoicing. The army
+received her with the honors due to her illustrious husband.
+
+She immediately took charge of Washington's headquarters, and soon
+became as popular in the domestic and social circle as her husband was
+in camp and field. It was at Cambridge that she was first called "Lady
+Washington."
+
+As an illustration of Washington's rigid discipline, an incident is
+related of his manner of suppressing a disturbance. It was during the
+winter he was besieging Boston.
+
+A party of Virginia riflemen met a party of Marblehead fishermen. The
+dress of the fishermen was as singular to the riflemen as that of the
+riflemen was to the fishermen, and they began to banter each other.
+Snow-balls soon began to fly back and forth, and finally hard blows were
+interchanged. A melee occurred, in which a thousand soldiers
+participated.
+
+Hearing of the disturbance, Washington hastened to the scene, and,
+leaping from his horse, he seized two burly Virginians by the neck, and
+held them out at arm's length, at the same time administering a rebuke
+in words that scattered the combatants as suddenly as a cannonade would
+have done.
+
+The British army committed many depredations in Boston during the year
+they held possession of it. They tore out the pulpit and pews of the Old
+South Church, and converted it into a riding-school for General
+Burgoyne's light-horse regiment. They took down the North Church and
+used it for fuel. They used up about three hundred wooden houses in the
+same way.
+
+In the winter a theatre was established for the entertainment of the
+British soldiers. At one time a British officer wrote a farce entitled,
+"The Blockade of Boston," to be played on a given evening. It was a
+burlesque upon Washington and the American army. It represented the
+commander-in-chief of the American army as an awkward lout, equipped
+with a huge wig, and a long, rusty sword, attended by a country booby as
+orderly sergeant, in a rustic garb, with an old fire-lock seven or eight
+feet long.
+
+The theatre was filled to overflowing on the night the farce was
+announced. It happened that, on the same night, General Putnam sent a
+party of two hundred men to surprise and capture a British guard
+stationed at Charlestown. His daring exploit was successful, though his
+men were fired upon by the garrison of the fort. The thunder of
+artillery caused a British officer to believe that the Yankees were in
+motion, and he rushed into the theatre, crying, "The Yankees are
+attacking Bunker Hill!"
+
+At first the audience supposed that this announcement was part of the
+play. But General Howe, who was present, undeceived them by calling out,
+"Officers, to your alarm posts!"
+
+The farce turned out to be tragedy, and the curtain fell upon the scene.
+The audience scattered like a flock of sheep.
+
+The failure of the British to hold Boston was extremely mortifying to
+General Howe and the English Government. When the king's regiments first
+took possession of the city, one of the officers wrote home:
+
+"Whenever it comes to blows, he that can run the fastest will think
+himself well off, believe me. Any two regiments here ought to be
+decimated if they did not beat in the field the whole force of the
+Massachusetts Province."
+
+General Gage said to the king, before leaving England to take command of
+the forces in Boston, "The Americans will be lions so long as the
+English are lambs. Give me five regiments and I will keep Boston quiet."
+
+When General Burgoyne was sailing into Boston Harbor to join his king's
+army, and his attention was called to the fact that a few thousand
+undisciplined "rebels" were besieging a town garrisoned by five or six
+thousand British regulars, he exclaimed in derision:
+
+"What! ten thousand peasants keep five thousand king's troops shut up?
+Well, let us get in and we'll soon find elbow-room."
+
+He failed to find "elbow room" until he put out to sea.
+
+To be driven out of Boston, when such a result was considered impossible
+by the foe, was doubly humiliating to the sons of Great Britain. It was
+proportionably glorious to American patriots, and they took possession
+of the city with exultation and devout thanksgivings to God.
+
+Congress unanimously adopted a eulogistic resolution, rehearsing the
+valor and achievements of the commander-in-chief, and ordered a gold
+medal, with appropriate inscription, to be struck off, and presented to
+him as a token of the country's gratitude.
+
+
+
+
+XVIII.
+
+DEFENDING NEW YORK.
+
+
+"What next?" inquired General Putnam.
+
+"That is a difficult question to answer until I know General Howe's
+destination," replied Washington.
+
+"Then you don't think he is going home?" continued Putnam facetiously.
+
+"Not yet, though I wish he might; then I would go home, too."
+
+"But seriously, where do you think he is going?" urged Putnam.
+
+"I fear that he is bound to New York, for that is a port more important
+to him than even Boston." Washington spoke as if he were greatly
+perplexed.
+
+"Well," added Putnam in his resolute way, "if he is bound for New York
+it won't do for us to be fooling about here long."
+
+"No; and if I were certain that his destination were there, I should put
+you in command of that post at once," said Washington. "Besides the
+importance of the position to him, the large number of Tories in that
+town is a great inducement for him to strike there. Governor Tryon has
+been plotting something with them, and who knows but his appearance
+there will be the signal for them to rise against their own country."
+
+"Just like 'em," answered Putnam. "A man who will turn against his own
+country ought to dangle at the end of a halter. With the British army
+outside, and hundreds of traitors inside, New York will make a poor
+show."
+
+"There is no telling what a strong defence of the town can be made with
+the Lord on our side. My hope is in the righteousness of our cause."
+
+Washington called a council of war in his perplexity. He laid before his
+military advisers his reasons for supposing that the foe, driven from
+Boston, had sailed for New York.
+
+"The English will be chagrined over their defeat here, after all their
+boasting," said Washington, "and we may expect heavier blows in future
+somewhere. The king will not suffer 'rebels' to remain unmolested. We do
+well to expect that in future the king will concentrate the military
+power of his government and hurl it upon us to bring us to terms."
+
+It was finally determined to put General Putnam in command at New York,
+and he was hurried away, with all the troops in Boston but five
+regiments, and instructions to complete the fortifications commenced by
+General Lee. Two or three months before, in consequence of the
+appearance of a British fleet, under Clinton, in the harbor of New York,
+and the secret plottings of Governor Tryon and the Tories, Washington
+placed General Lee in command there. Lee at once arrested leading
+Tories, and sent them to prison, threatening all the rest, in his fiery
+way, with similar punishment if they continued to aid the enemy.
+Governor Tryon fled to a British man-of-war in the harbor, accompanied
+by several of his political advisers, and from those new headquarters he
+continued secret intercourse with the Tories. New dangers soon arising
+farther south, General Lee was transferred to the Southern Military
+Department, with headquarters at Williamsburg.
+
+Such was the state of affairs in New York when General Putnam took
+command, with not more than eight thousand available troops in the town
+and vicinity.
+
+Washington ordered three thousand militia to go to his aid from
+Connecticut, and as soon as he could arrange affairs in Boston he
+himself hastened to New York with his body-guard, where he arrived on
+the thirteenth day of April.
+
+Before this time he had learned that General Howe proceeded to Halifax,
+to await large reinforcements from Great Britain; that his brother,
+Admiral Howe, with his naval fleet, would join him there, and then the
+great army would sail for New York.
+
+He did not know, however, at that time, what the British Government was
+doing "to crush the rebels in North America." He learned afterwards that
+the king, stung to madness by the failure of his army in Boston,
+resolved to avenge the defeat by a terrible blow upon New York. He hired
+seventeen thousand Hessians to join the army, paying them liberally for
+their services, and these hirelings would swell the invading army to
+startling proportions.
+
+Notwithstanding the evacuation of Boston, the cause of the patriots
+never seemed more hopeless than it did when the British army, under the
+two Howes, appeared below New York.
+
+"Our army in Canada is beaten and shattered," Washington said, "and our
+cause is lost there. Here it is difficult to tell friend from foe. It is
+claimed that half of the people in New York are Tories, and what
+communications they may have with the British army, through Tryon, it is
+impossible to tell. We have not half the men absolutely required to hold
+this position, and what we have are poorly clad and equipped, and not
+half fed. Then we have reason to suspect that the enemy will come with
+greater inhumanity to man, and that fire and sword will do a more
+fearful work than ever. What some of the British officers are capable of
+doing in the way of fiendish devastation was shown in Boston, when the
+burning of every town between that city and Halifax was ordered, and
+Portland was laid in ashes."
+
+Washington wrote to his brother:
+
+"We expect a bloody summer in New York and Canada; and I am sorry to say
+that we are not, either in men or arms, prepared for it. However, it
+is to be hoped that, if our cause is just, as I most religiously
+believe, the same Providence which has in many instances appeared for us
+will still go on to afford us its aid."
+
+Congress was in session at Philadelphia, and Washington went thither to
+confer with members concerning the summer campaign, and to plead for
+aid. Through his influence, Congress added twenty-three thousand militia
+to the army, including a flying camp of ten thousand.
+
+In the midst of these troubles a conspiracy of startling magnitude was
+discovered. "A part of the plot being," says Sparks, "to seize General
+Washington and carry him to the enemy." Rev. John Marsh of Wethersfield,
+Conn., wrote and published the following account of the affair:
+
+"About ten days before any of the conspirators were taken up, a woman
+went to the general and desired a private interview. He granted it to
+her, and she let him know that his life was in danger, and gave him such
+an account of the conspiracy as gained his confidence. He opened the
+matter to a few friends on whom he could depend. A strict watch was kept
+night and day, until a favorable opportunity occurred, when the general
+went to bed as usual, arose about two o'clock, told his lady that he was
+going with some of the Provincial Congress to order some Tories seized,
+desired she would make herself easy and go to sleep. He went off without
+any of his aides-de-camp, except the captain of his life-guard; was
+joined by a number of chosen men, with lanterns and proper instruments
+to break open houses; and before six o'clock next morning had forty men
+under guard at the City Hall, among whom was the mayor of the city,
+several merchants, and five or six of his own life-guard. Upon
+examination, one Forbes confessed that the plan was to assassinate the
+general and as many of the superior officers as they could, and to blow
+up the magazine upon the appearance of the enemy's fleet, and to go off
+in boats prepared for that purpose to join the enemy."
+
+Thomas Hickey, one of Washington's own guard, was proved to be a leader
+in the plot, and he was sentenced to be hung. The sentence was executed
+on the twenty-eighth day of June, in a field near Bowery Lane, in the
+presence of twenty thousand people.
+
+On the same day four of the enemy's warships dropped anchor in the bay.
+The next morning there were forty ships, and they continued to arrive
+until one hundred and thirty vessels of war and transports could be
+distinctly seen with a glass. The British troops were landed on Staten
+Island, where nearly all the people were Tories, although they had
+professed to be patriots.
+
+While these warlike preparations were going forward, the American
+Congress was discussing the most important subject ever considered by a
+legislative body--that of American independence; and on the 4th of July,
+1776, the Declaration of Independence was adopted.
+
+The discussion upon the adoption of this important document was
+conducted in secret session. The people outside knew what was before the
+Assembly, and there was great excitement. For hours citizens gathered
+about the State House, awaiting the decision with the utmost anxiety. A
+man was stationed in the steeple of the building to ring the bell when
+the decisive vote was declared. The bell was imported from England
+twenty-three years before, and bore this inscription:
+
+"Proclaim liberty throughout all the land, unto all the inhabitants
+thereof."
+
+When the bell pealed forth the glad news that the Declaration of
+Independence was adopted, the joy of the people knew no bounds. The
+tidings spread from town to town, and awakened the most hearty response.
+On the ninth day of July, Washington caused the Declaration to be read
+at the head of each regiment, and it revived their drooping hopes more
+than the arrival of ten thousand recruits.
+
+In their outburst of gladness, the soldiers indulged themselves in some
+excesses. There was a leaden statue of George III, in the Bowling Green,
+which they tore from its pedestal, and cut up, to run into bullets.
+Washington thought it was an unnecessary act of violence, denoting
+insubordination and recklessness, and he rebuked the deed by an order,
+in which he said:
+
+"The general hopes and trusts that every officer and man will endeavor
+to live and act as becomes a Christian soldier, defending the dearest
+rights and liberties of his country."
+
+One day, before the engagement came on, General Putnam was crossing a
+field, which is now the "Park," when his attention was called to a
+company of artillery on drill. Observing the company for several
+minutes, he remarked to the commander:
+
+"A well-disciplined company!"
+
+"With some more practice they will be," the commander replied modestly.
+
+"Have they attained to this excellence of drill under your command?"
+General Putnam asked, noticing that the officer could not be more than
+twenty years of age.
+
+"Yes, sir; I have enjoyed some opportunities to study military science."
+
+"Where?"
+
+"First in the West Indies, where I was born. I was a merchant's clerk
+there, but longed for a military life, and finally I seized upon the
+first opportunity to study such books as I could find. After I came to
+this country my desire for military service did not abate, and I joined
+Captain Fleming's company."
+
+"General Washington must know you," responded Putnam as he moved on.
+
+We have introduced this incident here because the young commander was
+Alexander Hamilton, who became identified with the history of our
+country. He came to this country at fifteen; entered King's College,
+where he was the best scholar; joined one of the first volunteer
+companies organized in New York, and became so efficient that he was
+made captain of the artillery company he was drilling when General
+Putnam met him. He was not twenty years old at that time. Subsequently
+he became one of Washington's wisest counsellors. "In him were united,"
+says another, "the patriot, the soldier, the statesman, the jurist, the
+orator, and philosopher, and he was great in them all."
+
+British ships of war continued to arrive, bringing Hessians and Scotch
+Highlanders to swell the king's army. Still no particular movement to
+capture the city was made.
+
+On the 21st of July, Washington heard from Sir Henry Clinton's fleet.
+Clinton left the British army in Boston, in December, 1775, and
+unexpectedly appeared in the harbor of New York, as we have stated.
+However, after a conference with Governor Tryon, he sailed south, saying
+that he had no intention of attacking New York.
+
+Clinton soon appeared in Charleston Harbor, part of an expedition
+against South Carolina, under Sir Peter Parker, and in a few days joined
+in attacking the fort, six miles below the city. The fort was commanded
+by Sir William Moultrie. It was attacked with both fleet and army, on
+the twenty-eighth day of June, by one of the most terrible bombardments
+ever known at that time. An experienced British officer said, "It was
+the most furious fire I ever heard or saw."
+
+A few days before, General Charles Lee advised abandoning the fort.
+
+"A mere slaughter-house!" he exclaimed to Governor Rutledge, who was a
+true patriot. "A mere slaughter-house! A British man-of-war will knock
+it to pieces in half an hour!"
+
+"Nevertheless, holding that fort is necessary to the defence of the city
+and State," answered Rutledge. "The fort must be held." He sent for
+Moultrie.
+
+"General Moultrie, what do you think about giving up the fort?" he
+inquired, repeating the advice of General Lee.
+
+Moultrie was indignant, and he replied:
+
+"No man, sir, can have a higher opinion of British ships and seamen than
+I have. But there are others who love the smell of gunpowder as well
+as they do. Give us a plenty of powder and ball, sir, and let them come
+on as soon as they please."
+
+"You shall have plenty of powder and ball," answered Rutledge, as he
+sent Moultrie back to his post.
+
+The guns of Fort Moultrie riddled the British ships, and covered their
+decks with the dead and dying. One hundred and seventy-five men were
+killed on board the fleet, and as many more wounded. The Americans lost
+but thirty-five, and held the fort. A braver garrison never met a foe.
+Sergeant Jaspar saw the flag shot away, and leaped down upon the beach,
+snatched it up, and returned it to its place, shouting:
+
+"Hurrah, boys! Liberty and America forever!" Governor Rutledge rewarded
+him with a sword.
+
+Sergeant McDonald was terribly shattered by a cannon-ball, and he called
+out with his dying breath, "I die, but don't let the cause of liberty
+die with me!"
+
+The enemy's fleet was driven off in a shattered condition. The commander
+was so deeply humiliated that even his black pilots insulted him. Weems
+says that he called to one of them:
+
+"Cudjo, what water have you there?"
+
+"What water, massa? what water? Why, salt water, sure sir! sea water
+always salt water, ain't he, massa?"
+
+"You black rascal, I knew it was salt water; I only wanted to know how
+_much_ water you have there?"
+
+"How much water here, massa? how much water here? God bless me, massa!
+Where I going get quart pot for measure him?"
+
+The commander, even in his chagrin and trouble, could not but laugh at
+Cudjo's idea of measuring the Atlantic ocean with a quart pot.
+
+This discomfited fleet returned to New York and joined the British army.
+
+When the news of the signal victory of the patriots at Moultrie reached
+Washington, he announced it to the army, and said:
+
+"With such a bright example before us of what can be done by brave men
+fighting in defence of their country, we shall be loaded with a double
+share of shame and infamy if we do not acquit ourselves with courage,
+and manifest a determined resolution to conquer or die."
+
+A detachment of the army was sent to construct works from Wallabout Bay
+to Red Hook. Washington rode out one day to inspect the defences, when
+he approached a subaltern officer who was directing his men to raise a
+heavy timber to its place. Instead of lending a helping hand, the
+conceited fellow stood, shouting:
+
+"Hurrah, boys, _n-o-w_, right _up_, _h-e-a-v-e_," etc.
+
+"Why do you not lend a helping hand?" said Washington, whom the officer
+did not know.
+
+"What, sir! I lend a helping hand?" exclaimed the official sprig. "Why,
+sir, I'll have you know that I am _corporal_!"
+
+Washington leaped from his saddle, laid hold of the timber with the men,
+and helped lift it to its place. Then turning to the "corporal," he said
+sarcastically:
+
+"Mr. Corporal, my name's George Washington. I have come over from New
+York to inspect the works here; so soon as you have done this piece of
+work, you will meet me at your commander's, General Sullivan's
+quarters."
+
+Washington despised officers who felt above their business.
+
+On a flying visit to Connecticut, he failed to reach his destination on
+Saturday night. Early Sunday morning he completed the few remaining
+miles of his journey. On his way, a tithing man came out of a house and
+inquired of the coachman:
+
+"Is there any necessity of your travelling on the Lord's Day?"
+
+Washington ordered his coachman to stop, and replied:
+
+"I have no intention of breaking the laws of Connecticut; they meet my
+most cordial approbation. But I was disappointed in not being able to
+reach my destination last night, where I shall attend church."
+
+Washington waited and waited for the enemy to move, and wondered that he
+did not. Putnam wrote to Gates:
+
+"Is it not strange that those invincible troops who were to lay waste
+all the country, with their fleets and army, dare not put their feet on
+the main?"
+
+About this time General Washington made the following address to his
+army:
+
+"The time is now near at hand which must determine whether Americans are
+to be free men or slaves; whether they are to have any property they can
+call their own; whether their houses and farms are to be pillaged and
+destroyed, and themselves consigned to a state of wretchedness, from
+which no human efforts will deliver them. The fate of unborn millions
+will now depend, under God, on the courage and conduct of this army. Our
+cruel and unrelenting enemy leaves us only the choice of a brave
+resistance or the most abject submission. We have, therefore, to resolve
+to conquer or die. Our own, our country's, honor calls upon us for a
+vigorous and manly action; and if we now shamefully fail, we shall
+become infamous to the whole world. Let us then rely upon the goodness
+of our cause, and the aid of the Supreme Being, in whose hands victory
+is, to animate and encourage us to great and noble actions."
+
+The American army had grown by this time to over twenty thousand men
+poorly equipped and fed, though not more than fifteen thousand were
+available for immediate action. Congress was slow to provide supplies,
+and everything dragged. Many of the men carried only a spade, shovel or
+pick-axe. At the call of the country, they responded with shovels in
+hand, having no guns. They could throw up works, though destitute of
+arms to repel the foe. It was this destitute condition of our army that
+led a British officer to write home derisively:
+
+"The rebels are armed with scythes and pitchforks."
+
+To rebuke the growing vice and recklessness of the army, Washington
+issued the following order:
+
+"The general is sorry to be informed that the foolish and wicked
+practice of profane cursing and swearing, a vice heretofore little known
+in an American army, is growing into fashion. He hopes the officers will
+by example, as well as influence, endeavor to check it, and that both
+they and the men will reflect that we can have little hope of the
+blessing of Heaven on our arms if we insult it by our impiety and folly;
+added to this, it is a vice so mean and low, without any temptation,
+that every man of sense and character detests and despises it."
+
+On the 17th of August Washington observed a movement of the enemy.
+
+"They are embarking," he said to one of his aides, "bound for some
+point. Thirty thousand of them will be able to crush us if, as General
+Lee says, 'God is on the side of heavy battalions.'"
+
+He was not long in doubt concerning their destination, for they landed
+at Long Island.
+
+"They mean to capture Brooklyn Heights," exclaimed Washington; "their
+designs are clear enough now."
+
+"The city is at their mercy if they once capture that position," replied
+"Old Put," as the soldiers called General Putnam. "They must not be
+suffered to gain that position."
+
+"You must go to General Sullivan's aid with six battalions, all the
+force we can spare," said Washington. "There is no time to be lost."
+
+In anticipation of such a movement, Washington had stationed a body of
+troops on Brooklyn Heights under General Greene; but the latter was
+taken sick, and General Sullivan succeeded him, and now General Putnam
+was placed in command. No more men could be sent to Brooklyn Heights,
+because Washington expected the British fleet would attack the city.
+
+He received the following message from General Livingston of New Jersey:
+
+"I saw movements of the enemy on Staten Island, and sent over a spy at
+midnight, who brought back the following intelligence: Twenty thousand
+men have embarked to make an attack on Long Island, and up the Hudson.
+Fifteen thousand remained on Staten Island, to attack Bergen Point,
+Elizabethtown Point, and Amboy." The spy heard the orders read and the
+conversation of the generals. "They appear very determined," added he,
+"and will put all to the sword."
+
+Again, in expectation of an immediate attack, he addressed the army to
+inspire them with determined valor, and said:
+
+"The enemy have landed upon Long Island, and the hour is fast
+approaching on which the honor and success of this army, and the safety
+of our bleeding country, depend. Remember, officers and soldiers, that
+you are free men, fighting for the blessings of liberty; that slavery
+will be your portion, and that of your posterity, if you do not acquit
+yourselves like men. It is the general's express orders that, if any
+man attempt to skulk, lie down, or retreat without orders, he be
+instantly shot down for an example."
+
+Fifteen thousand British troops landed and advanced to seize the
+Heights. It was on the twenty-first day of August, 1776. A terrific
+battle of seven days followed, in which the slaughter and suffering were
+fearful. Alternate victory and defeat were experienced by both sides.
+Sometimes it was a hand-to-hand fight with bayonets. As Washington
+beheld a detachment of his heroic men pierced to death by Hessian
+bayonets, he wrung his hands in an agony of spirit, and exclaimed:
+
+"O good God, what brave fellows I must this day lose!"
+
+There were but five thousand Americans pitted in this battle against
+fifteen thousand British, and yet they fought seven days.
+
+On the twenty-eighth day of August, the British moved their line of
+battle to within a mile of the Yankee breast-works on the Heights. The
+capture of the Heights, with all the American soldiers, seemed
+inevitable. Between them and New York was the East River, which the
+enemy's fleet commanded. Before them was the foe, numbering three to
+one. To human view there was no hope for the brave little army of
+patriots.
+
+But on that night a storm arose, and a dense fog enveloped the Heights.
+Early in the evening the rain began to fall, and, together, fog and rain
+created a dismal scene. At the same time a brisk breeze sprang up,
+sufficient to waft the boats across to the New York side. If anything
+more were needed to prove that God was favoring the smallest battalions,
+it was the fact that the night was clear on the New York side of the
+river.
+
+"God is propitious to-night," said Washington to Putnam in a hopeful
+tone. "Under cover of this darkness we must cross the river and save our
+army."
+
+"Our only salvation," replied Putnam.
+
+Washington superintended the retreat personally, and, as the fog did not
+clear away until ten o'clock on the following day, his whole force, with
+guns and ammunition, were carried across the river before the enemy
+discovered the retreat. This retreat was regarded as one of the most
+signal achievements of the war. Sparks says, in his "Life of
+Washington:"
+
+"The retreat, in its plan, execution, and success, has been regarded as
+one of the most remarkable military events in history, and as reflecting
+the highest credit on the talents and skill of the commander. So intense
+was the anxiety of Washington, so unceasing his exertions, that for
+forty-eight hours he did not close his eyes, and rarely dismounted from
+his horse."
+
+"We cannot hold New York," said Washington, at a council of war he
+called immediately. "We are at the mercy of the enemy on every hand."
+
+"From Brooklyn Heights British guns can lay this city in ashes," added
+Putnam.
+
+"That is true; but the Howes will never order that destruction so long
+as half the citizens are Tories," replied Washington.
+
+"Sure enough; that is a voucher against such a measure," responded
+Putnam. "But if thirty thousand well-armed and well-fed British troops,
+having possession of all the land and water around Manhattan Island,
+can't capture this small and undisciplined army, they don't deserve the
+name of soldiers."
+
+"And now our men are disheartened," continued Washington. "We lost
+nearly two thousand men, killed, wounded, and missing, on Brooklyn
+Heights, and many of those who escaped have deserted. We must evacuate
+the city."
+
+"And leave it in flames," added Putnam.
+
+"Yes, apply the torch," said another; "we must do it in self-defence.
+What a strong position against us it will afford to the enemy!"
+
+Washington saw reasons for adopting this extreme measure, but he could
+not take the responsibility. He did write to Congress about it, however,
+as follows:
+
+"If we should be obliged to abandon the town, ought it to stand as
+winter quarters for the enemy? They would derive great convenience from
+it on the one hand, and much property would be destroyed on the other.
+At the present, I dare say, the enemy mean to preserve it if they can."
+
+On the tenth day of September, Congress voted to leave the fate of the
+city in Washington's hands, and he left it unharmed.
+
+Concerning the alarming desertions after the retreat from Brooklyn
+Heights, he wrote, in humane extenuation of the deserters' offence:
+
+"Men just dragged from the tender scenes of domestic life, and
+unaccustomed to the din of arms, totally unacquainted with every kind of
+military skill, are timid, and ready to fly from their own shadows.
+Besides, the sudden change in their manner of living brings on an
+unconquerable desire to return to their homes."
+
+Establishing his headquarters at King's Bridge, Washington superintended
+the retreat from New York, which was accomplished without the loss of
+anything except his heaviest cannon.
+
+Colonel Humphreys wrote: "I had frequent opportunities that day of
+beholding Washington issuing orders, encouraging the troops, flying on
+his horse covered with foam, wherever his presence was most necessary.
+Without his extraordinary exertions the guards must have been inevitably
+lost, and it is possible the entire corps would have been cut in
+pieces."
+
+He made a noble stand at Harlem Heights for three weeks, where he had
+several encounters with the foe. In one of these, two of his most
+brilliant officers were killed, Colonel Knowlton and Major Leith.
+Knowlton's last words were, "Did we drive the enemy in?" Speaking of
+Colonel Knowlton reminds us of an incident.
+
+Soon after the retreat from Brooklyn, Washington said to Knowlton:
+
+"It is important for me to know the strength of the enemy on Long
+Island. Can you name a trusty man who will find out?"
+
+"I can," answered Knowlton. "If he will consent, he is just the man for
+such service."
+
+"Send him to me immediately."
+
+Within a short time Nathan Hale of Connecticut, one of the bravest and
+most promising young officers in the army, presented himself to the
+general.
+
+"Can you ascertain for me the number and strength of the British on Long
+Island?" asked Washington.
+
+"I think I can," replied Hale; "I am willing to try."
+
+"You understand that it will cost your life if the enemy capture you. It
+is serious business."
+
+"I understand. I understood that when I entered the army," was young
+Hale's cool and heroic reply.
+
+"Go, then, and quickly as possible obtain the information I so much
+need."
+
+Hale went to Long Island in the capacity of a schoolmaster, obtained the
+information that Washington desired, and on his return was discovered
+and arrested as a spy. Without trial or court-martial he was executed,
+in extremely aggravating circumstances.
+
+"A clergyman, whose attendance he desired, was refused him; a Bible, for
+a moment's devotion, was not procured though he requested it. Letters
+which on the morning of his execution, he wrote to his mother and
+sister, were destroyed; and this very extraordinary reason was given by
+the provost-martial, 'that the rebels should not know that they had a
+man in the army who could die with so much firmness.' Unknown to all
+around him, without a single friend to offer him the least consolation,
+as amiable and as worthy a young man as America could boast was thus
+hung as a spy." His last words were:
+
+"I lament only that I have but one life to give to the cause of liberty
+and the rights of man."
+
+Soon after Washington withdrew his defeated army to Harlem Heights, he
+heard cannonading at the landing, where breastworks had been thrown up.
+Springing upon his horse, he galloped away in the direction of the
+firing, and, before he reached the place, he met his soldiers in full
+retreat before a squad of British, numbering not more than sixty or
+seventy. He drew his sword, and with threats, endeavored to rally them;
+but in vain. He was so shocked by their cowardice, and so determined to
+repel the foe, that he would have dashed forward to his death, had not
+his aides seized the reins of his charger, and turned him in the other
+direction.
+
+On the 20th of September, after the British took possession of New York,
+a fire started one night in a drinking saloon, where soldiers were
+revelling (perhaps celebrating their triumphal entry into the city), and
+it spread with great rapidity. The buildings were mostly of wood, so
+that the devouring flames licked them up as tinder; and although the
+thousands of British soldiers exerted themselves to the utmost to
+extinguish the fire, one quarter of the city, about one thousand
+buildings, was laid in ashes.
+
+At this time the army in Canada had withdrawn to Crown Point, numbering
+about six thousand, one half of them being sick and the other half
+disheartened and disaffected. General Washington ordered them to retire
+to Ticonderoga for safety and rest. The small-pox was spreading among
+them to an alarming degree.
+
+Jealousies among officers, dissatisfaction among soldiers, clashing
+interests among the Colonies, and a growing distrust of Washington,
+added to the complications of the American cause, and to the trials of
+Congress and the commander-in-chief.
+
+Referring to the discordant interests throughout most of the Colonies,
+John Adams wrote: "It requires more serenity of temper, a deeper
+understanding, and more courage than fell to the lot of Marlborough,
+to ride in this whirlwind."
+
+By request, General Lee returned from the South at this time. He was an
+accomplished military officer, and his successes at the South added much
+to his laurels. Many regarded him superior to Washington. The latter
+esteemed him highly as an officer of skill and experience. At a council
+of war held soon after his arrival, General Lee said:
+
+"A position is not a good one simply because its approaches are
+difficult. No army can maintain itself with the enemy in front and rear,
+especially when the enemy's ships command the water on each side, as
+they do here. Your recent experience on Long Island and in New York
+shows the danger of such position."
+
+"That is very true," answered Washington. "We cannot afford to hazard
+too much in the present condition of the army. I have satisfactory
+evidence that General Howe's purpose is to surround our camp, and
+capture the whole American army."
+
+"And he is not much of a general if he does not do it," responded Lee.
+"For my part, I would have nothing to do with the islands to which you
+have been clinging so pertinaciously. I would give Mr. Howe a fee-simple
+of them."
+
+"Where and when shall we be in a better condition to meet the enemy?"
+inquired General George Clinton, a brave but inexperienced officer. "We
+must fight the enemy somewhere; why not here?"
+
+"I will answer your inquiry," replied Washington. "We shall be in a
+better condition to meet the foe when the Colonies have had time to
+furnish their quotas of recruits, as recently ordered by Congress."
+
+At the earnest solicitation of Washington, Congress had voted that the
+Colonies should furnish eighty-eight battalions, in quotas, according
+to their abilities; that the pay of officers should be raised; troops
+serving throughout the war should receive a bounty of twenty dollars
+and one hundred acres of land, with a new suit of clothes annually.
+Those enlisting for three years were to receive twenty dollars bounty,
+but no land. This provision was a response to Washington's frequent
+protests against short enlistments and small pay, and it pointed to a
+reorganization of the army, on a permanent footing, according to
+Washington's frequently expressed ideas. The general had great
+expectations of relief from this more liberal policy.
+
+"Our present action should look solely to the safety of the army,"
+interjected Lee. "To save it from annihilation or capture is our first
+duty."
+
+"Certainly," rejoined Washington; "and now let this question be answered
+definitely: whether (considering that the obstructions in the North
+River have proved insufficient, and that the enemy's whole force is in
+our rear on Grog Point), it is now deemed possible, in our situation, to
+prevent the enemy from cutting off the communication with the country,
+and compelling us to fight them at all disadvantages or surrender
+prisoners at discretion?"
+
+Every number of the council except General Clinton decided that it was
+impossible to occupy the present position without exposing the army to
+destruction or capture; hence, another retreat followed.
+
+
+
+
+XIX.
+
+FROM HARLEM TO TRENTON.
+
+
+Washington withdrew his army to White Plains, leaving nearly three
+thousand of his best troops to garrison Fort Washington. Congress
+believed that Fort Washington could hold the Hudson secure, and
+therefore ordered that a strong garrison be left there. It was not
+according to General Washington's idea, after he decided to retreat to
+White Plains, but he yielded to the request of Congress. General
+Putnam's obstructions in the river amounted to little. Four galleys,
+mounted with heavy guns and swivels; two new ships, filled with stones,
+to be sunk at the proper moment; a sloop at anchor, having on board an
+infernal machine for submarine explosion, with which to blow up the
+men-of-war; these were among the aids to the Fort, together with
+batteries on either shore, to prevent the enemy ascending the Hudson.
+Yet, on the ninth day of October, three British war-ships sailed
+triumphantly up the river, sweeping through the obstructions, with
+little damage to themselves.
+
+The British pursued the American army. Washington threw up intrenchments
+hastily, designing to make but a temporary stay there. General Lee
+arrived with the rear division of the army, after the temporary
+fortifications were well under way.
+
+"This is but a temporary camp," remarked Washington to Lee. "Yonder
+height (pointing to the north) is a more eligible location."
+
+"I judge so," General Lee answered, taking in the situation at once.
+
+"Let us ride out and inspect the ground for ourselves," proposed
+Washington. And they galloped away. On arriving at the spot, General Lee
+pointed to still another height farther north.
+
+"That is the ground we ought to occupy," he said.
+
+"Well, let us go and view it," replied Washington.
+
+They had not reached the location when a courier came dashing up to
+them.
+
+"The British are in the camp, sir!" he exclaimed to Washington.
+
+"Then we have other business to attend to than reconnoitering," quickly
+and coolly replied the general, putting spurs to his horse and returning
+to camp.
+
+"The pickets are driven in, but our army is in order of battle,"
+Adjutant-General Reed informed him, as he reached headquarters.
+
+"Gentlemen, return to your respective posts, and do the best you can,"
+the general responded, without the least excitement.
+
+By this time the British army was discovered upon the high ground beyond
+the village, advancing in two columns, "in all the pomp and circumstance
+of war." General Heath wrote afterwards:
+
+"It was a brilliant but formidable sight. The sun shone bright, their
+arms glittered, and perhaps troops never were shown to more advantage."
+
+A brief but hard-fought battle followed, in which there was a loss of
+about four hundred men on each side.
+
+The enemy waited for reinforcements, and Washington improved the time to
+fall back to Northcastle, five miles, where, in the rocky fastness, he
+could defy the whole British army. To add to his advantages, the day on
+which the British commander decided upon an attack, after the arrival of
+reinforcements, a violent rain set in, and continued through the day,
+rendering an attack impossible, so that the Americans had still more
+time to strengthen their position.
+
+On the night of Nov. 4, a heavy rumbling sound was heard in the
+direction of the British camp. It continued all through the night, and
+resembled the noise of wagons and artillery in motion. Day break
+disclosed the cause: the enemy was decamping. Long trains were seen
+moving over the hilly country towards Dobb's Ferry on the Hudson.
+
+"A feint!" said General Lee, as soon as he discovered the situation.
+
+"A retreat, more like," replied another officer. "The enemy sees little
+hope in attacking this stronghold."
+
+"I can hardly believe that so large and well-disciplined an army is
+going to withdraw without giving battle," responded Washington. "No
+doubt an attack upon Fort Washington is the immediate purpose; and then,
+perhaps an invasion into the Jerseys."
+
+There was much speculation among the officers as to the meaning of this
+manoeuvre, and all of them were in more or less perplexity. Washington
+wrote immediately to Governor Livingston of New Jersey and hurried a
+messenger away with the letter:
+
+"They have gone towards North River and King's Bridge. Some suppose they
+are going into winter quarters, and will sit down in New York without
+doing more than investing Fort Washington. I cannot subscribe wholly to
+this opinion myself. That they will invest Fort Washington is a matter
+of which there can be no doubt, and I think there is a strong
+probability that General Howe will detach a part of his force to make an
+incursion into the Jerseys, provided he is going to New York. He must
+attempt something on account of his reputation, for what has he done as
+yet with his great army?"
+
+Satisfied that General Howe intended to capture Fort Washington, he
+advised its evacuation. He wrote to General Greene:
+
+"If we cannot prevent vessels from passing up the river, and the enemy
+are possessed of all the surrounding country, what valuable purpose can
+it answer to hold a post from which the expected benefit cannot be had?
+I am, therefore, inclined to think that it will not be prudent to hazard
+the men and stores at Mount Washington; but as you are on the spot, I
+leave it to you to give such orders as to evacuating Mount Washington as
+you may judge best, and so far revoking the orders given to Colonel
+Morgan, to defend it to the last."
+
+General Greene took the responsibility to hold the fort; and when
+Colonel Morgan received a demand from the enemy to surrender, he
+replied: "I shall defend the fort to the last."
+
+After a manly resistance, however, he was forced to surrender; and the
+fort, with its garrison of twenty-eight hundred men, and abundant
+stores, passed into the hands of the enemy. The prisoners were taken to
+New York and confined in the notorious British prison-ship, where they
+suffered long and terribly.
+
+This was a very unfortunate affair for the American cause, and caused
+the commander-in-chief great anxiety. He wrote to his brother about it
+in a gloomy mood, and said:
+
+"In ten days from this date there will not be above two thousand men, if
+that number, of the fixed, established regiments on this side of the
+Hudson River, to oppose Howe's whole army; and very little more on the
+other, to secure the eastern Colonies, and the important passes leading
+through the Highlands to Albany, and the country about the lakes.... I
+am wearied almost to death with the retrograde movement of things, and I
+solemnly protest that a pecuniary reward of twenty thousand pounds a
+year would not induce me to undergo what I do, and, after all, perhaps
+to lose my character; as it is impossible, under such a variety of
+distressing circumstances, to conduct matters agreeably to public
+expectation."
+
+Washington's command was now at Fort Lee (formerly Fort Constitution).
+The next movement of the enemy was designed to hem them in between the
+Hudson and Hackensack, and capture them. The commander-in-chief ordered
+a hasty retreat, the want of horses and wagons making it necessary to
+abandon a large quantity of baggage, stores, and provisions, and even
+the tents and all the cannon except two twelve pounders. The retreat
+over the Hackensack was successfully performed, and here Washington
+ordered Colonel Greyson to send the following message to General Lee:
+
+"Remove the troops under your command to this side of the North River,
+and there wait for further orders."
+
+The next day Washington wrote to Lee:
+
+"I am of opinion, and the gentlemen about me concur in it, that the
+public interest requires your coming over to this side of the Hudson
+with the Continental troops."
+
+Not more than three thousand soldiers were with Washington at
+Hackensack, without intrenching tools, tents, and necessary supplies. To
+risk an engagement in these circumstances was hazardous in the extreme,
+and a further retreat became inevitable. Leaving three regiments to
+guard the passages of the Hackensack, and to serve as covering parties,
+he withdrew to Newark, on the west bank of the Passaic.
+
+To add to the perils of his situation, the term of enlistment of General
+Mercer's command was about to expire. He must have reinforcements, or
+his entire army would be destroyed. He hurried away Colonel Reed to
+Governor Livingston of New Jersey, and General Mifflin to Philadelphia,
+to implore aid. At the same time he depended upon General Lee for
+immediate reinforcements, not doubting that the latter was obeying his
+orders; but, to his amazement, a letter from Lee revealed the startling
+fact that he had not moved from Northcastle.
+
+Washington renewed his orders to Lee to move with all possible despatch
+and come to his rescue. He said:
+
+"The enemy are pushing on, and part of them have crossed the Passaic.
+Their plans have not entirely unfolded, but I shall not be surprised to
+find that Philadelphia is the object of their movement."
+
+"We cannot make a stand here," said General Greene.
+
+"By no means," answered Washington. "My hope is to make a stand at
+Brunswick, on the Raritan; or, certainly, to dispute the passage of the
+Delaware."
+
+"Our retreat to Brunswick must be hastened, or the enemy will be upon
+us," added Greene.
+
+The retreat was precipitated; and when the rear-guard of Washington's
+command was leaving one end of Newark, the vanguard of the British army
+was entering at the other.
+
+On reaching Brunswick, Washington wrote at once to Governor Livingston,
+instructing him to collect all the boats and river craft on the Delaware
+for seventy miles, remove them to the western bank of the river, away
+from the enemy, and guard them.
+
+He was doomed to additional disappointment at Brunswick. Colonel Reed
+raised no troops in New Jersey, and many of those raised by General
+Mifflin in Pennsylvania were deserting. The term of enlistment of
+General Mercer's command had expired, and no inducement or entreaties
+could prevail upon them to remain. He could not muster over four
+thousand men.
+
+Still worse, a letter from General Lee to Colonel Reed disclosed the
+fact that the former had not given heed to the orders of his chief, and
+he was still at Northcastle. Moreover, the letter revealed that General
+Lee was plotting against him. Colonel Reed was absent when the letter
+arrived, and, according to his custom, Washington opened the letter,
+supposing it related to military business. What was his surprise to find
+that the letter contained insinuations against himself, and also
+implicated Colonel Reed, his old friend, in a plot to make Lee
+commander-in-chief.
+
+We will say here, once for all, that, while General Lee was an able
+military officer, he was an ambitious, arrogant, and deceitful man. On
+his return from the South, his fame had reached the zenith, and some
+thought he ought to lead the American army. Washington's continued
+retreats increased this feeling, until General Lee evidently thought
+there was a fair prospect of the removal of Washington, and his own
+promotion to commander-in-chief. Even Colonel Reed entertained this
+opinion, though afterwards he saw his mistake, and made suitable amends.
+This explains Lee's conduct before and after Washington retired from
+Brunswick.
+
+Judge Jay related the following incident: "A short time before the death
+of John Adams, I was conversing with my father about the American
+Revolution. Suddenly he remarked:
+
+"'Ah, William! The history of that Revolution will never be known.
+Nobody now alive knows it but John Adams and myself.'
+
+"'You surprise me, father; to what can you refer?'
+
+"'The proceedings of the old Congress.'
+
+"'What proceedings?'
+
+"'Those against Washington; from first to last there was a bitter party
+against him.'"
+
+The "old Congress" sat with closed doors, so that the public learned
+only what it was wise to disclose.
+
+Washington waited for recruits at Brunswick until the 1st of December.
+On that day the vanguard of the British army appeared on the opposite
+side of the Raritan. Washington destroyed the end of the bridge next to
+the village, to intercept the pursuit of the enemy, and retreated.
+Stopping at Princeton temporarily, he left twelve hundred troops there,
+under Lord Stirling and General Stephens, to keep an eye on the foe, and
+continued his retreat to Trenton.
+
+While the American army decreased from week to week, the British army in
+pursuit was augmented; for, through the Jerseys, General Howe impressed
+men, horses, and wagons, and at the same time many Tories flocked to his
+standard. He issued a proclamation, also, offering pardon and protection
+to all citizens who would take the oath of allegiance to the king. There
+was so little hope of the American cause at that time, and Washington's
+army appeared so plainly to be near destruction, that many citizens took
+the oath and joined the British army, as they thought, from absolute
+necessity. "Many who had been prominent in the cause, hastened to take
+advantage of this proclamation," says Irving. "Those who had the most
+property to lose were the first to submit; the middle ranks remained
+generally steadfast in this time of trial."
+
+A British officer wrote to his friends in London:
+
+"The rebels continue flying before our army. Lord Cornwallis took the
+fort opposite Brunswick, plunged into Raritan River, and seized the
+town.... Such a panic has seized the rebels that no part of the Jerseys
+will hold them, and I doubt whether Philadelphia itself will stop their
+career. The Congress have lost their authority.... They are in such
+consternation that they know not what to do. The two Adamses are in New
+England; Franklin gone to France; Lynch has lost his senses; Rutledge
+has gone home disgusted; Dana is persecuting at Albany; and Jay is in
+the country, playing as bad a part, so that the fools have lost the
+assistance of the knaves."
+
+"This," says Sparks, "was the gloomiest period of the war. The campaign
+had been little else than a series of disasters and retreats. The enemy
+had gained possession of Rhode Island, Long Island, the city of New
+York, Staten Island, and nearly the whole of the Jerseys, and seemed on
+the point of extending their conquests into Pennsylvania. By the fatal
+scheme of short enlistments, and by sickness, the effective force with
+General Washington had dwindled away, till it hardly deserved the name
+of an army."
+
+Still Washington was hopeful, and expected that the cause of right would
+triumph. When and how he could not tell; but he continued to say, "That
+Providence which has brought us out of many difficulties will yet crown
+our righteous cause with success."
+
+"I expected substantial aid from the Jerseys," he said to General
+Mercer. "I am disappointed that the people have not flocked to our
+standard."
+
+"I am more than disappointed," replied Mercer; "I am shocked and vexed
+at the cowardice of the people."
+
+"What think you," continued Washington, "if we should retreat to the
+back part of Pennsylvania, would the Pennsylvanians support us?"
+
+The mountainous regions of Pennsylvania were the field of his early
+exploits against the French and Indians, and Mercer was with him there.
+
+"If the lower counties give up, the back counties will do the same,"
+Mercer answered in a desponding way.
+
+"We must then retire to Augusta County, Virginia," responded Washington,
+his indomitable spirit rising superior to all discouragements. "Numbers
+will repair to us for safety, and we will try a predatory war. If
+overpowered, we must cross the Alleghanies."
+
+Before this time, Colonel Reed said to him one day, "When shall we stop
+this everlasting retreating and make a stand?"
+
+Washington answered, without the least show of resentment:
+
+"If it becomes necessary, we will retreat over every river and mountain
+in America."
+
+Such an unconquerable spirit receives its reward at last.
+
+Lee did not leave Northcastle until the last of November. True, he
+ordered General Heath to a movement that he claimed would support
+Washington; but when General Heath found that Lee was not obeying the
+orders of the commander-in-chief, he refused to entertain his commands.
+
+"I am amenable to the commander-in-chief, and cannot supply you with
+troops as you order," he said.
+
+"In point of _law_ you are right," said Lee, "but in point of policy I
+think you are wrong. I am going into the Jerseys for the salvation of
+America; I wish to take with me a larger force than I now have, and
+request you to order two thousand of your men to march with me."
+
+"I cannot spare that number."
+
+"Then order one thousand."
+
+"No, not a thousand."
+
+"How many, then?" continued Lee.
+
+"Not one," answered Heath. "I may as well bring this matter to a point
+at once; not a single man will I furnish from this post by _your_
+order."
+
+"Then," exclaimed Lee in an excited manner, "I will order them myself."
+
+"That makes a wide difference," rejoined Heath. "You are my senior, but
+I have received positive written instructions from him who is superior
+to us both, and I will not _myself_ break those orders. Read them."
+
+He handed Washington's letter to Lee, in which he positively forbade the
+removal of any troops from that post.
+
+"The commander-in-chief is now at a distance," said Lee, after reading
+the letter, "and he does not know what is necessary here as well as I
+do."
+
+Turning to Major Huntington, Lee said authoritatively:
+
+"You will order two regiments (designating the two) to march early
+to-morrow morning to join me."
+
+General Heath was surprised and indignant at Lee's assumption of
+authority, and he said to the major, "Issue such orders at your peril!"
+
+Then turning to Lee, he added:
+
+"Sir, if you come to this post, and mean to issue orders here which will
+break the positive ones I have received I pray you do it completely
+yourself, and through your own deputy adjutant-general, who is present,
+and not draw me or any of my family in as partners in the guilt."
+
+"It is right," answered Lee. "Colonel Scammel, do you issue the order."
+
+"I have one more request to make," interrupted General Heath, "and that
+is, that you will be pleased to give me a certificate that you _exercise
+command_ at this post, and order from it these regiments."
+
+Lee objected, but General George Clinton, who was present, said:
+
+"That is a very reasonable request, General Lee, and surely you cannot
+refuse it."
+
+Without replying, he immediately wrote the following:
+
+"For the satisfaction of General Heath, and at his request, I do certify
+that I am commanding officer, at this present writing, in this post, and
+that I have, in that capacity, ordered Prescott's and Wyllis' regiments
+to march."
+
+The next morning General Lee rode up to Heath's door, and said:
+
+"Upon further consideration I have concluded not to take the two
+regiments with me. You may order them to return to their former post."
+
+Evidently the ambitious and conceited general had come to the conclusion
+that "discretion is the better part of valor."
+
+General Lee did not cross the Hudson until the 4th of December, moving
+snail-like, although he knew that Washington's army was in imminent
+peril.
+
+"Do come on," Washington's last plea was; "your arrival may be
+fortunate, and, if it can be effected without delay, it may be the means
+of preserving a city whose loss must prove of the most fatal consequence
+to the cause of America."
+
+The "city" referred to was Philadelphia. Washington had written to him
+that the enemy was designing to capture Philadelphia, a calamity that
+must be prevented if possible.
+
+At this time Washington had removed the baggage and stores of his army
+across the Delaware. Being reinforced, however, by fifteen hundred
+Pennsylvania militia, he resolved to march back to Princeton and await
+developments. On his way he met General Stirling, who had evacuated
+Princeton, as Cornwallis was marching upon it with a large force.
+Returning to Trenton, he hastily collected all the boats possible, and
+conveyed his whole force over the Delaware, including General Stirling's
+command from Princeton. The rear-guard had scarcely crossed the river
+when Cornwallis appeared in the distance with his "bannered hosts." As
+Washington had taken possession of all the boats and transports, the
+enemy could not cross.
+
+The tact and skill of Washington as a general were as conspicuous in his
+retreat through the Jerseys as they were on any battlefield. Thomas
+Paine accompanied the army, and he wrote:
+
+"With a handful of men we sustained an orderly retreat for near an
+hundred miles, brought off our ammunition, all our field-pieces, the
+greatest part of our stores, and had four rivers to pass. None can say
+that our retreat was precipitate, for we were three weeks in performing
+it, that the country might have time to come in. Twice we marched back
+to meet the enemy, and remained out until dark. The sign of fear was not
+seen in our camp; and had not some of the cowardly and disaffected
+inhabitants spread false alarms through the country, the Jerseys had
+never been ravaged."
+
+On the 12th of December, General Lee had marched no farther than
+Vealtown, eight miles from Morristown. He continued to disregard
+Washington's appeals and instructions, receiving one almost every day.
+In some of them the commander-in-chief showed that his patience was well
+nigh exhausted.
+
+"I am surprised that you should be in doubt about the route you are to
+take after my definite instructions," he wrote on the 11th of December.
+
+"I have so frequently mentioned our situation, and the necessity of your
+aid, that it is painful for me to add a word on the subject," he wrote
+on the same day.
+
+At Vealtown Lee left his troops in command of General Sullivan, and took
+up his own quarters at a "tavern" in Baskingridge, three miles off. He
+was very partial to "_taverns_" especially if well stocked with certain
+articles to please his palate.
+
+On the next morning, about 11 o'clock, General Lee was writing at the
+table, and Major Wilkinson was looking out of the window. The latter
+arrived early in the morning with a letter from his commander, General
+Gates, and General Lee was replying to it.
+
+"The British cavalry are upon us!" shouted Wilkinson in consternation.
+
+"Where?" exclaimed Lee, springing from his chair.
+
+"Right here, around the house," answered Wilkinson, who beheld a
+detachment of British cavalry surrounding the tavern.
+
+"Where are the guards?" cried out Lee, in his surprise and horror.
+"Why don't they fire?"
+
+It was a cold morning, and the guards had stacked their arms, and passed
+around to the south side of the house to sun themselves. They scarcely
+observed the enemy's presence until they heard the demand to surrender.
+
+"If General Lee does not surrender in five minutes I will set fire to
+the house!"
+
+At the same time the guards were chased in different directions. The
+demand for Lee to surrender was repeated, and he did surrender. Hastily
+he was put upon Wilkinson's horse, which stood at the door, and within
+three hours the enemy were exulting over him at Brunswick.
+
+"No one to blame but himself," remarked Heath.
+
+"Good enough for him," said many Americans.
+
+General Sullivan was now in command, and he joined the
+commander-in-chief as soon as possible.
+
+In Wilkinson's memoir it is said that Lee delayed so strangely in order
+to intercept the enemy in pursuit of Washington; and it is added:
+
+"If General Lee had anticipated General Washington in cutting the cordon
+of the enemy between New York and the Delaware, the commander-in-chief
+would probably have been superseded. In this case Lee would have
+succeeded him."
+
+Washington was too magnanimous to exult over the fall of Lee.
+Notwithstanding his knowledge of Lee's plans to supersede him, he wrote
+to his brother:
+
+"Before you receive this letter, you will undoubtedly have heard of the
+capture of General Lee. This is an additional misfortune; and the more
+vexatious, as it was by his own folly and imprudence, and without a view
+to effect any good, that he was taken. As he went to lodge three miles
+out of his own camp, and within twenty miles of the enemy, a rascally
+Tory rode in the night to give notice of it to the enemy, who sent a
+party of light-horse, who seized him, and carried him off with every
+mark of triumph and indignity."
+
+
+
+
+XX.
+
+BATTLES OF TRENTON AND PRINCETON.
+
+
+Washington was so anxious for the safety of Philadelphia, that he
+appointed General Putnam to command the post, with instructions to
+fortify the city at once. At the same time he advised Congress to remove
+to Baltimore; and that body, after hastily completing the business
+before them, adjourned to meet in the latter city on the 20th of
+December.
+
+By this time his army numbered about five thousand available men. One
+thousand militia from New Jersey, and fifteen hundred from Pennsylvania,
+with five hundred Germans from the latter State, was a very encouraging
+increase of his worn and wasted army. Then he had word that General
+Gates was coming on with seven regiments detached by Schuyler from the
+northern department. Washington was hopeful again, and began to plan an
+attack upon the enemy.
+
+Before Congress adjourned to meet at Baltimore, they clothed Washington
+with unusual powers. They voted:
+
+"Until Congress orders otherwise, General Washington shall be possessed
+of all power to order and direct all things relative to the department
+and to the operations of war."
+
+In the days of ancient Rome, such power would have constituted him a
+military dictator. It was conferred in answer to a remarkable
+communication from Washington himself, one of the most able, practical,
+and faithful public documents extant, in which he said:
+
+"It may be thought that I am going a good deal out of the line of my
+duty to adopt these measures or advise thus freely. A character to lose,
+an estate to forfeit, the inestimable blessings of liberty at stake, and
+a life devoted, must be my excuse."
+
+Washington immediately recruited three battalions of artillery. He
+promised those whose time of enlistment had expired an increase of
+twenty-five per cent to their pay if they would remain, and ten dollars
+bounty for six weeks' service. "It is no time to stand upon expense,"
+he said.
+
+On the 20th of December, General Sullivan arrived with Lee's army. The
+men were in a bad plight, many of them sick and exhausted, others ragged
+and desponding. On the same day, also, General Gates arrived with the
+remnants of four regiments from the Northern army.
+
+"Now is our time to strike a blow that shall put heart into the friends
+of our cause," said Washington to General Greene.
+
+"I am at your service in any enterprise that will do that," answered
+Greene. "Explain."
+
+"I propose an immediate attack upon the enemy," said Washington.
+
+"Well, there is no cowardice in that proposition," remarked Greene. "To
+recross the Delaware that is filled with ice, and attack the enemy in
+his own camp, this wintry weather, is worthy of the commander-in-chief
+of the American army."
+
+"Howe has gone into winter quarters in New York," continued Washington.
+"His troops are scattered about loosely, because he thinks the rebel
+army is powerless. Cornwallis has left our front, and returned to New
+York. The Hessians are stationed along the Delaware, facing us, and are
+thinking more of a good time, probably, in this Christmas season, than
+they are of us. It is a good time to surprise them."
+
+"Perhaps so," answered Greene. "How about crossing the river with so
+much floating ice in it?"
+
+"That is not an insuperable barrier," replied Washington. "Besides, if
+we wait until the river is frozen over, the enemy will surprise us."
+
+"You are resolved to attack them?" added Greene.
+
+"Yes, on the 25th, which is close by."
+
+General Greene and the other officers entered into the plan with all
+their hearts, as soon as they fully comprehended it. The night of the
+25th was the earliest moment the army could move. The intervening time
+would be required for preparation.
+
+"A good chance to avenge the loss of Fort Washington, and the wrongs
+inflicted upon the people of Jersey by the Hessians," remarked General
+Greene to his command. The Hessians had been reckless and destructive in
+their march through the Jerseys.
+
+"Miserable hirelings, these Hessians!" exclaimed Major Wilkinson, by way
+of stirring up the soldiers to crave an attack upon them. "Such
+wretches, fighting us for mere pay, without caring whether liberty or
+slavery reigns, deserve to be shot."
+
+The night of the 25th was a boisterous one. A storm was coming on, and
+the Delaware rolled tempestuously. But, undismayed, Washington ordered
+the army to move at dark. He crossed the Delaware nine miles above
+Trenton, where there were fifteen hundred Hessians and a troop of
+British light-horse, to march down upon the town. General Ewing, with
+his force, was to have crossed a mile below the town, but was prevented
+by the quantity of ice. General Putnam, with the troops occupied in
+fortifying Philadelphia, crossed below Burlington.
+
+When Washington was ready to march, after crossing the river, a furious
+storm of snow and sleet began to beat in the faces of the troops, to
+impede their progress. It was eight o'clock before the head of the
+column reached the village. Seeing a man chopping wood, Washington
+inquired:
+
+"Which way is the Hessian picket?"
+
+"I don't know," the man replied.
+
+"You may tell," said Captain Forest of the artillery, "for that is
+General Washington."
+
+The man changed his aspect instantly. Raising both hands heavenward, he
+exclaimed:
+
+"God bless and prosper you!"
+
+Then pointing to a house, he said:
+
+"The picket is in that house, and the sentry stands near that tree."
+
+Rising in his stirrups, and waving his sword in the air, Washington
+addressed his troops: "There, boys, are the enemies of your country! All
+I ask of you is to remember what you are about to fight for! March!"
+
+Soon the battle began. It was a complete surprise to the foe. They
+rallied at first, and undertook to make a stand, but were unable to
+breast the storm of shot that beat into their very faces. The British
+light-horse fled from the town, together with other troops, none of
+which could have escaped if General Ewing and General Cadwalader had
+been able to cross the river, and coöperate with Washington, according
+to his plan. They were to guard the only way of retreat open to the
+enemy.
+
+The battle was short and decisive. Many Hessians were killed, and their
+brave commander, Colonel Rahl, fell mortally wounded. He was conveyed
+carefully to the house of a Quaker lady, where General Washington paid
+him a visit before leaving town.
+
+"The misfortunes of war are to be deplored," remarked Washington, taking
+the dying man by the hand, and expressing his sympathy for him.
+
+"Death is preferable to life with this dishonor," answered Rahl.
+
+Washington spoke in praise of the bravery of his men, to which Rahl
+replied, though he was really suffering the agony of death:
+
+"I entreat you, General Washington, not to take anything from my men but
+their arms."
+
+"I will not," answered Washington; and he kept the promise.
+
+Washington took about a thousand prisoners in this battle, including
+thirty-two officers. His seizure of artillery and stores, also, was
+quite large. With prisoners and stores he recrossed the Delaware to his
+camp.
+
+The fame of this brilliant exploit spread from town to town, reviving
+the despondent hopes of the many in sympathy with the American cause.
+
+Despatches from Cadwalader and Reed assured Washington that the British
+army, fleeing from Trenton, had spread consternation everywhere among
+the enemy. Trenton, Bordentown, and other places were deserted by the
+foe, who, panic-stricken by the victory of Washington, fled in
+confusion.
+
+Washington saw that now was his time to drive the British from the
+Jerseys. He sent to Generals McDougall and Maxwell at Morristown,
+ordering them to collect as large a force of militia as possible, and
+harass the retreating enemy in the rear. He wrote to General Heath,
+also, to come down at once from the Highlands, with the eastern militia;
+and he despatched gentlemen of influence in different directions, to
+arouse the militia to revenge the wrongs inflicted upon the people by
+the Hessians. He said:
+
+"If what they have suffered does not rouse their resentment, they must
+not possess the feelings of humanity."
+
+On the 29th of December, Washington crossed the Delaware again with a
+portion of his troops, though two days were consumed in the passage of
+all of them, on account of the ice and boisterous weather. A portion of
+his troops were expecting to go home at the end of the month, as the
+term of their enlistment expired; but Washington drew them up in line,
+and addressed them, appealing to their patriotism, inviting them to
+re-enlist, and offering them ten dollars bounty for six weeks' service.
+Most of them remained.
+
+Taking advantage of the power vested in him, the commander-in-chief
+wrote to Robert Morris, "the patriot financier at Philadelphia,"
+pleading for hard money to meet the emergency.
+
+"If you could possibly collect a sum, if it were but one hundred or one
+hundred and fifty pounds, it would be of service."
+
+Scarce as hard money was, Morris obtained the amount of a wealthy
+Quaker, and forwarded it to Washington by express the next morning.
+
+After the victory at Trenton, Congress, in session at Baltimore, took
+additional action to invest Washington with all necessary powers; and
+that body said, in their communication to him:
+
+"Happy is it for this country that the general of their forces can
+safely be entrusted with the most unlimited power, and neither personal
+security, liberty, or property, be in the least degree endangered
+thereby."
+
+As soon as the news of the capture of the Hessians at Trenton reached
+New York, General Howe hurried Cornwallis off to Princeton, where about
+eight thousand of his army were wintering, with instructions to attack
+Washington. On the second day of January, 1777, the latter posted his
+troops on the east side of a small stream, the Assumpink, learning that
+Cornwallis was marching upon him. About mid-day Cornwallis approached
+with five or six thousand troops, and attempted to cross the river; but
+the Americans repulsed him. The engagement continued until dark, when
+Cornwallis proposed to cease hostilities and rest until morning.
+
+"Nay," said Sir William Erskine; "now is your time to make sure of
+Washington."
+
+"Oh, no!" replied Cornwallis; "our troops are fatigued and need rest.
+The old fox can't make his escape now; for, with the Delaware behind
+him, so filled with floating ice that he cannot cross, we have him
+completely surrounded. To-morrow morning, fresh and strong, we will fall
+upon him, and take him and his rag-a-muffins all at once!"
+
+"Ah, my lord!" rejoined Sir William, "if Washington be the soldier that
+I think he is, you will not see him there to-morrow morning."
+
+The escape of the American army seemed impossible. With a superior force
+of the British in front, well armed and fresh, and the impossibility of
+recrossing the Delaware, together with deep mud in the roads, the
+capture of Washington, to human view, seemed inevitable.
+
+Early in the evening Washington conceived the idea of making a forced
+march to Princeton during the night, to capture the enemy's stores
+there, and then push on to Brunswick for additional booty. But then the
+mud was so deep that such a march would not be possible. While he was
+thus revolving the matter, the wind suddenly shifted, the clouds broke,
+and freezing cold weather set in, so that within two hours the ground
+became solid, and the army could move. Again God proved to the
+astonished commander-in-chief that He was not always "on the side of the
+heaviest battalions."
+
+Stirring up his camp-fire anew, and setting a score of shovellers to
+work within hearing distance of the foe, to deceive him, Washington
+moved off as quietly as possible to Princeton with his army. There he
+met a force Cornwallis had left behind, and a desperate battle followed,
+in which the Americans were victorious.
+
+At first Colonel Mawhood's celebrated regiment charged upon the advance
+of the American army, driving them back in confusion. But Washington,
+ever ready for such an emergency, rode to the front, brandishing his
+sword, and calling upon his men to follow. Placing himself in front,
+directly facing the foe, he stopped for a moment, as if to say to his
+army, "Will you suffer the enemy to shoot your general?" They could not
+resist the appeal, and with a yell they turned and dashed forward, with
+irresistible might, driving all before them, and the victory was theirs.
+
+Colonel Fitzgerald, one of Washington's aides, was so affected by his
+commander's daring, that he dropped the reins on his horse's neck and
+drew his cap over his eyes, that he might not see him shot from his
+horse. While waiting in this agony of suspense, a shout of triumph rent
+the air.
+
+"The British are running!"
+
+"The victory is ours!"
+
+The air was rent with the shouts of the victors.
+
+Lifting his cap, and looking for his loved commander, he beheld him, as
+the smoke of the battle cleared, safe and unharmed, waving his hat and
+cheering his soldiers on to pursue the foe. Bursting into tears for very
+joy, he spurred his horse to Washington's side, and exclaimed:
+
+"Thank God, your excellency is safe!"
+
+Grasping the colonel's hand in gladness, Washington answered:
+
+"Away, my dear colonel, and bring up the troops. THE DAY IS OUR OWN!"
+
+When Cornwallis awoke in the early dawn, he found that his "fox" had
+escaped.
+
+"That is just what I feared," said Sir William Erskine.
+
+"Where can he have gone?" Cornwallis inquired, almost bewildered by the
+unexpected revelation.
+
+Just then booming cannon in the distance explained.
+
+"There!" exclaimed Sir William; "There is Washington now, cutting up our
+troops!"
+
+"Capturing our stores at Brunswick!" shouted Cornwallis in reply, as he
+took in the situation, and thought what a haul the rebel general would
+make in capturing the seventy thousand pounds in money, and the vast
+quantity of arms, ammunition, and stores at Brunswick.
+
+Almost franticly he dashed about to hurry his Army away to the latter
+place, where he arrived to find everything safe, and himself outwitted
+again.
+
+The battle of Princeton, though short, was a costly one to the
+Americans. One general, two colonels, one major, and three captains were
+killed. From twenty to thirty others were killed and wounded. The
+British lost one hundred killed and wounded, and three hundred
+prisoners.
+
+The American general slain was Mercer, whom Washington called "the
+worthy and brave General Mercer." Early in the conflict his horse was
+shot under him, and on foot he was attempting to rally his men, when a
+blow from the butt of a British musket felled him to the ground.
+
+"Call for quarters, you mean rebel!" shouted a British officer.
+
+"I am not a rebel," retorted Mercer; "I am a true soldier of liberty,
+fighting for his country;" and, as he spoke he thrust his sword at the
+nearest man.
+
+Then he was bayoneted, and left for dead. He was subsequently borne to
+the house of a Mr. Clark, where he was nursed until he died, a few days
+thereafter. Washington supposed that he was killed on the field, until
+he was on his way to Morristown. On learning that he was still alive,
+he despatched Major George Lewis with a flag and letter to Cornwallis,
+requesting that the bearer be allowed to remain with, and nurse, the
+wounded general. A few days afterwards, Mercer died in the arms of
+Lewis.
+
+The story spread in the American army that the British bayoneted General
+Mercer after he gave up his sword. But he said to Major Lewis, who
+inquired about it: "The tale which you have heard, George, is untrue. My
+death is owing to myself. I was on foot endeavoring to rally my men, who
+had given way before the superior discipline of the enemy, when I was
+brought to the ground by a blow from a musket. At the same moment the
+enemy discovered my rank, exulted in their having taken the rebel
+general, as they termed me, and bid me ask for quarters. I felt that I
+deserved not so opprobrious an epithet, and determined to die, as I had
+lived, an honored soldier in a just and righteous cause; and without
+begging my life or making reply, I lunged with my sword at the nearest
+man. They then bayoneted and left me."
+
+Washington did not pursue the enemy far, nor push on to Brunswick. Most
+of his troops had been two days and nights without sleep, and they were
+completely exhausted, so that further engagements without rest were
+preposterous. He determined to go into winter quarters at Morristown,
+and marched directly to that place. Stopping at Pluckamin to rest his
+soldiers for a short time, he wrote to General Putnam:
+
+"The enemy appear to be panic-struck. I am in hopes of driving them out
+of the Jerseys. Keep a strict watch upon the enemy. A number of
+horsemen, in the dress of the country, must be kept constantly going
+backward and forward for this purpose."
+
+Occupying the mountainous region of Morristown, and reinforcing his
+little army, he harassed the enemy to such an extent that Cornwallis was
+forced to draw in all his out-posts, so that his land communication with
+New York was completely cut off.
+
+Hamilton wrote: "The extraordinary spectacle was presented of a powerful
+army, straitened within narrow limits by the phantom of a military
+force, and never permitted to transgress those limits with impunity."
+
+The British were driven out of the Jerseys at every point except Amboy
+and Brunswick, and the remarkable exploit awakened the wonder, and
+admiration of even our enemies. Everywhere that the achievements of
+Washington, from Dec. 25, 1776, to Jan. 3, 1777, were made known, his
+fame was greatly augmented. No such bold and glorious deeds could be
+found in the annals of military renown. This was the verdict of the
+country; and from that moment the American cause grew stronger.
+
+From that day to this the battles of Trenton and Princeton, including
+the crossing and recrossing of the Delaware, have been accorded the
+brightest pages of history by writers of every age. It is said that
+Frederick the Great of Prussia declared that the deeds of Washington, in
+the ten days specified, "were the most brilliant of any in the annals of
+military achievements."
+
+The Italian historian, Botta, wrote:
+
+"Achievements so stirring gained for the American commander a very great
+reputation, and were regarded with wonder by all nations, as well as by
+the Americans. The prudence, constancy, and noble intrepidity of
+Washington were admired and applauded by all. By unanimous consent, he
+was declared to be the saviour of his country; all proclaimed him equal
+to the most renowned commanders of antiquity, and especially
+distinguished him by the name of the 'American Fabius.' His name was in
+the mouths of all; he was celebrated by the pens of the most
+distinguished writers. The most illustrious personages of Europe
+lavished upon him their praises and their congratulations."
+
+Washington continued in his winter quarters at Morristown until near the
+close of May. Learning that a British fleet of a hundred transports,
+bearing eighteen thousand soldiers, had sailed from New York, and
+suspecting that Philadelphia was the place of its destination, he broke
+up his camp and marched toward that city. His whole force was but seven
+thousand three hundred men.
+
+While encamped at Morristown, Washington found that the Lord's Supper
+would be celebrated by the Presbyterian Church on a certain Sabbath. He
+called upon the pastor, Dr. Johns, and inquired:
+
+"Does it accord with the canons of your church to admit communicants of
+another denomination?"
+
+"Most certainly," the doctor answered; "ours is not the Presbyterian
+table, General Washington, but the Lord's table; and hence we give the
+Lord's invitation to all His followers, of whatever name."
+
+Washington replied, "I am glad of it; that is as it ought to be; but as
+I was not quite sure of the fact, I thought I would ascertain it from
+yourself, as I propose to join with you on that occasion. Though I am a
+member of the Church of England, I have no exclusive partialities."
+
+He encamped at Middlebrook, ten miles from Brunswick; thence advanced to
+Coryell Ferry, thirty miles from Philadelphia, where he learned that a
+British fleet of two hundred and twenty-eight sail had appeared off the
+capes of Delaware. He marched at once to Germantown, six miles from
+Philadelphia. Here he could personally superintend the defences of the
+city by daily visits thither.
+
+One day he dined with several members of Congress, and was introduced to
+a French nobleman, the Marquis de Lafayette. The latter had heard of the
+American struggle for liberty, led by the heroic Washington, and, in
+common with the lovers of freedom in every land, he was charmed by the
+story. He had an interview with Silas Deane, who was in Paris with Dr.
+Franklin and Arthur Lee, as commissioners, to consummate alliance with
+the French, the result of which was his coming to this country.
+
+Washington welcomed Lafayette with genuine cordiality, and on that day
+commenced a life-long friendship with him.
+
+"We ought to feel embarrassed in presenting ourselves before an officer
+just from the French army," he said.
+
+"It is to learn, and not to instruct, that I came here," was Lafayette's
+polite and modest reply.
+
+Lafayette addressed a communication to Congress, in which he said:
+
+"After many sacrifices I have a right to ask two favors: one is to serve
+at my own expense; the other, to commence serving as a volunteer."
+
+Washington was attracted to Lafayette from the first, and he invited him
+immediately to a place on his staff.
+
+Lafayette was a remarkable character. He was left an orphan at thirteen
+years of age, with a large fortune. Being a favorite in the court of
+Louis, he received a commission in the army at fifteen years of age. He
+was married at sixteen, and two years later resolved to remove to
+America and join in fighting the battle of liberty. His purpose becoming
+known, the government prevented his securing a passage. Determined not
+to be frustrated in his purpose, he purchased a vessel, and prepared to
+sail. His arrest being ordered, he escaped to Passage, where he boarded
+a vessel bound for the West Indies. When fairly under way, fearing that
+the English colonists in the West Indies might arrest him, he hired the
+captain to proceed direct to the American coast. Congress commissioned
+him major-general soon after he joined the American army, the youngest
+major-general ever known in America, if not in the world. His intimate
+relations and aid to Washington make this brief notice necessary.
+
+
+
+
+XXI.
+
+DEFEAT AND VICTORY.
+
+
+The plan of the British for 1777 was, for General Howe, with twenty
+thousand men, to land at the head of Elk River, and march north through
+Philadelphia; while General Burgoyne, starting from Canada with ten
+thousand men, should march south to meet Howe, rallying both Tories and
+Indians to his standard.
+
+The militia of Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Northern Virginia were called
+out to defend Philadelphia; and Washington advanced to Wilmington. In
+order to impress the Tories of Philadelphia, he marched through the city
+at the head of his column, with Lafayette at his side, making an
+imposing display that captivated the friends of liberty, and awed the
+Tories.
+
+It was in this campaign that an officer of the army dined with
+Washington at his headquarters. Several guests graced the occasion.
+When, agreeable to the prevailing custom, the general proposed to drink
+a glass of wine with him, the officer replied, "You will have the
+goodness to excuse me, as I have made it a rule not to take wine."
+
+The other guests were surprised. They regarded the act as a direct
+insult to the commander-in-chief. Washington read their feelings in
+their faces, and he remarked: "Gentlemen, my friend is right; I do not
+wish any of my guests to partake of anything against their inclination,
+and I certainly do not wish them to violate any established _principle_
+in their social intercourse with me. I honor Mr. ---- for his frankness,
+for his consistency in thus adhering to an established rule which can
+never do him harm, and for the adoption of which, I have no doubt, he
+has good and sufficient reasons."
+
+While Washington was watching the British fleet, General Burgoyne was
+advancing from the north, his Hessian soldiers and Indian allies
+indulging themselves in terrifying and plundering the defenceless
+inhabitants. On the 16th of August the battle of Bennington was fought,
+in which the American troops, under the brave General Stark, won a
+decisive victory. Stark addressed his troops in words of cheer before
+going into battle, and closed by saying:
+
+"Now, my men, there are the red-coats. Before night they must be ours,
+or Molly Stark will be a widow."
+
+Stark captured thirty-two British officers, five hundred and sixty-four
+privates, four brass field-pieces, a thousand stand of arms, and a large
+quantity of ammunition.
+
+The moral effect of this victory was grand. The farmers rushed to the
+American camp, to follow up the victory by surrounding Burgoyne, cutting
+off his supplies, and driving him to Saratoga.
+
+Washington hailed the victory with great joy, and proclaimed it at the
+head of his army to inspire his troops to nobler deeds.
+
+Another bloody battle was fought at Fort Schuyler, where the Americans
+bravely defended and held the fort. The Indians conducted so much like
+fiends incarnate that even the Hessians were shocked. A Hessian officer
+wrote:
+
+"These savages are heathen; huge, warlike, and enterprising, but wicked
+as Satan. Some say they are cannibals, but I do not believe it; though,
+in their fury, they will tear the flesh of the enemy with their teeth."
+
+A Miss McCrea, daughter of a New Jersey clergyman, was visiting friends
+at the North. Her lover was a Tory, and he was in the British army, so
+that she felt no anxiety at the approach of Burgoyne.
+
+Early one morning she was startled by the horrid yells of savages, who
+had surrounded the house where she was visiting. Before she was scarcely
+aware of her peril, they burst into the house, in their wild fury,
+seized her, and bore her away in triumph. While they were disputing as
+to whom the prize belonged, a drunken chief buried his tomahawk in her
+head, whereupon she was scalped and left dead upon the ground.
+
+Nine days after the battle of Bennington, Washington learned that
+General Howe was landing his troops in Elk River, seventy miles from
+Philadelphia. It was not, however, until the 8th of September that the
+two armies met, and the battle of Brandywine was fought.
+
+Washington had eleven thousand men, and Howe eighteen thousand. It was a
+sanguinary contest, in which the Americans were defeated, with a loss of
+twelve hundred. Lafayette conducted himself with great coolness and
+bravery, and was wounded by a bullet that passed through his leg.
+
+The consternation in Philadelphia was now appalling. Many of the
+citizens fled; Congress adjourned to Lancaster; confusion and dismay
+turned the city into Bedlam.
+
+Washington retreated to Germantown to prepare for another battle. He was
+beaten, but not dismayed.
+
+Another instance of the providential care over Washington occurred just
+before the battle of Brandywine. In disguise, accompanied by a single
+officer in a Hussar dress, he reconnoitered one day. Major Ferguson
+beheld him at a distance, and, supposing he belonged to the enemy, he
+ordered three riflemen to steal near to him and fire. But, for some
+unaccountable reason, he recalled the riflemen before they fired. What
+was his surprise on the next day to learn that the supposed enemy, whom
+he would have shot, was his own general, Washington!
+
+Howe could not ascend the Delaware to Philadelphia because it was
+defended by Forts Mifflin and Mercer. He prepared to attack them.
+
+A large force of British were at Germantown, and on the night of Oct. 2,
+Washington performed a march of fifteen miles and attacked them. A quick
+and signal victory perched upon his banners, and the enemy fled in
+confusion. The victory was turned into defeat, however, by a serious
+blunder. The British had been driven three miles, leaving tents and
+baggage behind, and were still on the retreat when in the dense fog,
+several Jersey and Maryland regiments approaching, were mistaken for
+British reinforcements. The cry was raised: "We are surrounded and
+retreat cut off!" whereupon the Americans retreated in confusion.
+
+General Sullivan wrote of Washington in that battle:
+
+"I saw, with great concern, our brave commander-in-chief exposing
+himself to the hottest fire of the enemy, in such a manner that regard
+for my country obliged me to ride to him and beg him to retire. He, to
+gratify me and others, withdrew a short distance; but his anxiety for
+the fate of the day soon brought him up again, where he remained till
+our troops had retreated."
+
+At great sacrifice of men and money, the British removed the
+obstructions from the river, and took possession of Philadelphia.
+
+Dr. Franklin was in Paris when the news reached him, "Howe has taken
+Philadelphia." "No," replied Franklin, "Philadelphia has taken Howe."
+
+The sequel proved that Franklin had an eye upon the future.
+
+Although the prospect was gloomy in Pennsylvania, glad tidings came to
+Washington from the north. The Americans completely surrounded
+Burgoyne's army at Saratoga, so that farther retreat was impossible. On
+the 16th of October, 1777, after holding a council of war, Burgoyne
+surrendered to General Gates, remarking:
+
+"The fortune of war has made me your prisoner."
+
+"I shall always be ready to testify that it has not been through any
+fault of your excellency," Gates replied.
+
+Burgoyne's army was reduced from nine thousand men, to five thousand
+seven hundred and fifty-two. These prisoners were allowed a free passage
+to Europe, under the irrevocable condition not to serve again in the
+British ranks. Seven thousand stand of arms, a large number of tents, a
+long train of artillery, and a great quantity of clothing and stores
+fell into the hands of the victors.
+
+The celebrated Polish patriot Kosciusko was chief engineer in Gates'
+command when Burgoyne was captured.
+
+The British made Philadelphia their winter quarters, where the troops
+indulged themselves in almost unrestrained revelry. They forced many
+sympathizers with the American cause to vacate their dwellings for the
+accommodation of their own number; and many were quartered upon
+patriotic families, with the express understanding that failure to
+supply their wants would be resented.
+
+Washington went into winter quarters at Valley Forge, about twenty miles
+from Philadelphia. The tale of suffering connected with that place
+during that long, dreary winter, is known to the world.
+
+Arriving there, many of the troops without blankets or shoes, ragged,
+worn out, and desponding, they were exposed to the snows and blasts of
+December until they could cut down trees and build their own huts. Two
+days after encamping, General Huntington reported to Washington:
+
+"My brigade are out of provisions, nor can the commissary obtain any
+meat."
+
+General Varnum reported:
+
+"Three days successively we have been destitute of bread. Two days we
+have been entirely without meat." Against his own judgment, in order to
+prevent mutiny in his army, Washington was forced to forage the country
+and seize supplies wherever he could find them, paying for them in
+money, or certificates redeemable by Congress.
+
+Yet we find Washington writing thus:
+
+"For some days past there has been little less than a famine in the
+camp. A part of the army has been a week without any kind of flesh, and
+the rest, three or four days. Naked and starving as they are, we cannot
+enough admire the incomparable patience and fidelity of the soldiers,
+that they have not been ere this excited by their suffering to a general
+mutiny and desertion."
+
+Sickness and mortality prevailed to an alarming extent among the troops,
+while scarcely any medicines were at hand. Even scores of horses
+perished by hunger and the severity of the weather.
+
+One day circumstances drew Washington's attention to a hungry soldier
+who was on guard. The general had just come from his own table and he
+said:
+
+"Go to my table and help yourself."
+
+"I can't; I am on guard," the soldier replied. Immediately taking the
+soldier's gun to play the part of sentinel, Washington said, "Go."
+
+The soldier enjoyed the first square meal he had eaten for two days, and
+at the same time he learned that his general had true sympathy with the
+"boys," and that official distinction did not lift him above the
+humblest of their number.
+
+With his army in such a deplorable condition, and his cannon frozen up
+and immovable, Washington knew very well that, almost any day, the
+British might march out of Philadelphia and capture or annihilate his
+entire command. His anxiety and trouble can be more easily imagined than
+described.
+
+To add to the trials of that winter, Washington learned of a conspiracy
+against him, the object of which was to supersede him by General Gates
+as commander-in-chief. His old friend Dr. Craik wrote to him:
+
+"Notwithstanding your unwearied diligence and the unparalleled sacrifice
+of domestic happiness and care of mind which you have made for the good
+of your country, yet you are not wanting in secret enemies, who would
+rob you of the great and truly deserved esteem your country has for you.
+Base and villanous men, through chagrin, envy, or ambition, are
+endeavoring to lessen you in the minds of the people, and taking
+underhand methods to traduce your character," etc.
+
+Generals Gates, Mifflin, and Conway were engaged in this plot; but their
+timely and complete exposure redounded to the honor of Washington.
+
+The duel which General Hamilton fought with General Conway, in which the
+latter was severely wounded, grew out of this affair. Hamilton could not
+endure the presence of an officer who was secretly plotting against his
+chief.
+
+In the month of February Mrs. Washington joined her husband at Valley
+Forge, to share his winter quarters with him, as she had done at
+Cambridge and Morristown. She wrote to a friend:
+
+"The general's apartment is very small; he has had a log cabin built to
+dine in, which has made our quarters much more tolerable than they were
+at first.
+
+"The commander-in-chief shared the privations of the camp with his men.
+His cabin was like theirs."
+
+The presence of Mrs. Washington at Valley Forge was a blessing to the
+army. She occupied her time fully in caring for the sick, sewing and
+mending for the "boys," and making herself generally useful.
+
+Again the commander-in-chief interceded with Congress for more liberal
+pay for his soldiers. Alluding to the sufferings of his soldiers, he
+wrote:
+
+"To see men without clothes to cover their nakedness, without blankets
+to lie on, without shoes (for the want of which their marches might be
+traced by the blood from their feet), and almost as often without
+provisions as with them, marching through the frost and snow, and at
+Christmas taking up their winter quarters within a day's march of the
+enemy, without a house or hut to cover them till it could be built,
+and submitting without a murmur, is a proof of patience and obedience
+which, in my opinion, cannot be paralleled."
+
+It was during this memorable winter at Valley Forge that a man by the
+name of Potts was strolling through the woods, when he heard the sound
+of a human voice. Cautiously approaching the spot whence the voice
+proceeded, what was his surprise to discover Washington on his knees
+engaged in earnest prayer for his country. On returning home, Potts
+called to his wife, "Sarah, Sarah, all is well. George Washington will
+triumph!"
+
+"What is the matter now, Isaac? Thee seems moved," Mrs. Potts replied.
+(They were Quakers.)
+
+"I have this day seen what I never expected to see," Mr. Potts
+continued. "Thee knows that I have always thought the sword and the
+gospel utterly inconsistent, and that no man could be a soldier and a
+Christian at the same time. But George Washington has this day convinced
+me of my mistake."
+
+He then described the scene he had witnessed, adding:
+
+"If George Washington be not a man of God, I am greatly deceived; and
+still more shall I be deceived if God does not, through him, work out a
+great salvation for America."
+
+Baron Steuben, a renowned European general, coming to this country at
+this juncture to proffer his services, through the influence of Dr.
+Franklin, Washington induced Congress to commit the reorganization of
+the army to him. This proved a fortunate arrangement for the future of
+the army and country, next to the appointment of General Green
+quarter-master-general.
+
+Previously a distinguished Pole, Thaddeus Kosciusko, who was educated in
+the military school at Warsaw, had come to him with a letter from Dr.
+Franklin.
+
+"And what do you seek here?" inquired Washington.
+
+"To fight for American independence," replied Kosciusko.
+
+"What can you do?"
+
+"Try me."
+
+Washington welcomed him heartily, and throughout the Revolution he
+proved to be an able and faithful ally.
+
+Count Pulaski, another famous general of Poland, had joined the American
+army at the solicitation of Dr. Franklin, who introduced him by letter
+to Washington.
+
+Washington had corresponded with the British general respecting an
+exchange of General Lee and Ethan Allen, but he was unable to effect an
+exchange until this winter of his trials at Valley Forge. General
+Prescott, who captured Allen in Canada, ironed him, and sent him to
+England, was himself captured in the summer of 1777; and Washington
+proposed to exchange him for General Lee, and Colonel Campbell for
+Colonel Allen. It was not, however, until near the close of the long
+dreary winter at Valley Forge that his proposition was accepted. Lee
+rejoined the army, but Allen returned to his home in Vermont, where he
+hung up his sword and retired to private life.
+
+In the spring of 1778, the glad news came that an alliance with France
+was accomplished, and henceforth the struggling Colonies might expect
+assistance from that country. At the same time a war between France and
+England was imminent, a calamity that would prove favorable to the
+patriots of America, since the British Government could not keep its
+army in Philadelphia and wage a war with France.
+
+Lafayette was instrumental in consummating the alliance with France. For
+this purpose he left the United States in 1779, and returned in March,
+1780. His own country received him with open arms, and honored him by
+appointing him to one of the highest positions in their army.
+
+In the month of May there were some indications that the enemy were
+about to evacuate Philadelphia. The news that a French fleet under Count
+D'Estaing was about to sail to this country, to aid the Colonies in
+their fight for independence, caused Sir Henry Clinton, who had
+succeeded Howe in the command of the British army, to fear that he might
+be blockaded in the Delaware.
+
+"Shall we allow the enemy to leave the city without attacking them?"
+inquired Washington at the council of war.
+
+"Yes," promptly answered General Lee, just restored to his command. "If
+they will go, let them go. This army is too weak to attack the British
+in their stronghold."
+
+"The two armies are now nearly equal in numbers," said Washington, "and
+experience has so far shown that the British have had nothing to boast
+whenever they have come in conflict with an equal number of Americans."
+
+"Very true," responded Lee; "but let them evacuate if they will. The
+risk of a battle is too great to run. I would build a bridge of gold for
+them if they would retreat over it."
+
+Washington, Lafayette, Wayne, and Cadwalader were the only members of
+the council who favored an immediate attack. Without deciding the
+question, Washington requested each one to furnish his opinion in
+writing. Before this was done, however, the city was evacuated. On the
+eighteenth day of June the whole British army crossed the Delaware into
+New Jersey, eleven thousand strong, with an immense baggage and
+provision train, and marched for New York by way of New Brunswick and
+Amboy.
+
+The American army was in pursuit as speedily as possible.
+
+"We must compel an engagement," said Washington, eager to give the foe a
+sound drubbing before it was too late.
+
+"And we must do it as soon as possible," answered Lafayette.
+
+"There is no time to lose, neither," said Greene.
+
+General Lee was opposed to a general engagement.
+
+They were near Monmouth Court-house, and it was the night of June 27.
+
+General Lee had command of the advance, five thousand picked men, and
+his orders were, "Attack the enemy to-morrow."
+
+At midnight a horseman was galloping up to Washington's headquarters,
+when the sentinel challenged him.
+
+"Doctor Griffith, chaplain and surgeon in the Virginia line, on business
+highly important with the commander-in-chief."
+
+"Officer of the guard!" cried the sentinel. That officer appeared.
+Doctor Griffith repeated his errand.
+
+"Impossible; my orders are positive," replied the guard.
+
+"But I must," persisted the doctor.
+
+"You cannot," repeated the guard. "The commander-in-chief is intensely
+engaged."
+
+"Present, sir, my humble duty to his excellency, and say that Dr.
+Griffith waits upon him with secret and important intelligence, and
+craves an audience of only five minutes duration."
+
+He was soon ushered into Washington's presence.
+
+"The nature of the communication I am about to make to your excellency
+must be my apology for disturbing you at this hour of the night,"
+observed the doctor. "While I am not permitted to divulge the names of
+the authorities from which I have obtained my information, I can assure
+you they are of the very first order, whether in point of character or
+attachment to the cause of American independence. I have sought this
+interview to warn your excellency against the conduct of Major-General
+Lee in to-morrow's battle. My duty is fulfilled, and I go now to pray to
+the God of battles for success to our arms, and that He may always have
+your excellency in His holy keeping."
+
+Doctor Griffith retired, and the battle of Monmouth was fought on the
+next day. Washington, with his aides, was approaching the scene of
+action, when he met a little fifer boy who archly observed:
+
+"They are all coming this way, your honor."
+
+"Who are coming, my little man?" inquired General Knox.
+
+"Why, our boys, your honor; our boys, and the British right after them,"
+answered the fifer.
+
+"Impossible!" exclaimed Washington, and put spurs to his horse.
+
+Sure enough, he soon met General Lee's advance in full retreat.
+
+"What is the meaning of all this, sir?" he called out to General Lee.
+
+The latter was dumbfounded, and made no reply.
+
+"I demand, sir, to know the reason of this retreat," shouted Washington
+in a tone of anger.
+
+"By my own order," answered Lee, vexed by the commander's sharp address.
+
+"Go to the rear, you cowardly poltroon!" shouted Washington, thoroughly
+aroused and indignant over the conduct of the officer.
+
+At that juncture, his favorite aid, Lieutenant-Colonel Hamilton, leaped
+from his horse and, drawing his sword, addressed the general:
+
+"We are betrayed! Your excellency and the army are betrayed! And the
+time has come when every true friend of America and her cause must be
+ready to die in their defence!"
+
+Under the magic influence of the commander-in-chief the retreat was
+speedily arrested, and one of the most glorious victories of the
+Revolution achieved.
+
+Washington was almost ubiquitous in his exertions, and his noble white
+charger galloped over the battlefield, utterly regardless of danger,
+until the splendid beast sank under the excessive heat, and died.
+Immediately the general mounted another war-horse of equal spirit, and,
+brandishing his sword high in the air, called to the troops:
+
+"Stand fast, my boys, and receive your enemy! The Southern troops are
+advancing to support you!"
+
+On the evening before, the officers drew up a memorial to Washington,
+entreating him not to expose himself in battle, as he did at Princeton,
+Trenton, and other places. Dr. Craik, who was present, remarked:
+
+"It will not have the weight of a feather with him." Then referring to
+the Indian chief's prophecy on the banks of the Ohio, "The Great Spirit
+protects him; he cannot be shot in battle," he added, "I believe it."
+
+In the bloody contest of the next day, a round shot from the British
+artillery ploughed the ground directly in front of the general, throwing
+up a cloud of dirt over his person.
+
+"Dat wash very near!" exclaimed Baron Stuben. Dr. Craik and several of
+the officers who were together on the previous evening were witnesses.
+Pleased by this remarkable confirmation of his faith in the Indian's
+prophecy, Dr. Craik smiled and, without uttering a word, pointed his
+finger towards heaven, as much as to say, "The Great Spirit protects
+him."
+
+At the close of the day the battle-ground was in possession of the
+Americans. Washington's orders were to attack the foe again as soon as
+they began to move in the morning. But in the morning no enemy could be
+found; they had silently retreated during the night.
+
+The Americans lost two hundred and twenty killed and wounded; and the
+British two hundred and fifty, and one hundred prisoners.
+
+Major-General Lee was court-martialed for his conduct on the field of
+Monmouth, and was suspended from all command for one year. Many believed
+that he was an arch-traitor, who deserved a halter, although the
+evidence of it was not then conclusive. But eighty years thereafter (in
+1858), papers were discovered in Lee's handwriting, in which he
+communicated to Lord and Sir William Howe, while he was a prisoner in
+New York, a plan for subjugating the Colonies. The only explanation of
+his conduct, after the fall of Fort Washington, is found in his
+treasonable designs. He never returned to the service.
+
+On the 13th of July Washington received news of the arrival of the
+French fleet, consisting of twelve ships of the line and six frigates,
+and four thousand men for a land force. Immediate consultation with the
+commander, Count D'Estaing, led him to cross the Hudson and establish
+his army at White Plains.
+
+Rhode Island was in the possession of the British, and Washington
+proposed to recover it by the united action of his army and the French
+fleet. After several weeks of rough campaigning, Washington was
+compelled to abandon his purpose, because the eccentric D'Estaing
+resolved to take his fleet to Boston for rest and repairs.
+
+For the winter of 1778-'79 he stationed his army in cantonments from
+Long Island Sound to the Delaware, while his own headquarters were near
+Middlebrook. This arrangement was designed to protect the country and
+watch the enemy.
+
+The next year, 1779, the enemy carried on a predatory war, striking here
+and there with detachments of troops, plundering, burning, and ravaging
+the neighborhood. Washington was fully occupied in repulsing the enemy
+engaged in this sort of warfare.
+
+As illustration of the cruel measures adopted by the British commander,
+an expedition was sent to Connecticut; they captured the fort at New
+Haven, destroyed all the vessels in the harbor, with all the artillery,
+ammunition, and stores, and plundered several private houses. They
+burned the town of Fairfield, destroying ninety-seven dwelling houses,
+sixty-seven barns and stables, forty-eight store-houses, three places of
+worship, two school-houses, a court-house, a jail, and all the vessels
+and public stores they could lay their hands on. Norwalk was also burned
+in the same ruthless manner; and the depredations extended into
+Massachusetts, injuring or destroying such towns as offered good harbors
+for privateers.
+
+Exasperated by the reluctance of the Tories to flock to the British
+standard, and the numerous desertions of English and Germans from his
+army, King George sent his emissaries to instigate the savages of the
+Mohawk to plunder and butchery. The terrible massacres of Cherry Valley
+and Wyoming, in which hundreds of men, women, and children were
+remorselessly slaughtered, and their habitations committed to the
+flames, followed. The brutality of those scenes are known to the world,
+because they are matters of history.
+
+Some of the ablest statesmen of England fearlessly denounced the king
+and his court for prosecuting a war with such barbarity. Lord Chatham
+declared:
+
+"Were I an American as I am an Englishman, I would never lay down my
+arms: never, _never_, NEVER!"
+
+The king and his court maintained, however, that they were justified in
+resorting to any measures to subdue American rebels.
+
+Two remarkable expeditions which Washington organized that year were
+those which captured Stoney Point, under General Wayne; and Paulus Hook,
+under Major Henry Lee. These grand achievements inspirited the American
+army, and did much to convince the British that they were engaged in a
+fruitless attempt to reduce the Colonies to their domination.
+
+As winter approached, the French fleet, which sailed from Boston to the
+West Indies, appeared off the Southern coast, to co-operate with General
+Lincoln, who commanded the Southern Department. On this account the
+British commander was compelled to operate in that direction.
+
+Washington, whose headquarters had been at West Point for several
+months, went into winter quarters at Morristown, where the experience of
+Valley Forge was repeated with additional rigor.
+
+The cruel treatment of Americans captured by the British had long
+engaged Washington's attention, and reference to it here is in point.
+Many of their prisoners were confined in old ships, where they suffered
+all that hunger, thirst, filth, and abuse could inflict. On account of
+the dreadful sufferings endured by the prisoners, these ships were
+called "floating hells."
+
+The "Jersey Prison Ship" and the old "Sugar House," converted into
+prisons by Lord Howe, are notorious for their infamous character in
+American history. Congress appealed in vain to the commanding British
+general, and Washington wrote to him upon the subject again and again.
+In one letter Washington said:
+
+"From the opinion I have ever been taught to entertain of your
+lordship's humanity, I will not suppose that you are privy to
+proceedings of so cruel and unjustifiable a nature; and I hope that,
+upon making the proper inquiry, you will have the matter so regulated
+that the unhappy persons whose lot is captivity may not in the future
+have the miseries of cold, disease, and famine added to their other
+misfortunes.... I should not have said thus much, but my injured
+countrymen have long called upon me to endeavor to obtain a redress of
+their grievances, and I should think myself as culpable as those who
+inflict such severities upon them were I to continue silent."
+
+A Rev. Mr. Andros of Massachusetts was confined in the "Jersey Prison
+Ship." After his escape and the close of the war, he published a small
+book detailing the sufferings of its occupants. One brief paragraph
+therefrom is all our space will permit.
+
+"Her dark and filthy exterior corresponded with the death and despair
+reigning within. It is supposed that eleven thousand American seaman
+perished in her. None came to relieve their woes. Once or twice, by
+order of a stranger on the quarter-deck a bag of apples was hurled
+promiscuously into the midst of hundreds of prisoners, crowded as thick
+as they could stand, and life and limb were endangered in the struggle.
+The prisoners were secured between the decks by iron gratings; and when
+the ship was to be cleared of watch, an armed guard forced them up to
+the winches, amid a roar of execrations and reproaches, the dim light
+adding to the horrors of the scene. Thousands died whose names have
+never been known, perishing when no eye could witness their fortitude,
+nor praise their devotion to their country."
+
+The brave Lingan, hero of Fort Washington, was confined in the "Jersey;"
+and it was amid the horrors around him that he exclaimed:
+
+"Sweet, O my country, should be thy liberties, when they are purchased
+at this monstrous price!"
+
+Custis relates that one day, when a coffin was brought in which proved
+too short for the dead comrade, and it was proposed to cut off his head
+in order to adapt the body to the receptacle, Lingan "sprang from his
+couch of pain, and, laying his hand upon the lifeless corpse of the
+departed soldier, swore he would destroy the first man who should thus
+mutilate the body of his friend."
+
+
+
+
+XXII.
+
+CLOSE OF THE WAR.
+
+
+The treason of Arnold in 1780 contributed, on the whole, to the fidelity
+of the army in 1781. The poorest soldier in the ranks scorned "to become
+an Arnold."
+
+Washington placed Arnold in command at West Point in 1780. Arnold had
+long been interceding for the position, and it was found subsequently
+that he had been in treasonable correspondence with the British
+commander fifteen months when he assumed command of that post. The
+correspondence was commenced voluntarily by Arnold, and was conducted on
+the part of Sir Henry Clinton by his aid, Major John André, under the
+signature of John Anderson.
+
+General Arnold was harassed by burdensome debts. He was a gambler, too,
+and, of course, devoid of moral principle. His object was to pay his
+debts with British gold.
+
+His correspondence ripened into a plan by Arnold to deliver West Point
+into the hands of the British, for which purpose a midnight meeting was
+arranged between him and Major André. The meeting occurred at Dobb's
+Ferry, when Arnold delivered to André a plan of the works at West Point,
+together with a plan of attack by the British, when the post would be
+surrendered on the ground that the American troops were too few to hold
+it. The papers were concealed in André's stockings.
+
+On his return, even after he had passed the American lines, three
+patriotic representatives of the New York yeomanry, John Paulding, Isaac
+Van Wart, and David Williams, stopped him, the first aiming his musket
+at his head.
+
+"Gentlemen, I hope you belong to our party," said André with as much
+composure as he could command.
+
+"What party?" responded Paulding.
+
+"The lower party," replied André.
+
+"We do," they said.
+
+"I am a British officer, and have been up the country on particular
+business," continued André, now feeling that he was among friends. He
+was deceived by the dress which Paulding wore,--that of a refugee.
+Paulding had been a prisoner in the hands of the British, confined in
+that terrible prison known as the "Sugar House." He was released only
+four days before. In that place his citizen's suit was taken from him,
+and replaced by the refugee garb, so that the barbarity of André's
+countrymen became the cause of his detection.
+
+"I must not be detained for a moment," continued André, taking out his
+gold watch, the sight of which showed to his captors that he was a man
+of consequence.
+
+"We are Americans, and you are our prisoner!" exclaimed Paulding.
+
+André was astounded by this revelation, and he was ready to pay any
+amount of money to his captors if they would let him go.
+
+"Dismount!" shouted Paulding, seizing his horse's bridle.
+
+"Beware, gentlemen, or you will get yourselves into trouble," replied
+André.
+
+"We will take care of that," retorted Paulding. "Any letters about you?"
+
+"No."
+
+"We'll find out about that," said Paulding; and they proceeded to search
+him. Finding nothing of a suspicious character about his clothes, they
+were disposed to let him proceed, when Paulding said:
+
+"Boys, I am not satisfied; his boots must come off."
+
+His boots were drawn off, and the concealed papers were found in his
+stockings.
+
+"My God!" exclaimed Paulding, "he is a spy."
+
+They conducted their prisoner to North Castle, and he was finally hung
+as a spy.
+
+Arnold escaped to a British man-of-war, and figured thereafter as a
+general in the king's army, despised even by those who commissioned him.
+
+Near the close of the winter of 1781, and through the spring, the enemy
+committed many depredations on our coast, in which Arnold played a
+conspicuous part. In Virginia and Connecticut his command wantonly
+destroyed a large amount of property. New London was burned under his
+generalship. Washington employed every means possible to capture the
+traitor, but in vain.
+
+The British directed their chief efforts against the South, designing to
+spread consternation by their terrible ravages. Richmond was laid in
+ashes. Along the shores of the Potomac and Chesapeake they plundered and
+burned. They threatened to destroy Washington's home at Mount Vernon,
+and landed for the purpose of applying the torch to every building. The
+agent, Lund Washington, saved the property from destruction by
+furnishing the enemy with a large quantity of supplies. When the general
+heard what his agent had done, he wrote to him as follows:
+
+"I am very sorry to hear of your loss; I am a little sorry to hear of my
+own; but that which gives me most concern is, that you should go on
+board the enemy's vessels, and furnish them with refreshments. It would
+have been a less painful circumstance to me to have heard that, in
+consequence of your non-compliance with their request, they had burnt my
+house and laid the plantation in ruins."
+
+In July, 1781, Washington planned an attack upon New York by the
+combined French and American forces. But his purpose was suddenly
+changed by hearing that the portion of the French fleet at the West
+Indies, under Count de Grasse, had sailed for the Chesapeake. Cornwallis
+was at Yorktown with his command, and his capture would give the
+Americans an illustrious prisoner. General Lafayette, who had returned
+from France, was in Virginia, looking after the British general as well
+as he could.
+
+Immediately Washington put his army in motion for Virginia, leaving only
+troops enough to guard the passes of the Hudson. He marched directly for
+Williamsburg, to join Lafayette. On his way he called at Mount Vernon,
+from which he had been absent six years. "Here, unannounced, he darted
+into his home, like the first sunbeam after a storm, only to disappear
+again under as black a cloud as any of those that had brought the
+thunder. He had come but to tell his wife that he was on his way to seek
+a battle, an unequal though glorious contest, from which he might never
+return."
+
+Washington joined Lafayette at Williamsburg on the 14th of September.
+Hastily arranging the siege of Yorktown, Cornwallis was surprised, one
+bright morning, to find that the heights around him were swarming with
+American soldiers, and the bay in front securely occupied by the French
+fleet.
+
+On the 6th of October the bombardment of the British works commenced
+with terrible earnestness. An eye witness said:
+
+"General Washington put the match to the first gun, and a terrible
+discharge of cannon and mortars immediately followed."
+
+"What part of the town can be most effectively cannonaded?" Washington
+inquired of Governor Nelson, who was present.
+
+Pointing to a large, fine house on an eminence, the governor replied:
+
+"That is probably the headquarters of the enemy; fire at that."
+
+It was Governor Nelson's own residence.
+
+Four days the cannonading continued with great effect. At the expiration
+of that time, Washington ordered the capture of two redoubts, lying
+between him and the British works. These redoubts were so near as to
+prove a great annoyance to the American troops. To the Americans was
+assigned the capture of one, and to the French the capture of the other.
+At the point of the bayonet these redoubts were taken; not a gun was
+fired. As soon as Lafayette held possession of the redoubt taken by the
+Americans, he despatched a message to Baron de Viomenil announcing the
+fact, and inquired where the baron was.
+
+"Tell the marquis," answered the baron, "that I am not in mine, but I
+will be in five minutes;" and he was.
+
+During the whole of the bombardment, Washington, as usual, was seen in
+the most exposed positions, cheering his men and directing the assault.
+One day, as he stood beside the grand battery with Knox and Lincoln, and
+shot and shell flew around him, one of his aides, anxious for his
+general's safety, remarked:
+
+"That is a very exposed situation, general."
+
+"If you think so, you are at liberty to step back," Washington promptly
+answered.
+
+Just then a musket ball struck the cannon in the embrasure, rolled
+along, and fell at the general's feet.
+
+"My dear general, we can't spare you yet," exclaimed General Knox,
+grasping Washington's arm.
+
+"Only a spent ball," responded Washington coolly; "no harm was done."
+
+On the 17th of October Cornwallis sent a flag, with a letter, to
+Washington, asking for a cessation of hostilities twenty-four hours,
+that consultation might be had respecting terms of surrender. It was
+not, however, until the 19th that the terms of capitulation were agreed
+upon, and the renowned Cornwallis with his army became Washington's
+prisoners.
+
+The time and method of the formal surrender being agreed upon,
+Washington warned his troops against any exultant demonstrations that
+might wound the feelings of the conquered.
+
+"My brave fellows," he said, "let no sensation of satisfaction for the
+triumphs you have gained induce you to insult your fallen enemy. Let no
+shouting, no clamorous huzzaing, increase their mortification. Posterity
+will huzza for us."
+
+By the surrender of Cornwallis, Washington received over seven thousand
+prisoners, and one hundred and sixty pieces of cannon. Counting the
+sailors, negroes, and Tories who became prisoners, the whole number
+amounted to nearly twelve thousand.
+
+Thatcher describes the scene of the formal surrender as follows:
+
+"About two o'clock the garrison sallied forth, and marched between the
+two columns (the Americans on one side and the French on the other) with
+slow and solemn steps, colors cased, and drums beating a British march.
+They were all well clad, having been furnished with new suits prior to
+the capitulation. They were led by General O'Hara on horseback, who,
+riding up to General Washington, took off his hat and apologized for
+the non-appearance of Lord Cornwallis, on account of indisposition.
+Washington received him with dignified courtesy, but pointed to
+Major-General Lincoln as the officer who was to receive the submission
+of the garrison. By him they were conducted into a field where they were
+to ground their arms. In passing through the line formed by the allied
+army, their march was careless and irregular, and their aspect sullen.
+The order to "ground arms" was given by their platoon officers with a
+tone of deep chagrin, and many of the soldiers threw down their muskets
+with a violence sufficient to break them. This irregularity was checked
+by General Lincoln; yet it was inexcusable in brave men in their
+unfortunate predicament. The ceremony over, they were conducted back to
+Yorktown, to remain under guard until removed to their places of
+destination."
+
+There were twenty-eight stand of colors to be delivered up. Twenty-eight
+British captains, each bearing a flag, were drawn up in line. Opposite
+to them, twenty-eight American sergeants were placed to receive the
+colors. At a given signal the colors were surrendered.
+
+The next day Washington addressed his army in words of gratulation and
+tender regard. He issued the following order, also, to the army:
+
+"Divine service is to be performed to-morrow in the several brigades and
+divisions. The commander-in-chief earnestly recommends that the troops
+not on duty shall universally attend, with that seriousness of
+deportment and gratitude of heart which the recognition of such
+reiterated and astonishing interpositions of Providence demand of us."
+
+In the midst of this rejoicing, Washington received the sad intelligence
+that his step-son, John Parke Custis, was lying at the point of death.
+Mr. Custis accompanied his mother, Mrs. Washington, to Cambridge, the
+first winter of the Revolution, and became one of her husband's aides.
+He was taken sick after the army invested Yorktown, and no hope of his
+recovery was entertained. He longed to live, however, to witness the
+surrender of Cornwallis. On the day of the ceremony of capitulation, he
+was taken from his bed and conveyed to the place, where he might behold
+the scene. The ceremony over, he was willing to be conveyed to Elthain,
+where he was taken immediately. Within thirty hours thereafter, the
+message came to the general that Custis was in a dying condition.
+
+At midnight Washington, accompanied by a single officer and groom,
+started on horseback for Elthain. By rapid riding he reached there in
+the morning twilight.
+
+"Is there no hope?" he said to Dr. Craik, who met him at the door.
+
+The doctor shook his head. Bursting into tears, Washington stepped into
+an adjoining room to indulge his grief, requesting to be left alone.
+While bowed in sorrow there, Custis expired.
+
+On entering the chamber of death, Washington lovingly embraced the
+weeping wife and mother, now a widow, tears responding to tears, his
+deep sorrow showing how dearly he loved the departed one.
+
+When he was able to control his grief, he turned to the group of
+sorrowing friends, and said:
+
+"From this moment I adopt his two youngest children as my own."
+
+His presence being demanded at Yorktown, without rest or refreshment he
+mounted a fresh horse, and returned thither before his absence was
+known, except to some of his aides.
+
+It deserves to be recorded that the capture of Cornwallis could not have
+been accomplished without the co-operation of the French fleet; so that
+the reader has before him the remarkable fact that, in Washington's
+early military career, he joined the English to conquer the French,
+while in his closing military life, twenty-five years thereafter, he
+joined the French to conquer the English.
+
+Another example of the divine blessing upon small battalions was
+furnished by the surrender at Yorktown. Cornwallis planned, during the
+siege, to withdraw his troops over the river in sixteen large boats,
+which he collected for the purpose, and, having reached Gloucester
+Point, escape to New York. On the night arranged for the flight, a
+violent storm arose, so that it was impossible for him to cross the
+river. That was his last, lost opportunity. Divine Providence thwarted
+his purpose, and gave victory to American arms.
+
+In the siege of Yorktown Washington rode a splendid sorrel charger,
+white-faced and white-footed, named Nelson, and "remarkable as the first
+nicked horse seen in America." The general cherished this fine animal
+with strong affection. "This famous charger died at Mount Vernon many
+years after the Revolution at a very advanced age. After the chief had
+ceased to mount him, he was never ridden, but grazed in a paddock in
+summer, and was well cared for in winter; and as often as the retired
+farmer of Mount Vernon would be making a tour of his grounds, he would
+halt at the paddock, when the old war-horse would run, neighing, to the
+fence, proud to be caressed by the great master's hand."
+
+No sooner did Cornwallis surrender than the commander-in-chief
+despatched a courier on horseback to Philadelphia, to bear the glad
+tidings to Congress. It was past midnight when the courier reached the
+city, and the night watchmen, on their respective beats, had just cried,
+"Twelve o'clock and all is well!"
+
+They caught the glad news with joy, and the next hour they cried:
+
+"One o'clock, AND CORNWALLIS IS TAKEN!"
+
+Wakeful citizens in bed could scarcely believe their ears. They started
+up, and listened. Again the joyful tidings were repeated:
+
+"CORNWALLIS IS TAKEN!"
+
+Hundreds sprang from their beds in wild delight. Lights began to appear
+in the dwellings, darting from room to room. Soon men and women rushed
+from their habitations into the streets in the greatest excitement. Some
+were half dressed, scarcely knowing, in their exuberance of joy, whether
+they were in the flesh or out. Many wept to hear the news confirmed, and
+as many laughed. Not a few caught up the watchmen's cry, and ran from
+street to street, announcing, at the top of their voices:
+
+"CORNWALLIS IS TAKEN! CORNWALLIS IS TAKEN!"
+
+Every minute added to the throng in the streets; men, women, and
+children joining in the exhilarating exercise of sounding out their
+excessive delight upon the night air. Neighbors clasped hands and
+embraced each other to express their gladness. Many were too full for
+utterance; they broke down in tears with their first attempt to join in
+the general acclaim. Such a varied, impulsive, uncontrollable expression
+of joy was never before witnessed in that city.
+
+Soon the bell on the old State-House rang out its gladsome peals, the
+same old bell that signalled the adoption of the Declaration of
+Independence, July 4, 1776. Other bells, one after another, united in
+the grand chorus of jubilation, supplemented by the thunder of artillery
+from the fortifications about the city, until every method of expressing
+real joy seemed to combine, as if by magical art.
+
+At an early hour on the next morning Congress convened, and listened to
+the reading of Washington's letter, announcing the surrender of
+Cornwallis. The scene can be better imagined than described. That body
+was quite unfitted for the transaction of any business, except that
+which eulogized the commander-in-chief, and the brave men who had fought
+the battles of the country. Irving says:
+
+"Congress gave way to transports of joy. Thanks were voted to the
+commander-in-chief, to the Counts De Rochambeau and De Grasse, to the
+officers of the allied armies generally, and to the corps of artillery
+and engineers especially. Two stands of colors, trophies of the
+capitulation, were voted to Washington; two pieces of field ordnance to
+De Rochambeau and De Grasse; and it was decreed that a marble column,
+commemorative of the alliance between France and the United States, and
+of the victory achieved by their associated arms, should be erected in
+Yorktown."
+
+Finally, Congress issued a proclamation, appointing a day for general
+thanksgiving and prayer, in acknowledgment of this signal interposition
+of Divine Providence.
+
+This done, Congress adjourned to assemble, at a later hour, in a public
+house of worship, there to join, with the grateful multitude, in praise
+and thanksgiving to God for His blessing upon the cause of liberty.
+
+When the news of Cornwallis' surrender reached England, the
+disappointment and chagrin were well-nigh universal. The British
+ministry were astounded by the unexpected tidings. Lord Germain
+announced the fact to Lord North.
+
+"And how did he take it?" inquired a public man.
+
+"As he would have taken a ball in the breast," replied Germain.
+
+"What did he say?"
+
+"He opened his arms and exclaimed wildly, as he paced up and down the
+apartment, 'O God, it is all over!'"
+
+As soon as Washington could leave he retired to Mount Vernon for a few
+days, from which place he wrote to General Greene:
+
+"I shall remain but a few days here, and shall proceed to Philadelphia,
+when I shall attempt to stimulate Congress to the best improvement of
+our late success by taking the most vigorous and effectual measures to
+be ready for an early and decisive campaign the next year. My greatest
+fear is that Congress, viewing this stroke in too important a point of
+light, may think our work too nearly closed, and will fall into a state
+of languor and relaxation. To prevent the error, I shall employ every
+means in my power; and if, unhappily, we sink into that fatal mistake,
+no part of the blame shall be mine."
+
+To another he wrote:
+
+"The hand of Providence has been so conspicuous in all this, that he
+must be worse than an infidel that lacks faith, and more than wicked
+that has not gratitude enough to acknowledge his obligations."
+
+
+
+
+XXIII.
+
+PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES.
+
+
+"Now we must follow up this grand victory with harder blows," remarked
+Washington to Lafayette.
+
+"Then you do not believe the war is ended yet?" Lafayette replied
+inquiringly.
+
+"Of course not. The king will not yield to 'rebels' so willingly as
+that. We must concentrate our entire force upon New York now."
+
+"Every lover of his country ought to be stimulated to greater deeds
+now," added Lafayette.
+
+"And Congress ought to respond promptly and liberally to the demands of
+the hour," said Washington. "The legislatures of the several Colonies
+ought to be prompt and liberal, also, in providing men and means. Give
+us men and supplies equal to the emergency, and our independence can be
+permanently established."
+
+Washington waited upon Congress personally, and he wrote letters to the
+governors of the several Colonies, pleading for more liberal aid than
+ever, that the war might be successfully prosecuted to the bitter end.
+
+While these negotiations were progressing, the king superseded Sir Henry
+Clinton by the appointment of Sir Guy Carleton as commander-in-chief of
+the British army. The latter commander was in favor of peace, and he
+appealed to the British Parliament for conciliatory action; nor was his
+plea in vain. After a long and acrimonious struggle, Parliament adopted
+a resolution advising reconciliation. From that moment, peace
+negotiations were commenced, but were not fully consummated until Nov.
+30, 1782, at Paris. It was the nineteenth day of April, 1783, when the
+welcome news, received in this country, was announced to the army.
+
+The surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown, contrary to the expectations of
+Washington, thus proved to be the end of the war. In just eight years
+from the time the first battle of the Revolution was fought at
+Lexington, April 19, 1775, the proclamation of peace was made to the
+army. "Thus ended a long and arduous conflict, in which Great Britain
+expended near a hundred millions of money, with a hundred thousand
+lives, and won nothing. America endured every cruelty and distress, lost
+many lives and much treasure, but delivered herself from a foreign
+dominion, and gained a rank among the nations of the earth."
+
+The enemy evacuated New York and other posts and returned to England,
+and Washington occupied the same, and proceeded to disband the army.
+Addressing his officers and companions in arms, with deep emotion he
+said:
+
+"With a heart full of love and gratitude, I now take leave of you. I
+most devoutly wish that your latter days may be as prosperous and happy
+as your former have been glorious and honorable. I cannot come to each
+of you to take my leave, but shall be obliged if each of you will come
+and take me by the hand."
+
+He could say no more. Tears blinded his eyes, and emotion caused his
+voice to tremble. Silently, one after another, these heroes of many
+battles and sufferings approached and grasped his hand. No one spoke a
+word. Each felt more than language could express. The scene was
+affecting beyond description.
+
+Congress was in session at Annapolis, and thither he journeyed to return
+his commission. A perfect ovation attended him all the way. The
+occupants of every town, village, and farmhouse turned out to hail the
+conqueror. Men, women, and children vied with each other in
+demonstrations of love and honor. Cannon pealed, bells rung, music
+wafted, voices sounded, banners waved, in honor "of the only man," as
+Jefferson said, "who had the confidence of all."
+
+Congress received him in a manner to attest their profoundest respect
+and love. Resigning his commission, he said:
+
+"Having now finished the work assigned me, I retire from the great
+theatre of action, and, bidding an affectionate farewell to this august
+body, under whose orders I have so long acted, I here offer my
+commission, and take my leave of all the employments of public life."
+
+Our American Cincinnatus retired to his farm and plough, which he left
+eight years before at the call of his country. He designed to spend the
+remainder of his days in retirement at Mount Vernon. His large estates
+demanded his attention, and his tastes for agricultural pursuits adapted
+him to the situation.
+
+Under his careful and efficient supervision, his Mount Vernon estate
+rapidly improved. He enlarged his house, so that he might accommodate
+the numerous distinguished visitors who now paid him their respects. He
+studied agriculture by consulting the best authorities, doing it not
+alone for the purpose of improving his own estates, but also to aid his
+newly emancipated country in developing its resources.
+
+He lent his great influence to educational and religious enterprises, so
+essential to the stability and progress of the free and independent
+Colonies. Through his influence, two companies were organized to extend
+the navigation of the James and Potomac rivers. Grateful for his aid in
+creating enterprises of so great public benefit, the General Assembly
+presented him with one hundred and fifty shares of the stock, worth
+fifty thousand dollars. He declined to accept the large gift, saying:
+
+"What will the world think if they should hear that I have taken fifty
+thousand dollars for this affair? Will they not suspect, on my next
+proposition, that money is my motive? Thus for the sake of money, which,
+indeed, I never coveted from my country, I may lose the power to do her
+some service, which may be worth more than all money."
+
+He assured the Assembly that if they would contribute the amount for a
+national university in what is now the District of Columbia, and a
+literary institution in Rockbridge County, since called Washington
+College, he should esteem their gift even more than he would were he to
+accept and devote it to his own private use; and they complied with his
+wishes.
+
+As before the war, he continued to remember the poor, whose veneration
+for him was greater than ever. His methods of assisting them were often
+original, and always practical; as, for example, keeping a boat on the
+Potomac for their use in fishing. Here was an opportunity for them to
+obtain subsistence without sacrificing the virtues of industry and
+self-reliance.
+
+Mr. Peake, who had charge of one of his plantations, said:
+
+"I had orders to fill a corn-house every year for the sole use of the
+poor in my neighborhood, to whom it was a seasonable and most precious
+relief, saving numbers of poor women and children from miserable famine,
+and blessing them with a cheerful plenteousness of bread."
+
+One year, when there was a scarcity of corn, and the price of it went up
+to a dollar per bushel, the suffering among the poor was much increased.
+Washington ordered his agent to distribute all that could be spared from
+the granaries, and he purchased several hundred bushels in addition, at
+the high price, to be used in charity.
+
+Governor Johnson of Maryland, a hero of '76, related the following
+incident to Mr. Weems:
+
+The governor went to the Virginia Springs for his health. The place was
+crowded with people, but he secured "a mattress in the hut of a very
+honest baker" whom he knew. The baker did a large business, and every
+day Mr. Johnson noticed that many poor negroes came for loaves, and took
+them away without paying a cent.
+
+"Stophel," said Mr. Johnson one day, "you seem to sell a world of bread
+here every day, but notwithstanding that, I fear you don't gain much by
+it."
+
+"What makes you think so?" replied Stophel.
+
+"You credit too much."
+
+"Not I, indeed, sir; I don't credit at all."
+
+"Ay, how do you make that out? Don't I see the poor people every day
+carrying away your bread, and yet paying you nothing?"
+
+"Pshaw! what of that? They will pay me all in a lump at last."
+
+"At _last_!" exclaimed the governor, "at the _last day_, I suppose. You
+think the Almighty will stand paymaster, and wipe off all your old
+scores for you at a dash."
+
+"Not by any means, squire. The poor bakers can't give such long credit;
+but I will tell you how we work the matter. Washington directed me to
+supply these poor people at his expense, and I do it. Believe me,
+squire, he has often, at the end of the season, paid me as much as
+eighty dollars, and that, too, for poor creatures who did not know the
+hand that fed them; for I had strict orders from him not to mention it
+to anybody."
+
+In a former chapter we learned the magnanimity of his conduct towards
+one Payne, who knocked him down for a supposed insult. Mr. Payne relates
+that after the Revolution he called upon Washington at Mount Vernon.
+
+"As I drew near the house," he says, "I began to experience a rising
+fear lest he should call to mind the blow I had given him in former
+days. Washington met me at the door with a kind welcome, and conducted
+me into an adjoining room where Mrs. Washington sat.
+
+"'Here, my dear,' said he, presenting me to his lady, 'here is the
+little man you have so often heard me talk of, and who, on a difference
+between us one day, had the resolution to knock me down, big as I am; I
+know you will honor him as he deserves, for I assure you he has the
+heart of a true Virginian.'"
+
+Mr. Payne adds: "He said this with an air which convinced me that his
+long familiarity with war had not robbed him of his nobleness of heart.
+And Mrs. Washington looked at him as if he appeared to her greater and
+lovelier than ever."
+
+The same industry distinguished him on his return to his farms, for
+which he was so well known before the war. His rule was to rise at four
+o'clock and retire at nine. The forenoon was employed in labor and
+overseeing the work on his plantations. The presence of company did not
+interrupt his systematic methods. He would say to such:
+
+"Gentlemen, I must beg leave of absence this forenoon. Here are books,
+music, and amusements; consider yourselves at home, and be happy."
+
+But Washington was not allowed to remain long in private life. In 1787,
+a convention assembled in Philadelphia to form a confederacy of States.
+Washington was a member of that body, and was unanimously made its
+presiding officer. The convention sat four months, in which time the
+confederacy of States was consummated, called the United States, with
+the present Constitution essentially.
+
+This new order of things required the election of a president, and
+Washington was unanimously elected. He was inaugurated on the thirtieth
+day of April, 1789, in the city of New York, then the seat of
+government. That the position was not one of his own seeking is quite
+evident from a letter which he wrote to General Knox:
+
+"My movements to the chair of government will be accompanied by feelings
+not unlike those of a culprit who is going to the place of his
+execution, so unwilling am I, in the evening of life, nearly consumed in
+public cares, to quit a peaceful abode for an ocean of difficulties,
+without the competency of political skill, abilities, and inclinations
+which are necessary to manage the helm."
+
+His journey to New York was accomplished in his own carriage, drawn by
+four horses. No king or conqueror was ever treated to a more
+enthusiastic ovation than was he from Mount Vernon to New York. The
+expression of a lad to his father indicates the exalted notions which
+the common people entertained of the great general. On getting a good
+view of him the lad exclaimed:
+
+"Why, pa, he is only a man, after all!"
+
+At Trenton, where he crossed the Delaware with his retreating, depleted
+army, his welcome was both imposing and beautiful. Upon the bridge an
+arch was erected, adorned with laurel leaves and flowers. Upon the
+crown of the arch, formed of leaves and flowers, were the words:
+
+    "DECEMBER 26TH, 1776."
+
+Beneath was the sentence:
+
+    "THE DEFENDER OF THE MOTHERS WILL BE THE
+          PROTECTOR OF THE DAUGHTERS!"
+
+The president was obliged to pass under this arch to enter Trenton,
+where the female portion of the population met him. On one side little
+girls dressed in white stood, each one bearing a basket of flowers. On
+the other side were arranged the young ladies, and behind them the
+married women. The moment Washington and his suit approached the arch,
+the girls scattered their flowers before him, and the whole company of
+females sung the following ode, written for the occasion by Governor
+Howell:
+
+    "Welcome, mighty chief! once more
+     Welcome to this grateful shore!
+     Now no mercenary foe
+     Aims again the fatal blow.
+     Aims at thee the fatal blow.
+
+     Virgins fair and matrons grave,
+     Those thy conquering arm did save,
+     Build for thee triumphal bowers.
+     Strew, ye fair, his way with flowers!
+     Strew your hero's way with flowers!"
+
+The reader may well suppose that his reception in New York as the
+_first_ President of the United States, and the "greatest general on
+earth," as many supposed, was grand indeed. No expense or pains were
+spared to make it worthy of the occasion.
+
+Washington called to his cabinet, Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of State;
+Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury; General Knox, Secretary
+of War; Edmund Randolph, Attorney-General; and John Jay, Chief Justice.
+
+He said, in his inaugural address:
+
+"When I contemplate the interposition of Providence, as it was visibly
+manifested in guiding us through the Revolution, in preparing us for the
+reception of a general government, and in conciliating the good will of
+the people of America towards one another after its adoption, I feel
+myself oppressed and almost overwhelmed with a sense of the divine
+munificence. I feel that nothing is due to my personal agency in all
+those complicated and wonderful events, except what can simply be
+attributed to the exertions of an honest zeal for the good of my
+country."
+
+The parade and pomp attending the first presidency in New York City
+exceeded anything of the kind we behold at the present day. Considering
+the condition of the country, as compared with its wealth and prominence
+now, the style of living and display in presidential circles was
+remarkable. Washington rode in a chariot drawn by six fine horses,
+attended by a retinue of servants. These horses were expensively
+caparisoned. His stable, under the charge of Bishop, his favorite
+servant, held twelve of the finest horses in the country. Two of them
+were splendid white chargers for the saddle. After the seat of
+government was removed to Philadelphia, the stables were under the care
+of German John, "and the grooming of the white chargers will rather
+surprise the moderns." Mr. Custis says:
+
+"The night before the horses were to appear on the street, they were
+covered over with a paste, of which whiting was the principal component
+part; then the animals were swathed in body-cloths, and left to sleep
+upon clean straw. In the morning the composition had become hard, was
+well rubbed in and curried and brushed, which process gave to the coats
+a beautiful, glossy, and satin-like appearance. The hoofs were then
+blacked and polished, the mouths washed, teeth picked and cleansed, and
+the leopard-skin housings being properly adjusted, the white chargers
+were led out for service."
+
+While the seat of government was in New York the president visited the
+New England States. He had been brought almost to the door of death by a
+malignant carbuncle, and it was thought, on his recovery, that such a
+tour would be beneficial. Besides, the people of New England were
+clamorous to see him.
+
+The sickness referred to confined him to his room six weeks, during
+which time "Dr. Bard never quitted him." The public anxiety was very
+great, and the president understood full well that his condition was
+very critical. One day he said to the doctor:
+
+"I want your candid opinion as to the probable termination of this
+sickness."
+
+"Your condition is serious, but I expect that you will recover," Dr.
+Bard replied.
+
+"Do not flatter me with vain hopes," responded the president. "I am not
+afraid to die, and I am prepared to hear the worst."
+
+"I confess, Mr. President, that I am not without serious apprehensions,"
+added the doctor.
+
+"Whether to-night or twenty years hence makes no difference; I know that
+I am in the hands of a good Providence," was the royal answer of the
+Christian ruler.
+
+His tour through the New England States was attended with every
+demonstration of honor that love and confidence could devise. At Boston
+the president's well-known punctuality set aside all conventional rules,
+and asserted its superiority. A company of cavalry volunteered to
+escort him to Salem. The time appointed to start was 8 o'clock in the
+morning. When the Old South clock struck the hour, the escort had not
+appeared; nevertheless Washington started, and reached Charles River
+bridge before the cavalry overtook him. The commander of the cavalry
+once belonged to Washington's "military family," and the latter turned
+to him and said:
+
+"Major, I thought you had been too long in my family not to know when
+it was eight o'clock."
+
+At Philadelphia, to which place the seat of government was removed in
+1790, the president frequently entertained members of Congress at his
+own table. They soon learned that there was no waiting for guests in his
+mansion. Precisely at the hour, Washington took his seat at the table,
+whether guests had arrived or not. One day a member came in ten minutes
+after the family were seated at the dining table. The president greeted
+him with the remark: "We are punctual here."
+
+He arranged with a gentleman to meet him with reference to the purchase
+of a pair of horses. He named the hour. The owner of the horses was ten
+minutes behind the time, and he found the president engaged with other
+parties. It was a whole week before he was able to see the president
+again. The latter taught the dilatory man an important lesson.
+
+At Philadelphia, a house belonging to Robert Morris, the national
+financier, was rented, and converted into a presidential mansion as
+imposing and elegant, for that day, as the "White House" at Washington
+is for our day. It was not contemplated to make Philadelphia the
+permanent seat of government. Washington thought the capital should be
+located on the Potomac, and it was respect for his judgment especially
+that located it where it is.
+
+One Reuben Rouzy owed Washington a thousand pounds. An agent of the
+president, without his knowledge, brought an action against Rouzy for
+the money, in consequence of which he was lodged in jail. A friend of
+the debtor suggested that Washington might know nothing of the affair,
+whereupon Rouzy sent a petition to the president for his release. The
+next post brought an order for his release, with a full discharge, and
+a severe reprimand to the agent.
+
+Rouzy was restored to his family, who ever afterwards remembered their
+"beloved Washington" in their daily prayers. Providence smiled upon the
+debtor, so that in a few years he offered the whole amount, with
+interest, to Washington.
+
+"The debt is already discharged," said Washington.
+
+"The debt of my family to you, the preserver of their parent, can never
+be discharged," answered Rouzy. "I insist upon your taking it."
+
+"I will receive it only upon one condition," added the president.
+
+"And what is that?"
+
+"That I may divide it among your children," replied Washington.
+
+The affair was finally settled on this basis, and the amount was divided
+at once among the children.
+
+The success of his first presidential term created the universal desire
+that he should serve a second term.
+
+"It is impossible; my private business demands my attention," he said to
+Jefferson.
+
+"Public business is more important," suggested Jefferson. "Besides, the
+confidence of the whole Union is centred in you."
+
+"I long for home and rest," retorted Washington. "I am wearing out with
+public service."
+
+"I trust and pray God that you will determine to make a further
+sacrifice of your tranquility and happiness to the public good,"
+remarked Hamilton, joining in the plea for a second term of service.
+
+"It will be time enough for you to have a successor when it shall please
+God to call you from this world," said Robert Morris; thus limiting the
+demands of his country only by the demand of death.
+
+His objections were overcome, and he was unanimously elected to a second
+term, and was inaugurated March 4, 1793, in Philadelphia.
+
+His second presidential term proved equally successful with the first.
+Serious difficulties with England, France, and Spain were settled; a
+treaty with the Indian tribes was affected, and a humane policy adopted
+towards them. The mechanic arts, agriculture, manufactures, and internal
+improvements, advanced rapidly under his administration. Domestic
+troubles disappeared, and peace and harmony prevailed throughout the
+land; in view of which, Jefferson said:
+
+"Never did nature and fortune combine more perfectly to make a man great
+and to place him in the same constellation with whatever worthies have
+merited from man an everlasting remembrance."
+
+During his presidency he made a tour through the Southern States. His
+arrangement for the same furnishes a remarkable illustration of the
+order and punctuality for which he was known from boyhood. Thinking that
+the heads of the several State departments might have occasion to write
+to him, he wrote out his route thus:
+
+"I shall be, on the eighth of April, at Fredericksburg; the eleventh, at
+Richmond; the fourteenth, at Petersburg; the sixteenth, at Halifax; the
+eighteenth, at Tarborough; the twentieth, at Newtown;" and thus on to
+the end, a journey of nineteen hundred miles.
+
+Custis says: "His punctuality on that long journey astonished every one.
+Scarcely would the artillery-men unlimber the cannon when the order
+would be given, 'Light your matches; the white chariot is in full
+view!'" Washington rode in a white chariot.
+
+His industry, which had become proverbial, enabled him to perform a
+great amount of work. General Henry Lee once said to him:
+
+"Mr. President, we are amazed at the amount of work you are able to
+accomplish."
+
+"I rise at four o'clock, sir, and a great deal of the work I perform is
+done while others are asleep," was Washington's reply.
+
+At the same time his _thoroughness_ and method appeared in everything.
+Mr. Sparks says:
+
+"During his presidency it was likewise his custom to subject the
+treasury reports and accompanying documents to the process of tutelar
+condensation, with a vast expenditure of labor and patience."
+
+Another biographer says:
+
+"His accounts, while engaged in the service of his country, were so
+accurately kept, that to this hour they are an example held up before
+the nations."
+
+In all these things the reader must note that "the boy is father of the
+man."
+
+Under his administration there was no demand, as now, for "civil service
+reform." His nearest relative and best friend enjoyed no advantage over
+others for position. Real qualifications and experience for office he
+required. Alluding to the severity with which he treated the idea of
+giving friends and favorites position, a public man remarked:
+
+"It is unfortunate to be a Virginian."
+
+At the close of his long service, he wrote:
+
+"In every nomination to office, I have endeavored, as far as my own
+knowledge extended, or information could be obtained, to make fitness of
+character my primary object."
+
+At one time two applicants for an important office presented their
+appeals, through friends. One of them was an intimate friend of the
+president, often at his table. The other was a political enemy, though a
+man of experience. No one really expected that his political enemy would
+be appointed, but he was.
+
+"Your appointment was unjust," a person dared to say to Washington.
+
+"I receive my friend with a cordial welcome," answered Washington. "He
+is welcome to my house and welcome to my heart; but, with all his good
+qualities, he is not a man of business. His opponent is, with all his
+political hostility to me, a man of business. My private feelings have
+nothing to do with this case. I am not George Washington, but President
+of the United States; as George Washington, I would do this man any
+kindness in my power; but as President of the United States, I can do
+nothing."
+
+In 1793 Washington was deeply affected by the news of Lafayette's exile
+and incarceration in Germany. He took measures at once to secure his
+release, if possible, and sent him a thousand guineas. Lafayette's son,
+who was named after the American general, George Washington Lafayette,
+came to this country, accompanied by his tutor, when his father was
+driven into exile. After the close of Washington's public life, young
+Lafayette became a member of his family at Mount Vernon. His father was
+not liberated until 1797.
+
+The following maxims, gleaned from his prolific writings, disclose the
+principles which governed his actions in public life, and at the same
+time they magnify his ability as a writer. When we reflect that his
+schooldays embraced instruction only in reading, writing, and
+arithmetic, to which he added surveying later, the clearness and
+elegance of his style become a matter of surprise. His epistolary
+correspondence is a model to all who would attain excellence in the art;
+and his grasp of thought and practical view of government and science,
+are unsurpassed by any statesman. Of the large number of notable
+extracts we might collect from his writings, we have space for a few
+only, as follows:
+
+"Our political system may be compared to the mechanism of a clock, and
+we should derive a lesson from it; for it answers no good purpose to
+keep the smaller wheels in order if the greater one, which is the
+support and prime mover of the whole, is neglected."
+
+"Common danger brought the States into confederacy; and on their union
+our safety and importance depend."
+
+"Remember that actions, and not the commission, make the officer. More
+is expected from him than the title."
+
+"Knowledge is, in every country, the surest basis of public happiness."
+
+"True friendship is a plant of slow growth, and must undergo and
+withstand the shocks of adversity before it is entitled to the
+appellation."
+
+"To share the common lot, and participate in conveniences which the
+army, from the peculiarity of our circumstances, are obliged to undergo,
+has with me, been a fundamental principle."
+
+"The value of liberty is enhanced by the difficulty of its attainment,
+and the worth of character appreciated by the trial of adversity."
+
+"It is our duty to make the best of our misfortunes, and not suffer
+passion to interfere with our interest and the public good."
+
+"In my estimation, more permanent and genuine happiness is to be found
+in the sequestered walks of connubial life than in the giddy rounds of
+promiscuous pleasure, or the more tumultuous and imposing scenes of
+successful ambition."
+
+"Without virtue and without integrity, the finest talents and the most
+brilliant accomplishments can never gain the respect and conciliate the
+esteem of the truly valuable part of mankind."
+
+"Few men have virtue to withstand the highest bidder."
+
+"A good moral character is the first essential in a man. It is,
+therefore, highly important to endeavor not only to be learned, but
+virtuous."
+
+"The eyes of Argus are upon us, and no slip will pass unnoticed."
+
+"It is much easier to avoid disagreements than to remove discontents."
+
+"The man who would steer clear of shelves and rocks, must know where
+they lie."
+
+"Do not conceive that fine clothes make fine men, any more than fine
+feathers make fine birds."
+
+"We ought not to look back, unless it be to derive useful lessons from
+past errors, and for the purpose of profiting by dear-bought
+experience."
+
+"Gaming is the child of Avarice, the brother of Iniquity, and the father
+of Mischief."
+
+"Religion is as necessary to reason as reason is to religion. The one
+cannot exist without the other."
+
+"The propitious smiles of heaven can never be expected on a nation that
+disregards the eternal rules of order and right, which heaven itself has
+ordained."
+
+"Whatever may be conceded to the influence of refined education on minds
+of peculiar structure, reason and experience both forbid us to expect
+that national morality can prevail, in exclusion of religious
+principle."
+
+We might fill many pages with similar quotations from his writings, but
+must forbear.
+
+He was urged strongly to serve his country a third presidential term,
+but he resolutely declined. Retiring from public service, he left a
+remarkable farewell address to the people of the United States, which is
+here given in full. Every American boy who has patriot blood in his
+veins will delight in being familiar with its every thought and precept.
+
+
+FAREWELL ADDRESS.
+
+FRIENDS AND FELLOW-CITIZENS:
+
+    The period for a new election of a citizen to administer the
+    executive government of the United States being not far distant,
+    and the time actually arrived when your thoughts must be
+    employed in designating the person who is to be clothed with
+    that important trust, it appears to me proper, especially as it
+    may conduce to a more distinct expression of the public voice,
+    that I should now apprize you of the resolution I have formed,
+    to decline being considered among the number of those out of
+    whom a choice is to be made. I beg you, at the same time, to do
+    me the justice to be assured that this resolution has not been
+    taken without a strict regard to all the considerations
+    appertaining to the relation which binds a dutiful citizen to
+    his country; and that, in withdrawing the tender of service,
+    which silence in my situation might imply, I am influenced by no
+    diminution of zeal for your future interest, no deficiency of
+    grateful respect for your past kindness, but am supported by a
+    full conviction that the step is compatible with both.
+
+    2. The acceptance of and continuance hitherto in the office to
+    which your sufferages have twice called me, have been a uniform
+    sacrifice of inclination to the opinion of duty, and to a
+    deference for what appeared to be your desire. I constantly
+    hoped that it would have been much earlier in my power,
+    consistently with motives which I was not at liberty to
+    disregard, to return to that retirement from which I have been
+    reluctantly drawn. The strength of my inclination to do this,
+    previous to the last election, had even led to the preparation
+    of an address to declare it to you; but mature reflection on the
+    then perplexed and critical posture of our affairs with foreign
+    nations, and the unanimous advice of persons entitled to my
+    confidence, impelled me to abandon the idea.
+
+    3. I rejoice that the state of your concerns, external as well
+    as internal, no longer renders the pursuit of inclination
+    incompatible with the sentiment of duty or propriety; and am
+    persuaded, whatever partiality may be retained for my services,
+    that in the present circumstances of our country you will not
+    disapprove my determination to retire.
+
+    4. The impressions with which I first undertook the arduous
+    trust were explained on the proper occasion. In the discharge of
+    this trust, I will only say that I have, with good intentions,
+    contributed towards the organization and administration of the
+    government the best exertions of which a very fallible judgment
+    was capable. Not unconscious, in the outset, of the inferiority
+    of my qualifications, experience in my own eyes, perhaps still
+    more in the eyes of others, has strengthened the motives to
+    diffidence of myself and every day the increasing weight of
+    years admonishes me more and more that the shade of retirement
+    is as necessary to me as it will be welcome. Satisfied that if
+    any circumstances have given peculiar value to my services, they
+    were temporary, I have the consolation to believe, that, while
+    choice and prudence invite me to quit the political scene,
+    patriotism does not forbid it.
+
+    5. In looking forward to the moment which is intended to
+    terminate the career of my public life, my feelings do not
+    permit me to suspend the deep acknowledgment of that debt of
+    gratitude which I owe to my beloved country for the many honors
+    it has conferred upon me; still more for the steadfast
+    confidence with which it has supported me; and for the
+    opportunities I have thence enjoyed of manifesting my
+    inviolable attachment by services faithful and persevering,
+    though in usefulness unequal to my zeal. If benefits have
+    resulted to our country from these services, let it always be
+    remembered to your praise, and as an instructive example in our
+    annals, that under circumstances in which the passions, agitated
+    in every direction, were liable to mislead, amidst appearances
+    sometimes dubious, vicissitudes of fortune often discouraging,
+    in situations in which not unfrequently want of success has
+    countenanced the spirit of criticism, the constancy of your
+    support was the essential prop of the efforts, and the guarantee
+    of the plans by which they were effected.
+
+    6. Profoundly penetrated with this idea, I shall carry it with
+    me to my grave, as a strong incitement to unceasing vows that
+    Heaven may continue to you the choicest tokens of its
+    benevolence; that your union and brotherly affection may be
+    perpetual; that the free Constitution, which is the work of your
+    hands, may be sacredly maintained; that its administration in
+    every department may be stamped with wisdom and virtue; that, in
+    fine, the happiness of the people of these States, under the
+    auspices of liberty, may be made complete, by so careful a
+    preservation, and so prudent a use of this blessing, as will
+    acquire to them the glory of recommending it to the applause,
+    the affection, and the adoption of every nation which is yet a
+    stranger to it.
+
+    7. Here, perhaps, I ought to stop. But a solicitude for your
+    welfare, which cannot end but with my life, and the apprehension
+    of danger natural to that solicitude, urge me, on an occasion
+    like the present, to offer to your solemn contemplation, and to
+    recommend to your frequent review, some sentiments, which are
+    the result of much reflection, of no inconsiderable observation,
+    and which appear to me all important to the permanency of your
+    felicity as a people. These will be offered to you with the
+    more freedom, as you can only see in them the disinterested
+    warnings of a parting friend, who can possibly have no personal
+    motives to bias his counsel. Nor can I forget, as an
+    encouragement to it, your indulgent reception of my sentiments
+    on a former and not dissimilar occasion. Interwoven as is the
+    love of liberty with every ligament of your hearts, no
+    recommendation of mine is necessary to fortify or confirm the
+    attachment.
+
+    8. The unity of government which constitutes you one people is
+    also now dear to you. It is justly so; for it is a main pillar
+    in the edifice of your real independence, the support of your
+    tranquillity at home, your peace abroad, of your safety, of your
+    prosperity, of that very liberty which you so highly prize. But
+    as it is easy to foresee that, from different causes and from
+    different quarters, much pains will be taken, many artifices
+    employed, to weaken in your minds the conviction of this truth;
+    as this is the point in your political fortress against which
+    the batteries of internal and external enemies will be most
+    constantly and actively (though often covertly and insidiously)
+    directed, it is of infinite moment that you should properly
+    estimate the immense value of your national union to your
+    collective and individual happiness; that you should cherish a
+    cordial, habitual, and immovable attachment to it; accustoming
+    yourselves to think and speak of it as of the palladium of your
+    political safety and prosperity; watching for its preservation
+    with jealous anxiety; discountenancing whatever may suggest even
+    a suspicion that it can in any event be abandoned; and
+    indignantly frowning upon the first dawning of every attempt to
+    alienate any portion of our country from the rest, or to
+    enfeeble the sacred ties which now link together the various
+    parts.
+
+    9. For this you have every inducement of sympathy and interest.
+    Citizens, by birth or choice, of a common country, that country
+    has a right to concentrate your affections. The name of America,
+    which belongs to you in your national capacity, must always
+    exalt the just pride of patriotism, more than any appellation
+    derived from local discriminations. With slight shades of
+    difference, you have the same religion, manners, habits, and
+    political principles. You have in a common cause fought and
+    triumphed together; the independence and liberty you possess are
+    the work of joint councils and joint efforts, of common dangers,
+    sufferings, and successes. But these considerations, however
+    powerfully they address themselves to your sensibility, are
+    greatly outweighed by those which apply more immediately to your
+    interest; here every portion of our country finds the most
+    commanding motives for carefully guarding and preserving the
+    union of the whole.
+
+    10. The North, in an unrestrained intercourse with the South,
+    protected by the equal laws of a common government, finds in the
+    productions of the latter great additional resources of maritime
+    and commercial enterprise, and precious materials of
+    manufacturing industry. The South, in the same intercourse,
+    benefiting by the agency of the North, sees its agriculture grow
+    and its commerce expand. Turning partly into its own channels
+    the seamen of the North, it finds its particular navigation
+    invigorated; and while it contributes, in different ways, to
+    nourish and increase the general mass of the national
+    navigation, it looks forward to the protection of a maritime
+    strength, to which itself is unequally adapted. The East, in a
+    like intercourse with the West, already finds, and in the
+    progressive improvement of interior communications by land and
+    water will more and more find, a valuable vent for the
+    commodities which it brings from abroad, or manufactures at
+    home. The West derives from the East supplies requisite to its
+    growth and comfort; and what is perhaps of still greater
+    consequence, it must of necessity owe the secure enjoyment of
+    indispensable outlets for its own productions to the weight,
+    influence, and the future maritime strength of the Atlantic side
+    of the Union, directed by an indissoluble community of interest
+    as _one nation_. Any other tenure by which the West can hold
+    this essential advantage, whether derived from its own separate
+    strength, or from an apostate and unnatural connection with any
+    foreign power, must be intrinsically precarious.
+
+    11. While, then, every part of our country thus feels an
+    immediate and particular interest in union, all the parties
+    combined cannot fail to find, in the united mass of means and
+    efforts, greater strength, greater resources, proportionably
+    greater security from external danger, a less frequent
+    interruption of their peace by foreign nations, and, what is of
+    inestimable value, they must derive from union an exemption from
+    those broils and wars between themselves, which so frequently
+    afflict neighboring countries not tied together by the same
+    government; which their own rivalships alone would be sufficient
+    to produce, but which opposite foreign alliances, attachments,
+    and intrigues, would stimulate and embitter. Hence, likewise,
+    they will avoid the necessity of those overgrown military
+    establishments, which, under any form of government are
+    inauspicious to liberty, and which are to be regarded as
+    particularly hostile to republican liberty; in this sense it is
+    that your union ought to be considered as a main prop of your
+    liberty, and that the love of the one ought to endear to you the
+    preservation of the other.
+
+    12. These considerations speak a persuasive language to every
+    reflecting and virtuous mind, and exhibit the continuance of the
+    Union as a primary object of patriotic desire. Is there a doubt
+    whether a common government can embrace so large a sphere? Let
+    experience solve it. To listen to mere speculation in such a
+    case were criminal. We are authorized to hope that a proper
+    organization of the whole, with the auxiliary agency of
+    government for the respective subdivisions, will afford a happy
+    issue to the experiment. 'Tis well worth a fair and full
+    experiment. With such powerful and obvious motives to union
+    affecting all parts of our country, while experience shall not
+    have demonstrated its impracticability, there will always be
+    reason to distrust the patriotism of those who, in any quarter,
+    may endeavor to weaken its bands.
+
+    13. In contemplating the causes which may disturb our Union, it
+    occurs as a matter of serious concern that any ground should
+    have been furnished for characterizing parties by geographical
+    discriminations,--Northern and Southern, Atlantic and
+    Western,--whence designing men may endeavor to excite a belief
+    that there is a real difference of local interests and views.
+    One of the expedients of party to acquire influence within
+    particular districts is to misrepresent the opinions and aims of
+    other districts. You cannot shield yourselves too much against
+    the jealousies and heartburnings which spring from these
+    misrepresentations; they tend to render alien to each other
+    those who ought to be bound together by fraternal affection. The
+    inhabitants of our western country have lately had a useful
+    lesson on this head: they have seen in the negotiation by the
+    executive, and in the unanimous ratification by the Senate, of
+    the treaty with Spain, and in the universal satisfaction at that
+    event throughout the United States, a decisive proof how
+    unfounded were the suspicions propagated among them of a policy
+    in the general government and in the Atlantic States, unfriendly
+    to their interests in regard to the Mississippi; they have been
+    witnesses to the formation of two treaties, that with Great
+    Britain and that with Spain, which secure to them everything
+    they could desire, in respect to our foreign relations, towards
+    confirming their prosperity. Will it not be their wisdom to rely
+    for the preservation of these advantages on the Union by which
+    they were procured? Will they not henceforth be deaf to those
+    advisers, if such there are, who would sever them from their
+    brethren, and connect them with aliens?
+
+    14. To the efficacy and permanency of your Union, a government
+    for the whole is indispensable. No alliances, however strict,
+    between the parts, can be an adequate substitute; they must
+    inevitably experience the infractions and interruptions which
+    all alliances in all times have experienced. Sensible of this
+    momentous truth, you have improved upon your first essay, by the
+    adoption of a constitution of government, better calculated than
+    your former for an intimate union, and for the efficacious
+    management of your common concerns. This government, the
+    offspring of our own choice, uninfluenced and unawed, adopted
+    upon full investigation and mature deliberation, completely free
+    in its principles, in the distribution of its powers uniting
+    security with energy, and containing within itself a provision
+    for its own amendment, has a just claim to your confidence and
+    your support. Respect for its authority, compliance with its
+    laws, acquiescence in its measures, are duties enjoined by the
+    fundamental maxims of true liberty. The basis of our political
+    system is the right of the people to make and alter their
+    constitutions of government. But the Constitution, which at any
+    time exists till changed by an explicit and authentic act of the
+    whole people, is sacredly obligatory upon all. The very idea of
+    the power and the right of the people to establish government,
+    presupposes the duty of every individual to obey the established
+    government.
+
+    15. All obstructions to the execution of the laws, all
+    combinations and associations, under whatever plausible
+    character, with the real design to direct, control, counteract,
+    or awe the regular deliberation and action of the constituted
+    authorities, are destructive of this fundamental principle, and
+    of fatal tendency. They serve to organize faction, to give it
+    an artificial and extraordinary force--to put in the place of
+    the delegated will of the nation the will of a party, often a
+    small but artful and enterprising minority of the community;
+    and, according to the alternate triumphs of different parties,
+    to make the public administration the mirror of the
+    ill-concerted and incongruous projects of faction, rather than
+    the organ of consistent and wholesome plans digested by common
+    councils, and modified by mutual interests. However combinations
+    or associations of the above description may now and then answer
+    popular ends, they are likely in the course of time and things
+    to become potent engines, by which cunning, ambitious, and
+    unprincipled men will be enabled to subvert the power of the
+    people, and to usurp to themselves the reins of government,
+    destroying afterwards the very engines which have lifted them to
+    unjust dominion.
+
+    16. Towards the preservation of your government, and the
+    permanency of your present happy state, it is requisite not only
+    that you speedily discountenance irregular oppositions to its
+    acknowledged authority, but also that you resist with care the
+    spirit of innovation upon its principles, however specious the
+    pretexts. One method of assault may be to effect in the forms of
+    the Constitution, alterations which impair the energy of the
+    system, and thus to undermine what cannot be directly
+    overthrown. In all the changes to which you may be invited,
+    remember that time and habit are at least as necessary to fix
+    the true character of governments as of other human
+    institutions; that experience is the surest standard by which to
+    test the real tendency of the existing constitution of a
+    country; that facility in changes upon the credit of mere
+    hypothesis and opinion exposes to perpetual change from the
+    endless variety of hypothesis and opinion; and remember,
+    especially, that for the efficient management of your common
+    interests, in a country so extensive as ours, a government of as
+    much vigor as is consistent with the perfect security of liberty
+    is indispensable. Liberty itself will find in such a
+    government, with powers properly distributed and adjusted, its
+    surest guardian. It is, indeed, little else than a name, where
+    the government is too feeble to withstand the enterprises of
+    faction, to confine each member of the society within the limits
+    prescribed by the laws, and to maintain all in the secure and
+    tranquil enjoyment of the rights of person and property.
+
+    17. I have already intimated to you the danger of parties in the
+    State, with particular reference to the founding of them on
+    geographical discriminations. Let me now take a more
+    comprehensive view, and warn you in the most solemn manner
+    against the baneful effects of the spirit of party, generally.
+    The spirit, unfortunately, is inseparable from our nature,
+    having its root in the strongest passions of the human mind. It
+    exists under different shapes in all governments, more or less
+    stifled, controlled, or repressed; but in those of the popular
+    form, it is seen in its greatest rankness, and is truly their
+    worst enemy. The alternate domination of one faction over
+    another, sharpened by the spirit of revenge, natural to party
+    dissension, which, in different ages and countries, has
+    perpetrated the most horrid enormities, is itself a frightful
+    despotism. But this leads at length to a more formal and
+    permanent despotism. The disorders and miseries which result,
+    gradually incline the minds of men to seek security and repose
+    in the absolute power of an individual; and sooner or later the
+    chief of some prevailing faction, more able or more fortunate
+    than his competitor, turns this disposition to the purposes of
+    his own elevation, on the ruins of public liberty.
+
+    18. Without looking forward to an extremity of this kind (which
+    nevertheless ought not to be entirely out of sight), the common
+    and continual mischiefs of the spirit of party are sufficient to
+    make it the interest and duty of a wise people to discourage
+    and restrain it. It serves always to distract the public
+    councils and enfeeble the public administration. It agitates the
+    community with ill-founded jealousies and false alarms; kindles
+    the animosity of one part against another; foments occasionally
+    riot and insurrection. It opens the door to foreign influence
+    and corruption, which find a facilitated access to the
+    government itself through the channels of party passions. Thus
+    the policy and the will of one country are subjected to the
+    policy and will of another.
+
+    19. There is an opinion that parties in free countries are
+    useful checks upon the administration of the government, and
+    serve to keep alive the spirit of liberty. This, within certain
+    limits, is probably true; and in governments of a monarchical
+    cast, patriotism may look with indulgence, if not with favor,
+    upon the spirit of party. But in those of a popular character,
+    in governments purely elective, it is a spirit not to be
+    encouraged. From their natural tendency, it is certain there
+    will always be enough of that spirit for every salutary purpose;
+    and there being constant danger of excess, the effort ought to
+    be by force of public opinion, to mitigate and assuage it. A
+    fire not to be quenched, it demands a uniform vigilance to
+    prevent its bursting into a flame, lest, instead of warming, it
+    should consume.
+
+    20. It is important, likewise, that the habits of thinking in a
+    free country should inspire caution in those intrusted with its
+    administration, to confine themselves within their respective
+    constitutional spheres, avoiding, in the exercise of the powers
+    of one department, to encroach upon another. The spirit of
+    encroachment tends to consolidate the powers of all the
+    departments in one, and thus to create, whatever the form of
+    government, a real despotism. A just estimate of that love of
+    power, and proneness to abuse it, which predominates in the
+    human heart, is sufficient to satisfy us of the truth of this
+    position. The necessity of reciprocal checks in the exercise of
+    political power, by dividing and distributing it into different
+    depositories, and constituting each the guardian of public weal
+    against invasions by the others, has seen evinced by experiments
+    ancient and modern, some of them in our country and under our
+    own eyes. To preserve them must be as necessary as to constitute
+    them. If, in the opinion of the people, the distribution or
+    modification of the constitutional powers be in any particular
+    wrong, let it be corrected by an amendment, in a way which the
+    Constitution designates; but let there be no change by
+    usurpation: for though this, in one instance, may be the
+    instrument of good, it is the customary weapon by which free
+    governments are destroyed. The precedent must always greatly
+    overbalance in permanent evil any partial or transient benefit
+    which the use can at any time yield.
+
+    21. Of all the dispositions and habits which lead to political
+    prosperity, religion and morality are indispensable supports. In
+    vain would that man claim the tribute of patriotism, who should
+    labor to subvert these great pillars of human happiness, these
+    firmest props of the duties of men and citizens. The mere
+    politician, equally with the pious man, ought to respect and to
+    cherish them. A volume could not trace all their connections
+    with private and public felicity. Let it simply be asked, where
+    is the security for property, for reputation, for life, if the
+    sense of religious obligation desert the oaths which are the
+    instruments of investigation in courts of justice? and let us
+    with caution indulge the supposition that morality can be
+    maintained without religion. Whatever may be conceded to the
+    influence of refined education on minds of peculiar structure,
+    reason and experience both forbid us to expect that national
+    morality can prevail in exclusion of religious principle. 'Tis
+    substantially true, that virtue or morality is a necessary
+    spring of popular government. The rule, indeed, extends with
+    more or less force to every species of free government. Who that
+    is a sincere friend to it can look with indifference upon
+    attempts to shake the foundation of the fabric?
+
+    22. Promote, then, as an object of primary importance,
+    institutions for the general diffusion of knowledge. In
+    proportion as the structure of a government gives force to
+    public opinion, it is essential that public opinion should be
+    enlightened. As a very important source of strength and
+    security, cherish public credit: one method of preserving it is
+    to use it as sparingly as possible, avoiding occasions of
+    expense by cultivating peace; and remembering, also, that timely
+    disbursements to prepare for danger frequently prevent much
+    greater disbursements to repel it; avoiding likewise the
+    accumulations of debt, not only by shunning occasions of
+    expense, but by vigorous exertions in time of peace to discharge
+    the debts which unavoidable wars may have occasioned, not
+    ungenerously throwing upon posterity the burden which we
+    ourselves ought to bear. The execution of these maxims belongs
+    to your representatives, but it is necessary that public opinion
+    should co-operate. To facilitate to them the performance of
+    their duty, it is essential that you should practically bear in
+    mind, that towards the payment of debts there must be revenue;
+    to have revenue there must be taxes; that no taxes can be
+    devised which are not more or less inconvenient and unpleasant;
+    and the intrinsic embarrassment inseparable from the selection
+    of the proper object (which is always a choice of difficulties),
+    ought to be a decisive motive for a candid construction of the
+    conduct of the government in making it, and for a spirit of
+    acquiescence in the measures for obtaining revenue which the
+    public exigencies may at any time dictate.
+
+    23. Observe good faith and justice towards all nations;
+    cultivate peace and harmony with all. Religion and morality
+    enjoin this conduct; and can it be that good policy does not
+    equally enjoin it? It will be worthy of a free, enlightened, and
+    at no distant period, a great nation, to give to mankind the
+    magnanimous and too novel example of a people always guided by
+    an exalted justice and benevolence. Who can doubt that, in the
+    course of time and things, the fruits of such a plan would
+    richly repay any temporary advantages which might be lost by a
+    steady adherence to it? Can it be that Providence has not
+    connected the permanent felicity of a nation with its virtue?
+    The experiment, at least, is recommended by every sentiment
+    which ennobles human nature. Alas! is it rendered impossible by
+    its vices?
+
+    24. In the execution of such a plan, nothing is more essential
+    than that permanent inveterate antipathies against particular
+    nations, and passionate attachments for others, should be
+    excluded; and that in place of them just and amicable feelings
+    towards all should be cultivated. The nation which indulges
+    towards another an habitual hatred or an habitual fondness is in
+    some degree a slave. It is a slave to its animosity or to its
+    affection, either of which is sufficient to lead it astray from
+    its duty and its interest. Antipathy in one nation against
+    another disposes each more readily to offer insult and injury,
+    to lay hold of slight causes of umbrage, and to be haughty and
+    intractable, when accidental or trifling occasions of dispute
+    occur. Hence frequent collisions, obstinate, envenomed, and
+    bloody contests. The nation prompted by ill will and resentment
+    sometimes impels to war the government, contrary to the best
+    calculations of policy. The government sometimes participates in
+    the national propensity, and adopts through passion what reason
+    would reject; at other times, it makes the animosity of the
+    nation subservient to projects of hostility instigated by pride,
+    ambition, and other sinister and pernicious motives. The peace
+    often, sometimes perhaps the liberty, of nations, has been the
+    victim.
+
+    25. So likewise a passionate attachment of one nation for
+    another produces a variety of evils. Sympathy for the favorite
+    nation, facilitating the illusion of an imaginary common
+    interest, in cases where no real common interest exists, and
+    infusing into one the enmities of the other, betrays the former
+    into a participation in the quarrels and wars of the latter,
+    without adequate inducement or justification. It leads also to
+    the concessions to the favorite nation of privileges denied to
+    others which is apt doubly to injure the nation making the
+    concessions, by unnecessarily parting with what ought to have
+    been retained; and by exciting jealousy, ill will, and a
+    disposition to retaliate, in the parties from whom equal
+    privileges are withheld; and it gives to ambitious, corrupted,
+    or deluded citizens (who devote themselves to the favorite
+    nation) facility to betray or sacrifice the interests of their
+    own country without odium, sometimes even with popularity;
+    gilding with the appearances of a virtuous sense of obligation,
+    a commendable deference for public opinion, or a laudable zeal
+    for public good, the base or foolish compliances of ambition,
+    corruption, or infatuation.
+
+    26. As avenues to foreign influence in innumerable ways, such
+    attachments are particularly alarming to the truly enlightened
+    and independent patriot. How many opportunities do they afford
+    to tamper with domestic factions, to practise the arts of
+    seduction, to mislead public opinions, to influence or awe
+    public councils! Such an attachment of small or weak towards a
+    great and powerful nation dooms the former to be the satellites
+    of the latter. Against the insidious wiles of foreign influence
+    (I conjure you to believe me, fellow citizens), the jealousy of
+    a free people ought to be _constantly_ awake, since history and
+    experience prove that foreign influence is one of the most
+    baneful foes of republican government. But that jealousy, to be
+    useful, must be impartial, else it becomes the instrument of the
+    very influence to be avoided, instead of a defense against it.
+    Excessive partiality for one foreign nation, and excessive
+    dislike of another, cause those whom they actuate, to see danger
+    only on one side, and serve to veil and even second the arts of
+    influence on the other. Real patriots, who may resist the
+    intrigues of the favorite, are liable to become suspected and
+    odious; while its tools and dupes usurp the applause and
+    confidence of the people, to surrender their interests. The
+    great rule of conduct for us, in regard to foreign nations, is,
+    in extending our commercial relations, to have with them as
+    little political connection as possible. So far as we have
+    already formed engagements, let them be fulfilled with perfect
+    good faith. Here let us stop.
+
+    27. Europe has a set of primary interests, which to us have
+    none, or a very remote relation. Hence she must be engaged in
+    frequent controversies, the causes of which are essentially
+    foreign to our concerns. Hence, therefore, it must be unwise in
+    us to implicate ourselves, by artificial ties, in the ordinary
+    vicissitudes of her politics, or the ordinary combinations and
+    collisions of her friendships or enmities. Our detached and
+    distant situation invites and enables us to pursue a different
+    course. If we remain one people, under an efficient government,
+    the period is not far off when we may defy material injury from
+    external annoyance; when we may take such an attitude as will
+    cause the neutrality we may at any time resolve upon, to be
+    scrupulously respected; when belligerent nations, under the
+    impossibility of making acquisitions upon us, will not lightly
+    hazard the giving us provocation; when we may choose peace or
+    war, as our interest, guided by justice, shall counsel.
+
+    28. Why forego the advantages of so peculiar a situation? Why
+    quit our own to stand upon foreign ground? Why, by interweaving
+    our destiny with that of any part of Europe, entangle our peace
+    and prosperity in the toils of European ambition, rivalship,
+    interest, humor, or caprice? 'Tis our true policy to steer clear
+    of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world, so
+    far, I mean, as we are now at liberty to do it; for let me not
+    be understood as patronizing infidelity to existing engagements.
+    I hold the maxim no less applicable to public than to private
+    affairs, that honesty is always the best policy. I repeat it,
+    therefore, let those engagements be observed in their genuine
+    sense. But, in my opinion, it is unnecessary, and would be
+    unwise, to extend them. Taking care always to keep ourselves, by
+    suitable establishments, on a respectable defensive posture, we
+    may safely trust to temporary alliances for extra ordinary
+    emergencies.
+
+    29. Harmony, liberal intercourse with all nations, are
+    recommended by policy, humanity, and interest. But even our
+    commercial policy should hold an equal and impartial hand,
+    neither seeking nor granting exclusive favors or preferences;
+    consulting the natural course of things; diffusing and
+    diversifying, by gentle means, the streams of commerce, but
+    forcing nothing; establishing with powers so disposed, in order
+    to give trade a stable course, to define the rights of our
+    merchants, and to enable the government to support them,
+    conventional rules of intercourse, the best that present
+    circumstances and mutual opinion will permit, but temporary, and
+    liable to be from time to time abandoned or varied, as
+    experience and circumstances shall dictate; constantly keeping
+    in view that 'tis folly in one nation to look for disinterested
+    favors from another; that it must pay with a portion of its
+    independence whatever it may accept under that character; that
+    by such acceptance it may place itself in the condition of
+    having given equivalent for nominal favors, and yet of being
+    reproached with ingratitude for not giving more. There can be no
+    greater error than to expect or calculate upon real favors from
+    nation to nation. 'Tis an illusion which experience must cure,
+    which a just pride ought to discard.
+
+    30. In offering to you, my countrymen, these counsels of an old
+    and affectionate friend, I dare not hope they will make the
+    strong and lasting impression I could wish; that they will
+    control the usual current of the passions, or prevent our nation
+    from running the course which has hitherto marked the destiny of
+    nations: but if I may even flatter myself, that they may be
+    productive of some partial benefit, some occasional good; that
+    they may now and then recur to moderate the fury of party
+    spirit, to warn against the mischiefs of foreign intrigues, and
+    guard against the impostures of pretended patriotism; this hope
+    will be a full recompense for the solicitude for your welfare,
+    by which they have been dictated. How far, in the discharge of
+    my official duties, I have been guided by the principles which
+    have been delineated, the public records, and other evidences of
+    my conduct, must witness to you and to the world. To myself the
+    assurance of my own conscience is, that I have at least believed
+    myself to be guided by them.
+
+    31. In relation to the still subsisting war in Europe, my
+    proclamation on the 22d of April, 1793, is the index to my plan.
+    Sanctioned by your approving voice, and by that of your
+    representatives in both houses of Congress, the spirit of that
+    measure has continually governed me, uninfluenced by any attempt
+    to deter or divert me from it. After deliberate examination,
+    with the aid of the best lights I could obtain, I was well
+    satisfied that our country, under all the circumstances of the
+    case, had a right to take, and was bound in duty and interest to
+    take, a neutral position. Having taken it, I determined, as far
+    as should depend upon me, to maintain it with moderation,
+    perseverance, and firmness.
+
+    32. The consideration which respects the right to hold the
+    conduct, it is not necessary on this occasion to detail. I will
+    only observe, that, according to my understanding of the matter,
+    that right, so far from being denied by any of the belligerent
+    powers, has been virtually admitted by all. The duty of holding
+    a neutral conduct may be inferred, without anything more, from
+    the obligation which justice and humanity impose upon every
+    nation, in cases in which it is free to act, to maintain
+    inviolate the relations of peace and amity towards other
+    nations. The inducements of interest for observing that conduct,
+    will be best referred to your own reflection and experience.
+    With me, a predominant motive has been to endeavor to gain time
+    to our country to settle and mature its yet recent institutions,
+    and to progress, without interruption, to that degree of
+    strength and consistency which is necessary to give it, humanly
+    speaking, the command of its own fortunes.
+
+    33. Though in reviewing the incidents of my administration, I am
+    unconscious of intentional error, I am nevertheless too sensible
+    of my defects not to think it probable that I may have committed
+    many errors. Whatever they may be, I fervently beseech the
+    Almighty to avert or mitigate the evils to which they may tend.
+    I shall also carry with me the hope that my country will never
+    cease to view them with indulgence; and that, after forty-five
+    years of my life dedicated to its service, with an upright zeal,
+    the faults of incompetent abilities will be consigned to
+    oblivion, as myself must soon be to the mansions of rest.
+    Relying on its kindness in this as in other things, and actuated
+    by that fervent love towards it which is so natural to a man who
+    views in it the native soil of himself and his progenitors for
+    several generations, I anticipate with pleasing expectation
+    that retreat, in which I promise myself to realize, without
+    alloy, the sweet enjoyment of partaking, in the midst of my
+    fellow citizens, the benign influence of good laws under a free
+    government--the ever favorite object of my heart, and the happy
+    reward, as I trust, of our mutual cares, labors, and dangers.
+
+        GEORGE WASHINGTON.
+
+On closing his presidential career, March 4, 1797, Washington retired to
+Mount Vernon, to spend the remnant of his days in retirement. It was not
+long, however, before the prospect of a war with France prompted the
+nation to ask him to take command of its armies, to which he consented,
+although he declared that there would be no war--a conclusion which
+subsequent events fully justified. John Adams was president, and he
+wrote to Washington:
+
+"We must have your name, if you will in any case permit us to use it.
+There will be more efficacy in it than in many an army."
+
+Having said nothing particularly concerning Washington as a
+slave-holder, we may add, in closing this chapter, that he believed,
+with Jefferson, that slavery was a cruel wrong, and ought to be
+abolished. He said to Jefferson, before he was president:
+
+"I never mean, unless some particular circumstances should compel me to
+it, to possess another slave by purchase; it being among my first wishes
+to see some plan adopted by which slavery in this country may be
+abolished by law." In another letter he says, "I can only say there is
+not a man living who wishes more sincerely than I do to see a plan
+adopted for the abolition of it; but there is only one proper and
+effectual mode by which it can be accomplished, and that is by
+legislative authority, and this, as far as my suffrage will go, shall
+never be wanting."
+
+During his presidency in New York, Mrs. Washington's favorite maid Ovey
+ran away, and she besought her husband to take measures to find her.
+Laughing, Washington replied:
+
+"I, who have been fighting for liberty, would appear finely in pursuit
+of a runaway slave!"
+
+He freely expressed his abhorrence of slavery to Lafayette during the
+war; and when the latter purchased an estate in Cayenne, with the
+intention of freeing the slaves upon it, Washington wrote to him:
+
+"Your late purchase is a generous and noble proof of your humanity.
+Would to God a like spirit might diffuse itself generally in the minds
+of the people of this country!"
+
+His will provided for the emancipation of his slaves, so far as
+possible. "Under the tenure by which the dower negroes are held he could
+not manumit them." But the will ran thus:
+
+"Upon the decease of my wife, it is my will and desire that all the
+slaves whom I hold _in my own right_ shall receive their freedom."
+
+After his death, Mrs. Washington proceeded to emancipate the slaves,
+agreeable to his wishes, at expressed in his last "will and testament."
+
+
+
+
+XXIV.
+
+DEATH, AND FUNERAL CEREMONIES.
+
+
+In December, 1799, there came a cold, bleak morning, with drizzling rain
+and sleet.
+
+"I would not go out this uncomfortable day," Mrs. Washington said to her
+husband, observing that he was preparing to go out to his daily task.
+
+"It is not much of a storm," Washington replied. "Besides, I have a
+piece of work under way that I must superintend."
+
+"I fear that you will take cold," continued Mrs. Washington. "Sitting at
+the fire is more fitting for a man of your age than exposing yourself in
+such a storm."
+
+He went, however, nor returned until almost time for dinner. His locks
+were covered with snow and sleet, and he was quite wet.
+
+Mrs. Washington advised him to change his apparel, but he declined,
+saying:
+
+"The wet is of little consequence. I shall soon be dry."
+
+In the evening he read aloud to his family as usual although he was
+somewhat hoarse. The next day, the storm was still more severe, and he
+remained within doors, complaining of a slight cold. Again he read aloud
+to his family in the evening. This was on Friday, the thirteenth day of
+December.
+
+On retiring, Mr. Lear, his private secretary, said to him:
+
+"General, you had better take something for your cold."
+
+"No," replied Washington; "you know that I never take anything for a
+cold. Let it go as it came."
+
+About three o'clock in the morning he awoke with a chill, feeling very
+unwell. Still, he would not allow his wife to get up, fearing that she
+might take cold. A servant came in to build a fire, when he sent for Mr.
+Rawlins, an overseer, to bleed him, which, at that time, was a method
+of treatment universally adopted. The overseer was accustomed to bleed
+negroes, but he hesitated to practise on Washington.
+
+"I would not be bled; you need more strength instead of less,"
+interposed his wife, but Washington had confidence in the method. "Don't
+be afraid," he said to the overseer; "make the orifice large enough."
+
+But he grew worse rapidly, and early in the morning Dr. Craik was sent
+for. Washington said to Mr. Lear, his private secretary:
+
+"I cannot last long. I feel that I am going. I believed from the first
+that the attack would prove fatal."
+
+"I hope not," answered Mr. Lear, rather surprised by these words. "The
+doctor will give you relief, I trust, when he arrives."
+
+"Do you arrange and record all my military letters and papers; arrange
+my accounts and settle my books, as you know more about them than any
+one else," Washington continued.
+
+"That I will do," replied Mr. Lear; "but I hope you will live many years
+yet."
+
+"Do you think of anything else it is essential for me to do? for I am
+confident that I shall continue but a very short time with you,"
+continued Washington.
+
+"I can think of nothing," answered Mr. Lear, and then repeated his
+opinion that he was not so near the end.
+
+Smiling, the great man responded:
+
+"I am certainly near the end, and I look forward to the hour of
+dissolution with perfect resignation."
+
+Turning to Mrs. Washington, he said, "Go to my desk, and in the private
+drawer you will find two papers; bring them to me."
+
+The papers were brought, when he added, taking one paper in each hand:
+
+"These are my wills. Preserve this one, and burn the other."
+
+Dr. Craik arrived about ten o'clock, and remained with him until his
+death. Drs. Brown and Dick were sent for, and every effort possible made
+to save his life.
+
+"I am much obliged for all your care and attention," he said to the
+physicians; "but do not trouble yourselves any more about me. Let me
+pass away quietly. I cannot last long."
+
+Later he said to Dr. Craik:
+
+"Doctor, I die hard, but I am not afraid to go." He was then struggling
+for breath.
+
+At eight o'clock in the evening he appeared unable to speak. Mr. Lear
+says:
+
+"I aided him all in my power, and was gratified in believing he felt it,
+for he would look upon me with eyes speaking gratitude, but unable to
+utter a word without great distress."
+
+At ten o'clock he appeared to make a desperate effort to speak, and at
+length said to Mr. Lear: "I am just going. Have me decently buried, and
+do not let my body be put into the vault in less than three days after I
+am dead."
+
+Mr. Lear signified his assent by a nod.
+
+As if not satisfied with that, Washington looked up to him again, and
+said:
+
+"Do you understand me?"
+
+"Yes, sir," Mr. Lear answered distinctly.
+
+"It is well," added the dying man--the last words he spoke.
+
+Mr. Lear describes the closing scene thus:
+
+"About ten minutes before he expired, his breathing became much easier;
+he lay quietly. He withdrew his hand from mine and felt his own pulse. I
+spoke to Dr. Craik, who sat by the fire; he came to the bedside. The
+general's hand fell from his wrist; I took it in mine and placed it on
+my breast. Dr. Craik closed his eyes, and he expired without groan or
+struggle."
+
+Mrs. Washington had been sitting in silent grief all the while, at the
+foot of the bed; but now she inquired with calmness:
+
+"Is he gone?"
+
+No one could answer; hearts were too full for utterance. But Mr. Lear
+"held up his hand as a signal that he was gone."
+
+"It is well," responded Mrs. Washington, with firm, unfaltering voice.
+"All is over now; I shall soon follow him; I have no more trials to pass
+through."
+
+Mr. Custis says, "Close to the couch of the sufferer resting her head
+upon that ancient Book with which she had been wont to hold pious
+communion a portion of every day for more than half a century, was the
+venerable consort, absorbed in silent prayer, and from which she only
+arose when the mourning group prepared to lead her from the chamber of
+the dead. Such were the last hours of Washington."
+
+The news of the ex-president's death spread rapidly for that day when
+railroads and telegraphs were unknown, and the sadness and mourning were
+universal. Congress was in session at Philadelphia, but did not receive
+the sad intelligence until the 18th of December, the day of the funeral
+at Mount Vernon.
+
+The members of Congress appeared to be overwhelmed by the calamity, and
+immediately adjourned. On assembling the next day, they eulogized both
+by speech and resolution the illustrious dead; ordered that a marble
+monument, bearing the record of his great achievements, be erected at
+Washington; and appointed General Henry Lee to deliver a eulogy before
+both branches of Congress on the 26th. The Senate addressed an eloquent
+and pathetic letter to President Adams, in which it was said:
+
+"On this occasion it is manly to weep. To lose such a man, at such a
+crisis, is no common calamity to the world. Our country mourns a father.
+The Almighty Disposer of human events has taken from us our greatest
+benefactor and ornament. It becomes us to submit with reverence to Him,
+'who maketh darkness his pavilion.'... Thanks to God, his glory is
+consummated! Washington yet lives on earth, in his spotless example; his
+spirit is in Heaven.
+
+"Let his country consecrate the memory of the heroic general, the
+patriotic statesman, and the virtuous sage. Let them teach their
+children never to forget that the fruits of his labors and his example
+are their inheritance."
+
+The funeral ceremonies were performed at Mount Vernon on the 18th, under
+the direction of Rev. Mr. Davis, rector of the parish, assisted by other
+clergymen. The people came from many miles around to pay a grateful
+tribute of respect to the honored dead. Almost the entire population of
+Alexandria, nine miles distant, was there, including its military
+companies. Eleven pieces of cannon were sent from that city, and one of
+its leading citizens, Robert Morris, anchored a schooner in the Potomac,
+in front of the Mount Vernon residence, from which minute-guns were
+fired during the funeral exercises and the march of the long procession
+to the tomb.
+
+His remains were deposited in the old family vault, which was so
+dilapidated that the proprietor was thinking of building a new one. Only
+two or three days before he was taken sick, he called the attention of
+his nephew to the spot where he should build it, and, referring to other
+work demanding his attention, he added:
+
+"But the tomb must be built first, since I may need it first."
+
+It would be quite impossible to describe the scene of sorrow that
+pervaded the country when the death of Washington became known. Congress
+enacted that the 22d of February, Washington's birthday, should be
+observed for funeral services throughout the nation. Every method of
+expressing grief known to an afflicted people was called into
+requisition. Houses of worship, public halls, State capitals,
+schoolrooms, stores, and even dwellings were hung in mourning draperies
+on that day. Sermons, eulogies, and resolutions by public bodies were
+multiplied throughout the Union. The sorrow was universal.
+
+Irving says:
+
+"Public testimonials of grief and reverence were displayed in every
+part of the Union. Nor were these sentiments confined to the United
+States. When the news of Washington's death reached England, Lord
+Bridport, who had command of a British fleet of nearly sixty sail of the
+line, lying at Torbay, lowered his flag half-mast, every ship following
+the example; and Bonaparte, First Consul of France, on announcing his
+death to the army, ordered that black crape should be suspended from all
+the standards and flags throughout the public service for ten days."
+
+The great American orator of that day, Fisher Ames, delivered a eulogy
+before the Massachusetts Legislature, in which he said:
+
+"The fame he enjoyed is of the kind that will last forever; yet it was
+rather the effect than the motive of his conduct. Some future Plutarch
+will search for a parallel to his character. Epaminondas is perhaps the
+brightest name of all antiquity. Our Washington resembled him in his
+purity and the ardor of his patriotism; and like him, he first exalted
+the glory of his country."
+
+Lord Brougham said:
+
+"How grateful the relief which the friend of mankind, the lover of
+virtue, experiences, when, turning from the contemplation of such a
+character [Napoleon], his eye rests upon the greatest man of our own or
+of any age; the only one upon whom an epithet, so thoughtlessly lavished
+by men, may be innocently and justly bestowed!"
+
+Edward Everett, by whose efforts and influence "The Ladies' Mount Vernon
+Association of the Union" were enabled to purchase (twenty-five years
+ago) two hundred acres of the estate, including the mansion-house and
+tomb, for preservation and improvement, says, in his biography of
+Washington:
+
+"In the final contemplation of his character, we shall not hesitate to
+pronounce Washington, of all men that have ever lived, THE GREATEST OF
+GOOD MEN AND THE BEST OF GREAT MEN!"
+
+Posterity honors itself by calling him
+
+    "THE FATHER OF HIS COUNTRY!"
+
+
+
+
+XXV.
+
+EULOGY BY GENERAL HENRY LEE.
+
+
+In obedience to your will, I rise, your humble organ, with the hope of
+executing a part of the system of public mourning which you have been
+pleased to adopt, commemorative of the death of the most illustrious and
+most beloved personage this country has ever produced; and which, while
+it transmits to posterity your sense of the awful event, faintly
+represents your knowledge of the consummate excellence you so cordially
+honor.
+
+Desperate, indeed, is any attempt on earth to meet correspondently this
+dispensation of Heaven; for while, with pious resignation, we submit to
+the will of an all-gracious Providence, we can never cease lamenting, in
+our finite view of Omnipotent Wisdom, the heart-rending privation for
+which our nation weeps. When the civilized world shakes to its centre;
+when every moment gives birth to strange and momentous changes; when our
+peaceful quarter of the globe, exempt, as it happily has been, from any
+share in the slaughter of the human race, may yet be compelled to
+abandon her pacific policy, and to risk the doleful casualties of war;
+what limit is there to the extent of our loss? None within the reach of
+my words to express; none which your feelings will not disavow.
+
+The founder of our federate republic, our bulwark in war, our guide in
+peace, is no more. Oh that this were but questionable! Hope, the
+comforter of the wretched, would pour into our agonizing hearts its
+balmy dew; but, alas! there is no hope for us. Our Washington is removed
+forever. Possessing the stoutest frame and purest mind, he had passed
+nearly to his sixty-eighth year in the enjoyment of high health, when,
+habituated by his care of us to neglect himself, a slight cold,
+disregarded, became inconvenient on Friday, oppressive on Saturday, and,
+defying every medical interposition, before the morning of Sunday, put
+an end to the best of men. An end did I say? His fame survives, bounded
+only by the limits of the earth and by the extent of the human mind. He
+survives in our hearts, in the growing knowledge of our children, in the
+affections of the good throughout the world; and when our monuments
+shall be done away, when nations now existing shall be no more, when
+even our young and far-spreading empire shall have perished, still will
+our Washington's glory unfaded shine, and die not, until love of virtue
+cease on earth, or earth itself sink into chaos.
+
+How, my fellow-citizens, shall I single to your grateful hearts his
+pre-eminent worth? Where shall I begin in opening to your view a
+character throughout sublime? Shall I speak of his warlike achievements,
+all springing from obedience to his country's will, all directed to his
+country's good?
+
+Will you go with me to the banks of the Monongahela to see your youthful
+Washington supporting, in the dismal hour of Indian victory, the
+ill-fated Braddock, and saving, by his judgment and by his valor, the
+remains of a defeated army, pressed by the conquering savage foe? Or
+when oppressed America, nobly resolving to risk her all in defence of
+her violated rights, he was elevated by the unanimous voice of Congress
+to the command of her armies, will you follow him to the high grounds of
+Boston, where, to an undisciplined, courageous, and virtuous yeomanry,
+his presence gave the stability of system, and infused the invincibility
+of love of country? Or shall I carry you to the painful scenes of Long
+Island, York Island, and New Jersey, when, combating superior and
+gallant armies, aided by powerful fleets, and led by chiefs high in the
+roll of fame, he stood the bulwark of our safety, undismayed by
+disaster, unchanged by change of fortune? Or will you view him in the
+precarious fields of Trenton, where deep glooms, unnerving every arm,
+reigned triumphant through our thinned, worn down, unaided ranks,
+himself unmoved? Dreadful was the night! It was about this time of
+winter. The storm raged; the Delaware, rolling furiously with floating
+ice, forbade the approach of man. Washington, self-collected, viewed the
+tremendous scene; his country called. Unappalled by surrounding dangers,
+he passed to the hostile shore; he fought, he conquered. The morning sun
+cheered the American world. Our country rose on the event, and her
+dauntless chief, pursuing his blow, completed on the lawns of Princeton
+what his vast soul had conceived on the shores of the Delaware.
+
+Thence to the strong grounds of Morristown he led his small but gallant
+band, and through an eventful winter, by the high efforts of his genius,
+whose matchless force was measurable only by the growth of difficulties,
+he held in check formidable hostile legions, conducted by a chief
+experienced in the art of war, and famed for his valor on the
+ever-memorable heights of Abraham, where fell Wolfe, Montcalm, and,
+since, our much lamented Montgomery, all covered with glory. In this
+fortunate interval, produced by his masterly conduct, our fathers,
+ourselves, animated by his resistless example, rallied around our
+country's standard, and continued to follow her beloved chief through
+the various and trying scenes to which the destinies of our Union led.
+
+Who is there that has forgotten the vales of Brandywine, the fields of
+Germantown, or the plains of Monmouth? Everywhere present, wants of
+every kind obstructing, numerous and valiant armies encountering,
+himself a host, he assuaged our sufferings, limited our privations, and
+upheld our tottering republic. Shall I display to you the spread of the
+fire of his soul by rehearsing the praises of the hero of Saratoga and
+his much loved compeer of the Carolina? No: our Washington wears not
+borrowed glory. To Gates, to Greene, he gave, without reserve, the
+applause due to their eminent merit; and long may the chiefs of Saratoga
+and of Eutaws receive the grateful respect of a grateful people.
+
+Moving in his own orbit, he imparted heat and light to his most distant
+satellites; and, combining the physical and moral force of all within
+his sphere, with irresistible weight he took his course, commiserating
+folly, disdaining vice, dismaying treason, and invigorating despondency,
+until the auspicious hour arrived when, united with the intrepid forces
+of a potent magnanimous ally, he brought to submission the since
+conqueror of India; thus finishing his long career of military glory
+with a lustre corresponding with his great name, and in this, his last
+act of war, affixing the seal of fate to our nation's birth.
+
+To the horrid din of war sweet peace succeeded; and our virtuous chief,
+mindful only of the public good, in a moment tempting personal
+aggrandizement, hushed the discontents of growing sedition, and,
+surrendering his power into the hands from which he had received it,
+converted his sword into a plough-share, teaching an admiring world that
+to be truly great you must be truly good.
+
+Were I to stop here, the picture would be incomplete and the task
+imposed unfinished. Great as was our Washington in war, and much as did
+that greatness contribute to produce the American republic, it is not in
+war alone his pre-eminence stands conspicuous; his various talents,
+combining all the capacities of a statesman with those of a soldier,
+fitted him alike to guide the councils and the armies of our nation.
+Scarcely had he rested from his martial toils, while his invaluable
+parental advice was still sounding in our ears, when he who had been our
+shield and our sword was called forth to act a less splendid but more
+important part.
+
+Possessing a clear and penetrating mind, a strong and sound judgment,
+calmness and temper for deliberation, with invincible firmness and
+perseverance in resolutions maturely formed, drawing information from
+all, acting from himself with incorruptible integrity and unvarying
+patriotism, his own superiority and the public confidence alike marked
+him as the man designed by Heaven to lead in the great political, as
+well as military, events, which have distinguished the area of his life.
+
+The finger of an overruling Providence pointing at Washington was
+neither mistaken nor unobserved, when, to realize the vast hopes to
+which our Revolution had given birth, a change of political system
+became indispensable.
+
+How novel, how grand, the spectacle! independent States stretched over
+an immense territory, and known only by common difficulty, clinging to
+their Union as the rock of their safety, deciding, by frank comparison
+of their relative condition, to rear on that rock, under the guidance of
+reason, a common government, through whose commanding protection liberty
+and order, with their long train of blessings, should be safe to
+themselves and the sure inheritance of their posterity!
+
+This arduous task devolved on citizens selected by the people, from a
+knowledge of their wisdom and confidence in their virtue. In this august
+assembly of sages and of patriots, Washington of course was found; and,
+as if acknowledged to be most wise where all were wise, with one voice
+he was declared their chief. How well he merited this rare distinction,
+how faithful were the labors of himself and his compatriots, the work of
+their hands, and our union, strength, and prosperity, the fruits of that
+work best attest.
+
+But to have essentially aided in presenting to his country this
+consummation of her hopes, neither satisfied the claims of his
+fellow-citizens on his talents, nor those duties which the possession of
+those talents imposed. Heaven had not infused into his mind such an
+uncommon share of its ethereal spirit to remain unemployed, nor bestowed
+on him his genius unaccompanied by the corresponding duty of devoting it
+to the common good. To have framed a constitution, was showing only,
+without realizing, the general happiness. This great work remained to be
+done; and America, steadfast in her preference, with one voice summoned
+her beloved Washington, unpractised as he was in the duties of civil
+administration, to execute this last act in the completion of the
+national felicity. Obedient to her call, he assumed the high office with
+that self-distrust peculiar to his innate modesty, the constant
+attendant of pre-eminent virtue. What was the burst of joy through our
+anxious land on this exhilarating event is known to us all. The aged,
+the young, the brave, the fair rivalled each other in demonstrations of
+their gratitude; and this high-wrought, delightful scene was heightened
+in its effect by the singular contest between the zeal of the bestowers
+and the avoidance of the receiver of the honors bestowed. Commencing his
+administration, what heart is not charmed with the recollection of the
+pure and wise principles announced by himself as the basis of his
+political life? He best understood the indissoluble union between virtue
+and happiness, between duty and advantage, between the genuine maxims of
+an honest and magnanimous policy, and the solid rewards of public
+prosperity and individual felicity. Watching with an equal and
+comprehensive eye over this great assemblage of communities and
+interests, he laid the foundations of our national policy in the
+unerring, immutable principles of morality, based on religion,
+exemplifying the pre-eminence of free government by all the attributes
+which win the affections, of its citizens, or command the respect of the
+world.
+
+    "O fortunatos dimium sua si bona norint!"
+
+Leading through the complicated difficulties produced by previous
+obligations and conflicting interests, seconded by succeeding houses of
+Congress, enlightened and patriotic, he surmounted all original
+obstructions and brightened the path of our national felicity.
+
+The presidential term expiring, his solicitude to exchange exaltation
+for humility returned with a force increased with increase of age; and
+he had prepared his farewell address to his countrymen, proclaiming his
+intention, when the united interposition of all around him, enforced by
+the eventful prospects of the epoch, produced a further sacrifice of
+inclination to duty. The election of president followed, and Washington,
+by the unanimous vote of the nation, was called to resume the chief
+magistracy. What a wonderful fixture of confidence! Which attracts most
+our admiration: a people so correct or a citizen combining an assemblage
+of talents forbidding rivalry, and stifling even envy itself? Such a
+nation deserves to be happy; such a chief must be forever revered.
+
+War, long menaced by the Indian tribes, now broke out; and the terrible
+conflict, deluging Europe with blood, began to shed its baneful
+influence over our happy land. To the first outstretching his invincible
+arm, under the orders of the gallant Wayne, the American eagle soared
+triumphant through distant forests. Peace followed victory, and the
+melioration of the condition of the enemy followed peace. God-like
+virtue, which uplifts even the subdued savage!
+
+To the second he opposed himself. New and delicate was the conjuncture,
+and great was the stake. Soon did his penetrating mind discern and seize
+the only course continuing to us all the blessings enjoyed. He issued
+his proclamation of neutrality. This index to his whole subsequent
+conduct was sanctioned by the approbation of both houses of Congress,
+and by the approving voice of the people.
+
+To this sublime policy he invariably adhered, unmoved by foreign
+intrusion, unshaken by domestic turbulence.
+
+    "Justum et tenacem propositi virum,
+     Non civium ardor prava jubentium,
+     Non vultus instantis tyranny
+     Mente quatit solida."
+
+Maintaining his pacific system at the expense of no duty, America,
+faithful to herself and unstained in her honor, continued to enjoy the
+delights of peace, while afflicted Europe mourns in every quarter, under
+the accumulated miseries of an unexampled war, miseries in which our
+happy country must have shared had not our pre-eminent Washington been
+as firm in council as he was brave in the field.
+
+Pursuing steadfastly his course, he held safe the public happiness,
+preventing foreign war and quelling internal disorder, till the
+revolving period of a third election approached, when he executed his
+interrupted but inextinguishable desire of returning to the humble walks
+of private life.
+
+The promulgation of his fixed resolution stopped the anxious wishes of
+an affectionate people from adding a third unanimous testimonial of
+their unabated confidence in the man so long enthroned in their hearts.
+When before was affection like this exhibited on earth? Turn over the
+records of Greece, review the annals of mighty Rome, examine the volumes
+of modern Europe, you search in vain. America and her Washington only
+afford the dignified exemplification.
+
+The illustrious personage, called by the national voice in succession to
+the arduous office of guiding a free people, had no difficulties to
+encounter. The amicable effort of settling our difficulties with France,
+begun by Washington and pursued by his successor in virtue, as in
+station, proving abortive, America took measures of self-defence. No
+sooner was the public mind roused by a prospect of danger than every eye
+was turned to the friend of all, though secluded from public view and
+gray in public service. The virtuous veteran, following his plough,[D]
+received the unexpected summons with mingled emotions of indignation at
+the unmerited ill-treatment of his country, and of a determination once
+more to risk his all in her defence.
+
+    [D]: General Washington, though opulent, gave much of his time
+         and attention to physical agriculture.
+
+The annunciation of these feelings in his affecting letter to the
+president, accepting the command of the army, concludes his official
+conduct.
+
+_First in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his
+countrymen_, he was second to none in the humble and endearing scenes of
+private life; uniform, dignified, and commanding, his example was as
+edifying to all around him as were the effects of that example lasting.
+
+To his equals he was condescending; to his inferiors, kind; and to the
+dear object of his affections, exemplarily tender; correct throughout,
+vice shuddered in his presence, and virtue always felt his fostering
+hand; the purity of his private character gave effulgence to his public
+virtues.
+
+His last scene comported with the whole tenor of his life. Although in
+extreme pain, not a sigh, not a groan escaped him; and with undisturbed
+serenity he closed his well-spent life. Such was the man America has
+lost; such was the man for whom our nation mourns.
+
+Methinks I see his august image, and hear falling from his venerable
+lips these deep-sinking words:
+
+"Cease, sons of America, lamenting our separation. Go on and confirm,
+by your wisdom, the fruits of our joint councils, joint efforts, and
+common dangers; reverence religion; diffuse knowledge throughout your
+lands; patronize the arts and sciences; let liberty and order be
+inseparable companions. Control party spirit, the bane of free
+government; observe good faith to, and cultivate peace with, all
+nations; shut up every avenue to foreign influence; contract rather than
+extend national connections; rely on yourselves only; be Americans in
+thought, word, and deed. Thus will you give immortality to that union
+which was the constant object of my terrestrial labors; thus will you
+preserve undisturbed, to the latest posterity, the felicity of a people
+to me most dear; and thus will you supply (if my happiness is now aught
+to you) the only vacancy in the round of pure bliss high Heaven
+bestows."
+
+
+
+
+Log Cabin to White House Series
+
+[Illustration: Book Cover]
+
+A famous series of books, formerly sold at $2.00 per copy, are now
+popularized by reducing the price less than half. The lives of these
+famous Americans are worthy of a place in any library. A new book by
+Edward S. Ellis--"From Ranch to White House"--is a life of Theodore
+Roosevelt, while the author of the others, William M. Thayer, is a
+celebrated biographer.
+
+FROM RANCH TO WHITE HOUSE; Life of Theodore Roosevelt.
+
+FROM BOYHOOD TO MANHOOD; Life of Benjamin Franklin.
+
+FROM FARM HOUSE TO WHITE HOUSE; Life of Georg
+
+FROM LOG CABIN TO WHITE HOUSE; Life of James A. Garfield.
+
+FROM PIONEER HOME TO WHITE HOUSE; Life of Abraham Lincoln.
+
+FROM TANNERY TO WHITE HOUSE; Life of Ulysses S. Grant.
+
+SUCCESS AND ITS ACHIEVERS.
+
+TACT, PUSH AND PRINCIPLE.
+
+These titles, though by different authors, also belong to this series of
+books:
+
+FROM COTTAGE TO CASTLE; The Story of Gutenberg, Inventor of Printing. By
+Mrs. E. C. Pearson.
+
+CAPITAL FOR WORKING BOYS. By Mrs. Julia E. M'Conaughy.
+
+Price, postpaid, for any of the above ten books, 75˘.
+
+A complete catalogue sent for the asking.
+
+HURST & CO. PUBLISHERS, NEW YORK
+
+
+
+
+BOY INVENTORS SERIES
+
+STORIES OF SKILL AND INGENUITY By RICHARD BONNER
+
+Cloth Bound. Illustrated. Price, 50˘. per vol., postpaid
+
+[Illustration: Book Cover]
+
+THE BOY INVENTORS' WIRELESS TELEGRAPH.
+
+Blest with natural curiosity,--sometimes called the instinct of
+investigation,--favored with golden opportunity, and gifted with
+creative ability, the Boy Inventors meet emergencies and contrive
+mechanical wonders that interest and convince the reader because they
+always "work" when put to the test.
+
+THE BOY INVENTORS' VANISHING GUN.
+
+As thought, a belief, an experiment; discouragement, hope, effort and
+final success--this is the history of many an invention; a history in
+which excitement, competition, danger, despair and persistence figure.
+This merely suggests the circumstances which draw the daring Boy
+Inventors into strange experiences and startling adventures and which
+demonstrate the practical use of their vanishing gun.
+
+THE BOY INVENTORS' DIVING TORPEDO BOAT.
+
+As in the previous stories of the Boy Inventors, new and interesting
+triumphs of mechanism are produced which become immediately valuable,
+and the stage for their proving and testing is again the water. On the
+surface and below it, the boys have jolly, contagious fun, and the story
+of their serious, purposeful inventions challenge the reader's deepest
+attention.
+
+Any volume sent postpaid upon receipt of price.
+
+HURST & COMPANY--PUBLISHERS--NEW YORK
+
+
+
+
+BORDER BOYS SERIES
+
+Mexican and Canadian Frontier Series
+
+By FREMONT B. DEERING.
+
+Cloth Bound. Illustrated. Price, 50˘. per vol., postpaid
+
+[Illustration: Book Cover]
+
+THE BORDER BOYS ON THE TRAIL.
+
+What it meant to make an enemy of Black Ramon De Barios--that is the
+problem that Jack Merrill and his friends, including Coyote Pete, face
+in this exciting tale.
+
+THE BORDER BOYS ACROSS THE FRONTIER.
+
+Read of the Haunted Mesa and its mysteries, of the Subterranean River
+and its strange uses, of the value of gasolene and steam "in running
+the gauntlet," and you will feel that not even the ancient splendors of
+the Old World can furnish a better setting for romantic action than the
+Border of the New.
+
+THE BORDER BOYS WITH THE MEXICAN RANGERS.
+
+As every day is making history--faster, it is said, than ever before--so
+books that keep pace with the changes are full of rapid action and
+accurate facts. This book deals with lively times on the Mexican border.
+
+THE BORDER BOYS WITH THE TEXAS RANGERS.
+
+The Border Boys have already had much excitement and adventure in their
+lives, but all this has served to prepare them for the experiences
+related in this volume. They are stronger, braver and more resourceful
+than ever, and the exigencies of their life in connection with the Texas
+Rangers demand all their trained ability.
+
+Any volume sent postpaid upon receipt of price.
+
+HURST & COMPANY--PUBLISHERS--NEW YORK
+
+
+
+
+BUNGALOW BOYS SERIES
+
+LIVE STORIES OF OUTDOOR LIFE
+
+By DEXTER J. FORRESTER.
+
+Cloth Bound. Illustrated. Price, 50˘. per vol., postpaid
+
+[Illustration: Book Cover]
+
+THE BUNGALOW BOYS.
+
+How the Bungalow Boys received their title and how they retained the
+right to it in spite of much opposition makes a lively narrative for
+lively boys.
+
+THE BUNGALOW BOYS MAROONED IN THE TROPICS.
+
+A real treasure hunt of the most thrilling kind, with a sunken Spanish
+galleon as its object, makes a subject of intense interest at any time,
+but add to that a band of desperate men, a dark plot and a devil fish,
+and you have the combination that brings strange adventures into the
+lives of the Bungalow Boys.
+
+THE BUNGALOW BOYS IN THE GREAT NORTH WEST.
+
+The clever assistance of a young detective saves the boys from the
+clutches of Chinese smugglers, of whose nefarious trade they know too
+much. How the Professor's invention relieves a critical situation is
+also an exciting incident of this book.
+
+THE BUNGALOW BOYS ON THE GREAT LAKES.
+
+The Bungalow Boys start out for a quiet cruise on the Great Lakes and a
+visit to an island. A storm and a band of wreckers interfere with the
+serenity of their trip, and a submarine adds zest and adventure to it.
+
+Any volume sent postpaid upon receipt of price.
+
+HURST & COMPANY--Publishers--NEW YORK
+
+
+
+
+
+MOTOR RANGERS SERIES
+
+HIGH SPEED MOTOR STORIES
+
+By MARVIN WEST.
+
+Cloth Bound. Illustrated. Price, 50˘. per vol., postpaid
+
+[Illustration: Book Cover]
+
+THE MOTOR RANGERS' LOST MINE.
+
+This is an absorbing story of the continuous adventures of a motor car
+in the hands of Nat Trevor and his friends. It does seemingly impossible
+"stunts," and yet everything happens "in the nick of time."
+
+THE MOTOR RANGERS THROUGH THE SIERRAS.
+
+Enemies in ambush, the peril of fire, and the guarding of treasure make
+exciting times for the Motor Rangers--yet there is a strong flavor of
+fun and freedom, with a typical Western mountaineer for spice.
+
+THE MOTOR RANGERS ON BLUE WATER; or, The Secret of the Derelict.
+
+The strange adventures of the sturdy craft "Nomad" and the stranger
+experiences of the Rangers themselves with Morello's schooner and a
+mysterious derelict form the basis of this well-spun yarn of the sea.
+
+THE MOTOR RANGERS' CLOUD CRUISER.
+
+From the "Nomad" to the "Discoverer," from the sea to the sky, the scene
+changes in which the Motor Rangers figure. They have experiences "that
+never were on land or sea," in heat and cold and storm, over mountain
+peak and lost city, with savages and reptiles; their ship of the air is
+attacked by huge birds of the air; they survive explosion and
+earthquake; they even live to tell the tale!
+
+Any volume sent postpaid upon receipt of price.
+
+HURST & COMPANY--Publishers--NEW YORK
+
+
+
+DREADNOUGHT BOYS SERIES
+
+Tales of the New Navy
+
+By CAPT. WILBUR LAWTON
+
+Author of "BOY AVIATORS SERIES."
+
+Cloth Bound. Illustrated. Price, 50˘. per vol., postpaid
+
+[Illustration: Book Cover]
+
+THE DREADNOUGHT BOYS ON BATTLE PRACTICE.
+
+Especially interesting and timely is this book which introduces the
+reader with its heroes, Ned and Herc, to the great ships of modern
+warfare and to the intimate life and surprising adventures of Uncle
+Sam's sailors.
+
+THE DREADNOUGHT BOYS ABOARD A DESTROYER.
+
+In this story real dangers threaten and the boys' patriotism is tested
+in a peculiar international tangle. The scene is laid on the South
+American coast.
+
+THE DREADNOUGHT BOYS ON A SUBMARINE.
+
+To the inventive genius--trade-school boy or mechanic--this story has
+special charm, perhaps, but to every reader its mystery and clever
+action are fascinating.
+
+THE DREADNOUGHT BOYS ON AERO SERVICE.
+
+Among the volunteers accepted for Aero Service are Ned and Herc. Their
+perilous adventures are not confined to the air, however, although they
+make daring and notable flights in the name of the Government; nor are
+they always able to fly beyond the reach of their old "enemies," who are
+also airmen.
+
+Any volume sent postpaid upon receipt of price.
+
+HURST & COMPANY--Publishers--NEW YORK
+
+
+
+
+MOTOR MAIDS SERIES
+
+Wholesome Stories of Adventure
+
+By KATHERINE STOKES.
+
+Cloth Bound. Illustrated. Price, 50˘. per vol., postpaid
+
+[Illustration: Book Cover]
+
+THE MOTOR MAIDS' SCHOOL DAYS.
+
+Billie Campbell was just the type of a straightforward, athletic girl
+to be successful as a practical Motor Maid. She took her car, as she did
+her class-mates, to her heart, and many a grand good time did they have
+all together. The road over which she ran her red machine had many an
+unexpected turning,--now it led her into peculiar danger; now into
+contact with strange travelers; and again into experiences by fire and
+water. But, best of all, "The Comet" never failed its brave girl owner.
+
+THE MOTOR MAIDS BY PALM AND PINE.
+
+Wherever the Motor Maids went there were lively times, for these were
+companionable girls who looked upon the world as a vastly interesting
+place full of unique adventures--and so, of course, they found them.
+
+THE MOTOR MAIDS ACROSS THE CONTINENT.
+
+It is always interesting to travel, and it is wonderfully entertaining
+to see old scenes through fresh eyes. It is that privilege, therefore,
+that makes it worth while to join the Motor Maids in their first
+'cross-country run.
+
+THE MOTOR MAIDS BY ROSE, SHAMROCK AND HEATHER.
+
+South and West had the Motor Maids motored, nor could their education by
+travel have been more wisely begun. But now a speaking acquaintance with
+their own country enriched their anticipation of an introduction to the
+British Isles. How they made their polite American bow and how they were
+received on the other side is a tale of interest and inspiration.
+
+Any volume sent postpaid upon receipt of price.
+
+HURST & COMPANY--Publishers--NEW YORK
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of From Farm House to the White House, by 
+William M. Thayer
+
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+
+Project Gutenberg's From Farm House to the White House, by William M. Thayer
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: From Farm House to the White House
+       The life of George Washington, his boyhood, youth, manhood,
+              public and private life and services
+
+Author: William M. Thayer
+
+Release Date: April 27, 2009 [EBook #28618]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FROM FARM HOUSE TO THE WHITE HOUSE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Jude Eylander and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<h1>From Farm House<br />
+to the White House</h1>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 528px;">
+<img src="images/cover.jpg" width="528" height="600" alt="Cover" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="illusref"><a name="frontis" id="frontis"></a>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<img src="images/frontis.jpg" width="400" height="513" alt="Frontispiece" title="George Washington" />
+</div>
+
+<div id="box">
+<div class="box1">
+<h3><em><span class="u">LOG CABIN TO WHITE HOUSE SERIES</span></em></h3>
+<h1>From Farm House<br />
+to the White House</h1>
+</div>
+
+<div class="box1">
+<h4>THE LIFE OF<br />
+
+<big>GEORGE WASHINGTON</big>
+
+HIS BOYHOOD, YOUTH, MANHOOD, PUBLIC
+AND PRIVATE LIFE AND SERVICES<br />
+
+<i>By</i> William M. Thayer</h4>
+
+<p class="noi"><small>Author of "From Log Cabin to White House,"
+"From Pioneer Home to White House,"
+"From Tannery to White House,"
+"From Boyhood to Manhood," etc., etc.</small></p>
+
+<hr class="hr3" />
+
+<h4><i>ILLUSTRATED</i></h4>
+</div>
+
+<div class="box1">
+<h4>NEW YORK<br />
+<big>HURST &amp; COMPANY<br />
+PUBLISHERS</big></h4>
+</div></div>
+
+
+
+
+<div class="boxad">
+<h3><span class="u">Log Cabin to White House Series.</span></h3>
+
+<h4><small>UNIFORM WITH THIS VOLUME.</small>
+
+BY WILLIAM M. THAYER:</h4>
+
+<p class="hang2">From Boyhood to Manhood&mdash;Life of Benjamin Franklin.</p>
+
+<p class="hang2">From Farm House to White House&mdash;Life of George Washington.</p>
+
+<p class="hang2">From Log Cabin to White House&mdash;Life of James A. Garfield,
+with eulogy by Hon. James G. Blaine.</p>
+
+<p class="hang2">From Pioneer Home to White House&mdash;Life of Abraham Lincoln,
+with eulogy by Hon. Geo. Bancroft.</p>
+
+<p class="hang2">From Tannery to White House&mdash;Life of Ulysses S. Grant.</p>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">By Edward S. Ellis:</span></h4>
+
+<p class="pr">From Ranch to White House&mdash;Life of Theodore Roosevelt.</p>
+
+<p class="noi center"><big><i>Price Post-Paid, 75&cent;. each, or $4.50 for the set.</i></big></p>
+
+<h4>HURST &amp; COMPANY<br />
+<span class="smcap left">Publishers,</span>
+<span class="smcap right">New York.</span></h4>
+</div>
+
+<h4>Copyright, 1890, By JAMES H. EARLE.</h4>
+
+
+<div class="mtmb">
+<p class="center"><small><span class="old">To</span></small><br />
+<br />
+<small>ALL WHO</small><br />
+<br />
+HONOR TRUE MANHOOD,<br />
+<br />
+<small><span class="old">This Volume,</span></small><br />
+<br />
+<i>REPRESENTING THE ELEMENTS OF SUCCESS</i>,<br />
+<br />
+<span class="old">From Boyhood to Manhood</span><br />
+<br />
+<small>IN THE</small><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Career and Noble Character</span><br />
+<br />
+<small>OF</small><br />
+<br />
+<big>GEORGE WASHINGTON,</big><br />
+<br />
+<small>"<i>THE FATHER OF HIS COUNTRY</i>,"</small><br />
+<br />
+<small><span class="old">Is Sincerely and Affectionately Dedicated.</span></small></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h2>PREFACE.</h2>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Every</span> American, old or young, should become familiar with the life of
+Washington; it will confirm their patriotism and strengthen their
+loyalty. Such a character will become an inspiration to them, eliciting
+nobler aims, and impelling to nobler deeds.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span></p>
+<p>Washington himself wrote to his step-son, who was in college:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>"You are now extending into that stage of life when good or bad habits
+are formed; when the mind will be turned to things useful and
+praiseworthy or to dissipation and vice. Fix on which ever it may, it
+will stick by you; for you know it has been said, and truly, 'The way
+the twig is bent the tree's inclined.' This, in a strong point of view,
+shows the propriety of letting your inexperience be directed by maturer
+advice, and in placing guard upon the avenues which lead to idleness and
+vice. The latter will approach like a thief, working upon your passions,
+encouraged, perhaps, by bad examples, the propensity to which will
+increase in proportion to the practice of it and your yielding. Virtue
+and vice cannot be allied, nor can idleness and industry; of course if
+you resolve to adhere to the former of these extremes, an intimacy with
+those who incline to the latter of them would be extremely embarrassing
+to you; it would be a stumbling block in your way, and act like a
+mill-stone hung to your neck; for it is the nature of idleness and vice
+to obtain as many votaries as they can....</p>
+
+<p>"It is to close application and perseverance that men of letters and
+science are indebted for their knowledge and usefulness; and you are now
+at the period of life when these are to be acquired, or lost for ever.
+As you know how anxious your friends are to <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span> see you enter upon the
+grand theatre of life with the advantages of a finished education, a
+highly cultivated mind, and a proper sense of your duties to God and
+man, I shall only add one sentiment before I close this letter and that
+is, to pay due respect and obedience to your tutors, and affectionate
+reverence for the president of the college, whose character merits your
+highest regards. Let no bad example, for such is to be met in all
+seminaries, have an improper influence upon your conduct. Let this be
+such, and let it be your pride to demean yourself in such a manner as to
+obtain the good will of your superiors and the love of your fellow
+students."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Better advice than this was never given to a youth; and to enforce it,
+we present in this volume the life and character of the great man who so
+lovingly tendered it. By employing the colloquial style, anecdotal
+illustration, and thrilling incident, the author hopes more successfully
+to accomplish his purpose.</p>
+
+<p>In the preparation of this work the author has availed himself of the
+abundant material furnished by Washington's well-known biographers,
+Ramsey, Weems, Marshall, Sparks, Bancroft, Irving, Everett, Custis,
+etc., together with the anecdotes of his earlier and later life, found
+in eulogies, essays, and literary articles upon his life and character,
+with which the literature of our country abounds. Incident is allowed to
+tell the life story of the subject. The incidents of his boyhood and
+youth are particularly narrated, that the achievements of ripe manhood
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span>may more clearly appear to be the outcome of a life well begun. To such
+an example parents and guardians can point with confidence and hope.</p>
+
+<p>Believing that biography should be written and read so as to assure a
+sharp analysis of character, thereby bringing the real qualities of the
+subject to the front, and believing, also, that the biographies of the
+noblest men only should be written for the young, since "example is more
+powerful than precept," the author sends forth this humble volume,
+invoking for it the considerate indulgence of critics, and the blessing
+of Divine Providence.</p>
+
+<p><span class="right">W. M. T.</span>
+
+<span class="smcap i1">Franklin</span>, Mass.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<h2><a name="contents" id="contents"></a>CONTENTS.</h2>
+
+<hr class="hr2" />
+
+<h3>I.<br />
+<small>ANCESTORS AND BIRTH.</small></h3>
+
+<table summary="Table of Contents">
+<tr>
+<td class="tda">Ancestors in England&mdash;John and Lawrence Washington&mdash;Family of
+    Note&mdash;The Washington Manor and Irving&mdash;Sir Henry Washington in
+    War&mdash;English Fox Hunting&mdash;Washington and Franklin&mdash;The
+    Washingtons in America&mdash;Birth of George&mdash;House where
+    born&mdash;Ceremony of placing a Slab on it by Custis&mdash;Paulding
+    describes the Place&mdash;The House described&mdash;George
+    baptized&mdash;Removal to Banks of Rappahannock&mdash;Large Estates&mdash;Style
+    of Living&mdash;Vast Wilderness&mdash;Militia&mdash;Depredations by
+    Indians&mdash;Negro Slavery</td>
+<td class="tdb"><a href="#I">23</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<h3>II.<br />
+<small>BOYHOOD.</small></h3>
+
+<table summary="Table of Contents">
+<tr>
+<td class="tda">    Reliable Information about it&mdash;Visit to the Orchard, and the
+    Rebuke to Selfishness&mdash;George's Name growing in the Garden&mdash;Its
+    Lesson about God&mdash;The Hatchet, and it Lesson about
+    Lying&mdash;Raising a Regiment of Soldiers&mdash;George's Brother in
+    Uniform&mdash;Effect of Military Display on George&mdash;Playing
+    Soldier&mdash;His Brother Lawrence a Good Soldier&mdash;Love Greater than
+    War&mdash;George's Military Spirit increasing&mdash;George's Manly
+    Bearing&mdash;Excels in Athletic Sports&mdash;What Fitzhugh said&mdash;The
+    Sequel</td>
+<td class="tdb"><a href="#II">36</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h3>    III.<br />
+<small>
+
+    SCHOOL DAYS.</small></h3>
+
+<table summary="Table of Contents">
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tda">    His Brother Lawrence educated in England&mdash;Leaving Home&mdash;George
+    at School when Five Years Old&mdash;His Teacher, Hobby&mdash;What a
+    Biographer says of his Progress&mdash;The Homeschool&mdash;His
+    Writing-book and Thoroughness&mdash;A Good Speller&mdash;Studying and
+    Playing with all his Might&mdash;Best Runner, Wrestler, etc.&mdash;The
+    School Grounds a Military Camp&mdash;An English and Spanish Army of
+    Boys&mdash;Juvenile Commander-in-chief&mdash;A Quarrel that George could
+    not Conquer&mdash;Truth-teller and Peacemaker&mdash;At Mr. Williams'
+    School, and a Mother's Lesson&mdash;Studying Surveying&mdash;Mimic
+    War&mdash;Surveying School-grounds&mdash;Later Surveying&mdash;Settling a
+    Difficulty&mdash;Acting as Umpire&mdash;What Mr. Weems says&mdash;What Mrs.
+    Kirkland says</td>
+<td class="tdb"><a href="#III">52</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h3>    IV.<br />
+<small>
+
+    METHOD AND THOROUGHNESS.</small></h3>
+
+<table summary="Table of Contents">
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tda">    Doing Things Well&mdash;Dialogue with Lawrence&mdash;His "Book of Forms,"
+    and what a Schoolmate thought of it&mdash;His "Book of Problems:" its
+    Use and Abuse&mdash;His "Book of Drawing"&mdash;Odd Moments&mdash;Preserving
+    Bits of Prose and Verse&mdash;What Irving says&mdash;His "Rules of
+    Behavior"&mdash;What Lawrence Washington and his Wife thought of
+    them&mdash;Their Influence over him&mdash;Part of them Quoted&mdash;What
+    Everett says of them&mdash;Author's Opinion&mdash;Sample Extract from his
+    Copy-book&mdash;These show his Character&mdash;His Heart made a Level
+    Head </td>
+<td class="tdb"><a href="#IV">72</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h3>    V.<br />
+<small>
+
+    FOUR INCIDENTS AND THEIR LESSONS.</small></h3>
+
+<table summary="Table of Contents">
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tda">    His Father's Sudden Sickness&mdash;George at Chotauk&mdash;The Doctor's
+    Opinion&mdash;Growing Worse, and Startling Revelation&mdash;George sent
+    for&mdash;He arrived when his Father was dying&mdash;Affecting
+    Scene&mdash;Death and Will&mdash;The Arabian Colt&mdash;Attempt to ride
+    him&mdash;The Animal killed&mdash;George confessing his Wrong-doing&mdash;The
+    "Lowland Beauty"&mdash;George in Love&mdash;A Human Heart after All&mdash;What
+    Irving says about it&mdash;Naval Officers at Vernon&mdash;Wants to be a
+    Midshipman&mdash;His Mother's Opposition, and Lawrence's
+    Approval&mdash;Enlists&mdash;Appears before his Mother in Naval
+    Costume&mdash;Her Grief&mdash;He does not go&mdash;His True Manliness asserts
+    itself </td>
+<td class="tdb"><a href="#V">82</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h3>    VI.<br />
+<small>
+
+    HIS MOTHER.</small></h3>
+
+<table summary="Table of Contents">
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tda">    Her Views of Correct Family Government&mdash;Secret of George's
+    Correct Life&mdash;What Custis says about it&mdash;What Lawrence
+    Washington said&mdash;Obedience commanded&mdash;How she commanded her
+    Servants&mdash;Her One Book, next to the Bible, consulted&mdash;What
+    Everett said of it&mdash;Quotations from it&mdash;They teach Honesty,
+    Industry, Fidelity, Religion, etc.&mdash;Her
+    Ancestry&mdash;Courage&mdash;Afraid of Lightning&mdash;Her Singular
+    Dream&mdash;Weems' Explanation&mdash;Care of her Family&mdash;Mr. Sparks'
+    Tribute&mdash;Irving's Tribute&mdash;Her Son visits her before going to
+    War&mdash;Her Patriotism&mdash;Taking Charge of her Own Business&mdash;Her Joy
+    over Cornwallis' Surrender&mdash;Her Son's Visit to her&mdash;The Ball,
+    and his Staff introduced to her&mdash;Compared with Napoleon's
+    Mother&mdash;Lafayette's Visit to her&mdash;Her Son's Visit to her before
+    becoming President&mdash;Custis' description of the Scene&mdash;Her Death,
+    Burial, and Monument&mdash;Jackson's Eulogy&mdash;John Adams' Words&mdash;The
+    Mother of Such a Son, and the Son of Such a Mother </td>
+<td class="tdb"><a href="#VI">103</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h3>    VII.<br />
+<small>
+
+    YOUNG SURVEYOR.</small></h3>
+
+<table summary="Table of Contents">
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tda">    His Mother's Views about his Future&mdash;The Plea of Lawrence&mdash;Goes
+    to Live at Mount Vernon&mdash;Lawrence's Eye on a Military Life for
+    him&mdash;Lessons in "The Manual Exercise"&mdash;Lessons in
+    "Fencing"&mdash;Reading Military Treatises&mdash;In the Family of William
+    Fairfax&mdash;What the Latter thought of him&mdash;Meets Lord
+    Fairfax&mdash;What Everett says of him&mdash;What Irving says&mdash;Reading
+    Books and Fox Hunting&mdash;An Unexpected Proposition&mdash;Becomes a
+    Surveyor&mdash;His Appearance now&mdash;Keeping a Journal&mdash;Extracts from
+    Letter and Journal&mdash;Mode of Life described&mdash;Hardships&mdash;What
+    Abbott and Everett say of his Hardships&mdash;Camping Out&mdash;In Indian
+    Wigwam&mdash;His Journal describes a Scene&mdash;Other Entries&mdash;What he
+    recorded&mdash;Sparks' Tribute to his Thoroughness as a
+    Surveyor&mdash;Everett's Tribute&mdash;The Stevenson Family&mdash;Sports with
+    the Seven Sons&mdash;Among his Officers, Later&mdash;Greenaway
+    Court&mdash;Appointed Public Surveyor&mdash;In Training for the War of
+    Seventy-six </td>
+<td class="tdb"><a href="#VII">132</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h3>    VIII.<br />
+<small>
+
+    MILITARY HONORS.</small></h3>
+
+<table summary="Table of Contents">
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tda">    The Proposition of Lawrence, and Discussion of it&mdash;Appointed
+    Adjutant-general&mdash;Ill Health of Lawrence&mdash;Decides to spend the
+    Winter in Barbadoes&mdash;George goes with him&mdash;Lawrence no
+    Better&mdash;George has the Small-pox&mdash;Returns to Virginia in
+    April&mdash;Lawrence returns in June and dies in Six Weeks&mdash;George
+    one of his Executors&mdash;What Everett says of it&mdash;Enters Masonic
+    Lodge&mdash;His Commission renewed&mdash;Duties pressing upon him&mdash;Signs
+    of War&mdash;Encroachments by the French&mdash;The Claims of the
+    Indians&mdash;What a Chief said&mdash;The Governor's Conference with
+    Gist&mdash;Mission to the French proposed&mdash;George offers his
+    Services&mdash;Interview with Governor Dinwiddie&mdash;A Copy of his
+    Commission&mdash;His Companions&mdash;Visits his Mother&mdash;Letter to French
+    Commander  </td>
+<td class="tdb"><a href="#VIII">150</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h3>    IX.<br />
+<small>
+
+    MISSION TO THE FRENCH.</small></h3>
+
+<table summary="Table of Contents">
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tda">    The Journey begun&mdash;Route&mdash;A Storm&mdash;A Torrent&mdash;Baggage on
+    Canal&mdash;Visit to Shingiss&mdash;Tanacharisson&mdash;Monochatica&mdash;Meeting
+    Deserters&mdash;Learning of the Forts from there to New Orleans&mdash;The
+    Half-king&mdash;Describes his Visit to Pierre Paul, now Dead&mdash;His
+    Speech&mdash;Pierre Paul's Reply&mdash;Indian Council and Washington's
+    Speech&mdash;Indian's Reply&mdash;Results of the Council&mdash;Indians to
+    conduct them to the Fort&mdash;Journey delayed&mdash;Way to
+    Venango&mdash;Arrival and Conference with the French&mdash;Dinner
+    Scene&mdash;Information</td>
+<td class="tdb"><a href="#IX">163</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h3>    X.<br />
+<small>
+
+    FRENCH MISSION&mdash;(CONTINUED.)</small></h3>
+
+<table summary="Table of Contents">
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tda">    The Next Fort&mdash;Introduction to Commander&mdash;Arrival of Paul's
+    Successor&mdash;Receives Dinwiddie's Letter&mdash;Washington draws Plan of
+    the Fort&mdash;His Inquiries about Certain Captures&mdash;Reparti's Reply
+    to Dinwiddie&mdash;French attempt to bribe Indians&mdash;Injury to White
+    Thunder, and Delay&mdash;Return Journey&mdash;Snow&mdash;Washington and Gist
+    leave the Party&mdash;Their Adventure&mdash;The Indian Guide&mdash;He proves
+    False&mdash;A Startling Episode&mdash;The Indian disposed of&mdash;Reaching the
+    River&mdash;Building a Raft&mdash;Attempt to Cross&mdash;Washington straggling
+    in the Water&mdash;They reach an Island&mdash;Escape&mdash;Twenty Indian
+    Warriors&mdash;The Indian Queen&mdash;Arrival at Williamsburg&mdash;Interview
+    with the Governor&mdash;His Journal printed</td>
+<td class="tdb"><a href="#X">178</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h3>    XI.<br />
+<small>
+
+    HIS FIRST BATTLE.</small></h3>
+
+<table summary="Table of Contents">
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tda">    Effect of Washington's Mission&mdash;Orders from the
+    King&mdash;Recruiting&mdash;The Governor's Bounty to Soldiers&mdash;Washington
+    offered the Command&mdash;Talk with a Friend&mdash;Letter to Colonel
+    Corbin&mdash;Does not accept Command&mdash;Payne knocks Washington
+    down&mdash;How the Affair ended&mdash;What McGuire says of Washington's
+    Magnanimity&mdash;Washington takes up his March&mdash;Meeting Captain
+    Trent&mdash;Need of More Men&mdash;Courier announces Surrender of
+    Fort&mdash;Declaration of War&mdash;Washington's Prompt Action&mdash;March to
+    Red Stone Creek and Great Meadows&mdash;The French surprised, and a
+    Battle&mdash;Jumonville killed&mdash;Entrenching at Great Meadows&mdash;Short
+    of Supplies&mdash;His Own Chaplain&mdash;Order against Swearing&mdash;Marching
+    to meet the Foe&mdash;Retreat to Great Meadows&mdash;A Hot
+    Battle&mdash;Washington surrenders&mdash;Return to Williamsburg&mdash;Honors,
+    and Larger Provisions&mdash;Death of Jumonville
+    justified&mdash;Dinwiddie's Words </td>
+<td class="tdb"><a href="#XI">194</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h3>    XII.<br />
+<small>
+
+    ON GENERAL BRADDOCK'S STAFF.</small></h3>
+
+<table summary="Table of Contents">
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tda">    Governor Dinwiddie's Proposition&mdash;Washington dissents&mdash;Dinwiddie
+    insists&mdash;Washington's Letter&mdash;His Rank reduced from Colonel to
+    Captain&mdash;He resigns, and retires to Mount Vernon&mdash;The Enterprise
+    abandoned&mdash;A Convention of the Colonies&mdash;The King sends General
+    Braddock with Army&mdash;He demands the Services of Washington&mdash;Their
+    Correspondence and Interview&mdash;Washington's Motive&mdash;On the
+    Staff&mdash;Meeting with his Mother&mdash;The March begins&mdash;Grand
+    Spectacle&mdash;Braddock's Talk with Dr. Franklin&mdash;Underrating Indian
+    Tactics&mdash;Washington disabled by Sickness&mdash;Talk with Braddock
+    about Indians&mdash;Army Wagons Useless&mdash;Braddock's Temper and Love
+    of Drink&mdash;Good Disciplinarian&mdash;Washington's Advice
+    rejected&mdash;Indian Allies&mdash;How deserted&mdash;What Scarvoyadi
+    said&mdash;Surprised by Indians&mdash;Terrible Battle&mdash;Washington's
+    Bravery&mdash;Dr. Craik's Word&mdash;An Eye-witness&mdash;How British
+    fought&mdash;Braddock mortally wounded&mdash;Whole Command on
+    Washington&mdash;Retreat&mdash;Braddock's Confession&mdash;Dies at Fort
+    Necessity&mdash;Burial&mdash;Horrible Scenes at Duquesne&mdash;Testimony of a
+    Prisoner&mdash;Words of Washington&mdash;Letter to his Mother&mdash;Letter to
+    his Brother </td>
+<td class="tdb"><a href="#XII">211</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h3>    XIII.<br />
+<small>
+
+    ON THE FRONTIER.</small></h3>
+
+<table summary="Table of Contents">
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tda">    General Dunbar a Coward&mdash;Goes into Winter Quarters in
+    Philadelphia&mdash;Assembly meets&mdash;Washington's Advice to the
+    Governor&mdash;The Assembly Timid&mdash;Washington appointed
+    Commander-in-chief of Virginia Forces&mdash;Failure of the Other
+    Expeditions&mdash;Conference with Fairfax&mdash;Headquarters at
+    Winchester&mdash;A Great Scare&mdash;Its Funny Termination&mdash;Washington's
+    Appeal to Dinwiddie&mdash;Trouble with Captain Dagworthy&mdash;Goes to
+    Boston on Horseback&mdash;Meets Miss Phillips in New
+    York&mdash;Honors&mdash;His Return&mdash;Love in New York&mdash;Sudden Alarm calls
+    him to Winchester&mdash;Hurried Steps at Defence&mdash;Letter to Loudoun
+    describing the Condition of Frontier&mdash;Appeal to Dinwiddie for
+    the Terrified People&mdash;Indian Atrocities&mdash;Dreadful Scenes
+    described by Washington&mdash;Washington Sick Four
+    Months&mdash;Changes </td>
+<td class="tdb"><a href="#XIII">232</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h3>    XIV.<br />
+<small>
+
+    A RIFT IN THE CLOUD.</small></h3>
+
+<table summary="Table of Contents">
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tda">    Great Need of the Hour&mdash;The People Timid&mdash;Washington's Mother
+    again&mdash;Another Expedition against Duquesne&mdash;Size of the
+    Army&mdash;Goes to Williamsburg&mdash;Mr. Chamberlain's Salutation&mdash;Stops
+    to Dine&mdash;Meets Mrs. Custis&mdash;A Widow Bewitching&mdash;Business
+    done&mdash;Returning, stops to see Mrs. Custis&mdash;A Treaty of Love&mdash;The
+    New Road Project&mdash;Washington opposes it&mdash;Elected to House of
+    Burgesses&mdash;Delay&mdash;Army moved in September&mdash;Braddock's Folly
+    repeated&mdash;Washington overruled&mdash;His Prophecy&mdash;Major Grant&mdash;His
+    Reckless Course&mdash;Conceit of Grant and Forbes&mdash;Marching into an
+    Indian Ambuscade&mdash;A Bloody Battle&mdash;Defeat of the
+    English&mdash;Retreat&mdash;Where was Washington&mdash;His Views&mdash;Forbes
+    proposes Winter Quarters&mdash;Washington proposes and leads Another
+    Attack&mdash;The Enemy escapes from the Fort&mdash;Washington plants Flag
+    over it&mdash;Leaves Force to rebuild&mdash;French War ended&mdash;Washington
+    resigns&mdash;Goes to Mount Vernon&mdash;Testimonial of Officers</td>
+<td class="tdb"><a href="#XIV">249</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h3>    XV.<br />
+<small>
+
+    HIS WIFE AND HOME.</small></h3>
+
+<table summary="Table of Contents">
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tda">    Who was Mrs. Custis&mdash;Rich and Beautiful&mdash;Washington's
+    Marriage&mdash;What Negro said of him&mdash;Took Seat in House of
+    Burgesses&mdash;Happy Man&mdash;The Legislature do him Honor&mdash;Removes to
+    Mount Vernon&mdash;His Estates described&mdash;Sixteen Spinning
+    Wheels&mdash;Mrs. Washington at the Head&mdash;Irving's Description&mdash;Rank
+    necessarily maintained&mdash;Company, and English Style&mdash;Mrs.
+    Washington's Wardrobe&mdash;His Wardrobe&mdash;Education of her
+    Children&mdash;Their Wardrobe&mdash;Her Kindness to Slaves&mdash;Domestic
+    Habits&mdash;Washington labored on Farm&mdash;Systematic
+    Habits&mdash;Improvements on Farm&mdash;Reclaiming Dismal Swamp&mdash;Hunting
+    in Winter&mdash;Interlopers, and the War against them&mdash;The Hunter
+    conquered&mdash;Attending Episcopal Church&mdash;Mrs. Washington a Devout
+    Christian&mdash;Building a House of Worship&mdash;Washington at
+    Church&mdash;Death of Mrs. Washington's Daughter&mdash;The Son
+    Wayward&mdash;Letter about Love&mdash;King's College, and
+    Incident&mdash;Keeping his Books&mdash;In her Husband's Headquarters in
+    Winter&mdash;Death&mdash;Mount Vernon now </td>
+<td class="tdb"><a href="#XV">270</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h3>    XVI.<br />
+<small>
+
+    COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF.</small></h3>
+
+<table summary="Table of Contents">
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tda">    More Indian Depredations, and War&mdash;Washington's Conference with
+    Mason on English Tyranny&mdash;Taxation without
+    Representation&mdash;Oppressive Acts multiplied&mdash;The Stamp
+    Act&mdash;Patrick Henry in the Assembly&mdash;Treason&mdash;Governor dissolved
+    the Assembly&mdash;A Re-election&mdash;Washington stands with Patrick
+    Henry&mdash;Discussion with Fairfax on the State of Affairs&mdash;Dr.
+    Franklin before a Committee of Parliament&mdash;Friends of America in
+    Parliament&mdash;Next Assembly Bolder, and dissolved by
+    Governor&mdash;Washington's Plan to use no Articles taxed&mdash;The Tax
+    removed except on Tea&mdash;Tea thrown into Boston Harbor&mdash;Action of
+    the Citizens against British Soldiers&mdash;Day of Fasting and
+    Prayer&mdash;Effigies and Mock Processions Boston Port
+    Bill&mdash;Washington's Journey to Ohio in Behalf of his Old
+    Soldiers&mdash;First American Congress&mdash;The Chaplain Memorial to the
+    King&mdash;Chatham's Defence of the Colonies&mdash;British Soldiers sent
+    to Boston&mdash;The Patriots aroused&mdash;Battles of Lexington and
+    Concord&mdash;The Revolution begun&mdash;Putnam and the Grand
+    Rally&mdash;Second American Congress&mdash;Washington and Adams&mdash;Raise an
+    Army, and choose Washington for Commander-in-chief&mdash;Adams'
+    Opinion of him</td>
+<td class="tdb"><a href="#XVI">295</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h3>    XVII.<br />
+<small>
+
+    IN THE SIEGE OF BOSTON.</small></h3>
+
+<table summary="Table of Contents">
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tda">    Adams to Washington&mdash;Prepares to Take Command&mdash;Letter to Mrs.
+    Washington&mdash;His Will&mdash;Another Letter&mdash;Starts&mdash;Meets a
+    Courier&mdash;His Journey&mdash;Legislature&mdash;Assumes Command&mdash;Mrs. Adams'
+    Opinion&mdash;Talk with Gen. Ward&mdash;Order and Discipline&mdash;Condition of
+    the Army&mdash;Washington's first Order&mdash;Change Wrought&mdash;Scarcity of
+    Powder&mdash;Feat of Knox&mdash;Washington's Headquarters&mdash;Day of
+    Fasting&mdash;Arrival of Supplies&mdash;Cruelty of British to
+    Prisoners&mdash;Remonstrance Against&mdash;Retaliation&mdash;Army
+    Reduced&mdash;Feelings of Washington&mdash;Proposed Attack on Boston&mdash;His
+    Plan&mdash;Cannonading Described&mdash;British Repulsed by Storm&mdash;Boston
+    Evacuated&mdash;British Depredation&mdash;Washington Provides for Charity
+    at Home&mdash;Mrs. Washington in Cambridge&mdash;His Rigid Discipline, an
+    Incident&mdash;Old South and North Church&mdash;A Theatre and a
+    Scare&mdash;British Pride Humbled&mdash;Action of Congress</td>
+<td class="tdb"><a href="#XVII">321</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h3>    XVIII.<br />
+<small>
+
+    DEFENDING NEW YORK.</small></h3>
+
+<table summary="Table of Contents">
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tda">    Where the Enemy is going&mdash;General Putnam in Command at New
+    York&mdash;Washington Goes There&mdash;Hears from the Enemy&mdash;Condition of
+    our Army in New York&mdash;Words of Washington&mdash;Letter to his
+    Brother&mdash;Action of Congress&mdash;Plot to Seize Washington&mdash;A
+    Conspirator Hung&mdash;Enemy in the Harbor&mdash;Declaration of
+    Independence Read to the Army&mdash;Statue of George III.
+    destroyed&mdash;Putnam and Hamilton&mdash;Sir Henry Clinton&mdash;Attacking
+    Fort Moultrie&mdash;Cudjo&mdash;The Army encouraged&mdash;The Corporal
+    rebuked&mdash;The Sabbath honored&mdash;Washington's Address&mdash;Army in Bad
+    plight&mdash;Order against Profanity&mdash;The Enemy moving to capture
+    Brooklyn Heights&mdash;Livingston's Message&mdash;Washington's Address to
+    Army&mdash;Terrible Battle&mdash;Americans retreat under cover of
+    Storm&mdash;What Sparks says of it&mdash;A Council of
+    War&mdash;Deserters&mdash;Retreat from New York&mdash;Stand at Harlem&mdash;Nathan
+    Hale&mdash;Washington's Daring&mdash;Great Fire in New York&mdash;Loss in
+    Canada&mdash;Disaffection in Army&mdash;General Lee returns to
+    Harlem&mdash;Council of War&mdash;Another Retreat necessary</td>
+<td class="tdb"><a href="#XVIII">349</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h3>    XIX.<br />
+<small>
+
+    FROM HARLEM TO TRENTON.</small></h3>
+
+<table summary="Table of Contents">
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tda">    Fort Washington and Allies&mdash;Retreat to White Plains&mdash;Looking for
+    a Position&mdash;The Enemy in Camp&mdash;A Battle&mdash;Falling back to North
+    Castle&mdash;The Enemy withdraw&mdash;What Washington suspected&mdash;Advised
+    to evacuate Fort Washington&mdash;The Enemy capture the Fort&mdash;Gloomy
+    Times&mdash;Retreat over the Hackensack&mdash;Retreat to Newark&mdash;General
+    Lee disobeying Orders&mdash;Further Retreat&mdash;Boats for Seventy Miles
+    collected&mdash;Disappointment and a Plot&mdash;Opposition to
+    Washington&mdash;Retreat to Trenton&mdash;Darkest Hour yet&mdash;Washington
+    still hopeful&mdash;Will retreat over every River and
+    Mountain&mdash;General Lee's Treasonable Course&mdash;General Heath's
+    Firmness&mdash;Crossing the Delaware&mdash;Skill of Washington in
+    Retreating&mdash;Lee still disobeys Orders&mdash;Lee's Folly and
+    Capture&mdash;Magnanimity of Washington</td>
+<td class="tdb"><a href="#XIX">372</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h3>   XX.<br />
+<small>
+
+    BATTLES OF TRENTON AND PRINCETON.</small></h3>
+
+<table summary="Table of Contents">
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tda">    Putnam fortifying Philadelphia&mdash;Congress investing Washington
+    with More Power&mdash;Arrival of Troops&mdash;Startling Proposition by
+    Washington&mdash;Recrosses the Delaware to Fight&mdash;His Address to his
+    Army&mdash;The Battle&mdash;The Enemy driven&mdash;The Hessian Commander
+    mortally wounded&mdash;Fruits of this Victory&mdash;The Welcome News
+    spreads&mdash;Washington sees the Time for Another Blow&mdash;Over the
+    Delaware again&mdash;Raises Money for the Army&mdash;Action of
+    Congress&mdash;The Enemy marching from Princeton&mdash;A
+    Battle&mdash;Cornwallis outwitted&mdash;God on the Side of the Weak
+    Battalions&mdash;Battle of Princeton&mdash;An Affecting
+    Incident&mdash;Cornwallis at his Wits End&mdash;Results of the
+    Battle&mdash;Fall of General Mercer&mdash;His Bravery to the
+    End&mdash;Washington goes to Morristown for Winter Quarters&mdash;The
+    Enemy Panic-stricken&mdash;Driven out of Jersey&mdash;Wonderful
+    Achievements in Ten Days&mdash;Tributes of Praise&mdash;Camp at Morristown
+    broken up&mdash;Celebrating the Lord's Supper&mdash;Encamped at
+    Germantown&mdash;British Fleet appears&mdash;Washington meets Lafayette,
+    and appoints him on his Staff&mdash;Some Account of the Young
+    Nobleman</td>
+<td class="tdb"><a href="#XX">389</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h3>    XXI.<br />
+<small>
+
+    DEFEAT AND VICTORY.</small></h3>
+
+<table summary="Table of Contents">
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tda">    Plans of the British for 1777&mdash;A Temperance Officer&mdash;Battle of
+    Bennington&mdash;Grand Victory&mdash;Battle at Fort Schuyler&mdash;Indian
+    Butchery&mdash;Miss McCrea murdered by them&mdash;Battle of
+    Brandywine&mdash;Lafayette wounded&mdash;Providential Care&mdash;Battle of
+    Germantown, and Results&mdash;Washington's Daring&mdash;Forts reduced, and
+    the Enemy take Philadelphia&mdash;Burgoyne captured, and his
+    Supplies&mdash;Kosciusko&mdash;The British revelling in
+    Philadelphia&mdash;Washington in Winter Quarters at Valley
+    Forge&mdash;Famine in Camp, and Great Sufferings&mdash;Washington feeding
+    a Soldier&mdash;A Conspiracy against the Chief&mdash;Dr.
+    Craik&mdash;Hamilton&mdash;Mrs. Washington in Camp&mdash;Her Pity for
+    Soldiers&mdash;Washington engaged in Prayer&mdash;Baron
+    Stuben&mdash;Pulaski&mdash;Exchange of Distinguished Prisoners&mdash;Alliance
+    with France&mdash;Council of War&mdash;British evacuate
+    Philadelphia&mdash;Pursued&mdash;Battle of Monmouth&mdash;A Thrilling Incident,
+    and Dr. Griffith&mdash;The Fifer Boy&mdash;Lee's Cowardly
+    Conduct&mdash;Hamilton&mdash;Washington's Exposure to Death&mdash;Grand
+    Victory&mdash;Enemy retreat&mdash;Lee Court-martialed&mdash;Arrival of French
+    Fleet&mdash;Winter Quarters at Middlebrook&mdash;Cruelties of the
+    Enemy&mdash;Massacres of Cherry Valley and Wyoming&mdash;Scenes at close
+    of 1779&mdash;British Cruelty to Prisoners in the "Sugar House" and
+    "Jersey Prison-ship"</td>
+<td class="tdb"><a href="#XXI">405</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h3>   XXII.<br />
+<small>
+
+    CLOSE OF THE WAR.</small></h3>
+
+<table summary="Table of Contents">
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tda">    Treason of Arnold&mdash;How Accomplished&mdash;Capture and Execution
+    of Andr&eacute;&mdash;Arnold serving in the British Army&mdash;Ravages in
+    Virginia&mdash;Attacking Mount Vernon&mdash;Washington goes South&mdash;Calls
+    at Mount Vernon&mdash;Joins Lafayette at Williamsburg&mdash;Attacks
+    Cornwallis at Yorktown&mdash;Bombardment&mdash;Governor Nelson&mdash;Taking
+    of Two Redoubts&mdash;Washington's Narrow Escape&mdash;Surrender of
+    Cornwallis&mdash;Washington's Order&mdash;Fruits of the Victory&mdash;The
+    Formal Delivery of Cornwallis' Sword&mdash;Delivery of Flags&mdash;Divine
+    Service&mdash;Sickness and Death of his Step-son&mdash;Sad Scene&mdash;Help of
+    French Fleet&mdash;God for Small Battalions again&mdash;Washington's
+    War-horse&mdash;News of Cornwallis' Surrender in Philadelphia&mdash;Action
+    of Congress, and Day of Thanksgiving&mdash;News in
+    England&mdash;Washington's Plan to Push the War</td>
+<td class="tdb"><a href="#XXII">426</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h3>    XXIII.<br />
+<small>
+
+    PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES.</small></h3>
+
+<table summary="Table of Contents">
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tda">    Conference with Lafayette&mdash;Negotiations for War&mdash;Sir Henry
+    Clinton&mdash;Treaty of Peace&mdash;What America Won, and England
+    Lost&mdash;Washington Parting with his Soldiers&mdash;Meets Congress at
+    Annapolis&mdash;Retires to Mount Vernon&mdash;Improvement of his Mansion
+    and Plantations&mdash;Encourages Education&mdash;Refuses Gift of
+    $40,000&mdash;Generosity to the Poor&mdash;A Pleasing Incident&mdash;Meeting
+    Payne again&mdash;His Industry&mdash;In Convention to Form
+    Constitution&mdash;Elected President&mdash;Reluctance to Accept&mdash;Journey
+    to New York&mdash;Ovation at Trenton&mdash;At New York&mdash;His Cabinet&mdash;Style
+    of Living&mdash;Grooming Horses&mdash;His Sickness&mdash;Tour through New
+    England&mdash;Example of Punctuality&mdash;Too Late for Dinner&mdash;The Pair
+    of Horses&mdash;Presidential Mansion&mdash;The Injured Debtor&mdash;Urged for
+    Second Presidential Term&mdash;Elected&mdash;Fruits of it&mdash;Tour South, and
+    Punctuality&mdash;Amount of his Work&mdash;Thoroughness&mdash;Civil Service
+    Reform&mdash;Lafayette in Exile&mdash;Washington's Maxims&mdash;Offered a Third
+    Term&mdash;Farewell Address&mdash;Retirement&mdash;His Opposition to
+    Slavery&mdash;Emancipation of them&mdash;The Result</td>
+<td class="tdb"><a href="#XXIII">440</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h3>    XXIV.<br />
+<small>
+
+    DEATH AND FUNERAL CEREMONIES.</small></h3>
+
+<table summary="Table of Contents">
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tda">    Exposure and Cold&mdash;Ignores Wise Suggestions&mdash;Severe
+    Attack&mdash;Rawlins bleeds him&mdash;Believes his End is Near, and
+    Resignation&mdash;His Will&mdash;The Physicians arrive&mdash;All Remedies
+    fail&mdash;His Last Request&mdash;Death&mdash;Mrs. Washington's Words&mdash;What
+    Custis says of her&mdash;Sad Tidings spread&mdash;Action of Congress&mdash;The
+    Senate's Letter to President Adams&mdash;The Funeral at Mount
+    Vernon&mdash;Sorrow Universal&mdash;What Irving says&mdash;Eulogy by Fisher
+    Ames&mdash;Lord Brougham's Estimate&mdash;Everett's Final Conclusion, and
+    Father of His Country</td>
+<td class="tdb"><a href="#XXIV">484</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h3>    XXV.</h3>
+<table summary="Table of Contents">
+<tr>
+<td class="tda">    Eulogy by General Henry Lee</td>
+<td class="tdb"><a href="#XXV">491</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<h1>LIFE OF WASHINGTON</h1>
+
+<hr class="hr2" />
+
+<h2><a name="I" id="I"></a>I<br />
+<br />
+<small>ANCESTORS AND BIRTH.</small></h2>
+
+
+<p class="noi"><span class="smcap">More</span> than two hundred years ago, when America was chiefly inhabited by
+Indians two brothers, in England, John and Lawrence Washington, resolved
+to remove hither. As they were not poor, doomed to eke out a miserable
+existence from a reluctant soil, it is supposed that <i>politics</i> was the
+immediate cause of their removal. It was during the reign of Cromwell,
+and he made it hot for his enemies. In 1655 a general insurrection was
+attempted, and the vengeance of Cromwell descended upon the heads of all
+the participants and not a few of their friends, making their land an
+uncomfortable place for a residence. There is no evidence that these
+brothers were engaged in the insurrection; but there is quite sufficient
+proof that the political situation was stormy, subjecting the Washington
+family to frequent molestation.</p>
+
+<p>Edward Everett says: <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span>"There is no doubt that the politics of the family
+determined the two brothers, John and Lawrence, to emigrate to Virginia;
+that colony being the favorite resort of the Cavaliers, during the
+government of Cromwell, as New England was the retreat of the Puritans,
+in the period which preceded the Commonwealth."</p>
+
+<p>We suspect that these brothers did not understand Indians as well as they
+did Cromwell, or they would not have been so willing to exchange the
+latter for the former. However, English colonists had settled in the
+wilderness of Virginia, and, possibly, some of their own acquaintances
+were already there. They knew somewhat of that particular portion of the
+new world, and what they knew was generally favorable. Being young men,
+too, unmarried, intelligent, adventurous and fearless, life in America
+appeared to them romantic rather than otherwise. Be this as it may, John
+and Lawrence Washington removed to this country in 1657, and settled in
+Westmoreland County, Virginia.</p>
+
+<p>One fact indicates that they belonged to a noble ancestry. Lawrence was
+educated at Oxford University, and was a lawyer by profession, and
+therefore was a young man of rank and promise, while John was engaged in
+business and resided on a valuable estate at South Cove in Yorkshire.
+They were young men of brains and tact, fitted by natural endowments and
+education to lay the foundation of things in a new country. They
+descended from an ancestry of honor and influence from the twelfth
+century. That ancestry lived in warlike times. Some of them were
+renowned for deeds of heroism. All of them were known for loyalty,
+intelligence and solidity of character. Washington Irving paid a visit
+to the ancient "Washington's manor" at Sulgrave, several years before he
+wrote the "Life of George Washington," and he said,&mdash;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span></p>
+<p>"It was in a rural neighborhood, where the farm-houses were quaint and
+antiquated. A part only of the manor-house remained, and was inhabited by
+a farmer. The Washington crest, in colored glass, was to be seen in a
+window of what is now the buttery. A window, on which the whole family
+arms was emblazoned, had been removed to the residence of the actual
+proprietor of the manor. Another relic of the ancient manor of the
+Washingtons was a rookery in a venerable grove hard by. The rooks, those
+staunch adherents to old family abodes, still hovered and cawed about
+their hereditary nests. In the pavement of the parish church we were
+shown a stone slab, bearing effigies, on plates of brass, of Lawrence
+Washington, gent., and Anne his wife, and their four sons and eleven
+daughters. The inscription, in black letters, was dated 1564."</p>
+
+<p>A nephew of John and Lawrence Washington, Sir Henry Washington,
+distinguished himself in the civil wars, under Prince Rupert, at the
+storming of Bristol, where he broke through the wall with a handful of
+infantry after the assailants had been beaten off, and led the forces to
+victory. For his prowess he was promoted, and was in command at
+Worcester, when that place was stormed, at a time when the king fled
+from Oxford in disguise and the loyal cause was in peril. He received a
+letter from General Fairfax, whose victorious army was at Haddington,
+demanding the immediate surrender of Worcester. Colonel Washington
+replied:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p class="noi">"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>,&mdash;It is acknowledged by your books, and by report of your
+own quarter, that the king is in some of your armies. That
+granted, it may be easy for you to procure his majesty's
+commands for the disposal of this garrison. Till then, I shall
+make good the trust reposed in me. As for conditions, if I
+shall be necessitated, I shall make the best I can. The worst
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span>I know, and fear not; if I had, the profession of a soldier
+had not been begun, nor so long continued by your
+Excellency's humble servant."      <span class="smcap right">Henry Washington.</span></p></blockquote>
+
+<p class="as">For three months he withstood the siege, experiencing hunger and
+hardship, until his Majesty ordered capitulation.</p>
+
+<p>Irving says of this heroic stand, "Those who believe in hereditary
+virtues may see foreshadowed in the conduct of this Washington of
+Worcester, the magnanimous constancy of purpose, the disposition to
+'hope against hope,' which bore our Washington triumphantly through the
+darkest days of our revolution."</p>
+
+<p>It appears that the Washingtons were first in war as well as in peace,
+centuries ago. There was wealth, fame and influence in the family, from
+generation to generation. Their prominence in the grand hunt of those
+times proves their high social and public position.</p>
+
+<p>Irvington says, "Hunting came next to war in those days, as the
+occupation of the nobility and gentry. The clergy engaged in it equally
+with the laity. The hunting establishment of the Bishop of Durham (who
+belonged to the Washington family) was on a princely scale. He had his
+forests, chases and parks, with their train of foresters, rangers and
+park-keepers. A grand hunt was a splendid pageant, in which all his
+barons and knights attended him with horse and hound."</p>
+
+<p>Later, the famous English fox-hunting, in which noblemen engaged with
+great pomp and expense, engaged the attention of the Washingtons. We
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span>refer to the fact here, because it will explain certain things connected
+with the life and times of our George Washington in Virginia.</p>
+
+<p>Everett says, "It may be mentioned as a somewhat striking fact, and one
+I believe not hitherto adverted to, that the families of Washington and
+Franklin&mdash;the former the great leader of the American Revolution, the
+latter not second to any of his patriotic associates&mdash;were established
+for several generations in the same central county of Northamptonshire,
+and within a few miles of each other; the Washingtons at Brighton and
+Sulgrave, belonging to the landed gentry of the county, and in the great
+civil war supporting the royal side; the Franklins, at the village of
+Ecton, living on the produce of a farm of thirty acres, and the earnings
+of their trade as blacksmiths, and espousing,&mdash;some of them, at least,
+and the father and uncle of Benjamin Franklin among the number,&mdash;the
+principles of the non-conformists. Their respective emigrations, germs
+of great events, in history, took place,&mdash;that of John Washington, the
+great-grandfather of George, in 1657, to loyal Virginia,&mdash;that of Josiah
+Franklin, the father of Benjamin, about the year 1685, to the metropolis
+of Puritan New England."</p>
+
+<p>This brief sketch of the Washington family in the mother country must
+suffice. Its history in our country began in 1657, on the West Bank of
+the Potomac, about fifty miles from its entrance into Chesapeake Bay, in
+Westmoreland County. The two brothers, John and Lawrence, purchased an
+estate of several thousand acres there, and erected thereon a
+comfortable dwelling. In process of time, John married Miss Anne Pope,
+and went to reside on Bridge's Creek. Two sons, Lawrence and John, and a
+daughter, were the fruits of his union. Lawrence, the oldest son,
+married Mildred Warner, daughter of Colonel Augustus Warner, by whom he
+had three children, John, Augustine and Mildred. The second son,
+Augustine, became the father of George Washington. He married Jane
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span>Butler, by whom he had four children&mdash;Butler, Lawrence, Augustine and
+Jane. His wife died; and two years thereafter, Mary Ball, a young lady
+of great beauty, became his second wife. They were married March 6,
+1730. Their first child was George, who was born February 22, 1732. Five
+other children&mdash;Betty, Samuel, John Augustine, Charles and
+Mildred&mdash;were added to the family.</p>
+
+<p>John Washington, grandfather of Augustine, distinguished himself in
+military affairs, and became lieutenant-colonel in the wars against the
+Indians. He was one of the largest planters in the colony, and became
+one of the most influential men. In time he became a magistrate and a
+member of the House of Burgesses. The name of the parish in which he
+lived&mdash;Washington&mdash;was derived from him.</p>
+
+<p>Augustine Washington, father of George, lived on Pope's Creek when the
+latter was born, about one-half mile from the Potomac. The house in
+which George was born was pulled down or burned before the Revolution.</p>
+
+<p>The site is now designated by a slab, bearing the inscription:</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<span class="smcap">Here,<br />
+On the 11th of February (Old Style), 1732,<br />
+George Washington<br />
+Was Born.</span></p>
+
+<p>The slab was placed there by George Washington Parke Custis&mdash;his
+grandson&mdash;sixty-seven years ago. Thirty-six years after he performed
+the grateful act, he published the following account of it in the
+<i>Alexandria Gazette</i>:</p>
+
+<p>"In June, 1815, I sailed on my own vessel, the 'Lady of the Lake,' a
+fine top-sail schooner of ninety tons, accompanied b<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span>y two gentlemen,
+Messrs. Lewis and Grimes, bound to Pope's Creek, in the county of
+Westmoreland, carrying with us a slab of freestone, having the following
+inscription:</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<span class="smcap">Here,<br />
+On the 11th of February, 1732, (Old Style),<br />
+George Washington<br />
+Was Born.</span></p>
+
+<p>"Our pilot approached the Westmoreland shore cautiously (as our vessel
+drew nearly eight feet of water), and he was but indifferently
+acquainted with so unfrequented a navigation.</p>
+
+<p>"Desirous of making the ceremonial of depositing the stone as imposing
+as circumstances would permit, we enveloped it in the 'star-spangled
+banner' of our country, and it was borne to its resting place in the
+arms of the descendants of four revolutionary patriots and
+soldiers&mdash;<span class="smcap">Samuel Lewis</span>, son of George Lewis, a captain in Baylor's
+regiment of horse, and a nephew of Washington; <span class="smcap">William Grimes</span>, the son
+of Benjamin Grimes, a gallant and distinguished officer of the
+Life-guard; the <span class="smcap">Captain</span> of the vessel, the son of a brave soldier
+wounded in the battle of Guilford; and <span class="smcap">George W. P. Custis</span>, the son of
+John Parke Custis, aid-de-camp to the commander-in-chief before
+Cambridge and Yorktown.</p>
+
+<p>"We gathered together the bricks of an ancient chimney that once formed
+the hearth around which Washington in his infancy had played, and
+constructed a rude kind of a pedestal, on which we reverently placed the
+<span class="smcap2">FIRST STONE</span>, commending it to the attention and respect of the American
+people in general, and to the citizens of Westmoreland in particular.</p>
+
+<p>"Bidding adieu to those who had received us so kindly, we re-embarked
+and hoisted our colors, and being provided with a piece of canon and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span>suitable ammunition, we fired a salute, awakening the echoes that had
+slept for ages around the hallowed spot; and while the smoke of our
+martial tribute to the birth-place of the <i>Pater Patri&aelig;</i> still lingered
+on the bosom of the Potomac, we spread our sails to a favoring breeze,
+and sped joyously to our homes."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Paulding, in his life of Washington, describes the place as follows:</p>
+
+<p>"A few scanty relics alone remain to mark the spot, which will ever be
+sacred in the eyes of posterity. A clump of old decayed fig trees,
+probably coeval with the mansion, yet exists; and a number of vines and
+shrubs and flowers still reproduce themselves every year, as if to mark
+its site, and flourish among the hallowed ruins. The spot is of the
+deepest interest, not only from its associations, but its natural
+beauties. It commands a view of the Maryland shore of the Potomac, one
+of the most majestic of rivers and of its course for many miles towards
+the Chesapeake Bay. An aged gentlemen, still living in the neighborhood,
+remembers the house in which Washington was born. It was a low-pitched,
+single-storied frame building, with four rooms on the first floor, and
+an enormous chimney at each end on the outside. This was the style of
+the better sort of houses in those days, and they are still occasionally
+seen in the old settlements of Virginia."</p>
+
+<p>Irving says that "the roof was steep, and sloped down into low,
+projecting eaves;" so that an artist's eye can readily see the house as
+it was.</p>
+
+<p>Let the reader bear in mind that John Washington was the founder of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span>Washington family in America, and George Washington was his
+great-grandson.</p>
+
+<p>George was baptized on the 5th of April following, when he was about six
+weeks old. Mrs. Mildred Gregory acted as godmother, and Mr. Beverly
+Whiting and Captain Christopher Brooks, godfathers.</p>
+
+<p>When George was four or five years old, his father resolved to move to a
+plantation on the banks of the Rappahannock River, opposite
+Fredericksburg.</p>
+
+<p>"There are many advantages in that locality," he remarked to his wife;
+"besides, the land is better."</p>
+
+<p>"There can't be much fault found with the land anywhere in this part of
+the country," responded Mrs. Washington. "It needs little but using."</p>
+
+<p>"Very true; but somehow I have taken a great liking to the banks of the
+Rappahannock," continued Mr. Washington. "The children will like the
+change, I know."</p>
+
+<p>"That may be; children like change; a novelty just suits them," answered
+Mrs. Washington. "I have never known them to express dissatisfaction
+with this place. They are about as happy as children can well be."</p>
+
+<p>"There can be no doubt of that, judging from daily observation,"
+responded her husband, somewhat facetiously. "If a change does not add
+to the sum total of their happiness, I trust that it will not subtract
+much from it."</p>
+
+<p>"Understand me," continued Mrs. Washington, "I am not setting myself up
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span>in opposition to your plan of removing. It may prove the very best thing
+for us all. We sha'n't know till we try."</p>
+
+<p>"Well, I think I shall try it," added Mr. Washington.</p>
+
+<p>And he did try it. He removed to the aforesaid locality in the year
+1737. The estate was already his own.</p>
+
+<p>The reader must know from what has been said already, that estates of
+two, three and five thousand acres, in Virginia, at that time, were
+common. Many wealthy English families, fond of rural life, and coveting
+ample grounds for hunting and roaming, had settled in the "Old
+Dominion," where land was cheap as well as fertile. The Washington
+family was one of them. From the day that John Washington and his
+brother settled in Virginia, they and their numerous descendants were
+large landholders. When George was forty-one years of age, just before
+the stirring scenes of the Revolution, we find him writing to a Mr.
+Calvert of George Washington Parke Custis:</p>
+
+<p>"Mr. Custis' estate consists of about <i>fifteen thousand acres</i> of land,
+a good part of it adjoining the city of Williamsburg, and none of it
+forty miles from that place; several lots in the said city; between two
+and three hundred negroes, and about eight or ten thousand pounds upon
+bond, and in the hands of his merchants. This estate he now holds
+independent of his mother's dower, which will be an addition to it at
+her death."</p>
+
+<p>Wealthy families at that time lived in expensive style. They kept their
+"turn-outs and liveried servants," as we call them now, and made an
+imposing appearance on public occasions. The proprietors were "gentlemen
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span>farmers," whose mansions were conducted on a grand scale of hospitality.
+Everybody was welcome, even Indians.</p>
+
+<p>When George's father removed to the banks of the Rappahannock, one vast,
+unbroken forest, on either side, met his view. The woodman's axe had
+opened only here and there a patch of the woods to the light of the sun.
+These forests abounded with game, and had long been the hunting ground
+of the red men. The river swarmed with water-fowl of various names and
+plumage, and often the Indian's birch canoe darted over its waters like
+a spirit.</p>
+
+<p>The Colony supported a military organization at that time. The Indians
+were friendly to the English colonists, but they might not continue to
+be. England and France were friendly to each other, also, yet both had
+an eye upon the same possessions in the new world. There was no telling
+how soon a resort to arms might be inevitable. The militia must be
+maintained against the time of need.</p>
+
+<p>George was almost too young to appreciate the danger when his ears first
+listened to tales of Indian depredations.</p>
+
+<p>"Several families murdered in cold blood by roving savages," was the
+news Mr. Washington brought home one day.</p>
+
+<p>"Where? Where?" Mrs. Washington inquired, with evident anxiety.</p>
+
+<p>"A long way from here," her husband replied, "but it shows the murderous
+spirit of Indians all the same."</p>
+
+<p>"A treacherous race!" remarked Mrs. Washington.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span></p><p>"Yes; treacherous indeed!" her husband replied, "There is no telling
+what is in store for us, in my opinion."</p>
+
+<p>"There is no more reason for their murdering white men and woman so far
+away than there is for their doing it near by us," suggested Mrs.
+Washington.</p>
+
+<p>"None whatever. Revenge, or desire for plunder, prompted the deed, no
+doubt; and revenge or hope of plunder is just as likely to move them
+here as there to killing and burning," Mr. Washington said.</p>
+
+<p>Occasional startling news of this kind, discussed in the family, was
+listened to by George, whose precocity took in the situation well for
+one so young. Early in life he had a good understanding of Indian
+character, and of the trouble that might come to the colonists through
+these savage denizens of the forest. There is good evidence that
+apprehensions of Indian hostilities filled him with anxiety long before
+they actually commenced.</p>
+
+<p>At that time, also, negro slavery existed among the colonists. The large
+estates were worked by slave labor. The Washington family held slaves.
+Some planters owned several hundred. As there was no question raised
+about the right or wrong of the slave system, it is probable that
+George's mind was not exercised upon the subject. He grew up in the
+midst of the institution without calling in question its rectitude. We
+mention the fact here, because it was one of the early influences of his
+ancestry and birth-place which must have been offset by home
+instructions and the rapid unfolding of a singularly manly character.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span></p>
+<hr />
+
+<h2><a name="II" id="II"></a>II.<br />
+
+<small>BOYHOOD.</small></h2>
+
+
+<p class="noi"><span class="smcap">It</span> is fortunate that the materials of Washington's early life were
+preserved by one who was rector of the Mount Vernon parish while members
+of the family and other friends survived. Rev. M. L. Weems ministered
+there seventy-five years ago, and he gathered information from a woman
+who was neighbor to the Washingtons in her childhood, and from John
+Fitzhugh, who was often with George in his early home. In addition,
+descendants of the family, who had fondly preserved valuable incidents
+of their illustrious ancestor's boyhood and manhood, furnished them for
+his biography by their pastor. We are indebted to Mr. Weems for most of
+the facts relating to Washington's boyhood.</p>
+
+<p>In the autumn of 1737, Mr. Washington went to the door of a neighbor and
+relative, leading George by the hand. The woman who related the incident
+to Mr. Weems was a little girl at that time, and was visiting the
+family.</p>
+
+<p>"Will you take a walk with us?" inquired George's father, addressing
+himself to the girl just mentioned, and her cousin, whose name was
+Washington.</p>
+
+<p>"We are going to take a walk in the orchard," continued Mr. Washington.
+"It is a fine sight now."</p>
+
+<p>Both of the parties addressed promptly accepted the invitation,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span>delighted to take a stroll among the trees that were bending under their
+burden of fruit.</p>
+
+<p>A walk of a half-mile brought them to the orchard, where an unusual
+spectacle awaited them.</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, see the apples!" exclaimed George. "Such a lot of them!" And he
+clapped his hands and fairly danced in his excitement.</p>
+
+<p>"I never saw such a sight," said the girl who accompanied them.</p>
+
+<p>"It is a spectacle, indeed!" responded Mr. Washington. "It is not often
+we see so much fruit in one field as we see here."</p>
+
+<p>It was not so much the enormous crop of apples upon the trees, as it was
+the great quantity on the ground beneath them that attracted George. The
+winds had relieved the trees of a portion of their burden, and the
+ground was literally covered with the luscious fruit. George had never
+beheld such a display of apples, and his young heart bounded with
+delight over the scene.</p>
+
+<p>They roamed through the orchard for a time, chatting and enjoying the
+occasion thoroughly, when Mr. Washington rather disturbed the flow of
+animal spirits by saying,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Now, George, look here, my son! Don't you remember when this good
+cousin of yours (referring to the lad who was with them) brought you
+that fine large apple last spring, how hardly I could prevail on you to
+divide it with your brothers and sisters, though I promised you that if
+you would but do it God would give you plenty of apples this fall."</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span></p>
+<p>George made no reply but hung his head in shame. He had not forgotten
+his selfishness on that occasion, and he was greatly mortified.</p>
+
+<p>His father continued,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Now, look up, my son; look up, George! See how richly the blessed God
+has made good my promise to you. Wherever you turn your eyes, you see
+the trees loaded with fine fruit; many of them, indeed, breaking down;
+while the ground is covered with mellow apples, more than you could eat,
+my son, in all your life-time."</p>
+
+<p>George made no reply. His young companions stood in silence, gazing at
+him, as if wondering what all this counsel meant. Mr. Washington waited
+for his son to speak; and just as he was concluding that George had
+nothing to say for himself, the latter turned manfully to his father,
+and said:</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Well, pa, only forgive me this time, and see if I am ever stingy any
+more.</i>"</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Washington had a purpose in going to the orchard, and it was well
+accomplished. His son got one nobler idea into his head, and one nobler
+resolve into his heart. Henceforth the noble boy would treat selfishness
+as a foe instead of a friend.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Washington resorted to the following device to impress his son with
+a proper conception of God as the Creator of all things. In the spring
+he carefully prepared a bed in the garden, beside the walk, where George
+would frequently go for pleasure. When the bed was prepared, he wrote
+George's name in full in the pulverized earth, and sowed the same with
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span>cabbage seed. In due time, of course, the seed appeared in green,
+thrifty shoots, forming the letters as clearly as they stand in the
+alphabet. George discovered them one day. He was then seven or eight
+years old. He stood for a moment in silent wonder.</p>
+
+<p>"Those are letters sure enough," he thought.</p>
+
+<p>Then he read them aloud, "G-E-O-R-G-E W-A-S-H-I-N-G-T-O-N."</p>
+
+<p>With wondering eyes he rushed to the house, and excitedly broke the
+news.</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, pa, come here! come here!"</p>
+
+<p>"What's the matter, my son? what's the matter?" responded his father.</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, come here, I tell you, pa; come here!" and the boy could scarcely
+contain himself, so great was his excitement.</p>
+
+<p>"But what is it, my son? Can't you tell me what has happened?"</p>
+
+<p>"Come here, and I'll show you the greatest sight you ever saw in your
+life!"</p>
+
+<p>By this time he was pulling his father along towards the garden, the
+latter understanding full well what had happened. Very soon they reached
+the bed, where the bright, thrifty cabbage plants had spelled the name
+of GEORGE WASHINGTON in full.</p>
+
+<p>"There, pa!" exclaimed George, pointing to his name in cabbage plants,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span>and exhibiting the greatest astonishment by his appearance. "Did you
+ever see such a sight in all your life-time?"</p>
+
+<p>"Well, George, it does seem like a curious affair sure enough," his
+father answered. "But who should make it there, pa? Who made it there?"</p>
+
+<p>"Why, it <i>grew</i> there, of course, my son."</p>
+
+<p>"No, pa! No, no! somebody put it there."</p>
+
+<p>"Then you think it did not grow there by <i>chance</i>?"</p>
+
+<p>"No, indeed, it never did. That couldn't be."</p>
+
+<p>"How is that, my son? Don't it look very much like <i>chance</i>?"</p>
+
+<p>"Why, no, pa; did you ever know anybody's name in a plant bed before?"</p>
+
+<p>"Well, George, might not such a thing happen though I never saw it
+before?"</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, pa; but I never saw plants grow up so as to make a single letter
+of my name before. How could they grow up so as to make <i>all</i> the
+letters of my name! And all standing one after another so as to spell my
+name exactly&mdash;and all so nice and even, too, at top and bottom! Somebody
+did it. <i>You</i> did it, pa, to scare me, because I am your little boy."</p>
+
+<p>"Well, George, you have guessed right," answered Mr. Washington. "I did
+do it, but not to scare you, my son, but to teach you a great truth
+which I wish you to understand. I want to introduce you to your <i>true</i>
+Father."</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span></p>
+<p>"Ain't you my <i>true</i> father, pa?"</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, I am your father, George, as the world calls it, and love you with
+a father's love. Yet, with all my love for you, I am but a poor father
+in comparison with your <i>true</i> Father."</p>
+
+<p>"I know well enough whom you mean," continued George. "You mean God,
+don't you?"</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, I mean Him, indeed, my son. <i>He</i> is your <i>true</i> Father," was Mr.
+Washington's hearty answer.</p>
+
+<p>George went on with his inquiries, and his father, answered, adding at
+last:</p>
+
+<p>"Well, then, as you could not believe that <i>chance</i> had made and put
+together so exactly the letters of your name (though only sixteen), then
+how can you believe that <i>chance</i> could have made and put together all
+those millions and millions of things that are now so exactly fitted for
+your good! Eyes to see with; ears to hear with; nose to smell with; a
+mouth to eat with; teeth to bite with; hands to handle with; feet to
+walk with; a mind to think with; a heart to love with; a home to live
+in; parents to care for you, and brothers and sisters to love you! Why,
+look at this beautiful world in which you live, with its golden, light
+to cheer you by day, and its still night to wrap you in sleep when you
+are too tired to play; its fruits, and flowers and fields of grass and
+grain; its horses to draw you and cows to give you milk; its sheep to
+furnish wool to cloth you, and mea<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span>t for your food; its sun, moon and
+stars to comfort you; bubbling springs to quench your thirst; wood to
+burn that you may be warm in winter; and <i>ten thousand other good
+things</i>&mdash;so many that my son could never number them all, or even think
+of them! Could <i>chance</i> bring about all these things so exactly as to
+suit your <i>wants</i> and <i>wishes</i>?"</p>
+
+<p>"No, pa, chance could not do it," answered George, really taking in this
+new view of the world around him.</p>
+
+<p>"What was it, then, do you think, my son?" continued his father.</p>
+
+<p>"God did it," George replied.</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, George, it is all the work of God, and nobody else," responded his
+father. "He gives us all."</p>
+
+<p>"Does God give me everything? Don't you give me <i>some things</i>?" George
+inquired.</p>
+
+<p>"I give you something!" exclaimed his father. "How can I give you
+anything, George? I who have nothing on earth I can call my own; no, not
+even the breath I draw!"</p>
+
+<p>"Ain't the house yours, and the garden, and the horses and oxen and
+sheep?" still inquired George, failing to comprehend the great truth of
+God's ownership.</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, no, my son, no! Why, you make me shrink into nothing, George, when
+you talk of all these things belonging to <i>me</i>, who can't even make a
+<i>grain of sand</i>! How could I give life to th<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span>e oxen and horses, when I
+can't give life even to a fly, my son?"</p>
+
+<p>George was introduced into a new world by this lesson, as his father
+intended that he should be. His precocious mind grasped, finally, the
+great idea of his "<i>true</i> Father," and the lesson never had to be
+repeated.</p>
+
+<p>We have rehearsed this incident somewhat in detail as given by Mr.
+Weems, because its influence will be found interwoven with George's
+future private and public life.</p>
+
+<p>Another story told by Mr. Weems is the famous <i>hatchet</i> story, which has
+been rehearsed to so many children, since that day, to rebuke falsehood
+and promote truth-telling.</p>
+
+<p>His father made him a present of a hatchet with which George was
+especially delighted. Of course he proceeded forthwith to try it, first
+hacking his mother's pea-sticks, and, finally, trying its edge upon the
+body of a beautiful "English cherry-tree." Without understanding that he
+was destroying the tree, he chopped away upon it to his heart's content,
+leaving the bark, if not the solid wood underneath, in a very
+dilapidated condition. The next morning his father discovered the
+trespass, and, rushing into the house, under much excitement, he
+exclaimed:</p>
+
+<p>"My beautiful cherry-tree is utterly ruined. Who could hack it in that
+manner?"</p>
+
+<p>Nobody knew.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span></p><p>"I would not have taken five guineas for it," he added, with a
+long-drawn sigh. The words had scarcely escaped from his lips before
+George appeared with his hatchet.</p>
+
+<p>"George," said his father, "do you know who killed that cherry-tree in
+the garden?"</p>
+
+<p>George had not stopped to think, until that moment, that he had used his
+hatchet improperly. His father's question was a revelation to him; and
+he hung his head in a guilty manner for a moment.</p>
+
+<p>"George, did you do it?" urged his father.</p>
+
+<p>Raising his head, and looking his father fully in the face, he replied:</p>
+
+<p>"I can't tell a lie, pa; you know I can't tell a lie, I did cut it with
+my hatchet."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Washington was well-nigh overcome by this frank and honest reply.
+For a moment he stood spell bound; then recovering himself, he
+exclaimed:</p>
+
+<p>"Come to my arms, my boy! You have paid for the cherry-tree a thousand
+times over. Such an act of heroism is worth more to me than a thousand
+trees!"</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Weems regards this honest confession the out-growth of previous
+instructions upon the sin of lying and the beauty of truthfulness. He
+represents Mr. Washington as saying to his son:</p>
+
+<p>"Truth, George, is the loveliest quality of youth. I would rid<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span>e fifty
+miles, my son, to see the little boy whose heart is so honest, and his
+lips so pure, that we may depend on every word he says."</p>
+
+<p>"But, oh, how different, George, is the case with the boy who is so given
+to lying that nobody can believe a word he says. He is looked at with
+aversion wherever he goes, and parents dread to see him come among their
+children. O George, rather than see you come to this pass, dear as you
+are to me, I would follow you to your grave."</p>
+
+<p>Here George protested against being charged with lying. "Do I ever tell
+lies?" he asked.</p>
+
+<p>"No, George, I thank God you do not; and I rejoice in the hope that you
+never will. At least, you shall never, from me, have cause to be guilty
+of so shameful a thing. You know I have always told you, and now tell
+you again, that, whenever by accident you do anything wrong, which must
+often be the case, as you are but a little boy, without <i>experience</i> or
+<i>knowledge</i>, never tell a falsehood to conceal it; but come bravely up,
+and tell me of it; and your confession will merit love instead of
+punishment."</p>
+
+<p>As we proceed with this narrative, after having enjoyed this glimpse of
+George's earliest years, the charming lines of Burleigh will find a
+fitting application.</p>
+
+<div class="block">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="io1">"By honest work and inward truth<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The victories of our life are won,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And what is wisely done in youth<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">For all the years is wisely done;<br /></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span><span class="i0">The little deeds of every day<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Shape that within which lives for aye.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="io1">"No thought so buried in the dark<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">It shall not bear its bloom in light;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">No act too small to leave its mark<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Upon the young hearts tablet white;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Our grand achievements, secret springs,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Are tempered among trivial things.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="io1">"No soul at last is truly great<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">That was not greatly true at first;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In childhood's play are seeds of fate<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Whose flower in manhood's work shall burst.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In the clinched fist of baby Thor<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Might seem his hammer clutched for war.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><span class="sp">* * * * * * * *</span><br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="io1">"The firmest tower to heaven up-piled<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Hides deepest its foundation-stone;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Do well the duty of the child,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And manhood's task is well begun;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In thunders of the forum yet<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Resounds the mastered alphabet."<br /></span>
+</div></div></div>
+
+<p>George was about eight years old when a great excitement arose among the
+colonists in Virginia, and the fife and drum were heard, to announce
+that England, the mother country, needed soldiers.</p>
+
+<p>"A regiment of four battalions is called for, by the king, for a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span>campaign in the West Indies," announced Mr. Washington to his son
+Lawrence, a young man twenty-two years of age.</p>
+
+<p>"A good opportunity for me," answered Lawrence, who possessed much of
+the military spirit of his ancestors. "Perhaps I can get a commission."</p>
+
+<p>"Perhaps so," responded his father; "your education ought to place you
+above the common soldier."</p>
+
+<p>Lawrence had just returned from England, where he had spent seven years
+in study, enjoying the best literary advantages the country could
+afford.</p>
+
+<p>"Well, I can enlist and then see what can be done," continued Lawrence.
+"The regiment will be raised at once, and I can soon find out whether
+there is an appointment for me."</p>
+
+<p>Soon recruiting parties were parading at the sound of fife and drum, and
+the military spirit was aroused in the hearts of both young and old. The
+enthusiasm spread and grew like a fire in the wilderness. The colonists
+were truly loyal to the king, and their patriotism led them, heartily
+and promptly, into the defence of the English cause in the West Indies
+against the Spaniards.</p>
+
+<p>Recruiting advanced rapidly, and the regiment was soon raised. Lawrence
+obtained a captain's commission, and appeared wearing the insignia
+of his office. Music, drilling, parading, now became the order of the
+day, and it was a new and exciting scene to George. Soldiers in uniform,
+armed and equipped for war, marching at the sound of music, captivated
+his soul. It awakened all the ancestral spirit of chivalry that was in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span>his heart. The sight of his big brother at the head of his company,
+drilling his men in military tactics, filled him with wonder. Gladly
+would he have donned a soldier's suit and sailed with the regiment to
+the West Indies, so wrought upon was his young heart.</p>
+
+<p>In due time the regiment embarked for the West Indies, and George was
+obliged to part with his noble brother, to whom he had become strongly
+attached since his return from England. The departure of so many
+colonists, and the cessation of military display, left George in a
+serious frame of mind. For the first time in his life he experienced the
+sensation of loneliness.</p>
+
+<p>However, he had caught the military spirit, and he found relief in
+playing soldier with his companions. There is no doubt that George
+inherited somewhat the love and tact for military life for which his
+English ancestors were renowned; and now that born element of his
+character was called into active exercise. The recruiting campaign
+converted him into an amateur soldier.</p>
+
+<p>From that time George found more real pleasure in mimic parades and
+battles than he found in any other sport. A stick, corn-stalk or
+broom-handle, answered for gun or sword, and the meadow in front of his
+father's house became his muster-field. Here Lewis Willis, John
+Fitzhugh, William Bustle, Langhorn Dade, and other companions, marched
+and counter-marched, under the generalship of their young commander,
+George. Soldiering became the popular pastime of the region, in which
+the boys played the part of the Englishmen and Spaniards better than
+boys can do it now.</p>
+
+<p>Lawrence served two years under Admiral Vernon in the West Indies
+campaign, and returned to Virginia in the autumn of 1742. He proved
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span>himself a hero in war. Irving says: "He was present at the siege of
+Carthagena, when it was bombarded by the fleet, and when the troops
+attempted to escalade the citadel. It was an ineffectual attack; the
+ships could not get near enough to throw their shells into the town, and
+the scaling ladders proved too short. That part of the attack, however,
+with which Lawrence was concerned, distinguished itself by its bravery.
+The troops sustained, unflinching, a destructive fire for several hours,
+and at length retired with honor, their small force having sustained a
+loss of about six hundred in killed and wounded."</p>
+
+<p>Lawrence intended to return to England after a brief stay at home.</p>
+
+<p>"My record will insure me a promotion in the army," he said to his
+father, who was averse at first to his return.</p>
+
+<p>"Very true; but army life is objectionable in many ways," his father
+replied. "The honors hardly pay."</p>
+
+<p>"But my experience for two years has fitted me for that service more
+than for any other, and that is to be thought of," suggested Lawrence.</p>
+
+<p>"Yes; but other avenues to business are always open to young men of
+spirit," remarked his father. "Nor is it necessary for them to leave the
+country in order to accomplish a noble purpose."</p>
+
+<p>However, Mr. Washington withdrew his objections to his son's return to
+the army; though, subsequently, he was pleased that he abandoned the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span>project under the following circumstances.</p>
+
+<p>There lived an educated English gentleman in Fairfax County by the name
+of William Fairfax. He had charge of a very large estate belonging to
+his cousin, Lord Fairfax, of England. This William Fairfax had a
+daughter, Anne, as well educated and accomplished as Lawrence. Mutual
+respect between Lawrence and Anne ripened into mutual love, and they
+became engaged. This unexpected episode in the lives of the promising
+couple changed the plans of Lawrence; and he voluntarily abandoned the
+idea of returning to the army.</p>
+
+<p>The martial spirit of George did not abate when Lawrence came home from
+the war; it rather increased than otherwise. For his ears were regaled
+with many stories of army life, in which bravery, peril, bloodshed, and
+hairbreadth escapes were strangely mixed. There was a singular
+fascination in these tales of war to George; and he never tired of
+listening to them. The more he heard, the more he enjoyed playing
+soldier. He was constantly learning military tactics, too, from the lips
+of his brother. Being a bright, intelligent boy, he readily comprehended
+and appropriated information upon a subject that was so congenial to his
+heart. Lawrence was impressed by the precocity of his little brother, as
+well as his tact at soldiering, so that he was all the more gratified to
+nurture his martial spirit by rehearsing his experience in war. Lawrence
+was twenty-four years of age, and George but ten, so that the latter
+looked up to the former somewhat as a son looks up to a father, drinking
+in his words as words of wisdom, and accepting his experience as that of
+an officer of rank. Lawrence became his military teacher, really; and
+the opportunity to George proved a sort of West Point.</p>
+
+<p>Lawrence, and others, too, were very much charmed by George's manly
+bearing, even before he was ten years old. John Fitzhugh said of him,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span>"He was born a man."</p>
+
+<p>He was very handsome, large of his age, tall and straight, graceful and
+dignified in his movements. These qualities were so conspicuous as to
+attract the attention of strangers.</p>
+
+<p>He was very athletic, too, and loved more active sports than playing
+marbles. He excelled in running, wrestling, leaping, and throwing the
+bar, sports that were popular at that time. In these things he took the
+lead.</p>
+
+<p>John Fitzhugh said of him, as a runner: "He ran wonderfully. We had
+nobody hereabouts that could come near him. There was a young Langhorn
+Dade, of Westmoreland, a clean-made, light young fellow, a mighty swift
+runner, too&mdash;but then he was no match for George: Langy, indeed, did not
+like to give it up, and would brag that he had sometimes brought George
+to a tie. But I believe he was mistaken; for I have seen them run
+together many a time, and George always beat him easy enough."</p>
+
+<p>He would throw a stone further then any other boy. Col. Lewis Willis,
+who was one of his boon companions, said that he "had often seen George
+throw a stone across the Rappahannock, at the lower ferry of
+Fredericksburg." No other boy could do it.</p>
+
+<p>His great physical strength was early displayed in lifting and carrying
+burdens.</p>
+
+<p>The sequel will show how well his marked physical development served him
+in public life. A boy of less muscular power could not have made a
+general of such endurance under privations and hardships.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span></p>
+<p>Much more relating to the boyhood of George Washington will appear in
+subsequent chapters. Enough has been said in this chapter to accomplish
+our purpose.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2><a name="III" id="III"></a>III.<br />
+
+<small>SCHOOL-DAYS.</small></h2>
+
+
+<p class="noi">"<span class="smcap">We</span> must come to some conclusion before long about Lawrence's
+education," remarked Mr. Washington to his wife. "It is certain that not
+much more can be done for him here."</p>
+
+<p>"He deserves and must have something better than the schools of this
+colony can give him," answered Mrs. Washington. "Besides, it will do the
+boy good to go from home, and mix in such cultivated society as he will
+have in England."</p>
+
+<p>They had often discussed the matter of sending Lawrence to England to be
+educated. The wealthier classes of Virginia were accustomed to send
+their sons to the mother country for a higher education than was
+possible at home. Indeed, it was sending them "home" in one sense, for
+England was their "home." They were only colonists here, where the
+schools were poor indeed. Neither their good-will nor their money alone
+could make good schools. They lacked suitable teachers and other
+facilities, which neither money nor good intentions could furnish.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span></p><p>"He should go, if he goes at all, as soon as possible," continued Mr.
+Washington. "There is no time to lose when a boy gets to be fifteen
+years old. Eight years at school there will make him twenty-three when
+he gets through; and by that time he should be prepared to enter upon
+some pursuit for life."</p>
+
+<p>"Eight years is a longer time than it is absolutely necessary for him to
+spend," suggested Mrs. Washington. "Five or six years may be sufficient
+unless he decides to enter one of the learned professions."</p>
+
+<p>"He can't be too well educated, whether he enters a learned profession
+or not," responded Mr. Washington. "Too much education is quite as
+impossible as too much honesty; and I do not expect he will ever have
+too much of the latter."</p>
+
+<p>"I shall not deny that," replied Mrs. Washington. "I shall rejoice as
+much as you in the best opportunities he can have. I was only suggesting
+what might be if absolutely necessary to save time or expense."</p>
+
+<p>Their conclusion was (as stated in the second chapter), to send Lawrence
+to England as soon as his wardrobe could be made ready, in which
+determination the lad rejoiced more than his parents ever knew. His
+ambition for an English education was strong; and, boy-like, he coveted
+a residence in England for a while.</p>
+
+<p>Within a few weeks he sailed for the mother country, leaving a sensible
+void in the family. George did not interest himself particularly in the
+affair, although he might have added an occasional "coo"; for he was
+only one year old when his big brother left for England. His
+inexperience was sufficient excuse for his indifference to so important
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span>an affair.</p>
+
+<p>George went to school when he was five years of age. A man by the name
+of Hobby lived in one of his father's tenements, and he served the
+public in the double capacity of parish sexton and school-master. It is
+claimed that he was a wounded soldier with a wooden leg, a kind,
+Christian gentleman, whose very limited education may have qualified him
+to dig graves and open the house of worship, but not to teach the young.
+However, he did teach school quite a number of years, and some of his
+pupils called him "Old Wooden Leg"&mdash;a fact that confirms the story of
+his having but one leg. He could "read, write and cipher" possibly, for
+that day, but beyond that he made no pretensions. Yet, that was the best
+school George could have at that time.</p>
+
+<p>"We hope he will have a better one sometime," his father remarked. "I
+may not be able to send him to England, but I hope we shall see better
+schools here before many years have passed."</p>
+
+<p>"Mr. Hobby can teach him A, B, C, as well as any body, I suppose,"
+answered Mrs. Washington; and he can make a beginning in reading and
+writing with him, perhaps.</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, and he may give him a start in arithmetic," added Mr. Washington.
+"Hobby knows something of addition, subtraction, multiplication and
+division. But a bright boy will run him dry in two or three years."</p>
+
+<p>"Mr. Hobby will do the best he knows how for George or any other boy,"
+continued Mrs. Washington. "He is a good man, and looks after the morals
+of his scholars; and that is a good deal in educating children."</p>
+
+<p>"Of course it is; it is everything," replied Mr. Washington. "In that
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span>respect, Hobby has the confidence of all who know him. He does the very
+best he can, and the most cultivated people can do no better than that."</p>
+
+<p>George was soon on the very best terms with his teacher. The attraction
+was mutual. Hobby saw a bright, studious, obedient boy in George, and
+George saw a kind, loving and faithful teacher in Hobby. In these
+circumstances commendable progress was immediate in George's career.</p>
+
+<p>One of his biographers says of him in Hobby's school:</p>
+
+<p>"The rapid progress George made in his studies was owing, not so much to
+his uncommon aptitude at learning, as to the diligence and industry with
+which he applied himself to them. When other boys were staring out of
+the window, watching the birds and squirrels sporting among the
+tree-tops; or sitting idly with their hands in their pockets, opening
+and shutting their jack-knives, or counting their marbles, or munching
+apples or corn-dodgers behind their books, or, naughtier still, shooting
+paper bullets at Hobby's wooden leg; our George was studying with all
+his might, closing his ears to the buzz of the school-room; nor would he
+once raise his eyes from his book till every word of his lesson was
+ready to drop from his tongue's end of its own accord. So well did he
+apply himself, and so attentive was he to everything taught him, that,
+by the time he was ten years old, he had learned all that the good old
+grave-digger knew himself; and it was this worthy man's boast, in after
+years, that he had laid the foundation of Washington's future greatness.
+But what Hobby could not teach him at school, George learned at home
+from his father and mother, who were well educated for those days; and
+many a long winter evenin<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span>g did these good parents spend in telling
+their children interesting and instructive stories of olden times, of
+far-off countries and strange people, which George would write down in
+his copy book in his neatest, roundest hand, and remember ever
+afterwards."</p>
+
+<p>What this biographer claims was not all the instruction which George
+received at home. His instruction at Hobby's school was supplemented by
+lessons in reading, penmanship and arithmetic by his father, who was
+much better qualified than Hobby to teach the young. Mr. Washington was
+a wise man, and he saw that George's school would prove far more
+beneficial to him when enforced by such lessons as he himself could
+impart at home. Thus Hobby's school really became a force in the
+education of George, because it was ably supported by the home school.
+Otherwise that first school which George attended might have proved of
+little value to him.</p>
+
+<p>George became Mr. Hobby's most important pupil, because he was an
+example of obedience, application, method and thoroughness.</p>
+
+<p>"George always does his work well," Mr. Hobby would say, exhibiting his
+writing-book to the school. "Not one blot, no finger-marks, everything
+neat and clean."</p>
+
+<p>In contrast with some of the dirty, blotted pages in other
+writing-books, that of George was a marvel of neatness and excellence.</p>
+
+<p>"It is just as easy to do the best you can as it is to do poorly," Mr.
+Hobby continued, by way of rebuke and encouragement to dull and careless
+scholars. "George does not have to work any harder to be thorough than
+some of you do to be scarcely passible. He is a little more careful,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span>that is all."</p>
+
+<p>His writing-book, held up to the view of the school with the one most
+badly defaced, honored George's thoroughness, and sharply reproved the
+other boy's carelessness. Mr. Hobby sought to arouse dull scholars by
+encouragement full as much as he did by punishment. Hence, George's
+neat, attractive writing-book, contrasted with one of the opposite
+qualities, became a stimulus to endeavor. All could keep their fingers
+clean if they would, even if they had to go to the banks of the
+Rappahannock to wash them; and no pupil was fated to blot his book, as
+Mr. Hobby very plainly showed; so that George's example was a constant
+benediction to the school.</p>
+
+<p>"The scholar who does as well as he can in one thing will do as well as
+he can in another," said Mr. Hobby. "George has the best writing-book in
+school, and he is the best reader and speller. It is because his rule is
+to do the best he can."</p>
+
+<p>It was not expected that George would fail in spelling. He did fail
+occasionally on a word, it is true, but so seldom that his schoolmates
+anticipated no failure on his part. In spelling-matches, the side on
+which he was chosen was expected to win. If all others failed on a word,
+George was supposed to be equal to the occasion.</p>
+
+<p>"Well, George, we shall be obliged to depend on you to help us out of
+this difficulty," Mr. Hobby had frequent occasion to say, when all eyes
+would turn to George for the solution.</p>
+
+<p>"There is a thousand times more enjoyment in doing things well than
+there is in doing them poorly," Mr. Hobby said. "The happiest boy in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span>this school is the boy who is thorough in his studies."</p>
+
+<p>The pupils understood the remark perfectly. It was not necessary that
+their teacher should say whether he meant a particular boy or not. They
+made their own application. The boy who does his work well is not hid in
+a corner. It is impossible to hide him.</p>
+
+<p>Yet, George was at home on the play-ground. He loved the games and
+sports of his school-days. No boy enjoyed a trial at wrestling, running
+or leaping, better than he did. He played just as he studied&mdash;with all
+his might. He aspired to be the best wrestler, runner and leaper in
+school. William Bustle was his principal competitor. Many and many a
+time they were pitted against each other in a race or wrestle.</p>
+
+<p>"George is too much for him," was the verdict of Lewis Willis and
+Langhorn Dade and others.</p>
+
+<p>"In a race George will always win," remarked John Fitzhugh. "He runs
+like a deer."</p>
+
+<p>"And he wrestles like a man," said Lewis Willis. "No boy is so strong in
+his arms as he is. I am nowhere when he once gets his long arms around
+me. It's like getting into a vice."</p>
+
+<p>"William is about a match for him, though," suggested Lewis Willis,
+referring to William Bustle. "George has the advantage of him in being
+taller and heavier."</p>
+
+<p>"And quicker," suggested Willis. "He is spry as a cat."</p>
+
+<p>"Old Wooden Leg was about right when he said that the boy who would
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span>write and spell well would do everything else well," remarked Langhorn
+Dade. "It is true of George, sure."</p>
+
+<p>So George was master of the situation on the play-ground. By common
+consent the supremacy was conceded to him. He was first in frolic, as,
+years thereafter, he was "first in war."</p>
+
+<p>When the excitement of recruiting for the campaign against the Spaniards
+in the West Indies prevailed, and George's military ardor was aroused,
+he proposed to convert the play-ground into a muster-field, and make
+soldiers of his schoolmates.</p>
+
+<p>"Let us have two armies, English and Spanish," he said. "I will command
+the English and William (William Bustle) the Spanish." And so they
+recruited for both armies. Drilling, parading, and fighting, imparted a
+warlike appearance to the school-grounds. All other sports were
+abandoned for this more exciting one, and Mr. Hobby's pupils suddenly
+became warriors.</p>
+
+<p>"The Spaniards must be conquered and driven out of English territory,"
+shouted George to his men.</p>
+
+<p>"The Spaniards can't be expelled from their stronghold," shouted back
+their defiant commander, William Bustle. "You advance at your peril."</p>
+
+<p>"You resist at your peril," replied George. "The only terms of peace are
+<i>surrender</i>, <span class="smcap2">SURRENDER</span>!"</p>
+
+<p>"Spaniards never surrender!" shouted General Bustle; and his men
+supplemented his defiant attitude with a yell. "We are here to fight,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span>not to surrender!"</p>
+
+<p>"Forward! march," cried the English general in response to the
+challenge: and the hostile forces, with sticks and corn-stalks,
+waged mimic warfare with the tact and resolution of veterans. Charges,
+sieges and battles followed in quick succession, affording great sport
+for the boys, who were, unconsciously, training for real warfare in the
+future.</p>
+
+<p>William Bustle was the equal of George in ability and skill to handle
+his youthful army, but the latter possessed a magnetic power that really
+made him commander-in-chief of Hobby's school. He was regarded as the
+military organizer of these juvenile forces, and hence the meritorious
+author of their greatest fun.</p>
+
+<p>One of the stories that has come down to us from George's school-days is
+honorable to him as a truth-telling boy. A difficulty arose among
+several boys in school, and it grew into a quarrel. Three or four of
+George's companions were engaged in the melee, and some hard blows were
+given back and forth. Other boys were much wrought upon by the trouble,
+and allowed their sympathies to draw them to the side of one party or
+the other. Thus the school was divided in opinion upon the question,
+each party blaming the other with more or less demonstration.</p>
+
+<p>"What is this that I hear about a quarrel among you, boys?" inquired
+Master Hobby, on learning of the trouble. "Dogs delight to bark and
+bite."</p>
+
+<p>The boys made no answer, but looked at each other significantly, some of
+them smiling, others frowning. Mr. Hobby continued:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span></p><p>"Is it true that some of my boys have been fighting?"</p>
+
+<p>No one answered. Evidently Mr. Hobby knew more about the affair than any
+of them supposed.</p>
+
+<p>"Well, I am not surprised that you have nothing to say about it," added
+Mr. Hobby. "There is not much to be said in favor of fighting. But I
+must know the truth about it. How is it, William (addressing William
+Bustle), what do you know about it?"</p>
+
+<p>William glanced his eye over the school-room and hesitated, as if the
+question put him into a tight place. He had no desire to volunteer
+information.</p>
+
+<p>"Speak out," urged his teacher; "we must know the truth about it. I fear
+that this was not a <i>sham</i> fight from all I can learn. Did <i>you</i> fight?"</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, sir, I did my part," William finally answered with considerable
+self-possession.</p>
+
+<p>"Your part?" repeated Mr. Hobby, inquiringly. "Who assigned such a part
+to you?"</p>
+
+<p>"Nobody but myself. I don't like to stand and look on when boys are
+abused."</p>
+
+<p>"Don't? eh! I wish you would act on that principle when you see some
+<i>lessons</i> in your class abused, and come to the rescue by learning them.
+That would be acting to some purpose." This was a sharp rejoinder by the
+teacher; and William, as well as the other boys, understood its
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span>application.</p>
+
+<p>"But that talk is neither one thing nor another, William," continued Mr.
+Hobby. "Waste no more time in this way, but let us have the truth at
+once. Be a man now, though you were not when engaged in a quarrel with
+your companions."</p>
+
+<p>William was now reassured by his master's tone, and he proceeded to give
+his version of the affair. His statement was simply a vindication of his
+side of the trouble, and Mr. Hobby so regarded it.</p>
+
+<p>"Now, Lewis (addressing Lewis Willis), we will hear what you have to
+say," continued Mr. Hobby. "You were engaged in this disgraceful affair,
+I believe."</p>
+
+<p>Lewis admitted that he was, but he hesitated about replying.</p>
+
+<p>"Well, let us have it, if you have anything to say for yourself. There
+is not much to be said for boys who fight."</p>
+
+<p>Lewis mustered courage enough to tell his story, which was as one-sided
+as that of William. He presented <i>his</i> side of the difficulty as well as
+he could, whereupon Mr. Hobby remarked:</p>
+
+<p>"Both of you cannot be right. Now, I would like to know how many of you
+think that William is right. As many scholars as think that William's
+statement is correct may raise their hands."</p>
+
+<p>Several hands went up.</p>
+
+<p>"Those who think that Lewis is right may raise their hands."</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span></p>
+<p>Several hands were raised. George did not vote.</p>
+
+<p>"Did no one attempt to prevent or reconcile this trouble?" inquired Mr.
+Hobby&mdash;a question that was suggested by the facts he had learned.</p>
+
+<p>"George did," answered one of the smaller boys.</p>
+
+<p>"Ah! George tried to keep the peace, did he? That was noble! But he did
+not succeed?" Mr. Hobby added, by way of inquiry.</p>
+
+<p>"No, sir," replied the lad. "They did not mind him."</p>
+
+<p>"Well, I think we will mind him now, and hear what he says," responded
+the teacher. "A boy who will plead for peace when others fight deserves
+to be heard; and I think we can depend upon his version of the affair.
+Now, George (turning to George Washington), shall we hear what you have
+to say about this unfortunate trouble?"</p>
+
+<p>George hesitated for a moment, as if he would gladly be excused from
+expressing his opinion, when Mr. Hobby encouraged him by the remark:</p>
+
+<p>"I think we all shall be glad to learn how the quarrel is regarded by a
+peace-maker."</p>
+
+<p>George hesitated no longer, but hastened to give an account of the
+affair. He did not agree with either of the boys who had spoken, but
+discovered blame upon both sides, which was a correct view of the case.</p>
+
+<p>"And you interposed and tried to reconcile the angry parties?" inquired
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span>Mr. Hobby.</p>
+
+<p>"I tried to," modestly answered George, as if conscious that his efforts
+were of little avail with the belligerents.</p>
+
+<p>"Your effort is just as commendable as it would have been if it had
+proved successful," responded Mr. Hobby in a complimentary manner.
+"And now, I want to know how many of my scholars, girls and boys, agree
+with George. You have heard his story. As many of you as agree with
+George may signify it by raising your hands."</p>
+
+<p>There was a prompt and large array of hands.</p>
+
+<p>"Those who do not agree with George may raise their hands." Only three
+or four hands went up.</p>
+
+<p>"I agree with George," added Mr. Hobby. "I think he has given us a
+reliable account of the trouble; and you all ought to be ashamed of
+yourselves that you did not heed his advice, and refuse to quarrel. I
+shall take time to consider my duty in the circumstances; meanwhile the
+fighting boys may reflect upon their disgrace."</p>
+
+<p>This incident presents two qualities of George's character, always
+prominent from his earliest school-days. He was known as a truth-teller.
+His word could be depended upon. He would not tell a falsehood to shield
+his most intimate companion. His word was so reliable that when he gave
+an account of the quarrel, not a few of the scholars accepted it simply
+because it was the statement of truth-telling George. Even several whose
+sympathies were strongly with William or Lewis finally voted for
+George's version. It was their confidence in his adherence to truth that
+settled their opinion.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span></p>
+<p>George was often called a "peace-maker." Mr. Hobby called him so. His
+associates and their parents called him so. There could be no hard words
+or quarrels among his schoolmates with his consent. Sometimes an angry
+boy would charge him with being a "coward" because he always pleaded for
+peace; but his accuser knew full well that George was no "coward." There
+was not a braver boy in that "field-school" than he. He proved his
+bravery by rebuking falsehood and fighting among his class-mates. A
+cowardly boy yields to the ruling spirit around him; but George never
+did, except when that spirit was in the interest of peace.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after the death of George's father, of which we shall speak
+particularly in another place, his connection with Mr. Hobby's school
+was severed.</p>
+
+<p>"How would you like to go to Mr. Williams' school at Bridge's Creek,
+George?" his mother inquired. "Mr. Williams is an excellent teacher, I
+suppose, the very best there is in Virginia."</p>
+
+<p>"I should like it," George answered. "Can I go?"</p>
+
+<p>"I have been thinking of it," his mother responded. "You can live with
+your brother Augustine; the school is not far from his house."</p>
+
+<p>"Shall I go soon?" asked George.</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, as soon as you can get ready. You are at an age now when you must
+attend to the higher branches of knowledge, if ever."</p>
+
+<p>"What shall I study?" inquired George.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span></p>
+<p>"Arithmetic, of course, and I have been thinking of book-keeping and
+surveying, very important studies for planters and everybody else in
+these parts."</p>
+
+<p>"Then you mean I shall be a planter?" George inquired.</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, there is not much but a planter that you can be in this State; and
+a good planter may be as useful and honored as a good merchant or
+lawyer."</p>
+
+<p>"I would as soon be a planter as anything else," continued George "and I
+will try to make a good one."</p>
+
+<p>"That is the main thing," responded his mother. "Planter, merchant or
+lawyer, become the best there is, and you will be both prospered and
+honored. You have learned about all you can at Mr. Hobby's school; it is
+time to go up higher."</p>
+
+<p>"That will suit me as well as it will you," replied George. "I do not
+object to going up higher."</p>
+
+<p>"Some boys act as if they do," rejoined Mrs. Washington; "but I hope you
+will never belong to that class. Do the best you can in every place, and
+you will never be ashamed of your conduct."</p>
+
+<p>Within a few weeks George found himself a member of Mr. Williams'
+school, and a resident of his brother Augustine's family. Arithmetic and
+book-keeping engaged his attention at once, and, after a few months,
+surveying was added to his regular studies.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span></p><p>Mr. Williams was a thorough instructor, and believed that scholars
+should master one branch of study before they took up another. He paid
+much attention to reading, spelling and penmanship, encouraging his
+pupils to place a high value upon these common, but fundamental,
+studies.</p>
+
+<p>"You are a good mathematician, George, and surveying will come easy to
+you," remarked Mr. Williams. "Surveyors will be in great demand in this
+country before it is many years older."</p>
+
+<p>"I should like to understand it," replied George, "and I mean to
+understand it before I have done going to school."</p>
+
+<p>"And the sooner you commence the study of it the better it will be for
+you," added Mr. Williams. "You are old enough, and sufficiently advanced
+to pursue it successfully. By and by you can survey the fields about
+here, by way of practising the art; and you will enjoy it hugely. It
+will be better than play."</p>
+
+<p>"Better than playing soldier?" said George inquiringly, and in a tone of
+pleasantry. He had already organized the boys in Mr. William's school
+into two armies, and more than one mimic battle had been fought.</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, better than any sham thing," answered Mr. Williams. "It will be
+study and diversion together&mdash;work and play&mdash;improving mind and body at
+the same time."</p>
+
+<p>"I see, I see," responded George. "I can abandon soldiering for that."
+But he never did. There was too great fascination about military tactics
+to allow of that. He devoted himself to surveying with commendable
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span>application and rapid progress; but he continued, to some extent, the
+chief sport of his school-days&mdash;mimic war.</p>
+
+<p>George was not more than thirteen or fourteen years of age when he
+surveyed the land about the school-house. He was the first pupil in Mr.
+Williams' school who had performed such a practical piece of work, and
+his school-mates were deeply interested in his exploit. He ranked high
+as a scholar, and his manly bearing made him appear several years older
+than he was. He led Mr. Williams' school, as he did that of Mr. Hobby,
+in scholarship, behavior and physical prowess. He seemed born to lead,
+and his associates were content to have it so.</p>
+
+<p>One of his biographers speaks as follows of his first efforts at
+surveying:</p>
+
+<p>"When he had advanced so far in his study as to give him some idea of
+the proper use and handling of the chain and compass, the two principal
+instruments employed in this art, he began to put his knowledge into
+practice by taking surveys of the farms lying in the immediate
+neighborhood of his school-house.</p>
+
+<p>"Assisted by his school-mates, he would follow up and measure off, with
+the help of his long steel chain, the boundary lines between the farms,
+such as fences, roads, and water-courses; then those dividing the
+different parts of the same farm; determining at the same time, with the
+help of his compass, their various courses, their crooks and windings,
+and the angles formed at their points of meeting or intersection. This
+would enable him to get at the shape and size not only of each farm, but
+of every meadow, field and wood composing it. This done, he would make a
+map or drawing on paper of the land surveyed, whereon would be clearly
+traced the lines dividing the differen<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span>t parts with the name and number
+of acres of each attached, while on the opposite page he would write
+down the long and difficult tables of figures by which these results had
+been reached. All this he would execute with as much neatness and
+accuracy as if it had been left with him to decide thereby some gravely
+disputed land-claim."</p>
+
+<p>Irving says of him as a surveyor: "In this he schooled himself
+thoroughly; making surveys about the neighborhood, and keeping regular
+field-books, in which the boundaries and measurements of the fields
+surveyed were carefully entered, and diagrams made with a neatness and
+exactness, as if the whole related to important land transactions
+instead of being mere school exercises. Thus, in his earliest days,
+there was perseverance and completeness in all his undertakings. Nothing
+was left half done, or done in a hurried and slovenly manner. The habit
+of mind thus cultivated continued through life; so that however
+complicated his tasks and overwhelming his cares, in the arduous and
+hazardous situations in which he was often placed, he found time to do
+everything, and <i>to do it well</i>. He had acquired the magic of method,
+which of itself works wonders."</p>
+
+<p>One day a dispute arose between two pupils respecting a chapter of
+Virginia's early history&mdash;Captain Smith and Pocahontas.</p>
+
+<p>"She saved his life," exclaimed one.</p>
+
+<p>"Very true; but she was not the daughter of King Opechancanough, as you
+say," replied the other.</p>
+
+<p>"Whose daughter was she, then?"</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span></p>
+<p>"She was Powhattan's daughter; and her father was going to kill Captain
+Smith."</p>
+
+<p>"No, she was not Powhattan's daughter; I tell you that Opechancanough
+was her father," rejoined the other with some warmth.</p>
+
+<p>"And I tell you that Powhattan was her father, and Opechancanough was
+her uncle. If you can't recite history more correctly than that you had
+better keep still. Anybody knows that Pocahontas was the daughter of
+Powhattan; and he was the greatest Indian chief in Virginia."</p>
+
+<p>"And you are a conceited, ignorant fellow, to suppose that nobody knows
+anything but yourself."</p>
+
+<p>And so the dispute became more heated, until both parties were greatly
+excited; whereupon a listening school-mate called out:</p>
+
+<p>"Leave it to George; he will settle it."</p>
+
+<p>"Agreed!" responded one.</p>
+
+<p>"Agreed!" shouted the other.</p>
+
+<p>And George was called in to settle the controversy, both parties
+acquiescing in his decision.</p>
+
+<p>George often acted as umpire among the boys in Mr. Williams' school.
+Sometimes, as in the above instance, both parties chose him for umpire.
+Their confidence in his word and judgment led them to submit cases of
+trial or controversy to him, whether relating to studies or games. Many
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span>disputes were thus brought to a speedy termination by his discriminating
+and candid judgment.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Weems says of him at this time:</p>
+
+<p>"He carried with him his virtues, his zeal for unblemished character,
+his love of truth and detestation of whatever was false and base. A gilt
+chariot with richest robes and liveried servants could not have
+befriended him so well; for, in a short time, so completely had his
+virtues secured the love and confidence of the boys, his <i>word</i> was just
+as current among them as a <i>law</i>. A very aged gentleman, formerly a
+school-mate of his, has often assured me that nothing was more common,
+when the boys were in high dispute about a question of fact, than for
+some little shaver among the mimic heroes, to call out:</p>
+
+<p>"'Well, boys, George Washington was there; George Washington was there;
+he knows all about it; and if he don't say it was so, why, then we will
+give it up.'</p>
+
+<p>"'Done,' exclaimed the adverse party.</p>
+
+<p>"Then away they would run to hunt for George. Soon as his verdict was
+heard, the difficulty was settled, and all hands would return to play
+again."</p>
+
+<p>Another biographer, Mrs. Kirkland, says, "It is recorded of his school
+days that he was always head boy; and whether this report be authentic
+or not, we can easily imagine the case to have been so, not exclusively
+by means of scholarship, perhaps, but by the aid of certain other
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span>qualities, very powerful in school as elsewhere, and which he so
+exhibited in after life. His probity, courage, ability and high sense of
+justice were probably evident, even then, for there is every reason to
+believe their foundations were laid very early. The boys would,
+therefore, respect him, and choose him for an umpire in their little
+troubles, as they are said to have done.... He was famous for hindering
+quarrels, and perhaps his early taste for military manoeuvers was only
+an accidental form of that love of mathematical combinations (the marked
+trait of Napoleon's earlier years) and the tendency to order, promptness
+and thoroughness, which characterized him so strikingly in after life.
+The good soldier is by no means a man with a special disposition to
+fight."</p>
+
+<p>George was such an example of order, neatness, thorough scholarship and
+exact behavior in Mr. Williams' school that we shall devote the next
+chapter to these qualities.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2><a name="IV" id="IV"></a>IV.<br />
+
+<small>METHOD AND THOROUGHNESS.</small></h2>
+
+
+<p class="noi">"<span class="smcap">These</span> are finely done," remarked Lawrence Washington to George, after
+an examination of the maps, copy-books, and writing-books, which George
+brought with him from Mr. Williams' school. "It would be difficult for
+any one to excel them."</p>
+
+<p>"It takes considerable time to do them," remarked George.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span></p>
+<p>"It takes time to do anything <i>well</i>," responded Lawrence, "but the
+habit is worth everything to you."</p>
+
+<p>"That is what Mr. Williams says," answered George. "He talks to the boys
+often about doing things well."</p>
+
+<p>"And no matter what it is that a boy is doing, if it is nothing more
+than chopping wood, it pays to do it as well as he can," added Lawrence.
+"Mr. Williams is an excellent teacher."</p>
+
+<p>"I think so," responded George. "He makes everything so plain that we
+can understand him; and he makes us feel that we shall need all we learn
+most when we become men."</p>
+
+<p>"Well, if you learn that last lesson thoroughly it will be of great
+service to you every day," remarked Lawrence. "Many boys never stop to
+think that they will soon be men, and so they are not fitted for the
+duties of manhood when it comes."</p>
+
+<p>"Mr. Williams talks much about method in study and work," continued
+George. "He says that many persons accomplish little or nothing in life
+because they are neither systematic nor thorough in what they do. 'A
+place for everything and everything in its place,' is one of his
+frequent remarks."</p>
+
+<p>"And you must have produced these maps and copy-books under that rule,"
+suggested Lawrence. "They are as excellent in orderly arrangement as
+they are in neatness."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span></p><p>George spent his vacation with Lawrence, who really had charge of his
+education after Mr. Washington died. Lawrence married the daughter of
+William Fairfax three months after the death of his father, and settled
+on the plantation which his father bequeathed to him, near Hunting
+Creek, and to which Lawrence gave the name of Mount Vernon, in honor of
+Admiral Vernon, under whom he did military service in the West Indies,
+and for whom he cherished profound respect.</p>
+
+<p>Lawrence was strongly attached to his young brother in whom he
+discovered the elements of a future noble manhood. He delighted to have
+him at his Mount Vernon home, and insisted that he should spend all his
+time there when out of school. It was during a vacation that Lawrence
+examined his maps and copy-books, as narrated, George having brought
+them with him for his brother to inspect.</p>
+
+<p>One of George's copy-books attracted much attention in school, because
+it was unlike that of any other scholar, and it was an original idea
+with him.</p>
+
+<p>"What do you call it, George, and what do you ever expect to do with
+it?" inquired a school-mate.</p>
+
+<p>"You can call it what you please," replied George. "I expect that it
+will be of great service to me when I become a man."</p>
+
+<p>"That is looking a long way ahead, it seems to me," rejoined his
+companion. "I prefer to know what will be of service to me <i>now</i>. You
+can scarcely tell what will be best for you when you become a man."</p>
+
+<p>"I know that what I am copying into that book will be of use to me in
+manhood, because men use these forms. I call it a 'Book of Forms' for
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span>the want of a better name." And George's words denoted entire confidence
+in his original idea of the use of forms.</p>
+
+<p>"Well, the book looks well anyway," continued his school-mate holding
+the copy-book up to view. "As to that, I should like to see any work of
+yours that does not look well. But what are these forms, anyhow?"</p>
+
+<p>"They are receipts, bills of exchange, notes of hand, deeds, wills,
+land-warrants, bonds and useful forms of that kind," answered George.
+"If I have them here in this book together, they will be convenient for
+use ten or twenty years hence."</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, I see; you can run a lawyer's office on that book," suggested his
+friend.</p>
+
+<p>"A farmer's office, you mean. A farmer may find use for every form there
+is in that book; and if he does not, it will be no disadvantage to him
+to understand them."</p>
+
+<p>"You are right, George, as you are usually. I shall know where to go for
+a form when I want to make my will," remarked his companion in a
+complimentary way.</p>
+
+<p>"And I shall be glad to serve you without charge provided you remember
+me," responded George. "I predict that many men will live who will be
+glad to consult this book to help them out of difficulties."</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps the forethought and sagacity of George were foreshadowed more
+clearly by this copy-book than by any other. Its reference to the
+necessities of manhood was so plain and direct as to prove that he kept
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span>preparation for that period of life constantly in view. This book has
+been carefully preserved, and may be seen to-day at Mount Vernon.</p>
+
+<p>Another manuscript volume of his which has been preserved is a book of
+arithmetical problems. It was customary, when George attended school, to
+write the solution of problems in arithmetic in a blank-book&mdash;not the
+result merely, but the whole process of solution. Sometimes the rules
+were copied, also, into the book. It was a very good practice for a
+studious, persevering, conscientious boy like George; but the method was
+a wretched one for certain indolent pupils to whom study was penance;
+for this class often relied upon these manuscript volumes to furnish
+problems solved, instead of resorting to hard study. They were passed
+around among the idle scholars clandestinely, to help them over hard
+places without study. Mr. Williams forbade the deceitful practice, and
+punished pupils who were discovered in the cheat; nevertheless, poor
+scholars continued to risk punishment rather than buckle down to
+persistent study. There is no doubt that George's book of problems,
+copied in his clear, round hand, did considerable secret service in this
+way. But the preparation of it was an excellent discipline for George.
+Neatness, application, perseverance, thoroughness, with several other
+qualities, were indispensable in the preparation of so fair a book.</p>
+
+<p>In another copy-book George displayed a talent for sketching and
+drawing, which elicited Mr. Williams' commendation.</p>
+
+<p>"That portrait is well executed," he said. "You have a talent in that
+direction, evidently; the likeness is good." It was the face of one of
+the scholars, drawn with his pen.</p>
+
+<p>"Have you practised much in this art?" continued Mr. Williams.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span></p><p>"No, sir; only a little, for amusement."</p>
+
+<p>"Just to see what you could do?" added Mr. Williams, inquiringly.</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, that is all."</p>
+
+<p>"Well, I advise you to cultivate your talent for drawing. These animals
+are well done, too. Practise will give you an ability in this line,
+which may prove of real service to you in future years."</p>
+
+<p>George had drawn animals, also, in the book, and he had given wings to
+some birds with a flourish of his pen, showing both taste and tact
+in the use of the pen. George was not a boy who believed in
+<i>flourishes</i>, except those executed in ink. His interest in the art of
+penmanship drew his attention to these as ornamental and ingenious.</p>
+
+<p>"A facile use of the pen will always be serviceable to you," he said to
+George. "No one can become too skilful in wielding it. But it requires
+much careful practise."</p>
+
+<p>"I have discovered that," answered George. "I do not expect to excel in
+the art of penmanship."</p>
+
+<p>"You may, with your application and perseverance," responded his
+teacher. "'Perseverance conquers all things,' it is said, and I believe
+it."</p>
+
+<p>"But I have not time for everything," remarked George. "Odd moments are
+all the time I can devote to such things."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span></p><p>"And odd moments have done much for some boys," added his teacher.
+"Fragments of time well improved have made some men illustrious."</p>
+
+<p>"It will take larger fragments of time than I have to make me
+illustrious," suggested George, dryly.</p>
+
+<p>"Perhaps not; you are not authorized to come to such a conclusion.
+There are too many facts known to warrant it. Your industry and
+resolution are equal to it."</p>
+
+<p>George accepted the compliment in silence with his usual modesty,
+considerably encouraged by his teacher's words to persevere in doing
+things well.</p>
+
+<p>This copy-book, containing sketches of his companions and pen-pictures
+of birds and beasts, has been carefully preserved with others. It is a
+valuable relic, too, as showing that George was not always the sedate,
+serious boy he has generally been represented to be; for some of these
+sketches border upon the comical, and evidently were intended to bring
+a smile over the faces of his school-mates. Mixed with his usually
+grave and practical way of doing things, they show more of the cheerful,
+roguish boy than is accorded to George by writers in general.</p>
+
+<p>Another copy-book contains many extracts, in prose and poetry, which
+particularly interested George at the time. He was in the habit of
+preserving in this way choice bits of prose and poetry for future use.
+They were copied in his clear, fair handwriting, with every <i>i</i> dotted
+and every <i>t</i> crossed, and every comma and period nicely made and
+placed.</p>
+
+<p>All these copy books, with other proofs of George's thorough scholarship
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span>and progress, can now be seen at Mount Vernon, where he lived and died.</p>
+
+<p>Irving says of these: "His manuscript school-books still exist, and are
+models of neatness and accuracy. One of them, it is true, a ciphering
+book, preserved in the library at Mount Vernon, has some school-boy
+attempts at calligraphy; nondescript birds, executed with the flourish
+of a pen, or profiles of faces, probably intended for those of his
+school-mates; the rest are all grave and business-like. Before he
+was thirteen years of age he had copied into a volume forms for all
+kinds of mercantile and legal papers, bills of exchange, notes of hand,
+deeds, bonds and the like. This early self-tuition gave him throughout
+life a lawyer's skill in drafting documents, and a merchant's exactness
+in keeping accounts; so that all the concerns of his various estates,
+his dealings with his domestic stewards and foreign agents, his accounts
+with governments, and all the financial transactions, are to this day to
+be seen posted up in books, in his own handwriting, monuments of his
+method and unvaried accuracy."</p>
+
+<p>There was yet another manuscript more important, really, than those of
+which we have spoken. It contained one hundred and ten rules for
+regulating his conduct, to which he gave the title, "<span class="smcap">Rules of Behavior
+in Company and Conversation</span>."</p>
+
+<p>When Lawrence Washington examined this manuscript he remarked to his
+wife, "It is remarkable that a boy of his years should make such a
+collection of rules as this. They are creditable to a much older head
+than his."</p>
+
+<p>"They are not original with him, are they?" responded his wife.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span></p><p>"I think not; they must be a collection which he has made from time to
+time. It would not be possible for a boy of his age to produce such a
+code of manners and morals out of his own brain. Hear this," and he
+proceeded to read some of the "Rules."</p>
+
+<p>"Associate yourself with men of good quality if you esteem your
+reputation, for it is better to be alone than in bad company."</p>
+
+<p>"Good counsel, surely, and well expressed," remarked Mrs. Washington.</p>
+
+<p>"It shows a degree of thoughtfulness and desire to be correct, beyond
+his years," added Lawrence. "The other rules are no less practical and
+significant." He continued to read:</p>
+
+<p>"Every action in company ought to be with some sign of respect to those
+present.</p>
+
+<p>"Speak not when others speak; sit not when others stand. Speak not when
+you should hold your peace. Walk not when others stop."</p>
+
+<p>"That is paying attention to little things with a will," remarked Mrs.
+Washington.</p>
+
+<p>"And that is what impresses me," responded Lawrence. "Most boys think
+that such small matters are beneath their notice, when attention to
+these secures attention to more important things."</p>
+
+<p>"Very true," replied his wife; "and it certainly shows a desire to be
+correct in behavior that is commendable."</p>
+
+<p>"And as unusual as it is commendable," added Lawrence. "It is such a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span>manly view of life as we seldom meet with, except in ripe manhood."</p>
+
+<p>"Well, read more of his rules," suggested Mrs. Washington.</p>
+
+<p>Lawrence continued to read, "In your apparel, be modest, and endeavor to
+accommodate yourself to nature rather than to procure admiration; keep
+to the fashion of your equals, such as are civil and orderly, with
+respect to times and places.</p>
+
+<p>"Wherein you reprove another, be unblamable yourself, for example is
+better than precept.</p>
+
+<p>"When a man does all he can, though it succeeds not well, blame not him
+that did it."</p>
+
+<p>"Not many men reduce these rules to practise very thoroughly," remarked
+Lawrence. "To square one's life by these rules requires uncommon
+circumspection and decision. Few are equal to it."</p>
+
+<p>"I think that George comes as near doing it as any one," suggested Mrs.
+Washington.</p>
+
+<p>"I was just thinking of that," replied Lawrence. "I am not sure but his
+manly bearing is owing to these rules. No one can think enough of them
+to write them down carefully in a book without being more or less
+influenced by their lessons."</p>
+
+<p>"It would seem so," remarked Mrs. Washington; "but are there no rules
+relating to our higher duties to God among the whole number?"</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span></p><p>"Yes, several; but you should remember that these are rules of behavior
+in company and conversation alone, and not our religious duties. But
+here is one rule that lies in that direction":</p>
+
+<p>"Labor to keep in your heart that little spark of celestial fire called
+conscience."</p>
+
+<p>"And here is another":</p>
+
+<p>"If you speak of God or His attributes, let it be seriously, in
+reverence; and honor and obey your parents."</p>
+
+<p>"George has done that to perfection," remarked Lawrence. "Profanity and
+disobedience, even in their least offensive form, he was never guilty
+of. And here is still another rule having reference to our higher
+obligations, which he has observed with commendable carefulness":</p>
+
+<p>"Let your recreations be manful, not sinful."</p>
+
+<p>"I think it is remarkable, as you say, that one so young as George
+should make such a collection of rules," said Mrs. Washington. "May it
+not be that a remarkable future is before him?"</p>
+
+<p>"It may be, and I am inclined to think it will be," answered Lawrence.
+"If a bright spring-time is the harbinger of an ample harvest, such a
+youth must foreshadow noble manhood."</p>
+
+<p>Thus were George's "Rules of Behavior in Company and Conversation"
+discussed at Mount Vernon, and the young author of them was more admired
+in consequence.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span></p>
+<p>We will furnish our readers with more of his "Rules," since all of them
+are important, and had much to do, doubtless, with the formation of
+George's character.</p>
+
+<p>"Speak not of doleful things in time of mirth, nor at the table; speak
+not of melancholy things, as death and wounds; and if others mention
+them, change, if you can, the discourse. Tell not your dreams but to
+your intimate friend.</p>
+
+<p>"Break not a jest when none take pleasure in mirth; laugh not loud, nor
+at all, without occasion; deride no man's misfortune, though there seem
+to be some cause.</p>
+
+<p>"Speak not injurious words, neither in jest nor earnest; scoff at none,
+although they give occasion.</p>
+
+<p>"Seek not to lessen the merits of others; neither give more than due
+praise.</p>
+
+<p>"Go not thither where you know not whether you shall be welcome.</p>
+
+<p>"Give not advice without being asked; and when desired, do it briefly.</p>
+
+<p>"Reprove not the imperfections of others, for that belongs to parents,
+masters and superiors.</p>
+
+<p>"Gaze not on the marks and blemishes of others, and ask not how they
+came. What you may speak in secret to your friend, deliver not before
+others.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span></p>
+<p>"Think before you speak; pronounce not imperfectly, nor bring out your
+words too hastily, but orderly and distinctly.</p>
+
+<p>"When another speaks, be attentive yourself, and disturb not the
+audience. If any hesitate in his words, help him not, nor prompt him,
+without being desired; interrupt him not, nor answer him, until his
+speech be ended.</p>
+
+<p>"Treat with men at right times about business, and whisper not, in the
+company of others.</p>
+
+<p>"Be not in haste to relate news if you know not the truth thereof.</p>
+
+<p>"Be not curious to know the affairs of others, neither approach those
+that speak in private.</p>
+
+<p>"Undertake not what you cannot perform, but be careful to keep your
+promise.</p>
+
+<p>"Speak not evil of the absent, for it is unjust.</p>
+
+<p>"Make no show of taking delight in your victuals. Feed not with
+greediness. Cut your food with a knife, and lean not on the table;
+neither find fault with what you eat.</p>
+
+<p>"Be not a flatterer; neither play with any one that delights not to be
+played with.</p>
+
+<p>"Show not yourself glad at the misfortune of another, though he were
+your enemy.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span></p>
+<p>"It is good manners to prefer them to whom we speak before ourselves,
+especially if they are above us; with whom in no sort ought we to begin.</p>
+
+<p>"Strive not with your superiors in an argument, but always submit your
+judgment to others with modesty.</p>
+
+<p>"Undertake not to teach your equal in the art him self professes, for it
+is immodest and presumptuous.</p>
+
+<p>"Before you advise or find fault with any one, consider whether it ought
+to be in public or in private; presently, or at some other time; in what
+terms to do it; and, in reproving, show no sign of anger, but do it with
+sweetness and mildness.</p>
+
+<p>"Use no reproachful language against any one, neither curse nor revile.</p>
+
+<p>"Be not hasty to believe flying reports to the injury of any.</p>
+
+<p>"Play not the peacock, looking everywhere about you to see if you be
+well-decked; if your shoes fit well; if your pantaloons sit neatly, and
+clothes handsomely.</p>
+
+<p>"Let your conversation be without malice or envy, for it is a sign of a
+kindly and commendable nature; and in all cases of passion, admit reason
+to govern.</p>
+
+<p>"Utter not base and frivolous things amongst grave and learned men, nor
+very difficult questions or subjects among the ignorant, nor things hard
+to believe."</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span></p>
+<p>These are only a part of the Rules which George adopted for his
+instruction and guidance through life. In weighing them, the reader must
+feel the force of Everett's remarks, who said of them, "Among his
+manuscripts still in existence, there is one, written under thirteen
+years of age, which deserves to be mentioned as containing striking
+indications of early maturity. The piece referred to is entitled 'Rules
+of Behavior in Company and Conversation.' These rules are written out in
+the form of maxims, to the number of one hundred and ten." "They form,"
+says Mr. Sparks, "a minute code of regulations for building up the
+habits of morals and manners and good conduct in very young persons."
+Whether they were taken in a body from some manual of education, or
+compiled by Washington himself from various books, or framed from his
+own youthful observation and reflection, is unknown. The first is,
+perhaps, the more probable supposition. If compiled by a lad under
+thirteen, and still more, if the fruit of his own meditations, they
+would constitute a most extraordinary example of early prudence and
+thoughtfulness. Some of the rules which form a part of this youthful
+code of manners and morals had their influence over Washington, and gave
+a complexion to his habits through life.</p>
+
+<p>That a boy of twelve or thirteen years should compile such a code of
+manners and morals, shows, unmistakably, the bent of his mind. We
+discover valuable elements of character in the formation and execution
+of such a purpose. It is equally true, also, that his book of prose and
+poetical extracts reveals his taste and aims no less surely than his
+"Rules." The following extract, taken from that manuscript volume, tells
+about the same story of the boy as his "Rules of Behavior" tell:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="block">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="io1">"These are the things, which, once possessed,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Will make a life that's truly blest;<br /></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span><span class="i0">A good estate on healthy soil,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Not got by vice, nor yet by toil;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Round a warm fire a pleasant joke,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With chimney ever free from smoke;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A strength entire, a sparkling bowl,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A quiet wife, a quiet soul;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A mind, as well as body, whole;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Prudent simplicity, constant friends,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A diet which no art commends,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A merry night without much drinking,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A happy thought without much thinking.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Each night by quiet sleep made short,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A will to be but what thou art:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Possessed of these, all else defy,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And neither wish nor fear to die;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">These are the things, which, once possessed,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Will make a life that's truly blest."<br /></span>
+</div></div></div>
+
+<p>His strong love for simple, pure, domestic life appears in this
+selection&mdash;a love for which he was distinguished to the day of his
+death.</p>
+
+<p>The school-days of George ended one month before he was sixteen years of
+age. Mr. Hobby and Mr. Williams were his only teachers, except his
+parents. "Not very rare opportunities," the reader will say. No larger
+opportunities for mental culture now would be considered meagre indeed.
+But he made the most of what he had, so that his small advantages did
+more for him than the best opportunities do for less industrious and
+noble boys.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span></p><p>A strong bond united him to his teacher and schoolmates. It was not so
+much his scholarship as his character that endeared him to both teacher
+and pupils. The secret of it was found in his <i>heart</i> rather than his
+head. His school-mates were moved to tears on parting with him, and so
+was his teacher. And those tears were a sincere tribute to the unsullied
+character of the boy.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2><a name="V" id="V"></a>V.<br />
+
+<small>FOUR INCIDENTS AND THEIR LESSONS.</small></h2>
+
+
+<p class="noi"><span class="smcap">Certain</span> incidents occurred in the young life of our hero, which so
+forcibly illustrate leading elements of his character that we stop here
+to record them.</p>
+
+<p>His father came home one day so sick that he took to his bed at once. It
+was a severe attack of an old complaint, which he had vainly tried to
+remove.</p>
+
+<p>"You must have the doctor," said Mrs. Washington, somewhat alarmed by
+the severity of the attack.</p>
+
+<p>"Wait a little, and see," replied her husband; "perhaps the usual
+remedies will relieve me." He kept remedies in the house for such
+attacks, and Mrs. Washington soon administered them. But the relief was
+only partial, and a servant was sent for the doctor.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span></p><p>"Go in haste," said Mrs. Washington, as Jake mounted the horse and
+galloped away. "Tell the doctor to come as soon as possible," were the
+last words that Jake heard as he dashed forward. Mrs. Washington was
+thoroughly alarmed. Returning to her husband's bedside, she said:</p>
+
+<p>"I want to send for George."</p>
+
+<p>"Not now," her husband answered. "I think the doctor will relieve me.
+Besides, George has only just got there, and it is not well to disturb
+him unnecessarily."</p>
+
+<p>George had gone to visit friends at Chotana, about twenty miles distant,
+where he proposed to spend his vacation.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Washington yielded to her husband's desire, although intense
+anxiety filled her heart. She seemed to have a presentiment that it was
+her husband's last sickness. Back and forth she went from door to
+bedroom, and from bedroom to door, awaiting with tremulous emotion the
+coming of the physician, at the same time employing such remedies as she
+thought might afford relief.</p>
+
+<p>"A very sick man," was the doctor's verdict, "but I think we can relieve
+him soon." His encouraging words lifted a burden from Mrs. Washington's
+heart, although she still apprehended the worst, and yet she could
+scarcely tell why.</p>
+
+<p>"You think that he will recover?" she said to the doctor, as he was
+leaving the house.</p>
+
+<p>"I think so; he is relieved for the present, and I hope that he will
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span>continue to improve," the doctor answered; and he answered just as he
+felt.</p>
+
+<p>Still Mrs. Washington could not disguise her fears. She was a devout
+Christian woman, and she carried her burden to the Lord. She found some
+relief in laying her anxieties upon the great Burden-bearer. She came
+forth from communion with the Father of mercies more composed if not
+more hopeful. She possessed a degree of willingness to leave her
+companion in God's hand.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Washington was relieved of acute pain, but further than that he did
+not improve. After continuing several days in this condition, he said to
+his wife one morning:</p>
+
+<p>"You may send for George to-day."</p>
+
+<p>"I will," Mrs. Washington replied, bursting into tears. "I wish I had
+sent before."</p>
+
+<p>"It might have been as well had we known," Mr. Washington responded, in
+a suggestive way.</p>
+
+<p>"Do you think that your sickness will prove fatal?"</p>
+
+<p>"I fear so. I think I am losing ground fast. I have failed very much in
+strength the last twenty-four hours. God's will be done."</p>
+
+<p>"I hope I shall have grace to say so honestly."</p>
+
+<p>"And I trust that God will give me grace to say so with true<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span>
+submission," continued Mr. Washington. "I should like to live if it is
+God's will; but if He orders otherwise, we must accept His ordering as
+best."</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Washington could say no more. Her cup of sorrow was full and
+running over. But she sorrowed not as one without hope. Both she and her
+husband had been active Christians. They were prominent working members
+of the Episcopal Church. They knew, from happy experience, that solace
+and support were found in divine grace, so that this sudden and terrible
+affliction did not overtake them unawares, really. They were prepared
+for it in an important sense.</p>
+
+<p>The doctor called just as this interview closed, and he seconded Mr.
+Washington's request to send for George.</p>
+
+<p>"A great change has come over him since yesterday," he said to Mrs.
+Washington.</p>
+
+<p>"He just told me that he was sinking," replied Mrs. Washington.</p>
+
+<p>"I fear it is so; and George better be sent for at soon as possible. A
+few hours may bring the end." The physician spoke as if there were no
+more ground for hope.</p>
+
+<p>"May God have mercy on us," responded Mrs. Washington, as she hastened
+from the room, with deep emotion, to despatch a servant for George.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Washington continued to sink rapidly during the day, his reason at
+times wavering, though his distress was not acute. Conscious that he
+could not survive many hours, he expressed an anxiety to see George once
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span>more, and seemed impatient for his arrival.</p>
+
+<p>It was almost night when George arrived, and his father was dying. His
+mother met him at the door, with emotion too deep for utterance. Her
+tears and despairing look told the story more plainly than words to
+George. He knew that there was no hope.</p>
+
+<p>Hastening into his father's presence he was appalled by the change. That
+cheerful, loving face was struck with death. Fastening his eyes upon his
+son, as if he recognized him, the dying man <i>looked</i> his last farewell.
+He could not speak nor lift a finger. He was almost "beyond the river."</p>
+
+<p>George was completely overcome. Throwing himself upon his father's neck,
+he broke into convulsive sobs, kissing him again and again, and giving
+way to the most passionate grief. The scene was affecting beyond
+description. All hearts were melted by the child's artless exhibition of
+filial love and sorrow. He loved his father with a devotion that knew no
+bounds, as he had reason to love him. Without this paternal friend, life
+would lose its charm to him, and he "would never be glad any more." So
+it seemed to him when he first was made conscious that his father was
+dying. The great sorrow seemed too great for him to bear. His young
+heart well nigh burst.</p>
+
+<p>Here we have evidence of what George was as a son. He had not only loved
+and reverenced his father, but he had obeyed him with true filial
+respect. Obedience was one of his leading virtues. This endeared him to
+his father. Their tender love was mutual. "George thought the world of
+his father and his father thought the world of him." That dying scene in
+the family was proof of it.</p>
+
+<p>In a few days all that was mortal of Augustine Washington was committed
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span>to the dust, and George was a fatherless boy. As we have already
+intimated, this sudden affliction changed the current of George's life.
+Different plans and different experiences followed.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Washington, with characteristic foresight, had made his will. Irving
+says of it, "To Lawrence he gave the estate on the banks of the Potomac,
+with other real property, and several shares in iron-works. To
+Augustine, the second son by the first marriage, the old homestead and
+estate in Westmoreland. The children by the second marriage were
+severally well provided for; and George, when he became of age, was to
+have the house and lands on the Rappahannock."</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Washington assumed the care of the estate after the death of her
+husband, and continued her love of fine horses. She possessed several of
+rare beauty and fleetness. Among them was an Arabian colt, full grown,
+broken to the harness, but not to the saddle. He would not allow a man
+to ride him. He was so high strung, and so fractiously opposed to any
+one getting upon his back, that Mrs. Washington had forbidden any one on
+the farm attempting the feat.</p>
+
+<p>George had two or three young friends visiting him, and they were
+admiring the antics of the colt in the meadow in front of the house.</p>
+
+<p>"I should like to ride him," remarked George.</p>
+
+<p>"Ride him!" exclaimed one of the number. "I thought nobody could ride
+him. That is what I have heard."</p>
+
+<p>"Well, I should like to try," continued George. "If I could once get
+upon his back, I would run the risk anyway. He would prance some, I
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span>guess."</p>
+
+<p>"I should like to see you try, George," remarked another of his friends
+present. "You can ride him if any one can. But how do you know that you
+can't ride him? Have you ever tried?"</p>
+
+<p>"No."</p>
+
+<p>"Did any one ever try?"</p>
+
+<p>"I believe Jake has; or, at least, he has tried to get on his back."</p>
+
+<p>"If I were in your place I would see whether I could ride him or not,"
+suggested his friend. "What's the harm?"</p>
+
+<p>"Mother would not allow it," answered George; "She would expect to see
+my brains beat out if I should attempt it."</p>
+
+<p>"But your mother would like it if you succeeded in riding him," rejoined
+his friend, by way of inducing him to make the attempt.</p>
+
+<p>"I have no doubt she would; but if I should break my neck, instead of
+the colt, she would not be glad at all."</p>
+
+<p>"Of course not; but I don't see any particular need of breaking your
+neck or limbs by making the attempt; and it would be a feather in your
+cap to manage the colt. Suppose we try;" and this proposition was made
+by George's companion in good faith.</p>
+
+<p>"I have no fears for myself," answered George; "there is no danger in
+trying to get upon his back that I see, and once there, I will risk
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span>being thrown."</p>
+
+<p>"That is so," continued his friend, "and suppose we try it some day."</p>
+
+<p>After some more discussion upon the subject, George agreed to make the
+attempt to mount the colt early the following morning, and his young
+friend seconded his decision heartily.</p>
+
+<p>The next morning, a full hour before breakfast-time, the boys were out,
+eager to participate in the sport of conquering a wild colt. The colt
+appeared to snuff trouble, for he was unusually gay and crank that
+morning. His head and tail were up, as he went prancing around the
+field, when the boys put in their appearance.</p>
+
+<p>"Drive him into a corner!" exclaimed George.</p>
+
+<p>"Drive the wind into a corner as easily," replied one of the boys, just
+beginning to appreciate the difficulties of the situation.</p>
+
+<p>"Well, he must be caught before he can be mounted," said George,
+philosophically. "I did not promise to mount him until he was bridled."</p>
+
+<p>"That is so," responded another boy, more hopeful of results. "That
+corner yonder is a good place for the business," pointing to the
+eastward.</p>
+
+<p>So they all rallied to drive the colt into the proposed corner; and, in
+the language of another who has described the scene, "after a deal of
+chasing and racing, heading and doubling, falling down and picking
+themselves up again, and more shouting and laughing than they had breath
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span>to spare for, they at last succeeded in driving the panting and
+affrighted young animal into the corner. Here, by some means or other
+(it was difficult to tell precisely how) they managed to bridle him,
+although at no small risk of a broken head or two from his heels, that
+he seemed to fling about him in a dozen different directions at once."</p>
+
+<p>"Lead him away from this corner," said one of the boys.</p>
+
+<p>"Yes," answered George, "we must go well toward the centre of the field;
+he will want room to throw me."</p>
+
+<p>So, throwing the bridle-reins over the colt's neck, and taking hold of
+the bridle close by the bits, the animal was led toward the centre of
+the field.</p>
+
+<p>Before the boys or the colt were aware of George's purpose, with one
+bound he leaped upon the colt's back, and, seizing the reins, was
+prepared for the worst. His playmates were as much astonished as the
+animal was at this unexpected feat, and they rushed away to escape
+disaster.</p>
+
+<p>"Look out, George!" shouted one, as the colt reared and stood upon his
+hind legs.</p>
+
+<p>"He'll throw you, George, if you don't look out!" screamed another, as
+the animal reversed his position and sent his hind legs high into the
+air.</p>
+
+<p>"Stick, George, stick!" they cried, as the colt dashed forward like the
+wind a few rods, then stopped, reared, and kicked again, as if
+determined to throw the rider. All the while George's companions were
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span>alarmed at the fearful plunges of the animal, fearing that he would dash
+him to the ground.</p>
+
+<p>At length the furious beast took the bits between his teeth and plunged
+forward upon the "dead run." George had no control over him as he dashed
+forward like mad. He hung to the reins like a veteran horseman as the
+wild creature leaped and plunged and kicked. His companions looked on in
+breathless interest, expecting every moment to see the young rider
+hurled to the ground. But, to their surprise, the colt stumbled,
+staggered a few steps, and fell, George still upon his back. They ran to
+the rescue, when George exclaimed, "The colt is dead!"</p>
+
+<p>"Dead?" responded one of the boys in astonishment, "more likely his leg
+is broken."</p>
+
+<p>"No, he is dead, sure. See the blood running from his mouth."</p>
+
+<p>Sure enough, the animal was dying. In his fearful plunging he had
+ruptured a blood-vessel, and was bleeding to death. In a few moments the
+young Arabian colt was dead.</p>
+
+<p>"Too bad!" mournfully spoke George, with big tears starting to his eyes.
+"I wish I had never made the attempt to ride him."</p>
+
+<p>"<i>I</i> wish so now," answered one of his companions; "but who ever thought
+that the colt could kill himself?"</p>
+
+<p>"Mother will feel bad enough now," continued George. "I am sorry that I
+have caused her so much trouble."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span></p><p>"What shall you tell her?" inquired a companion.</p>
+
+<p>"I shall tell her the truth," manfully answered George; "that is all
+there is to tell about it."</p>
+
+<p>The boys were soon at the breakfast-table, as cheerful as the
+circumstances would permit.</p>
+
+<p>"Well, boys, have you seen the Arabian colt in your walks this morning?"
+Mrs. Washington inquired.</p>
+
+<p>There was no reply for a moment. The boys looked at each other as if the
+crisis had come, and they were not quite prepared for it. At length
+George answered frankly:</p>
+
+<p>"Mother, the colt is dead."</p>
+
+<p>"Dead!" his mother exclaimed, "what can you mean, George?"</p>
+
+<p>"He is certainly dead, mother."</p>
+
+<p>"Have you seen him?"</p>
+
+<p>"Yes; and I know that he is dead."</p>
+
+<p>"How could such a thing happen?" said his mother, sadly and musingly.</p>
+
+<p>"I will tell you all about it, mother," replied George, resolved upon
+making a clean breast of the affair. He went on to narrate how he
+arrived at the conclusion to ride the colt, not forgetting to say that
+he thought his mother would be pleased with the act if he succeeded in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span>riding the fractious animal successfully. He described the manner of
+catching, bridling, and mounting the colt, as well as his furious
+plunging, rearing, and running; and he closed by the honest confession,
+"I did wrong, mother, and I am very sorry that I attempted to ride the
+colt. I hope that you will forgive me, and I will never be so
+disobedient again."</p>
+
+<p>"Forgive you, my son," his mother answered, evidently too well satisfied
+with the truthfulness of her boy to think much of her loss, "your
+frankness in telling me the truth is worth a thousand colts to me. Most
+gladly do I forgive you, and trust that the lesson you are taught by
+this unfortunate affair will go with you through life."</p>
+
+<p>In this incident we discover the daring, adventurous spirit of George.
+His courage was equal to his honesty. No act of his life approached so
+nearly to disobedience as this. Yet the spirit of disobedience was not
+in his heart. His mother had forbidden any one to ride the colt, but it
+was because she feared the colt would injure them. "If I can ride him
+successfully, and prove that he can be broken to the saddle, mother will
+be delighted," he reasoned. His thoughts were of pleasing instead of
+disobeying his mother. Were there any doubt on this point, his rehearsal
+of the whole story, with no attempt to shield himself from censure,
+together with his sincere desire to be forgiven, settles the question
+beyond controversy.</p>
+
+<p>After George left Mr. Williams' school, and had gone to reside with his
+brother Lawrence at Mount Vernon, a companion discovered in his journal
+several verses that breathed love for an unknown "lowland beauty."</p>
+
+<p>"What is this, George?" he asked. "Are you the poet who writes such
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span>lines as these?" And he read aloud the verses.</p>
+
+<p>"To be honest I must acknowledge the authorship," George answered, with
+his usual frankness. "But there is more truth than poetry in the
+production, I imagine."</p>
+
+<p>"I was suspicious of that," responded his friend. "That means that you
+fell in love with some bewitching girl, I conclude."</p>
+
+<p>"All of that," answered George, with no disposition to conceal anything.</p>
+
+<p>"That accounts for your poetical turn of mind," continued his friend.
+"I have heard it said that lovers take to poetry."</p>
+
+<p>"I don't know about that; but I confess to being smitten by the
+'lowland beauty,'" was George's honest answer.</p>
+
+<p>"Who is she, and where does she live?"</p>
+
+<p>"That is of no consequence now; she is nothing to me, although she is
+much in my thoughts."</p>
+
+<p>"Did she respond to your professions of love?"</p>
+
+<p>"I never made any profession of love to her."</p>
+
+<p>"How is that?"</p>
+
+<p>"I am too young and bashful to take such a step; it would be foolish
+indeed."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span></p><p>"Well, to love and keep it to one's self must be misery indeed,"
+continued his companion.</p>
+
+<p>"There is something in that," answered George, "and I shall not conceal
+that it has made me unhappy at times."</p>
+
+<p>"And it was a kind of relief to let your tender regard express itself in
+poetry?" suggested his friend.</p>
+
+<p>"Exactly so; and you are the only person in the world to whom I have
+spoken of the affair."</p>
+
+<p>We have introduced this incident to show the tender side of George's
+heart. His gravity, decorum, and thoughtful habit were such as almost to
+preclude the possibility of his being captivated by a "lowland beauty."
+But this incident shows that he was much like the average boy of
+Christendom in this regard.</p>
+
+<p>Irving says: "Whatever may have been the reason, this early attachment
+seems to have been a source of poignant discomfort to him. It clung to
+him after he look a final leave of school in the autumn of 1747, and
+went to reside with his brother Lawrence at Mount Vernon. Here he
+continued his mathematical studies and his practice in surveying,
+disturbed at times by recurrences of his unlucky passion. Though by no
+means of a poetical temperament, the waste pages of his journal betray
+several attempts to pour forth his amorous sorrows in verse. They are
+mere common-place rhymes, such as lovers at his age are apt to write, in
+which he bewails his</p>
+
+<div class="block">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="io1">"'Poor, restless heart,<br /></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a></span><span class="i0">Wounded by Cupid's dart;'<br /></span>
+</div></div></div>
+
+<p>and 'bleeding for one who remains pitiless of his griefs and woes.'</p>
+
+<p>"The tenor of some of the verses induce us to believe that he never told
+his love; but, as we have already surmised, was prevented by his
+bashfulness.</p>
+
+<div class="block">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="io1">"'Ah, woe is me, that I should love and conceal!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Long have I wished and never dare reveal.'<br /></span>
+</div></div></div>
+
+<p>"It is difficult to reconcile one's self to the idea of the cool and
+sedate Washington, the great champion of American liberty, a woe-worn
+lover in his youthful days, 'sighing like a furnace,' and inditing
+plaintive verses about the groves of Mount Vernon. We are glad of an
+opportunity, however, of penetrating to his native feelings, and finding
+that under his studied decorum and reserve <i>he had a heart of flesh
+throbbing with the warm impulses of human nature</i>."</p>
+
+<p>In another place, Irving refers to the affair again, and furnishes the
+following bit of information:</p>
+
+<p>"The object of this early passion is not positively known. Tradition
+states that the 'lowland beauty' was a Miss Grimes of Westmoreland,
+afterwards Mrs. Lee, and mother of General Henry Lee, who figured in
+Revolutionary times as Light Horse Harry, and was always a favorite with
+Washington, probably from the recollections of his early tenderness for
+the mother."</p>
+
+<p>George, as we have already intimated, spent his time out of school at
+Mount Vernon, with his brother Lawrence, who had become a man of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span>considerable repute and influence for one of his years. Here he was
+brought into contact with military men, and occasionally naval officers
+were entertained by Lawrence. Often vessels anchored in the river, and
+the officers enjoyed the abundant hospitality of the Mount Vernon
+mansion. George was a close observer of what passed in his new home, and
+a careful listener to the tales of war and a seafaring life frequently
+told in his hearing. The martial spirit within him was aroused by these
+tales of adventure and glory, and he was prepared for almost any
+hardship or peril in the way of the object of his ambition. Besides, his
+brother was disposed to encourage his aspirations in the direction of a
+military life. He discovered the elements of a good soldier in the boy,
+and really felt that distinction awaited him in a military career.</p>
+
+<p>"How would you like a midshipman's berth on a British man-of-war?"
+inquired Lawrence.</p>
+
+<p>"I should like nothing better," George answered.</p>
+
+<p>"You would then be in the service of the king, and have a chance to
+prove your loyalty by your deeds," added Lawrence. "Your promotion would
+be certain."</p>
+
+<p>"If I deserved it," added George, with thoughtful interest.</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, if you deserved it," repeated Lawrence; "and I have no doubt that
+you would deserve it."</p>
+
+<p>"But I fear that mother will not consent to such an arrangement,"
+suggested George.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span></p><p>"I will confer with her upon the subject," replied Lawrence. "I think
+she will take the same view of it that I do."</p>
+
+<p>Lawrence did confer with his mother concerning this venture, and found
+her wholly averse to the project.</p>
+
+<p>"I can never consent that he should follow such a life," she said.</p>
+
+<p>"But I am sure that he would distinguish himself there, and bring honor
+to the family," urged Lawrence.</p>
+
+<p>"Character is worth more than distinction," responded Mrs. Washington.
+"I fear the effect of such a life upon his character."</p>
+
+<p>"George can be trusted in any position, no matter what the temptations
+may be," Lawrence pleaded.</p>
+
+<p>"That may be true, and it may not be true," remarked Mrs. Washington.
+"We ought not to incur the risk unless absolutely obliged to do it."</p>
+
+<p>"If there be a risk," remarked Lawrence, doubtfully.</p>
+
+<p>"Besides," continued Mrs. Washington, "I could not consent to his going
+so far from home unless it were impossible for him to gain a livelihood
+near by."</p>
+
+<p>She was unyielding in this interview, and could see no reason why she
+should consent to such a separation. But Lawrence persevered in his
+efforts to obtain her consent, and finally it was given with manifest
+reluctance. A writer describes what followed thus:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a></span></p><p>"Within a short time a British man-of-war moved up the Potomac, and
+cast anchor in full view of Mount Vernon. On board of this vessel his
+brother Lawrence procured him a midshipman's warrant, after having by
+much persuasion gained the consent of his mother; which, however, she
+yielded with much reluctance and many misgivings with respect to the
+profession her son was about to choose. Not knowing how much pain all
+this was giving his mother, George was as near wild with delight as
+could well be with a boy of a nature so even and steady. Now, what had
+all along been but a waking dream was about to become a solemn reality.
+His preparations were soon made: already was his trunk packed, and
+carried on board the ship that was to bear him so far away from his
+native land; and nothing now remained but to bid farewell to the loved
+ones at home. But when he came and stood before his mother, dressed in
+his gay midshipman's uniform, so tall and robust in figure, so handsome
+in face, and so noble in look and gesture, the thought took possession
+of her mind, that, if she suffered him to leave her then, she might
+never see him more; and losing her usual firmness and self-control, she
+burst into tears.</p>
+
+<p>"'I cannot consent to let you go,' she said, at length. 'It will break
+my heart, George.'</p>
+
+<p>"'How can I refuse to go now that I have enlisted, and my trunk is on
+board?' pleaded George.</p>
+
+<p>"'Order your trunk ashore, and return your uniform, my son, if you do
+not wish to crush your mother's heart,' responded Mrs. Washington. 'I
+cannot bear the thought.'<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span>"</p>
+
+<p>George was overcome by the spectacle of his mother's grief, and with the
+tears running down his cheeks he replied, like the young hero that he
+was:</p>
+
+<p>"'Mother, I can never go and cause you so much grief. I will stay at
+home.'"</p>
+
+<p>His trunk was brought ashore, his uniform was returned, his tears were
+wiped away, and he was happier in thus yielding to his mother's
+reasonable request than he could or would have been in gratifying his
+own wishes.</p>
+
+<p>The higher and nobler qualities of manly character here triumphed over
+the lower passions and desires. It was an excellent discipline for
+George, while, at the same time, the incident exhibits the sterling
+qualities of his heart.</p>
+
+<p>The four incidents narrated present different aspects of George's
+character, and show, without additional proof, that he was an uncommon
+boy. The several qualities displayed in these experiences lie at the
+foundation of human excellence. Without them the future career of a
+youth may prove a failure. With them, a manly, virtuous character is
+well nigh assured.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2><a name="VI" id="VI"></a>VI.<br />
+
+<small>HIS MOTHER.</small></h2>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="noi">"<span class="smcap">Obedience</span> and truthfulness are cardinal virtues to be cultivated,"
+remarked Mrs. Washington to her husband, with whom she frequently
+discussed the subject of family government. "No son or daughter can form
+a reliable character without them."</p>
+
+<p>"There can be no question about that," answered Mr. Washington; "and for
+that reason these virtues are just as necessary for the state as they
+are for the family; reliable citizens cannot be made without them any
+more than reliable sons and daughters."</p>
+
+<p>"I suppose that God means to make reliable citizens out of obedient and
+truthful children," continued Mrs. Washington. "Good family government
+assures good civil government. We must learn to obey before we know how
+to govern."</p>
+
+<p>"And I think that obedience to parents is likely to be followed by
+obedience to God," responded Mr. Washington. "Disobedience is attended
+by a state of mind that is inimical to sincere obedience to God."</p>
+
+<p>"The Bible teaches that plainly," replied Mrs. Washington. "There is
+something very tender and impressive in the lesson, 'Children, obey your
+parents in the Lord: for this is right. Honor thy father and mother;
+which is the first commandment with promise; that it may be well with
+thee, and thou mayst live long on the earth.' A longer and better life
+is promised to those who obey their parents, and it must be because they
+are led to God thereby."</p>
+
+<p>"Obedience is the <i>first</i> commandment, according to that," remarked Mr.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a></span>Washington, "the most important of all, and I have no doubt of it. We
+are to begin <i>there</i> in order to make children what they ought to be."</p>
+
+<p>"The consequences of disobedience as threatened in the Scriptures are
+fearful," added Mrs. Washington. "There could scarcely be more startling
+words than these: 'The eye that mocketh at his father, and despiseth to
+obey his mother, the ravens of the valley shall pick it out, and the
+young eagles shall eat it.' Disobedience to and irreverence for parents
+must be wicked, indeed, to warrant such a threatening."</p>
+
+<p>Here was the secret of Mrs. Washington's successful family government.
+That George owed more to faithful maternal example and training than he
+did to any other influence, he always believed and acknowledged. And
+<span class="smcap2">OBEDIENCE</span> was the first commandment in the Washington family. George
+Washington Parke Custis, a grandson, said:</p>
+
+<p>"The mother of Washington, in forming him for those distinguished parts
+he was destined to perform, <i>first taught him the duties of</i> <span class="smcap2">OBEDIENCE</span>,
+the better to prepare him for those of command. In the well-ordered
+domicile where his early years were passed, the levity and indulgence
+common to youth was tempered by a deference and well-regulated restraint
+which, while it curtailed or suppressed no rational enjoyment usual in
+the spring-time of life, prescribed those enjoyments within the bounds
+of moderation and propriety.</p>
+
+<p>"The matron held in reserve an authority which never departed from her;
+not even when her son had become the most illustrious of men. It seemed
+to say, 'I am your mother, the being who gave you life, the guide who
+directed your steps when they needed the guidance of age and wisdom, the
+parental affection which claime<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[110]</a></span>d your love, the parental authority
+which commanded your obedience; whatever may be your success, whatever
+your renown, next to your God you owe them most to me.' Nor did the
+chief dissent from these truths; but to the last moments of the life of
+his venerable parent, he yielded to her will the most dutiful and
+implicit obedience, and felt for her person and character the most holy
+reverence and attachment."</p>
+
+<p>Lawrence Washington, Esq., of Chotauk, a relative and playmate of George
+in boyhood, described the home of the mother as follows:</p>
+
+<p>"I was often there with George, his playmate, school-mate, and young
+man's companion. Of the mother I was ten times more afraid than I ever
+was of my own parents. She awed me in the midst of her kindness, for she
+was, indeed, truly kind. I have often been present with her sons,
+proper, tall fellows, too, and we were all as mute as mice; and even
+now, when time has whitened my locks, and I am the grandparent of a
+second generation, I could not behold that remarkable woman without
+feelings it is impossible to describe. Whoever has seen that
+awe-inspiring air and manner so characteristic in the Father of his
+Country will remember the matron as she appeared when the presiding
+genius of her well-ordered household, <span class="smcap2">COMMANDING AND BEING OBEYED</span>."</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Washington commanded obedience of her servants and agents as she
+did of her children. On one occasion she ordered an employee to perform
+a certain piece of work in a prescribed way. On going to the field she
+was disappointed.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span></p><p>"Did I not tell you to do that piece of work?" she inquired of him.</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, madam."</p>
+
+<p>"Did I not direct you <i>how</i> to do it?"</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, madam."</p>
+
+<p>"Then why have you not done as you were directed to do?"</p>
+
+<p>"Because I thought my way of doing it was better than yours," the
+servant answered.</p>
+
+<p>"Pray, tell me, who gave you any exercise of judgment in the matter? I
+<i>command</i> you, sir; there is nothing left for you but to obey."</p>
+
+<p>So obedience was the law of her homestead. Outside and inside it seemed
+order, harmony, and efficiency.</p>
+
+<p>There was one volume upon which she relied next to the Bible,&mdash;"Sir
+Matthew Hale's Contemplations, Moral and Divine."</p>
+
+<p>Everett said of the influence of this book upon the life of Washington,
+"It would not be difficult to point out in the character of Washington
+some practical exemplification of the maxims of the Christian life as
+laid down by that illustrious magistrate."</p>
+
+<p>That Mrs. Washington made this volume the basis of her home instruction,
+there is ample proof. The character of her son bore faithful witness to
+the fidelity with which she taught and enforced the excellent counsels
+which the distinguished author gave in his "Contemplations." It will
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[112]</a></span>assist our purpose to cite some of its lessons in brief, as follows:</p>
+
+<p>"An humble man leans not to his own understanding; he is sensible of the
+deficiency of his own power and wisdom, and trusts not in it; he is also
+sensible of the all-sufficient power, wisdom, and goodness of Almighty
+God, and commits himself to Him for counsel, guidance, direction, and
+strength."</p>
+
+<p>"Consider what it is thou pridest thyself in, and examine well the
+nature of the things themselves, how little and inconsiderable they are;
+at least how uncertain and unstable they are."</p>
+
+<p>"Thou hast, it may be, wealth, stores of money; but how much of it is of
+use to thee? That which thou spendest is gone; that which thou keepest
+is as insignificant as so much dirt or clay; only thy care about it
+makes thy life the more uneasy."</p>
+
+<p>"Thou has honor, esteem; thou art deceived, thou hast it not. He hath it
+that gives it thee, and which He may detain from thee at pleasure."</p>
+
+<p>"Much time might be saved and redeemed, in retrenching the unnecessary
+waste thereof, in our ordinary sleep, attiring and dressing ourselves,
+and the length of our meals as breakfasts, dinners, suppers; which,
+especially in this latter age, and among people of the better sort, are
+protracted to an immoderate and excessive length."</p>
+
+<p>"Gaming, taverns, and plays, as they are pernicious, and corrupt<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[113]</a></span>
+youth; so, if they had no other fault, yet they are justly to be
+declined in respect to their excessive expense of time, and habituating
+men to idleness and vain thoughts, and disturbing passions, when they
+are past, as well as while they are used."</p>
+
+<p>"Be obstinately constant to your devotion at certain times, and be sure
+to spend the Lord's Day entirely in those religious duties proper for
+it; and let nothing but an inevitable necessity divert you from it."</p>
+
+<p>"Be industrious and faithful to your calling. The merciful God has not
+only indulged us with a far greater portion of time for our ordinary
+occasions than he has reserved for himself, but also enjoins and
+requires our industry and diligence in it."</p>
+
+<p>"Honesty and plain dealings in transactions, as well public as private,
+is the best and soundest prudence and policy, and overmatch craft and
+subtlety."</p>
+
+<p>"To rob for burnt offerings, and to lie for God, is a greater disservice
+to His Majesty than to rob for rapine or lie for advantage."</p>
+
+<p>"As he is overcareful that will not put on his clothes for fear of
+wearing them out, or use his axe for fear of hurting it, so he gives but
+an ill account of a healthy body that dares not employ it in a suitable
+occupation for fear of hurting his health."</p>
+
+<p>"Improve the opportunity of place, eminence, and greatness to serve God
+and your country, with all vigilance, diligence, and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[114]</a></span>fidelity."</p>
+
+<p>"Reputation is not the thing primarily to be looked after in the
+exercise of virtue, for that is to affect the substance for the sake of
+the shadow, which is a kind of levity and weakness of mind; but look at
+virtue and the worth of it, as that which is first desirable, and
+reputation as a fair and useful accession to it."</p>
+
+<p>"Take a man that is employed as a statesman or politician, though he
+have much wisdom and prudence, it commonly degenerates into craft and
+cunning and pitiful shuffling, without the fear of God; but mingle the
+fear of Almighty God with that kind of wisdom, and it renders it noble
+and generous and honest and stable."</p>
+
+<p>"Whatever you do, be very careful to retain in your heart a <i>habit of
+religion</i>, that may be always about you, and keep your heart and life
+always as in His presence, and tending towards Him."</p>
+
+<p>We might quote much more of equal value from this treasury of wisdom.
+The book touches humanity at almost every point, and there is scarcely
+any lesson, relating to the elements of success in life, which it does
+not contain. Industry, perseverance, self-denial, decision, energy,
+economy, frugality, thoroughness, magnanimity, courage, fidelity,
+honesty, principle, and religion,&mdash;these, and all other indispensable
+human qualities, receive careful and just attention. And we repeat,
+George Washington's character was formed upon the basis of those
+instructions, under the moulding power of a superior mother.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[115]</a></span></p>
+<p>Mrs. Washington descended from a family of distinction among the
+Virginia colonists. Mr. Paulding says of her: "As a native of Virginia,
+she was hospitable by birthright, and always received her visitors with
+a smiling welcome. But they were never asked to stay but once, and she
+always speeded the parting guest by affording every facility in her
+power. She possessed all those domestic habits and qualities that confer
+value on women, and had no desire to be distinguished by any titles but
+those of a good wife and mother."</p>
+
+<p>She was a very resolute woman, and exercised the most complete
+self-control in the presence of danger and difficulties. There was but a
+single exception to this remark, she was afraid of thunder and lightning.
+At fifteen years of age she was walking with a young female friend, when
+they were overtaken by a fearful thunder-shower, and her friend was
+struck by lightning at her side and instantly killed. The terrible
+calamity wrought seriously upon her nervous system, and from that time
+she was unable to control her nerves during a thunder-storm. Otherwise
+she was one of the most fearless and resolute women ever born in
+Virginia.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Washington was not regarded as a superstitious woman, yet she had a
+dream when George was about five years old which so deeply impressed her
+that she pondered it through life. Mr. Weems gives it as she told it to
+a neighbor more than once, as follows:</p>
+
+<p>"I dreamt," said the mother of Washington, "that I was sitting on the
+piazza of a large new house, into which we had but lately moved. George,
+at that time about five years old, was in the garden with his corn-stalk
+plough, busily running little furrows in the sand, in imitation of Negro
+Dick, a fine black boy, wit<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[116]</a></span>h whose ploughing George was so taken that
+it was sometimes a hard matter to get him to his dinner. And so, as I
+was sitting on the piazza at my work, I suddenly heard in my dream a
+kind of roaring noise on the <i>eastern</i> side of the house. On running out
+to see what was the matter, I beheld a dreadful sheet of fire bursting
+from the roof. The sight struck me with a horror which took away my
+strength, and threw me, almost senseless, to the ground. My husband and
+the servants, as I saw in my dream, soon came up; but, like myself, were
+so terrified at the sight that they could make no attempt to extinguish
+the flames. In this most distressing state the image of my little son
+came, I thought, to my mind, more dear and tender than ever, and turning
+towards the garden where he was engaged with his little corn-stalk
+plough, I screamed out twice with all my might, '<i>George</i>! <i>George</i>!' In
+a few moments, as I thought, he threw down his mimic plough, and ran to
+me, saying, '<i>High! ma! what makes you call so angry! ain't I a good
+boy? don't I always run to you soon as I hear you call</i>?' I could make
+no reply, but just threw up my arms towards the flame. He looked up and
+saw the house all on fire; but instead of bursting out a-crying, as
+might have been expected from a child, he instantly <i>brightened</i> up and
+seemed ready to fly to extinguish it. But first looking at me with great
+tenderness, he said, '<i>O ma, don't be afraid! God Almighty will help us,
+and we shall soon put it out</i>.' His looks and words revived our spirits
+in so wonderful a manner that we all instantly set about to assist him.
+A ladder was presently brought, on which, as I saw in my dream, he ran
+up with the nimbleness of a squirrel and the servants supplied him with
+water, which he threw on the fire from an <i>American gourd</i>. But that
+growing weaker, the flam<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[117]</a></span>e appeared to gain ground, breaking forth and
+roaring most dreadfully, which so frightened the servants that many of
+them, like persons in despair, began to leave him. But he, still
+undaunted, continued to ply it with water, animating the servants at the
+same time, both by his words and actions. For a long time the contest
+appeared very doubtful; but at length a venerable old man, with a tall
+cap and an iron rod in his hand, like a lightning-rod, reached out to
+him a curious little trough, like a <i>wooden shoe</i>! On receiving this he
+redoubled his exertions, and soon extinguished the fire. Our joy on the
+occasion was unbounded. But he, on the contrary, showing no more of
+transport now than of terror before, looked rather sad at the sight of
+the great harm that had been done. Then I saw in my dream that after
+some time spent as in deep thought, he called out with much joy, '<i>Well
+ma, now if you and the family will but consent, we can make a far better
+roof than this ever was</i>; a roof of such a <i>quality</i> that, if well <i>kept
+together</i>, it will last forever; but if you take it apart, you will make
+the house ten thousand times worse than it was before.'"</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Weems adds: "This, though certainly a very curious dream, needs no
+Daniel to interpret it, especially if we take Mrs. Washington's new
+house for the young colony government; the fire on its east side for
+North's civil war; the gourd, which George first employed, for the
+American three and six months' enlistments; the old man, with his cap
+and iron rod, for Dr. Franklin; the <i>shoe-like</i> vessel which he reached
+to George for the sabot, or wooden-shoed nation, the French whom
+Franklin courted a long time for America; and the new roof proposed by
+George for a staunch, honest Republic, that '<i>equal government</i>' which,
+by guarding alike the welfare of all, ought by all to be so heartily
+beloved as to <i>endure forever</i>."</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a></span></p>
+<p>There are many anecdotes told of her which illustrate her character
+better than plain statement.</p>
+
+<p>The death of her husband was a crushing blow to her; yet, on the whole,
+her Christian hope triumphed. Friends offered to assist her in the
+management of her large estate, for all the property left to her
+children was to be controlled by her until they each one became of age.</p>
+
+<p>"No," she answered, "God has put the responsibility upon me by the death
+of my husband, and I must meet it. He will give me wisdom and strength
+as I need it."</p>
+
+<p>"But it is too much care and labor for a woman," suggested one, thinking
+that what had required the constant and careful attention of a man could
+not be added to the cares of a woman, whose hands were full with
+household duties before.</p>
+
+<p>"We can bear more and do more than we think we can when compelled by the
+force of circumstances," replied Mrs. Washington. "In ourselves we are
+weak, and can do but little; but by the help of God we are made equal to
+the demands of duty."</p>
+
+<p>"Equal to all that comes within the bounds of reason," responded the
+relative, intending that it was unreasonable for the mother of five
+young children, the eldest but eleven years old, to undertake so much.</p>
+
+<p>"Certainly; and the <i>demands of duty</i> are always within the bounds of
+reason," answered Mrs. Washington; "that was what I said. Providence has
+laid this burden of care and labor upon me, and upon no one else. While
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[119]</a></span>I shall be very thankful for advice and assistance from my friends, I
+must not shrink from the cares of this new position."</p>
+
+<p>It was in this spirit that Mrs. Washington took up the additional duties
+devolved upon her by the sudden death of her husband. In view of this
+fact, Mr. Sparks paid her the following just tribute:</p>
+
+<p>"In these important duties Mrs. Washington acquitted herself with great
+fidelity to her trust, and with entire success. Her good sense,
+assiduity, tenderness, and vigilance overcame every obstacle; and, as
+the richest reward of a mother's solicitude and toil, she had the
+happiness to see all her children come forward with a fair promise into
+life, filling the sphere allotted them in a manner equally honorable to
+themselves, and to the parent who had been the only guide of their
+principles, conduct, and habits. She lived to witness the noble career
+of her eldest son, till, by his own rare merits, he was raised to the
+head of a nation, and applauded and revered by the whole world. It has
+been said that there never was a great man, the elements of whose
+greatness might not be traced to the original characteristics or early
+influence of his mother. If this be true, how much do mankind owe to the
+mother of Washington?"</p>
+
+<p>Irving said: "She proved herself worthy of the trust. Endowed with
+plain, direct, good sense, thorough conscientiousness, and prompt
+decision, she governed her family strictly, but kindly, exacting
+deference while she inspired affection. George, being her eldest son,
+was thought to be her favorite, yet she never gave him undue preference;
+and the implicit deference exacted from him in childhood continued to be
+habitually observed by him to the day of her death. He inherited from
+her a high temper and a spirit of command, but her early precepts and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span>example taught him to restrain and govern that temper, and to square his
+conduct on the exact principles of equity and justice.</p>
+
+<p>"Tradition gives an interesting picture of the widow, with her little
+flock gathered round her, as was her daily wont, reading to them lessons
+of religion and morality out of some standard work. Her favorite volume
+was Sir Matthew Hale's 'Contemplations, Moral and Divine.' The admirable
+maxims therein contained for outward actions, as well as for
+self-government, sank deep into the mind of George, and doubtless had a
+great influence in forming his character. They certainly were
+exemplified in his conduct throughout life. This mother's manual,
+bearing his mother's name, Mary Washington, written with her own hand,
+was ever preserved by him with filial care, and may still be seen in the
+archives of Mount Vernon."</p>
+
+<p>When her son first engaged in the war against the French and Indians,
+she appeared to be indifferent to the honor conferred upon him.</p>
+
+<p>"You must go at the call of your country, but I regret that it is
+necessary, George," she said, when he paid her his farewell visit. "May
+the Lord go with you, and preserve you and the country!"</p>
+
+<p>"And may He preserve and bless you, whether He preserves me or not!"
+answered her son. "The perils of war render my return uncertain, to say
+the least; and it is always wise to be prepared for the worst."</p>
+
+<p>"I trust that I am prepared for anything that Providence orders,"
+responded Mrs. Washington, "though it is with pain that I approach this
+separation. These trying times require great sacrifices of all, and we
+must make them cheerfully."</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[121]</a></span></p>
+<p>"Victory would not be far away if all possessed that spirit," answered
+the young commander. "If there is patriotism enough in the country to
+defend our cause, the country will be saved."</p>
+
+<p>That Washington himself was deeply affected by this interview, his own
+tears, when he bade his mother final adieu, bore unmistakable witness.</p>
+
+<p>When the news of his crossing the Delaware, at a time of great peril and
+gloom in the land, was brought to her, she exclaimed, raising her hand
+heavenward, "Thank God! thank God for the success!"</p>
+
+<p>There appeared to be no recognition of peculiar wisdom and skill on the
+part of her son, though the friends gathered were full of his praise.</p>
+
+<p>"The country is profoundly grateful to your son for his achievements,"
+suggested one; "and the praise of his countrymen knows no bounds."</p>
+
+<p>"I have no doubt that George deserves well of his country," Mrs.
+Washington replied, "but, my good sir, here is too much flattery."</p>
+
+<p>"No flattery at all, but deserved praise," her friend and neighbor
+retorted.</p>
+
+<p>"Well, I have no fears about George," she replied. "He will not forget
+the lessons I have taught him; he will not forget <i>himself</i>, though he
+is the subject of so much praise."</p>
+
+<p>After her son had left for Cambridge, Mass., to take charge of the
+troops, her son-in-law, Mr. Fielding Lewis, offered to lighten her
+labors by taking care of her property, or some part of it at least.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[122]</a></span></p>
+<p>"No, Fielding, it is not necessary; I am competent to attend to it
+myself," she answered.</p>
+
+<p>"I did not question your competency; I only wanted to relieve you of
+some care," the son-in-law answered.</p>
+
+<p>"I understand and appreciate your kindness," she said; "but,
+nevertheless, I must decline your offer. My friends are all very kind to
+me, and I feel very grateful, but it is better for me to bear this
+responsibility as long as I can."</p>
+
+<p>After discussing the subject still further, Mrs. Washington yielded in
+part to his request; she said:</p>
+
+<p>"Fielding, you may keep my books in order, as your eyesight is better
+than mine, but leave the executive management to me."</p>
+
+<p>When Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown, Washington despatched a
+messenger to convey the glad tidings to his mother at Fredericksburg. At
+once her friends and neighbors called with great enthusiasm to honor her
+as the mother of the conqueror of England.</p>
+
+<p>"Bless God!" she exclaimed, on receipt of the news. "The war will now be
+ended, and peace and independence and happiness bless the country."</p>
+
+<p>"Your son is the most illustrious general in the world," remarked one.</p>
+
+<p>"The nation idolizes him," said another.</p>
+
+<p>"The soldiers almost worship him," still another.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[123]</a></span></p>
+<p>"The saviour of his country," announced a fourth in jubilant state of
+mind, desiring, at the same time, to gratify his mother.</p>
+
+<p>But none of these lofty tributes to her son afforded her pleasure; they
+seemed to annoy her by causing her to feel that the divine blessing was
+overlooked.</p>
+
+<p>"We must not forget the great Giver, in our joy over the success of our
+arms," she said.</p>
+
+<p>She had never forgotten Him. During those six long years of conflict,
+her hope had been inspired, and her comfort found, at the mercy-seat.
+Daily, during the warm season of the year, she had repaired to a
+secluded spot near her dwelling to pray for her George and her country.
+At other seasons of the year she daily remembered them within her quiet
+home. However gratified she may have been with the honors lavished upon
+her son, she would not allow herself to honor the creature more than the
+Creator.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as possible after the surrender of Cornwallis, Washington
+visited his mother at Fredericksburg, attended by his splendid suite.
+The latter were extremely anxious to behold and honor the aged matron,
+whom their illustrious chief respected and loved so sincerely.</p>
+
+<p>On arriving at Fredericksburg, he quartered his suite comfortably, and
+then repaired alone and on foot to see his mother, whom he had not seen
+for over six years. She met him at the door with feelings we cannot
+conceive, much less describe.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[124]</a></span></p><p>In silence and tears they embraced each other, with that tender, mutual
+pledge of undying love&mdash;a kiss.</p>
+
+<p>"God has answered my prayers, George, and I praise Him that I see your
+face again," she said.</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, my dear mother, God has indeed heard your prayers, and the thought
+that you were interceding for me at the throne of grace was always an
+inspiration to me," answered the son.</p>
+
+<p>"How changed, George!" the mother remarked, scanning his face closely,
+and noticing that he had grown old rapidly. "You bear the marks of war."</p>
+
+<p>"True, men grow old fast in war," the son replied; "but my health is
+good, and rest and peace will soon make me as good as new."</p>
+
+<p>"For that I shall devoutly pray," Mrs. Washington responded.</p>
+
+<p>For an hour, and more, the conversation continued, the mother making
+many inquiries concerning his health and future plans, the prospects of
+peace and prosperity to the country, and kindred subjects; but she did
+not drop a single word respecting his fame.</p>
+
+<p>The inhabitants of Fredericksburg and vicinity immediately arranged for
+a grand military ball in honor of Gen. Washington and his staff. Such an
+occasion would furnish a favorable opportunity for the members of
+Washington's staff to meet his mother.</p>
+
+<p>At that time, as now, it was customary for military and civic leaders to
+allow their joy over happy occasions to ooze out through their heels. We
+are unable to explain the phenomenon; but the fact remains, that a ball
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[125]</a></span>on a grand scale was planned, to which Washington's mother was specially
+invited. Her reply to the flattering invitation was characteristic.</p>
+
+<p>"Although my dancing days are pretty well over, I shall be most happy to
+contribute what I can to the general festivity."</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Washington was then over seventy years of age.</p>
+
+<p>It was the gayest assembly ever convened in Virginia at that time, and
+perhaps the occasion was the merriest. Gay belles and dignified matrons
+graced the occasion, arrayed in rich laces and bright brocades, the well
+preserved relics of scenes when neither national misfortune nor private
+calamity forbade their use.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to Washington's staff, many other military officers were
+present, all gorgeously dressed, contributing largely to the beauty and
+grandeur of the scene.</p>
+
+<p>"But despite the soul-soothing charm of music," says a writer, "the
+fascinations of female loveliness, and the flattering devotion of the
+gallant brave, all was eager suspense and expectation, until there
+entered, unannounced and unattended, the mother of Washington, leaning
+on the arm of her son.</p>
+
+<p>"The large audience at once paid their respects to the honored guests,
+the mother of the chief being the central figure of the occasion.
+Washington presented American and European officers to his mother, who
+wore the simple but becoming and appropriate costume of the Virginia
+ladies of the olden time, while the sincere congratulations of the whole
+assembly were tendered to her."</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[126]</a></span></p>
+<p>The writer just quoted continues:</p>
+
+<p>"The European strangers gazed long in wondering amazement upon the
+sublime and touching spectacle. Accustomed to the meretricious display
+of European courts, they regarded with astonishment her unadorned
+attire, and the mingled simplicity and majesty for which the language
+and manners of the mother of Washington were so remarkable."</p>
+
+<p>When the clock struck nine, the venerable lady arose, and said:</p>
+
+<p>"Come, George, it is time for old people to be at home."</p>
+
+<p>Then expressing her gratification at being able to be present on so
+extraordinary an occasion, and wishing the company much joy, she
+retired, as she came, leaning on the arm of her son.</p>
+
+<p>This picture of beautiful simplicity and absence of pride, in the midst
+of distinguished honors, contrasts finely with a scene in the life of
+another great general, Napoleon. On one occasion, when Napoleon gave
+audience to famous guests, together with several members of his family,
+his mother advanced towards him. According to a royal custom, the
+emperor extended his hand to her to kiss, as he had done when his
+brothers and sisters approached him.</p>
+
+<p>"No," responded his mother; "you are the king, the emperor of all the
+rest, but you are <i>my son</i>."</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Washington was always actuated by a similar sense of propriety; and
+her demeanor towards the general seemed to say, "You are my son." And
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[127]</a></span>the general accepted that exhibition of maternal dignity and love as
+proper and honorable.</p>
+
+<p>At the close of the Revolution, Lafayette, before leaving the country,
+visited Mrs. Washington at her home. One of her grandsons accompanied
+him to the house. As they approached, the grandson said, pointing to an
+old lady in the garden:</p>
+
+<p>"There is my grandmother in the garden."</p>
+
+<p>"Indeed!" answered Lafayette. "I am happy to find her able to be out."</p>
+
+<p>Lafayette saluted her in his cordial way on coming up to her, when she
+replied:</p>
+
+<p>"Ah, Marquis, you see an old woman; but come, I can make you welcome to
+my poor dwelling without the parade of changing my dress."</p>
+
+<p>"I come to bid you adieu before leaving the country," remarked
+Lafayette, when they were seated in the house. "I desired to see you
+once more."</p>
+
+<p>"I assure you that nothing could afford me more real pleasure than to
+welcome once more to my home so distinguished a friend of my son and my
+country," Mrs. Washington answered.</p>
+
+<p>"I congratulate you upon having such a son and such a country,"
+continued Lafayette.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[128]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"I trust that I am grateful for both," Mrs. Washington replied.</p>
+
+<p>"I rejoice with you in your son's well-earned fame," continued the
+distinguished Frenchman, "and I am glad that you have lived to see this
+day."</p>
+
+<p>Lafayette proceeded to rehearse the patriotic deeds of Washington for
+his country, growing more and more enthusiastic in his praise as he
+continued, until finally Mrs. Washington remarked:</p>
+
+<p>"<i>I am not surprised at what George has done, for he was always a good
+boy.</i>"</p>
+
+<p>Washington retired to his home at Mount Vernon at the close of the war,
+and earnestly entreated his mother to take up her abode with him.</p>
+
+<p>"You are too aged and infirm to live alone," he said, "and I can have no
+greater pleasure than to have you in my family."</p>
+
+<p>"I feel truly grateful for your kindness, George, but I enjoy my mode of
+life," she answered. "I think it is according to the direction of
+Providence."</p>
+
+<p>"It would not be in opposition to Providence if you should come to live
+with me," responded Washington with a smile.</p>
+
+<p>"Nevertheless, I must decline. I thank you from the bottom of my heart
+for your interest and love, <i>but I feel fully competent to take care of
+myself</i>."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[129]</a></span></p><p>That settled the question, and she remained at Fredericksburg.</p>
+
+<p>When Washington was elected President of the United States, he paid a
+farewell visit to his mother. He was about to depart for the seat of
+government, which was in New York City.</p>
+
+<p>"I would gladly have avoided this responsibility for your sake, as well
+as mine," remarked Washington; "but Providence seemed to leave me no way
+of escape, and I have come to bid you an affectionate farewell."</p>
+
+<p>"You are in the way of duty, George, and I have no desire to interpose,"
+his mother answered. "My race is almost run, and I shall never see you
+again in the flesh."</p>
+
+<p>"I hope we shall meet again; though at your great age, and with such a
+serious disease upon you, the end cannot be far away," replied the son.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Washington was then eighty-three years of age, and was suffering
+from a cancer in the breast.</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, I am old and feeble, and growing more so every day," continued his
+mother; "and I wait the summons of the Master without fear or anxiety."</p>
+
+<p>Pausing a moment, as if to control emotion, she added, "Go, George, and
+fulfil the high destiny to which Providence calls you; and may God
+continue to guide and bless you!"</p>
+
+<p>At this point let Mr. Custis speak:</p>
+
+<p>"Washington was deeply affected. His head rested upon th<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[130]</a></span>e shoulder of
+his parent, whose aged arm feebly, yet fondly, encircled his neck. That
+brow, on which fame had wreathed the purest laurel virtue ever gave to
+created man, relaxed from its lofty bearing. That look, which would have
+awed a Roman senate in its Fabrician day, was bent in filial tenderness
+upon the time-worn features of the aged matron. He wept. A thousand
+recollections crowded upon his mind, as memory, retracing scenes long
+passed, carried him back to the maternal mansion and the days of
+juvenility, where he beheld that mother, whose care, education, and
+discipline caused him to reach the topmost height of laudable ambition.
+Yet, how were his glories forgotten while he gazed upon her whom, wasted
+by time and malady, he should part with to meet no more!"</p>
+
+<p>Washington never saw his mother again. She died Aug. 25, 1789. Her last
+days were characterized by that cheerful resignation to the divine will
+for which she was ever distinguished, and she passed away in the
+triumphs of Christian faith.</p>
+
+<p>Her remains were laid in the burial ground of Fredericksburg, in a spot
+which she selected, because it was situated near the place where she was
+wont to retire for meditation and prayer. For many years her grave was
+unmarked by slab or monument; but in 1833, Silas E. Barrows, Esq., of
+New York City, undertook the erection of a monument at his own expense.</p>
+
+<p>On the seventh day of May of that year, President Jackson laid the
+corner-stone in the presence of a great concourse of people. It was
+estimated that more than fifteen thousand persons assembled to honor the
+dead.</p>
+
+<p>The plan of the monument was pyramidical, and the height of the obelisk
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[131]</a></span>forty-five feet. A colossal bust of Washington adorned the shaft,
+surmounted by the American eagle sustaining a civic crown above the
+hero's head, and with the simple inscription:</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+MARY,<br />
+<small>THE MOTHER OF</small><br />
+WASHINGTON.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>From President Jackson's eulogy on the interesting occasion, we make the
+following brief extract:</p>
+
+<p>"In the grave before us lie the remains of his mother. Long has it been
+unmarked by any monumental tablet, but not unhonored. You have
+undertaken the pious duty of erecting a column to her name, and of
+inscribing upon it the simple but affecting words, 'Mary, the Mother of
+Washington.' No eulogy could be higher, and it appeals to the heart of
+every American.... The mother and son are beyond the reach of human
+applause, but the bright example of paternal and filial excellence which
+their conduct furnishes cannot but produce the most salutary effects
+upon our countrymen. Let their example be before us from the first
+lesson which is taught the child, till the mother's duties yield to the
+course of preparation and action which nature prescribes for him....</p>
+
+<p>"Fellow citizens, at your request, and in your name, I now deposit this
+plate in the spot destined for it; and when the American pilgrim shall,
+in after ages, come up to this high and holy place, and lay his hand
+upon this sacred column, may he recall the virtues of her who sleeps
+beneath, and depart with <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[132]</a></span>his affections purified and his piety
+strengthened, while he invokes blessings upon the mother of Washington."</p>
+
+<p>John Adams wrote to his wife concerning a certain statesman: "In reading
+history, you will generally observe, when you find a great character,
+whether a general, a statesman, or a philosopher, some female about him,
+either in the character of a mother, wife, or sister, who has knowledge
+and ambition above the ordinary level of women; and that much of his
+eminence is owing to her precepts, example, or instigation in some shape
+or other."</p>
+
+<p>This remark was remarkably illustrated in the career of Washington. He
+always acknowledged his indebtedness to maternal influence. He could
+say, with John Quincy Adams, "Such as I have been, whatever it was; such
+as I am, whatever it is; and such as I hope to be in all futurity, must
+be ascribed, under Providence, to the precepts and example of my
+mother."</p>
+
+<p>Historians and poets, statesmen and orators, have ever accorded to the
+mother of Washington a signal influence to determine his character and
+career. And so universal is this sentiment, that the American people
+consider that the noblest tribute to her memory is the inscription upon
+her monument:</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+MARY,<br />
+<small>THE MOTHER OF</small><br />
+WASHINGTON.<br />
+</p>
+
+
+<hr /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[133]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="VII" id="VII"></a>VII.<br />
+
+<small>YOUNG SURVEYOR.</small></h2>
+
+
+<p class="noi">"<span class="smcap">George</span> can make his home with me, now that his school-days are over,"
+said Lawrence to his mother, anxious to keep his young brother in his
+own family at Mount Vernon.</p>
+
+<p>"But I need him more than you do," objected Mrs. Washington; "you can
+hardly imagine how I miss him."</p>
+
+<p>"So do we miss him when he is not here," responded Lawrence. "George is
+good company, as much so as a man of twenty-five years of age. I want
+very much that he should make his home with me."</p>
+
+<p>"I thought he might be of service to me in running the farm, and, at the
+same time, pursue his studies by himself," continued Mrs. Washington.</p>
+
+<p>"He can study better with me," suggested Lawrence, "because I can assist
+him as well as not."</p>
+
+<p>"There is no doubt of that," replied the mother, "and that is the only
+reason I can see why he should make his home with you."</p>
+
+<p>"There is one other reason, mother, and a good one, too."</p>
+
+<p>"What is it?"</p>
+
+<p>"He will have a better opportunity to get into business if he lives with
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[134]</a></span>me. I have much company, and just the class of men to introduce a
+capable youth like George into some good pursuit."</p>
+
+<p>"There is something in that," responded Mrs. Washington.</p>
+
+<p>"There is much in it every way," added Lawrence. "George is now at an
+age when his plans for life should be forming. He is competent to occupy
+almost any position that offers, and I can be of real service to him in
+directing and advising him."</p>
+
+<p>There is evidence to believe that Lawrence had not wholly abandoned the
+idea of introducing George into military life. He himself had become a
+man of influence in the State. He was a member of the House of
+Burgesses, and adjutant-general of his district; a gentleman of
+acknowledged ability and position. He saw in George the foreshadowing of
+a distinguished man. He had more exalted ideas than his mother of the
+boy's ability and promise. If he could have him in his family, he could
+assist him onward and upward, beyond what would be possible if he
+remained with his mother.</p>
+
+<p>It was finally settled that George should take up his abode with
+Lawrence at Mount Vernon. We need not say that this decision was
+congenial to George. He was so strongly attached to Lawrence, and
+enjoyed being at Mount Vernon so much, that he found great delight in
+removing thither permanently. It proved to be a very important step in
+his career, as Lawrence prophesied it would be.</p>
+
+<p>George had not passed his sixteenth birthday. Though still a boy, his
+views and aims of life were those of a man. He pursued arithmetic and
+surveying under the direction of his brother, with reference to future
+manhood. Nor was that all.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[135]</a></span></p>
+<p>One day Lawrence surprised him by the inquiry, "George, how would you
+like to take lessons in the manual exercise of Adjutant Muse?"</p>
+
+<p>"I should like it," George replied.</p>
+
+<p>"It may be of service to you at some future day," Lawrence continued.
+"It will do you no harm, surely."</p>
+
+<p>"I am ready for the lessons any time," added George. "I have always had
+a desire to know something in that line."</p>
+
+<p>Adjutant Muse served with Lawrence in the war against the Spaniards in
+the West Indies, and he was a competent teacher of the manual exercise.
+It was arranged that he should instruct George in the art.</p>
+
+<p>Subsequently, also, Lawrence made arrangements with Monsieur Van Braam
+to instruct George in the <i>art of fencing</i>. He had an idea that
+dexterity in the use of his limbs, as well as fire-arms, would be of
+future use to him. These facts indicate that Lawrence did not expect
+that his young brother would become a farmer. There is traditional
+evidence that he stated as much to George, whose military aspirations
+were nurtured in the Mount Vernon home.</p>
+
+<p>Adjutant Muse encouraged George to read certain treaties upon the art of
+war, which he offered to loan him. From these volumes he acquired
+considerable knowledge of the theory of tactics, and of the evolution of
+troops. No previous branch of study had enlisted his interest more
+thoroughly than did these works upon military tactics; and we may easily
+discover the design of Providence to prepare him in this way to act a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[136]</a></span>conspicuous part in the achievement of American independence.</p>
+
+<p>At Mount Vernon George met William Fairfax, whose daughter Lawrence
+married. He occupied a valuable estate of his cousin Lord Fairfax, at
+Belvoir, seven or eight miles from Mount Vernon. He was an English
+gentleman of culture and wealth, very much respected by all who knew
+him.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Fairfax became very much interested in George, regarding him as a
+youth of rare, manly virtues.</p>
+
+<p>"He is a man already," he remarked to Lawrence; "very mature for one of
+his years."</p>
+
+<p>"I think so," Lawrence answered, "and I hope the way will be opened for
+his noblest development."</p>
+
+<p>"He must visit us at Belvoir; I should delight to have him spend much
+time in my family," Mr. Fairfax added.</p>
+
+<p>"And I should be pleased to have him," responded Lawrence. "He would
+derive great benefit from it."</p>
+
+<p>"My sons and daughters would find him a very genial companion,"
+continued Mr. Fairfax. "I think the benefit from the society of each
+other would be mutual."</p>
+
+<p>In this way George was introduced to the Fairfax family, with whom he
+spent many of his happiest days and weeks. It was one of the most
+favorable incidents of his young life when he was welcomed to that
+family, for there he enjoyed society of culture, where character, and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[137]</a></span>neither wealth nor honors, ranked highest. Just at that age he needed
+the influence of education and cultivated manners, and here he found
+both with the sons and daughters of Mr. Fairfax. Alternately, between
+this family at Belvoir and his brother's family at Mount Vernon, he
+enjoyed a discipline of social intercourse, better for him, in some
+respects, than even Mr. Williams's school.</p>
+
+<p>At Belvoir George met Lord Fairfax, a relative of William Fairfax,
+recently from England. "He was the owner of immense domains in
+Virginia," says Mr. Everett. "He had inherited through his mother, the
+daughter of Lord Culpepper, the original grantee, a vast tract of land,
+originally including the entire territory between the Potomac and
+Rappahannock Rivers."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Everett says of him further: "Lord Fairfax was a man of cultivated
+mind, educated at Oxford, the associate of the wits of London, the
+author of one or two papers in the <i>Spectator</i>, and an <i>habitu&eacute;</i> of the
+polite circles of the metropolis. A disappointment in love is said to
+have cast a shadow over his after life, and to have led him to pass his
+time in voluntary exile on his Virginia estates, watching and promoting
+the rapid development of the resources of the country, following the
+hounds through the primeval forests, and cheering his solitary hours by
+reading and a limited society of chosen friends."</p>
+
+<p>The "love affair" to which Mr. Everett refers is explained by Mr. Irving
+as follows:</p>
+
+<p>"In the height of his fashionable career he became strongly attached to
+a young lady of rank, paid his addresses, and was accepted. The wedding
+day was fixed; the wedding dresses were <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[138]</a></span>provided, together with
+servants and equipages for the matrimonial establishment. Suddenly the
+lady broke her engagement. She had been dazzled by the superior
+brilliancy of a ducal coronet.</p>
+
+<p>"It was a cruel blow alike to the affection and pride of Lord Fairfax,
+and wrought a change in both character and conduct. From that time he
+almost avoided the sex, and became shy and embarrassed in their society,
+excepting among those with whom he was connected or particularly
+intimate. This may have been among the reasons which ultimately induced
+him to abandon the gay world and bury himself in the wilds of America."</p>
+
+<p>Lord Fairfax was charmed by the appearance of George.</p>
+
+<p>"A remarkable lad," he said to his relative, William Fairfax; "so manly,
+so intelligent in knowledge beyond his years."</p>
+
+<p>"Yet not a mere book-worm," replied William. "No boy likes games and
+hunting better than he."</p>
+
+<p>"A capital horseman, I notice," added the nobleman; "strong and powerful
+for one of his years. Yet he likes books. It seems to me that he is
+unusually fond of reading."</p>
+
+<p>Lord Fairfax possessed quite a number of valuable books, new and rare to
+George, who had pored over them with absorbing interest. The nobleman
+inferred that he must possess an unusual taste for reading, and this was
+really true.</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, he generally wants to know what the books he meets with contain,"
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[139]</a></span>responded William. "He has made the contents of such books as he could
+reach his own."</p>
+
+<p>"I must take him out hunting with me," continued Lord Fairfax. "He will
+make a good companion, I imagine."</p>
+
+<p>Lord Fairfax delighted in fox-hunting. In England, before he came to
+this country, his best sport was found in the fox-hunt. He kept his
+hounds, and all the accoutrements for the chase, so that he was always
+prepared for the sport. He found increased pleasure in the pastime after
+George became his companion in the chase. The latter enjoyed it, too,
+with a keen relish. It was not altogether new to him; he had been
+occasionally on such excursions with others. But the English nobleman
+understood fox-hunting as no one else in Virginia did. He had learned it
+as practised by English lords, who live in baronial style. For this
+reason George enjoyed the wild sport as he never did before.</p>
+
+<p>One day George was surprised by a proposition from Lord Fairfax.</p>
+
+<p>"How would you like to survey my lands for me, George? You appear to
+understand the business."</p>
+
+<p>"I should like nothing better if I can do it to suit you," George
+answered. "I like surveying."</p>
+
+<p>"Well, the only way for me to do is to survey my land, and sell it, if
+I would keep 'squatters' off," added Lord Fairfax. "Squatters" were a
+class of persons took up their abode upon lands which did not belong to
+them, without leave or license.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[140]</a></span></p><p>"You can do it to suit me, I have no doubt," continued the noble lord,
+"and I can satisfy you as to pay."</p>
+
+<p>"I will confer with Lawrence about it," said George; "and I shall want
+to see my mother, also, I have no doubt but that they will think well of
+the plan."</p>
+
+<p>"That is right," answered Lord Fairfax. "Think it over carefully before
+you decide. You can undertake the work any time."</p>
+
+<p>George was not long in consulting Lawrence, nor in securing the approval
+of his mother. He had frequently been home to see his mother, improving
+every favorable opportunity to show his filial devotion thereby. On this
+visit, the prospect of an honorable and remunerative pursuit added
+interest thereto.</p>
+
+<p>Having obtained the approval of his mother and Lawrence, and formally
+accepted the proposition of Lord Fairfax, George set to work in earnest
+preparation for the task. He would be under the necessity of plunging
+into the wilderness, where savage beasts and savage men might confront
+him at almost any time. He must travel on horseback with attendants
+carrying his outfit at considerable disadvantage, shooting game and
+catching fish for food, and be absent weeks and possibly months at a
+time. Camping out at night, or finding a lodge in some poor cabin,
+breasting severe storms, encountering Indians, and other new experiences
+required preparation.</p>
+
+<p>George William Fairfax, a son of William, accompanied him, together with
+two or three attendants. A writer describes the heroic boy, then sixteen
+years of age, as follows:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[141]</a></span></p><p>"There he is, a tall, handsome youth, with his right arm thrown across
+the horse's neck, and his left hand grasping his compass-staff. He is
+clad in a buck-skin hunting-shirt, with leggings and moccasins of the
+same material, the simple garb of a backwoods man, and one that well
+becomes him now, as in perfect keeping with the wildness of the
+surrounding scenery; while in his broad leathern belt are stuck the long
+hunting-knife and Indian tomahawk. In stature he is much above most
+youths of the same age. He is of a noble, robust form, with high and
+strong but smooth features, light brown hair, large blue eyes, not
+brilliant, but beaming with a clear and steady light, as if a soul
+looked through them that knew no taint of vice or meanness, and a
+countenance aglow with truth and courage, modest gentleness, and manly
+self-reliance."</p>
+
+<p>"You must continue to keep your journal," said Lawrence; "it will be
+more valuable than ever to you."</p>
+
+<p>George had kept a journal of events and experiences for two or three
+years, and his brother encouraged him in doing it as valuable
+discipline.</p>
+
+<p>"I intend to do it," answered George, "and I shall take more interest in
+it because I shall have something worth recording."</p>
+
+<p>"Twenty or thirty years from now you will put a higher value upon your
+journal than you do now," added Lawrence. "I should recommend every
+youth to keep a journal."</p>
+
+<p>"Especially in the woods," responded George, facetiously.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[142]</a></span></p>
+<p>"Yes, in the woods or out; no boy can afford to lose the discipline of
+it," rejoined Lawrence. "For so simple and easy practice it pays a large
+interest."</p>
+
+<p>"Small investments and large income! That is what you mean," remarked
+George.</p>
+
+<p>"Exactly; my word for it, you will find it so," added Lawrence.</p>
+
+<p>That journal has proved of far more value than Lawrence predicted. After
+the lapse of over one hundred and thirty years, we are able to learn
+from it about the hardships, dangers, and severe labors of his surveying
+expeditions. A few extracts from letters and journal will afford an
+insight into that important period of his life.</p>
+
+<p>He wrote to one of his friends, after an experience of several months,
+thus:</p>
+
+<p>"Your letter gave me the more pleasure, as I received it among
+barbarians, and an uncouth set of people. Since you received my last
+letter I have not slept above three or four nights in a bed; but after
+walking a good deal all the day, I have lain down before the fire upon a
+little hay, straw, fodder, or a bear-skin&mdash;whichsoever was to be
+had&mdash;with man, wife, and children, like dogs and cats; and happy is he
+who gets the berth nearest the fire. Nothing would make it pass off
+tolerably but a good reward. A doubloon<a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> is my constant gain every
+day that the weather will permit my going out, and sometimes six
+pistoles<a name="FNanchor_B_2" id="FNanchor_B_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_B_2" class="fnanchor">[B]</a>. The coldness of the weather will not allow of my making a
+long stay, as the lodging is rather too <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[143]</a></span>cold for the time of year. I
+have never had my clothes off, but have lain and slept in them, except
+the few nights I have been in Fredericksburg."</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> $7 50.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_B_2" id="Footnote_B_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_B_2"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> A pistole was $3.50</p></div>
+
+<p>The entry in his journal for the third day after he started, in March,
+1748, was as follows:</p>
+
+<p>"Worked hard till night, and then returned. After supper we were lighted
+into a room; and I, not being so good a woodsman as the rest, stripped
+myself very orderly, and went into the bed, as they called it, when, to
+my surprise, I found it to be nothing but a little straw matted
+together, without sheet or anything else, but only one threadbare
+blanket, with double its weight of vermin. I was glad to get up and put
+on my clothes, and lie as my companions did. Had we not been very tired,
+I am sure that we should not have slept much that night. I made a
+promise to sleep so no more, choosing rather to sleep in the open air
+before a fire."</p>
+
+<p>George commenced operations for Lord Fairfax early in March, when the
+mountains were still white with snow, and wintry blasts swept over the
+plains. The heavy rains of spring had swollen the streams into torrents,
+so that it was perilous to ford them. Of course the hardships of such an
+expedition were largely increased by the rough, cold weather of the
+season.</p>
+
+<p>Abbot says: "The enterprise upon which Washington had entered was one
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[144]</a></span>full of romance, toil, and peril. It required the exercise of constant
+vigilance and sagacity. Though these wilds may be called pathless still
+there were here and there narrow trails, which the moccasined foot of
+the savage had trodden for centuries. They led in a narrow track,
+scarcely two feet in breadth, through dense thickets, over craggy hills,
+and along the banks of placid streams or foaming torrents."</p>
+
+<p>Everett says: "The hardships of this occupation will not be fully
+comprehended by those who are acquainted with the surveyor's duties only
+as they are practised in old and thickly settled countries. In addition
+to the want of accommodation, the service was attended by serious
+perils. In new countries, of which 'squatters' have begun to take
+possession, the surveyor is at all times a highly unwelcome visitor, and
+sometimes goes about his duties at the risk of his life. Besides this, a
+portion of the land traversed by Washington formed a part of that
+debatable land, the disputed right to which was the original moving
+cause of the 'Seven Years' War.' The French were already in motion, both
+from Canada and Louisiana, to preoccupy the banks of the Ohio, and
+the savages in their interest roamed the intervening country up to
+the settlements of Virginia."</p>
+
+<p>Another entry in his journal is the following:</p>
+
+<p>"Rained till about two o'clock, and then cleared up, when we were
+agreeably surprised at the sight of more than thirty Indians, coming
+from war with only one scalp. We had some liquor with us, of which we
+gave them a part. This, elevating their spirits, put them in the humor
+of dancing. We then had a war dance. After clearing a large space, and
+making a great fire in the middle, the men seated themselves around it,
+and the speaker made a grand speech, telling them in what manner they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[145]</a></span>
+were to dance. After he had finished, the best dancer jumped up, as one
+awakened from sleep, and ran and jumped about the ring in the most
+comical manner. He was followed by the rest. Then began their music,
+which was performed with a pot half full of water, and a deer skin
+stretched tight over it, and a gourd with some shot in it to rattle, and
+a piece of horse's tail tied to it to make it look fine. One person kept
+rattling and another drumming all the while they were dancing."</p>
+
+<p>George had never seen Indians in their wigwams until his surveying
+expedition. He had never witnessed a war dance nor been brought face to
+face with these red men until he engaged in this pursuit for Lord
+Fairfax. The Indians were friendly, though it was known that they looked
+upon the encroachments of the English colonists with suspicion, if not
+with some bitterness. Occasionally a wandering band plundered defenceless
+families and spread consternation abroad. But such hostile demonstrations
+were exceptional.</p>
+
+<p>"Strange must have been the emotions which at times agitated the bosom
+of this pensive, reflective, heroic boy, as at midnight, far away from
+the haunts of civilization, in the wigwam of the savage, he listened to
+the wailings of the storm, interrupted only by the melancholy cry of the
+night-bird, and the howl of wolves and other unknown beasts of prey. By
+the flickering light of the wigwam fire, he saw, sharing his couch, the
+dusky form of the Indian hunter, his squaw, and his pappooses."</p>
+
+<p>Other entries in his journal show that George was compelled to submit to
+privations that were new and strange to him.</p>
+
+<p>"Travelled up to Solomon Hedges', Esquire, to-day, one of <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[146]</a></span><i>His Majesty's
+Justices of the Peace</i>, in the county of Frederick, where we camped.
+When we came to supper there was neither a knife on the table nor a fork
+to eat with; but as good luck would have it, we had knives of our own."</p>
+
+<p>George put in italics the words indicated, evidently to call attention
+to the poverty and degradation of some of "His Majesty's Justices." He
+had a high-sounding title to his name, but neither knife nor fork!</p>
+
+<p>"April 8: We camped in the woods, and after we had pitched our tent and
+made a large fire, we pulled out our knapsacks to recruit ourselves.
+Every one was his own cook. Our spits were forked sticks, our plates
+were large chips. As for dishes, we had none."</p>
+
+<p>One "blowing, rainy night," George was startled from a sound sleep by
+the cry of "Fire! Fire! Fire!"</p>
+
+<p>He sprung to his feet half asleep, scarcely knowing what unearthly sound
+awoke him.</p>
+
+<p>"Your bed is on fire, George," shouted the same companion. "Narrow
+escape for you."</p>
+
+<p>Sure enough, George discovered that the straw on which he was lying had
+taken fire, and, but for the timely warning of his more wakeful
+companion, he must have been severely burned.</p>
+
+<p>His diary contained such items as, "The number of acres in each lot
+surveyed, the quality of the soil, the height of the hills, the growth
+of plants and trees, the extent of the valleys, and the length, breadth,
+and course of the streams." On these various topics he reported to his
+employer, furnishing him thereby the necessary data on which to base a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[147]</a></span>judgment on sale of land.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Sparks, speaking of the thoroughness of his work as a surveyor,
+says, "Nor was his skill confined to the more simple processes of the
+art. He used logarithms, and proved the accuracy of his work by
+different methods. The manuscripts fill several quires of paper, and are
+remarkable for the care with which they were kept, the neatness and
+uniformity of the handwriting, the beauty of the diagrams, and a precise
+method and arrangement in copying out tables and columns of figures.
+These particulars will not be thought too trivial to be noticed when it
+is known he retained similar habits through life. His business papers,
+day-books, ledgers, and letter-books, in which, before the Revolution,
+no one wrote but himself, exhibit specimens of the same studious care
+and exactness. Every fact occupies a clear and distinct place."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Everett says: "He soon became distinguished for the accuracy of his
+surveys, and obtained the appointment of a public surveyor, which
+enabled him to enter his plans as legally valid in the county offices.
+The imperfect manner in which land surveys at that time were generally
+executed led in the sequel to constant litigation; but an experienced
+practitioner in the Western courts pronounced in after years that, of
+all the surveys which had come within his knowledge, those of Washington
+could alone be depended upon."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Weems mentions George's connection with the family of Widow
+Stevenson, with whom he made headquarters while surveying Frederick
+County, which was then very large, embracing what is now Berkeley,
+Jefferson, and Shenandoah Counties. She had seven sons, William,
+Valentine, John, Hugh, Dick, James, and Mark, all stalwart fellows.
+These seven young men, in Herculean size and strength, were equal,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[148]</a></span>perhaps, to any seven sons of any one mother in Christendom. This was a
+family exactly to George's mind, because promising him an abundance of
+that manly exercise in which he delighted.</p>
+
+<p>"Come," said Valentine, "let us go out to the Green, and see who the
+best man is."</p>
+
+<p>The "Green" was an extended level field in front of the house, a nice
+spot for jumping, wrestling, and other sports. By a trial to see which
+was "the best man," Valentine meant to see who would excel in these
+athletic exercises.</p>
+
+<p>"Agreed," responded George, "I am tired enough to go to bed, but it
+always rests me to test my strength."</p>
+
+<p>It was just at night, and George had just come in from a trip of several
+days. He came around to Mrs. Stevenson's as often as he could, though he
+camped in the woods at night most of the time.</p>
+
+<p>"That is so with me," said Dick. "I sleep better after an <i>Indian hug</i>,
+or a few long leaps, or a hard run."</p>
+
+<p>"Provided you beat," suggested John. "I don't believe that it
+contributes much to your sleep when you are worsted."</p>
+
+<p>"Don't sleep so soundly, perhaps," replied Dick, humorously. "It would
+give me a pretty long nap to lay George on his back."</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, I think it would," retorted George. "Perhaps you would never wake
+up, you would be so happy and that would be a great pity."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[149]</a></span></p><p>"Well, come," urged William, who had been a close listener, "let us see
+what we can do. It will get to be dark while we are talking."</p>
+
+<p>And so they hurried away to the "Green" for sport. This was done again
+and again during his stay with the Stevensons. Mr. Weems says:</p>
+
+<p>"Here it was that George, after a hard day's toil at surveying, like a
+young Greek training for the Olympic games, used to turn out with his
+sturdy young companions, '<i>to see</i>,' as they termed it, '<i>which was the
+best man</i>' at running, jumping, and wrestling. And so keen was their
+passion for these sports, and so great their ambition to out-do one
+another, that they would often keep them up, especially on moon shining
+nights, till bed-time. Mrs. Stevenson's sons, though not taller than
+George, were much heavier men; so that at wrestling, and particularly at
+the <i>close</i> or <i>Indian Hug</i>, he seldom gained much matter of triumphs.
+But in all trials of agility, they stood no chance with him."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Weems continues:</p>
+
+<p>"From these Frederick County gymnastics there followed an effect which
+shows the very wide difference between participating in innocent and
+guilty pleasures. While companions in raking and gambling heartily
+despise and hate one another, and when they meet in the streets pass
+each other with looks cold and shy as sheep-thieving curs, these
+virtuous young men, by spending their evenings together in innocent and
+manly exercises, contracted a friendship which lasted for life. When
+George, twenty-five years after this, was called to lead the American
+armies, he did no<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[150]</a></span>t forget his old friends, but gave commissions to all
+of them who chose to join the army. William, who was as brave a man as
+ever shouldered a musket, was advanced as high as the rank of colonel,
+when he was burned to death by the Indians at Sandusky. And equally
+cordial was the love of these young men for George, of whom they ever
+spoke as of a brother."</p>
+
+<p>When Washington had attained his highest honors, and the War of
+Independence was over, the Stevensons loved to rehearse their runnings
+and wrestlings with him. Said Hugh exultingly to some friends:</p>
+
+<p>"Brother John and I have often laid the conqueror of England on his
+back."</p>
+
+<p>"But we were no match for him in running and jumping," honestly retorted
+John.</p>
+
+<p>It was George's thorough survey and glowing description of a region
+beyond the Blue Ridge that induced Lord Fairfax to erect a costly stone
+mansion there for his trans-Atlantic home. He called it Greenaway Court,
+and it became one of the most beautiful and attractive estates in
+Virginia, where the proprietor lived in an expensive style, dispensing a
+generous hospitality. It was at Greenaway Court that George first read
+the history of England.</p>
+
+<p>George's success as a surveyor for Lord Fairfax called the attention of
+the Virginia authorities to him, and he was appointed public surveyor,
+as stated by Mr. Everett, whom we have quoted, deriving a discipline
+therefrom which was of great service to him in his future public career.
+The business, also, made him familiar with the country, particularly the
+Shenandoah Valley, which means "Shining daughter of the stars," so that
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[151]</a></span>he was able to invest money afterwards to great advantage in real
+estate.</p>
+
+<p>That George did not forget his "Lowland Beauty," even after his pleasant
+connection with the Fairfax family, is quite evident from one of his
+letters to an old companion, as follows:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p class="noi"><span class="smcap">Dear Robin</span>:&mdash;As it is the greatest mark of affection and esteem
+which absent friends can show each other to write and often
+communicate their thoughts, I shall endeavor from time to time
+to acquaint you with my situation and employments in life. And
+I could wish you would take half the pains to send me a letter
+by any opportunity, as you may be well assured of its meeting
+with a welcome reception. My place at present is at Lord
+Fairfax's, where I might, were I disengaged, pass my time very
+pleasantly, as there is a very agreeable young lady in the
+house, Colonel George Fairfax's wife's sister. But that only
+adds fuel to the fire, as being often and unavoidably in her
+company revives my former passion for your Lowland Beauty;
+whereas, were I to live more retired from young ladies, I might
+in some measure alleviate my sorrow, by burying that chaste and
+troublesome passion in oblivion; and I am very well assured that
+this will be the only antidote or remedy.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Providence was sending him to a noble destiny. We can trace the divine
+discipline all through the privations and responsibilities of his life
+as surveyor. God was preparing him for the Revolution of 1776.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Frost, one of his biographers, says: "The business of practical
+surveying undoubtedly formed a very important part of Washington's
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[152]</a></span>preparation for the office of military commander. It not only hardened
+and invigorated the already robust frame, but it educated his eye, and
+accustomed him to judge respecting distances, and advantages of
+position. By making him an able civil engineer, it laid the foundation
+of his future eminence in a military capacity. It was more immediately
+advantageous to him by procuring for him the acquaintance of the
+principal landholders of the State, and by making known to them his
+remarkable judgment, good-sense, and ability in the conduct of affairs.
+The effect of this last circumstance was seen in his appointment, at the
+age of nineteen, to the office of adjutant-general, with the rank of
+major. This gave him the charge of a district, with the duty of
+exercising the militia, inspecting their arms, and superintending their
+discipline."</p>
+
+<p>Lord Fairfax loved him with the love of a father, but he did not dream
+that he was becoming the benefactor of England's conqueror.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Weems says: "Little did the old gentleman expect that he was
+educating a youth who should one day dismember the British Empire, and
+break his own heart, which truly came to pass; for on hearing that
+Washington had captured Cornwallis and all his army, he called out to his
+black servant, 'Come, Joe, carry me to my bed, for it is high time for me
+to die.'"</p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[153]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="VIII" id="VIII"></a>VIII.<br />
+
+<small>MILITARY HONORS.</small></h2>
+
+
+<p class="noi">"<span class="smcap">There</span> is a chance for you, George, in the reorganization of the
+militia," remarked Lawrence, who was personally interested in a movement
+to improve the soldiery of Virginia.</p>
+
+<p>"What chance?" George asked.</p>
+
+<p>"For an appointment as my successor. The state of my health makes my
+resignation necessary, and you are competent to take charge of my
+district."</p>
+
+<p>"My youth will prevent that."</p>
+
+<p>"Not necessarily. Youth will not weigh so much against you as a
+competency will do for you. Qualifications for the place is what the
+authorities will require."</p>
+
+<p>"And their attention will naturally be directed to older men, who are
+well known," suggested George.</p>
+
+<p>"But I propose to present your claims, when I forward my resignation,
+myself," continued Lawrence.</p>
+
+<p>"You have enjoyed superior opportunities to fit you for such a position;
+and for the appointing power to know your qualifications is to secure to
+you the place."</p>
+
+<p>"What will be my duties if I get the appointment?" inquired George.</p>
+
+<p>"You will be adjutant-general, with the rank of major, and will have
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[154]</a></span>charge of the militia in the district. You will have to drill them at
+stated times, inspect their arms, and make their organization as
+thorough as possible."</p>
+
+<p>"And give all my time to the work?"</p>
+
+<p>"No, not all your time will be required. It is no small responsibility
+to assume, however; but you are equal to it, and it will be a grand
+school for you. You will have a salary of one hundred and fifty pounds,
+and you will be held responsible for the efficiency of the militia."</p>
+
+<p>"I don't know about taking so much responsibility upon myself,"
+responded George, whose modest estimate of his own abilities was one of
+his virtues. "Experience is indispensable for such a position, it seems
+to me, and I have not had experience."</p>
+
+<p>"Well, we will see what can be done," added Lawrence. "I have made up my
+mind to intercede for you as my successor, as the best qualified of any
+man I know in this district for the position. I may fail, but I shall
+try."</p>
+
+<p>Lawrence accomplished his purpose in due time, and George was appointed
+to the command of the militia in the district, although he was but
+nineteen years of age. No difficulty was experienced in securing the
+position for him, for his exploits in the role of surveyor were well
+known. His character and ability had also given him considerable public
+notoriety for one of his years.</p>
+
+<p>Lawrence was in feeble health at this time. Pulmonary troubles had been
+gradually undermining his constitution for two or three years, although
+he continued to serve the colony in public relations. Winter was
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[155]</a></span>approaching, and his physician advised a change of climate. The severity
+of another Virginia winter might prove too much for him.</p>
+
+<p>"If I go to Barbadoes you must go with me," said Lawrence to George. "It
+will not be necessary for you to enter upon your new duties as commander
+of the district until spring."</p>
+
+<p>"Then your wife will not go," answered George, inferring that his
+services would be required because hers could not be had.</p>
+
+<p>"No; she will not be able to go, and I cannot think of going alone."</p>
+
+<p>"Well, I shall be very willing to go," continued George, "and think I
+shall enjoy the change. That you need to escape from the Virginia winter
+is very evident. You are not as well as you were six months ago."</p>
+
+<p>"No one can be so conscious of that as myself," remarked Lawrence, with
+a degree of sadness that pierced George's heart. "I have failed very
+fast within the last three months, and I sometimes doubt whether a
+change of climate will do me any good."</p>
+
+<p>"Perhaps your view of the case is too gloomy," suggested George, whom we
+ought to call <i>Major</i> Washington now, but will not at present. "I
+believe that the foreign air will put new life into you."</p>
+
+<p>"That is what I need," responded Lawrence, "for the old life within me
+is rapidly dying out. I must get new strength from some source, or my
+days are numbered."</p>
+
+<p>Lawrence was very much depressed at this time, and he was also peevish
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[156]</a></span>and difficult to please. George could manage him better than any one
+else, except his wife, for the reason that his confidence in his young
+brother was unbounded. The latter knew how to encourage the sick man
+without concealing from him his true condition. Lawrence was certainly
+in a very critical state of health, and his physician had so announced
+to his friends. George was alarmed about his brother, although he was
+confident that a winter in Barbadoes would put him in the way of
+complete restoration.</p>
+
+<p>It was settled that they should spend the winter in Barbadoes, and hasty
+preparations were made for the voyage. George had accepted his
+appointment, but, now arranged to enter upon the duties of the office
+after his return. He was glad to be able to accompany his brother to a
+more favorable clime.</p>
+
+<p>We have not space to record their experience abroad in detail. It will
+answer our purpose to record the fact that a change of climate did not
+improve Lawrence Washington. On the whole, he continued to fail, so that
+he returned to Virginia late in the spring of 1751, a weaker and less
+happy man. His sojourn in a warmer country through the winter and spring
+months proved that he was beyond hope of recovery.</p>
+
+<p>George had one experience in Barbadoes that we must record. He was
+attacked by the small-pox with considerable severity, occasioning much
+anxiety to Lawrence. However, he rallied from the attack more rapidly
+than was expected, his good physical condition enabling him to resist
+disease as weaker ones cannot. But he carried the marks of the loathsome
+disease through life.</p>
+
+<p>George kept a journal when abroad, as he had done at home, and the
+entries concerning the small-pox are as follows:</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[157]</a></span></p>
+<p>"Nov. 4, 1751.&mdash;This morning received a card from Major Clarke,
+welcoming us to Barbadoes, with an invitation to breakfast and dine with
+him. We went&mdash;myself with some reluctance, as the small-pox was in the
+family. We were received in the most kind and friendly manner by him."</p>
+
+<p>That he took the small-pox when on this friendly visit is evident from
+the entry in his journal for Nov. 17, as follows:</p>
+
+<p>"Was strongly attacked with the small-pox. Sent for Dr. Lanahan, whose
+attendance was very constant till my recovery and going out, which were
+not till Thursday, the 12th of December."</p>
+
+<p>We ought to state that in February of 1752, as there was no perceptible
+improvement in Lawrence, Dr Lanahan decided that he should remove to
+Bermuda in the early spring. This would prolong his stay, and it was
+agreed that George should return to Virginia, and accompany Mrs.
+Washington and children to Bermuda, where she would meet her husband.</p>
+
+<p>George returned, reaching Mount Vernon about the 1st of April. But
+Lawrence continued to fail in health, which modified his plans, so that
+he relinquished the idea of going to Bermuda, preferring rather to
+return to his native land and die. His wife remained at home to await
+his coming, about the 1st of June. He lived but six or seven weeks after
+reaching Mount Vernon, and died on the 26th of July, at the age of
+thirty-four. Conscious that his speedy death was inevitable, he made
+every arrangement necessary for the sad change. He had large
+possessions, which he left to his wife and only child, though he showed
+his strong attachment to George by a liberal legacy. In the event of his
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[158]</a></span>child's death, the Mount Vernon estate would revert to George. The child
+did not long survive, whereupon this valuable estate came into George's
+possession. Although he was but twenty years old when his brother died,
+he was the chief executor of his will.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Everett says of him: "George was appointed one of the executors of
+his will, by which, in the event of the daughter's decease, Mount Vernon
+was bequeathed to him. Although the youngest of the executors, in
+consequence of his more thorough knowledge of his brother's affairs, the
+responsible management of his extensive estates devolved upon him. He
+did not, however, allow these private engagements to interfere with his
+public duties. As the probability of a collision on the frontier
+increased, greater attention was paid to the military organization of
+the province. On the arrival of Governor Dinwiddie from England in 1752,
+it was divided into four military districts, and Washington's
+appointment was renewed as adjutant-general of the northern division,
+in which several counties were included. The duties devolving upon him
+under this commission, in attending the reviews of the militia and
+superintending their exercises, were performed with a punctuality and
+zeal, which rapidly drew towards him the notice and favor of the
+community."</p>
+
+<p>On the 4th of November, 1852, George was initiated into the Masonic
+Lodge of "Free and Accepted Masons" at Fredericksburg, and on the third
+of March following, he was advanced to the second degree of fellowcraft,
+and on the 4th of August next after, he was made a Master Mason.</p>
+
+<p>Governor Dinwiddie's renewal of George's commission on his return,
+imposed immediate military duties upon him. The organization and
+drilling of the militia, inspection of their arms and accoutrements,
+together with other duties, made a large draft upon his thoughts and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[159]</a></span>labors. Still, he found time to be with his brother Lawrence during his
+declining moments, and was with him when he died, performing the last
+deeds of fraternal love in a manner that honored his noble nature.</p>
+
+<p>There was a growing excitement now about the encroachments of the
+French, and the Colonists began to feel that their rights and honor were
+at stake. It was quite evident that the French designed to gain
+ascendency in North America, while the English considered that their
+claim to its rule was pre-eminent. The French had established a line of
+military fortified posts from Canada to the southern part of the
+Mississippi, and they were fast securing a foothold in the beautiful
+valley of the Ohio.</p>
+
+<p>The English said: "England discovered this country fifty years ago, and
+has a better right to it than the French have."</p>
+
+<p>France denied this claim, because "her ships were the first which
+entered the River St. Lawrence, and her voyagers, ascending the
+magnificent stream, discovered that series of majestic lakes, whose
+fertile shores presented inviting homes for countless millions. Her
+enterprising explorers, in the birch canoe, travelled the solitary
+windings of the Ohio and the Mississippi."</p>
+
+<p>At the same time the Indians justly claimed right and title to the whole
+country as the aboriginal inhabitants. Both English and French might
+purchase it, or portions of it, of them, but in no other way could they
+gain possession of it without becoming interlopers and robbers. So here
+was a fine opportunity for trouble. A keen, quick-witted chief, assuming
+to ridicule the claims of the English and French, sarcastically said to
+Mr. Gist, a representative of the Virginian Colonists:</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[160]</a></span></p>
+<p>"Whereabouts do the Indian lands lie, since the French claim all the
+land on one side of the Ohio River and the English all on the other?"</p>
+
+<p>Governor Dinwiddie found it necessary to send an ambassador to the
+French on the Ohio, to inquire into their claims and purposes.</p>
+
+<p>"It is a responsible and perilous undertaking," he said to Mr. Gist.
+"Who is equal to it?"</p>
+
+<p>"I am sure I cannot tell," Mr. Gist replied. "There ought to be in this
+famous colony some spirit brave enough to accept the mission, and fully
+competent to execute it."</p>
+
+<p>"Yes; but who is it?"</p>
+
+<p>"I am unable to answer."</p>
+
+<p>"But we must find him," continued the governor. "The time has fully come
+for Virginia to defend the rights of Great Britain."</p>
+
+<p>"There can be no doubt about that," replied Mr. Gist; "but who will
+endure the hardships and risk his life on a mission to the Ohio is more
+than I can tell."</p>
+
+<p>A writer says of the project: "It was indeed a perilous enterprise; one
+from which the noblest spirit might recoil. The first garrison which
+could be reached was on the Ohio River, about one hundred and twenty
+miles below the point where Pittsburg now stands. Here the French were
+erecting a strong fortress, to which the Indians resorted for trade.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[161]</a></span>There was an intervening wilderness, from the settlements in Virginia,
+to be traversed, of pathless forests, gloomy morasses, craggy mountains,
+and almost impenetrable thickets, of nearly six hundred miles. Bands of
+savages on the war-path or engaged in the hunt were ever ranging these
+wilds. Many were exasperated by wrongs which they themselves had
+received, and of which they had heard, inflicted by the white men. The
+Indians in all these northwest regions had welcomed the French as
+brothers, and truly fraternal relationship existed between them; and
+they had nearly all learned to hate the English.... It would be very
+easy for the French so to arrange matters, that a band of savages
+should massacre and plunder the party of the commissioners, in the
+depths of the forest, under such circumstances that it would necessarily
+be regarded as merely a savage outrage."</p>
+
+<p>In these circumstances, Governor Dinwiddie found it difficult to secure
+a responsible party to accept the commission. He offered it to certain
+men in whom he had great confidence, but all of them declined. At
+length, however, Major Washington, as we will call George now, waited
+upon the governor, and surprised him by saying:</p>
+
+<p>"I have come, Governor Dinwiddie, to offer my services as commissioner
+to Ohio. If you consider me competent for the position, I will accept
+it, and do the best I can."</p>
+
+<p>"Certainly you are competent for this business," answered the governor,
+"and you are as brave as you are competent. It is a perilous
+undertaking, and may cost you your life."</p>
+
+<p>"I understand that," responded the major; "and I have come to this
+decision after weighing well the difficulties and dangers. My occupation
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[162]</a></span>as surveyor has inured me to hardships, and given me some acquaintance
+with Indian life and character."</p>
+
+<p>"That is true," remarked the governor, who was familiar with young
+Washington's success in surveying, as well as with his knowledge of
+military affairs, "and that experience will be of great value on such a
+mission as this. I will appoint you commissioner at once, with full
+powers to plan and perform the expedition."</p>
+
+<p>"And what are your wishes about the time of starting?" inquired
+Washington.</p>
+
+<p>"As soon as your preparations can be consummated," Governor Dinwiddie
+answered. "Winter is near by, and the sooner you can start the better."</p>
+
+<p>"I can be ready within a few days," replied Washington, his answer
+furnishing a good illustration of his promptness.</p>
+
+<p>"Just as you please; the whole responsibility is with you, and I will
+forward your commission as soon as possible," the governor said.</p>
+
+<p>We are able to furnish the commission under which Washington acted on
+that important mission, as follows:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>I, reposing especial trust in the ability, conduct, and fidelity
+of you, the said George Washington, have appointed you my
+express messenger; and you are hereby authorized and empowered
+to proceed hence, with all convenient and possible despatch, to
+that part or place on the River Ohio where the French have
+lately erected a fort or forts, or where the commandant of the
+French forces resides, in order to deliver my letter and message
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[163]</a></span>to him; and, after waiting not exceeding one week for an answer,
+you are to take leave and return immediately back.</p>
+
+<p>To this commission I have set my hand, and caused the great seal
+of this Dominion to be affixed, at the city of Williamsburg, the
+seat of my government, this thirtieth day of October, in the
+twenty-seventh year of the reign of King George the Second, King
+of Great Britain, Annoque Domini, 1753.      <span class="smcap right">Robert Dinwiddie.</span></p></blockquote>
+
+<p  class="as">The news of Washington's voluntary offer to act as commissioner to the
+French on the Ohio was received with great satisfaction by the
+Colonists. They took occasion both in public and private to extol his
+bravery and unselfishness. To a less humble and modest young man the
+enthusiastic demonstration in his honor would have proved too
+flattering; but no amount of such praise could develop vanity in
+Washington.</p>
+
+<p>Hastily he prepared for the expedition. When ready to start, the company
+consisted of eight persons, as follows: Washington; Christopher Gist;
+John Davidson, an interpreter for the Indians; Jacob Van Braam, his old
+fencing-master, who could speak French; Henry Steward and William
+Jenkins, experienced "woodsmen;" and two Indian guides, Barnaby Currin
+and John McQuire. Mr. Gist was eminently qualified for the post given to
+him; for having made a settlement between the northwestern ridge of the
+Alleghanies and Monongahela River, he had often traversed the country,
+and was well acquainted with the habits of the Indians in the
+neighborhood through which their route lay.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[164]</a></span></p><p>Before starting upon this perilous mission, Washington paid a flying
+visit to his mother, who was dearer to him than any other living person.
+The announcement that he was to proceed to the Ohio at once filled her
+with alarm at first, and she thoroughly regretted that he had assumed
+the responsibility. However, she took a favorable view of the
+enterprise, and said:</p>
+
+<p>"It is a very responsible trust to be committed to one of your age,
+George, but God will give you wisdom and watch over you, if you commit
+your ways to Him. My prayers shall not cease to go up for your success
+and return."</p>
+
+<p>With such emotions as unfeigned filial love creates, Washington parted
+from his mother.</p>
+
+<p>The following is a copy of the letter which Washington carried from
+Governor Dinwiddie to the French commander on the Ohio:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p class="noi"><span class="smcap">Sir</span>:&mdash;The lands upon the River Ohio, in the western parts of the
+Colony of Virginia, are so notoriously known to be the property
+of the Crown of Great Britain, that it is a matter of equal
+concern and surprise to me to hear that a body of French forces
+are erecting fortresses and making settlements upon that river,
+within his Majesty's dominions. The <i>many</i> and <i>repeated</i>
+complaints I have received of these acts of <i>hostility</i> lay me
+under the necessity of sending, in the name of the king, my
+master, the bearer hereof, George Washington, Esq., one of the
+adjutants-general of the forces of this dominion, to complain to
+you of the encroachments thus made, and of the injuries done to
+the subjects of Great Britain, in violation of the law of
+nations, and the treaties now subsisting between the two
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[165]</a></span>crowns. If these facts be true, and you think fit to justify
+your proceedings, I must desire you to acquaint me by whose
+authority and instructions you have lately marched from Canada
+with an armed force, and invaded the King of Great Britain's
+territories, in the manner complained of; that, according to
+the purpose and resolution of your answer, I may act agreeably
+to the commission I am honored with, from the king, my master.
+However, sir, in obedience to my instructions, it becomes my
+duty to require your peaceable departure; and that you will
+forbear prosecuting a purpose so interruptive of the harmony and
+good understanding which his Majesty is desirous to continue and
+cultivate with the most Christian king.      <span class="smcap right">Robert Dinwiddie.</span></p></blockquote>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2><a name="IX" id="IX"></a>IX.<br />
+
+<small>MISSION TO THE FRENCH.</small></h2>
+
+
+<p class="noi"><span class="smcap">Washington</span> left Williamsburg on the thirty-first day of October, 1753.
+He proceeded to Fredericksburg, where Van Braam joined him, thence to
+Alexandria and Winchester for supplies and horses, but did not arrive at
+Will's Creek, where Mr. Gist and others of the party were found, until
+Nov. 14.</p>
+
+<p>"Now we must depend on you, Mr. Gist, to pilot us through the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[166]</a></span>wilderness," said Washington. "My knowledge of the way ends about where
+yours begins, I suspect; so we shall commit ourselves to your care."</p>
+
+<p>"Well, I shall take a straight course to Frazier's, on the Monongahela
+River," answered Gist.</p>
+
+<p>"And who is Frazier?" inquired Washington.</p>
+
+<p>"He is an Indian trader, who lives at the mouth of Turtle Creek."</p>
+
+<p>"Well acquainted with the country, I suppose he is," suggested
+Washington.</p>
+
+<p>"He ought to be, for he has been at his business several years, and is
+an intelligent, responsible man."</p>
+
+<p>"Such a man as we need to see, I should think," continued Washington;
+"so I agree to follow you to Frazier's without a single objection."</p>
+
+<p>"A storm is brewing, and will soon be upon us," said Mr. Gist. "I fear
+that a hard time awaits us."</p>
+
+<p>"I expect as much as that," replied Washington. "Such a journey as we
+propose can be no child's play at any season of the year."</p>
+
+<p>That a storm impeded their progress is quite evident from Washington's
+journal:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[167]</a></span></p><p>"The excessive rains and vast quantity of snow which had fallen
+prevented our reaching Mr. Frazier, the Indian trader's, until Thursday,
+the 22d."</p>
+
+<p>"The French general is dead," was the first announcement of Mr. Frazier,
+on learning the object of the expedition.</p>
+
+<p>"What!" exclaimed Washington, "General Pierre Paul?"</p>
+
+<p>"Yes; messengers have been sent to the Indian traders down the river
+announcing his death, and the return of the major part of the army into
+winter quarters," answered Frazier.</p>
+
+<p>"A sudden death, no doubt, and it must necessitate some change in the
+present plans of the French," remarked Washington.</p>
+
+<p>"Doubtless," replied Frazier. "He died on the twenty-ninth day of
+October, nearly a month ago. It will not affect your business, however."</p>
+
+<p>"No; but this torrent will," answered Washington, alluding to the
+impassable waters of the Monongahela, which the rains had swollen to a
+flood.</p>
+
+<p>"No crossing here except by swimming the horses."</p>
+
+<p>"And that will be hardly advisable," rejoined Frazier, "since you can
+take your baggage down to the fork of the Ohio in a canoe."</p>
+
+<p>"A good suggestion," said Washington. "Can you provide me with a canoe?"</p>
+
+<p>"Fortunately I can, and shall be glad to render you any other assistance
+possible. It is ten miles to the fork, and you will reach there with the
+horses before the canoe with the baggage."</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[168]</a></span></p>
+<p>Washington engaged the canoe, loaded the baggage upon it, and sent
+Currin and Steward down the river with it, while he went with the horses
+and the rest of the party by land. He arrived at the fort in advance of
+the canoe, and improved the time to visit Shingiss, King of the
+Delawares, a warrior who had been a terror to the English on the
+frontier, though he was now their friend.</p>
+
+<p>Shingiss received Washington in a friendly manner, though with manifest
+reserve. When he learned what was the object of his mission, and that an
+Indian Council was proposed at Logstown, his friendliness grew into
+cordiality, and he promised not only to be present at the Council, but
+to accompany Washington and his party thither.</p>
+
+<p>They arrived at Logstown on the evening of Nov. 24. Washington inquired
+for Tanacharisson, the half-king, and found that he was out at his
+hunting cabin on Little Beaver Creek, fifteen miles away. Tanacharisson
+was called half-king because his authority was subject to that of the
+Five Nations.</p>
+
+<p>As the half-king was absent, he repaired to Monacatoocha, with John
+Davidson, his Indian interpreter, and informed him that he was sent a
+messenger to the French general, and was ordered to call upon the
+sachems of the Six Nations to acquaint them with it.</p>
+
+<p>"I gave him a string of wampum and a twist of tobacco," says Washington
+in his journal, "and desired him to send for the half-king, which he
+promised to do by a 'runner' in the morning, and for other sachems. I
+invited him and the other great men present to my tent, where they
+stayed about an hour, and returned."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[169]</a></span></p><p>At this place Washington met four Frenchmen who had deserted from a
+company at Kuskuskas, an Indian town on Big Beaver Creek, Pennsylvania.
+Through Van Braam, he inquired:</p>
+
+<p>"Where do you hail from now?"</p>
+
+<p>"From New Orleans. We were sent with a hundred men and eight canoe loads
+of provisions to this place, where we expected to meet as many more men
+from the forts on this side of Lake Erie, to convey them and the stores
+up."</p>
+
+<p>"What about the French forts near New Orleans?"</p>
+
+<p>"There are four small forts between New Orleans and Twigtwies," one of
+the Frenchmen said.</p>
+
+<p>"And how many men?" Washington asked.</p>
+
+<p>"About forty, and a few pieces of artillery."</p>
+
+<p>"What is there at New Orleans?"</p>
+
+<p>"A large fort at the mouth of the Mississippi, with thirty-five
+companies of forty men each."</p>
+
+<p>"How many guns does the fort mount?"</p>
+
+<p>"Eight carriage guns."</p>
+
+<p>"Quite a formidable affair," remarked Washington. "With courage and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[170]</a></span>skill to correspond they can withstand quite a siege; and what is there
+at Twigtwies?"</p>
+
+<p>"Several companies, and a fort mounting six guns."</p>
+
+<p>"And is that all?"</p>
+
+<p>"Not exactly. There is a small fort on the Ohio, at the mouth of the
+Obaish (Wabash), garrisoned by a few men."</p>
+
+<p>The information he gathered from these men was valuable to him and the
+Virginia authorities.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as the half-king returned, Washington called upon him with his
+interpreter, making known his business, and inviting him to his own
+tent. The chief cordially accepted the invitation, and he accompanied
+him on his return.</p>
+
+<p>"I understand that you have visited the French commander, to whom I am
+going," remarked Washington, "and perhaps you can give me some
+information about the ways and distance."</p>
+
+<p>"The nearest and levelest way," answered the half-king, "is now
+impassable on account of many deep and miry savannas."</p>
+
+<p>"Then we must adopt the next best way," suggested Washington.</p>
+
+<p>"Yes; and that is by the way of Venango, at the confluence of French
+Creek and the Alleghany," said Tanacharisson.</p>
+
+<p>"How great is the distance?"</p>
+
+<p>"You cannot get to the nearest fort in less than five or six nights'
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[171]</a></span>sleep, good travelling."</p>
+
+<p>"How were you received at the fort?" continued Washington, anxious to
+make the most of his informant.</p>
+
+<p>"General Pierre Paul was alive then, and he received me sternly,"
+replied the chief.</p>
+
+<p>"In what way did he show his sternness?" Washington asked.</p>
+
+<p>"By his abrupt inquiry, 'What did you come here about?' And he ordered
+me, in an insolent way, to declare my business."</p>
+
+<p>"And what did you tell him?" urged Washington.</p>
+
+<p>"I made this speech to him," the half-king answered with a smile; and he
+proceeded to rehearse his address to the French commander. As Washington
+preserved the speech of Tanacharisson, together with the French
+general's reply, we furnish the remainder of the interview from that
+valuable document:</p>
+
+<p>"Fathers, I am come to tell you your own speeches, what your own mouths
+have declared.</p>
+
+<p>"Fathers, you, in former days, set a silver basin before us, wherein
+there was the leg of a beaver, and desired all the nations to come and
+eat of it,&mdash;to eat in peace and plenty, and not to be churlish to one
+another; and that if any such person should be found to be a disturber,
+I here lay down by the edge of the dish a rod, which you must scourge
+them with; and if you<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[172]</a></span>r father should get foolish, in my old days, I
+desire you may use it upon me as well as others.</p>
+
+<p>"Now, fathers, it is you who are the disturbers in this land, by coming
+and building your towns, and taking it away unknown to us, and by force.</p>
+
+<p>"Fathers, we kindled a fire a long time ago at a place called Montreal,
+where we desired you to stay, and not to come and intrude upon our land.
+I now desire you may dispatch to that place; for be it known to you,
+fathers, that this is our land, and not yours.</p>
+
+<p>"Fathers, I desire you may hear me in civilness; if not, we must handle
+that rod which was laid down for the use of obstreperous. If you had
+come in a peaceable manner, like our brothers, the English, we would not
+have been against your trading with us as they do; but to come, fathers,
+and build houses upon our land, and to take it by force, is what we
+cannot submit to.</p>
+
+<p>"Fathers, both you and the English are white; we live in a country
+between; therefore the land belongs to neither one nor the other. But
+the Great Being above allowed it to be a place of residence for us; So,
+fathers, I desire you to withdraw, as I have done our brothers, the
+English; for I will keep you at arm's length. I lay this down as a trial
+for both, to see which will have the greatest regard to it, and that
+side we will stand by, and make equal sharers with us. Our brothers, the
+English, have heard this, and I come now to tell it to you, for I am not
+afraid to discharge you off this land."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[173]</a></span></p><p>This, he said, was the substance of what he spoke to the general, who
+made this reply:</p>
+
+<p>"'Now, my child, I have heard your speech; you spoke first, but it is my
+time to speak now. Where is my wampum that you took away with the marks
+of towns on it? This wampum I do not know, which you have discharged me
+off the land with; but you need not put yourself to the trouble of
+speaking, for I will not hear you. I am not afraid of flies or
+mosquitoes, for Indians are such as those; I tell you down that river I
+will go, and build upon it, according to my command. If the river was
+blocked up, I have forces sufficient to burst it open, and tread under
+my feet all that stand in opposition, together with their alliances, for
+my force is as the sand upon the seashore; therefore, here is your
+wampum. I sling it at you. Child, you talk foolish; you say this land
+belongs to you, but there is not the black of my nail yours. I saw that
+land sooner than you did; before the Shannoahs and you were at war. Lead
+was the man who went down and took possession of that river. It is my
+land, and I will have it, let who will stand up for or say against it. I
+will buy and sell with the English (mockingly). If people will be ruled
+by me they may expect kindness, but not else.'</p>
+
+<p>"The half-king told me he had inquired of the general after two
+Englishmen who were made prisoners, and received this answer:</p>
+
+<p>"'Child, you think it a very great hardship that I made prisoners of
+those two people at Venango. Don't you concern yourself with it; we took
+and carried them to Canada, to get intelligence of what the English were
+doing in Virginia.'<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[174]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"He informed me that they had built two forts; one on Lake Erie, and
+another on French Creek, near a small lake, about fifteen miles asunder,
+and a large wagon-road between. They are both built after the same
+model, but different in size, that on the lake the largest. He gave me a
+plan of them of his own drawing."</p>
+
+<p>The Indians inquired very particularly after their brothers in Carolina
+jail.</p>
+
+<p>They also asked what sort of a boy it was who was taken from the South
+Branch, for they were told by some Indians that a party of "French
+Indians had carried a white boy by Kuskheskia Town, towards the lakes."</p>
+
+<p>The Indian Council which Washington convened, assembled at nine o'clock,
+on the twenty-sixth day of November, and he made the following speech to
+the rude children of the forest:</p>
+
+<p>"Brothers, I have called you together in council, by order of your
+brother, the governor of Virginia, to acquaint you that I am sent with
+all possible despatch to visit and deliver a letter to the French
+commandant of very great importance to your brothers, the English, and I
+dare say to you, their friends and allies.</p>
+
+<p>"I was desired, brothers, by your brother, the governor, to call upon
+you, the sachems of the nations, to inform you of it, and to ask your
+advice and assistance to proceed the nearest and best road to the
+French. You see, brothers, I have gotten thus far on my journey.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[175]</a></span></p><p>"His Honor likewise desired me to apply to you for some of your young
+men to conduct and provide provisions for us on our way, and be a
+safe-guard against those French Indians who have taken up the hatchet
+against us. I have spoken thus particularly to you, brothers, because
+his Honor, our governor, treats you as good friends and allies, and
+holds you in great esteem. To confirm what I have said, I give you this
+string of wampum."</p>
+
+<p>The sachems listened to this speech with profound attention, noting
+every word; and when Major Washington concluded, they conferred together
+for some time, when Tanacharisson arose, and replied:</p>
+
+<p>"Now, my brother, in regard to what my brother, the governor, had
+desired of me, I return you this answer:</p>
+
+<p>"I rely upon you as a brother ought to do, as you say we are brothers
+and one people. We shall put heart in hand, and speak to our fathers,
+the French, concerning the speech they made to me; and you may depend
+that we will endeavor to be your guard.</p>
+
+<p>"Brother, as you have asked my advice, I hope you will be ruled by it,
+and stay until I can provide a company to go with you. The French speech
+belt is not here; I have to go for it to my hunting cabin. Likewise, the
+people whom I have ordered in are not yet come, and cannot until the
+third night from this; until which time, brother, I must beg you to
+stay. I intend to send the guard of Rincoes, Shannoahs, and Delawares,
+that our brothers may see the love and loyalty we bear them."</p>
+
+<p>Washington replied to the half-king:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[176]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"Brother, your offer is a very generous one, for which I heartily thank
+you; but my orders are to make all possible despatch, so that I am
+obliged to leave, much against my inclination. My business requires the
+greatest expedition, and will not admit of so much delay."</p>
+
+<p>"We are sorry for this decision, brother," continued Tanacharisson; "but
+we shall not permit you to go without a guard, lest some accident befall
+you, and, in consequence, reflection be cast upon us. Besides, this is a
+matter of no small moment, and must not be entered into without due
+consideration; for I intend to deliver up the French speech belt, and
+make the Shannoahs and Delawares do the same."</p>
+
+<p>Accordingly the half-king gave orders to the King Shingiss, who was
+present, to attend on Wednesday night with the wampum, and two men of
+their nation to be in readiness to set out with Washington and his party
+in the morning. But Washington did not leave as he designed, because he
+found that the sachems would be greatly offended if he did. His journal
+says: "I found it was impossible to go off without offending them in the
+most egregious manner."</p>
+
+<p>The entry in his journal for the next day, Nov. 27, is:</p>
+
+<p>"Runners were despatched very early for the Shannoah chiefs. The
+half-king himself set out to fetch the French speech belt from his
+hunting cabin."</p>
+
+<p>On the following evening, Nov. 28, Tanacharisson returned with the
+French speech belt, and came to Washington's tent in company with
+Monacatoocha and two other sachems.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[177]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"An Indian from Venango," said Monacatoocha, "has brought news that the
+French have called all the Mingoes, Delawares, and several other tribes
+together, and told them that they intended to have been down the river
+this fall, but the waters were growing cold, and the winter advancing,
+which obliged them to go into quarters, but that they might assuredly
+expect them in the spring with a far greater number, and requested them
+to remain passive, and not inter-meddle unless they had a mind to draw
+all their force upon them, for that they expected to fight the English
+three years, in which time they should conquer; but that if they should
+prove equally strong, the French and the English would join to cut them
+all off and divide the land between them; that, though they had lost
+their general and some few of their soldiers, yet there were men enough
+to reinforce them, and make them masters of the Ohio."</p>
+
+<p>Washington inquired concerning the reliability of this information, and
+was told that "one Captain Joncaire, their interpreter-in-chief, living
+at Venango, and a man of note in the army, delivered the speech to us."</p>
+
+<p>On the next morning, the half-king and Monacatoocha appeared very early
+at Washington's tent, and besought him to wait another day.</p>
+
+<p>"We have used all diligence possible, but the Shannoah chiefs have not
+brought the wampum ordered, but will be here to-night," the half-king
+said. "If they should not come in to-night, we will not delay you
+another day, but will send it after you as soon as it arrives."</p>
+
+<p>Washington yielded to their request, giving the reason in his journal
+thus:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[178]</a></span></p><p>"When I found them so pressing in their request, and knew that the
+returning of wampum<a name="FNanchor_C_3" id="FNanchor_C_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_C_3" class="fnanchor">[C]</a> was the abolishing of agreements, and giving
+this up was shaking off all dependence upon the French, I consented to
+stay, as I believed an offence offered at this crisis might be attended
+with greater ill-consequence than another day's delay."</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_C_3" id="Footnote_C_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_C_3"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> Small beads made of shells, used for money.</p></div>
+
+<p>Washington's journal continues:</p>
+
+<p>"In the evening, late, they came again, and acquainted me that the
+Shannoahs were not yet arrived, but that it should not retard the
+prosecution of our journey. He delivered in my hearing the speech that
+was to be made to the French by Jeskakake, one of their old chiefs,
+which was giving up the belt the late commandant had asked for, and
+repeating nearly the same speech he himself had done before.</p>
+
+<p>"He also delivered a string of wampum to this chief, which was sent by
+King Shingiss, to be given to Kustalogo, with orders to repair to the
+French and deliver up the wampum.</p>
+
+<p>"He likewise gave a very large string of black and white wampum, which
+was to be sent up immediately to the Six Nations, if the French refused
+to quit the land at this warning, which was the third and last time, and
+was the right of this Jeskakake to deliver."</p>
+
+<p>On the evening before Washington left the place, the great men of the
+Indians assembled at their council-house, to discuss the journey, and
+decide who should go. The result was, that, instead of the numerous
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[179]</a></span>convoy promised, they concluded to send but three of their chiefs and
+one famous hunter.</p>
+
+<p>When the company were ready to start, about nine o'clock, on the morning
+of Nov. 30, and Washington found that his escort consisted only of the
+half-king, Jeskakake, White Thunder, and the Hunter, he said to
+Tanacharisson:</p>
+
+<p>"Brother, how is this? This is not the complete guard you promised me."</p>
+
+<p>"Very true, brother," answered the half-king, "but be assured there is
+no intention to be untrue. When we conferred together last night it was
+thought so large a number might give the French suspicions of evil
+designs, and cause them to treat us rudely."</p>
+
+<p>The journey was resumed, and proved very wearisome on account of stormy
+weather and hard traveling. They reached Venango, seventy miles distant,
+on the fourth day of December. Venango was situated at the mouth of
+French Creek, on the Ohio.</p>
+
+<p>Seeing the French colors flying from the house of Mr. John Frazier, an
+English subject, whom they had driven from his house, Washington
+repaired thither at once, to inquire where the commander of the French
+forces resided. He found three officers there, one of whom, Captain
+Joncaire, of whom Monacatoocha had spoken, said:</p>
+
+<p>"I command the French now."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[180]</a></span></p><p>Washington had made known his business, whereupon Captain Joncaire
+referred him to an officer in another fort farther on.</p>
+
+<p>"But you will stop and dine with us?" said the captain in a very cordial
+manner. "We shall feel honored by your company."</p>
+
+<p>Washington accepted the invitation, which turned to his advantage beyond
+his expectations; for the French officers imbibed so much wine that they
+became talkative, as well as communicative, and imparted information
+which they would have withholden when sober.</p>
+
+<p>"The French design to take possession of the Ohio." said one of the
+tipsy officers, "and they will do it in spite of all opposition. We know
+that the English can raise two men to our one, but they are so mortal
+slow that we can accomplish our object while they are getting ready. The
+French have an undoubted right to this river, and they will maintain
+it."</p>
+
+<p>Washington appreciated his opportunity to gain information, and he plied
+his inquiries for that purpose. He learned that the French had about
+fifteen hundred men between that place and Lake Ontario, but that all
+except six hundred of them were recalled after the death of General
+Pierre Paul. He learned, also, the number of forts the French had
+erected, and where situated, together with the number of men required to
+garrison each. Hence, the information acquired was worth much more than
+his dinner.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[181]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="X" id="X"></a>X.<br />
+
+<small>FRENCH MISSION&mdash;(<span class="smcap">Continued.</span>)</small></h2>
+
+
+<p class="noi"><span class="smcap">Monsieur La Force</span> and three other soldiers accompanied Washington to see
+the commander at the next fort. The French officers resorted to various
+stratagems to prevent Tanacharisson, Jeskakake, White Thunder, and the
+Hunter going with Washington. The latter understood very well that their
+object was to have an opportunity to win them over to the French. But
+Washington insisted upon their going with him, and rebuked Captain
+Joncaire for his meddlesome disposition.</p>
+
+<p>They were four days on their way to visit the commander, being obliged
+to wade through miry swamps much of the way. They reached the fort on
+the eleventh day of December.</p>
+
+<p>On the 12th, Washington waited upon the commander of the fort and made
+known his business, at the same time presenting him with the letter of
+Governor Dinwiddie. Returning the letter, the officer said:</p>
+
+<p>"The proper officer for you to see is Monsieur Reparti, whom the French
+government has commissioned to fill the position made vacant by the
+death of General Pierre Paul. He arrived seven days ago, and is expected
+at this fort every hour."</p>
+
+<p>Monsieur Reparti did not arrive until the next day, when the second
+officer in command introduced Washington to him. He received Governor
+Dinwiddie's letter, and retired to translate it. In a short time,
+however, he sent for Washington and his interpreter to correct the
+translation, and see that it was well understood. Then dismissing
+Washington, Reparti called his officers to a council of war. While the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[182]</a></span>French officers were thus engaged in secret, Washington had a good
+opportunity to ascertain the dimensions and equipments of the fort, and
+draw a plan of the same. He lost no time in making observations which
+would be of great benefit to his government. The following is a
+description of the fort which he recorded at the time to carry to
+Governor Dinwiddie:</p>
+
+<p>"It is situated on the south or west fork of French Creek, near the
+water, and is almost surrounded by the creek and a small branch of it,
+which form a kind of island. Four houses compose the sides. The bastions
+are made of piles driven into the ground, standing more than twelve feet
+above it, and sharp at top, with port-holes cut for cannon, and
+loop-holes for the small arms to fire through. There are eight six-pound
+pieces mounted in each bastion, and one piece of four pounds before the
+gate. In the bastions are a guard-house, chapel, doctor's lodging, and
+the commander's private store, round which are laid platforms for the
+cannon and men to stand on. There are several barracks without the fort,
+for the soldiers' dwellings, covered, some with bark and some with
+boards, made chiefly of logs. There are also several other houses, such
+as stables, smith's shop, etc.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[183]</a></span></p><p>"I could get no certain account of the number of men here; but,
+according to the best judgment I could form, there are a hundred,
+exclusive of officers, of whom there are many. I also gave orders to the
+people who were with me to take an exact account of the canoes which
+were hauled up to convey their forces down in the spring. This they did,
+and sold fifty of birch-bark, and a hundred and seventy of pine, besides
+many others, which were blocked out, in readiness for being made."</p>
+
+<p>In his interview with the commander, Washington inquired of him: "By
+what authority have the French made prisoners of several of our English
+subjects?"</p>
+
+<p>"The country belongs to us," answered the commander, "and no Englishman
+has a right to trade upon these waters. I have orders to make prisoners
+of every Englishman who attempts it on these waters."</p>
+
+<p>"How about the boy who was captured and carried through this place?"
+asked Washington.</p>
+
+<p>"That a boy was captured and carried past here, I will not deny,"
+replied Reparti, "but I do not remember the name of the place he came
+from, nor understand the facts in the case particularly. The Indians had
+two or three scalps with them also."</p>
+
+<p>"But I was told at Venango that they had <i>eight</i>?" retorted Washington.</p>
+
+<p>Reparti was embarrassed here, and evaded an answer.</p>
+
+<p>"What has been done with John Trotter and James McClochlan, two
+Pennsylvania traders, whom the French captured and carried away with all
+their goods?" continued Washington.</p>
+
+<p>"They were sent to Canada, but I understand that they have now gone
+home," Reparti answered.</p>
+
+<p>On the next day Washington received the commander's reply to Governor
+Dinwiddie's letter, and therefore was ready to return. The snow was
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[184]</a></span>deep, the weather stormy, and the horses exhausted, so that the homeward
+journey was undertaken with much discouragement.</p>
+
+<p>When about ready to start, Washington found that the French were
+presenting large inducements to his Indian guides to remain. He was
+obliged to resort to strategy, and finally to reprimand, to frustrate
+their plans. When the French officers saw that all their efforts to
+detain them were fruitless, they offered them intoxicating liquors in
+order to overcome them. This device would have succeeded, as the Indians
+loved rum, but for Washington's emphatic protest. He charged the French
+officers with base efforts to hinder his mission, and forbade half-king,
+with imposing threats, to touch the liquor. In this way he succeeded in
+his purpose to start on his return journey.</p>
+
+<p>Just before starting, however, White Thunder received an injury, making
+it necessary for half-king to stay over with him until the next day, and
+take him down the river in a canoe.</p>
+
+<p>"Captain Joncaire will have a good opportunity to bribe you," suggested
+Washington.</p>
+
+<p>"Never," replied the half-king; "I know the French better than you do. I
+am a friend to the English."</p>
+
+<p>"But Captain Joncaire is a plausible Frenchman, and he will do his best
+to influence you," retorted Washington. "You must be guarded against his
+fair speech."</p>
+
+<p>The result of this interview was, that the whole party waited for White
+Thunder until the next day.</p>
+
+<p>The hardships of the return journey exceeded by far their previous
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[185]</a></span>experience, as indicated by Washington's journal:</p>
+
+<p>"We had a tedious and very fatiguing passage down the creek. Several
+times we had liked to have been staved against rocks, and many times
+were obliged all hands to get out and remain in the water half an hour
+or more, getting over the shoals. At one place the ice had lodged, and
+made it impassable by water; we were therefore obliged to carry our
+canoe across the neck of land, a quarter of a mile over. We did not
+reach Venango until the 22d, where we met with our horses.</p>
+
+<p>"This creek is extremely crooked. I dare say the distance between the
+fort and Venango cannot be less than one hundred and thirty miles, to
+follow the meanders."</p>
+
+<p>At Venango the horses, which Currin took there by land, were met, and
+the men relieved them by distributing the baggage among themselves in
+packs. In this way they traveled three days, the snow all the while
+increasing, and the horses becoming weaker and weaker. Washington saw
+that to keep with the party would delay his arrival at Williamsburg
+until the House of Burgesses had adjourned, which would be a
+disappointment to the public, as well as to the governor. If possible,
+the governor should receive his report before the adjournment of the
+Assembly.</p>
+
+<p>"There is only one way for us to go Mr. Gist," said Washington; "you and
+I must strike right through the wilderness alone, leaving the party to
+reach there as best they can. My report will be too late if we plod
+along in this way."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[186]</a></span></p><p>"It may be later if we undertake so perilous an adventure alone,"
+responded Gist. "There is not one chance in ten of our ever reaching
+Williamsburg in that way."</p>
+
+<p>"You are too fearful altogether," replied Washington. "I think you and I
+are equal to the undertaking. No doubt we shall have a rough time of it,
+but we are used to that; it will be no novelty to us."</p>
+
+<p>"I shall abide by your decision," added Gist, "for you are commander of
+this expedition, and my duty is to obey. But I believe that both of us
+will repent of ever undertaking such an adventure."</p>
+
+<p>"Well, then, I will take the responsibility," said Washington, "and you
+and I will take the nearest and quickest route home."</p>
+
+<p>"Which may prove the longest, both in distance and time," retorted Gist.</p>
+
+<p>Washington put the remainder of the party, together with the baggage and
+horses, into the care of Van Braam, with instructions and money. He
+himself had traveled for three days in an "Indian's walking dress," but
+now made a change described in his journal thus:</p>
+
+<p>"I took my necessary papers, pulled off my clothes, and tied myself up
+in a watch-coat. Then, with gun in hand and pack on my back, in which
+were my papers and provisions, I set out with Mr. Gist, fitted in the
+same manner, on Wednesday, the 26th."</p>
+
+<p>They traveled eighteen miles on that day, and stopped for the night at
+an Indian cabin. Washington usually traveled on horseback, so that he
+was unused to the hardships of such a journey on foot, and he was much
+exhausted.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[187]</a></span></p>
+<p>They arose at two o'clock in the morning to continue their journey. When
+they reached Murdering Town, they fell in with an Indian who called Mr.
+Gist by name.</p>
+
+<p>"I saw you at Venango," said the Indian.</p>
+
+<p>Then Mr. Gist recognized him as an Indian whom he saw at Joncaire's in
+Venango, when they were on their journey to the French fort, which fact
+made him somewhat suspicious of the redskin.</p>
+
+<p>"I am glad to see you," insisted the Indian. "How does it happen that
+you are traveling on foot in this direction?"</p>
+
+<p>"Our business requires it," was Gist's short reply.</p>
+
+<p>"When did you leave Venango?" the Indian continued.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Gist informed him.</p>
+
+<p>"Where did you leave your horses and the rest of your party?"</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Gist answered evasively.</p>
+
+<p>"And where are you going?"</p>
+
+<p>"To the forks of the Alleghany as direct as we can go," Washington
+answered. "Can you go with us and show us the nearest way?"</p>
+
+<p>"I can just as well as not," replied the Indian, "and I can take your
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[188]</a></span>pack along, too."</p>
+
+<p>From this point Washington was considerably relieved by transferring his
+pack to the back of the savage. They traveled very rapidly for ten
+miles, when Washington's feet grew sore, and he became very weary.</p>
+
+<p>"You are taking us too much northeasterly," said Mr. Gist to the Indian,
+suspicious that he was intentionally taking them out of their way.</p>
+
+<p>"That is what I think," added Washington. "I am quite confident that we
+are bearing too much to the northeast."</p>
+
+<p>The truth was, that both Washington and Mr. Gist were suspicious that
+the Indian was proving treacherous, though neither of them suggested the
+idea to the other.</p>
+
+<p>"But let us encamp here," continued Washington, "for I need rest."</p>
+
+<p>"I will carry your gun, and that will relieve you," said the Indian, a
+suggestion that strengthened suspicions already awakened.</p>
+
+<p>"No; I prefer to carry my own gun," replied Washington; "you will do
+your part if you carry my pack."</p>
+
+<p>"But it is not safe to encamp here," the Indian added, "for Ottawa
+Indians hunt in these woods, and they will scalp an Englishman wherever
+they find him. But if you will go to my cabin you are safe."</p>
+
+<p>"And where is your cabin?" inquired Gist.</p>
+
+<p>"So near that we could hear a gun if fired there now," the Indian
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[189]</a></span>replied.</p>
+
+<p>Although strongly suspicious of his designs, both followed him for a
+distance, steering in a more northerly direction. Gist grew uneasy, and
+stopping, said, "I will go no farther."</p>
+
+<p>"A whoop could be heard at my cabin now," the Indian insisted. "We shall
+soon be there."</p>
+
+<p>They traveled two miles farther, when Washington remarked:</p>
+
+<p>"I shall stop at the next place we find water, and you must stop, too,"
+addressing the Indian. This was said in a decisive manner. In a few
+moments they emerged from the woods into a long meadow. The Indian was
+three or four rods in advance of them. Suddenly stopping and turning
+about, the treacherous savage aimed his gun at Gist, and fired.</p>
+
+<p>"Are you shot?" cried Washington, rushing forward to his companion.
+"Are you shot?"</p>
+
+<p>"No; but it is what I feared from the time we employed the rascal to
+guide us," answered Gist. The shot missed.</p>
+
+<p>The Indian ran behind a large white oak, Washington and Gist following
+after him. Approaching the tree, they discovered that he was reloading
+his gun.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[190]</a></span></p><p>"You rascal!" exclaimed Gist, raising his musket to give the Indian its
+contents.</p>
+
+<p>"No; that won't do," said Washington to Gist, pushing aside his gun. "We
+are worse off when you have killed him than we are now." He thought the
+tribe would avenge his death by killing them.</p>
+
+<p>"The villain deserves a bullet through his heart," shouted Gist, "and I
+can put one through with good relish."</p>
+
+<p>"Very true," answered Washington with the most astonishing coolness,
+"but it is not good policy for us to take his life now."</p>
+
+<p>Washington took away the Indian's gun and compelled him to walk ahead.
+At the first run of water he ordered him to build a camp fire, as if he
+designed to encamp there for the night. When this was done Gist said to
+him:</p>
+
+<p>"I suppose you were lost, and fired your gun."</p>
+
+<p>"No, I was not lost," answered the savage, "I know where my cabin is,
+and it is not far away."</p>
+
+<p>"Well, then," continued Gist, "do you go home, and here is a cake of
+bread for you, and you must provide meat for us in the morning."</p>
+
+<p>The Indian was glad enough to get away without being pierced by a
+bullet, and he promised them excellent fare the next morning. It was
+nine o'clock at night when he left them, taking with him his gun, that
+Washington returned to him. Gist followed him for quite a distance, to
+be sure that he was not deceiving them, and then hurried back.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[191]</a></span></p>
+<p>"Now, since you would not let me shoot the villain," he said to
+Washington, "we must shoulder our packs and hurry away, and walk all
+night, or we shall never see Williamsburg."</p>
+
+<p>"You are right, Gist, and we will be off at once; and the fellow may
+keep his meat till we come this way again," replied Washington, with as
+much composure as if their lives had not been in jeopardy. By the light
+of the camp fire their compass showed them which way to go.</p>
+
+<p>The excitement of this perilous episode seemed to rest Washington's
+weary limbs, so that they traveled rapidly through the whole night,
+finding themselves at the head of Piney Creek in the morning.
+Washington's journal has the following entry for that day:</p>
+
+<p>"The next day we continued traveling until quite dark, and got to the
+river, two miles above Shannopin's. We expected to have found the river
+frozen, but it was not, only about fifty yards from each shore. The ice,
+I suppose, had broken up above, for it was driving in vast quantities."</p>
+
+<p>"What next?" said Gist, with an air which indicated that he recalled his
+warning words to Washington about the perils of such a journey. "If the
+Indian's bullet had taken effect we should have been saved some trouble
+here."</p>
+
+<p>"A formidable difficulty, to be sure," answered Washington; "but a good
+share of wit and perseverance may overcome it. No way of getting over
+this stream, I think, except on a raft."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[192]</a></span></p><p>"A raft!" exclaimed Gist. "A raft would be swamped in a giffy by that
+ice. Besides, what have we to build a raft with? A hatchet alone will
+not do it."</p>
+
+<p>"A hatchet is much better than nothing," responded Washington. "We will
+try what a hatchet can do towards it. If we fail, we will fail in
+trying."</p>
+
+<p>"Try it is, then," said Gist, rather admiring Washington's hopefulness
+and pluck than otherwise. "I am at your service, and if anybody can
+cross the river, I think a man of your grit can."</p>
+
+<p>So they set to work to construct a raft, with no implement but a
+solitary hatchet, consuming a whole day in the work. When the awkward
+affair was fairly launched, they went on board of it, and pushed off for
+the opposite shore. About mid-way of the river, the floating ice came
+down with such violence as to threaten the destruction of the raft.</p>
+
+<p>"We can never reach the shore on this craft," said Gist, in a tone
+indicating entire resignation to a watery grave.</p>
+
+<p>"Can't we stop the raft and let the ice go by?" answered Washington, at
+the same time putting down the setting pole to accomplish this purpose.
+But the rapidity of the torrent dashed the raft with such violence
+against the pole that it threw Washington into ten feet of water.</p>
+
+<p>"Hold on!" shouted Gist under the greatest alarm; "grasp this oar." And
+he reached out his oar to Washington, who had already caught hold of one
+of the raft-logs. A severe but short struggle, and he was on the raft
+again.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[193]</a></span></p><p>"A cold bath," remarked Washington, as he stood upon the raft again,
+shaking the water from his drenched clothes.</p>
+
+<p>"It is a miracle that you were not drowned," replied Gist; "and you
+would have been if you were as nervous as some people."</p>
+
+<p>"I am cool enough now," said Washington, his wet clothes already
+beginning to stiffen on his back in the wintry blast. "I shall not
+despair so long as I remember that one faithful saint is praying for
+me," referring to the promise of his mother.</p>
+
+<p>They made a desperate effort to keep their craft right side up in the
+floating ice, but failed in the attempt.</p>
+
+<p>"No use!" exclaimed Gist. "We must quit the concern and make for that
+island."</p>
+
+<p>"Yes; and that immediately, if we would save ourselves," responded
+Washington, as he leaped into the water, followed by Gist. The island
+was but a few rods distant, and they reached it just at night, with the
+gloomy prospect of remaining shelterless upon it until the next morning.</p>
+
+<p>"Not much better off here than we were in the water," suggested Gist.
+"My fingers are frozen, and some of my toes; and what is to prevent the
+freezing of the remainder of my body?"</p>
+
+<p>"If we perish, we will perish trying to keep alive," remarked
+Washington. "We have plenty of room to exercise ourselves here, and keep
+up a circulation, with no fear of being shot at by savages. It will not
+do to sleep in this predicament."</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[194]</a></span></p>
+<p>"It will be our last sleep if we do," answered Gist. "The cold is
+rapidly increasing, and I hardly see how any amount of exercise can save
+us."</p>
+
+<p>"Be a little more hopeful, Gist. I have faith to believe that we shall
+be saved yet," said Washington. "This increasing cold is providential,
+I think. It will freeze the river before morning, and thus provide a way
+for us to escape from this island."</p>
+
+<p>"Well, that is a hopeful view, I confess," replied Gist; "but how the
+biting cold can freeze the river without freezing us is incomprehensible
+to me."</p>
+
+<p>They made a remarkable night of it, and saved their lives by muscular
+exertion. They dashed about in the cold, gathering hope and courage from
+hour to hour as the water of the stream congealed harder and harder. In
+the morning they crossed the river on the ice, truly thankful to a kind
+Providence, which had delivered them from what, to human view, was
+inevitable death.</p>
+
+<p>Once upon the other side of the river, they made their way as speedily
+as possible to the house of Mr. Frazier, a few miles distant, where they
+regaled themselves with fire and food to their hearts' content,
+recounting their adventures, and causing all to wonder that they were
+still among the living.</p>
+
+<p>Here Washington met twenty warriors, who were going to the southward to
+war, but had returned from Great Kenhawa, because there they found a
+family of seven people killed and scalped.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[195]</a></span></p><p>"Why did you return?" inquired Washington of a chief.</p>
+
+<p>"For fear the inhabitants might take us to be the murderers," the chief
+replied.</p>
+
+<p>"Did the condition of the bodies show that the massacre was recent?"
+Washington inquired further.</p>
+
+<p>"Not very recent; the bodies were scattered about, and several of them
+were much eaten by hogs," was the chief's answer.</p>
+
+<p>"Have you any suspicions as to who the murderers were?" urged
+Washington.</p>
+
+<p>"Certain marks which they left behind showed that the butchery was done
+by Indians of the Ottawa nation," was the information given in answer to
+his question.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Frazier informed Washington that an Indian queen, living three miles
+distant, had taken offense because he did not call upon her on his way
+to the fort. As he was obliged to wait two days for horses, he paid her
+a visit and made her a present of a watch-coat.</p>
+
+<p>Washington's final entry in his journal is:</p>
+
+<p>"Tuesday, the 1st of January, 1774, we left Mr. Frazier's house, and
+arrived at Mr. Gist's, at Monongahela, the 2d, where I bought a horse
+and saddle. The 6th, we met seventeen horses loaded with materials and
+stores for a fort at the fork of the Ohio, and the day after, some
+families going out to settle. Thi<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[196]</a></span>s day we arrived at Will's Creek,
+after as fatiguing a journey as it is possible to conceive, rendered so
+by excessive bad weather. From the first day of December to the
+fifteenth, there was but one day on which it did not rain or snow
+incessantly; and throughout the whole journey we met with nothing but
+one continued series of cold, wet weather, which occasioned very
+uncomfortable lodgings, especially after we had quitted our tent, which
+was some screen from the inclemency of it."</p>
+
+<p>Washington arrived at Williamsburg on the sixteenth day of January, and
+immediately reported to Governor Dinwiddie, delivering the reply of the
+French commander; the belts of wampum from the Indian tribes, as pledges
+of friendship; together with his journal, as his report of the
+expedition.</p>
+
+<p>Weems says, "The governor was much pleased with the Indian belts, more
+with the Frenchman's letter, but most of all with Washington's journal."</p>
+
+<p>"I shall have your journal published immediately," said the governor to
+Washington.</p>
+
+<p>"I beg your honor not to give it to the public in print," replied
+Washington; "it is a very defective document, written, as it was, in the
+wilderness, under the most unfavorable circumstances. It was intended
+for no eyes but yours."</p>
+
+<p>"My dear man," said the hearty Scotchman, "you are altogether too modest
+in this matter. I am sure that the document is worthy of the greatest
+publicity."</p>
+
+<p>"But you will grant me the privilege of amending it," pleaded
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[197]</a></span>Washington, almost frightened at the idea of his journal appearing in
+print.</p>
+
+<p>"Indeed, major, there is no time for that now," answered the governor.
+"The Assembly will rise to-morrow or next day, and I want each member to
+have several copies to carry home with him. You need not give yourself
+any uneasiness, man, for your journal is worthy of a perusal by the King
+of Great Britain, and I intend to present him with a copy."</p>
+
+<p>The journal went to press at once, and was in the hands of members of
+the Assembly before the adjournment. It was received with the greatest
+enthusiasm and praise everywhere, and was published in all the papers of
+the Colony. Copies were sent to England, and there it appeared in the
+journals of the day.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2><a name="XI" id="XI"></a>XI.<br />
+
+<small>HIS FIRST BATTLE.</small></h2>
+
+
+<p class="noi"><span class="smcap">Washington's</span> report concerning the designs of the French created intense
+excitement in Virginia and the neighboring Colonies. Governor Dinwiddie
+could see no other way to maintain the dignity of his government than by
+a resort to arms. He so reported to his Majesty the King of England. The
+excitement there became even greater than it was in America. Everybody
+wanted to fight to vindicate the nation's honor. The popular
+conversation was a declaration of war against the French.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[198]</a></span></p>
+<p>The British Government was not long in framing instructions to the
+American Colonies, and orders were issued that they should unite in one
+confederacy and drive the French out of the land. The king directed
+Governor Dinwiddie to raise a force in Virginia, and the order was
+received with great enthusiasm. Washington was appointed to push
+recruiting, with headquarters at Alexandria. New York and South Carolina
+pledged two independent companies.</p>
+
+<p>Washington anticipated a rush of volunteers when the governor sent out
+his call for troops, but the small pay offered did not induce the
+stalwart yeomanry, and other reliable classes, to relinquish their
+honorable occupations at home for the hunger and hardships of war. The
+result was, that a very unreliable class offered to enlist. One writer
+says:</p>
+
+<p>"There gathered about him a rabble of ragamuffins and worthless fellows,
+who had spent their lives in tramping up and down the country, without
+settled homes or occupations. Some were without hats and shoes; some had
+coats and no shirts, some had shirts and no coats; and all were without
+arms, or any keen desire to use them if they had them. All this
+disgusted and disheartened our youthful colonel not a little, for he was
+young, and had yet to learn that it is of just such stuff that the
+beginnings of armies are always made."</p>
+
+<p>Washington wrote to Governor Dinwiddie in a very desponding tone,
+complaining of the want of patriotism in the Colony. Immediately the
+governor came to his relief by issuing a proclamation, in which he said:</p>
+
+<p>"Two hundred thousand acres of the very best land on th<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[199]</a></span>e head-water of
+the Ohio will be appropriated, and divided among those who enlist and
+serve during the war."</p>
+
+<p>The effect of this order was good, and soon one company was raised and
+sent forward, under Captain Trent, to occupy the junction of the
+Monongahela and Alleghany Rivers, and there erect a fort, before the
+French could possess it. This was the spot which Washington recommended
+to Governor Dinwiddie as an admirable location for a fort.</p>
+
+<p>When the work of recruiting was completed, the governor offered the
+command of the whole force to Washington, although Colonel Fry was
+entitled to it by right of seniority. Such was Washington's popularity,
+that Governor Dinwiddie knew the people would hail the appointment with
+unfeigned satisfaction. But Washington, with his usual modest estimate
+of himself, said to a friend:</p>
+
+<p>"I cannot take the responsibility; I am not equal to it."</p>
+
+<p>"That is not for you to say," urged his friend. "The people believe that
+you are just the man for the place, and will not be satisfied unless you
+take command."</p>
+
+<p>"The command belongs to Colonel Fry, whose competency no one disputes,
+and whose age is certainly a qualification in his favor," answered
+Washington.</p>
+
+<p>"All that may be true; it probably is true; nevertheless, the governor
+understands what the popular demand is, and has acted accordingly," his
+friend retorted. "My advice is, accept the position, and bury your
+modesty."</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[200]</a></span></p>
+<p>"It is not modesty," protested Washington. "I have too much love for my
+country to do anything to prejudice her interests."</p>
+
+<p>On declining to assume the chief command, Washington wrote to Colonel
+Corbin, who desired that he should accept, as follows:</p>
+
+<p>"The command of the whole forces is what I neither look for, expect, or
+desire, for I must be impartial enough to confess it is a charge too
+great for my youth and inexperience to be intrusted with. Knowing this,
+I have too sincere a love for my country to undertake that which may
+tend to the prejudice of it. But, if I could entertain hopes that you
+thought me worthy of the post of lieutenant-colonel, and would favor me
+so far as to mention it at the appointment of officers, I could not but
+entertain a true sense of the kindness. I flatter myself that, under a
+skilful commander or man of sense (which I most sincerely wish to serve
+under), with my own application and diligent study of my duty, I shall
+be able to conduct my steps without censure, and, in time, render myself
+worthy of the promotion that I shall be favored with now."</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Joshua Fry was appointed to the chief command, and Washington
+was made lieutenant-colonel.</p>
+
+<p>While Washington was attending to his duties at Alexandria, an incident
+occurred which illustrates the strength of his moral character. There
+was an election for members of the House of Burgesses, and the two
+opposing candidates in that district were Colonel George Fairfax and a
+Mr. Elzey.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[201]</a></span></p><p>"I am well acquainted with Colonel Fairfax," remarked Washington to the
+bystanders, "and I know him to be abundantly qualified for the position.
+He is able, and a true patriot."</p>
+
+<p>"As much can be said of Mr. Elzey, and perhaps more," replied a man by
+the name of Payne, a great friend and admirer of the latter gentleman.
+"His experience qualifies him for the office beyond most men in the
+district."</p>
+
+<p>Here Washington remarked, somewhat sarcastically, that character, after
+all, in such times, was the highest qualification, a remark that was
+readily construed into an insinuation that Payne's candidate did not
+possess it, whereupon Payne struck him so violently with a stick as to
+knock him down.</p>
+
+<p>A scene followed. Washington's friends sprang forward to his rescue, but
+he was on his feet before their help reached him. They turned upon his
+assailant.</p>
+
+<p>"What do you mean, you dastard?" exclaimed one.</p>
+
+<p>"Take him into custody"! shouted another.</p>
+
+<p>"Knock him down!" bawled a third.</p>
+
+<p>"No, gentlemen," interrupted Washington, just in season to prevent a
+collision, "do not touch the man. Perhaps he was not altogether to
+blame. My remark was hasty. Let us have no more trouble."</p>
+
+<p>The officers and others present were nearly as much surprised by
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[202]</a></span>Washington's intercession for his assailant as they were by the latter's
+heartless blow, and they stood speechless. The young commander remained
+until the excitement ceased, when he repaired to his lodgings at the
+hotel, where he immediately wrote a note to Mr. Payne, asking him to
+call in the morning.</p>
+
+<p>Anticipating a challenge to a duel, Payne armed himself with a pistol in
+the morning before making the call. To his surprise, Washington met him
+at the door with an apology.</p>
+
+<p>"I ask your pardon for an offence given in an unguarded moment," he
+said, grasping his hand.</p>
+
+<p>Payne was thoroughly embarrassed by this reception, and he was so filled
+with admiration by the magnanimity of the act, that he became one of
+Washington's warmest friends. Their mutual friendship lasted as long as
+they lived.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. McGuire very properly says of this deed:</p>
+
+<p>"How noble and becoming was this conduct! It was especially admirable in
+a youthful soldier, whose very profession exposed him to peculiar
+temptations on such an occasion. How many would have been driven, by the
+fear of reproach and dread of unfavorable insinuations, to incur the
+hazards of a duel, thus offering up at the shrine of honor the costly
+sacrifice of human life. It was not possible that a man like Washington,
+so endowed with moral courage and regard for virtue, should be moved by
+the fear of man to such a course. He dreaded not the charge of cowardice
+from the mouths of fools. In his own bosom he had its ample refutation.
+He was conscious of a fortitude which n<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[203]</a></span>o dangers could shake. To
+display it in murdering a fellow-citizen was not his ambition. He had
+before him the tented field and the enemies of his country, and he was
+pledged for the hazards of a mortal conflict in her defence. Here he was
+willing to show his courage and lay down his life. He would not do so to
+gratify revenge, or win applause from the vain."</p>
+
+<p>When Washington had recruited two more companies of fifty men each, he
+applied to Governor Dinwiddie for permission to advance for the better
+protection of the frontier. Having procured the order from the governor,
+he marched out of camp, equipped not only with arms, but also with
+implements of labor for constructing a road over which supplies and
+cannon might be readily transported. This was a great undertaking, since
+there were giant trees to be felled, hills to be levelled, marshes to be
+filled, rocks to be blasted, and bridges to be built. So great a work
+was this, that the little army was fourteen days going thirteen miles.
+They reached Will's Creek on the 24th of April, 1754, where Washington
+unexpectedly met Captain Trent.</p>
+
+<p>"What are you doing here, captain," said Washington, somewhat surprised
+at seeing him.</p>
+
+<p>"Recruiting my command," answered Trent. "I need more men to construct
+the fort."</p>
+
+<p>"That is certain, and we need more men everywhere," responded
+Washington. "It is fearfully hard work to prosecute such a campaign with
+so few men. But how are you succeeding?"</p>
+
+<p>"As well as could be expected under the circumstances. I am thankful for
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[204]</a></span>the smallest number of recruits, for forty men to construct and garrison
+a fort at the forks of the Ohio is altogether too small a force."</p>
+
+<p>While discussing this matter, Ensign Ward entered the camp, and
+surprised both Washington and Trent by saying:</p>
+
+<p>"The garrison at the fort have surrendered to the French."</p>
+
+<p>Captain Trent left Ensign Ward in command of his force at the forks,
+while he was recruiting at Will's Creek.</p>
+
+<p>"How can that be?" exclaimed Trent, surprised beyond measure.</p>
+
+<p>"On the 17th," the ensign explained, "we were surprised by the
+appearance of the French fleet in the river, under the command of
+Captain Contrecoeur, consisting of three hundred canoes and sixty
+batteaux, carrying a thousand men and eighteen cannon."</p>
+
+<p>"To take possession of the forks and erect a fort for their own
+defence," interjected Washington, who had called the attention of
+Governor Dinwiddie to the probability of such an event.</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, that was what they came for," replied Ward; "and they were glad to
+see one so far under way, no doubt, as it would lighten their labors."</p>
+
+<p>"Did they make an attack?" inquired Washington.</p>
+
+<p>"Captain Contrecoeur planted his cannon to sweep the fort, drew up his
+men in readiness for an attack, and then sent a demand to the English to
+surrender in one hour, or he would open fire."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[205]</a></span></p><p>"Under the circumstances you could not object with much resolution,"
+remarked Washington.</p>
+
+<p>"I didn't, but surrendered without parleying," replied Ward; "and we
+were allowed to march out bearing our arms and all our tools."</p>
+
+<p>"This is a declaration of war," remarked Washington, "and we must govern
+ourselves accordingly."</p>
+
+<p>He called his officers together for consultation, and said to them:</p>
+
+<p>"The French have now invaded the frontier of the Colony, and as I
+construe my instructions from the government, it is my duty to march
+forward to meet the invaders."</p>
+
+<p>"Without reinforcements from Colonel Fry?" anxiously inquired one of his
+officers.</p>
+
+<p>"No. We can march to the mouth of Red Stone Creek, which is thirty-seven
+miles above the fort captured by the French, there throw up defences,
+and await the arrival of reinforcements."</p>
+
+<p>A messenger was posted away to Colonel Fry, while the army took up the
+line of march to Red Stone Creek, where it hastily intrenched and
+awaited reinforcements.</p>
+
+<p>About the 1st of May, Captain Stevens arrived with his company of fifty
+men. Colonel Fry remained at his post to complete arrangements and bring
+up supplies; but he suddenly died, so that Washington was forced to act
+as commander-in-chief.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[206]</a></span></p>
+<p>With his little army increased to one hundred and fifty men, Washington
+proceeded to Great Meadows, making a road suitable for transporting
+supplies as he advanced, and reaching his destination on the 27th of
+May. They had but just encamped when Mr. Gist arrived.</p>
+
+<p>"I have seen the trail of a party within five miles of you, which I am
+sure were French," he said to Washington, under evident excitement.</p>
+
+<p>"I am not surprised at that announcement," replied Washington. "War is
+inevitable, and we must accept the issue. We must look after these
+French."</p>
+
+<p>"Or they will look after <i>us</i>," retorted Gist. "The French mean
+business; there can be no doubt of that. Unless we mean business it
+is all up with us."</p>
+
+<p>"I will pursue them at once," continued Washington; and he took forty
+men, leaving the remainder of his force to work on the intrenchments.
+Half-king, with a few Indians, joined him, and when it was supposed they
+were in the vicinity of the French party, two Indian scouts were sent
+forward, who discovered their camp two miles distant. It was in the dawn
+of the morning, and they had traveled all night through the driving
+storm and darkness, and, of course, were poorly prepared for battle. But
+Washington determined upon an attack immediately. Arranging his own men
+on the right and the Indians on the left, he advanced rapidly upon the
+enemy. The latter were taken unawares, but they sprang to their arms and
+opened fire on catching sight of the English. A brief, sharp, bloody
+encounter ensued, when the French surrendered, having lost ten men
+killed and one wounded. Twenty-one were taken prisoners. Washington's
+loss was one man killed and two or three wounded.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[207]</a></span></p>
+<p>Among the slain Frenchmen was their popular commander, Captain
+Jumonville. The twenty-one prisoners were sent, under a strong guard, to
+Governor Dinwiddie, with a plea from Washington that they should be
+treated with humanity. He withstood Tanacharisson and his redskins, who
+wanted to slay every one of the prisoners, and rebuked their revengeful
+spirit.</p>
+
+<p>"The French army at the forks will avenge the death of Jumonville," said
+Washington to Gist, "and the whole force will march against us."</p>
+
+<p>"They will if they are like the rest of mankind," responded Gist, "and
+that, too, without waiting for ceremony."</p>
+
+<p>"We will be prepared for them," added Washington. "It will never do for
+an army to be caught napping, especially a little one like mine."</p>
+
+<p>"But you will fight against great odds," suggested Gist; "the French
+have every advantage in men and means."</p>
+
+<p>"True, very true, but we must make our fortifications strong at the
+Meadows, and do the best we can."</p>
+
+<p>This little conquering squad of English rejoined the army at the
+Meadows, and proceeded at once to make their fort impregnable. Here
+Washington soon received additional reinforcements, swelling his army to
+four hundred soldiers. Among them was a company of one hundred men from
+North Carolina, under Captain Mackey. The latter officer made some
+trouble for Washington by claiming superiority of rank, because his
+commission was from the King of England, while Washington's was from a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[208]</a></span>provincial governor only. However, this difficulty was soon adjusted
+through Washington's tact and magnanimity.</p>
+
+<p>The army was short of provisions at this time, supplies not having been
+sent forward as Washington expected. His men were very much tried, and
+many of them were exasperated. Adding hunger and needless suffering to
+their pittance of pay was quite enough to demoralize the rank and file.
+Washington could not blame them much, in the circumstances, although the
+discontent added to his trials. He wrote to Governor Dinwiddie in his
+troubles, as follows:</p>
+
+<p>"Giving up my commission is quite contrary to my intentions. Nay, I ask
+it as a greater favor than any amongst the many I have received from
+your honor, to confirm it to me. But let me serve voluntarily; then I
+will, with the greatest pleasure in life, devote my services to the
+expedition, without any other reward than the satisfaction of serving my
+country; but to be slaving dangerously for the shadow of pay, through
+woods, rocks, and mountains, I would rather prefer the great toil of a
+day laborer, and dig for a maintenance, provided I were reduced to the
+necessity, than serve upon such ignoble terms.... I hope what I have
+said will not be taken amiss, for I really believe, were it as much in
+your power as it is in your inclination, we should be treated as
+gentlemen and officers, and not have annexed to the most trifling pay
+that ever was given to English officers the glorious allowance of
+soldier's diet, a pound of pork, with bread in proportion, per day. Be
+the consequence what it will, I am determined not to leave the regiment,
+but to be among the last men to quit the Ohio."</p>
+
+<p>Washington preferred to serve his country without pay rather than have
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[209]</a></span>the reputation of being paid when receiving but a pittance, and half
+starved into the bargain. His appeal was a sincere and earnest one for
+his soldiers.</p>
+
+<p>As on former occasions, Washington was his own chaplain. Twice a day his
+little army were called to prayers in the fort, which he himself
+conducted. On the Sabbath only works of necessity were performed, and he
+conducted religious services. Sometimes his brief remarks, called forth
+by the condition of his army, deeply impressed his listeners, who knew
+that they were honest words from a true heart.</p>
+
+<p>He was exceedingly annoyed by the profanity and wickedness of his men,
+and at one time he issued the following order:</p>
+
+<p>"Colonel Washington has observed that the men of his regiment are very
+profane and reprobate. He takes this opportunity to inform them of his
+great displeasure at such practices, and assures them that, if they do
+not leave them off, they shall be severely punished. The officers are
+desired, if they hear any men swear or make use of an oath or
+execration, to order the offender twenty-five lashes immediately,
+without a court-martial. For a second offence he shall be more severely
+punished."</p>
+
+<p>As the French army did not make its appearance after waiting many days
+for it, Washington resolved to march upon Fort Duquesne, as the French
+had named their stronghold at the forks in honor of the governor of
+Canada.</p>
+
+<p>Leaving Captain Mackey with his company to garrison the fort, Washington
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[210]</a></span>advanced towards the forks. But he had marched only thirteen miles when
+he met several friendly Indians, one of whom said:</p>
+
+<p>"The French are on the march against you."</p>
+
+<p>"How far away?" inquired Washington.</p>
+
+<p>"A few miles only."</p>
+
+<p>"In large force?"</p>
+
+<p>"Eight hundred Frenchmen and four hundred Indians."</p>
+
+<p>"I can hardly credit that they are coming with so large a force,"
+replied Washington. "That is a formidable army for my small army to
+fight."</p>
+
+<p>The Indians convinced him that it was even so, whereupon he called a
+council of war, when it was unanimously decided to retreat to their base
+of supplies. After two days of wearisome marching, on the retreat, they
+reached the fort at the Great Meadows. Here many of the men and horses
+were so exhausted and weak for the want of food that Washington decided
+to make a stand there. He was forced to stop there, and so he named the
+stockade "Fort Necessity."</p>
+
+<p>The able-bodied soldiers were set to work digging a trench around the
+fortifications, and felling large trees to obstruct the march of the
+enemy upon their works. But their labors were far from being completed
+when, on the morning of July 3, a wounded sentinel came rushing into
+camp and shouting, "The enemy is upon us! The French army is here!"</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[211]</a></span></p><p>The drum beat the soldiers into line quickly, outside of their
+fortifications, though subsequently they were withdrawn into the fort.
+About eleven o'clock the enemy opened a heavy fire upon the fort, which
+was returned with spirit.</p>
+
+<p>"Waste no powder; fire at discretion; and where-ever you discover a
+head, pick it off," were Washington's instructions to his men.</p>
+
+<p>The battle raged all day until eight o'clock in the evening, when the
+French commander, Monsieur De Villiers, sent a flag of truce. Supposing
+it was a scheme to get a spy within the fort to discover its strength,
+Washington declined to receive it. But De Villiers, evidently thinking
+the English force was much larger than it actually was, persisted in his
+application for a parley. He asked that an English officer be sent to
+him, promising him absolute safety.</p>
+
+<p>Washington sent Van Braam, who returned in a short time with articles of
+capitulation for him to sign, and he was accompanied by De Villiers
+himself.</p>
+
+<p>Washington declined to sign them until they were amended to suit his
+wishes. About midnight the articles were signed, and the fort
+surrendered.</p>
+
+<p>On the morning of July 4, 1754, the little army marched out of the fort,
+with banners flying and the band playing, carrying their arms with them,
+so that there was no degradation in the surrender. As the French had
+killed all of Washington's horses and cattle, he could not take away his
+cannon and heavy baggage; so it was stipulated that these should be
+protected until he could send for them.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[212]</a></span></p>
+<p>In this his first battle, Washington lost fifty-eight men, while the
+French lost two hundred in killed and wounded.</p>
+
+<p>Washington marched his little army back to Williamsburg, where he was
+received with distinguished honors. The governor tendered him hearty
+thanks in behalf of the government; and the House of Burgesses, which
+soon assembled, unanimously adopted a vote of thanks "for their bravery,
+and the gallant manner in which they had conducted themselves in the
+defence of the country." A resolution was passed, also, granting an
+appropriation of four hundred pistoles to be distributed among the
+soldiers who had aided in the expedition. In addition, the assembly made
+an appropriation of ten thousand dollars, in October following, for the
+public service; and soon afterwards the English government forwarded
+fifty thousand dollars for the same purpose.</p>
+
+<p>The defeat of Washington did not appear to modify the public confidence
+in him. The people knew full well the great odds against which he
+contended, and judged him accordingly. That he should defend Fort
+Necessity so long and so successfully, when fatigue and hunger were
+creating discontent, was proof to them of skill and courage; and that he
+should secure terms of capitulation so honorable, appeared to them a
+reason of praise rather than censure.</p>
+
+<p>French historians have censured Washington for the death of Jumonville,
+denominating the attack upon his small party "assassination." They claim
+that he was sent upon an embassy, of which there is not a shadow of
+proof. On the other hand, there is positive evidence that Jumonville was
+conducting a reconnoitering party, to ascertain the position and
+strength of the English.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[213]</a></span></p><p>Washington's report to Governor Dinwiddie, and the latter's letter to
+Lord Albemarle, establish the facts in the case beyond contradiction.
+For this reason we introduce them here:</p>
+
+<p>"I set out with forty men before ten, and it was from that time till
+near sunrise before we reached the Indians' camp, having marched in
+small paths, through a heavy rain, and a night as dark as it is possible
+to conceive. We were frequently tumbling over one another, and often so
+lost that fifteen or twenty minutes' search would not find the path
+again.</p>
+
+<p>"When we came to the half-king, I counselled with him, and got his
+assent to go hand in hand and strike the French. Accordingly he,
+Monacawacha, and a few other Indians, set out with us; and when we came
+to the place where the troops were, the half-king sent two Indians to
+follow the tracks and discover their lodgment, which they did, at a very
+obscure place, surrounded with rocks. I, thereupon, in conjunction with
+the half-king and Monacawacha, formed a disposition to attack them on
+all sides, which we accordingly did; and, after an engagement of fifteen
+minutes, we killed ten, wounded one, and took twenty-one prisoners.
+Amongst those killed was Monsieur Jumonville, the commander. The
+principal officers taken are Monsieur Drouillon, and Monsieur La Force,
+of whom your Honor has often heard me speak as a bold, enterprising man,
+and a person of great subtlety and cunning. These officers pretend that
+they were coming on an embassy; but the absurdity of this pretext is too
+glaring, as you will see by the instructions and summons enclosed. Their
+instructions were to reconnoiter the country, roads, creeks, and the
+like, as far as the Potomac, which the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[214]</a></span>y were about to do. These
+enterprising men were purposely chosen out to procure intelligence,
+which they were to send back by some brisk despatches, <i>with the mention
+of the day that they were to serve the summons</i>, which could be with no
+other view than to get reinforcements to fall upon us immediately
+after."</p>
+
+<p>Governor Dinwiddie wrote to Lord Albemarle as follows:</p>
+
+<p>"The prisoners said they were come as an embassy from the fort: but your
+lordship knows that ambassadors do not come with such an armed force
+without a trumpet or any other sign of friendship; nor can it be thought
+that they were on an embassy, by their staying so long reconnoitering
+our small camp, but more probably that they expected a reinforcement to
+cut us off."</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2><a name="XII" id="XII"></a>XII.<br />
+
+<small>ON GENERAL BRADDOCK'S STAFF.</small></h2>
+
+<p class="noi"><span class="smcap">With</span> the quite liberal provisions now made for the public service,
+Governor Dinwiddie resolved to increase the army to ten companies of one
+hundred men each, and capture Fort Duquesne at once. He sent for
+Washington, now twenty-two years of age, and laid his plan before him.</p>
+
+<p>"It will prove disastrous," was Washington's prompt answer, to the
+surprise of the governor.</p>
+
+<p>"You surprise me!" rejoined the governor. "With a thousand men I thought
+the fort could easily be captured."</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[215]</a></span></p>
+<p>"But you do not take into account the time required to drill the army
+and march to the fort," answered Washington. "Winter will be upon us
+before we are ready to besiege the fort."</p>
+
+<p>"I hardly see the need of consuming as much time as you indicate in
+preparation," suggested the governor.</p>
+
+<p>"You would understand it if you had had the experience with a
+half-drilled army through one campaign, as I have had," replied
+Washington.</p>
+
+<p>"But your force was a very small one," suggested Governor Dinwiddie.
+"With two or three times as many men you will be able to reduce the fort
+without the drill."</p>
+
+<p>"My experience rather teaches me that the larger the army the more
+necessary the drill, in order to handle it efficiently," Washington
+replied.</p>
+
+<p>"Then you are opposed to such a campaign now, under any circumstances,
+if I understand you," continued the governor.</p>
+
+<p>"My judgment decides against the practicability of such an expedition;
+nevertheless, I am at your service. My duty is to obey." This was
+Washington's sincere reply.</p>
+
+<p>Governor Dinwiddie was a conceited man, jealous of his own authority,
+and he did not like to be opposed by such a stripling as Colonel
+Washington, much less was he willing to abandon a project of his own by
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[216]</a></span>the advice of an inferior officer. For this reason he adhered to his
+original plan, and instructed Washington to fill up his regiment to a
+thousand as soon as possible. With what feelings Washington undertook
+this task may be learned from his letter to William Fairfax, Esq.,
+president of Governor Dinwiddie's council:</p>
+
+<p>"I have orders to complete my regiment, and not a sixpence is sent for
+that purpose. Can it be imagined that subjects fit for this service, who
+have been so much impressed with and alarmed at the want of provisions,
+which was a main objection to enlisting before, will more readily engage
+now, without money, than they did before with it?... To show you the
+state of the regiment, I have sent you a report, by which you will
+perceive what great deficiencies there are of men, arms, tents, kettles,
+screws (which was a fatal want before), bayonets, cartouch-boxes, and
+everything else. Again, were our men ever so willing to go, for want of
+the proper necessaries of life they are now unable to do it. The chief
+part are almost naked, and scarcely a man has either <i>shoes, stockings,
+or a hat</i>. These things the merchants will not credit them for. The
+country has made no provision. They have no money themselves, and it
+cannot be expected that the officers will engage for them again,
+personally having suffered greatly on this head already.... There is not
+a man that has a blanket to secure him from cold or wet."</p>
+
+<p>That the conceited provincial governor was bent upon having his own way
+is evident from the fact that he wrote privately to England, and secured
+the passage of an act that made provincial officers of the army inferior
+to the English officers in rank. Under this act, Washington's rank would
+be that of captain instead of colonel.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[217]</a></span></p>
+<p>"Of course I shall not serve longer in the army under such an
+arrangement," said Washington to Mr. Fairfax. "Not that I covet higher
+rank, but self-respect requires me to throw up my commission."</p>
+
+<p>"For one, I can never blame you," replied Fairfax. "The animus of the
+thing is suited to discourage every soldier in the colony. If England
+expects the Colonies to fight her battles under such an arrangement, she
+will be greatly disappointed."</p>
+
+<p>"So I think," answered Washington; "and if I do not mistake the temper
+of the colonists, they will never submit to such injustice; never. It is
+but the most reasonable thing that provincial troops should be placed
+upon the same footing as the king's. They should be as liberally
+provided for, and enjoy the opportunities of promotion equally with the
+others."</p>
+
+<p>"Unless they do, England cannot long claim colonies in North America,"
+added Fairfax.</p>
+
+<p>As indicated by the foregoing, Washington returned his commission, and
+other officers did the same. The measure which Governor Dinwiddie
+adopted to bring Washington to terms, and put the army more directly
+under his own control, suddenly upset his authority. Instead of marching
+upon Fort Duquesne at once, a speedy abandonment of the enterprise was
+forced upon him. He could snub Washington, but he could not compel him
+to recruit and lead the army. Washington retired to private life at
+Mount Vernon.</p>
+
+<p>Governor Dinwiddie was never in such trouble before. Fort Duquesne
+haunted him in his sleep. The stripling of a colonel had outwitted his
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[218]</a></span>Excellency. What could he do?</p>
+
+<p>The British Government advised a confederacy of the Colonies, believing
+that "in union there is strength." Accordingly, a delegate convention
+was called at Albany, "to form a league with the Six Nations of Indians,
+and to concert among themselves a plan of united operations for defence
+against the common enemy." The New England States, New York,
+Pennsylvania, and Maryland accepted the proposition, and sent delegates
+to the convention. A league was formed with the Six Nations, but the
+convention could not agree upon a plan of common defence acceptable both
+to the colonies and the British Government. Benjamin Franklin was a
+member of the convention from Pennsylvania, holding the position of
+postmaster-general under the king at the time and he presented a plan
+that was accepted by all the delegates except those from Connecticut.
+For the want of complete union, the project was abandoned, and the
+British ministry took the conduct of the war into their own hands. They
+promptly adopted measures to force the French Government to retire from
+their advanced position in America.</p>
+
+<p>In January, 1755, General Braddock was sent from Ireland, with two
+regiments of infantry, well equipped and well drilled. Their arrival
+aroused the depressed Colonists to enthusiasm. They forgot the troubles
+that had divided them, and united to expel the French from the country.</p>
+
+<p>General Braddock reported to Governor Dinwiddie at Williamsburg, and
+laid before him his plans of operation. As the fame of the youthful
+Washington had reached him in the old country, his thoughts were very
+naturally directed to him in this interview.</p>
+
+<p>"Where is Colonel Washington," he inquired. "I long to see him."</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[219]</a></span></p>
+<p>"He is retired from the service, sir," replied the governor.</p>
+
+<p>"Retired?" exclaimed General Braddock. "Colonel Washington retired?
+Pray, sir, what is the reason?"</p>
+
+<p>"He was displeased with the king's order reducing the rank of provincial
+officers," answered the governor. And he proceeded to explain the matter
+in full, without exposing his own agency in the matter. General Braddock
+heard him through, when he retorted with indignation:</p>
+
+<p>"Colonel Washington is right. It is a shame for the government to issue
+such an order, and as unjust as it is shameful."</p>
+
+<p>"But your disciplined troops are far more valuable than an undisciplined
+force like ours," suggested the governor.</p>
+
+<p>"Granted," answered General Braddock; "and so much more credit to
+Colonel Washington, who handled undisciplined troops so well. He must be
+a brave and efficient officer."</p>
+
+<p>"He is," responded Governor Dinwiddie; "no one disputes that."</p>
+
+<p>"Then he ought to have the chance for promotion that the king's officers
+do," interrupted the general. "I don't like such partiality. Colonel
+Washington must be brought back into service."</p>
+
+<p>"I should be glad to see him in active service again, and nothing would
+please our people more," rejoined the governor. "He is an idol with the
+Colonists, he has proved himself so loyal, brave, and efficient."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[220]</a></span></p><p>"Well, where is he? I must see him," continued General Braddock.</p>
+
+<p>He was told that he was on his farm at Mount Vernon.</p>
+
+<p>"Then he must leave his farm for the service of his country, as
+Cincinnatus did," interjected Braddock.</p>
+
+<p>General Braddock addressed a letter to him, soliciting an interview, and
+appealing to him strongly to give his able services to the "common
+cause." He urged him to join his army, and offered him an honorable
+position upon his staff.</p>
+
+<p>Washington was too much of a patriot to allow his personal grievance to
+interfere with the defence of his country in these circumstances, and he
+waited upon General Braddock at Alexandria, and accepted the position.
+However, he wrote to a friend that it was not altogether patriotism that
+determined his decision.</p>
+
+<p>"I must be ingenuous enough to confess," he wrote, "that I am not a
+little biassed by selfish considerations. To explain: I wish earnestly
+to attain some knowledge in the military profession, and, believing a
+more favorable opportunity cannot offer than to serve under an officer
+of General Braddock's abilities and experience, it does, you may
+reasonably suppose, contribute not a little to influence my choice."</p>
+
+<p>As soon as possible after the arrival of General Braddock, Governor
+Dinwiddie called a conference of the governors of five Colonies to
+discuss war measures. The result of the conference was the plan of
+undertaking three expeditions. "The first of these was to be conducted
+by Braddock, with the British troops, against Fort Duquesne; the second,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[221]</a></span>under the command of Governor Shirley of Maryland, now honored with the
+commission of general from the king, was intended for the reduction of
+the French fort of Niagara, and was composed of American regulars and
+Indians; the third was an expedition against Crown Point, to be
+undertaken by a regiment of militia."</p>
+
+<p>As soon as Washington's mother learned that her son had decided to join
+Braddock's army, she hastened to Mount Vernon in great distress.</p>
+
+<p>"I hoped you had quit war forever, George," she said, "and would be
+content to look after your farm and mother, without exposing yourself to
+death any more."</p>
+
+<p>"A man must be loyal to his country, mother," replied Washington. "He is
+not much of a man if he is not willing to risk his life for his
+country."</p>
+
+<p>"I will not dispute you, George, on that point," continued his mother;
+"but somehow I had got it into my mind that you were through with war,
+and I was glad of it. I suppose that a mother's love had more to do with
+it than patriotism."</p>
+
+<p>"But you believe in patriotism?" added Washington.</p>
+
+<p>"Of course I do."</p>
+
+<p>"But do not want your son to be patriotic," he quickly added, knowing
+exactly what course to pursue in order to secure his mother's approval.</p>
+
+<p>"Not so, George," Mrs. Washington answered. "I honor patriotism, and if
+it is <i>necessary</i> for you to join the army again, I am willing. As I
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[222]</a></span>said, a mother's love got the better of me for the moment."</p>
+
+<p>"It does seem necessary for me to go, mother, in the circumstances,"
+added Washington. "As I am situated the refusal might be easily
+construed into a lack of patriotism. This is a critical time for the
+Colonies, when loyalty and patriotism alone can sustain their cause."</p>
+
+<p>"You are right, my son, and I will heartily withdraw my objections,"
+responded Mrs. Washington, touched by her son's devotion to his country.
+"My prayers are all that I can give to my country, and these it shall
+have. That God may protect you through all the dangers and hardships of
+war, and return you in safety, will be my constant prayer. With His
+blessing you can be a useful man in war, as in peace, and without it you
+can expect nothing."</p>
+
+<p>Thus, as before, Washington entered upon the campaign with his mother's
+pious benediction. On the 9th of June he left Alexandria with Braddock's
+army, recruited to nearly three thousand men. Virginia raised three
+companies of her best marksmen, who joined the British troops. When the
+march began, and Washington took in the grand military display, every
+soldier well clad and equipped, instead of being ragged and poorly
+armed, he said, "This is the grandest spectacle I ever beheld."</p>
+
+<p>As another has said, "Not the shabby, discouraging, inglorious war of
+men without hats and shoes, kettles and bayonets, but the military array
+of a young officer's brightest dreams: a host in gallant uniforms, with
+nodding plumes, the clang of inspiring music, and the dazzling splendor
+of banners flaunting in the sun. Victory was a thing of course. The want
+of proper equipment had occasioned defeat and mortification. The
+presence of everything that a soldier's heart could wish or his fancy
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[223]</a></span>devise was sure to bring triumph that would extinguish all memory of
+former failure."</p>
+
+<p>General Braddock was an experienced officer, but he knew nothing of
+Indian warfare. Evidently he regarded the French as his chief
+antagonists, and supposed that an easy victory could be won. His
+conversation with Benjamin Franklin, who visited him, as
+postmaster-general, to make arrangements for the transmission of the
+mails to and from the army, reveals much of the general's character.</p>
+
+<p>"Not a long campaign, I think," he remarked to Franklin.</p>
+
+<p>"Nevertheless a hard one," answered Franklin. "In such a country as
+this, campaigning is attended with serious difficulties."</p>
+
+<p>"But difficulties lessen before experienced officers and soldiers,"
+responded Braddock.</p>
+
+<p>"Can you give me any idea of your intended progress?" inquired Franklin,
+for the purpose of drawing him out, and learning what were his real
+ideas of the country.</p>
+
+<p>"After taking Fort Duquesne," Braddock replied, "I am to proceed to
+Niagara; and, having taken that, to Frontenac, if the season will allow,
+and I suppose it will, for Duquesne can hardly detain me above three or
+four days; and then I can see nothing to obstruct my march to Niagara."</p>
+
+<p>"I supposed that it would require a longer time than that to reduce Fort
+Duquesne," said Washington. "The French have had ample time to
+strengthen their fortification."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[224]</a></span></p><p>"That may be, but I do not apprehend much difficulty in accomplishing my
+object there," was the general's confident reply.</p>
+
+<p>"To be sure, sir," continued Franklin, "if you arrive well before
+Duquesne with these fine troops, so well provided with artillery,
+the fort, though completely fortified and assisted with a very strong
+garrison, can probably make but a short resistance. The only danger I
+apprehend of obstruction to your march is from the ambuscades of the
+Indians, who, by constant practice, are dexterous in laying and
+executing them; and your slender line of troops, nearly four miles long,
+which your army must make, may expose it to be attacked by surprise on
+its flanks, and to be cut like thread into several pieces, which, from
+their distance, cannot come up in time to support one another."</p>
+
+<p>General Braddock smiled at what he thought was Franklin's ignorance, and
+answered in a self-assuring manner:</p>
+
+<p>"These savages may, indeed, be a formidable enemy to raw American
+militia; but upon the king's regular and disciplined troops, sir, it is
+impossible they should make an impression."</p>
+
+<p>In describing this interview afterwards, Franklin said sarcastically:</p>
+
+<p>"I was conscious of an impropriety in my disputing with a military man
+in matters of his profession and said no more."</p>
+
+<p>Washington was so ill after the army reached the great crossings of the
+Youghiogeny, that Dr. Craik advised him to stop until he rallied. He had
+been feverish for several days, and for that reason had ridden in a
+covered wagon.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[225]</a></span></p>
+<p>"Death is almost inevitable if you continue," said Dr. Craik. "Stop here
+until the violence of your fever abates, and then you can come up with
+Dunbar's rear division."</p>
+
+<p>"I think you are unnecessarily alarmed, doctor," answered Washington.
+"In a few days I shall be all right. It will be a great trial to me to
+stop here and not advance with the army."</p>
+
+<p>"It may prove a greater trial for you to advance," suggested Dr. Craik.
+"Rest and quiet may restore you speedily now, but it may be too late
+three days hence."</p>
+
+<p>General Braddock also appealed to him.</p>
+
+<p>"You are altogether too unwell to proceed, Colonel Washington," he said,
+"and you must not attempt it."</p>
+
+<p>"But I would not miss being with you at the attack upon Fort Duquesne
+for five hundred pounds," replied Washington.</p>
+
+<p>"And you will not if you stop here until you are better; but if you go
+on, you may be dead and buried by that time, or too sick to participate
+in the battle," was the general's wise answer.</p>
+
+<p>"I will stop here if you will promise that I shall rejoin the army
+before an engagement," added Washington.</p>
+
+<p>"I pledge you my word of honor, in the most solemn manner, that it shall
+be effected."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[226]</a></span></p><p>Washington remained, soon rallied, and rejoined the army when it was
+encamped about two miles from the Monongahela River.</p>
+
+<p>Washington had feared disaster, as Franklin did, from Braddock's
+ignorance of Indian warfare.</p>
+
+<p>"Let me reconnoitre in advance with the three companies of Virginia
+marksmen," he proposed. "We understand the tactics of the savages, and
+can fight them in their own way."</p>
+
+<p>"Allow me to suggest, young man, that the savages will be of little
+account before my regulars," was Braddock's haughty answer, evidently
+thinking that his youthful aid-de-camp was too officious.</p>
+
+<p>"The best disciplined troops are not competent to fight Indians in the
+Indian way if they have had no experience with savages," persisted
+Washington. "The order of battle and the usual rules and tactics of war
+are of no account here."</p>
+
+<p>"That may be your opinion and experience," replied the general, "but you
+have not had the king's efficient troops here before. That makes all the
+difference in the world."</p>
+
+<p>"Nevertheless," added Washington, "defeat awaits us unless we are
+prepared to meet Indians with their own tactics."</p>
+
+<p>Before the army took up its line of march from Alexandria, Washington
+advised General Braddock not to wait for any wagons to be provided.
+Braddock had been disappointed in getting a supply of these; and when
+Dr. Franklin visited him, he bargained with him to purchase in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[227]</a></span>Pennsylvania, and forward at once, a sufficient number of them, with
+four horses to each wagon.</p>
+
+<p>"Army wagons will be a burden to us instead of a help, much of the way,"
+said Washington. "The road is narrow and rough, and pack-horses will
+prove better than wagons."</p>
+
+<p>But these suggestions were unheeded by the haughty British officer, who
+insisted that his army should be provided for and move in the wilds of
+America as in the cultivated countries of Europe. He had too much
+official pride to allow himself to be instructed by a stripling in
+Virginia.</p>
+
+<p>General Braddock possessed a high temper, and he was excessively fond of
+intoxicating drinks. With too much temper and too much drink to carry,
+he often became an overbearing officer. Washington wrote as follows to
+Mr. Fairfax at one time:</p>
+
+<p>"The general, by frequent breaches of contract, has lost all patience,
+and for want of that temperance and moderation which should be used by a
+man of sense upon these occasions, will, I fear, represent us in a light
+we little deserve; for, instead of blaming individuals, as he ought, he
+charges all his disappointments to public supineness, and looks upon the
+country, I believe, as void of honor and honesty. We have frequent
+disputes on this head, which are maintained with warmth on both sides,
+especially on his, who is incapable of arguing with or giving up any
+point he asserts, let it be ever so incompatible with reason or common
+sense."</p>
+
+<p>It should be recorded in his favor that General Braddock was a strict
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[228]</a></span>disciplinarian in the army. Each regiment was provided with a chaplain,
+and every soldier was required to attend prayers each day, and on Sunday
+be present at divine services. He refused to tolerate some practices
+among his men which are common in armies. The most vicious class of
+soldiers indulged in a wholesome fear of him.</p>
+
+<p>After Braddock's army crossed the Monongahela, and were within ten miles
+of Duquesne, and no sign nor sound of an enemy was seen or heard,
+Washington grew anxious, and he said:</p>
+
+<p>"General, this silence so near the fort in our country is rather ominous
+than otherwise. A scouting party ought to go forward. We are liable to
+find ourselves in an ambuscade of Indians at any moment."</p>
+
+<p>"Indians have a poor show in the presence of this force," replied the
+general. "The king's troops will show you how to handle savages."</p>
+
+<p>"I will scour the woods in advance with the Virginia provincials if you
+say the word, general," Washington continued, apprehending that they
+were in the very jaws of danger. He knew very well that French and
+Indian scouts must be near them watching their movements. But Braddock
+declined his offer and they marched on in European style, "three hundred
+men under Colonel Gage forming the advanced party, followed by a party
+of two hundred; and last of all, the general, with the main body,
+Colonel Duncan leading the rear with supplies."</p>
+
+<p>We should have stated that, in the outset, Indians flocked to the
+English standard; among them White Thunder Scarooyadi, successor to
+half-king, who had died, and others, associated with Washington in his
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[229]</a></span>former campaign. Silver Heels, so called from his nimbleness, a renowned
+warrior, came and tendered his services.</p>
+
+<p>Through Washington's entreaty, General Braddock received the red
+warriors kindly, with military honors. He made them presents in the name
+of the king, and they, in turned, danced and sung war songs. But such
+was Braddock's demeanor towards them subsequently, that they became
+displeased; and, when their dissatisfaction was intensified by the
+improper conduct of some young English officers towards Bright
+Lightning, the beautiful daughter of White Thunder, they all deserted
+the army in disgust. When within ten miles of Duquesne, on the ninth day
+of July, Braddock had no Indians in his command.</p>
+
+<p>Scarooyadi reported to the governor and Council of Pennsylvania, after
+Braddock's defeat: "It was owing to the pride and arrogance of that
+great general who came from England. He is now dead, but he was a bad
+man when he was alive. He looked upon us as dogs, and would never hear
+anything that was said to him. We often endeavored to advise him, and
+tell him of the danger he was in with his soldiers; but he never
+appeared pleased with us, and that was the reason a great many of our
+warriors left him." He proposed to take up the hatchet again with the
+English, and said:</p>
+
+<p>"Let us unite our strength; you are numerous, and all the English
+governors along your seashore can raise men enough; but don't let those
+that come from over the great seas be concerned any more. <i>They are
+unfit to fight in the woods. Let us go ourselves, we that came out of
+this ground.</i>"</p>
+
+<p>Three or four o'clock on that ninth day of July, as the advance of the
+army was ascending a rise of ground, a volley of musketry suddenly
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[230]</a></span>arrested their progress. From a ravine, concealed by dense foliage,
+a deadly fire was poured into their faces. Before they had recovered
+from their surprise, another volley was fired into them from the other
+side. These volleys mowed them down like grass. Yet the enemy could not
+be seen. The English directed their fire towards the smoke of battle,
+though but for a moment. For the torrent of lead, shot into their faces,
+forced the advance back upon the main column, and confusion followed.
+General Braddock bravely sought to rally them, to move forward in
+orderly columns, as on European battlefields, but his efforts were
+abortive; for six hundred Indians, painted and armed for battle and
+thirsting for blood, burst from their ambuscade, followed by three
+hundred French and Canadians, sure of victory; and the work of carnage
+grew terrific.</p>
+
+<p>Early in the conflict two of Braddock's aides-de-camp, Captains Orme and
+Morris, fell, and Washington alone remained to carry the general's
+orders here and there. Without the least regard to personal safety, he
+galloped over the field, his tall, noble form presenting a rare target
+for the Indian sharpshooters, who took special pains to bring him down.
+Two horses were shot under him, and four balls pierced his clothes;
+still he was conspicuous everywhere that he could be of service, and for
+three hours distributed his commander's orders, with the deadly missiles
+flying around him like hailstones. Dr. Craik said:</p>
+
+<p>"I expected to see him fall every moment. He dashed over the field,
+reckless of death, when the bullets whistled about him on every side.
+Why he was not killed I cannot divine, unless a watchful Providence was
+preserving him for more important work."</p>
+
+<p>One of the principal Indian warriors fired at him again and again; and,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[231]</a></span>at his bidding, a score of young braves did the same, without so much as
+grazing his skin, keeping up their fire until convinced that the Great
+Spirit had given to him a charmed life that he might not be shot in
+battle.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Paulding gives the description of an eye-witness thus:</p>
+
+<p>"I saw him take hold of a brass field-piece as if it had been a stick.
+He looked like a fury; he tore the sheet-lead from the touch-hole, he
+placed one hand on the muzzle, the other on the breach; he pulled with
+this and he pushed with that, and wheeled it round as if it had been
+nothing. It tore the ground like a plough. The powder monkey rushed up
+with the fire, and then the cannon began to bark, I tell you. They
+fought and they fought, and the Indians yelled when the rest of the
+brass cannon made the bark of the trees fly, and the Indians came down.
+That place they call Rock Hill, and there they left five hundred men
+dead on the ground."</p>
+
+<p>A bullet struck Washington's gold watch-seal, and knocked it from his
+chain. Eighty years after the battle that seal was found by a visitor to
+the battle ground, and it is now preserved among the relics of the
+Washington family.</p>
+
+<p>The English officers behaved heroically, and won Washington's admiration
+by their bravery; but the English <i>soldiers</i> acted like cowards.
+Panic-stricken in the first place, they did not recover from their
+consternation during the engagement. The unearthly yells of the savages,
+which they had never heard before, seemed to terrify them even more than
+the whistling of bullets. They lost self-control, disregarded the orders
+of their officers, and ran hither and thither like frightened sheep.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[232]</a></span>Sixty-three of the eighty-five English officers were killed or wounded,
+a fact that shows how bravely they fought.</p>
+
+<p>General Braddock proved himself a brave and faithful commander. He did
+all that mortal man could do to save his army, exposing himself to death
+from first to last. After three hours of hard fighting, during which
+time four horses were shot under him, he fell, pierced by several
+bullets, and was borne from the field.</p>
+
+<p>Now the whole command depended upon Washington, who had taken special
+pains to have the Virginia marksmen fight the Indians after their own
+fashion. Their effective tactics had saved the English army from
+complete destruction. And now Washington rallied them afresh, to cover
+the army in its retreat, bearing their wounded commander as they went.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Meek's description of the final contest is so particular and graphic
+that we quote it here:</p>
+
+<p>"Happily, on the left, where lay the heaviest fire, Washington's rangers
+were posted, but not exposed like the British. For, on hearing the
+savage yells aforesaid, in a moment they flew each to his tree, like the
+Indians; and, like them, each leveled his rifle, and with as deadly aim.
+This, through a kind Providence, saved Braddock's army; for, exulting in
+their confusion, the savages, grimly painted, and yelling like furies,
+leaped from their coverts, eager to glut their hellish rage with a total
+massacre of the British. But, faithful to their friends, Washington's
+rangers stepped forth with joy to met the assailants. Then rose a scene
+sufficient to fill the stoutest heart with horror. <i>Here</i> falls the
+brave Virginia blue, unde<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[233]</a></span>r the stroke of his nimbler foe; and <i>there</i>,
+man on man, the Indians perish beneath the furious storm of lead. But
+who can tell the joy of Washington, when he saw this handful of his
+despised countrymen thus gallantly defending their British friends, and,
+by dint of mortal steel, driving back their blood-thirsty assailants?
+Happy check! for by this time, covered with wounds, Braddock had fallen;
+his aids and officers, to a man, killed or wounded; and his troops, in
+<i>hopeless</i>, <i>helpless</i> despair, flying backwards and forwards from the
+fire of the Indians, like flocks of crowded sheep from the presence of
+their butchers. Washington alone remained unhurt. Two horses had been
+killed under him. Showers of bullets had lifted his locks or pierced his
+regimentals. But still protected by heaven, still supported by a
+strength not his own, he had continued to fly from quarter to quarter,
+where his presence was most needed, sometimes animating his rangers,
+sometimes striving, but in vain, to rally the regulars. 'Twas his lot to
+be close to the brave but imprudent Braddock when he fell, and assisted
+to place him in a tumbril, or little cart. As he was laid down, pale and
+near spent with loss of blood, he faintly said to Washington:</p>
+
+<p>"Well, colonel, what's to be done now?"</p>
+
+<p>"Retreat, retreat by all means," answered Washington. "The regulars
+won't fight and the rangers are nearly all killed."</p>
+
+<p>"Poor fellows! poor fellows!" weakly replied the dying general. "Do as
+you will, colonel, the command is on you."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[234]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"More than half of the army are dead and wounded," continued Washington,
+"and retreat is all that is left us. The surviving rangers can cover the
+retreat of the remnant."</p>
+
+<p>"Pardon me, colonel for rejecting your counsel, which I now deeply
+regret," the general frankly confessed. "I see it now, but it is all
+over."</p>
+
+<p>The command of the army reverted to Colonel Dunbar after the fall of
+Braddock; but he was several miles away, on the other side of the
+Monongahela, when the disaster occurred, in charge of the rear division
+and supplies. Hence the authority of Washington for the time being.</p>
+
+<p>When the retreating army recrossed the river and reached Colonel Dunbar,
+and he learned the extent of the disaster, the wildest confusion
+followed. Colonel Dunbar proved himself unfit for his position, by
+losing his self-control, ordering the heavy baggage and supplies to be
+burned, and hastening the retreat to Fort Necessity.</p>
+
+<p>General Braddock died soon after the shattered army reached Fort
+Necessity. Tradition says that he died in the arms of Washington, to
+whom he gave his favorite servant, Bishop, expressing regrets again and
+again that he had not treated his youthful aid-de-camp with more
+consideration.</p>
+
+<p>Washington conducted the funeral services over the remains of the
+British general, and made it a very impressive ceremony. His voice
+trembled with emotion when he read the Episcopal service, and tears
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[235]</a></span>stood in his eyes as he thought of the victory that might have been,
+instead of the terrible defeat that was.</p>
+
+<p>Subsequent information received by Washington proved that the French at
+Fort Duquesne celebrated their victory by a drunken carousal, and that
+they treated their prisoners with great barbarity. Colonel Smith, who
+was a prisoner there, and an eye-witness, subsequently bore the
+following testimony, after speaking of the victorious savages returning
+with the spoils of war, such as grenadiers' caps, canteens, muskets,
+swords, bayonets, rich uniforms, and dripping scalps:</p>
+
+<p>"Those that were coming in and those who had arrived kept up a constant
+firing of small arms, and also of the great guns in the fort, which was
+accompanied by the most hideous shouts and yells from all quarters, so
+that it appeared to me as if the infernal regions had broken loose.
+About sundown I beheld a small party coming in with about a dozen of
+prisoners, stripped naked, with their hands tied behind their backs.
+Their faces and parts of their bodies were blackened. These prisoners
+they burned to death on the banks of the Alleghany River, opposite to
+the fort. I stood on the walls of the fort until I beheld them begin to
+burn one of these men. They tied him to a stake and kept touching him
+with fire-brands, red-hot irons, etc., and he screamed in the most
+doleful manner. The Indians, in the mean time, were yelling like
+infernal spirits. As this scene was too shocking for me, I returned to
+my lodgings both sorry and sore.</p>
+
+<p>"From the best information I could receive, there were only seven
+Indians and four French killed in this battle. Five hundred British lay
+dead in the field, besides what were killed in the river, after their
+retreat. The morning after the battl<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[236]</a></span>e I saw Braddock's artillery
+brought into the fort. The same day, also, I saw several Indians in the
+dress of British officers, with the sashes, half-moons, laced hats,
+etc., which the British wore."</p>
+
+<p>Washington said: "The French are responsible for these atrocious
+cruelties, for the Indians are their allies, instigated to war by their
+influence, fighting under their banner, and paid by their money. The
+burning of our men under the very walls of their fort must have been
+done by their approval."</p>
+
+<p>He embraced the first opportunity after the battle, to write to his
+mother, that she might know of his safety, and be relieved of any
+anxiety which exaggerated reports might create. His letter to her was
+dated Fort Cumberland, July 18, 1755, and the first paragraph was:</p>
+
+<p>"As I doubt not but you have heard of our defeat, and, perhaps, had it
+represented in a worse light, if possible, than it deserves, I have
+taken this opportunity to give you some account of the engagement as it
+happened within ten miles of the French fort, on Wednesday, the 9th
+inst."</p>
+
+<p>He wrote to his brother:</p>
+
+<p>"The Virginia troops showed a good deal of bravery, and were nearly all
+killed. The dastardly behavior of those they called regulars exposed all
+others that were ordered to do their duty to almost certain death. At
+last, in despite of all the efforts of the officers to the contrary,
+they ran, as sheep pursued by dogs, and it was impossible to rally them.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[237]</a></span></p>
+<p>"By the all-powerful dispensations of Providence I have been protected
+beyond all human probability or expectation, for I had four bullets
+through my coat and two horses shot under me, yet escaped unhurt,
+although death was leveling my companions on every side of me."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2><a name="XIII" id="XIII"></a>XIII.<br />
+
+<small>ON THE FRONTIER.</small></h2>
+
+
+<p class="noi"><span class="smcap">Washington's</span> advice to Colonel Dunbar was: "Reorganize and march upon
+Duquesne. That fort can be captured by strategy."</p>
+
+<p>"I can do nothing with an army so demoralized as this," replied Dunbar.
+"We may as well consider this campaign ended. Our force is now too much
+reduced to capture Duquesne."</p>
+
+<p>"Nevertheless I believe that this defeat may be turned into victory,"
+added Washington. "At any rate I am not in favor of utterly abandoning
+the attempt."</p>
+
+<p>"Better that than to make a second attempt and fail," retorted Dunbar.
+"I do not propose to remain and see the remnant of my army annihilated."</p>
+
+<p>"What, then, will you do?"</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[238]</a></span></p><p>"Strike my tents and repair to Philadelphia and go into winter
+quarters," answered Dunbar.</p>
+
+<p>"Go into winter quarters before dog-days have fairly set in!" exclaimed
+Washington, surprised by the suggestion. "What will the people of our
+country say to that?"</p>
+
+<p>"They may say what they please," said Dunbar. "The risk is too great for
+me to assume under the circumstances, and I decide to go into camp in
+Philadelphia."</p>
+
+<p>"Then there is no alternative for me but to return to Williamsburg,"
+added Washington, perfectly satisfied that Dunbar was too much of a
+coward to be intrusted with the command of an army.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Dunbar acted accordingly; struck his tents, and, under the
+impulse of his excessive fear, hurried his troops off to Philadelphia.
+Washington regretfully and sorrowfully marched the Virginia force back
+to Williamsburg. News of the disaster had reached that place before his
+arrival, causing great excitement and sorrow; but when the people looked
+upon his shattered and diminished force, their hearts were touched, and
+their fears greatly augmented. Nor did they attach blame to Washington;
+on the other hand, the sentiment was universal that, but for his bravery
+and skill, Braddock's army would have been well nigh annihilated.</p>
+
+<p>Governor Dinwiddie immediately called together the Assembly to consider
+what could be done in the crisis. In the meantime he conferred with
+Washington respecting the way of retrieving their loss.</p>
+
+<p>"Raise a force of two or three thousand men," said Washington, "and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[239]</a></span>reduce Fort Duquesne as soon as possible. Under the flush of this
+victory the French will urge the Indians on to devastation and carnage
+throughout the frontier. A speedy, bold, successful attack upon the fort
+will prevent such a calamity."</p>
+
+<p>"I had not thought of that," answered the governor, "but it is a
+sensible view of the matter to take. We must protect the country against
+Indian depredations if it be possible."</p>
+
+<p>"Or we are in a far worse condition than ever," interjected Washington.
+"You know what the Indians are under the excitement of victory;
+<i>savages</i> in the worst sense of the word."</p>
+
+<p>"And there will be no mercy shown to the defenceless settlements and the
+scattered families of the frontier," added the governor. "All the
+horrors of Indian massacre and outrage will be witnessed in our
+country."</p>
+
+<p>Governor Dinwiddie canvassed the whole subject with Washington, so that
+he was prepared to make definite suggestions to the Legislature when
+that body convened. He advised them to raise two thousand troops and
+make a liberal appropriation of money, "to carry the war into Africa,"
+on the ground that otherwise the enemy would be emboldened to prosecute
+an aggressive war.</p>
+
+<p>When the Legislature assembled, leading members opposed aggressive
+warfare, and advised only defensive operations on the frontier. So they
+voted to raise a thousand troops only, and appropriated money
+accordingly, a very great disappointment to Washington and those who
+took the same view of the situation that he did. At the same time
+Washington was appointed commander-in-chief of the Virginia forces, with
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[240]</a></span>the unusual power of appointing his own field officers and aide-de-camp
+and secretary. This was on the 14th of August, 1755.</p>
+
+<p>On a former page we said that expeditions against the French and Indians
+at Niagara and Crown Point were planned at the same time the expedition
+against Duquesne was determined upon. Both of these expeditions failed.
+They started from Albany, N.Y., the first under the command of Governor
+Shirley of Massachusetts; the other under William Johnson, an Irishman,
+who was on intimate terms of friendship with the most powerful chiefs of
+the Six Nations. When these two expeditions were fairly under way, news
+of the disastrous defeat of Braddock reached them, and completely
+demoralized the troops. The Indians, who were always inclined to join
+the winning side, deserted the ranks, and many white soldiers followed
+their cowardly example. The expedition under Johnson accomplished
+something in another direction; but both expeditions failed, so far as
+the proposed reduction of Niagara and Crown Point was concerned.</p>
+
+<p>"A fatal mistake!" remarked Washington to Mr. Fairfax. "Such timid
+measures are just suited to encourage the enemy."</p>
+
+<p>"It cannot be otherwise," answered Fairfax. "To provide just enough men
+to make a good target, and just enough money to pay for shooting them
+down, is very poor policy, in my judgment."</p>
+
+<p>"When it comes to actual service," continued Washington, "there will not
+be over seven hundred reliable soldiers for fighting. To defend three
+hundred and sixty miles of frontier with this small force is next to
+impossible. To mass them in one locality will leave other localities
+exposed; and to divide them up into squads, and scatter them over the
+whole distance, is arranging them for the enemy to readily cut them off
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[241]</a></span>one after another."</p>
+
+<p>"A bloody work, that infuriated savages will enjoy," remarked Mr.
+Fairfax. "The more I think of it, the more I shrink from the
+contemplation of the horrible butchery that will probably follow this
+serious mistake of the government."</p>
+
+<p>"Yet I accept my appointment, lest a refusal be misconstrued," continued
+Washington. "But I have served so long with inadequate support by the
+government, followed by disasters, that I had hoped for the most liberal
+provisions now."</p>
+
+<p>"And they should have been freely granted," added Mr. Fairfax.</p>
+
+<p>"No one can be more sensible of my failures than I am," Washington
+remarked with his usual modesty. "If an old proverb will apply to my
+case, I shall certainly close with a share of success, for surely no man
+ever made a worse beginning than I have. Still, I want a fair chance to
+redeem my fortunes if I can."</p>
+
+<p>In September Washington established his headquarters at Winchester,
+beyond the Blue Ridge, in the beautiful valley of the Shenandoah. It was
+a frontier town, one hundred and forty miles northwest of Richmond. He
+found the people of the town under great alarm in consequence of
+frequent reports of depredations by French and Indians. The town was
+crowded with men, women, and children, who had fled from their homes in
+the wilderness to this place for protection, on hearing that the Indians
+were on the war-path. Many of these reports were exaggerated, and others
+had no foundation in truth. For instance, one morning the report came
+that a party of Indians was within twelve miles of the town, pillaging,
+burning and murdering in the most terrible manner. The report filled the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[242]</a></span>inhabitants with consternation, and women and children were half crazed
+with fear.</p>
+
+<p>Washington ordered a company of soldiers to follow him in driving back
+the foe, but not one of them would respond. Their fears were greater
+than their patriotism. Suspecting that the report might be exaggerated,
+he sent out scouts to learn something more definite. The scouts returned
+in one hour with the startling intelligence, "The Indians are less than
+four miles away, destroying everything in their track."</p>
+
+<p>On being questioned by Washington as to the facts in the case, the
+scouts said, "We heard their yells and guns distinctly, and there is not
+a shadow of doubt but that they will fall upon Winchester within an
+hour."</p>
+
+<p>Washington appealed to the soldiers again, and supplemented his appeal
+by authority and threats.</p>
+
+<p>About forty volunteered to accompany him to meet the savage foe. Moving
+with extreme caution and circumspection, they reached the spot where the
+scouts heard the yells of Indian warriors. Sure enough, they heard a
+kind of yell and the discharge of a musket, but nothing that indicated
+the presence of savages to Washington's experienced ear. Pressing on a
+few rods farther, a turn of the road disclosed to Washington two drunken
+soldiers, cursing, yelling and carousing, and occasionally firing off a
+pistol into the air. He made prisoners of the two worthless fellows, who
+had proved the scouts to be cowards, conveyed them to Winchester, and
+locked them up.</p>
+
+<p>This incident shows that there was little discipline among the soldiers,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[243]</a></span>and little self-possession among the people. In his discouragement,
+Washington wrote to Governor Dinwiddie:</p>
+
+<p>"In all things I meet with the greatest opposition. No orders are obeyed
+but such as a party of soldiers, or my own drawn sword, enforces.
+Without this, not a single horse, for the most earnest occasion, can be
+had, to such a pitch has the insolence of these people arrived by having
+every point hitherto submitted to them. However, I have given up none
+where his majesty's service requires the contrary, and when my
+proceedings are justified by my instructions; nor will I, unless they
+execute what they threaten, that is, 'blow out our brains.'... I would
+again hint the necessity of putting the militia under a better
+regulation, had I not mentioned it twice before and a third time may
+seem impertinent. But I must once more beg leave to declare that, unless
+the Assembly will pass an act to enforce military law in all its parts,
+I must decline the honor that has been so generously intended me. I see
+the growing insolence of the soldiers, and the indolence and inactivity
+of the officers, who are all sensible how limited their punishments are,
+compared with what they ought to be. In fine, I can plainly see that
+under the present establishment we shall become a nuisance, an
+unsupportable charge to our country, and never answer any one
+expectation of the Assembly.... Why should it be expected from us, who
+are all young and inexperienced, to govern and keep up a proper spirit
+of discipline without laws, when the best and most experienced can
+scarcely do it with them? If we consult our interest, I am sure it
+loudly calls for them. I can confidently assert that recruiting,
+clothing, arming, maintaining, and subsisting soldiers who have since
+deserted have cost the country an immense sum, which might have been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[244]</a></span>
+prevented were we under restraints that would terrify the soldiers from
+such practices."</p>
+
+<p>Another trial which Washington experienced was the refusal of Captain
+Dagworthy, in command at Fort Cumberland, to obey his orders. Dagworthy
+had received his commission from the king, and he claimed that hence he
+was Washington's superior, who received his commission from a provincial
+governor. This affair created much excitement in Washington's command,
+and his officers drew up a memorial, praying him&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"To appeal to General Shirley, who was commander-in-chief of all the
+British forces in North America, and whose headquarters are in Boston.
+His decision will settle the question forever."</p>
+
+<p>Washington applied to Governor Dinwiddie for permission to proceed to
+Boston at once for this purpose, and obtained it. Notwithstanding the
+deep snow and wintry weather, he started upon this mission on the 4th of
+February, 1756, accompanied by Captains Mercer and Stewart. They
+travelled on horseback the whole distance, and "took with them their
+negro servants, who, riding behind with their master's saddle-bags and
+portmanteaus, and dressed in fine livery, with gold lace on their fur
+hats, and blue cloaks, gave quite an air of style and consequence to the
+little cavalcade."</p>
+
+<p>In New York City Washington was entertained by Beverly Robinson, a
+distinguished citizen, at whose house he met a very accomplished young
+lady, Miss Phillips, sister of Mrs. Robinson. Her many attractions
+captivated the young hero more than any lady friend had done since his
+experience with the "Lowland Beauty." However, he did not capitulate,
+but bore his colors forward to Boston, whither his fame had gone before
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[245]</a></span>him.</p>
+
+<p>He received a warm reception in Boston, such as was never accorded to so
+youthful an officer. His gallant conduct in saving Braddock's army from
+destruction, together with other deeds of heroism, known throughout the
+Colonies, had made him famous; and now, "his tall and commanding form,
+the manly beauty of his face, his dignified bearing, his rich and
+handsome dress, and the unequalled skill with which he managed his large
+and noble horse," awakened admiration in the minds of all beholders.</p>
+
+<p>Having procured an order from General Shirley, under which a commission
+from a provincial governor was as good as one from the king, Washington
+started upon his return journey, after remaining ten days in Boston. He
+stopped two weeks in New York City with Beverly Robinson, whose wife's
+charming sister greatly pleased him. In her he beheld all that was
+beautiful in person, graceful in accomplishments, and excellent in
+character. There is no doubt that the young hero, who had withstood the
+assaults of French and Indians combined, had resolved to surrender to
+the bewitching charms of this damsel. But he found that a true and
+worthy friend of his had already captured the prize, and was exulting in
+the possession of her heart. Disappointed, but not cast down, he bade
+the charmer adieu, and hurried away.</p>
+
+<p>He reached Williamsburg on the twenty-third day of March, after an
+absence of seven weeks. He had but just arrived when a messenger came
+dashing into town, the bearer of appalling news.</p>
+
+<p>"The Indians are approaching Winchester in force, burning and plundering
+as they go!" he shouted.</p>
+
+<p>"Have you any better evidence of their depredations than rumor?"
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[246]</a></span>inquired Washington, recalling some experiences of the past, "or do you
+announce what you <i>know</i> to be a fact?"</p>
+
+<p>"The evidence of their approach and plunder is positive," replied the
+messenger; "and the inhabitants are flocking into town from their
+pillaged and burning homes."</p>
+
+<p>Washington was satisfied that the startling tidings was no false alarm,
+and, putting spurs to his charger, he dashed away to Winchester. His
+arrival reassured the terrified inhabitants and they bravely rallied to
+defend their homes. Everything was put upon a war basis as soon as
+possible. A few days passed, and Washington wrote to the governor as
+follows:</p>
+
+<p>"However absurd it may appear, it is, nevertheless, certain that five
+hundred Indians have it more in their power to annoy the inhabitants
+than ten times their number of regulars. Besides the advantageous way
+they have of fighting in the woods, their cunning and craft, their
+activity and patient sufferings are not to be equalled. They prowl about
+like wolves, and, like them, do their mischief by stealth. They depend
+upon their dexterity in hunting, and upon the cattle of the inhabitants,
+for provisions."</p>
+
+<p>In an interview with Mr. Fairfax, Washington remarked:</p>
+
+<p>"You will recall my prophecy that our frontier will be ravaged until
+Fort Duquesne is captured and the French are driven from the Ohio."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[247]</a></span></p><p>"I remember your prophecy distinctly," replied Mr. Fairfax; "and now we
+reap as we sowed. We sowed to the wind, and now we are reaping the
+whirlwind."</p>
+
+<p>"Even now it is not too late to recover what has been lost, were the
+government so disposed," continued Washington. "I do not despair only so
+far as those in authority fail to support military operations. The enemy
+has appealed to arms, and there is no alternative but to accept the
+challenge."</p>
+
+<p>The following extract from one of his letters to General Loudoun, who
+superseded General Shirley as commander-in-chief of the British forces
+in America, discloses the unhappy condition of affairs:</p>
+
+<p>"I am too little acquainted, sir, with pathetic language, to attempt a
+description of the people's distresses; but I have a generous soul,
+sensible of wrongs and swelling for redress. But what can I do? I see
+their situation, know their danger, and participate in their sufferings,
+without having it in my power to give them further relief than uncertain
+promises. In short, I see inevitable destruction in so clear a light,
+that unless vigorous measures are taken by the Assembly, and speedy
+assistance sent from below, the poor inhabitants that are now in forts
+must unavoidably fall, while the remainder are flying before a barbarous
+foe. In fine, the melancholy situation of the people, the little
+prospect of assistance, the gross and scandalous abuse cast upon the
+officers in general, which reflects upon me in particular, for suffering
+misconduct of such extraordinary kinds, and the distant prospect, if
+any, of gaining honor and reputation in the service, cause me to lament
+the hour that gave me a commission: and would induce me, at an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[248]</a></span>y other
+time than this of imminent danger, to resign, without one hesitating
+moment, a command from which I never expect to reap either honor or
+benefit; but, on the contrary, have almost an absolute certainty of
+incurring displeasure below, while the murder of helpless families may
+be laid to my account here. The supplicating tears of the women and
+moving petitions of the men melt me into such deadly sorrow that I
+solemnly declare, if I know my own mind, I could offer myself a willing
+sacrifice to the butchering enemy, provided that would contribute to the
+people's ease."</p>
+
+<p>Two days afterwards, he addressed another letter to the governor, in
+which he said:</p>
+
+<p>"Not an hour, nay, scarcely a minute, passes, that does not produce
+fresh alarms and melancholy accounts. Nor is it possible to give the
+people the necessary assistance for their defence, on account of the
+small number of men we have, or that are likely to be here for some
+time. The inhabitants are removing daily, and in a short time will leave
+this country as desolate as Hampshire, where scarce a family lives."</p>
+
+<p>"Three families were murdered night before last, at the distance of less
+than twelve miles from this place; and every day we have accounts of
+such cruelties and barbarities as are shocking to human nature. It is
+not possible to conceive the situation and danger of this miserable
+country. Such numbers of French and Indians are all round that no road
+is safe; and here we know not the hour we may be attacked."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[249]</a></span></p><p>For nearly two years Washington vainly attempted the defence of the
+frontier, the French and Indians all the while plundering and murdering
+the inhabitants in one locality while he was defending another,
+multiplying scenes of barbarity as only savages could. The following
+description of a single scene is by Washington himself:</p>
+
+<p>"One day as we drew near, through the woods, to a dwelling, suddenly we
+heard the discharge of a gun. Whereupon, quickening our pace, and
+creeping up through the thick bushes to a fence, we saw what we had
+dreaded&mdash;a party of Indians, loaded with plunder, coming out of a house,
+which, by the smoke, appeared as if it were just set on fire. In a
+moment we gave the savages a shower of rifle balls, which killed every
+man of them but one, who attempted to run off, but in vain; for some of
+our swift-footed hunters gave chase, and soon overtook and demolished
+him with their tomahawks. On rushing into the house and putting out the
+fire, we saw a mournful sight indeed: a young woman lying on the bed
+floated with blood, her forehead cleft with a hatchet, and on her breast
+two little children, apparently twins, and about nine months old,
+bathing her bosom with blood flowing from their deeply gashed heads! I
+had often beheld the mangled remains of my murdered countrymen, but
+never before felt what I did on this occasion. To see these poor
+innocents, these little, unoffending angels, just entered upon life,
+and, instead of fondest sympathy and tenderness, meeting their bloody
+deaths, and from hands of brothers, too, filled my soul with the deepest
+horror of sin!</p>
+
+<p>"On tracing back into the corn-field the steps of the barbarians, we
+found a little boy, and beyond him his father, both weltering in blood.
+It appeared, from the print of hi<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[250]</a></span>s little feet in the furrows, that
+the child had been following his father's plough; and, seeing him shot
+down, had set off with all his might to get to the house, to his mother,
+but was overtaken and destroyed.</p>
+
+<p>"And, indeed, so great was the dread of the French and Indians
+throughout the settlements, that it was distressing to call even on
+those families who yet survived, but, from sickness or other causes, had
+not been able to get away. The poor creatures would run to meet us, like
+persons half distracted with joy, and then, with looks blank with
+terror, would tell that such or such a neighbor's family, perhaps the
+very night before, was murdered, and that they heard their cries and saw
+the flames that devoured their house. And also, that they themselves,
+after saying their prayers at night, never lay down to sleep without
+first taking leave of one another, as if they never expected to meet
+again in this world. But when we came to take our leave of these
+wretched families, my God, what were our feelings! To see the deep,
+silent grief of the men, and the looks of the poor women and children,
+as, falling upon their knees, with piercing screams, and eyes wild with
+terror, they seized our hands or hung to our clothes, entreating us for
+God's and mercy's sake not to leave them to be murdered! These things so
+filled my heart with grief, that I solemnly declare to God, if I know
+myself, I would gladly offer my own life a sacrifice to the butchering
+enemy, if I could but thereby insure the safety of these my poor,
+distressed countrymen."</p>
+
+<p>Washington continued to say to the government that this terrible state
+of affairs would not cease until Fort Duquesne was captured; and he
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[251]</a></span>entreated, again and again, to be provided with an army large enough to
+reduce the fort. But all in vain.</p>
+
+<p>Finally, near the close of the year 1757, his labors and anxieties threw
+him into a violent fever, and he was conveyed to Mount Vernon, where he
+lay for four months, sometimes so sick that his life was despaired of,
+all the time bearing upon his soul the responsibilities of his public
+position. His faithful servant Bishop, bequeathed to him by General
+Braddock, attended him night and day with singular devotion. It was not
+until April that he was able to resume his command.</p>
+
+<p>When Washington returned to his headquarters at Winchester, he was
+unexpectedly cheered by some favorable changes. General Loudoun had been
+superceded by General Abercrombie, and Governor Dinwiddie had been
+recalled to England.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2><a name="XIV" id="XIV"></a>XIV.<br />
+
+<small>A RIFT IN THE CLOUD.</small></h2>
+
+
+<p class="noi">"<span class="smcap">The</span> people are disheartened," said Washington to Mr. Fairfax, "and we
+need successes to inspire hope within them. But this can never be until
+the king's officers understand how to fight Indians."</p>
+
+<p>"That is true, no doubt, but I have more hope that General Abercrombie
+will do something effective for this part of the country," answered
+Fairfax. "General Loudoun had more than his hands full to look after the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[252]</a></span>troops at the north, so that he could give little attention to our
+claims."</p>
+
+<p>"I wish that it might be so," responded Washington; "but the only
+effective blow that can be struck for us is the reduction of Fort
+Duquesne. Until that is done, the enemy has a base of supplies, and a
+refuge from which to sally forth at any time, for pillage and butchery
+on the frontier. The possession of Canada is important, and victories
+there now would greatly encourage our people. An army of from five to
+ten thousand men would drive the French and Indians before it, and put
+the English into speedy possession of the Ohio."</p>
+
+<p>"And that will encourage the people, and put hope and life into them,"
+added Fairfax.</p>
+
+<p>"And patriotism, too, I should hope," said Washington. "Our people lack
+patriotism, and there is no disguising it."</p>
+
+<p>One of Washington's trials, at that time, was the unwillingness of the
+people to incur the expense and dangers of war. They appeared to think
+that sufferings and death alone awaited them in warfare with Indians.
+Such harrowing tales of cruelties by the savages had come to them, that
+they shrank from conflict with the barbarians.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Washington was very much opposed to her son going to the Ohio
+again. Rumors of another expedition against Duquesne reached her,
+whereupon she wrote to him, entreating him not to undertake the
+hazardous enterprise. He replied to her as follows:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p class="noi"><span class="smcap">Dear Mother</span>,&mdash;If it is my power to avoid going to the Ohio
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[253]</a></span>again, I shall; but if the command is pressed upon me by the
+general voice of the country, and offered upon such terms as
+cannot be objected against, it would reflect dishonor upon me to
+refuse it; and that, I am sure, must and ought to give you
+greater uneasiness than my going in an honorable command. Upon
+no other terms will I accept it. At present I have no proposals
+made to me, nor have I any advice of such an intention, except
+from private hands.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>General Abercrombie surprised Washington, however, by issuing an order
+to organize a strong expedition against Duquesne. The newly appointed
+commander-in-chief appeared to comprehend the situation as his
+predecessors had not, and Washington was overjoyed. The cloud that had
+enveloped his spirit was lifted, and he saw a brighter future.</p>
+
+<p>The northern troops, also, were meeting with successes, and news of
+their victories gladdened all hearts. The expeditions against Louisburg,
+Ticonderoga, and Crown Point proved fortunate, and the people became
+more and more hopeful as their advances were known.</p>
+
+<p>"There is hope now for our cause," remarked Washington to Mr. Fairfax at
+Williamsburg, very much elated by the prospect before him. "I can see
+the end now. It looks as if General Abercrombie was the right man in the
+right place."</p>
+
+<p>"I hope so," responded Mr. Fairfax. "He appears to think that two or
+three times as many troops as you have had before will be none too many
+to march against Duquesne."</p>
+
+<p>"There is my hope," continued Washington. "An army large enough to
+strike an effective blow will save both money and men for the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[254]</a></span>government. Half enough is cruelly exposing all to defeat and butchery."</p>
+
+<p>"So it has proved," remarked Fairfax.</p>
+
+<p>"To the discouragement and fear of the people throughout this part of
+the country," replied Washington. "But if troops are furnished according
+to the order now, I have no fear about the result. Three thousand from
+Pennsylvania, twelve hundred from North Carolina, two thousand from
+Virginia, with seven hundred Indians, and as many regulars, will make an
+army of about eight thousand."</p>
+
+<p>"How large a force do you imagine the French have at Duquesne?" inquired
+Fairfax.</p>
+
+<p>"Not over one-third of our number. Perhaps not more than one-quarter as
+many. If the Assembly will be as liberal in supplying the Virginia
+soldiers with clothing, rations, arms, blankets, etc., as General
+Abercrombie has been, it will be a wise economy, as well as commendable
+patriotism."</p>
+
+<p>Washington was in Williamsburg at the time, for the purpose of laying
+before a committee of the Legislature the wants of his little army, and
+securing liberal supplies. On his way thither an incident occurred which
+should be narrated here.</p>
+
+<p>Passing through the county of New Kent, on his way to Williamsburg,
+Washington approached the baronial estate of Mr. Chamberlain. The
+proprietor was near his front gate, and, recognizing Washington, who was
+accompanied by his servant, saluted him, saying:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[255]</a></span></p><p>"Colonel Washington, let it never be said that you passed the house of
+your father's friend without dismounting. I must insist upon the honor
+of detaining you as my guest."</p>
+
+<p>"I thank you with all my heart, my dear sir, but my business at
+Williamsburg demands haste, and you must excuse me to-day," was
+Washington's reply.</p>
+
+<p>"Business relating to the expedition against Fort Duquesne, I suppose?"</p>
+
+<p>"Yes; and its importance admits of no delay."</p>
+
+<p>"Nevertheless, I must press my invitation," continued Mr. Chamberlain,
+"for surely you must dine somewhere, and it will detain you no longer
+here than elsewhere. We will not detain you a moment after you have
+swallowed your dinner. I am too much interested in the capture of
+Duquesne to delay your business."</p>
+
+<p>"Your patriotism is equal to your hospitality," replied Washington, "and
+I am quite disposed to accept both, in the circumstances."</p>
+
+<p>"In that case you will accept my hearty thanks, also," added Mr.
+Chamberlain.</p>
+
+<p>"Do I understand that I may be excused immediately after dinner?" said
+Washington, still hesitating.</p>
+
+<p>"Immediately, with all the promptness of military discipline."</p>
+
+<p>"Then, sir, I accept your generous hospitality;" and Washington alighted
+from his horse immediately, saying to his servant Bishop, "Be sure and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[256]</a></span>have the horses at the door by the time we rise from the dinner-table."</p>
+
+<p>"Is this the charger and this the servant presented to you by General
+Braddock?" Mr. Chamberlain inquired as they turned towards the house.</p>
+
+<p>"The same, sir."</p>
+
+<p>"You honor me, Colonel Washington, by accepting my invitation to
+dinner," continued Mr. Chamberlain. "I rejoice all the more in the
+opportunity to have you for my guest because I have other friends to
+dine with me to-day, who will regard it a real pleasure to meet our
+young and gallant soldier."</p>
+
+<p>Washington bowed his acknowledgments for the honest compliment, and they
+passed into the mansion, where he was soon introduced to the other
+guests, and brought face to face with them in the dining-hall.</p>
+
+<p>Among the guests was Mrs. Martha Custis, a young widow, accomplished,
+beautiful, and wealthy, about six months younger than Washington. Her
+charming appearance captivated the young hero's heart. He beheld in her
+such a partner as would make his future life happy.</p>
+
+<p>After dinner, instead of discoursing upon the importance of his mission
+to Williamsburg, and rushing for his horse, he entered into familiar
+conversation with Mrs. Custis. The longer he talked the more he admired
+the intelligence, grace, and character of the lady.</p>
+
+<p>His faithful servant Bishop was at the gate, with the horses, when the
+party rose from dinner. He waited and waited, wondering and wondering
+what could delay his master, who was always punctual as the clock. The
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[257]</a></span>favorite charger champed his bits and pawed the ground, as if he, too,
+wondered what had become of his rider's usual promptness. So the
+moments, and even hours, sped, trying the patience of Bishop and the
+horses.</p>
+
+<p>All this while Washington was engaged in pleasant conversation with Mrs.
+Custis and other guests, the former being the attraction which caused
+him to modify his views respecting his business at Williamsburg. She
+might not have been a "widow bewitched," but she certainly cast a spell
+over the hero of Monongahela, which he did not throw off; and, after a
+time of unusual social delight, he accepted an invitation to stop over
+night. Bishop was ordered to put the horses into the stable, and
+thoughts of war appear to have been banished.</p>
+
+<p>The next morning he hurried away to Williamsburg, and travelled at such
+a breakneck speed that Bishop was more puzzled than ever over the
+conduct of his master. He had sacrificed his well-earned reputation for
+promptitude on the day before, and now he seemed to be no longer
+merciful to his beast; quite enough to perplex the servant beyond
+measure. However, Washington expedited his business at Williamsburg,
+secured the supplies for his army that he asked, and returned by the way
+of the "White House" on the Pamunkey River, where Mrs. Custis lived in
+English style. How long he stopped there we have no means of learning;
+but long enough to consummate a treaty of love, in which it was
+stipulated that she should become his bride when the expedition against
+Duquesne had been brought to a close.</p>
+
+<p>In this affair Washington proved himself to be a true son of Adam and
+brother in our common humanity. He who is too great to be insensible to
+womanly charms and virtues, and too cold in his nature to love, cannot
+have an important mission to perform in this world.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[258]</a></span></p>
+<p>On his return to Winchester he found that the English officers were
+discussing the practicability of making a new road to Duquesne, or, at
+least, from Raystown to Duquesne by the way of Laurel Hill.</p>
+
+<p>"Better march thither by the old road which General Braddock
+constructed," suggested Washington.</p>
+
+<p>"His road did not lead him to victory," answered one of the officers
+naively.</p>
+
+<p>"Neither will a new road, if that is all you have to depend upon,"
+remarked Washington. "The difficulties of making a new road through this
+rough country are so great that such an enterprise should not be
+undertaken unless it is absolutely necessary."</p>
+
+<p>"We came to this country for such business whenever it is necessary,"
+said General Forbes, commander of the expedition.</p>
+
+<p>"Exactly; but a new road is not necessary to make this expedition
+against Duquesne a success."</p>
+
+<p>"How is that?"</p>
+
+<p>"Because it will consume so much time that winter will be upon us before
+we can reach the fort. An early movement on the old roads is far more
+desirable, in my judgment, than a late one on a new road."</p>
+
+<p>"But you do not consider that the king's regulars are experienced in
+such work, and they will not require the time which the provincial
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[259]</a></span>troops do to complete such a piece of work."</p>
+
+<p>"Perhaps so," replied Washington in a doubtful tone, as if he recalled
+the old boast of the English generals about the might of their regulars.
+He had seen enough of these boasted heroes in the former expedition
+against Duquesne to cause him to decidedly prefer provincial troops.</p>
+
+<p>"Besides," continued General Forbes, "the report of General Braddock to
+his government describes the old road as fearful, in consequence of
+dense forests, huge rocks, deep morasses, and plunging torrents."</p>
+
+<p>"None of these things caused his defeat," remarked Washington in rather
+a sarcastic vein.</p>
+
+<p>"As I understand it," added General Forbes, "there are not so thick
+woods and huge rocks, nor so perilous swamps and rivers by the proposed
+new route as there are by the old. Besides, the new road is fifty miles
+nearer."</p>
+
+<p>"The shortest way may prove longer than the longest way if you have the
+short way to build," was Washington's significant reply.</p>
+
+<p>The English officers were bound to have their own way, and they decided
+to make the new road, in view of which Washington wrote to the Speaker
+of the Assembly: "If this conduct of our leaders does not flow from
+superior orders, it must flow from a weakness too gross for me to name.
+Nothing now but a miracle can bring this campaign to a happy issue."</p>
+
+<p>A few days later he wrote:</p>
+
+<p>"I believe that all is lost. Our enterprise is ruined, and w<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[260]</a></span>e shall be
+stopped this winter at the Laurel Hills."</p>
+
+<p>As the sequel will show, Washington proved himself to be a prophet.</p>
+
+<p>While these warlike preparations were going forward, Washington was
+elected to a seat in the House of Burgesses. It was not expected,
+however, that he would take his seat until the contemplated action
+against the French at Duquesne was consummated.</p>
+
+<p>It was in the month of May, 1758, that Washington went to Williamsburg
+and found his future wife, when passing through Kent County. It was the
+21st of September before the army was ready to strike their tents and
+take up the march from Raystown, where the whole army had assembled.
+Much of this time was fooled away by the English officers, who seemed to
+think that both French and Indians would take to their heels when they
+saw them coming.</p>
+
+<p>Washington was greatly annoyed by this unnecessary delay. To him it was
+ominous of evil. He was impatient to plant the English flag on the walls
+of Duquesne, and to make the beautiful Mrs. Custis his bride. The sooner
+the army accomplished the former, the sooner he would realize the
+latter.</p>
+
+<p>To add to his annoyance, General Forbes proposed to repeat General
+Braddock's folly, and send his regulars forward as a party of
+observation.</p>
+
+<p>"Such an arrangement was the cause of General Braddock's defeat," he
+said to General Forbes.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[261]</a></span></p><p>"How so?"</p>
+
+<p>"His regulars knew nothing about Indian warfare. They never saw savages
+on the field of battle, and so they undertook to fight Indians as they
+did French."</p>
+
+<p>"Plenty of artillery, with a shower of bullets, whether by regulars or
+provincials, will do the business," remarked General Forbes, showing
+that he was as ignorant of the way savages fight as Braddock was.</p>
+
+<p>"I hope I can say, without vanity," continued Washington, "that, from
+long intimacy with these woods, and frequent scouting in them, my men
+are at least as well acquainted with all the passes and difficulties as
+any troops that will be employed. I will volunteer to scour the country
+in advance of the army."</p>
+
+<p>"You are brave and unselfish, certainly," answered Forbes; "but the
+regulars would hardly thank me for sending inexperienced troops forward
+instead of them."</p>
+
+<p>"If General Braddock's regulars, who were shot down in their tracks,
+could come to life, they would thank you for doing this very thing,"
+said Washington.</p>
+
+<p>"Then you have no faith in the English army to fight Indians."</p>
+
+<p>"None at all. Braddock's regulars were more terrified by the <i>yell</i> of
+the savages than they were by the cannon of the French."</p>
+
+<p>"Well, then, colonel, I think we must redeem the credit of the British
+regulars by sending them forward at this time," answered General Forbes.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[262]</a></span>"If Braddock's regulars disgraced their country and cause, as you affirm
+they did, it is time that Forbes's regulars should wipe out the
+dishonor. And that can be done only by detailing them for the work
+proposed."</p>
+
+<p>"As you please, general," answered Washington, seeing that Forbes was
+determined to employ his regulars as a scouting party. "You have my
+opinion, and you will have my obedience as heartily. Nothing that I can
+do to make this expedition successful shall be withholden."</p>
+
+<p>Therefore the regulars scoured the country in advance, eight hundred in
+number. Washington wrote again concerning the prospects under these
+unwise arrangements:</p>
+
+<p>"The golden opportunity has been lost, perhaps never more to return.
+Between building a new road and sending forward regulars to meet the
+Indians, our hope of success is small indeed. Small parties of Indians
+will effectually demoralize the English by keeping them under continual
+alarms, and attacking them in ambuscade."</p>
+
+<p>The advance party was under the command of Major Grant, a conceited,
+overbearing officer, who was as ignorant of Indian tactics as a baby.
+Besides, his extreme self-confidence made him boastful and reckless, as
+he subsequently found to his sorrow and shame. One of Washington's
+biographers says of Grant:</p>
+
+<p>"He was instructed to find out all he could about the enemy, without
+suffering the enemy to find out more than he could help about himself,
+and by all possible means to avoid a battle. Bu<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[263]</a></span>t instead of conducting
+the expedition with silence and circumspection, he marched along in so
+open and boisterous a manner as made it appear he meant to give the
+enemy timely notice of his coming, and bully him into an attack even
+while yet on the way. The French, keeping themselves well-informed by
+their spies of his every movement, suffered him to approach almost to
+their very gates without molestation. When he got in the neighborhood of
+the fort, he posted himself on a hill overlooking it, and began throwing
+up intrenchments in full view of the garrison. As if all this were not
+imprudence enough, and as if bent on provoking the enemy to come out and
+give him battle on the instant, whether or no, he sent down a party of
+observation to spy out yet more narrowly the inside plan and defences of
+the fort, who were suffered not only to do this, but even to burn a
+house just outside the walls, and then return to their intrenchments
+without a hostile sign betokening the unseen foe so silent, yet
+watchful, within.</p>
+
+<p>"Early the next morning, as if to give the enemy warning of the
+threatened danger, the drums of the regulars beat the <i>r&eacute;veille</i>, and
+the bag-pipes of the Highlanders woke the forest-echoes far and wide
+with their wild and shrilly din."</p>
+
+<p>During all this time there was silence in the fort, and no sign of the
+enemy anywhere around.</p>
+
+<p>"No enemy is here; they have fled before us," said Major Grant to
+General Forbes. "The English regulars have frightened them out of their
+wits, and they have taken leg-bail."</p>
+
+<p>"An illustration of the old adage, 'discretion is the better part of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[264]</a></span>valor,'" answered Forbes.</p>
+
+<p>"And these are the heroic French and terrible savages of which that
+young American colonel tells so much!" continued Major Grant in a
+derisive manner. "All I regret is, that they did not stay to fight."</p>
+
+<p>"It is too serious a joke to fit out this expedition and march through
+this wilderness for nothing," added General Forbes. "We ought to have
+one chance at the foe, if nothing more."</p>
+
+<p>"Well, I am not disappointed in the least," responded Grant. "All this
+talk about the bravery of the French and the savagery of Indians is
+buncomb, and that is all. I will raise the English flag over the fort
+without a drop of blood being shed. Let me advance with the regulars;
+and Captain Lewis, with his Americans, remain behind with the baggage.
+We will show you how a fort can be taken."</p>
+
+<p>"Your order shall be obeyed," replied Captain Lewis, although he looked
+with contempt upon the braggart whom he addressed.</p>
+
+<p>General Braddock's blunder was repeated on that day. The regulars moved
+forward, and marched directly into an Indian ambuscade.</p>
+
+<p>With unearthly yells the savages sprang from their hiding places, and
+poured a terrific fire into the faces of the regulars. At the same time
+the French rushed out of their fort, sending volley after volley of
+leaden death into their ranks. The English stood their ground for a
+moment, then broke and retreated in confusion. The savages, emboldened
+by their success, rushed on to more fearful slaughter, and between
+musket and tomahawk, butchery reigned supreme.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[265]</a></span></p>
+<p>Major Lewis, who was left behind with the baggage, leaving fifty men
+under the charge of Captain Bullit to guard it, rushed forward with his
+Virginia force to the relief of the regulars. His timely aid checked the
+advance of the foe; but, in a hand to hand fight with an Indian warrior,
+he was taken prisoner, though not until the warrior lay dead at his
+feet.</p>
+
+<p>Major Grant was taken prisoner, and would have been tomahawked on the
+spot but for the interposition of a French officer.</p>
+
+<p>The retreat became a complete rout, the savages pursuing with their
+accustomed yells. Captain Bullit determined to resist the pursuit of the
+enemy by piling the baggage across the road for a barricade. Behind
+this, with his fifty men, he poured a deadly fire into the foe as they
+approached, volley after volley, checking their advance by striking
+terror to their hearts for a moment. Perceiving that he could not long
+hold out, he resorted to a strategy that would have been regarded
+barbarous if adopted by Indians. Irving speaks of it as follows:</p>
+
+<p>"They were checked for a time, but were again pressing forward in
+greater numbers, when Bullit and his men held out the signal of
+capitulation, and advanced, as if to surrender. When within eight yards
+of the enemy, they suddenly leveled their arms, poured a most effectual
+volley, and then charged with the bayonet. The Indians fled in dismay,
+and Bullit took advantage of this check to retreat, with all speed,
+collecting the wounded and scattered fugitives as he advanced."</p>
+
+<p>The whole of the straggling army did not reach Fort Loyal Harman at
+Laurel Hills until the fifth day of November. Many of the soldiers,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[266]</a></span>especially the wounded, suffered terribly on the retreat.</p>
+
+<p>Washington was at Raystown when the attack was made upon the advance.
+Why and for what he was there, except by order of the commander, General
+Forbes, we know not. But he joined the beaten and demoralized army at
+Fort Loyal Harman.</p>
+
+<p>"Braddock's folly repeated must end in Braddock's defeat and shame," he
+remarked, on hearing of the disaster. "The result is no worse than I
+feared."</p>
+
+<p>"Your Virginians fought bravely," remarked General Forbes to Washington,
+evidently thinking that he had underrated their valor and efficiency.</p>
+
+<p>"I am not surprised to hear it," replied Washington. "I knew that they
+would prove themselves equal to the occasion."</p>
+
+<p>"Braver fellows never met a foe on the battlefield," continued General
+Forbes. "Our defeat would have been more bloody and shameful but for
+them."</p>
+
+<p>"And if they had formed the advance, they would not have been caught in
+an Indian ambuscade," remarked Washington suggestively.</p>
+
+<p>In this unfortunate battle the British lost twenty-one officers and two
+hundred and seventy-three privates in killed and wounded, more than
+one-third of the advance under Grant.</p>
+
+<p>"Well," continued General Forbes, "this snow and freezing weather will
+compel us to go into winter quarters here. After this defeat we are not
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[267]</a></span>in a condition to attack the fort immediately."</p>
+
+<p>"Our prospects are not very flattering, it must be confessed," remarked
+Washington, without expressing his opinion of the unnecessary and
+foolish blunder that had brought them into this plight. Had he led his
+Virginia rangers in advance, such a disgraceful record would not have
+been made.</p>
+
+<p>Washington prophesied that, between building a new road and sending
+regulars in advance, defeat was inevitable, and now General Forbes
+proposed to fulfil his prophecy.</p>
+
+<p>"What is your advice, Colonel Washington, under the circumstances?"
+inquired General Forbes, evidently designing to atone somewhat for his
+previous shabby treatment of the young Virginia hero. "Is it wise to
+march against the fort at this late season and in this rough weather?"</p>
+
+<p>Washington was not at all disposed to give advice after all his previous
+counsels had been treated with contempt; therefore he prolonged the
+conversation without gratifying the commanding general with an explicit
+statement of his opinions. In the midst of their interview two or three
+prisoners were brought in, and they gave such an account of the
+weakness and destitution of the French garrison that Washington advised
+an immediate advance upon the fort.</p>
+
+<p>"Is it possible?" said General Forbes, doubting the statement.</p>
+
+<p>"It is <i>possible</i>," answered Washington. "It is an easy matter to find
+out, however."</p>
+
+<p>"We are not exactly prepared for such a movement now," replied the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[268]</a></span>general.</p>
+
+<p>"I am at your service, general, with my rangers," answered Washington,
+in a tone which showed that he coveted the business. We strongly suspect
+that Washington was thinking of his promised bride, and desired to close
+the campaign against Duquesne that he might claim her. To go into winter
+quarters, and leave the fort to be captured another season, would put
+off his wedding-day far beyond his wishes. The understanding was, that
+he would not be married until after the fall of Duquesne.</p>
+
+<p>"Your brave and generous offer is accepted, without conditions," General
+Forbes immediately replied, only too glad now to impose the labor and
+risk upon provincial troops.</p>
+
+<p>"I will be ready to move to-morrow," added Washington with his usual
+promptness.</p>
+
+<p>"As soon as you please, and in what manner you please. The whole thing
+is in your hands."</p>
+
+<p>"Very well, sir; we march to-morrow," added Washington as he hurried
+away.</p>
+
+<p>On the next day he took up the line of march towards Duquesne,
+proceeding with extreme caution as he approached the vicinity of the
+fort. The locality of the recent battle was marked by the dead bodies of
+their fallen brothers, a sickening spectacle to behold. Around them,
+too, were scattered the bones of comrades who fell in the first battle,
+three years before, a melancholy reminder of the defeat and death which
+followed the blundering of conceited officers.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[269]</a></span></p>
+<p>No sign of the enemy appeared. Silence reigned supreme. Scouts reported
+no trace of the foe. Still the "rangers" moved forward with the utmost
+caution. Indians could not surprise them now.</p>
+
+<p>Coming in sight of the fort, they saw that it was deserted. No flag
+floated over its walls. On the double-quick, Washington led his troops
+into it, and not a Frenchman or Indian was found. The wooden buildings
+were burned to ashes, together with such baggage and other material as
+the occupants could not carry away in boats. Not a cannon, gun, or
+cartridge remained. Washington planted the English flag upon the walls
+of the fort with his own hand, on the twenty-fifth day of November,
+1758.</p>
+
+<p>It was learned, subsequently, that on account of the signal victories of
+the British army in Canada, no reinforcements or provisions were
+received at Duquesne. As the French garrison was in urgent need of both,
+the commander concluded, on the approach of Washington's command, that
+the better part of valor would be to abandon it; hence its evacuation.</p>
+
+<p>Washington adopted immediate and vigorous measures to rebuild the fort,
+to which he gave the name of Fort Pitt, in honor of the great English
+statesman, through whose influence the British Government finally
+ordered the capture of the fort. Leaving a sufficient number of troops
+to garrison it, he returned to Laurel Hill, whence he wrote to the
+Governor of Virginia, in behalf of his needy soldiers at Duquesne, as
+follows:</p>
+
+<p>"Considering their present circumstances," he writes: "I would by no
+means have consented to leave any part of them there, had not the
+general given me express orders.... By their presen<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[270]</a></span>t nakedness, the
+advanced season, and the inconceivable fatigues of an uncommonly long
+and laborious campaign, they are rendered totally incapable of any sort
+of service; and sickness, death, and desertion must, if they are not
+speedily supplied, greatly reduce their numbers. To replace them with
+equally good men will, perhaps, be found impossible."</p>
+
+<p>Irving says, "One of the first offices of the army, after taking
+possession of the fort, was to collect and bury, in one common tomb, the
+bones of their fellow-soldiers who had fallen in the battles of Braddock
+and Grant. In this pious duty it is said every one joined, from the
+general down to the private soldier; and some veterans assisted, with
+heavy hearts and frequent ejaculations of poignant feeling, who had been
+present in the scenes of defeat and carnage."</p>
+
+<p>The fall of Duquesne brought to an end the domination of the French on
+the Ohio, as Washington predicted, restoring peace to the frontier.
+Hostile Indians hastened to cast in their allegiance to the English, who
+had become conquerors, thus laying aside both tomahawk and
+scalping-knife, at least for a season.</p>
+
+<p>Washington resolved to abandon military life and retire to his estate at
+Mount Vernon, exchanging the hardships of war for the blessings of
+peace. He sent in his resignation, whereupon the officers of his command
+presented him with a flattering testimonial, from which we make the
+following extracts:</p>
+
+<p>"Sir, we, your most obedient and affectionate officers, beg leave to
+express our great concern at the disagreeable news we have received of
+your determination to resign the command o<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[271]</a></span>f that corps in which we
+have so long served under you. The happiness we have enjoyed, and the
+honor we have acquired, together with the mutual regard which has always
+subsisted between you and your officers, have implanted so sensible an
+affection in the minds of us all, that we cannot be silent on this
+critical occasion.</p>
+
+<p>"In our earliest infancy you took us under your tuition, trained us up
+in the practice of that discipline which alone can constitute good
+troops, from the punctual observation of which you never suffered the
+least deviation.</p>
+
+<p>"Your steady adherence to impartial justice, your quick discernment, and
+invariable regard to merit, wisely intended to inculcate these genuine
+sentiments of true honor and passion for glory, from which the greatest
+military achievements have been derived, first heightened our natural
+emulation and our desire to excel. How much we improved by those
+regulations and your own example, with what alacrity we have hitherto
+discharged our duty, with what cheerfulness we have encountered the
+severest toil, especially while under your particular directions, we
+submit to yourself, and flatter ourselves that we have, in a great
+measure, answered your expectations.</p>
+
+<p>"Judge, then, how sensibly we must be affected by the loss of such an
+excellent commander, such a sincere friend, and so affable a
+companion.... It gives us additional sorrow, when we reflect, to find
+our unhappy country will receive a loss no less irreparable than our
+own. Where will it meet a man so experienced in military affairs&mdash;one so
+renowned for patriotism, conduct, and courage? Who has so great a
+knowledge of the enem<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[272]</a></span>y we have to deal with?... Who, in short, so
+able to support the military character of Virginia?</p>
+
+<p>"Your approved love to your king and country, and your uncommon
+perseverance in promoting the honor and true interest of the service,
+convince us that the most cogent reasons only could induce you to quit
+it; yet we, with the greatest deference, presume to entreat you to
+suspend those thoughts for another year, and to lead us on to assist in
+the glorious work of extirpating our enemies, towards which so
+considerable advances have been already made. In you we place the most
+implicit confidence. Your presence only will cause a steady firmness and
+vigor to actuate in every breast, despising the greatest dangers, and
+thinking light of toils and hardships, while led on by the man we know
+and love."</p>
+
+<p>This tribute to the character of an honored commander conveys to the
+reader a clear view of his illustrious position in the army, confirming
+the favorable opinions hitherto expressed by the author.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2><a name="XV" id="XV"></a>XV.<br />
+
+<small>HIS WIFE AND HOME.</small></h2>
+
+
+<p class="noi"><span class="smcap">Washington</span> renounced military life to claim his bride. He was married at
+the "White House" on the 6th of January, 1759, a few weeks before his
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[273]</a></span>twenty-seventh birthday. Mrs. Custis was three months younger than the
+bridegroom.</p>
+
+<p>At seventeen years of age, Miss Martha Dandridge (for such was her
+maiden name) was a gay and beautiful belle, having many suitors, upon
+none of whom she looked favorably, except Colonel Daniel Parke Custis,
+son of Hon. John Custis of Arlington. To him she was married in 1749.
+Two sons and a daughter were the fruits of this marriage, the eldest of
+whom died a short time before his father. The biographer of Mr. Custis
+records an incident which furnishes a key to the character of this
+worthy and influential gentleman:</p>
+
+<p>"A short time before his death, he sent for a tenant, to whom, in
+settling an account, he was due one shilling. The tenant begged that the
+colonel, who had ever been most kind to his tenantry, would not trouble
+himself at all about such a trifle, as he, the tenant, had forgotten it
+long ago. 'But I have not,' rejoined the just and conscientious
+landlord; and bidding his creditor take up the coin, which had been
+purposely placed on his pillow, exclaimed, 'Now my accounts are closed
+with this world!' and shortly after expired."</p>
+
+<p>The loss of both husband and son was a terrible affliction to the
+youthful widow; yet her Christian hope sustained her wonderfully, so
+that she did not abandon herself to useless repinings. Her husband left
+her his large plantation, and from one to two hundred thousand dollars
+in money, the care of which, with her two surviving children, imposed
+new and unusual duties upon her. How well she met these responsibilities
+is told by her husband's biographer, thus:</p>
+
+<p>"Mrs. Custis, as sole executrix, managed the extensive lande<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[274]</a></span>d and
+pecuniary concerns of the estates with surprising ability, making loans
+on mortgage of moneys, and, through her stewards and agents, conducting
+the sales or exportations of the crops to the best possible advantage."</p>
+
+<p>"Beautiful, gifted, with great fascination of manners, unusually
+accomplished, extremely wealthy, and youthful," as another has said, it
+is not surprising that, when the usual period of seclusion and mourning
+had passed, her hand and heart were sought by other worthy men. It was
+not, however, until she providentially met Colonel Washington, in the
+manner we have described, that she was at all disposed to enter into
+another matrimonial alliance.</p>
+
+<p>The wedding of Washington was a splendid affair conducted after the old
+English style that prevailed among wealthy planters. Military and civil
+officers with their wives, graced the occasion. Ladies appeared in the
+costliest brocades, laces, and jewels which the Old World could provide.
+The bride was arrayed in the height of English fashion, her wealth of
+charms a fit accompaniment to the manly beauty of the bridegroom, who
+stood six feet and three inches in his shoes, "The tallest and
+handsomest man of the Old Dominion."</p>
+
+<p>An old negro servant of Mrs. Custis expressed his views of his new
+master, as follows:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[275]</a></span></p><p>"Never seed the like, sir,&mdash;never the like of him, though I have seen
+many in my day,&mdash;so tall, so straight! And then, sir, he sat on a horse
+and rode with such an air! Ah, sir, he was like no one else! Many of the
+grandest gentlemen, in the gold lace, were at the wedding, but none
+looked like the man himself."</p>
+
+<p>Washington resided at the "White House" three months before taking his
+seat in the House of Burgesses. That he had resolved to abandon a
+military career, and that his new relation afforded him unalloyed
+pleasure, is quite evident from what he wrote to a friend:</p>
+
+<p>"I am now, I believe, fixed in this seat, with an agreeable partner for
+life; and I hope to find more happiness in retirement than I ever
+experienced in the wide and bustling world."</p>
+
+<p>From a child, Mrs. Washington had enjoyed the luxuries and society that
+wealth multiplies. Her own property, now united to that of her husband,
+amounted to a large fortune. She could live in princely style, although
+she adopted that style only so far as her social position demanded.
+There was an aristocratic element that ruled in Virginia at that time,
+embracing the wealthy, cultured, and ruling classes, to which she
+belonged; and to this standard of living she was obliged to conform.
+Her home was the resort of the wealthiest and most influential people of
+Virginia.</p>
+
+<p>After three months had elapsed, Washington took his seat in the
+Legislature. That body arranged to honor the hero as soon as he appeared
+in the House, by a eulogistic address by the speaker. No sooner had he
+taken his seat, than the speaker, Mr. Robinson, immediately arose, and,
+commanding silence, addressed Washington in such language of praise as
+only true patriotism, united with personal friendship, could dictate;
+enlarging upon his heroic deeds for his country in its time of its
+greatest peril. As he closed, the whole Assembly rose to their feet,
+and saluted the young colonel with a bow.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[276]</a></span></p><p>Had an earthquake suddenly shaken the Capitol to its centre, Washington
+would not have been more completely surprised. He was confounded. He
+rose to make his acknowledgments, but, alas! his tongue had forgotten
+its office. Thrice he essayed to speak, and thrice, in spite of every
+effort, his utterance failed him, save faintly to articulate, "Mr.
+Speaker! Mr. Speaker!"</p>
+
+<p>The speaker was equal to the occasion, and came to his relief in one of
+the best, quick-witted sallies on record.</p>
+
+<p>"Colonel Washington," he exclaimed, "sit down! sit down! Your modesty
+alone is equal to your merit."</p>
+
+<p>Soon after the adjournment of the Legislature, Washington removed his
+family to Mount Vernon, to devote himself to agricultural pursuits. For
+fifteen years he continued to abide there in domestic enjoyment. Every
+year of this fifteen he was elected to the House of Burgesses, where
+his counsels and great influence became indispensable. Still he was a
+farmer on a large scale, and devoted himself to the improvement of his
+estates, and the raising of wheat, corn, and tobacco. The landed
+estates of both himself and wife must have numbered more than twenty
+thousand acres, for his Mount Vernon estate alone amounted to over nine
+thousand acres. Then he owned large tracts of land outside, containing
+thousands of acres. Add to these extensive tracts the Custis estates,
+and we find him one of the largest landholders of North America.</p>
+
+<p>A thousand persons were required to perform the labors of his domestic
+and agricultural establishments, including his negroes. The products of
+his plantations were shipped to his agent in England; and he came to
+enjoy such a reputation there as a successful and upright planter, that
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[277]</a></span>the usual custom-house inspection of all packages and goods marked
+"George Washington" was omitted. A record of his products before us for
+a single year shows that he raised ten thousand bushels of corn and
+seven thousand bushels of wheat. One hundred cows, with oxen, horses,
+and mules in that proportion, stocked his immense estate. His farming
+implements, carriages, and the nicer materials for clothing himself and
+family, were imported from England. With this exception, the linen and
+woollen cloths used were made by hand on his own plantation. Sixteen
+spinning-wheels were kept in operation.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Washington took her position in this immense establishment as
+mistress, proving that her accomplishments and education under the
+influence of wealth did not make her vain and aristocratic. Unlike many
+planters' wives of that day, she did not consider that labor was
+degrading. She was provided with all the servants necessary, but she
+relinquished to no one, however competent, the oversight of her
+household affairs. "Carrying her keys at her side, and making frequent
+visits to the various apartments connected with the elaborate
+arrangements of the table and its 'aids and appliances,' the spotless
+purity of her attire always remained unsullied by her active
+participation in the mysteries of each and all." Neatness, order, and
+industry characterized her in the house, as they did her husband on the
+farm.</p>
+
+<p>That great care and responsibility must have devolved upon Mrs.
+Washington, appears from Irving's description of a Virginia estate.</p>
+
+<p>"A large Virginia estate in those days was a little empire," he says.
+"The mansion-house was the seat of government, with its numerous
+dependencies, such as kitchens, smoke-house, work-shops, and stables.
+In this mansion the planter moved supreme; his steward, or overseer, was
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[278]</a></span>his prime minister and executive officer; he had his legion of house
+negroes for domestic service, and his host of field negroes for the
+culture of tobacco, Indian corn, and other crops, and for other
+out-of-door labor. Their quarter formed a kind of hamlet apart, composed
+of various huts, with little gardens and poultry yards, all well
+stocked, and swarms of little negroes gambolling in the sunshine. Then
+there were large wooden edifices for curing tobacco, the staple and most
+profitable production, and mills for grinding wheat and Indian corn, of
+which large fields were cultivated for the supply of the family and the
+maintenance of the negroes."</p>
+
+<p>At the same time that Mrs. Washington had to preside over the farm-house
+for the sake of the one thousand souls on the large estate, she was
+obliged to conduct her domestic affairs in a costly and fashionable way
+for the sake of her guests. Her wardrobe, furniture, and preparations
+for special occasions were necessarily elaborate and expensive, for her
+mansion was the resort of the most distinguished men and women of the
+country. Almost every day some civil or military gentleman of
+distinction was found at her table. Hence, much style and expense were
+required to maintain her hospitable board. A silver service was demanded
+by the times, the manners and customs of which were imported from
+England. All other appointments corresponded with this royal standard.
+Irving says that Washington's "intimacy with the Fairfaxes and his
+intercourse with British officers of rank had their influence on his
+mode of living."</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Washington had her chariot and four, with driver and black
+postilion in livery, more, perhaps, to entertain and honor her
+distinguished guests than for personal enjoyment. Her husband usually
+appeared on horseback. He loved horses, especially fine ones, and most
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[279]</a></span>of those in his stables were imported. To each he gave a name, suggested
+by some quality that attracted his observant eye, as Ajax, Blueskin,
+Valiant, Magnolia (Arabian), etc. Several noble dogs for fox-hunting
+were found about his house and stable&mdash;Vulcan, Singer, Ringwood,
+Sweetlips, Forrester, Music, Rockwood and Truelove. With such
+preparations, an English baronet and his wife, Lord Fairfax, the wealthy
+fox-hunter, provincial governors and generals, or the ordinary farmer,
+could all be accommodated on the Mount Vernon estate.</p>
+
+<p>An order sent to England in 1759 shows that Mrs. Washington's wardrobe
+received particular attention:</p>
+
+<div class="block2">
+<p>"A salmon-colored Tabby (velvet), with satin flowers for sack
+and coat.</p>
+
+<p>"One cap, handkerchief and tucker and ruffles, to be made of
+Brussels lace or Point, proper to be worn with the above; to
+cost &pound;20 (one hundred dollars).</p>
+
+<p>"Two fine flowered lawn aprons.</p>
+
+<p>"Two pairs women's white silk hose.</p>
+
+<p>"Six pairs fine cotton do.</p>
+
+<p>"Six pairs thread do., four threaded.</p>
+
+<p>"One pair black and one pair white satin shoes of the smallest
+fives.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[280]</a></span></p><p>"Four pairs Calimanco do.</p>
+
+<p>"One fashionable hat or bonnet.</p>
+
+<p>"Six pairs women's best kid gloves.</p>
+
+<p>"Six pairs do. mits.</p>
+
+<p>"One doz. round silk lace.</p>
+
+<p>"One doz. most fashionable cambric pocket h'k'c'fs.</p>
+
+<p>"Six lbs. perfumed powder.</p>
+
+<p>"One piece narrow white satin ribbon, pearl edge."</p>
+
+<p>Fashion ruled with mighty power at that time, and Mrs. Washington was
+one of its votaries from necessity, if not from choice. Her husband,
+too, paid much attention to dress; nor was it the result of her
+influence. Before he became acquainted with her, in one of his orders
+sent to England appears the following:</p>
+
+<p>"Two pairs fine worked ruffles, at 20s. per pair.</p>
+
+<p>"Two sets complete shoe brushes.</p>
+
+<p>"Six pairs thread hose at 5s.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[281]</a></span></p>
+<p>"Enough superfine blue cotton velvet for coat, waistcoat, and
+breeches, with fine silk buttons to match, and necessary
+trimmings, with garters for the breeches.</p>
+
+<p>"Six pairs of the very neatest shoes; two pairs double
+chancelled pumps; two pairs turned ditto; and two pairs stitched
+shoes; to be made by Didsberry, over Col. Beiler's last.</p>
+
+<p>"Six pairs gloves; three pairs for riding, with slit tops."</p>
+
+<p>As if fearing that the claims of fashion might not be carefully
+regarded, he added, "If worked ruffles should be out of fashion, send
+such as are not."</p>
+
+<p>An order for an outfit for horse-back riding shows how much attention
+was paid to comfort and appearance at that time among the wealthy
+planters of Virginia:</p>
+
+<p>"One man's riding-saddle, hogskin seat, large-plated stirrups,
+and everything complete; double-reined bridle and Pelham bit,
+plated.</p>
+
+<p>"A very neat and fashionable Newmarket saddle-cloth.</p>
+
+<p>"A large and best portmanteau, saddle, bridle, and pillion.</p>
+
+<p>"Cloak-bag, surcingle, checked saddle-cloth, holster, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>"A riding-frock of a handsome drab-colored broadcloth, with
+plain, double-gilt buttons.</p>
+
+<p>"A riding waistcoat of superfine scarlet cloth and gold lace,
+with buttons like those of the coat.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[282]</a></span></p><p>"A blue surtout coat.</p>
+
+<p>"A neat switch whip, silver cap.</p>
+
+<p>"Black velvet cap for servant."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Mrs. Washington devoted herself to the education of her two children,
+six and four years of age at the time of her marriage with Washington.
+Had their own father been living, he could not have co-operated with
+their mother more cheerfully and tenderly than Washington did. Their
+father left a fortune to each of them, and that fact determined the
+character and methods of their training, agreeable to the custom of that
+day and locality. The following order for articles for the children is
+quite instructive as to the management of the Mount Vernon home:</p>
+
+<div class="block2">
+<p class="center">"For Master Custis, <i>6 years old</i>."</p>
+
+<p>"One piece Irish Holland, at 4s.</p>
+
+<p>"Two yards fine cambric, at 10s.</p>
+
+<p>"Six pocket handkerchiefs, small and fine.</p>
+
+<p>"Six pairs gloves.</p>
+
+<p>"Two laced hats.</p>
+
+<p>"Two pieces India nankeen.</p>
+
+<p>"Six pairs fine thread stockings.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[283]</a></span></p>
+<p>"Four pairs coarser do.</p>
+
+<p>"Four pairs worsted do.</p>
+
+<p>"Four pairs strong shoes.</p>
+
+<p>"Four pairs pumps.</p>
+
+<p>"One summer suit of clothes, to be made of some thing light and
+thin.</p>
+
+<p>"Three fine ivory combs.</p>
+
+<p>"Two horn do. and two brushes.</p>
+
+<p>"One piece black hair-ribbon.</p>
+
+<p>"One pair handsome silver shoe and knee buckles.</p>
+
+<p>"Six little books for children beginning to read.</p>
+
+<p>"One light duffel cloak with silver frogs.</p>
+
+<p>"10s. worth of toys."</p>
+
+<p class="center">"For Miss Custis, <i>4 years old</i>."</p>
+
+<p>"Eight yards fine printed linen, at 3s. 6d.</p>
+
+<p>"One piece Irish Holland, at 4s.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[284]</a></span></p>
+<p>"Two ells fine Holland, at 10s.</p>
+
+<p>"Eight pairs kid mits.</p>
+
+<p>"Four pairs gloves.</p>
+
+<p>"Two pairs silk shoes.</p>
+
+<p>"Four pairs Calimanco do.</p>
+
+<p>"Four pairs leather pumps.</p>
+
+<p>Six pairs fine thread stockings.</p>
+
+<p>"Four pairs worsted do.</p>
+
+<p>"Half piece flowered dimity.</p>
+
+<p>"Two yards fine cambric, at 10s.</p>
+
+<p>"Two caps, two pairs ruffles, two tuckers, bibs, and aprons, if
+fashionable.</p>
+
+<p>"Two fans, two masks, two bonnets.</p>
+
+<p>"Two m. minikins, one cloth cloak.</p>
+
+<p>"One stiffened coat of fashionable silk, made to packthread
+stays.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[285]</a></span></p>
+<p>"Six yards ribbon.</p>
+
+<p>"Two necklaces.</p>
+
+<p>"One pair silver sleeve buttons, with stone.</p>
+
+<p>"One fashionable, dressed baby, 10s., and other toys, 10s.</p>
+
+<p>"Six pocket handkerchiefs."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This insight into the early wedded life of Washington, a hundred and
+twenty years ago, upsets the notions of those people, in our day, who
+suppose that the sway of fashion belongs to modern times only.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Washington was proverbially kind to her slaves, though not more so
+than her husband. They constituted a part of her family, for whom she
+had to provide both in health and sickness. This fact explains several
+entries in his journal concerning the quantity of provisions used. For
+example, one entry is, "Although we keep one hundred and one cows, we
+have to buy some butter."</p>
+
+<p>Among their slaves were all kinds of artificers&mdash;carpenters,
+blacksmiths, shoemakers, tailors, wheel-wrights, and so forth. All these
+were indispensable on such an establishment, since a plantation must
+necessarily produce whatever ordinary use required. This arrangement
+imposed increased burdens upon the master of the plantation and the
+mistress of the house.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Washington was as domestic in the house as her husband was
+practical on the farm. His journal shows that, unlike many of the large
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[286]</a></span>planters, he labored with his men on the plantation.</p>
+
+<p>"Fitted a two-eyed plough instead of a duck-bill plough, and with much
+difficulty made my chariot wheel-horses plough. Put the pole-end horses
+into the plough in the morning, and put in the postilion and hind horses
+in the afternoon; but the ground being well swarded over, and very heavy
+ploughing, I repented putting them in at all, for fear it should give
+them a habit of stopping in the chariot."</p>
+
+<p>"Spent the greater part of the day in making a new plough of my own
+invention."</p>
+
+<p>"Bottled thirty-five dozen of cider."</p>
+
+<p>"Seven o'clock a messenger came to inform me that my mill was in great
+danger of being destroyed by the flood. I immediately hurried off all
+hands, with shovels, etc., to its assistance, and got there myself just
+time enough to give it a reprieve for this time, by wheeling gravel into
+the place the water had washed."</p>
+
+<p>"Surveyed some lines of my Mount Vernon tract of land."</p>
+
+<p>"Employed in running some lines between me and Mr. William Triplet."</p>
+
+<p>"Surveyed the water-courses of my Mount Vernon tract of land, taking
+advantage of the ice."</p>
+
+<p>"Laid out a road from Mount Vernon to the lane of Mr. Marley's."</p>
+
+<p>Irving says of Washington: "He was an early riser, often before
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[287]</a></span>day-break in the winter, when the nights were long. On such occasions he
+lit his own fire and wrote or read by candle-light. He breakfasted at
+seven in summer and eight in winter. Two small cups of tea and three or
+four cakes of Indian meal (called hoe-cakes) formed his frugal repast.
+Immediately after breakfast he mounted his horse, and visited those
+parts of the estate where any work was going on, seeing to everything
+with his own eyes, and often aiding with his own hands."</p>
+
+<p>Soon after he introduced his wife to his Mount Vernon estate, he began
+to improve and adorn the grounds. He made lawns, laid out walks and
+avenues, set out a great number of ornamental trees, and planted
+orchards of fruit-trees. He posted himself as far as possible in the
+science of agriculture, and made many improvements upon his plantations,
+by reclaiming land and increasing the productive power of the soil.</p>
+
+<p>Once he conceived the idea of reclaiming the Great Dismal Swamp, and
+actually explored it with reference to that ultimate purpose. Through
+his agency, the incorporated company known as the Dismal Swamp Company
+was organized. "This vast morass was about thirty miles long and ten
+miles wide, and its interior but little known" until Washington explored
+it, and found a lake six miles long and three miles wide near its
+centre.</p>
+
+<p>The large number of guests at Mount Vernon, and Washington's enjoyment
+in hunting, fishing, and visiting, particularly in winter time, when the
+cares of his plantation were less numerous, appear from his journal. In
+the month of January, 1770, are the following entries:</p>
+
+<p>"2. Mr. Peake dined here.</p>
+
+<p>"4. Went hunting with John Custis and Lund Washington. Started a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[288]</a></span>deer, and then a fox, but got neither.</p>
+
+<p>"5. Went to Muddy Hole and Dogue Run. Took the dogs with me, but
+found nothing. Warner Washington and Mr. Thurston came in the
+evening.</p>
+
+<p>"6. The two Col. Fairfaxes dined here, and Mr. R. Alexander and
+the two gentlemen that came the day before.</p>
+
+<p>"8. Went hunting with Mr. Alexander, J. Custis, and Lund
+Washington. Killed a fox after three hours' chase. Mr. Thurston
+came in the afternoon.</p>
+
+<p>"9. Went a ducking, but got nothing, the creek and rivers being
+frozen. Robert Adam dined here.</p>
+
+<p>"10. Went hunting on the Neck, and visited the plantation there,
+and killed a fox after treeing it three times and chasing it
+three hours.</p>
+
+<p>"13. Dined at Belvoir with Mrs. Washington and Mr. and Miss
+Custis.</p>
+
+<p>"15. Went up to Alexandria, expecting court, but there was none.
+[He was county judge.]</p>
+
+<p>"20. Went hunting with Jackay Custis, and killed a fox after a
+three hours' chase.</p>
+
+<p>"23. Went hunting after breakfast, and found a fox at Muddy Hole
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[289]</a></span>and killed her. Mr. Temple and Mr. Robert Adam dined here.</p>
+
+<p>"27. Went hunting; and after tracking a fox a good while, the
+dogs raised a deer and ran out of the Neck with it, and did not
+come home till the next day.</p>
+
+<p>"28. Mr. Temple came here.</p>
+
+<p>"29. Dined at Belvoir with J. P. Custis.</p>
+
+<p>"30. Went hunting, and having found a deer, it ran to the head
+of the Neck before we could stop the dogs. Mr. Peake dined
+here."</p>
+
+<p>In the following month, February, fox-hunting occupied nine days, and
+five days were given to surveying.</p>
+
+<p>The laws of Virginia were very strict against interlopers on the
+Potomac. They were a great nuisance to the wealthy planters on its
+banks. Fishing and duck-hunting lured them thither. One day Mrs.
+Washington remarked to her husband, "I think that strangers are at the
+landing."</p>
+
+<p>"Are you sure they are strangers?"</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, I think so," Mrs. Washington answered. "Look and see."</p>
+
+<p>"They are strangers, surely," responded Washington, after a critical
+look towards the landing. "An oysterman's craft, I think."</p>
+
+<p>"What should an oysterman come to our landing for?"</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[290]</a></span></p>
+<p>"We shall find out before long, no doubt," Washington replied.</p>
+
+<p>It was at the landing where the family barge was tied up. The affluent
+planters kept beautiful barges, imported from England, for the use of
+their families. Washington had one, rowed by six negroes, wearing a kind
+of uniform of check shirts and black velvet caps.</p>
+
+<p>They did find out very soon who the strangers were&mdash;an oysterman and his
+crew. They were a drunken, noisy rabble, who disturbed the neighborhood
+with their yells and revelry.</p>
+
+<p>"They must be sent away," remarked Washington, as he hurried toward the
+landing. But they were not in a condition to listen to his counsels.
+They were in the defiant state of intoxication, and refused to evacuate.
+They declared themselves able and determined "to hold the fort."</p>
+
+<p>The hero of Monongahela was not to be defied in that way. He adopted
+immediate measures to drive the mob away, but was not successful.
+Finally, summoning his negroes, and organizing a campaign against them,
+he forced them to leave, though, Irving says, "It took a campaign of
+three days to expel these invaders from the premises."</p>
+
+<p>At another time Washington was riding over his estate, when the report
+of a gun on the banks of the river, not far away, startled him. Turning
+his horse in the direction of the report, he soon discovered an
+interloper in a canoe, making havoc among the canvas-back ducks which
+were numerous on the river.</p>
+
+<p>"Stranger," he called.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[291]</a></span></p>
+<p>The hunter looked up.</p>
+
+<p>"By what authority are you trespassing upon these grounds?"</p>
+
+<p>The only reply that Washington received was, the hunter aimed his gun at
+him as if to fire. But the owner of Mount Vernon had seen guns pointed
+at him before; and, nothing daunted, he dashed into the river, shouting,
+"Fire if you dare!"</p>
+
+<p>Seizing the painter of the canoe, he drew it to the shore; then,
+springing from his horse, he wrested the gun from the hands of the
+astonished hunter.</p>
+
+<p>"I am the proprietor of this estate," he shouted, seizing the fellow by
+the nape of his neck and pulling him out of his canoe, "and we will see
+whose rights are to be regarded."</p>
+
+<p>The hunter begged for mercy, promising to quit the grounds and never
+more trespass upon them. Washington restored his gun to him, and allowed
+him to depart without further punishment.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. and Mrs. Washington were active and influential members of the
+Episcopal Church. Irving says:</p>
+
+<p>"The Episcopal Church predominated throughout the 'Ancient Dominion,' as
+it was termed. Each county was divided into parishes, as in England,
+each with its parochial church, its parsonage, and glebe. Washington was
+vestryman of two parishes,&mdash;Fairfax and Truro. The parochial church of
+the former was at Alexandria, ten miles from Mount Vernon; of the
+latter<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[292]</a></span>, at Pohick, about seven miles. The church at Pohick was rebuilt
+on a plan of his own, and in a great measure at his expense. At one or
+other of these churches he attended every Sunday, when the weather and
+the roads permitted. His demeanor was reverential and devout. Mrs.
+Washington knelt during the prayers; he always stood, as was the custom
+at that time."</p>
+
+<p>One of Mrs. Washington's biographers says of her:</p>
+
+<p>"It is recorded of this devout Christian that never, during her life,
+whether in prosperity or adversity, did she omit that daily
+self-communion and self-examination, and those private devotional
+exercises, which would best prepare her for the self-control and self
+denial by which she was, for more than half a century, so eminently
+distinguished. It was her habit to retire to her own apartment every
+morning after breakfast, there to devote an hour to solitary prayer and
+meditation."</p>
+
+<p>Mount Vernon was a home of prayer, of course. The presence of guests,
+however distinguished, never modified the family devotions. These were
+among the essentials of good family government. In one of Washington's
+orders sent to England is the following:</p>
+
+<p>"A small Bible, neatly bound in Turkey, and "John Parke Custis" wrote in
+gilt letters on the inside of the cover.</p>
+
+<p>"A neat small prayer-book bound as above, with "John Parke Custis," as
+above."</p>
+
+<p>The necessity of erecting a new house of worship was discussed in the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[293]</a></span>vestry of Truro, and a vote in favor of the project was secured. On the
+location, the vestrymen were divided.</p>
+
+<p>"The old site is the proper one," said Mr. George Mason, whose residence
+was near the house of worship.</p>
+
+<p>"Not at all central," replied another.</p>
+
+<p>"Yet not so far aside as to discommode any one," responded Mason.</p>
+
+<p>"I beg leave to dissent from Mr. Mason," added a third. "The location is
+inconvenient for my family."</p>
+
+<p>"The sacred associations of the spot alone ought to keep the church
+there," urged Mr. Mason. "For generations our house of worship has stood
+there, and the place is hallowed by the sepulchres of our fathers around
+it."</p>
+
+<p>The subject was discussed, pro and con, when Washington's opinion was
+asked. Without reserve he remarked:</p>
+
+<p>"I cannot agree with my friend Mason that the location does not sensibly
+inconvenience some members of the parish. I think it does, and that a
+more central locality can be found. Neither can I see the force of his
+argument derived from the contiguity of the grave-yard. Churches are
+erected for the living, and not for the dead. The ashes of the dead can
+be sacredly protected by a suitable enclosure."</p>
+
+<p>The vestry adjourned without deciding upon the location, and before the
+next meeting, Washington carefully surveyed the parish, and made a neat
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[294]</a></span>plan of the same, showing that the old location was far from the centre.
+Mr. Mason urged with more earnestness than before the claims of the old
+site. But when Washington took his plan of survey from his pocket, and
+gave ocular demonstration that the old location was at one side of the
+parish, the new location was adopted at once.</p>
+
+<p>Rev. Lee Massey was rector of the church at that time, and he said of
+Washington:</p>
+
+<p>"I never knew so constant an attendant on church as Washington. And his
+behavior in the house of God was ever so deeply reverential that it
+produced the happiest effects on my congregation, and greatly assisted
+me in my pulpit labors. No company ever kept him from church. I have
+often been at Mount Vernon on the Sabbath morning when his
+breakfast-table was filled with guests; but to him they furnished no
+pretext for neglecting his God and losing the satisfaction of setting a
+good example. For, instead of staying at home out of false complaisance
+to them, he used constantly to invite them to accompany him."</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Washington's daughter died in 1770, after a lingering and painful
+disease. It was a terrible blow to her; and how severe a blow it was to
+her husband may be learned from the following incident:</p>
+
+<p>Coming into the room when his wife's face was buried in her hands,
+convulsed with grief, he burst into tears, kneeled beside the bed, and
+poured out his soul in a most fervent prayer that God would yet spare
+the dear girl for the sake of her mother, and for Christ's sake. She had
+already breathed her last <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[295]</a></span>a moment before he entered the room; but, in
+his great sympathy for his wife, and his own passionate grief, the fact
+was unrecognized, and he sought relief in prayer.</p>
+
+<p>The son was between sixteen and seventeen years of age when the daughter
+died, and was beginning to be a very wayward boy. He was sent to an
+Episcopal school at Annapolis, Maryland, where he attended to
+fox-hunting and other amusements more than he did to his studies. He
+fell in love, also, with Eleanor Calvert, daughter of Benedict Calvert
+of Mount Airy, and he entered into a matrimonial engagement with her.
+Mrs. Washington was very much tried by the course of the young man, and,
+after canvassing the whole subject carefully with her husband, he
+addressed a letter to Miss Calvert's father, which was a compliment
+alike to his head and heart. It was a very long letter, and we have
+space for brief extracts only:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="right2"><span class="smcap">Mount Vernon</span>, April 3, 1773.</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>,&mdash;I am now set down to write to you on a subject of
+importance, and of no small embarrassment to me. My son-in-law
+and ward, Mr. Custis, has paid his addresses to your second
+daughter, and, having made some progress in her affections, has
+solicited her in marriage. How far a union of this sort may be
+agreeable to you, you best can tell; but I should think myself
+wanting in candor were I not to confess that Miss Nelly's
+amiable qualities are acknowledged on all hands, and that an
+alliance with your family will be pleasing to his.</p>
+
+<p>"This acknowledgment being made, you must permit me to add sir,
+that at this, or in any short time, his youth, inexperience, and
+unripened education, are, and will be, insuperable obstacles, in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[296]</a></span>my opinion, to the completion of the marriage. As his guardian,
+I consider it my indispensable duty to endeavor to carry him
+through a regular course of education, and to guard his youth to
+a more advanced age, before an event on which his own peace and
+the happiness of another are to depend, takes place....</p>
+
+<p>"If the affection which they have avowed for each other is fixed
+upon a solid basis, it will receive no diminution in the course
+of two or three years, in which time he may prosecute his
+studies, and thereby render himself more deserving of the lady
+and useful to society. If, unfortunately, as they are both
+young, there should be an abatement of affection on either side,
+or both, it had better precede, than follow, marriage.</p>
+
+<p>"Delivering my sentiments thus freely will not, I hope, lead you
+into a belief that I am desirous of breaking off the match. To
+postpone it is all I have in view; for I shall recommend to the
+young gentleman, with the warmth that becomes a man of honor, to
+consider himself as much engaged to your daughter as if the
+indissoluble knot was tied; and, as the surest means of
+affecting this, to apply himself closely to his studies, by
+which he will, in a great measure, avoid those little
+flirtations with other young ladies, that may, by dividing the
+attention, contribute not a little to divide the affections."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The result of this correspondence was that Washington took young Custis
+to King's (now Columbia) College, New York City, and entered him for two
+years. But love had so much more control of his heart than learning had
+of his head, that he remained there only a few months, when he returned
+to Mount Vernon, and was married to Miss Calvert on Feb. 3, 1774. The
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[297]</a></span>couple were nineteen and seventeen years of age, respectively, and their
+marriage proved a very fortunate event for themselves, and the families
+on both sides.</p>
+
+<p>The following incident, illustrative of Washington's fine personal
+appearance, transpired when he accompanied his step-son to New York. It
+is from the pen of Mr. Custis:</p>
+
+<p>"It was boasted at the table of the British governor that a regiment,
+just landed from England, contained among its officers some of the
+finest specimens of martial elegance in his Majesty's service; in fact,
+the most superb-looking fellows ever landed upon the shores of the new
+World. 'I wager your excellency a pair of gloves,' said Mrs. Morris, an
+American lady, 'that I will show you a finer man in the procession
+to-morrow than your excellency can select from your famous
+regiment;'&mdash;'Done, madam!' replied the governor. The morrow came (the
+fourth of June), and the procession, in honor of the birthday of the
+king, advanced through Broadway to the strains of military music. As the
+troops filed before the governor, he pointed out to the lady several
+officers by name, claiming her admiration for their superior persons and
+brilliant equipments. In rear of the troops came a band of officers not
+on duty, colonial officers, and strangers of distinction. Immediately,
+on their approach, the attention of the governor was seen to be directed
+toward a tall and martial figure, that marched with grave and measured
+tread, apparently indifferent to the scene around him. The lady now
+archly observed, 'I perceive that your excellency's eyes are turned to
+the right object; what say you to your wager now, sir?'&mdash;'Lost, madam,'
+replied the gallant governor; 'when I laid my wager I was not aware that
+Colone<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[298]</a></span>l Washington was in New York.'"</p>
+
+<p>Washington kept his own books at the same time that he attended to the
+business of his vast estates. The same neatness, method, and accuracy
+characterized his accounts at Mount Vernon that characterized his
+writing books at Mr. Williams' school. They were models.</p>
+
+<p>When Mrs. Washington went to Mount Vernon to live, the mansion contained
+only four square rooms on the ground. In this condition it remained
+until the close of the Revolution.</p>
+
+<p>During the Revolution she was wont to spend the winter with her husband
+in his winter quarters. The accommodations were always meagre. One of
+these winters he occupied a small frame house, unfurnished in the second
+story. The general could get along with the meagre comforts, but he
+desired better accommodations for his wife. So he sent for a young
+mechanic and fellow-apprentice.</p>
+
+<p>"Mrs. Washington will tell you what she wants, and you will make the
+changes under her direction," he said to them.</p>
+
+<p>Soon Mrs. Washington was in their presence.</p>
+
+<p>"Now, young men," she said, "I care for nothing but comfort here, and
+should like you to fit me up a beaufet on one side of the room, and some
+shelves and places for hanging clothes on the other."</p>
+
+<p>The mechanic said afterwards that "every morning Mrs. Washington came
+up-stairs to see us; and after she and the general had dined, she always
+called us down to eat at her table. We worked very hard, nailing smooth
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[299]</a></span>boards over the rough and worm-eaten planks, and stopping the crevices
+in the walls made by time and hard usage. We studied to do everything to
+please so pleasant a lady, and to make some return in our humble way for
+the kindness of the general."</p>
+
+<p>When the work was completed, Mrs. Washington was surveying it, when the
+mechanic said, "Madam, we have endeavored to do the best we could. I
+hope we have suited you."</p>
+
+<p>"I am astonished," Mrs. Washington replied. "Your work would do honor to
+an old master, and you are mere lads. I am not only satisfied, but
+highly gratified with what you have done for my comfort."</p>
+
+<p>She was accustomed to say, after the Revolution, "I heard the first
+cannon at the opening, and the last at the closing, of all the campaigns
+of the Revolutionary war."</p>
+
+<p>She survived her husband by two years. As death drew near, with mind
+clear and heart staid on God, she awaited the final summons with
+calmness and sweet resignation. She called her grandchildren to her
+bedside, "discoursed to them of their respective duties, spoke of the
+happy influence of religion, and then triumphantly resigned her spirit
+into the hands of her Saviour," and expired.</p>
+
+<p>Mount Vernon is now in a good state of preservation. A national
+association of women have charge of the place, that it may be kept in
+repair, and the relics&mdash;furniture, pictures, account books, library,
+etc.&mdash;be preserved for coming generations to see.</p>
+
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[300]</a></span></p><hr />
+
+<h2><a name="XVI" id="XVI"></a>XVI.<br />
+
+<small>COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF.</small></h2>
+
+
+<p class="noi"><span class="smcap">During</span> the fifteen years of Washington's peaceful abode at Mount Vernon,
+public affairs were hastening to a crisis. The "Seven Years' War,"
+beginning with Washington's attack upon De Jumonville, and ending with
+the surrender of Montreal and all Canada, and the signing of the treaty
+of peace at Fontainbleau, in 1763, had closed; but greater things
+awaited the colonists in the future.</p>
+
+<p>Scarcely had the people settled down in the enjoyment of peace when an
+insurrection broke out among the Indian tribes, including the Delawares,
+Shawnees, and other tribes on the Ohio, with whom Washington had
+mingled. It was called "Pontiac's War," because Pontiac, a famous Indian
+chief, was its master-spirit. He induced the tribes to take up the
+hatchet against the English.</p>
+
+<p>An attack was made upon all the English posts, from Detroit to Fort Pitt
+(late Duquesne). "Several of the small stockaded forts, the places of
+refuge of woodland neighbors, were surprised and sacked with remorseless
+butchery. The frontiers of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia were
+laid waste; traders in the wilderness were plundered and slain; hamlets
+and farm-houses were wrapped in flames, and their inhabitants
+massacred."</p>
+
+<p>Washington was not engaged in this Indian war, which was short in
+duration. At the time he was pushing his project of draining the Dismal
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[301]</a></span>Swamp.</p>
+
+<p>Other things, however, of a public nature enlisted his attention, as the
+following interview with Mr. George Mason will show:</p>
+
+<p>"It appears that the British Government propose to tax the
+Colonies to help pay its debts," remarked Mr. Mason. "At least,
+the subject is before Parliament for discussion."</p>
+
+<p>"Yes," answered Washington, "and the proposition is as unjust as it is
+impolitic. After we have helped the king maintain his authority in this
+country, we must not only pay our own bills, but help him pay his. The
+Colonists will never submit to that."</p>
+
+<p>"They never should, whether they will or not," replied Mason. "I
+understand that the British officers have represented to the government
+that the colonists are rich, and abundantly able to assist in paying the
+debt of England."</p>
+
+<p>"And that comes from entertaining them in an extravagant way, as our
+leaders did. A few rich families furnished the silver plate and luxuries
+that dazzled the eyes of British officers." Here Washington referred to
+what he never approved, "borrowing silver and begging luxuries" to treat
+British officers with.</p>
+
+<p>"But suppose Parliament actually imposes a tax upon us, and sends agents
+to collect it, what can be done?"</p>
+
+<p>"Resist the tax," Washington replied.</p>
+
+<p>"How resist?"</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[302]</a></span></p>
+<p>"There is but one way to resist; resort to arms." "And there will be a
+poor show for us against the king's armies," said Mason.</p>
+
+<p>"And the king's temper," added Washington, alluding to the fact that
+King George the Third, then ruling England, was an ambitious,
+unprincipled, and tyrannical ruler.</p>
+
+<p>"The king will not be very merciful towards <i>rebels</i>."</p>
+
+<p>"No, of course not. I suppose that resistance to the tax will be
+rebellion."</p>
+
+<p>"It cannot be anything else. Nevertheless, we can never submit to
+taxation without representation," added Washington, referring to the
+fact that the Colonists had neither voice nor vote in the administration
+of the British Government.</p>
+
+<p>"Never! Even loyalty cannot approve so base an act of injustice."</p>
+
+<p>"Especially after Parliament has gone to the verge of extortion by
+previous acts," remarked Washington. "Our ports are now shut against
+foreign vessels; we can export our productions only to countries
+belonging to the British Crown, and must import goods only from England,
+and in English ships. Neither can we manufacture anything that will
+interfere with the manufactures of England. These are intolerant
+measures."</p>
+
+<p>"That is so; and I do not wonder that the New England Colonies,
+particularly, should remonstrate against these arbitrary restraints,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[303]</a></span>since their interests are chiefly commercial, and, therefore, more
+seriously affected by them."</p>
+
+<p>"I doubt whether Parliament will venture upon so hazardous an
+experiment," continued Washington. "Walpole and Pitt, not to mention
+others, are opposed to this measure of deriving a revenue by taxation
+from the Colonies. Walpole said, 'It must be a bolder man than myself,
+and one less friendly to commerce, who should venture on such an
+expedient. For my part, I would encourage the trade of the Colonists to
+the utmost.' Such sentiments must have weight with the government."</p>
+
+<p>Contrary to Washington's expectations, Parliament voted, in 1764, that
+England had a right to tax America; and Grenville, then at the head of
+the government, proceeded to preparations for taxing the Colonies.
+Through his influence, also, the "Stamp Act" was passed in March, 1765,
+whereby "all instruments in writing were to be executed on stamped
+paper, to be purchased from the agents of the British Government."</p>
+
+<p>Other oppressive measures, also, were adopted subsequently, such as the
+appointment of judges by the English commissioners; that offenders
+should be tried in England for offences committed in America; with acts
+of lesser importance that infringed upon the rights of the people.</p>
+
+<p>These things aroused the indignation of the Colonists, and the
+excitement grew to the highest pitch. In New England violent measures
+were adopted to express the indignant remonstrance of the people.</p>
+
+<p>Two months after the passage of the "Stamp Act" in England, the Virginia
+Legislature convened at Williamsburg. Few of the members sympathized
+with the British Government. A large majority denounced the aforesaid
+measures as oppressive and tyrannical. Among the new members was Patrick
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[304]</a></span>Henry, a young lawyer of fearless courage and fervid eloquence. Rising
+in his seat, he presented a series of resolutions, which declared that
+the House of Burgesses of Virginia alone possessed the right to tax the
+people of that Colony, and whoever maintained the contrary should be
+deemed an enemy to the Colony.</p>
+
+<p>He supported these resolutions by a speech of surpassing eloquence,
+surprising his associates by his boldness and powerful oratory.</p>
+
+<p>"The resolutions are inflammatory," objected the speaker, Mr. Robinson.
+"We can maintain our rights without challenging the arms of the
+mother-country."</p>
+
+<p>"The resolutions are right in principle, but intemperate in spirit,"
+remarked another.</p>
+
+<p>"Our self-respect demands that we indignantly repel such invasion of our
+rights as taxation imposes!" exclaimed a third, in full accord with the
+resolutions.</p>
+
+<p>After the discussion had proceeded for a while, a timid spirit being
+manifested by a few, and indignant remonstrance against British tyranny
+by the many, Patrick Henry rose to reply to objections advanced.</p>
+
+<p>He vindicated colonial rights under the English Constitution by an
+argument of great power, showing how often and causelessly they had been
+assailed; and he justified the resolutions by the "cool deliberation" of
+Parliament in fastening the chains of slavery upon them. Warming with
+his theme, he advanced to matchless eloquence, and closed his philippic
+with such a daring burst of patriotism as startled the Assembly.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[305]</a></span></p>
+<p>"C&aelig;sar had his Brutus!" he shouted; "Charles his Cromwell, and George
+the Third"&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Treason! Treason!" cried the speaker.</p>
+
+<p>"And George the Third may profit by their examples!" finishing the
+sentence in thunder tones.</p>
+
+<p>"Sir," he continued, after running his eye over the Assembly, "if this
+be treason (bowing to the speaker) make the most of it!"</p>
+
+<p>Lieutenant-governor Fauquier was alarmed at this disloyal demonstration,
+and proceeded to dissolve the Assembly, though not until the resolutions
+were adopted in a modified form, still retaining, however, their
+patriotic spirit.</p>
+
+<p>Washington supported the resolutions, and condemned the governor for
+dissolving the Assembly; and, as the governor ordered a new election,
+hoping thereby to secure a Legislature of truly loyal members, he
+recommended the re-election of those who voted for the resolutions, and
+the non-election of those who voted against them. The people were so
+impregnated with the spirit of Patrick Henry, that nearly every man who
+voted for the resolutions was returned to the next Assembly, and nearly
+all the others were left at home.</p>
+
+<p>"Patrick Henry's course was treasonable," said Lord Fairfax to
+Washington. "A petition to the king, expressing our grievances, and
+praying for the removal of these oppressive measures would accomplish
+far more for us in my judgment."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[306]</a></span></p><p>"And yet Patrick Henry had right, justice, and patriotism on his side,"
+replied Washington. "Without his spirit we should bend our necks to the
+British yoke, and become a nation of slaves."</p>
+
+<p>"Yes; but appeal to the government should precede opposition," suggested
+Fairfax.</p>
+
+<p>"We have appealed,&mdash;vainly appealed," answered Washington. "The New
+England Colonies have remonstrated again and again; but their
+remonstrances have been spurned. The British Government must understand
+the patriotic spirit that animates our people."</p>
+
+<p>"All that is true; but it is not necessary to arouse the wrath of the
+British lion in order to accomplish that," remarked Fairfax.</p>
+
+<p>"That is a matter which should not trouble us," replied Washington. "Our
+rights and liberties should be maintained at all hazards. And I am
+heartily in favor of the New England plan to cease using importations on
+which taxes are imposed."</p>
+
+<p>"I am with you in that," said Fairfax.</p>
+
+<p>"I confess that my sympathies are with the inhabitants of Boston, even
+in their violent demonstrations against the enforcement of these unjust
+measures."</p>
+
+<p>"To what do you particularly refer?" inquired Lord Fairfax.</p>
+
+<p>"The citizens of Boston hung the stamp distributor in effigy, broke the
+windows of his office, and finally tore his office down and made a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[307]</a></span>bonfire of the fragments. They closed their demonstration by pelting the
+officials, who interfered, with stones. The stamp distributor resigned
+his office at once."</p>
+
+<p>"That is insurrection," remarked Fairfax.</p>
+
+<p>"Very true, and I would not recommend a resort to such extreme measures;
+certainly not at this stage of affairs. Yet I really sympathize with the
+patriotic spirit that has aroused the people of Boston to repel acts of
+usurpation and tyranny."</p>
+
+<p>Benjamin Franklin had been sent to England as an agent of the Colonies
+to intercede for their rights. He was summoned before a committee of
+Parliament, where the following colloquy occurred:</p>
+
+<p>"What was the temper of America towards Great Britain before the year
+1763?" That was the year of the treaty between England and France, as we
+have seen.</p>
+
+<p>"The best in the world," Dr. Franklin answered. "They submitted
+willingly to the government of the Crown, and paid, in all their courts,
+obedience to the acts of Parliament. Numerous as the people are in the
+several old provinces, they cost you nothing in forts, citadels,
+garrisons, or armies, to keep them in subjection. They were governed by
+this country at the expense only of a little pen, ink, and paper. They
+were led by a thread.... Natives of Great Britain were always treated
+with particular regard; to be an Old England man was, of itself, a
+character of some respect, and gave a kind of rank among us."</p>
+
+<p>"And what is their temper now?"<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[308]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"Oh, very much altered!"</p>
+
+<p>"If the Stamp Act is not repealed, what do you think will be the
+consequences?"</p>
+
+<p>"A total loss of the respect and affection the people of America bear to
+this country, and of all the commerce that depends on that respect and
+affection."</p>
+
+<p>"Do you think the people of America would submit to pay the stamp duty
+if it was moderated?"</p>
+
+<p>"No, never, unless compelled by force of arms."</p>
+
+<p>This was stating the case without reserve; and, no doubt, it had much to
+do with the repeal of the Stamp Act in March, 1766.</p>
+
+<p>It should not be overlooked that the Colonies had some strong friends in
+Parliament. Charles Townsend advocated the enforcement of the Stamp Act.
+"Who are these Americans?" he cried. "Are they not our children, planted
+by our care, nourished by our indulgence, and protected by our arms?"</p>
+
+<p>The brave Colonel Barr&eacute;, with cheeks all inflamed with virtuous
+indignation, replied:</p>
+
+<p>"They planted by your care? No, sir; your oppressions planted them in
+America! They fled from your tyranny to a then uncultivated and
+inhospitable country, where they exposed themselves to all the evils
+which a wilderness, filled wit<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[309]</a></span>h blood-thirsty savages, could threaten.
+And yet, actuated by true English love of liberty, they thought all
+these evils light in comparison with what they suffered in their own
+country, and from you, who ought to have been their friends.</p>
+
+<p>"They nourished by your indulgence? No, sir; they grew by your neglect!
+As soon as you began to indulge them, that boasted indulgence was to
+send them hungry packs of your own creatures to spy out their liberties,
+to misrepresent their actions, and to prey upon their substance! Yes,
+sir; you sent them men, whose behavior has often caused the blood of
+those Sons of Liberty to recoil within them&mdash;men promoted by you to the
+highest seats of justice in that country, who, to my knowledge, had good
+cause to dread a court of justice in their own! They protected by your
+arms? No, sir! They have nobly taken up arms in your defence&mdash;have
+exerted a most heroic valor, amidst their daily labors, for the defence
+of a country whose frontier was drenched in blood, while its interior
+parts gave up all their savings to our emolument!"</p>
+
+<p>These words of Barr&eacute; were as just as they were heroic; for, in the
+"Seven Years' War" the Americans lost about thirty thousand men; and
+Massachusetts alone spent about two hundred and fifty thousand dollars
+in defence of the country.</p>
+
+<p>The next session of the House of Burgesses occurred after a Congress of
+delegates from the several Colonies met in New York City. The doings of
+that Congress were not suited to make the action of the Virginia
+Legislature more conciliatory, for that Congressional body denounced the
+acts of the British Parliament, and declared that Americans could never
+submit to such assaults upon their liberties.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[310]</a></span></p>
+<p>The Virginia Assembly was more insurrectionary at the next session,
+startling the new governor (Lord Botetourt) to such a degree that he
+appeared in the council chamber personally, and said:</p>
+
+<p>"Mr. Speaker, and gentlemen of the House of Burgesses, I have heard of
+your resolves, and augur ill of their effects. You have made it my duty
+to dissolve you, and you are dissolved accordingly."</p>
+
+<p>The Burgesses adjourned to a private house, and made Peyton Randolph
+moderator. Here Washington presented "a draft of the articles of
+association, concerted between him and George Mason. They formed the
+ground-work of an instrument signed by all present, pledging themselves
+neither to import nor use any goods, merchandise, or manufactures taxed
+by Parliament to raise a revenue in America."</p>
+
+<p>This plan had been adopted by the New England Colonies, and now measures
+were taken to make it universal.</p>
+
+<p>Washington adhered scrupulously to the plan, and allowed nothing to come
+into his house with the tax of England upon it. He wrote to his London
+agent:</p>
+
+<p>"You will perceive, in looking over the several invoices, that some of
+the goods there required are upon condition that the act of Parliament,
+imposing a duty on tea, paper, etc., for the purpose of raising a
+revenue in America, is totally repealed; and I beg the favor of you to
+be governed strictly thereby, as it will not be in my power to receive
+any articles contrary t<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[311]</a></span>o our non-importation agreement, which I have
+subscribed and shall religiously adhere to, and should, if it were as I
+could wish it to be, ten times as strict."</p>
+
+<p>He wrote to George Mason:</p>
+
+<p>"Our all is at stake, and the little conveniences and comforts of life,
+when set in competition with our liberty, ought to be rejected not with
+reluctance, but with pleasure.... It is amazing how much this practice,
+if adopted in all the Colonies, would lessen the American imports, and
+distress the various traders and manufacturers in Great Britain."</p>
+
+<p>Washington's prediction was fulfilled. The traders of England were
+embarrassed by non-importation, and appealed to the government for
+relief. The tax was removed from all articles except tea. It was
+retained on tea in order "to show the Colonies that England claimed the
+right of taxation."</p>
+
+<p>To the Colonies a tax on one article was just as much an invasion of
+their rights as a tax upon all; so that the last act of Parliament was
+additional proof that England meant to force taxation upon them. Of
+course, as brave and fearless patriots, they resisted. Tea was
+universally discarded. Ship-loads of it in Boston, New York, and other
+ports were returned to England, or packed away to perish. In Boston
+seventeen citizens disguised themselves as Indians, boarded an English
+tea-vessel, and cast the tea into the dock. This act aroused the
+British lion, and he shook his mane and roared. Soon an English fleet
+appeared in Boston Harbor to reduce the inhabitants to subjection by
+force of arms. At the same time, the Boston Port Bill was enforced,
+thereby closing the harbor of that city to commerce.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[312]</a></span></p>
+<p>The citizens refused to provide quarters for the English troops, and
+declared, in public assembly, that quartering British soldiers in the
+State House and Faneuil Hall, as the English officers had done, was a
+still further and graver invasion of their rights.</p>
+
+<p>We should have said that the day on which the Stamp Act went into
+operation, Nov. 1, 1765, was observed throughout the Colonies as a day
+of fasting and prayer. The day was ushered in by the tolling of bells,
+as if the funeral ceremonies of the king himself were to be performed.
+Ships displayed their colors at half-mast. Business was suspended, and
+halls and churches were opened for prayer and addresses. Washington's
+journal shows that he spent the day very much as he did his Sabbaths,
+in devout worship in the house of God, and religious exercises at home.</p>
+
+<p>In Boston a solemn procession bore along the streets effigies of the men
+who were promoters of the Act, burying them with appropriate ceremonies.
+In New York City a similar procession carried the printed Act itself
+upon a pole, surmounted by a death's head, with a scroll bearing the
+inscription, "<span class="smcap">The Folly of England and Ruin of America.</span>"
+Lieutenant-Governor Colden, who had lent his influence to secure the
+Act, fearing violence, fled to the fort, and garrisoned it with marines
+from a ship of war. "The mob broke into his stable, drew out his
+chariot, put his effigy into it, paraded it through the streets to the
+Common (now the Park), where they hung it on a gallows. In the evening
+it was taken down, put again into the chariot, with the devil for a
+companion, and escorted back by torchlight to the bowling green, where
+the whole pageant, chariot and all, was burnt under the very guns of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[313]</a></span>fort."</p>
+
+<p>The day on which the Boston Port Bill went into effect was also set
+apart as a day of fasting, and similar demonstrations were made
+throughout the Colonies.</p>
+
+<p>It is necessary to turn aside at this point to speak of Washington's
+visit to Ohio in the interest of his officers and soldiers. It will be
+remembered that the Governor of Virginia pledged the Virginia troops led
+by Washington to the Ohio, two hundred thousand acres of the best land
+in that region. Years passed by, and this pledge was not redeemed. The
+British ministry opposed redeeming the pledge. But Washington did not
+forget the claim of his old associates in the hardships and perils of
+war. He took the matter in hand, and seized upon an opportune moment to
+carry out his purpose. He even performed a journey to the Ohio to select
+the best land possible for his deserving comrades. The opportune moment
+he chose for his journey is described as follows by Irving:</p>
+
+<p>"The Six Nations, by a treaty in 1768, had ceded to the British Crown,
+in consideration of a sum of money, all the lands possessed by them
+south of the Ohio. Land offices would soon be opened for the sale of
+them. Squatters and speculators were already preparing to swarm in, set
+up their marks on the choicest spots, and establish what were called
+preemption rights. Washington determined at once to visit the lands thus
+ceded, affix his mark on such tracts as he should select, and apply for
+a grant from government, in behalf of the 'soldiers' claim.'"</p>
+
+<p>This expedition was attended by considerable danger, as the Delawares,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[314]</a></span>Shawnees, and Mingees considered that their rights were invaded by the
+action of the Six Nations. The appearance of white men upon their
+domains to claim lands was not at all agreeable to them.</p>
+
+<p>In these circumstances Washington undertook the journey, accompanied by
+his old friend Dr. Craik, and servant, with two servants of his own. All
+were mounted, with an additional horse to carry the baggage.</p>
+
+<p>They were twelve days on their way to Fort Pitt, where they took a large
+canoe to descend the Ohio as far as the Great Kanawha. Colonel Croghan,
+at the fort, engaged two Indians to conduct them thither, and John
+Nicholson as interpreter.</p>
+
+<p>It was during this trip down the Ohio that Washington enjoyed rare
+sport. Such herds of deer upon the banks, and flocks of wild turkeys,
+and such numbers of ducks and geese upon the river, he had never seen
+before. The canoe was loaded with game.</p>
+
+<p>It was on this trip, also, at the mouth of the Great Kanawha, that
+Washington met the old sachem "who lay in ambush on the banks of the
+Monongahela, and wrought such havoc in Braddock's army." The Indian
+chief came to honor Washington, accompanied with other warriors. After
+formal introduction, he addressed him thus, through Nicholson the
+interpreter:</p>
+
+<p>"I am a chief, and the ruler over many tribes. My influence extends to
+the waters of the great lakes, and to the far blue mountains. I have
+travelled a long and weary path that I might see the young warrior of
+the great battle. It was on the day when the white man's blood mixed
+with the streams of our forest that I first beheld this chief; I called
+to my young men an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[315]</a></span>d said, "Mark yon tall and daring warrior? He is not
+of the red-coat tribe: he hath an Indian's wisdom, and his warriors
+fight as we do; himself is alone exposed. Quick, let your aim be certain
+and he dies." Our rifles were levelled, rifles which, but for him, knew
+not how to miss. 'Twas all in vain; a power mightier far than we
+shielded him from harm. He cannot die in battle. I am old, and soon
+shall be gathered to the great council-fire of my fathers, in the land
+of shades; but ere I go, there is a something bids me speak in the voice
+of prophecy. Listen! <i>The Great Spirit protects that man, and guides his
+destinies. He will become the chief of nations, and a people yet unborn
+will hail him as the founder of a mighty empire!</i>"</p>
+
+<p>Washington successfully accomplished the object of his mission, and in
+the end his old companions in arms received their just dues. "Fifteen
+thousand acres were awarded to a field officer, nine thousand to a
+captain, six thousand to a subaltern, and so on." Stobo and Van Braam,
+who were with him at Great Meadows, received nine thousand acres
+apiece. They were in London at the time, and subsequently Washington
+purchased their claims through his London agent.</p>
+
+<p>How perilous his journey was at the time may be inferred from the fact
+that soon after his return there was another Indian outbreak on the
+banks of the Great Kanawha, whither Washington went, and in the
+engagement Colonel Lewis and other Virginians lost their lives.</p>
+
+<p>The Virginia Assembly was in session when the Boston Port Bill took
+effect, and the members voted to make the day one of fasting. They
+voted, also, at that session, to call a Congress of the Colonies. Other
+legislatures adopted a like measure; and the first American Congress
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[316]</a></span>convened in Philadelphia on the 5th of September, 1774. Washington was a
+member of this body, and took a leading part in addressing an able
+memorial to the King of Great Britain.</p>
+
+<p>Patrick Henry was asked who was the first man in the American Congress
+at Philadelphia, and he answered:</p>
+
+<p>"If you speak of eloquence, Mr. Rutledge of South Carolina is by far the
+greatest orator; but if you speak of solid information and sound
+judgment, Colonel Washington is unquestionably the greatest man on that
+floor."</p>
+
+<p>The patriots felt the need of divine guidance in their deliberations,
+and elected Rev. Mr. Duch&eacute; of Philadelphia, an Episcopal clergyman,
+chaplain of Congress. A few mornings thereafter, news came that the enemy
+was cannonading Boston. It so happened that the Psalter for that day
+included the following passages:</p>
+
+<p>"Plead my cause, O Lord, with them that strive with me. Fight against
+them that fight against me. Take hold of shield and buckler, and stand
+up for my help. Draw out also the spear, and stop the way of them that
+persecute me. Say unto my soul, I am thy salvation."</p>
+
+<p>The effect upon the Assembly was thrilling. John Adams wrote to his wife
+about it:</p>
+
+<p>"You must remember this was the morning after we heard the horrible
+rumor of the cannonade of Boston. I never saw a greater effect upon an
+audience. It seemed as if Heaven had ordained that Psalm to be read on
+that morning.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[317]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"After this, Mr. Duch&eacute; unexpectedly struck out into an extemporaneous
+prayer, which filled the bosom of every man present. Episcopalian as he
+is, Dr. Cooper himself never prayed with such fervor, such ardor, such
+earnestness and pathos, and in language so eloquent and sublime for
+America, for the Congress, for the Province of Massachusetts Bay, and
+especially for the town of Boston."</p>
+
+<p>Most of the members stood during the prayer, but Washington was on his
+knees.</p>
+
+<p>Lord Chatham was still alive, an old man, feeble and disabled, when that
+memorial was laid before Parliament, and he "crawled" from his sick room
+into that body to plead for the American cause. The old orator kindled
+with patriotic fervor as he rose to defend the cause of the oppressed,
+and he gave utterance to one of the most eloquent and impassioned
+appeals ever delivered in Parliament. Our space will allow but a brief
+extract from it:</p>
+
+<p>"For God's sake then, my lords, let the way be instantly opened for
+reconciliation; I say instantly, or it will be too late forever. The
+Americans tell you&mdash;and remember it is the language of the whole
+continent&mdash;they tell you they will <i>never submit</i> to be taxed without
+their own consent. They insist on a repeal of your laws. They do not ask
+it as a favor: they claim it as a <i>right</i>; they <i>demand it</i>. And I tell
+you the acts must be repealed; they <i>will</i> be repealed: you cannot
+enforce them. But bare repeal will not satisfy this enlightened and
+spirited people. What! satisfy them by repealing a bit of paper? by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[318]</a></span>
+repealing a piece of parchment? No! you must declare you have <i>no right
+to tax</i> them; then they may trust you, then they will confide in you.
+There are, my lords, three millions of Whigs in America. Three millions
+of Whigs, with arms in their hands, are a <i>formidable body</i>! There are,
+I trust, double that number of Whigs in England; and I hope the Whigs in
+both countries will join and make a common cause. They are united by the
+strongest ties of sentiment and interest, and will therefore, I hope,
+fly to support their brethren. In this most alarming and distracted
+state of our affairs, though borne down by a cruel disease, I have
+crawled to this house, my lords, to give you my best advice, which is,
+to beseech his Majesty that orders may instantly be despatched to
+General Gage to remove the troops from Boston; their presence is a
+source of perpetual irritation and suspicion to those people. How can
+they trust you with the bayonet at their breasts? They have all the
+reason in the world to believe that you mean their death or slavery. Let
+us then set to this business in earnest. There is no time to be lost:
+every moment is big with danger. Nay, while I am now speaking, the
+decisive blow may be struck, and millions involved in the dreadful
+consequences! The very first drop of blood that is drawn will make a
+wound perhaps never to be healed&mdash;a wound of such rancorous malignity,
+as will, in all probability, mortify the whole body, and hasten, both on
+England and America, that dissolution to which all nations are
+destined....</p>
+
+<p>"My lord, if the ministers thus persevere in misadvising the king, he
+will be undone. He may, indeed, still wear his crown, but the American
+jewel out of it, it will not be worth the wearing."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[319]</a></span></p><p>Although Chatham was supported by Lord Camden, Lord Shelburne, and the
+Marquis of Rockingham, his motion was rejected by a large majority, and
+nearly seven thousand more troops were forwarded to Boston as soon as
+possible.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Weems states, what we should have mentioned before, that when
+England resolved to enforce the tax on tea, and sent a fleet of vessels
+loaded with the article to Boston, and other American ports, in order to
+test the matter, Lord Fairfax called upon Washington at his home.</p>
+
+<p>"A letter from my agent," said Washington, "announces that several
+vessels with cargoes of gunpowder tea are about to set sail to this
+country. Parliament is determined to tax our tea."</p>
+
+<p>"Why do you call it <i>gunpowder</i> tea?" asked Fairfax.</p>
+
+<p>"Why, I am afraid, my lord," replied Washington, "it will prove
+inflammable, and produce an explosion that will shake both countries."</p>
+
+<p>His prediction was fulfilled, showing that he took in the situation,
+with that sagacity for which he was renowned.</p>
+
+<p>General Gage was in command of the royal forces in Boston. When the Port
+Bill went into operation, he removed the Legislature to Salem. But such
+was the indignation of the Colonists that, when the time of opening its
+session arrived, he did not dare to proceed thither. The members
+assembled, however, and, after waiting in vain for General Gage, they
+adjourned to Concord, where, immediately, the patriots began to collect
+arms, ammunition, and other supplies for war.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[320]</a></span></p><p>The military force of General Gage in Boston was increased to such an
+extent that he soon exhausted his supplies. For relief, he sent out
+small foraging parties secretly, to seize and appropriate whatever they
+could lay their hands upon. Hearing that there was a magazine of
+supplies at Concord, on the night of April 18, 1775, he sent out eight
+hundred picked men, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Smith, to
+destroy it. By some means Dr. Warren of Boston learned of General Gage's
+intentions, and, by a previously concerted signal, gave the alarm. A
+light in the steeple of the Old North Church was the signal to certain
+patriots that the people must be called to arms.</p>
+
+<p>A courier on horseback dashed away from Charlestown, at breakneck speed,
+to give the alarm to the sleeping inhabitants of villages between that
+place and Concord. At the top of his voice he cried, to startle the
+minute-men from their beds, "The regulars are coming!"</p>
+
+<p>Certain leading patriots on the way must be aroused and told the story
+of their danger. So, with a furious pound upon their door, and the wild
+cry, "The regulars are coming!" the heroic patriots were routed from
+their beds.</p>
+
+<p>At Lexington Mrs. Harrington, a brave and trusty heroine, heard the
+midnight cry, and she sprang from her bed, ran to the chamber door, and
+shouted to her son, who was a minute-man, "John, get up! The regulars
+are coming!"</p>
+
+<p>By the time day-light began to dawn, the minute-men were in arms, and
+the whole region round about was fired with the courage and enthusiasm
+of men resolved to be free or die. When the British troops reached
+Lexington at five o'clock on the morning of April 19, they found a
+hundred minute-men drawn up in battle array. Major Pitcairn rode up
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[321]</a></span>to them, and shouted:</p>
+
+<p>"Disperse, you rebels! Throw down your arms and disperse!"</p>
+
+<p>His order was followed by a volley of musketry right into the faces of
+the Lexington soldiers, killing four and wounding several others. The
+minute-men dispersed, and the British troops hurried on to Concord. Here
+they met with an unexpectedly hot reception by several hundred
+minute-men, who had come through the darkness to defend their supplies
+and the town. Every hour their number increased by the accession of
+heroes, who came from even twenty miles away to meet the foe.</p>
+
+<p>The British commander was forced to order a retreat, in which his army
+suffered even more than it did in the battle. The minute-men, from
+behind trees, houses, barns, and stone walls, picked off the red-coats,
+so that when the invaders reached Lexington, on their retreat, they were
+exhausted, depleted, and disheartened. But for the arrival of
+reinforcements under Lord Percy, the Yankees would have killed or
+captured Colonel Smith and all his force.</p>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding Colonel Smith was reinforced by "sixteen companies of
+foot, a corps of marines, and two pieces of artillery," the retreat was
+continued. All the way from Lexington to Boston, minute-men, who lived
+remote from the route, and heard the startling news too late to hurry to
+Concord, annoyed the retreating army by pouring the contents of their
+muskets into their ranks from covert places where they concealed
+themselves for bloody work. When the British reached Charlestown, they
+had sustained a loss of sixty-five killed, one hundred and eighty
+wounded, and twenty-eight prisoners. The Americans lost fifty killed and
+thirty-four wounded.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[322]</a></span></p>
+<p>That was the opening of the Revolutionary War, in which independence was
+achieved. On that nineteenth day of April, 1775, was fired the first gun
+which, John Adams said, "was heard around the world." From that moment
+Americans armed themselves, and an army of defence was hastily rallied
+at Cambridge. The Assembly of Massachusetts was in session at the time,
+and voted to raise thirteen thousand men in the Colony, and ask the
+other New England Colonies to increase the number to thirty thousand.
+There was scarcely any need of such action by the Legislature, however,
+for the patriotism of the people was unbounded. The Concord fight
+obliterated the last vestige of apathy, and drew forth a spirit of
+heroism before unknown. From every quarter men rushed to arms
+voluntarily, ready to sacrifice even life in the common cause. As an
+example of the unparalleled devotion to the country, Israel Putnam of
+Connecticut was ploughing in the field when the news of the Concord
+fight reached him. Without stopping to go to his house, he jumped upon
+the back of his horse, instructed his son to carry the intelligence to
+his mother, and galloped away to join the troops at Cambridge. With such
+courage and patriotism Americans rallied for the defense of the country,
+coming even from the most distant hamlets of New England.</p>
+
+<p>The second American Congress met in Philadelphia about four weeks after
+the battle of Concord. Washington was in his seat promptly, wrought up
+to the highest pitch of determination in the cause of liberty. He had
+just come from a convention in Virginia, in which Patrick Henry stirred
+the hearts of all true patriots by one of his indescribable harangues
+for the American cause, in which he closed with the memorable words:</p>
+
+<p>"We must fight! I repeat it, sir, we must fight! An appeal to arms and
+to the God of hosts is all that is left us!"</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[323]</a></span></p><p>In that deep and solemn conviction Washington met his associates in the
+second Congress at Philadelphia. What were his opinions regarding the
+situation at that time may be learned from his familiar conversation
+with John Adams:</p>
+
+<p>"The decisive blow is struck," remarked Adams; "the Concord fight has
+made our duty plain."</p>
+
+<p>"It could not possibly be made plainer," replied Washington, "and the
+Concord fight must convince our oppressors that Americans will never
+yield to their domination."</p>
+
+<p>"You are right in that view, Colonel Washington; the spirit of hostility
+to tyranny is grander than I dreamed of. It augurs well for the future."</p>
+
+<p>"There is no alternative left to the Colonies," continued Washington;
+"the army of Great Britain has deliberately attacked us. The work of
+this Congress should be to create an army, and provide for defence."</p>
+
+<p>"In the most liberal manner, too, for that only is patriotic," added
+Adams. "When Parliament resorts to belligerent measures against the
+remonstrances of Chatham, Burke, Barr&eacute;, Pitt, and other worthies, we are
+justified in putting the worst construction upon their intentions."</p>
+
+<p>"Nothing can be more obvious," responded Washington. "And the British
+troops must be expelled from Boston by force, or our American Colonies
+are reduced to a condition of vassalage. The army that precipitated the
+attack at Concord must be paid for the effrontery, or we are slaves."</p>
+
+<p>"Without appealing again to the king?"</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[324]</a></span></p>
+<p>"Yes, without appealing again to his Majesty. Our appeals have been
+spurned. Our entreaties have been interpreted as the pleas of cowardice.
+Our patience has been regarded as pusillanimity. Because British
+oppression has been met by respectful remonstrance instead of indignant
+denunciation, it has appealed to arms; and that appeal must be promptly
+met by warlike preparations and the challenge to battle."</p>
+
+<p>The second American Congress did send another appeal to the king, though
+not with the vote of Washington. It was an able, patriotic paper,
+setting forth the grievances of the Colonists in language that would
+have moved the hearts of friends to pity. At the same time, however, the
+members voted to put the Colonies upon a war basis. Many independent
+military companies had been organized in the Colonies within a few
+months; and these, by vote, were constituted the Continental Army, in
+connection with others to be raised. Three millions of dollars were
+appropriated for supplying arms and stores, and five hundred dollars a
+month for the salary of a commander-in-chief, to be elected.</p>
+
+<p>The provincial army around Boston was gathered entirely from the New
+England Colonies, and was wholly without organization or discipline,
+a motley multitude of men, who left their homes and rushed to camp upon
+the impulse of patriotic sentiments. John Adams moved that Congress
+adopt that army, provide for its support, and elect for it a suitable
+commander. His speech on the occasion pointed so plainly to Washington
+as the man of all others for commander-in-chief, that the latter
+gentleman rose from his seat and left the hall. On the following day
+Washington was unanimously elected commander-in-chief of the Continental
+Army, a very unexpected honor to him.</p>
+
+<p>With much diffidence, and his usual modesty, he arose in his seat to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[325]</a></span>accept the appointment, and said:</p>
+
+<p>"Though I am truly sensible of the high honor done me in this
+appointment, yet I feel great distress, from a consciousness that my
+abilities and military experience may not be equal to the extensive and
+important trust. However, as the Congress desire it, I will enter upon
+the momentous duty, and exert every power I possess in their service,
+and for the support of the glorious cause. I beg they will accept my
+most cordial thanks for this distinguished testimony of their
+approbation.</p>
+
+<p>"But lest some unlucky event should happen, unfavorable to my
+reputation, I beg it may be remembered by every gentleman in the room
+that I this day declare, with the utmost sincerity, I do not think
+myself equal to the command I am honored with.</p>
+
+<p>"As to pay, sir, I beg leave to assure the Congress, that, as no
+pecuniary consideration could have tempted me to accept this arduous
+employment at the expense of my domestic ease and happiness, I do not
+wish to make any profit from it. I will keep an exact account of my
+expenses; these, I doubt not, they will discharge, and that is all I
+desire."</p>
+
+<p>His acceptance was received with enthusiastic applause, followed by a
+resolution, declaring that "they would <i>maintain</i> and <i>assist</i> him and
+<i>adhere</i> to him with their <i>lives</i> and <i>fortunes</i> in the same cause."</p>
+
+<p>The same Congress appointed Artemas Ward, Charles Lee, Philip Schuyler,
+and Israel Putnam major-generals; and Seth Pomeroy, Richard Montgomery,
+David Wooster, William Heath, Joseph Spencer, John Thomas, John
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[326]</a></span>Sullivan, and Nathaniel Greene brigadier-generals. Horatio Gates was
+appointed adjutant-general. These appointments were made with
+Washington's acquiescence, if not at his suggestion.</p>
+
+<p>John Adams wrote to a friend: "There is something charming to me in the
+conduct of Washington; a gentleman of the first fortunes on the
+continent, leaving his delicious retirement, his family and friends,
+sacrificing his ease, and hazarding all in the cause of his country.
+His views are noble and disinterested. He declared, when he accepted the
+mighty trust, that he would lay before us an exact account of his
+expenses, and not accept a shilling pay."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2><a name="XVII" id="XVII"></a>XVII.<br />
+
+<small>IN THE SIEGE OF BOSTON.</small></h2>
+
+
+<p class="noi">"<span class="smcap">There</span> is no time to lose," remarked Adams to Washington. "Letters to me
+from Generals Warren and Ward insist that the undisciplined army cannot
+be kept together much longer without the aid of Congress; and Congress
+has done the best thing it could for the army in appointing you to its
+command."</p>
+
+<p>"I shall lose no time in preparations to take command of the army,"
+replied Washington. "I shall repair to Cambridge at once."</p>
+
+<p>"Without returning to Mount Vernon?"</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[327]</a></span></p><p>"Yes; that would consume too much time. Much as I should enjoy a visit
+home, I must forego the pleasure, and hasten to my command."</p>
+
+<p>"A sacrifice, truly," remarked Adams.</p>
+
+<p>"And one that both my wife and mother will appreciate," added
+Washington, "although the disappointment will be so great to them. Our
+country first, for the sake of our homes."</p>
+
+<p>"True, very true; and it is a terrible necessity that makes it true,"
+continued Adams. "War is serious business, and under its direful
+necessities you may never see your loved Mount Vernon again."</p>
+
+<p>"No one can be more sensible of that than myself, but personal pleasure
+must yield to the demands of patriotism in such a crisis as this. Duty
+is the watchword now."</p>
+
+<p>Without consuming time for more than the most hasty preparation,
+Washington started for Massachusetts, after penning the following tender
+letter to his wife. The epistle shows so much of his noble character
+that our narrative would be incomplete without it:</p>
+
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="right2"><span class="smcap">Philadelphia</span>, June 18, 1775.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My Dearest</span>,&mdash;I am now set down to write you on a subject which
+fills me with inexpressible concern; and this concern is greatly
+aggravated and increased when I reflect upon the uneasiness I
+know it will give you. It has been determined in Congress that
+the whole army raised for the defence of the American cause
+shall be put under my care, and that it is necessary for me to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[328]</a></span>proceed immediately to Boston to take upon me the command of it.</p>
+
+<p>You may believe me, my dear Patsy, when I assure you in the most
+solemn manner, that, so far from seeking this appointment, I
+have used every endeavor in my power to avoid it, not only from
+my unwillingness to part with you and the family, but from a
+consciousness of its being a trust too great for my capacity,
+and that I should enjoy more real happiness in one month with
+you at home than I have the most distant prospect of finding
+abroad, if my stay were to be seven times seven years. But as
+it has been a kind of destiny that has thrown me upon this
+service, I shall hope that my undertaking it is designed to
+answer some good purpose. You might, and I suppose did,
+perceive, from the tenor of my letters, that I was apprehensive
+I could not avoid this appointment, as I did not pretend to
+intimate when I should return. That was the case. It was
+utterly out of my power to refuse this appointment without
+exposing my character to such censures as would have reflected
+dishonor upon myself and given pain to my friends. This I am
+sure could not, and ought not, to be pleasing to you, and must
+have lessened me considerably in my own esteem. I shall rely,
+therefore, confidently on that Providence which has heretofore
+preserved and been bountiful to me, not doubting but that I
+shall return safe to you in the fall. I shall feel no pain from
+the toil or the danger of the campaign; my unhappiness will flow
+from the uneasiness I know you will feel from being left alone.
+I therefore beg that you will summon your whole fortitude, and
+pass your time as agreeably as possible. Nothing will give me so
+much sincere satisfaction as to hear this, and to hear it from
+your own pen. My earnest and ardent desire is, that you would
+pursue any plan that is most likely to produce content and a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[329]</a></span>tolerable degree of tranquility; and it must add greatly to my
+uneasy feelings to hear that you are dissatisfied or complaining
+at what I really could not avoid.</p>
+
+<p>As life is always uncertain, and common prudence dictates to
+every man the necessity of settling his temporal concerns while
+it is in his power, and while the mind is calm and undisturbed,
+I have, since I came to this place (for I had not time to do it
+before I left home), got Colonel Pendleton to draft a will for
+me, by the directions I gave him, which will I now enclose.
+The provisions made for you in case of my death will, I hope,
+be agreeable. I shall add nothing more, as I have several
+letters to write, but to desire that you will remember me to
+your friends, and to assure you that I am, with the most
+unfeigned regard, my dear Patsy,</p>
+
+<p class="right2">
+Your affectionate husband.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>The preparation of his will is expressive of his thoughts and feelings
+at the time, and it magnifies, also, the sacrifice he was making for his
+country.</p>
+
+<p>It will be noticed that the letter to his wife is dated June 18, the day
+after the battle of Bunker Hill. He knew nothing of that battle, of
+course; and the fact shows all the more how rapidly public affairs were
+hastening to a crisis.</p>
+
+<p>It was the 23d of June when he left Philadelphia, and just before
+leaving he addressed another brief letter to his wife, that furnishes a
+key to his heart:</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[330]</a></span></p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="smcap right2">Philadelphia, June 23, 1775.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My Dearest</span>,&mdash;As I am within a few minutes of leaving this city,
+I could not think of departing from it without dropping you a
+line, especially as I do not know whether it will be in my power
+to write again until I get to the camp at Boston. I go fully
+trusting in that Providence which has been more bountiful to me
+than I deserve, and in full confidence of a happy meeting with
+you in the fall. I have not time to add more, as I am surrounded
+by company to take leave of me. I retain an unalterable
+affection for you, which neither time nor distance can change.
+My best love to Jack and Nelly, and regards to the rest of the
+family, concludes me, with the utmost sincerity,</p>
+
+<p class="right2"><span class="pad10">Your entire</span><br />
+<span class="smcap right2">Geo. Washington.</span></p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>Two thousand troops had gathered in Philadelphia, and he reviewed them
+before leaving. The whole two thousand escorted him out of the city, and
+a company of light-horse escorted him to New York, together with
+Generals Lee and Schuyler.</p>
+
+<p>Twenty miles from Philadelphia he was met by a courier on horseback,
+bringing particulars of the battle of Bunker Hill.</p>
+
+<p>"How many Americans were engaged in it?" Washington inquired.</p>
+
+<p>"About twelve hundred only."</p>
+
+<p>"Who led them?"</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[331]</a></span></p><p>"General Prescott."</p>
+
+<p>"How many were killed?"</p>
+
+<p>"About four hundred and fifty were killed and wounded. The British lost
+more than half of their men."</p>
+
+<p>"What officers fell?"</p>
+
+<p>"The brave General Warren was one."</p>
+
+<p>"Did the men fight well?"</p>
+
+<p>"Never braver men met a foe."</p>
+
+<p>"Then the liberties of our country are safe," added Washington.</p>
+
+<p>As grand a welcome as could possibly be given, without the burning of
+powder, was tendered by the Provincial Assembly of New York and New
+Jersey. They could burn no powder because the Colony possessed but four
+barrels, having forwarded a thousand barrels to Cambridge for the use of
+the army.</p>
+
+<p>Washington left General Schuyler in command at New York and hastened
+forward to Cambridge, for at New York he received a more detailed
+account of the battle of Bunker Hill. This information caused him to
+hasten his journey; and he reached Watertown, where the Legislature was
+sitting, on the second day of July. That body gave him an enthusiastic
+welcome, and presented a lengthy address to him, in which they spread
+out the deplorable condition of the army, pledging their prompt aid in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[332]</a></span>its organization and discipline.</p>
+
+<p>On the third day of July he was escorted by an imposing cavalcade to
+Cambridge, four miles distant, to take immediate command of the army.
+Notwithstanding the scarcity of powder, his arrival was announced by
+salvos of artillery; and the sight of him, in his splendid bearing, drew
+from the admiring thousands the heartiest cheers. The general of whom
+they had heard so much even more than met their expectations, and their
+joy knew no bounds.</p>
+
+<p>Washington wheeled his noble charger under the shadow of the "Great
+Elm," where he formally took command of the Continental Army, thereby
+making the tree historic to this day. He was forty-three years of age at
+that time.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. John Adams was in Cambridge when Washington arrived, and she wrote
+of him as follows:</p>
+
+<p>"Dignity, ease, and complacency, the gentleman and the soldier look,
+agreeably blended in him. Modesty marks every line and feature of his
+face. These lines of Dryden instantly occurred to me:</p>
+
+<div class="block">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="io1">"'Mark his majestic fabric! He's a temple<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sacred by birth, and built by hands divine;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His soul's the deity that lodges there,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Nor is the pile unworthy of the God.'"<br /></span>
+</div></div></div>
+
+<p>Washington found General Artemas Ward in command, who informed him that,
+"We have fourteen thousand five hundred men, including the sick."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[333]</a></span></p><p>"How many troops of the king hold Boston?" Washington inquired.</p>
+
+<p>"About eleven thousand of the best disciplined troops that England could
+send over."</p>
+
+<p>"And how many inhabitants of Boston are there in the city now?"</p>
+
+<p>"Seventeen thousand; and it is said that they are treated as rebels,
+except the Tories, who support the cause of the Crown. General Gage is
+in command, and Generals Howe, Clinton, and Burgoyne arrived with their
+last reinforcements."</p>
+
+<p>"Gage was with me twenty years ago in the expedition against Duquesne,"
+said Washington. "Generals Howe, Clinton, and Burgoyne are the best
+generals the king can send, I suppose."</p>
+
+<p>"I judge so. At any rate this army is a mob compared to the royal army
+in Boston. Very few of them were ever in the service before. They know
+nothing about order and discipline, and care as little."</p>
+
+<p>"They must learn both as quickly as possible," responded Washington. "An
+army without discipline can be little more than a mob. My first step
+will be to bring the army under rigid military discipline."</p>
+
+<p>Washington, accompanied by General Lee, took immediate measures to
+acquaint himself with the condition of the army, and in an incredibly
+short time had it distributed thus: The right wing was stationed on the
+heights of Roxbury, under the command of Major-General Ward; the left
+wing was stationed on Winter and Prospect Hills, in what is now the
+city of Somerville, under command of Major-General Lee; while the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[334]</a></span>centre, under Major-General Putnam, occupied Cambridge. The army was
+thus distributed over a line of some twelve miles in length.</p>
+
+<p>The army was destitute of clothing, ammunition, and nearly everything
+for its comfort. The mass of them were dressed as they were clad when
+they left their farms and work-shops, a dirty, ragged collection of
+armed men, though resolute and brave. Their cry against the king's
+troops in Boston was:</p>
+
+<p>"Shut them up! Starve them out! Drive them into their ships, and send
+their ships out to sea!"</p>
+
+<p>To add to the disheartening situation, Charlestown lay in ashes, having
+been set on fire by the enemy's shells at the battle of Bunker Hill;
+there were no well-constructed works throughout the whole line of
+fortifications; insubordination was popular among the troops, who called
+it <i>independence</i>; and still worse, jealousies prevailed among the
+troops of different Colonies.</p>
+
+<p>The larger part of the army, nearly ten thousand, belonged to
+Massachusetts, and they were in the worst plight of all. Washington made
+the following magnanimous apology for them:</p>
+
+<p>"This unhappy and devoted province has been so long in a state of
+anarchy, and the yoke has been laid so heavily on it, that great
+allowances are to be made for troops raised under such circumstances.
+The deficiency of members, discipline, and stores can only lead to this
+conclusion: <i>that their spirit has exceeded their strength</i>."</p>
+
+<p>A British officer wrote home:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[335]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"The rebel army are in so wretched a condition as to clothing and
+accoutrements, that I believe no nation ever saw such a set of
+tatterdemalions. There are few coats among them but what are out at
+elbows, and in a whole regiment there is scarce a whole pair of
+breeches."</p>
+
+<p>Nevertheless, the material for an army in such a crisis was good. The
+famous General Nathaniel Greene of Rhode Island organized three
+regiments in that province after the Concord fight, and he was there
+with his men, "the best disciplined and appointed troops in the army."
+Connecticut also raised a respectable force, and put them under the
+command of General Israel Putnam, who left his plough in the furrow,
+and galloped off to Boston; and they were there. The brave Colonel Stark
+of New Hampshire, with his "Green Mountain boys," was there also. Other
+officers of ability were doing all they could with an undisciplined
+army, while the rank and file were eager to drive the foe out of Boston.
+A leader like Washington was needed to organize and manipulate this
+rough mass of material. A chief like him, too, was indispensable to
+elevate their moral condition; for drunkenness, revelry, lewdness,
+profanity, gambling, not to mention other evils, abounded.</p>
+
+<p>The following was Washington's first order to the army:</p>
+
+<p>"The Continental Congress having now taken all the troops of the several
+Colonies which have been raised, or which may be hereafter raised, for
+the support and defence of the liberties of America, into their pay and
+service, they are now the troops of the United Provinces of North
+America; and it is hoped that all distinctions of Colonies will be laid
+aside, so that one an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">[336]</a></span>d the same spirit may animate the whole, and the
+only contest be, who shall render, on this great and trying occasion,
+the most essential service to the great and common cause in which we are
+all engaged. It is required and expected that exact discipline be
+observed, and due subordination prevail, through the whole army, as a
+failure in these most essential points must necessarily produce extreme
+hazard, disorder, and confusion, and end in shameful disappointment and
+disgrace. The general most earnestly requires and expects a due
+observance of those articles of war established for the government of
+the army, which forbid profane cursing, swearing, and drunkenness. And
+in like manner he requires and expects of all officers and soldiers, not
+engaged on actual duty, a punctual attendance on divine service, to
+implore the blessing of Heaven upon the means used for our safety and
+defence."</p>
+
+<p>Rev. William Emerson was a chaplain in the army, and he wrote as follows
+of the wonderful change Washington wrought in a short time:</p>
+
+<p>"There is great overturning in the camp as to order and regularity. New
+lords, new laws. The Generals Washington and Lee are upon the lines
+every day. New orders from his Excellency are read to the respective
+regiments every morning after prayers. The strictest government is
+taking place, and great distinction is made between officers and
+soldiers.</p>
+
+<p>"Every one is made to know his place and keep in it, or be tied up and
+receive thirty or forty lashes, according to his crime. Thousands are at
+work every day from four to eleven o'clock in the morning. It is
+surprising how much work has been done. The lines are extended almost
+from Cambridge to Mystic River, s<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[337]</a></span>o that very soon it will be morally
+impossible for the enemy to get between the works, except in one place,
+which is supposed to be left purposely unfortified to entice the enemy
+out of their fortresses."</p>
+
+<p>"The British army in Boston understand their business," remarked
+Washington to his secretary, Mr. Reed. "Their works are thoroughly
+constructed, and they seem to be provided with every thing that war
+requires." At that time he had reconnoitered until he had acquired quite
+a thorough knowledge of their defences.</p>
+
+<p>"King George would not be likely to send over others," answered Reed.
+"He is too anxious to awe his rebellious subjects into submission to
+pursue another course."</p>
+
+<p>"Well, they are in close quarters now," continued Washington, "although,
+if they understood our weakness, they might fight their way out, and
+annihilate the American army. I have just discovered that all the powder
+in the camp will not furnish the soldiers nine cartridges apiece."</p>
+
+<p>"No more?" exclaimed Reed. "You surprise me!"</p>
+
+<p>"You cannot be more surprised than I am. It is a fearful condition for
+this army to be in."</p>
+
+<p>"How can it be so?" added Reed, still more surprised. "According to
+that, powder is scarcer than clothing."</p>
+
+<p>"It is true, if my investigation does not mislead," responded
+Washington. "No army was ever in a condition so deplorable; and I would
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">[338]</a></span>not dare to let my soldiers know the actual state of things, lest they
+become demoralized."</p>
+
+<p>"Fortunate for us that so far they are in blissful ignorance of our
+condition," said Reed; "but this state of affairs must not be suffered
+to continue."</p>
+
+<p>"Certainly not; I shall take immediate measures to remedy the evil."</p>
+
+<p>And he did. Agents were sent in different directions to procure
+ammunition. A vessel was sent to the Bermudas for this purpose.
+Expeditions to capture British forts in this country and Canada were set
+on foot. The manufacture of powder was recommended by Congress.</p>
+
+<p>At that time, the transportation of supplies for an army was a slow and
+tedious work. There were no railroads, and the facilities for
+transportation by horses and cattle were far inferior to those of the
+present day. For example, a little later, Henry Knox, who was a thriving
+book-seller in Boston when the British took possession of the city, and
+who fought bravely at Bunker Hill, was sent to Ticonderoga and Crown
+Point, which the Americans had captured, to bring such artillery and
+ordnance stores as could be spared. He was instructed, also, to proceed
+to St. John and Montreal, both of which had just been captured by
+American expeditions under Benedict Arnold and Ethan Allen, Generals
+Schuyler and Montgomery. It was in the depth of winter when Knox
+returned with over fifty cannon, mortars, and howitzers, and a quantity
+of lead and flints, loaded upon forty sleds, drawn by eighty yoke of
+cattle. Washington procured for Knox the commission of colonel soon
+after he undertook the enterprise.</p>
+
+<p>Washington's headquarters were established at the <span class="smcap">Cragie House</span>, a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">[339]</a></span>spacious building, favorably situated for the commander-in-chief. For
+many years it was owned by Professor Longfellow the poet, who died there
+some years since.</p>
+
+<p>Order, sobriety, and religion regulated his headquarters. Morning and
+evening prayers were scrupulously maintained, and the whole appearance
+of the place indicated that the renowned occupant was a Christian.</p>
+
+<p>Washington required the chaplains of all his regiments to conduct
+prayers morning and evening, and religious services on the Sabbath. The
+officers were required to see that their men attended all these
+services, since they were observed "for their good."</p>
+
+<p>Early in the siege of Boston, when he felt that "if success ever crowns
+the American cause, it will be because an All-wise Providence controls
+the affairs of men," Washington advised the appointment of a day of
+fasting and prayer, to intercede for the blessing of God upon the
+little army at Cambridge. Congress appointed the day, and the
+commander-in-chief required its observance throughout the army.
+Religious services were held, all business suspended, and the day was
+made as quiet and religious as Sunday.</p>
+
+<p>One of the earliest arrivals at the camp in Cambridge, after Washington
+took command, was from Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Maryland, fourteen
+hundred sharp-shooters, as we should call them now. They were tall,
+stalwart men, dressed in fringed hunting shirts and round caps.
+They were received in camp with the wildest demonstrations of joy. A few
+weeks later a long, lumbering train of wagons, laden with military
+stores captured on the sea, came into camp. Washington had been forced
+to send out cruisers, by the action of General Gage in arming vessels to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">[340]</a></span>capture supplies along the American coast. One of his cruisers captured
+a brigantine ladened with munitions of war,&mdash;two thousand stand of arms,
+one hundred thousand flints, thirty thousand round shot, and thirty-two
+tons musket balls,&mdash;which were taken into Cape Ann, and transported from
+thence on wagons to Cambridge.</p>
+
+<p>In this way, as well as by the action of Congress and the Provincial
+Legislatures, the army of Washington was strengthened and equipped. The
+British were so thoroughly entrenched in Boston, and their army so well
+disciplined and powerful, that it would have been foolhardy for
+Washington to attack them; besides, an attack would have resulted in
+burning the city and sacrificing the lives of many friends who lived
+there.</p>
+
+<p>"British officers must understand that men fighting for their country
+are patriots, and not malefactors," remarked Washington to Mr. Reed, his
+secretary. "Cruelty to prisoners anyway is contrary to all the rules of
+civilized warfare."</p>
+
+<p>"Well, we are 'rebels,' you know," replied Reed sarcastically, "and
+General Gage thinks that 'rebels' have no claim upon his clemency."</p>
+
+<p>"Cruelty to prisoners is not confined to General Gage," responded
+Washington. "There is no doubt that the king holds Allen [Ethan] in
+irons, and his fellow-captives, which is treating prisoners of war as
+savages do."</p>
+
+<p>Ethan Allen was the famous patriot who led two hundred and thirty men
+against Fort Ticonderoga, and captured it in May, 1775. He surprised the
+commander, and demanded an immediate surrender.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">[341]</a></span></p><p>"By whose authority do you make this demand?" inquired the officer in
+charge.</p>
+
+<p>"In the name of the Great Jehovah and the Continental Congress!" shouted
+Allen.</p>
+
+<p>He was captured by General Prescott in Canada.</p>
+
+<p>"Were the king's forces in Boston to sally forth and conquer our army,
+the rules of civilized warfare would be of no account to them, I am
+thinking;" suggested Mr. Reed. "It behooves us to keep out of their
+clutches, or die in the attempt."</p>
+
+<p>The cruelty of British officers to prisoners was the subject of frequent
+discussion between Washington and his advisers, and finally he wrote to
+General Gage as follows:</p>
+
+<p>"I understand that the officers engaged in the cause of liberty and
+their country, who, by the fortune of war have fallen into your hands,
+have been thrown indiscriminately into a common jail, appropriated to
+felons; that no consideration has been had for those of the most
+respectable rank, when languishing with wounds and sickness, and that
+some have been amputated in this unworthy situation.... The obligations
+arising from the rights of humanity and claims of rank are universally
+binding and extensive, except in case of retaliation. These, I should
+have hoped, would have dictated a more tender treatment of those
+individuals whom chance or war had put in your power.... My duty now
+makes it necessary to apprise you that, for the future, I shall regulate
+all my conduct towards those gentlemen who are, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">[342]</a></span>or may be, in our
+possession, exactly by the rule you shall observe toward those of ours
+now in your custody.</p>
+
+<p>"If severity and hardships mark the line of your conduct, painful as it
+may be to me, your prisoners will feel its effects. But if kindness and
+humanity are shown to us, I shall with pleasure consider those in our
+hands only as unfortunate, and they shall receive from me that treatment
+to which the unfortunate are ever entitled."</p>
+
+<p>The reply of General Gage was characteristic of a conceited, ambitious,
+and domineering officer of the king, and Washington closed his reply to
+it with these words:</p>
+
+<p>"I shall now, sir, close my correspondence with you, perhaps forever. If
+your officers, our prisoners, receive a treatment from me different from
+that which I wished to show them, they and you will remember the
+occasion of it."</p>
+
+<p>Subsequently, Washington ordered British officers at Watertown and Cape
+Ann, who were at large on parole, to be confined in the jail at
+Northampton, explaining to them that it was not agreeable to his
+feelings of humanity, but according to the treatment of Americans whom
+the officers of the crown held as prisoners. But he could not tolerate
+even this mild form of retaliation, and therefore in a short time he
+revoked the order, and the prisoners were at large again.</p>
+
+<p>"I was never more distressed in mind than I am now," remarked Washington
+to a member of his staff.</p>
+
+<p>"Why so?"</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">[343]</a></span></p>
+<p>"Within a few days this army will be reduced to less than ten thousand
+men by the expiration of enlistments," answered Washington; "and when we
+can ever attack Boston is a problem. For six months I have been waiting
+for powder, fire-arms, recruits, and what-not; and here we are with the
+1st of January, 1776, right upon us, when several thousand soldiers will
+leave."</p>
+
+<p>"A very discouraging fact indeed," answered the staff officer; "and how
+will you fill the breach created by their going?"</p>
+
+<p>"That is what troubles me. We shall be forced to require soldiers whose
+term of enlistment expires, to leave their muskets, allowing them fair
+compensation for the same. And to encourage their successors to bring
+arms, we must charge each one of them who fails to bring his gun one
+dollar for the use of the one we provide."</p>
+
+<p>"A novel way of recruiting and supplying an army, truly," said the staff
+officer.</p>
+
+<p>"The only way left to us," remarked Washington.</p>
+
+<p>"Yes; and I suppose that any way is better than none."</p>
+
+<p>Washington wrote to a friend on the 4th of January:</p>
+
+<p>"It is easier to conceive than to describe the situation of my mind for
+some time past and my feelings under our present circumstances. Search
+the volume of history through, and I much question whether a case
+similar to ours can be found; namely, t<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">[344]</a></span>o maintain a post against the
+power of the British troops for six months together without powder, and
+then to have one army disbanded and another raised within the same
+distance (musket shot) of a reinforced enemy.... For two months past I
+have scarcely emerged from one difficulty before I have been plunged
+into another. How it will end, God, in His great goodness, will direct.
+I am thankful for His protection to this time."</p>
+
+<p>A few days later he wrote:</p>
+
+<p>"The reflection of my situation and that of this army produces many an
+unhappy hour, when all around me are wrapped in sleep. Few people know
+the predicament we are in on a thousand accounts; fewer still will
+believe, if any disaster happens to these lines, from what cause it
+flows. I have often thought how much happier I should have been, if,
+instead of accepting the command under such circumstances, I had taken
+my musket on my shoulder and entered the ranks; or, if I could have
+justified the measure to posterity and my own conscience, had retired to
+the back country and lived in a wigwam."</p>
+
+<p>Still, through his tact and indomitable perseverance, Washington found
+his army in a condition to attack Boston in March. He had vainly tried
+to induce the British troops to leave their comfortable quarters and
+come out to battle. He had so effectually cut off their supplies by his
+determined siege that the British Government was compelled to send
+supplies from home. But now he felt that the time for action had come.
+He called a council of war.</p>
+
+<p>"Our situation compels action of some kind to save ourselves, even at
+great risk," he said to his advisers. "There is a cloud over the public
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">[345]</a></span>mind, and there is danger on the north and on the south. Montgomery has
+fallen before Quebec, and our little army in Canada is depleted and
+broken. Tryon and the Tories are plotting mischief in New York, and
+Dunmore in Virginia. Clinton, too, is making depredations along the
+coast."</p>
+
+<p>"And what do you propose?" inquired one.</p>
+
+<p>"To attack Boston."</p>
+
+<p>"And take the risk?"</p>
+
+<p>"Yes; and take the risk, which will prove less, I believe, that the risk
+incurred by continual inaction."</p>
+
+<p>"Do you propose an immediate movement?"</p>
+
+<p>"On the 4th of March, the anniversary of the 'Boston Massacre.' It is a
+good time to avenge that wrong."</p>
+
+<p>On the 4th of March, 1775, the British troops, who were often insolent
+and overbearing to the citizens of Boston, were attacked and stoned by
+indignant parties. A brief contest followed, in which four Americans
+were killed and several wounded. This was called the "Boston Massacre."</p>
+
+<p>"I hope that your movement will be successful, but it is a hazardous
+one," suggested one of the council. "An attack all along the line?"</p>
+
+<p>"By no means," answered Washington. "The project is hazardous indeed,
+but that is inevitable. On the night of March 3 I propose to take
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">[346]</a></span>possession of Dorchester Heights, throw up breastworks, and by the time
+the enemy can see the Heights in the morning, be prepared to hold the
+position."</p>
+
+<p>"And if the whole British army attack us, what then?"</p>
+
+<p>"General Putnam shall have a force of four thousand men on the opposite
+side of the town, in two divisions, under Generals Sullivan and Greene.
+At a given signal from Roxbury, they shall embark at the mouth of
+Charles River, cross under cover of three floating batteries, land in
+two places in Boston, secure its strong posts, force the gates and works
+at the neck, and let in the Roxbury troops. This, in case they make a
+determined attempt to dislodge us."</p>
+
+<p>Washington waited for a reply. The bold plan somewhat perplexed his
+advisers at first, and there was silence for a moment. At length one
+spoke, and then another, and still another, until every objection was
+canvassed. The plan was finally adopted, but kept a profound secret with
+the officers who were to conduct the enterprise.</p>
+
+<p>We cannot dwell upon details. Agreeable to Washington's arrangement,
+when the expedition with tools, arms, supplies, and other necessaries
+was ready to move on the evening of March 3, a terrible cannonading of
+the British by the American army, at two different points, commenced,
+under the cover of which our troops reached Dorchester Heights without
+attracting the attention of the enemy. The reader may judge of the
+cannonading by the words of Mrs. John Adams, who wrote to her husband
+thus:</p>
+
+<p>"I have just returned from Penn's Hill, where I have been sitting to
+hear the amazing roar of cannon, and from whence <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">[347]</a></span>I could see every
+shell that was thrown. The sound, I think, is one of the grandest in
+nature, and is of the true species of the sublime. It is now an
+incessant roar.</p>
+
+<p>"I went to bed about twelve, and rose again a little after one. I could
+no more sleep than if I had been in the engagement; the rattling of the
+windows, the jar of the house, the continual roar of twenty-four
+pounders, and the bursting of shells, give us such ideas, and realize a
+scene to us of which we could scarcely form any conception. I hope to
+give you joy of Boston, even if it is in ruins, before I send this
+away."</p>
+
+<p>What the British beheld on the morning of March 4, to their surprise and
+alarm, is best told in the words of one of their officers.</p>
+
+<p>"This morning at daybreak we discovered two redoubts on Dorchester
+Point, and two smaller ones on their flanks. They were all raised during
+last night, with an expedition equal to that of 'the genii' belonging to
+Alladin's wonderful lamp. From these hills they command the whole town,
+so that we must drive them from their post or desert the place."</p>
+
+<p>The British general, Howe, exclaimed:</p>
+
+<p>"The rebels have done more work in one night than my whole army would
+have done in a month."</p>
+
+<p>General Howe had superseded General Gage some time before this exploit.</p>
+
+<p>Quickly as possible, General Howe began to bombard the new
+fortifications on Dorchester Heights. All through the day he cannonaded
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">[348]</a></span>the little American army, and, under the cover of the bombardment,
+prepared to land twenty-five hundred picked men at night, and carry the
+Heights by storm. His guns did little damage, however, through the day.
+Washington was present in person, encouraging the soldiers, and
+directing them in strengthening the fortifications.</p>
+
+<p>Under the darkness of night General Howe sent twenty-five hundred of his
+best soldiers, in transports, to capture the "rebel works." But a
+furious northeast storm arose, and beat upon them with such violence
+that it was impossible to land. They were compelled to postpone the
+attack until the next night. But the storm continued, and even
+increased. The wind blew a gale and the rain descended in torrents all
+through the following day and night, shutting up the enemy within their
+own quarters, and allowing the Americans time to multiply their works
+and render them impregnable.</p>
+
+<p>When the storm ceased, an English officer declared that the Americans
+were invincible in their strong position. That General Howe was of the
+same opinion is evident from the fact that he decided to evacuate
+Boston.</p>
+
+<p>Had General Howe been able to land his troops on the first night, as he
+planned, there is little doubt that Washington would have been driven
+from the Heights as the Americans were driven from Bunker Hill, so that
+the intervention of the storm seemed peculiarly providential. When
+Washington issued his order, months before, for the strict observance of
+the Sabbath and daily religious service by the army, General Lee, who
+was a godless scoffer, remarked, derisively, "God is on the side of the
+heaviest battalions."</p>
+
+<p>But in this case the storm favored the <i>weakest</i> battalions.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">[349]</a></span></p>
+<p>General Howe conferred with the authorities of Boston, and promised to
+evacuate the city without inflicting harm upon it if the Americans would
+not attack him. Otherwise he would commit the city to the flames, and
+leave under cover of the mighty conflagration. Washington wrote to him:</p>
+
+<p>"If you will evacuate the city without plundering or doing any harm, I
+will not open fire upon you. But if you make any attempt to plunder, or
+if the torch is applied to a single building, I will open upon you the
+most deadly bombardment."</p>
+
+<p>Howe promised: yet such was the disposition of the British soldiers to
+acts of violence, that he was obliged to issue an order that soldiers
+found plundering should be hanged on the spot; and he had an officer,
+with a company of soldiers and a hangman, march through the streets,
+ready to execute his order.</p>
+
+<p>It was not, however, until the 17th of March that the embarkation of the
+British army commenced. About twelve thousand soldiers and refugees
+embarked in seventy-eight vessels. The refugees were Americans who
+favored the British cause (called Tories), and they did not dare to
+remain in this country. Washington wrote about these refugees:</p>
+
+<p>"By all accounts there never existed a more miserable set of beings than
+those wretched creatures now are. Taught to believe that the power of
+Great Britain was superior to all opposition, and that foreign aid was
+at hand, they were even higher and more insulting in their opposition
+than the regulars. When the order was issued, therefore, for embarking
+the troops in Boston, no electric shock, no sudden clap of thunder, in a
+word<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">[350]</a></span>, the last trump, could not have struck them with greater
+consternation. They were at their wits' end; chose to commit themselves,
+in the manner I have above described, to the mercy of the waves at a
+tempestuous season, rather than meet their offended countrymen."</p>
+
+<p>With exceeding joy Washington beheld the "precipitate retreat" of the
+British army from Boston, but fired not a gun. One of General Howe's
+officers wrote afterwards:</p>
+
+<p>"It was lucky for the inhabitants now left in Boston that they did not,
+for I am informed that everything was prepared to set the town in a
+blaze had they fired one cannon."</p>
+
+<p>We have intentionally passed over several incidents, with the rehearsal
+of which we will bring this chapter to a close.</p>
+
+<p>When Washington assumed the command of the American army, he left his
+Mount Vernon estate in charge of Mr. Lund Washington, continuing to
+direct its management by correspondence. He expected to return to his
+home in the autumn, and so encouraged his wife to believe. But in this
+he was sorely disappointed. His thoughtful and benevolent character
+appears in one of his early letters to his agent:</p>
+
+<p>"Let the hospitality of the house with respect to the poor be kept up.
+Let no one go hungry away. If any of this kind of people should be in
+want of corn, supply their necessaries, provided it does not encourage
+them to idleness; and I have no objection to your giving my money in
+charity to the amount of forty or fifty pounds a year, when you think it
+is well bestowed. What I mean by having no objection is, that it is my<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">[351]</a></span>
+desire that it should be done."</p>
+
+<p>Many Americans feared that the enemy might send a war vessel up the
+Potomac and destroy the Mount Vernon residence and capture Mrs.
+Washington. She was earnestly advised to leave, and repair to a place of
+safety beyond the Blue Ridge. But Washington sent for her to come to him
+at Cambridge.</p>
+
+<p>She was four weeks travelling from Mount Vernon to Cambridge. She
+performed the journey in her own carriage, a chariot drawn by four fine
+horses, with black postilions in scarlet and white liveries. This was an
+English style of equipage, and the public sentiment of that day demanded
+that the commander-in-chief should adopt it. She was accompanied by her
+son, and was escorted from place to place by guards of honor. Her
+arrival in Cambridge was the signal for great rejoicing. The army
+received her with the honors due to her illustrious husband.</p>
+
+<p>She immediately took charge of Washington's headquarters, and soon
+became as popular in the domestic and social circle as her husband was
+in camp and field. It was at Cambridge that she was first called "Lady
+Washington."</p>
+
+<p>As an illustration of Washington's rigid discipline, an incident is
+related of his manner of suppressing a disturbance. It was during the
+winter he was besieging Boston.</p>
+
+<p>A party of Virginia riflemen met a party of Marblehead fishermen. The
+dress of the fishermen was as singular to the riflemen as that of the
+riflemen was to the fishermen, and they began to banter each other.
+Snow-balls soon began to fly back and forth, and finally hard blows were
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">[352]</a></span>interchanged. A melee occurred, in which a thousand soldiers
+participated.</p>
+
+<p>Hearing of the disturbance, Washington hastened to the scene, and,
+leaping from his horse, he seized two burly Virginians by the neck, and
+held them out at arm's length, at the same time administering a rebuke
+in words that scattered the combatants as suddenly as a cannonade would
+have done.</p>
+
+<p>The British army committed many depredations in Boston during the year
+they held possession of it. They tore out the pulpit and pews of the Old
+South Church, and converted it into a riding-school for General
+Burgoyne's light-horse regiment. They took down the North Church and
+used it for fuel. They used up about three hundred wooden houses in the
+same way.</p>
+
+<p>In the winter a theatre was established for the entertainment of the
+British soldiers. At one time a British officer wrote a farce entitled,
+"The Blockade of Boston," to be played on a given evening. It was a
+burlesque upon Washington and the American army. It represented the
+commander-in-chief of the American army as an awkward lout, equipped
+with a huge wig, and a long, rusty sword, attended by a country booby as
+orderly sergeant, in a rustic garb, with an old fire-lock seven or eight
+feet long.</p>
+
+<p>The theatre was filled to overflowing on the night the farce was
+announced. It happened that, on the same night, General Putnam sent a
+party of two hundred men to surprise and capture a British guard
+stationed at Charlestown. His daring exploit was successful, though his
+men were fired upon by the garrison of the fort. The thunder of
+artillery caused a British officer to believe that the Yankees were in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353">[353]</a></span>motion, and he rushed into the theatre, crying, "The Yankees are
+attacking Bunker Hill!"</p>
+
+<p>At first the audience supposed that this announcement was part of the
+play. But General Howe, who was present, undeceived them by calling out,
+"Officers, to your alarm posts!"</p>
+
+<p>The farce turned out to be tragedy, and the curtain fell upon the scene.
+The audience scattered like a flock of sheep.</p>
+
+<p>The failure of the British to hold Boston was extremely mortifying to
+General Howe and the English Government. When the king's regiments first
+took possession of the city, one of the officers wrote home:</p>
+
+<p>"Whenever it comes to blows, he that can run the fastest will think
+himself well off, believe me. Any two regiments here ought to be
+decimated if they did not beat in the field the whole force of the
+Massachusetts Province."</p>
+
+<p>General Gage said to the king, before leaving England to take command of
+the forces in Boston, "The Americans will be lions so long as the
+English are lambs. Give me five regiments and I will keep Boston quiet."</p>
+
+<p>When General Burgoyne was sailing into Boston Harbor to join his king's
+army, and his attention was called to the fact that a few thousand
+undisciplined "rebels" were besieging a town garrisoned by five or six
+thousand British regulars, he exclaimed in derision:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">[354]</a></span></p><p>"What! ten thousand peasants keep five thousand king's troops shut up?
+Well, let us get in and we'll soon find elbow-room."</p>
+
+<p>He failed to find "elbow room" until he put out to sea.</p>
+
+<p>To be driven out of Boston, when such a result was considered impossible
+by the foe, was doubly humiliating to the sons of Great Britain. It was
+proportionably glorious to American patriots, and they took possession
+of the city with exultation and devout thanksgivings to God.</p>
+
+<p>Congress unanimously adopted a eulogistic resolution, rehearsing the
+valor and achievements of the commander-in-chief, and ordered a gold
+medal, with appropriate inscription, to be struck off, and presented to
+him as a token of the country's gratitude.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2><a name="XVIII" id="XVIII"></a>XVIII.<br />
+
+<small>DEFENDING NEW YORK.</small></h2>
+
+
+<p class="noi">"<span class="smcap">What</span> next?" inquired General Putnam.</p>
+
+<p>"That is a difficult question to answer until I know General Howe's
+destination," replied Washington.</p>
+
+<p>"Then you don't think he is going home?" continued Putnam facetiously.</p>
+
+<p>"Not yet, though I wish he might; then I would go home, too."</p>
+
+<p>"But seriously, where do you think he is going?" urged Putnam.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">[355]</a></span></p>
+<p>"I fear that he is bound to New York, for that is a port more important
+to him than even Boston." Washington spoke as if he were greatly
+perplexed.</p>
+
+<p>"Well," added Putnam in his resolute way, "if he is bound for New York
+it won't do for us to be fooling about here long."</p>
+
+<p>"No; and if I were certain that his destination were there, I should put
+you in command of that post at once," said Washington. "Besides the
+importance of the position to him, the large number of Tories in that
+town is a great inducement for him to strike there. Governor Tryon has
+been plotting something with them, and who knows but his appearance
+there will be the signal for them to rise against their own country."</p>
+
+<p>"Just like 'em," answered Putnam. "A man who will turn against his own
+country ought to dangle at the end of a halter. With the British army
+outside, and hundreds of traitors inside, New York will make a poor
+show."</p>
+
+<p>"There is no telling what a strong defence of the town can be made with
+the Lord on our side. My hope is in the righteousness of our cause."</p>
+
+<p>Washington called a council of war in his perplexity. He laid before his
+military advisers his reasons for supposing that the foe, driven from
+Boston, had sailed for New York.</p>
+
+<p>"The English will be chagrined over their defeat here, after all their
+boasting," said Washington, "and we may expect heavier blows in future
+somewhere. The king will not suffer 'rebels' to remain unmolested. We do
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">[356]</a></span>well to expect that in future the king will concentrate the military
+power of his government and hurl it upon us to bring us to terms."</p>
+
+<p>It was finally determined to put General Putnam in command at New York,
+and he was hurried away, with all the troops in Boston but five
+regiments, and instructions to complete the fortifications commenced by
+General Lee. Two or three months before, in consequence of the
+appearance of a British fleet, under Clinton, in the harbor of New York,
+and the secret plottings of Governor Tryon and the Tories, Washington
+placed General Lee in command there. Lee at once arrested leading
+Tories, and sent them to prison, threatening all the rest, in his fiery
+way, with similar punishment if they continued to aid the enemy.
+Governor Tryon fled to a British man-of-war in the harbor, accompanied
+by several of his political advisers, and from those new headquarters he
+continued secret intercourse with the Tories. New dangers soon arising
+farther south, General Lee was transferred to the Southern Military
+Department, with headquarters at Williamsburg.</p>
+
+<p>Such was the state of affairs in New York when General Putnam took
+command, with not more than eight thousand available troops in the town
+and vicinity.</p>
+
+<p>Washington ordered three thousand militia to go to his aid from
+Connecticut, and as soon as he could arrange affairs in Boston he
+himself hastened to New York with his body-guard, where he arrived on
+the thirteenth day of April.</p>
+
+<p>Before this time he had learned that General Howe proceeded to Halifax,
+to await large reinforcements from Great Britain; that his brother,
+Admiral Howe, with his naval fleet, would join him there, and then the
+great army would sail for New York.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">[357]</a></span></p>
+<p>He did not know, however, at that time, what the British Government was
+doing "to crush the rebels in North America." He learned afterwards that
+the king, stung to madness by the failure of his army in Boston,
+resolved to avenge the defeat by a terrible blow upon New York. He hired
+seventeen thousand Hessians to join the army, paying them liberally for
+their services, and these hirelings would swell the invading army to
+startling proportions.</p>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding the evacuation of Boston, the cause of the patriots
+never seemed more hopeless than it did when the British army, under the
+two Howes, appeared below New York.</p>
+
+<p>"Our army in Canada is beaten and shattered," Washington said, "and our
+cause is lost there. Here it is difficult to tell friend from foe. It is
+claimed that half of the people in New York are Tories, and what
+communications they may have with the British army, through Tryon, it is
+impossible to tell. We have not half the men absolutely required to hold
+this position, and what we have are poorly clad and equipped, and not
+half fed. Then we have reason to suspect that the enemy will come with
+greater inhumanity to man, and that fire and sword will do a more
+fearful work than ever. What some of the British officers are capable of
+doing in the way of fiendish devastation was shown in Boston, when the
+burning of every town between that city and Halifax was ordered, and
+Portland was laid in ashes."</p>
+
+<p>Washington wrote to his brother:</p>
+
+<p>"We expect a bloody summer in New York and Canada; and I am sorry to say
+that we are not, either in men or arms, prepare<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358">[358]</a></span>d for it. However, it
+is to be hoped that, if our cause is just, as I most religiously
+believe, the same Providence which has in many instances appeared for us
+will still go on to afford us its aid."</p>
+
+<p>Congress was in session at Philadelphia, and Washington went thither to
+confer with members concerning the summer campaign, and to plead for
+aid. Through his influence, Congress added twenty-three thousand militia
+to the army, including a flying camp of ten thousand.</p>
+
+<p>In the midst of these troubles a conspiracy of startling magnitude was
+discovered. "A part of the plot being," says Sparks, "to seize General
+Washington and carry him to the enemy." Rev. John Marsh of Wethersfield,
+Conn., wrote and published the following account of the affair:</p>
+
+<p>"About ten days before any of the conspirators were taken up, a woman
+went to the general and desired a private interview. He granted it to
+her, and she let him know that his life was in danger, and gave him such
+an account of the conspiracy as gained his confidence. He opened the
+matter to a few friends on whom he could depend. A strict watch was kept
+night and day, until a favorable opportunity occurred, when the general
+went to bed as usual, arose about two o'clock, told his lady that he was
+going with some of the Provincial Congress to order some Tories seized,
+desired she would make herself easy and go to sleep. He went off without
+any of his aides-de-camp, except the captain of his life-guard; was
+joined by a number of chosen men, with lanterns and proper instruments
+to break open houses; and before six o'clock next morning had forty men
+under guard at the City Hall, among whom was the mayor of the city,
+several merchants, and five or six of his own life-guard. Upon
+examination, on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359">[359]</a></span>e Forbes confessed that the plan was to assassinate the
+general and as many of the superior officers as they could, and to blow
+up the magazine upon the appearance of the enemy's fleet, and to go off
+in boats prepared for that purpose to join the enemy."</p>
+
+<p>Thomas Hickey, one of Washington's own guard, was proved to be a leader
+in the plot, and he was sentenced to be hung. The sentence was executed
+on the twenty-eighth day of June, in a field near Bowery Lane, in the
+presence of twenty thousand people.</p>
+
+<p>On the same day four of the enemy's warships dropped anchor in the bay.
+The next morning there were forty ships, and they continued to arrive
+until one hundred and thirty vessels of war and transports could be
+distinctly seen with a glass. The British troops were landed on Staten
+Island, where nearly all the people were Tories, although they had
+professed to be patriots.</p>
+
+<p>While these warlike preparations were going forward, the American
+Congress was discussing the most important subject ever considered by a
+legislative body&mdash;that of American independence; and on the 4th of July,
+1776, the Declaration of Independence was adopted.</p>
+
+<p>The discussion upon the adoption of this important document was
+conducted in secret session. The people outside knew what was before the
+Assembly, and there was great excitement. For hours citizens gathered
+about the State House, awaiting the decision with the utmost anxiety. A
+man was stationed in the steeple of the building to ring the bell when
+the decisive vote was declared. The bell was imported from England
+twenty-three years before, and bore this inscription:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">[360]</a></span></p><p>"Proclaim liberty throughout all the land, unto all the inhabitants
+thereof."</p>
+
+<p>When the bell pealed forth the glad news that the Declaration of
+Independence was adopted, the joy of the people knew no bounds. The
+tidings spread from town to town, and awakened the most hearty response.
+On the ninth day of July, Washington caused the Declaration to be read
+at the head of each regiment, and it revived their drooping hopes more
+than the arrival of ten thousand recruits.</p>
+
+<p>In their outburst of gladness, the soldiers indulged themselves in some
+excesses. There was a leaden statue of George III, in the Bowling Green,
+which they tore from its pedestal, and cut up, to run into bullets.
+Washington thought it was an unnecessary act of violence, denoting
+insubordination and recklessness, and he rebuked the deed by an order,
+in which he said:</p>
+
+<p>"The general hopes and trusts that every officer and man will endeavor
+to live and act as becomes a Christian soldier, defending the dearest
+rights and liberties of his country."</p>
+
+<p>One day, before the engagement came on, General Putnam was crossing a
+field, which is now the "Park," when his attention was called to a
+company of artillery on drill. Observing the company for several
+minutes, he remarked to the commander:</p>
+
+<p>"A well-disciplined company!"</p>
+
+<p>"With some more practice they will be," the commander replied modestly.</p>
+
+<p>"Have they attained to this excellence of drill under your command?"
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361">[361]</a></span>General Putnam asked, noticing that the officer could not be more than
+twenty years of age.</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, sir; I have enjoyed some opportunities to study military science."</p>
+
+<p>"Where?"</p>
+
+<p>"First in the West Indies, where I was born. I was a merchant's clerk
+there, but longed for a military life, and finally I seized upon the
+first opportunity to study such books as I could find. After I came to
+this country my desire for military service did not abate, and I joined
+Captain Fleming's company."</p>
+
+<p>"General Washington must know you," responded Putnam as he moved on.</p>
+
+<p>We have introduced this incident here because the young commander was
+Alexander Hamilton, who became identified with the history of our
+country. He came to this country at fifteen; entered King's College,
+where he was the best scholar; joined one of the first volunteer
+companies organized in New York, and became so efficient that he was
+made captain of the artillery company he was drilling when General
+Putnam met him. He was not twenty years old at that time. Subsequently
+he became one of Washington's wisest counsellors. "In him were united,"
+says another, "the patriot, the soldier, the statesman, the jurist, the
+orator, and philosopher, and he was great in them all."</p>
+
+<p>British ships of war continued to arrive, bringing Hessians and Scotch
+Highlanders to swell the king's army. Still no particular movement to
+capture the city was made.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362">[362]</a></span></p><p>On the 21st of July, Washington heard from Sir Henry Clinton's fleet.
+Clinton left the British army in Boston, in December, 1775, and
+unexpectedly appeared in the harbor of New York, as we have stated.
+However, after a conference with Governor Tryon, he sailed south, saying
+that he had no intention of attacking New York.</p>
+
+<p>Clinton soon appeared in Charleston Harbor, part of an expedition
+against South Carolina, under Sir Peter Parker, and in a few days joined
+in attacking the fort, six miles below the city. The fort was commanded
+by Sir William Moultrie. It was attacked with both fleet and army, on
+the twenty-eighth day of June, by one of the most terrible bombardments
+ever known at that time. An experienced British officer said, "It was
+the most furious fire I ever heard or saw."</p>
+
+<p>A few days before, General Charles Lee advised abandoning the fort.</p>
+
+<p>"A mere slaughter-house!" he exclaimed to Governor Rutledge, who was a
+true patriot. "A mere slaughter-house! A British man-of-war will knock
+it to pieces in half an hour!"</p>
+
+<p>"Nevertheless, holding that fort is necessary to the defence of the city
+and State," answered Rutledge. "The fort must be held." He sent for
+Moultrie.</p>
+
+<p>"General Moultrie, what do you think about giving up the fort?" he
+inquired, repeating the advice of General Lee.</p>
+
+<p>Moultrie was indignant, and he replied:</p>
+
+<p>"No man, sir, can have a higher opinion of British ships and seamen than
+I have. But there are others who love the smell o<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">[363]</a></span>f gunpowder as well
+as they do. Give us a plenty of powder and ball, sir, and let them come
+on as soon as they please."</p>
+
+<p>"You shall have plenty of powder and ball," answered Rutledge, as he
+sent Moultrie back to his post.</p>
+
+<p>The guns of Fort Moultrie riddled the British ships, and covered their
+decks with the dead and dying. One hundred and seventy-five men were
+killed on board the fleet, and as many more wounded. The Americans lost
+but thirty-five, and held the fort. A braver garrison never met a foe.
+Sergeant Jaspar saw the flag shot away, and leaped down upon the beach,
+snatched it up, and returned it to its place, shouting:</p>
+
+<p>"Hurrah, boys! Liberty and America forever!" Governor Rutledge rewarded
+him with a sword.</p>
+
+<p>Sergeant McDonald was terribly shattered by a cannon-ball, and he called
+out with his dying breath, "I die, but don't let the cause of liberty
+die with me!"</p>
+
+<p>The enemy's fleet was driven off in a shattered condition. The commander
+was so deeply humiliated that even his black pilots insulted him. Weems
+says that he called to one of them:</p>
+
+<p>"Cudjo, what water have you there?"</p>
+
+<p>"What water, massa? what water? Why, salt water, sure sir! sea water
+always salt water, ain't he, massa?"</p>
+
+<p>"You black rascal, I knew it was salt water; I only wanted t<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">[364]</a></span>o know how
+<i>much</i> water you have there?"</p>
+
+<p>"How much water here, massa? how much water here? God bless me, massa!
+Where I going get quart pot for measure him?"</p>
+
+<p>The commander, even in his chagrin and trouble, could not but laugh at
+Cudjo's idea of measuring the Atlantic ocean with a quart pot.</p>
+
+<p>This discomfited fleet returned to New York and joined the British army.</p>
+
+<p>When the news of the signal victory of the patriots at Moultrie reached
+Washington, he announced it to the army, and said:</p>
+
+<p>"With such a bright example before us of what can be done by brave men
+fighting in defence of their country, we shall be loaded with a double
+share of shame and infamy if we do not acquit ourselves with courage,
+and manifest a determined resolution to conquer or die."</p>
+
+<p>A detachment of the army was sent to construct works from Wallabout Bay
+to Red Hook. Washington rode out one day to inspect the defences, when
+he approached a subaltern officer who was directing his men to raise a
+heavy timber to its place. Instead of lending a helping hand, the
+conceited fellow stood, shouting:</p>
+
+<p>"Hurrah, boys, <i>n-o-w</i>, right <i>up</i>, <i>h-e-a-v-e</i>," etc.</p>
+
+<p>"Why do you not lend a helping hand?" said Washington, whom the officer
+did not know.</p>
+
+<p>"What, sir! I lend a helping hand?" exclaimed the official sprig. "Why,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365">[365]</a></span>sir, I'll have you know that I am <i>corporal</i>!"</p>
+
+<p>Washington leaped from his saddle, laid hold of the timber with the men,
+and helped lift it to its place. Then turning to the "corporal," he said
+sarcastically:</p>
+
+<p>"Mr. Corporal, my name's George Washington. I have come over from New
+York to inspect the works here; so soon as you have done this piece of
+work, you will meet me at your commander's, General Sullivan's
+quarters."</p>
+
+<p>Washington despised officers who felt above their business.</p>
+
+<p>On a flying visit to Connecticut, he failed to reach his destination on
+Saturday night. Early Sunday morning he completed the few remaining
+miles of his journey. On his way, a tithing man came out of a house and
+inquired of the coachman:</p>
+
+<p>"Is there any necessity of your travelling on the Lord's Day?"</p>
+
+<p>Washington ordered his coachman to stop, and replied:</p>
+
+<p>"I have no intention of breaking the laws of Connecticut; they meet my
+most cordial approbation. But I was disappointed in not being able to
+reach my destination last night, where I shall attend church."</p>
+
+<p>Washington waited and waited for the enemy to move, and wondered that he
+did not. Putnam wrote to Gates:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366">[366]</a></span></p><p>"Is it not strange that those invincible troops who were to lay waste
+all the country, with their fleets and army, dare not put their feet on
+the main?"</p>
+
+<p>About this time General Washington made the following address to his
+army:</p>
+
+<p>"The time is now near at hand which must determine whether Americans are
+to be free men or slaves; whether they are to have any property they can
+call their own; whether their houses and farms are to be pillaged and
+destroyed, and themselves consigned to a state of wretchedness, from
+which no human efforts will deliver them. The fate of unborn millions
+will now depend, under God, on the courage and conduct of this army. Our
+cruel and unrelenting enemy leaves us only the choice of a brave
+resistance or the most abject submission. We have, therefore, to resolve
+to conquer or die. Our own, our country's, honor calls upon us for a
+vigorous and manly action; and if we now shamefully fail, we shall
+become infamous to the whole world. Let us then rely upon the goodness
+of our cause, and the aid of the Supreme Being, in whose hands victory
+is, to animate and encourage us to great and noble actions."</p>
+
+<p>The American army had grown by this time to over twenty thousand men
+poorly equipped and fed, though not more than fifteen thousand were
+available for immediate action. Congress was slow to provide supplies,
+and everything dragged. Many of the men carried only a spade, shovel or
+pick-axe. At the call of the country, they responded with shovels in
+hand, having no guns. They could throw up works, though destitute of
+arms to repel the foe. It was this destitute condition of our army that
+led a British officer to write home derisively:</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_367" id="Page_367">[367]</a></span></p>
+<p>"The rebels are armed with scythes and pitchforks."</p>
+
+<p>To rebuke the growing vice and recklessness of the army, Washington
+issued the following order:</p>
+
+<p>"The general is sorry to be informed that the foolish and wicked
+practice of profane cursing and swearing, a vice heretofore little known
+in an American army, is growing into fashion. He hopes the officers will
+by example, as well as influence, endeavor to check it, and that both
+they and the men will reflect that we can have little hope of the
+blessing of Heaven on our arms if we insult it by our impiety and folly;
+added to this, it is a vice so mean and low, without any temptation,
+that every man of sense and character detests and despises it."</p>
+
+<p>On the 17th of August Washington observed a movement of the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>"They are embarking," he said to one of his aides, "bound for some
+point. Thirty thousand of them will be able to crush us if, as General
+Lee says, 'God is on the side of heavy battalions.'"</p>
+
+<p>He was not long in doubt concerning their destination, for they landed
+at Long Island.</p>
+
+<p>"They mean to capture Brooklyn Heights," exclaimed Washington; "their
+designs are clear enough now."</p>
+
+<p>"The city is at their mercy if they once capture that position," replied
+"Old Put," as the soldiers called General Putnam. "They must not be
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_368" id="Page_368">[368]</a></span>suffered to gain that position."</p>
+
+<p>"You must go to General Sullivan's aid with six battalions, all the
+force we can spare," said Washington. "There is no time to be lost."</p>
+
+<p>In anticipation of such a movement, Washington had stationed a body of
+troops on Brooklyn Heights under General Greene; but the latter was
+taken sick, and General Sullivan succeeded him, and now General Putnam
+was placed in command. No more men could be sent to Brooklyn Heights,
+because Washington expected the British fleet would attack the city.</p>
+
+<p>He received the following message from General Livingston of New Jersey:</p>
+
+<p>"I saw movements of the enemy on Staten Island, and sent over a spy at
+midnight, who brought back the following intelligence: Twenty thousand
+men have embarked to make an attack on Long Island, and up the Hudson.
+Fifteen thousand remained on Staten Island, to attack Bergen Point,
+Elizabethtown Point, and Amboy." The spy heard the orders read and the
+conversation of the generals. "They appear very determined," added he,
+"and will put all to the sword."</p>
+
+<p>Again, in expectation of an immediate attack, he addressed the army to
+inspire them with determined valor, and said:</p>
+
+<p>"The enemy have landed upon Long Island, and the hour is fast
+approaching on which the honor and success of this army, and the safety
+of our bleeding country, depend. Remember, officers and soldiers, that
+you are free men, fighting for the blessings of liberty; that slavery
+will be your portion, and that of your posterity, if you do not acquit
+yourselves like men. It is th<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369">[369]</a></span>e general's express orders that, if any
+man attempt to skulk, lie down, or retreat without orders, he be
+instantly shot down for an example."</p>
+
+<p>Fifteen thousand British troops landed and advanced to seize the
+Heights. It was on the twenty-first day of August, 1776. A terrific
+battle of seven days followed, in which the slaughter and suffering were
+fearful. Alternate victory and defeat were experienced by both sides.
+Sometimes it was a hand-to-hand fight with bayonets. As Washington
+beheld a detachment of his heroic men pierced to death by Hessian
+bayonets, he wrung his hands in an agony of spirit, and exclaimed:</p>
+
+<p>"O good God, what brave fellows I must this day lose!"</p>
+
+<p>There were but five thousand Americans pitted in this battle against
+fifteen thousand British, and yet they fought seven days.</p>
+
+<p>On the twenty-eighth day of August, the British moved their line of
+battle to within a mile of the Yankee breast-works on the Heights. The
+capture of the Heights, with all the American soldiers, seemed
+inevitable. Between them and New York was the East River, which the
+enemy's fleet commanded. Before them was the foe, numbering three to
+one. To human view there was no hope for the brave little army of
+patriots.</p>
+
+<p>But on that night a storm arose, and a dense fog enveloped the Heights.
+Early in the evening the rain began to fall, and, together, fog and rain
+created a dismal scene. At the same time a brisk breeze sprang up,
+sufficient to waft the boats across to the New York side. If anything
+more were needed to prove that God was favoring the smallest battalions,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370">[370]</a></span>it was the fact that the night was clear on the New York side of the
+river.</p>
+
+<p>"God is propitious to-night," said Washington to Putnam in a hopeful
+tone. "Under cover of this darkness we must cross the river and save our
+army."</p>
+
+<p>"Our only salvation," replied Putnam.</p>
+
+<p>Washington superintended the retreat personally, and, as the fog did not
+clear away until ten o'clock on the following day, his whole force, with
+guns and ammunition, were carried across the river before the enemy
+discovered the retreat. This retreat was regarded as one of the most
+signal achievements of the war. Sparks says, in his "Life of
+Washington:"</p>
+
+<p>"The retreat, in its plan, execution, and success, has been regarded as
+one of the most remarkable military events in history, and as reflecting
+the highest credit on the talents and skill of the commander. So intense
+was the anxiety of Washington, so unceasing his exertions, that for
+forty-eight hours he did not close his eyes, and rarely dismounted from
+his horse."</p>
+
+<p>"We cannot hold New York," said Washington, at a council of war he
+called immediately. "We are at the mercy of the enemy on every hand."</p>
+
+<p>"From Brooklyn Heights British guns can lay this city in ashes," added
+Putnam.</p>
+
+<p>"That is true; but the Howes will never order that destruction so long
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_371" id="Page_371">[371]</a></span>as half the citizens are Tories," replied Washington.</p>
+
+<p>"Sure enough; that is a voucher against such a measure," responded
+Putnam. "But if thirty thousand well-armed and well-fed British troops,
+having possession of all the land and water around Manhattan Island,
+can't capture this small and undisciplined army, they don't deserve the
+name of soldiers."</p>
+
+<p>"And now our men are disheartened," continued Washington. "We lost
+nearly two thousand men, killed, wounded, and missing, on Brooklyn
+Heights, and many of those who escaped have deserted. We must evacuate
+the city."</p>
+
+<p>"And leave it in flames," added Putnam.</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, apply the torch," said another; "we must do it in self-defence.
+What a strong position against us it will afford to the enemy!"</p>
+
+<p>Washington saw reasons for adopting this extreme measure, but he could
+not take the responsibility. He did write to Congress about it, however,
+as follows:</p>
+
+<p>"If we should be obliged to abandon the town, ought it to stand as
+winter quarters for the enemy? They would derive great convenience from
+it on the one hand, and much property would be destroyed on the other.
+At the present, I dare say, the enemy mean to preserve it if they can."</p>
+
+<p>On the tenth day of September, Congress voted to leave the fate of the
+city in Washington's hands, and he left it unharmed.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372">[372]</a></span></p>
+<p>Concerning the alarming desertions after the retreat from Brooklyn
+Heights, he wrote, in humane extenuation of the deserters' offence:</p>
+
+<p>"Men just dragged from the tender scenes of domestic life, and
+unaccustomed to the din of arms, totally unacquainted with every kind of
+military skill, are timid, and ready to fly from their own shadows.
+Besides, the sudden change in their manner of living brings on an
+unconquerable desire to return to their homes."</p>
+
+<p>Establishing his headquarters at King's Bridge, Washington superintended
+the retreat from New York, which was accomplished without the loss of
+anything except his heaviest cannon.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Humphreys wrote: "I had frequent opportunities that day of
+beholding Washington issuing orders, encouraging the troops, flying on
+his horse covered with foam, wherever his presence was most necessary.
+Without his extraordinary exertions the guards must have been inevitably
+lost, and it is possible the entire corps would have been cut in
+pieces."</p>
+
+<p>He made a noble stand at Harlem Heights for three weeks, where he had
+several encounters with the foe. In one of these, two of his most
+brilliant officers were killed, Colonel Knowlton and Major Leith.
+Knowlton's last words were, "Did we drive the enemy in?" Speaking of
+Colonel Knowlton reminds us of an incident.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after the retreat from Brooklyn, Washington said to Knowlton:</p>
+
+<p>"It is important for me to know the strength of the enemy on <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_373" id="Page_373">[373]</a></span>Long
+Island. Can you name a trusty man who will find out?"</p>
+
+<p>"I can," answered Knowlton. "If he will consent, he is just the man for
+such service."</p>
+
+<p>"Send him to me immediately."</p>
+
+<p>Within a short time Nathan Hale of Connecticut, one of the bravest and
+most promising young officers in the army, presented himself to the
+general.</p>
+
+<p>"Can you ascertain for me the number and strength of the British on Long
+Island?" asked Washington.</p>
+
+<p>"I think I can," replied Hale; "I am willing to try."</p>
+
+<p>"You understand that it will cost your life if the enemy capture you. It
+is serious business."</p>
+
+<p>"I understand. I understood that when I entered the army," was young
+Hale's cool and heroic reply.</p>
+
+<p>"Go, then, and quickly as possible obtain the information I so much
+need."</p>
+
+<p>Hale went to Long Island in the capacity of a schoolmaster, obtained the
+information that Washington desired, and on his return was discovered
+and arrested as a spy. Without trial or court-martial he was executed,
+in extremely aggravating circumstances.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374">[374]</a></span></p><p>"A clergyman, whose attendance he desired, was refused him; a Bible, for
+a moment's devotion, was not procured though he requested it. Letters
+which on the morning of his execution, he wrote to his mother and
+sister, were destroyed; and this very extraordinary reason was given by
+the provost-martial, 'that the rebels should not know that they had a
+man in the army who could die with so much firmness.' Unknown to all
+around him, without a single friend to offer him the least consolation,
+as amiable and as worthy a young man as America could boast was thus
+hung as a spy." His last words were:</p>
+
+<p>"I lament only that I have but one life to give to the cause of liberty
+and the rights of man."</p>
+
+<p>Soon after Washington withdrew his defeated army to Harlem Heights, he
+heard cannonading at the landing, where breastworks had been thrown up.
+Springing upon his horse, he galloped away in the direction of the
+firing, and, before he reached the place, he met his soldiers in full
+retreat before a squad of British, numbering not more than sixty or
+seventy. He drew his sword, and with threats, endeavored to rally them;
+but in vain. He was so shocked by their cowardice, and so determined to
+repel the foe, that he would have dashed forward to his death, had not
+his aides seized the reins of his charger, and turned him in the other
+direction.</p>
+
+<p>On the 20th of September, after the British took possession of New York,
+a fire started one night in a drinking saloon, where soldiers were
+revelling (perhaps celebrating their triumphal entry into the city), and
+it spread with great rapidity. The buildings were mostly of wood, so
+that the devouring flames licked them up as tinder; and although the
+thousands of British soldiers exerted themselves to the utmost to
+extinguish the fire, one quarter of the city, about one thousand
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375">[375]</a></span>buildings, was laid in ashes.</p>
+
+<p>At this time the army in Canada had withdrawn to Crown Point, numbering
+about six thousand, one half of them being sick and the other half
+disheartened and disaffected. General Washington ordered them to retire
+to Ticonderoga for safety and rest. The small-pox was spreading among
+them to an alarming degree.</p>
+
+<p>Jealousies among officers, dissatisfaction among soldiers, clashing
+interests among the Colonies, and a growing distrust of Washington,
+added to the complications of the American cause, and to the trials of
+Congress and the commander-in-chief.</p>
+
+<p>Referring to the discordant interests throughout most of the Colonies,
+John Adams wrote: "It requires more serenity of temper, a deeper
+understanding, and more courage than fell to the lot of Marlborough,
+to ride in this whirlwind."</p>
+
+<p>By request, General Lee returned from the South at this time. He was an
+accomplished military officer, and his successes at the South added much
+to his laurels. Many regarded him superior to Washington. The latter
+esteemed him highly as an officer of skill and experience. At a council
+of war held soon after his arrival, General Lee said:</p>
+
+<p>"A position is not a good one simply because its approaches are
+difficult. No army can maintain itself with the enemy in front and rear,
+especially when the enemy's ships command the water on each side, as
+they do here. Your recent experience on Long Island and in New York
+shows the danger of such position."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_376" id="Page_376">[376]</a></span></p><p>"That is very true," answered Washington. "We cannot afford to hazard
+too much in the present condition of the army. I have satisfactory
+evidence that General Howe's purpose is to surround our camp, and
+capture the whole American army."</p>
+
+<p>"And he is not much of a general if he does not do it," responded Lee.
+"For my part, I would have nothing to do with the islands to which you
+have been clinging so pertinaciously. I would give Mr. Howe a fee-simple
+of them."</p>
+
+<p>"Where and when shall we be in a better condition to meet the enemy?"
+inquired General George Clinton, a brave but inexperienced officer. "We
+must fight the enemy somewhere; why not here?"</p>
+
+<p>"I will answer your inquiry," replied Washington. "We shall be in a
+better condition to meet the foe when the Colonies have had time to
+furnish their quotas of recruits, as recently ordered by Congress."</p>
+
+<p>At the earnest solicitation of Washington, Congress had voted that the
+Colonies should furnish eighty-eight battalions, in quotas, according
+to their abilities; that the pay of officers should be raised; troops
+serving throughout the war should receive a bounty of twenty dollars
+and one hundred acres of land, with a new suit of clothes annually.
+Those enlisting for three years were to receive twenty dollars bounty,
+but no land. This provision was a response to Washington's frequent
+protests against short enlistments and small pay, and it pointed to a
+reorganization of the army, on a permanent footing, according to
+Washington's frequently expressed ideas. The general had great
+expectations of relief from this more liberal policy.</p>
+
+<p>"Our present action should look solely to the safety of the army,"
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_377" id="Page_377">[377]</a></span>interjected Lee. "To save it from annihilation or capture is our first
+duty."</p>
+
+<p>"Certainly," rejoined Washington; "and now let this question be answered
+definitely: whether (considering that the obstructions in the North
+River have proved insufficient, and that the enemy's whole force is in
+our rear on Grog Point), it is now deemed possible, in our situation, to
+prevent the enemy from cutting off the communication with the country,
+and compelling us to fight them at all disadvantages or surrender
+prisoners at discretion?"</p>
+
+<p>Every number of the council except General Clinton decided that it was
+impossible to occupy the present position without exposing the army to
+destruction or capture; hence, another retreat followed.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2><a name="XIX" id="XIX"></a>XIX.<br />
+
+<small>FROM HARLEM TO TRENTON.</small></h2>
+
+
+<p class="noi"><span class="smcap">Washington</span> withdrew his army to White Plains, leaving nearly three
+thousand of his best troops to garrison Fort Washington. Congress
+believed that Fort Washington could hold the Hudson secure, and
+therefore ordered that a strong garrison be left there. It was not
+according to General Washington's idea, after he decided to retreat to
+White Plains, but he yielded to the request of Congress. General
+Putnam's obstructions in the river amounted to little. Four galleys,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378">[378]</a></span>mounted with heavy guns and swivels; two new ships, filled with stones,
+to be sunk at the proper moment; a sloop at anchor, having on board an
+infernal machine for submarine explosion, with which to blow up the
+men-of-war; these were among the aids to the Fort, together with
+batteries on either shore, to prevent the enemy ascending the Hudson.
+Yet, on the ninth day of October, three British war-ships sailed
+triumphantly up the river, sweeping through the obstructions, with
+little damage to themselves.</p>
+
+<p>The British pursued the American army. Washington threw up intrenchments
+hastily, designing to make but a temporary stay there. General Lee
+arrived with the rear division of the army, after the temporary
+fortifications were well under way.</p>
+
+<p>"This is but a temporary camp," remarked Washington to Lee. "Yonder
+height (pointing to the north) is a more eligible location."</p>
+
+<p>"I judge so," General Lee answered, taking in the situation at once.</p>
+
+<p>"Let us ride out and inspect the ground for ourselves," proposed
+Washington. And they galloped away. On arriving at the spot, General Lee
+pointed to still another height farther north.</p>
+
+<p>"That is the ground we ought to occupy," he said.</p>
+
+<p>"Well, let us go and view it," replied Washington.</p>
+
+<p>They had not reached the location when a courier came dashing up to
+them.</p>
+
+<p>"The British are in the camp, sir!" he exclaimed to Washington.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379">[379]</a></span></p>
+<p>"Then we have other business to attend to than reconnoitering," quickly
+and coolly replied the general, putting spurs to his horse and returning
+to camp.</p>
+
+<p>"The pickets are driven in, but our army is in order of battle,"
+Adjutant-General Reed informed him, as he reached headquarters.</p>
+
+<p>"Gentlemen, return to your respective posts, and do the best you can,"
+the general responded, without the least excitement.</p>
+
+<p>By this time the British army was discovered upon the high ground beyond
+the village, advancing in two columns, "in all the pomp and circumstance
+of war." General Heath wrote afterwards:</p>
+
+<p>"It was a brilliant but formidable sight. The sun shone bright, their
+arms glittered, and perhaps troops never were shown to more advantage."</p>
+
+<p>A brief but hard-fought battle followed, in which there was a loss of
+about four hundred men on each side.</p>
+
+<p>The enemy waited for reinforcements, and Washington improved the time to
+fall back to Northcastle, five miles, where, in the rocky fastness, he
+could defy the whole British army. To add to his advantages, the day on
+which the British commander decided upon an attack, after the arrival of
+reinforcements, a violent rain set in, and continued through the day,
+rendering an attack impossible, so that the Americans had still more
+time to strengthen their position.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_380" id="Page_380">[380]</a></span></p><p>On the night of Nov. 4, a heavy rumbling sound was heard in the
+direction of the British camp. It continued all through the night, and
+resembled the noise of wagons and artillery in motion. Day break
+disclosed the cause: the enemy was decamping. Long trains were seen
+moving over the hilly country towards Dobb's Ferry on the Hudson.</p>
+
+<p>"A feint!" said General Lee, as soon as he discovered the situation.</p>
+
+<p>"A retreat, more like," replied another officer. "The enemy sees little
+hope in attacking this stronghold."</p>
+
+<p>"I can hardly believe that so large and well-disciplined an army is
+going to withdraw without giving battle," responded Washington. "No
+doubt an attack upon Fort Washington is the immediate purpose; and then,
+perhaps an invasion into the Jerseys."</p>
+
+<p>There was much speculation among the officers as to the meaning of this
+man&oelig;uvre, and all of them were in more or less perplexity. Washington
+wrote immediately to Governor Livingston of New Jersey and hurried a
+messenger away with the letter:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_381" id="Page_381">[381]</a></span></p><p>"They have gone towards North River and King's Bridge. Some suppose they
+are going into winter quarters, and will sit down in New York without
+doing more than investing Fort Washington. I cannot subscribe wholly to
+this opinion myself. That they will invest Fort Washington is a matter
+of which there can be no doubt, and I think there is a strong
+probability that General Howe will detach a part of his force to make an
+incursion into the Jerseys, provided he is going to New York. He must
+attempt something on account of his reputation, for what has he done as
+yet with his great army?"</p>
+
+<p>Satisfied that General Howe intended to capture Fort Washington, he
+advised its evacuation. He wrote to General Greene:</p>
+
+<p>"If we cannot prevent vessels from passing up the river, and the enemy
+are possessed of all the surrounding country, what valuable purpose can
+it answer to hold a post from which the expected benefit cannot be had?
+I am, therefore, inclined to think that it will not be prudent to hazard
+the men and stores at Mount Washington; but as you are on the spot, I
+leave it to you to give such orders as to evacuating Mount Washington as
+you may judge best, and so far revoking the orders given to Colonel
+Morgan, to defend it to the last."</p>
+
+<p>General Greene took the responsibility to hold the fort; and when
+Colonel Morgan received a demand from the enemy to surrender, he
+replied: "I shall defend the fort to the last."</p>
+
+<p>After a manly resistance, however, he was forced to surrender; and the
+fort, with its garrison of twenty-eight hundred men, and abundant
+stores, passed into the hands of the enemy. The prisoners were taken to
+New York and confined in the notorious British prison-ship, where they
+suffered long and terribly.</p>
+
+<p>This was a very unfortunate affair for the American cause, and caused
+the commander-in-chief great anxiety. He wrote to his brother about it
+in a gloomy mood, and said:</p>
+
+<p>"In ten days from this date there will not be above two thousand men, if
+that number, of the fixed, established regiments on thi<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_382" id="Page_382">[382]</a></span>s side of the
+Hudson River, to oppose Howe's whole army; and very little more on the
+other, to secure the eastern Colonies, and the important passes leading
+through the Highlands to Albany, and the country about the lakes.... I
+am wearied almost to death with the retrograde movement of things, and I
+solemnly protest that a pecuniary reward of twenty thousand pounds a
+year would not induce me to undergo what I do, and, after all, perhaps
+to lose my character; as it is impossible, under such a variety of
+distressing circumstances, to conduct matters agreeably to public
+expectation."</p>
+
+<p>Washington's command was now at Fort Lee (formerly Fort Constitution).
+The next movement of the enemy was designed to hem them in between the
+Hudson and Hackensack, and capture them. The commander-in-chief ordered
+a hasty retreat, the want of horses and wagons making it necessary to
+abandon a large quantity of baggage, stores, and provisions, and even
+the tents and all the cannon except two twelve pounders. The retreat
+over the Hackensack was successfully performed, and here Washington
+ordered Colonel Greyson to send the following message to General Lee:</p>
+
+<p>"Remove the troops under your command to this side of the North River,
+and there wait for further orders."</p>
+
+<p>The next day Washington wrote to Lee:</p>
+
+<p>"I am of opinion, and the gentlemen about me concur in it, that the
+public interest requires your coming over to this side of the Hudson
+with the Continental troops."</p>
+
+<p>Not more than three thousand soldiers were with Washington at
+Hackensack, without intrenching tools, tents, and necessary supplies. To
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_383" id="Page_383">[383]</a></span>risk an engagement in these circumstances was hazardous in the extreme,
+and a further retreat became inevitable. Leaving three regiments to
+guard the passages of the Hackensack, and to serve as covering parties,
+he withdrew to Newark, on the west bank of the Passaic.</p>
+
+<p>To add to the perils of his situation, the term of enlistment of General
+Mercer's command was about to expire. He must have reinforcements, or
+his entire army would be destroyed. He hurried away Colonel Reed to
+Governor Livingston of New Jersey, and General Mifflin to Philadelphia,
+to implore aid. At the same time he depended upon General Lee for
+immediate reinforcements, not doubting that the latter was obeying his
+orders; but, to his amazement, a letter from Lee revealed the startling
+fact that he had not moved from Northcastle.</p>
+
+<p>Washington renewed his orders to Lee to move with all possible despatch
+and come to his rescue. He said:</p>
+
+<p>"The enemy are pushing on, and part of them have crossed the Passaic.
+Their plans have not entirely unfolded, but I shall not be surprised to
+find that Philadelphia is the object of their movement."</p>
+
+<p>"We cannot make a stand here," said General Greene.</p>
+
+<p>"By no means," answered Washington. "My hope is to make a stand at
+Brunswick, on the Raritan; or, certainly, to dispute the passage of the
+Delaware."</p>
+
+<p>"Our retreat to Brunswick must be hastened, or the enemy will be upon
+us," added Greene.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_384" id="Page_384">[384]</a></span></p>
+<p>The retreat was precipitated; and when the rear-guard of Washington's
+command was leaving one end of Newark, the vanguard of the British army
+was entering at the other.</p>
+
+<p>On reaching Brunswick, Washington wrote at once to Governor Livingston,
+instructing him to collect all the boats and river craft on the Delaware
+for seventy miles, remove them to the western bank of the river, away
+from the enemy, and guard them.</p>
+
+<p>He was doomed to additional disappointment at Brunswick. Colonel Reed
+raised no troops in New Jersey, and many of those raised by General
+Mifflin in Pennsylvania were deserting. The term of enlistment of
+General Mercer's command had expired, and no inducement or entreaties
+could prevail upon them to remain. He could not muster over four
+thousand men.</p>
+
+<p>Still worse, a letter from General Lee to Colonel Reed disclosed the
+fact that the former had not given heed to the orders of his chief, and
+he was still at Northcastle. Moreover, the letter revealed that General
+Lee was plotting against him. Colonel Reed was absent when the letter
+arrived, and, according to his custom, Washington opened the letter,
+supposing it related to military business. What was his surprise to find
+that the letter contained insinuations against himself, and also
+implicated Colonel Reed, his old friend, in a plot to make Lee
+commander-in-chief.</p>
+
+<p>We will say here, once for all, that, while General Lee was an able
+military officer, he was an ambitious, arrogant, and deceitful man. On
+his return from the South, his fame had reached the zenith, and some
+thought he ought to lead the American army. Washington's continued
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_385" id="Page_385">[385]</a></span>retreats increased this feeling, until General Lee evidently thought
+there was a fair prospect of the removal of Washington, and his own
+promotion to commander-in-chief. Even Colonel Reed entertained this
+opinion, though afterwards he saw his mistake, and made suitable amends.
+This explains Lee's conduct before and after Washington retired from
+Brunswick.</p>
+
+<p>Judge Jay related the following incident: "A short time before the death
+of John Adams, I was conversing with my father about the American
+Revolution. Suddenly he remarked:</p>
+
+<p>"'Ah, William! The history of that Revolution will never be known.
+Nobody now alive knows it but John Adams and myself.'</p>
+
+<p>"'You surprise me, father; to what can you refer?'</p>
+
+<p>"'The proceedings of the old Congress.'</p>
+
+<p>"'What proceedings?'</p>
+
+<p>"'Those against Washington; from first to last there was a bitter party
+against him.'"</p>
+
+<p>The "old Congress" sat with closed doors, so that the public learned
+only what it was wise to disclose.</p>
+
+<p>Washington waited for recruits at Brunswick until the 1st of December.
+On that day the vanguard of the British army appeared on the opposite
+side of the Raritan. Washington destroyed the end of the bridge next to
+the village, to intercept the pursuit of the enemy, and retreated.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_386" id="Page_386">[386]</a></span>Stopping at Princeton temporarily, he left twelve hundred troops there,
+under Lord Stirling and General Stephens, to keep an eye on the foe, and
+continued his retreat to Trenton.</p>
+
+<p>While the American army decreased from week to week, the British army in
+pursuit was augmented; for, through the Jerseys, General Howe impressed
+men, horses, and wagons, and at the same time many Tories flocked to his
+standard. He issued a proclamation, also, offering pardon and protection
+to all citizens who would take the oath of allegiance to the king. There
+was so little hope of the American cause at that time, and Washington's
+army appeared so plainly to be near destruction, that many citizens took
+the oath and joined the British army, as they thought, from absolute
+necessity. "Many who had been prominent in the cause, hastened to take
+advantage of this proclamation," says Irving. "Those who had the most
+property to lose were the first to submit; the middle ranks remained
+generally steadfast in this time of trial."</p>
+
+<p>A British officer wrote to his friends in London:</p>
+
+<p>"The rebels continue flying before our army. Lord Cornwallis took the
+fort opposite Brunswick, plunged into Raritan River, and seized the
+town.... Such a panic has seized the rebels that no part of the Jerseys
+will hold them, and I doubt whether Philadelphia itself will stop their
+career. The Congress have lost their authority.... They are in such
+consternation that they know not what to do. The two Adamses are in New
+England; Franklin gone to France; Lynch has lost his senses; Rutledge
+has gone home disgusted; Dana is persecuting at Albany; and Jay is in
+the country, playing as bad a part, so that the fools have lost the
+assistance of the knaves."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_387" id="Page_387">[387]</a></span></p><p>"This," says Sparks, "was the gloomiest period of the war. The campaign
+had been little else than a series of disasters and retreats. The enemy
+had gained possession of Rhode Island, Long Island, the city of New
+York, Staten Island, and nearly the whole of the Jerseys, and seemed on
+the point of extending their conquests into Pennsylvania. By the fatal
+scheme of short enlistments, and by sickness, the effective force with
+General Washington had dwindled away, till it hardly deserved the name
+of an army."</p>
+
+<p>Still Washington was hopeful, and expected that the cause of right would
+triumph. When and how he could not tell; but he continued to say, "That
+Providence which has brought us out of many difficulties will yet crown
+our righteous cause with success."</p>
+
+<p>"I expected substantial aid from the Jerseys," he said to General
+Mercer. "I am disappointed that the people have not flocked to our
+standard."</p>
+
+<p>"I am more than disappointed," replied Mercer; "I am shocked and vexed
+at the cowardice of the people."</p>
+
+<p>"What think you," continued Washington, "if we should retreat to the
+back part of Pennsylvania, would the Pennsylvanians support us?"</p>
+
+<p>The mountainous regions of Pennsylvania were the field of his early
+exploits against the French and Indians, and Mercer was with him there.</p>
+
+<p>"If the lower counties give up, the back counties will do the same,"
+Mercer answered in a desponding way.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_388" id="Page_388">[388]</a></span></p><p>"We must then retire to Augusta County, Virginia," responded Washington,
+his indomitable spirit rising superior to all discouragements. "Numbers
+will repair to us for safety, and we will try a predatory war. If
+overpowered, we must cross the Alleghanies."</p>
+
+<p>Before this time, Colonel Reed said to him one day, "When shall we stop
+this everlasting retreating and make a stand?"</p>
+
+<p>Washington answered, without the least show of resentment:</p>
+
+<p>"If it becomes necessary, we will retreat over every river and mountain
+in America."</p>
+
+<p>Such an unconquerable spirit receives its reward at last.</p>
+
+<p>Lee did not leave Northcastle until the last of November. True, he
+ordered General Heath to a movement that he claimed would support
+Washington; but when General Heath found that Lee was not obeying the
+orders of the commander-in-chief, he refused to entertain his commands.</p>
+
+<p>"I am amenable to the commander-in-chief, and cannot supply you with
+troops as you order," he said.</p>
+
+<p>"In point of <i>law</i> you are right," said Lee, "but in point of policy I
+think you are wrong. I am going into the Jerseys for the salvation of
+America; I wish to take with me a larger force than I now have, and
+request you to order two thousand of your men to march with me."</p>
+
+<p>"I cannot spare that number."</p>
+
+<p>"Then order one thousand."</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_389" id="Page_389">[389]</a></span></p>
+<p>"No, not a thousand."</p>
+
+<p>"How many, then?" continued Lee.</p>
+
+<p>"Not one," answered Heath. "I may as well bring this matter to a point
+at once; not a single man will I furnish from this post by <i>your</i>
+order."</p>
+
+<p>"Then," exclaimed Lee in an excited manner, "I will order them myself."</p>
+
+<p>"That makes a wide difference," rejoined Heath. "You are my senior, but
+I have received positive written instructions from him who is superior
+to us both, and I will not <i>myself</i> break those orders. Read them."</p>
+
+<p>He handed Washington's letter to Lee, in which he positively forbade the
+removal of any troops from that post.</p>
+
+<p>"The commander-in-chief is now at a distance," said Lee, after reading
+the letter, "and he does not know what is necessary here as well as I
+do."</p>
+
+<p>Turning to Major Huntington, Lee said authoritatively:</p>
+
+<p>"You will order two regiments (designating the two) to march early
+to-morrow morning to join me."</p>
+
+<p>General Heath was surprised and indignant at Lee's assumption of
+authority, and he said to the major, "Issue such orders at your peril!"</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_390" id="Page_390">[390]</a></span></p><p>Then turning to Lee, he added:</p>
+
+<p>"Sir, if you come to this post, and mean to issue orders here which will
+break the positive ones I have received I pray you do it completely
+yourself, and through your own deputy adjutant-general, who is present,
+and not draw me or any of my family in as partners in the guilt."</p>
+
+<p>"It is right," answered Lee. "Colonel Scammel, do you issue the order."</p>
+
+<p>"I have one more request to make," interrupted General Heath, "and that
+is, that you will be pleased to give me a certificate that you <i>exercise
+command</i> at this post, and order from it these regiments."</p>
+
+<p>Lee objected, but General George Clinton, who was present, said:</p>
+
+<p>"That is a very reasonable request, General Lee, and surely you cannot
+refuse it."</p>
+
+<p>Without replying, he immediately wrote the following:</p>
+
+<p>"For the satisfaction of General Heath, and at his request, I do certify
+that I am commanding officer, at this present writing, in this post, and
+that I have, in that capacity, ordered Prescott's and Wyllis' regiments
+to march."</p>
+
+<p>The next morning General Lee rode up to Heath's door, and said:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_391" id="Page_391">[391]</a></span></p><p>"Upon further consideration I have concluded not to take the two
+regiments with me. You may order them to return to their former post."</p>
+
+<p>Evidently the ambitious and conceited general had come to the conclusion
+that "discretion is the better part of valor."</p>
+
+<p>General Lee did not cross the Hudson until the 4th of December, moving
+snail-like, although he knew that Washington's army was in imminent
+peril.</p>
+
+<p>"Do come on," Washington's last plea was; "your arrival may be
+fortunate, and, if it can be effected without delay, it may be the means
+of preserving a city whose loss must prove of the most fatal consequence
+to the cause of America."</p>
+
+<p>The "city" referred to was Philadelphia. Washington had written to him
+that the enemy was designing to capture Philadelphia, a calamity that
+must be prevented if possible.</p>
+
+<p>At this time Washington had removed the baggage and stores of his army
+across the Delaware. Being reinforced, however, by fifteen hundred
+Pennsylvania militia, he resolved to march back to Princeton and await
+developments. On his way he met General Stirling, who had evacuated
+Princeton, as Cornwallis was marching upon it with a large force.
+Returning to Trenton, he hastily collected all the boats possible, and
+conveyed his whole force over the Delaware, including General Stirling's
+command from Princeton. The rear-guard had scarcely crossed the river
+when Cornwallis appeared in the distance with his "bannered hosts." As
+Washington had taken possession of all the boats and transports, the
+enemy could not cross.</p>
+
+<p>The tact and skill of Washington as a general were as conspicuous in his
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_392" id="Page_392">[392]</a></span>retreat through the Jerseys as they were on any battlefield. Thomas
+Paine accompanied the army, and he wrote:</p>
+
+<p>"With a handful of men we sustained an orderly retreat for near an
+hundred miles, brought off our ammunition, all our field-pieces, the
+greatest part of our stores, and had four rivers to pass. None can say
+that our retreat was precipitate, for we were three weeks in performing
+it, that the country might have time to come in. Twice we marched back
+to meet the enemy, and remained out until dark. The sign of fear was not
+seen in our camp; and had not some of the cowardly and disaffected
+inhabitants spread false alarms through the country, the Jerseys had
+never been ravaged."</p>
+
+<p>On the 12th of December, General Lee had marched no farther than
+Vealtown, eight miles from Morristown. He continued to disregard
+Washington's appeals and instructions, receiving one almost every day.
+In some of them the commander-in-chief showed that his patience was well
+nigh exhausted.</p>
+
+<p>"I am surprised that you should be in doubt about the route you are to
+take after my definite instructions," he wrote on the 11th of December.</p>
+
+<p>"I have so frequently mentioned our situation, and the necessity of your
+aid, that it is painful for me to add a word on the subject," he wrote
+on the same day.</p>
+
+<p>At Vealtown Lee left his troops in command of General Sullivan, and took
+up his own quarters at a "tavern" in Baskingridge, three miles off. He
+was very partial to "<i>taverns</i>" especially if well stocked with certain
+articles to please his palate.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_393" id="Page_393">[393]</a></span></p><p>On the next morning, about 11 o'clock, General Lee was writing at the
+table, and Major Wilkinson was looking out of the window. The latter
+arrived early in the morning with a letter from his commander, General
+Gates, and General Lee was replying to it.</p>
+
+<p>"The British cavalry are upon us!" shouted Wilkinson in consternation.</p>
+
+<p>"Where?" exclaimed Lee, springing from his chair.</p>
+
+<p>"Right here, around the house," answered Wilkinson, who beheld a
+detachment of British cavalry surrounding the tavern.</p>
+
+<p>"Where are the guards?" cried out Lee, in his surprise and horror.
+"Why don't they fire?"</p>
+
+<p>It was a cold morning, and the guards had stacked their arms, and passed
+around to the south side of the house to sun themselves. They scarcely
+observed the enemy's presence until they heard the demand to surrender.</p>
+
+<p>"If General Lee does not surrender in five minutes I will set fire to
+the house!"</p>
+
+<p>At the same time the guards were chased in different directions. The
+demand for Lee to surrender was repeated, and he did surrender. Hastily
+he was put upon Wilkinson's horse, which stood at the door, and within
+three hours the enemy were exulting over him at Brunswick.</p>
+
+<p>"No one to blame but himself," remarked Heath.</p>
+
+<p>"Good enough for him," said many Americans.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_394" id="Page_394">[394]</a></span></p>
+<p>General Sullivan was now in command, and he joined the
+commander-in-chief as soon as possible.</p>
+
+<p>In Wilkinson's memoir it is said that Lee delayed so strangely in order
+to intercept the enemy in pursuit of Washington; and it is added:</p>
+
+<p>"If General Lee had anticipated General Washington in cutting the cordon
+of the enemy between New York and the Delaware, the commander-in-chief
+would probably have been superseded. In this case Lee would have
+succeeded him."</p>
+
+<p>Washington was too magnanimous to exult over the fall of Lee.
+Notwithstanding his knowledge of Lee's plans to supersede him, he wrote
+to his brother:</p>
+
+<p>"Before you receive this letter, you will undoubtedly have heard of the
+capture of General Lee. This is an additional misfortune; and the more
+vexatious, as it was by his own folly and imprudence, and without a view
+to effect any good, that he was taken. As he went to lodge three miles
+out of his own camp, and within twenty miles of the enemy, a rascally
+Tory rode in the night to give notice of it to the enemy, who sent a
+party of light-horse, who seized him, and carried him off with every
+mark of triumph and indignity."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_395" id="Page_395">[395]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="XX" id="XX"></a>XX.<br />
+
+<small>BATTLES OF TRENTON AND PRINCETON.</small></h2>
+
+
+<p class="noi"><span class="smcap">Washington</span> was so anxious for the safety of Philadelphia, that he
+appointed General Putnam to command the post, with instructions to
+fortify the city at once. At the same time he advised Congress to remove
+to Baltimore; and that body, after hastily completing the business
+before them, adjourned to meet in the latter city on the 20th of
+December.</p>
+
+<p>By this time his army numbered about five thousand available men. One
+thousand militia from New Jersey, and fifteen hundred from Pennsylvania,
+with five hundred Germans from the latter State, was a very encouraging
+increase of his worn and wasted army. Then he had word that General
+Gates was coming on with seven regiments detached by Schuyler from the
+northern department. Washington was hopeful again, and began to plan an
+attack upon the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>Before Congress adjourned to meet at Baltimore, they clothed Washington
+with unusual powers. They voted:</p>
+
+<p>"Until Congress orders otherwise, General Washington shall be possessed
+of all power to order and direct all things relative to the department
+and to the operations of war."</p>
+
+<p>In the days of ancient Rome, such power would have constituted him a
+military dictator. It was conferred in answer to a remarkable
+communication from Washington himself, one of the most able, practical,
+and faithful public documents extant, in which he said:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_396" id="Page_396">[396]</a></span></p><p>"It may be thought that I am going a good deal out of the line of my
+duty to adopt these measures or advise thus freely. A character to lose,
+an estate to forfeit, the inestimable blessings of liberty at stake, and
+a life devoted, must be my excuse."</p>
+
+<p>Washington immediately recruited three battalions of artillery. He
+promised those whose time of enlistment had expired an increase of
+twenty-five per cent to their pay if they would remain, and ten dollars
+bounty for six weeks' service. "It is no time to stand upon expense,"
+he said.</p>
+
+<p>On the 20th of December, General Sullivan arrived with Lee's army. The
+men were in a bad plight, many of them sick and exhausted, others ragged
+and desponding. On the same day, also, General Gates arrived with the
+remnants of four regiments from the Northern army.</p>
+
+<p>"Now is our time to strike a blow that shall put heart into the friends
+of our cause," said Washington to General Greene.</p>
+
+<p>"I am at your service in any enterprise that will do that," answered
+Greene. "Explain."</p>
+
+<p>"I propose an immediate attack upon the enemy," said Washington.</p>
+
+<p>"Well, there is no cowardice in that proposition," remarked Greene. "To
+recross the Delaware that is filled with ice, and attack the enemy in
+his own camp, this wintry weather, is worthy of the commander-in-chief
+of the American army."</p>
+
+<p>"Howe has gone into winter quarters in New York," continued Washington.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_397" id="Page_397">[397]</a></span>"His troops are scattered about loosely, because he thinks the rebel
+army is powerless. Cornwallis has left our front, and returned to New
+York. The Hessians are stationed along the Delaware, facing us, and are
+thinking more of a good time, probably, in this Christmas season, than
+they are of us. It is a good time to surprise them."</p>
+
+<p>"Perhaps so," answered Greene. "How about crossing the river with so
+much floating ice in it?"</p>
+
+<p>"That is not an insuperable barrier," replied Washington. "Besides, if
+we wait until the river is frozen over, the enemy will surprise us."</p>
+
+<p>"You are resolved to attack them?" added Greene.</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, on the 25th, which is close by."</p>
+
+<p>General Greene and the other officers entered into the plan with all
+their hearts, as soon as they fully comprehended it. The night of the
+25th was the earliest moment the army could move. The intervening time
+would be required for preparation.</p>
+
+<p>"A good chance to avenge the loss of Fort Washington, and the wrongs
+inflicted upon the people of Jersey by the Hessians," remarked General
+Greene to his command. The Hessians had been reckless and destructive in
+their march through the Jerseys.</p>
+
+<p>"Miserable hirelings, these Hessians!" exclaimed Major Wilkinson, by way
+of stirring up the soldiers to crave an attack upon them. "Such
+wretches, fighting us for mere pay, without caring whether liberty or
+slavery reigns, deserve to be shot."</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_398" id="Page_398">[398]</a></span></p>
+<p>The night of the 25th was a boisterous one. A storm was coming on, and
+the Delaware rolled tempestuously. But, undismayed, Washington ordered
+the army to move at dark. He crossed the Delaware nine miles above
+Trenton, where there were fifteen hundred Hessians and a troop of
+British light-horse, to march down upon the town. General Ewing, with
+his force, was to have crossed a mile below the town, but was prevented
+by the quantity of ice. General Putnam, with the troops occupied in
+fortifying Philadelphia, crossed below Burlington.</p>
+
+<p>When Washington was ready to march, after crossing the river, a furious
+storm of snow and sleet began to beat in the faces of the troops, to
+impede their progress. It was eight o'clock before the head of the
+column reached the village. Seeing a man chopping wood, Washington
+inquired:</p>
+
+<p>"Which way is the Hessian picket?"</p>
+
+<p>"I don't know," the man replied.</p>
+
+<p>"You may tell," said Captain Forest of the artillery, "for that is
+General Washington."</p>
+
+<p>The man changed his aspect instantly. Raising both hands heavenward, he
+exclaimed:</p>
+
+<p>"God bless and prosper you!"</p>
+
+<p>Then pointing to a house, he said:</p>
+
+<p>"The picket is in that house, and the sentry stands near that <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_399" id="Page_399">[399]</a></span>tree."</p>
+
+<p>Rising in his stirrups, and waving his sword in the air, Washington
+addressed his troops: "There, boys, are the enemies of your country! All
+I ask of you is to remember what you are about to fight for! March!"</p>
+
+<p>Soon the battle began. It was a complete surprise to the foe. They
+rallied at first, and undertook to make a stand, but were unable to
+breast the storm of shot that beat into their very faces. The British
+light-horse fled from the town, together with other troops, none of
+which could have escaped if General Ewing and General Cadwalader had
+been able to cross the river, and co&ouml;perate with Washington, according
+to his plan. They were to guard the only way of retreat open to the
+enemy.</p>
+
+<p>The battle was short and decisive. Many Hessians were killed, and their
+brave commander, Colonel Rahl, fell mortally wounded. He was conveyed
+carefully to the house of a Quaker lady, where General Washington paid
+him a visit before leaving town.</p>
+
+<p>"The misfortunes of war are to be deplored," remarked Washington, taking
+the dying man by the hand, and expressing his sympathy for him.</p>
+
+<p>"Death is preferable to life with this dishonor," answered Rahl.</p>
+
+<p>Washington spoke in praise of the bravery of his men, to which Rahl
+replied, though he was really suffering the agony of death:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_400" id="Page_400">[400]</a></span></p><p>"I entreat you, General Washington, not to take anything from my men but
+their arms."</p>
+
+<p>"I will not," answered Washington; and he kept the promise.</p>
+
+<p>Washington took about a thousand prisoners in this battle, including
+thirty-two officers. His seizure of artillery and stores, also, was
+quite large. With prisoners and stores he recrossed the Delaware to his
+camp.</p>
+
+<p>The fame of this brilliant exploit spread from town to town, reviving
+the despondent hopes of the many in sympathy with the American cause.</p>
+
+<p>Despatches from Cadwalader and Reed assured Washington that the British
+army, fleeing from Trenton, had spread consternation everywhere among
+the enemy. Trenton, Bordentown, and other places were deserted by the
+foe, who, panic-stricken by the victory of Washington, fled in
+confusion.</p>
+
+<p>Washington saw that now was his time to drive the British from the
+Jerseys. He sent to Generals McDougall and Maxwell at Morristown,
+ordering them to collect as large a force of militia as possible, and
+harass the retreating enemy in the rear. He wrote to General Heath,
+also, to come down at once from the Highlands, with the eastern militia;
+and he despatched gentlemen of influence in different directions, to
+arouse the militia to revenge the wrongs inflicted upon the people by
+the Hessians. He said:</p>
+
+<p>"If what they have suffered does not rouse their resentment, they must
+not possess the feelings of humanity."</p>
+
+<p>On the 29th of December, Washington crossed the Delaware again with a
+portion of his troops, though two days were consumed in the passage of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_401" id="Page_401">[401]</a></span>all of them, on account of the ice and boisterous weather. A portion of
+his troops were expecting to go home at the end of the month, as the
+term of their enlistment expired; but Washington drew them up in line,
+and addressed them, appealing to their patriotism, inviting them to
+re-enlist, and offering them ten dollars bounty for six weeks' service.
+Most of them remained.</p>
+
+<p>Taking advantage of the power vested in him, the commander-in-chief
+wrote to Robert Morris, "the patriot financier at Philadelphia,"
+pleading for hard money to meet the emergency.</p>
+
+<p>"If you could possibly collect a sum, if it were but one hundred or one
+hundred and fifty pounds, it would be of service."</p>
+
+<p>Scarce as hard money was, Morris obtained the amount of a wealthy
+Quaker, and forwarded it to Washington by express the next morning.</p>
+
+<p>After the victory at Trenton, Congress, in session at Baltimore, took
+additional action to invest Washington with all necessary powers; and
+that body said, in their communication to him:</p>
+
+<p>"Happy is it for this country that the general of their forces can
+safely be entrusted with the most unlimited power, and neither personal
+security, liberty, or property, be in the least degree endangered
+thereby."</p>
+
+<p>As soon as the news of the capture of the Hessians at Trenton reached
+New York, General Howe hurried Cornwallis off to Princeton, where about
+eight thousand of his army were wintering, with instructions to attack
+Washington. On the second day of January, 1777, the latter posted his
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_402" id="Page_402">[402]</a></span>troops on the east side of a small stream, the Assumpink, learning that
+Cornwallis was marching upon him. About mid-day Cornwallis approached
+with five or six thousand troops, and attempted to cross the river; but
+the Americans repulsed him. The engagement continued until dark, when
+Cornwallis proposed to cease hostilities and rest until morning.</p>
+
+<p>"Nay," said Sir William Erskine; "now is your time to make sure of
+Washington."</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, no!" replied Cornwallis; "our troops are fatigued and need rest.
+The old fox can't make his escape now; for, with the Delaware behind
+him, so filled with floating ice that he cannot cross, we have him
+completely surrounded. To-morrow morning, fresh and strong, we will fall
+upon him, and take him and his rag-a-muffins all at once!"</p>
+
+<p>"Ah, my lord!" rejoined Sir William, "if Washington be the soldier that
+I think he is, you will not see him there to-morrow morning."</p>
+
+<p>The escape of the American army seemed impossible. With a superior force
+of the British in front, well armed and fresh, and the impossibility of
+recrossing the Delaware, together with deep mud in the roads, the
+capture of Washington, to human view, seemed inevitable.</p>
+
+<p>Early in the evening Washington conceived the idea of making a forced
+march to Princeton during the night, to capture the enemy's stores
+there, and then push on to Brunswick for additional booty. But then the
+mud was so deep that such a march would not be possible. While he was
+thus revolving the matter, the wind suddenly shifted, the clouds broke,
+and freezing cold weather set in, so that within two hours the ground
+became solid, and the army could move. Again God proved to the
+astonished commander-in-chief that He was not always "on the side of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_403" id="Page_403">[403]</a></span>heaviest battalions."</p>
+
+<p>Stirring up his camp-fire anew, and setting a score of shovellers to
+work within hearing distance of the foe, to deceive him, Washington
+moved off as quietly as possible to Princeton with his army. There he
+met a force Cornwallis had left behind, and a desperate battle followed,
+in which the Americans were victorious.</p>
+
+<p>At first Colonel Mawhood's celebrated regiment charged upon the advance
+of the American army, driving them back in confusion. But Washington,
+ever ready for such an emergency, rode to the front, brandishing his
+sword, and calling upon his men to follow. Placing himself in front,
+directly facing the foe, he stopped for a moment, as if to say to his
+army, "Will you suffer the enemy to shoot your general?" They could not
+resist the appeal, and with a yell they turned and dashed forward, with
+irresistible might, driving all before them, and the victory was theirs.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Fitzgerald, one of Washington's aides, was so affected by his
+commander's daring, that he dropped the reins on his horse's neck and
+drew his cap over his eyes, that he might not see him shot from his
+horse. While waiting in this agony of suspense, a shout of triumph rent
+the air.</p>
+
+<p>"The British are running!"</p>
+
+<p>"The victory is ours!"</p>
+
+<p>The air was rent with the shouts of the victors.</p>
+
+<p>Lifting his cap, and looking for his loved commander, he beheld him, as
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_404" id="Page_404">[404]</a></span>the smoke of the battle cleared, safe and unharmed, waving his hat and
+cheering his soldiers on to pursue the foe. Bursting into tears for very
+joy, he spurred his horse to Washington's side, and exclaimed:</p>
+
+<p>"Thank God, your excellency is safe!"</p>
+
+<p>Grasping the colonel's hand in gladness, Washington answered:</p>
+
+<p>"Away, my dear colonel, and bring up the troops. <span class="smcap">The day is our own!</span>"</p>
+
+<p>When Cornwallis awoke in the early dawn, he found that his "fox" had
+escaped.</p>
+
+<p>"That is just what I feared," said Sir William Erskine.</p>
+
+<p>"Where can he have gone?" Cornwallis inquired, almost bewildered by the
+unexpected revelation.</p>
+
+<p>Just then booming cannon in the distance explained.</p>
+
+<p>"There!" exclaimed Sir William; "There is Washington now, cutting up our
+troops!"</p>
+
+<p>"Capturing our stores at Brunswick!" shouted Cornwallis in reply, as he
+took in the situation, and thought what a haul the rebel general would
+make in capturing the seventy thousand pounds in money, and the vast
+quantity of arms, ammunition, and stores at Brunswick.</p>
+
+<p>Almost franticly he dashed about to hurry his Army away to the latter
+place, where he arrived to find everything safe, and himself outwitted
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_405" id="Page_405">[405]</a></span>again.</p>
+
+<p>The battle of Princeton, though short, was a costly one to the
+Americans. One general, two colonels, one major, and three captains were
+killed. From twenty to thirty others were killed and wounded. The
+British lost one hundred killed and wounded, and three hundred
+prisoners.</p>
+
+<p>The American general slain was Mercer, whom Washington called "the
+worthy and brave General Mercer." Early in the conflict his horse was
+shot under him, and on foot he was attempting to rally his men, when a
+blow from the butt of a British musket felled him to the ground.</p>
+
+<p>"Call for quarters, you mean rebel!" shouted a British officer.</p>
+
+<p>"I am not a rebel," retorted Mercer; "I am a true soldier of liberty,
+fighting for his country;" and, as he spoke he thrust his sword at the
+nearest man.</p>
+
+<p>Then he was bayoneted, and left for dead. He was subsequently borne to
+the house of a Mr. Clark, where he was nursed until he died, a few days
+thereafter. Washington supposed that he was killed on the field, until
+he was on his way to Morristown. On learning that he was still alive,
+he despatched Major George Lewis with a flag and letter to Cornwallis,
+requesting that the bearer be allowed to remain with, and nurse, the
+wounded general. A few days afterwards, Mercer died in the arms of
+Lewis.</p>
+
+<p>The story spread in the American army that the British bayoneted General
+Mercer after he gave up his sword. But he said to Major Lewis, who
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_406" id="Page_406">[406]</a></span>inquired about it: "The tale which you have heard, George, is untrue. My
+death is owing to myself. I was on foot endeavoring to rally my men, who
+had given way before the superior discipline of the enemy, when I was
+brought to the ground by a blow from a musket. At the same moment the
+enemy discovered my rank, exulted in their having taken the rebel
+general, as they termed me, and bid me ask for quarters. I felt that I
+deserved not so opprobrious an epithet, and determined to die, as I had
+lived, an honored soldier in a just and righteous cause; and without
+begging my life or making reply, I lunged with my sword at the nearest
+man. They then bayoneted and left me."</p>
+
+<p>Washington did not pursue the enemy far, nor push on to Brunswick. Most
+of his troops had been two days and nights without sleep, and they were
+completely exhausted, so that further engagements without rest were
+preposterous. He determined to go into winter quarters at Morristown,
+and marched directly to that place. Stopping at Pluckamin to rest his
+soldiers for a short time, he wrote to General Putnam:</p>
+
+<p>"The enemy appear to be panic-struck. I am in hopes of driving them out
+of the Jerseys. Keep a strict watch upon the enemy. A number of
+horsemen, in the dress of the country, must be kept constantly going
+backward and forward for this purpose."</p>
+
+<p>Occupying the mountainous region of Morristown, and reinforcing his
+little army, he harassed the enemy to such an extent that Cornwallis was
+forced to draw in all his out-posts, so that his land communication with
+New York was completely cut off.</p>
+
+<p>Hamilton wrote: "The extraordinary spectacle was presented of a powerful
+army, straitened within narrow limits by the phantom of a military
+force, and never permitted to transgress those limits with impunity."</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_407" id="Page_407">[407]</a></span></p>
+<p>The British were driven out of the Jerseys at every point except Amboy
+and Brunswick, and the remarkable exploit awakened the wonder, and
+admiration of even our enemies. Everywhere that the achievements of
+Washington, from Dec. 25, 1776, to Jan. 3, 1777, were made known, his
+fame was greatly augmented. No such bold and glorious deeds could be
+found in the annals of military renown. This was the verdict of the
+country; and from that moment the American cause grew stronger.</p>
+
+<p>From that day to this the battles of Trenton and Princeton, including
+the crossing and recrossing of the Delaware, have been accorded the
+brightest pages of history by writers of every age. It is said that
+Frederick the Great of Prussia declared that the deeds of Washington, in
+the ten days specified, "were the most brilliant of any in the annals of
+military achievements."</p>
+
+<p>The Italian historian, Botta, wrote:</p>
+
+<p>"Achievements so stirring gained for the American commander a very great
+reputation, and were regarded with wonder by all nations, as well as by
+the Americans. The prudence, constancy, and noble intrepidity of
+Washington were admired and applauded by all. By unanimous consent, he
+was declared to be the saviour of his country; all proclaimed him equal
+to the most renowned commanders of antiquity, and especially
+distinguished him by the name of the 'American Fabius.' His name was in
+the mouths of all; he was celebrated by the pens of the most
+distinguished writers. The most illustrious personages of Europe
+lavished upon him their praises and their congratulations."</p>
+
+<p>Washington continued in his winter quarters at Morristown until near the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_408" id="Page_408">[408]</a></span>close of May. Learning that a British fleet of a hundred transports,
+bearing eighteen thousand soldiers, had sailed from New York, and
+suspecting that Philadelphia was the place of its destination, he broke
+up his camp and marched toward that city. His whole force was but seven
+thousand three hundred men.</p>
+
+<p>While encamped at Morristown, Washington found that the Lord's Supper
+would be celebrated by the Presbyterian Church on a certain Sabbath. He
+called upon the pastor, Dr. Johns, and inquired:</p>
+
+<p>"Does it accord with the canons of your church to admit communicants of
+another denomination?"</p>
+
+<p>"Most certainly," the doctor answered; "ours is not the Presbyterian
+table, General Washington, but the Lord's table; and hence we give the
+Lord's invitation to all His followers, of whatever name."</p>
+
+<p>Washington replied, "I am glad of it; that is as it ought to be; but as
+I was not quite sure of the fact, I thought I would ascertain it from
+yourself, as I propose to join with you on that occasion. Though I am a
+member of the Church of England, I have no exclusive partialities."</p>
+
+<p>He encamped at Middlebrook, ten miles from Brunswick; thence advanced to
+Coryell Ferry, thirty miles from Philadelphia, where he learned that a
+British fleet of two hundred and twenty-eight sail had appeared off the
+capes of Delaware. He marched at once to Germantown, six miles from
+Philadelphia. Here he could personally superintend the defences of the
+city by daily visits thither.</p>
+
+<p>One day he dined with several members of Congress, and was introduced to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_409" id="Page_409">[409]</a></span>a French nobleman, the Marquis de Lafayette. The latter had heard of the
+American struggle for liberty, led by the heroic Washington, and, in
+common with the lovers of freedom in every land, he was charmed by the
+story. He had an interview with Silas Deane, who was in Paris with Dr.
+Franklin and Arthur Lee, as commissioners, to consummate alliance with
+the French, the result of which was his coming to this country.</p>
+
+<p>Washington welcomed Lafayette with genuine cordiality, and on that day
+commenced a life-long friendship with him.</p>
+
+<p>"We ought to feel embarrassed in presenting ourselves before an officer
+just from the French army," he said.</p>
+
+<p>"It is to learn, and not to instruct, that I came here," was Lafayette's
+polite and modest reply.</p>
+
+<p>Lafayette addressed a communication to Congress, in which he said:</p>
+
+<p>"After many sacrifices I have a right to ask two favors: one is to serve
+at my own expense; the other, to commence serving as a volunteer."</p>
+
+<p>Washington was attracted to Lafayette from the first, and he invited him
+immediately to a place on his staff.</p>
+
+<p>Lafayette was a remarkable character. He was left an orphan at thirteen
+years of age, with a large fortune. Being a favorite in the court of
+Louis, he received a commission in the army at fifteen years of age. He
+was married at sixteen, and two years later resolved to remove to
+America and join in fighting the battle of liberty. His purpose becoming
+known, the government prevented his securing a passage. Determined not
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_410" id="Page_410">[410]</a></span>to be frustrated in his purpose, he purchased a vessel, and prepared to
+sail. His arrest being ordered, he escaped to Passage, where he boarded
+a vessel bound for the West Indies. When fairly under way, fearing that
+the English colonists in the West Indies might arrest him, he hired the
+captain to proceed direct to the American coast. Congress commissioned
+him major-general soon after he joined the American army, the youngest
+major-general ever known in America, if not in the world. His intimate
+relations and aid to Washington make this brief notice necessary.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2><a name="XXI" id="XXI"></a>XXI.<br />
+
+<small>DEFEAT AND VICTORY.</small></h2>
+
+
+<p class="noi"><span class="smcap">The</span> plan of the British for 1777 was, for General Howe, with twenty
+thousand men, to land at the head of Elk River, and march north through
+Philadelphia; while General Burgoyne, starting from Canada with ten
+thousand men, should march south to meet Howe, rallying both Tories and
+Indians to his standard.</p>
+
+<p>The militia of Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Northern Virginia were called
+out to defend Philadelphia; and Washington advanced to Wilmington. In
+order to impress the Tories of Philadelphia, he marched through the city
+at the head of his column, with Lafayette at his side, making an
+imposing display that captivated the friends of liberty, and awed the
+Tories.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_411" id="Page_411">[411]</a></span></p><p>It was in this campaign that an officer of the army dined with
+Washington at his headquarters. Several guests graced the occasion.
+When, agreeable to the prevailing custom, the general proposed to drink
+a glass of wine with him, the officer replied, "You will have the
+goodness to excuse me, as I have made it a rule not to take wine."</p>
+
+<p>The other guests were surprised. They regarded the act as a direct
+insult to the commander-in-chief. Washington read their feelings in
+their faces, and he remarked: "Gentlemen, my friend is right; I do not
+wish any of my guests to partake of anything against their inclination,
+and I certainly do not wish them to violate any established <i>principle</i>
+in their social intercourse with me. I honor Mr. &mdash;&mdash; for his frankness,
+for his consistency in thus adhering to an established rule which can
+never do him harm, and for the adoption of which, I have no doubt, he
+has good and sufficient reasons."</p>
+
+<p>While Washington was watching the British fleet, General Burgoyne was
+advancing from the north, his Hessian soldiers and Indian allies
+indulging themselves in terrifying and plundering the defenceless
+inhabitants. On the 16th of August the battle of Bennington was fought,
+in which the American troops, under the brave General Stark, won a
+decisive victory. Stark addressed his troops in words of cheer before
+going into battle, and closed by saying:</p>
+
+<p>"Now, my men, there are the red-coats. Before night they must be ours,
+or Molly Stark will be a widow."</p>
+
+<p>Stark captured thirty-two British officers, five hundred and sixty-four
+privates, four brass field-pieces, a thousand stand of arms, and a large
+quantity of ammunition.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_412" id="Page_412">[412]</a></span></p><p>The moral effect of this victory was grand. The farmers rushed to the
+American camp, to follow up the victory by surrounding Burgoyne, cutting
+off his supplies, and driving him to Saratoga.</p>
+
+<p>Washington hailed the victory with great joy, and proclaimed it at the
+head of his army to inspire his troops to nobler deeds.</p>
+
+<p>Another bloody battle was fought at Fort Schuyler, where the Americans
+bravely defended and held the fort. The Indians conducted so much like
+fiends incarnate that even the Hessians were shocked. A Hessian officer
+wrote:</p>
+
+<p>"These savages are heathen; huge, warlike, and enterprising, but wicked
+as Satan. Some say they are cannibals, but I do not believe it; though,
+in their fury, they will tear the flesh of the enemy with their teeth."</p>
+
+<p>A Miss McCrea, daughter of a New Jersey clergyman, was visiting friends
+at the North. Her lover was a Tory, and he was in the British army, so
+that she felt no anxiety at the approach of Burgoyne.</p>
+
+<p>Early one morning she was startled by the horrid yells of savages, who
+had surrounded the house where she was visiting. Before she was scarcely
+aware of her peril, they burst into the house, in their wild fury,
+seized her, and bore her away in triumph. While they were disputing as
+to whom the prize belonged, a drunken chief buried his tomahawk in her
+head, whereupon she was scalped and left dead upon the ground.</p>
+
+<p>Nine days after the battle of Bennington, Washington learned that
+General Howe was landing his troops in Elk River, seventy miles from
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_413" id="Page_413">[413]</a></span>Philadelphia. It was not, however, until the 8th of September that the
+two armies met, and the battle of Brandywine was fought.</p>
+
+<p>Washington had eleven thousand men, and Howe eighteen thousand. It was a
+sanguinary contest, in which the Americans were defeated, with a loss of
+twelve hundred. Lafayette conducted himself with great coolness and
+bravery, and was wounded by a bullet that passed through his leg.</p>
+
+<p>The consternation in Philadelphia was now appalling. Many of the
+citizens fled; Congress adjourned to Lancaster; confusion and dismay
+turned the city into Bedlam.</p>
+
+<p>Washington retreated to Germantown to prepare for another battle. He was
+beaten, but not dismayed.</p>
+
+<p>Another instance of the providential care over Washington occurred just
+before the battle of Brandywine. In disguise, accompanied by a single
+officer in a Hussar dress, he reconnoitered one day. Major Ferguson
+beheld him at a distance, and, supposing he belonged to the enemy, he
+ordered three riflemen to steal near to him and fire. But, for some
+unaccountable reason, he recalled the riflemen before they fired. What
+was his surprise on the next day to learn that the supposed enemy, whom
+he would have shot, was his own general, Washington!</p>
+
+<p>Howe could not ascend the Delaware to Philadelphia because it was
+defended by Forts Mifflin and Mercer. He prepared to attack them.</p>
+
+<p>A large force of British were at Germantown, and on the night of Oct. 2,
+Washington performed a march of fifteen miles and attacked them. A quick
+and signal victory perched upon his banners, and the enemy fled in
+confusion. The victory was turned into defeat, however, by a serious
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_414" id="Page_414">[414]</a></span>blunder. The British had been driven three miles, leaving tents and
+baggage behind, and were still on the retreat when in the dense fog,
+several Jersey and Maryland regiments approaching, were mistaken for
+British reinforcements. The cry was raised: "We are surrounded and
+retreat cut off!" whereupon the Americans retreated in confusion.</p>
+
+<p>General Sullivan wrote of Washington in that battle:</p>
+
+<p>"I saw, with great concern, our brave commander-in-chief exposing
+himself to the hottest fire of the enemy, in such a manner that regard
+for my country obliged me to ride to him and beg him to retire. He, to
+gratify me and others, withdrew a short distance; but his anxiety for
+the fate of the day soon brought him up again, where he remained till
+our troops had retreated."</p>
+
+<p>At great sacrifice of men and money, the British removed the
+obstructions from the river, and took possession of Philadelphia.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Franklin was in Paris when the news reached him, "Howe has taken
+Philadelphia." "No," replied Franklin, "Philadelphia has taken Howe."</p>
+
+<p>The sequel proved that Franklin had an eye upon the future.</p>
+
+<p>Although the prospect was gloomy in Pennsylvania, glad tidings came to
+Washington from the north. The Americans completely surrounded
+Burgoyne's army at Saratoga, so that farther retreat was impossible. On
+the 16th of October, 1777, after holding a council of war, Burgoyne
+surrendered to General Gates, remarking:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_415" id="Page_415">[415]</a></span></p><p>"The fortune of war has made me your prisoner."</p>
+
+<p>"I shall always be ready to testify that it has not been through any
+fault of your excellency," Gates replied.</p>
+
+<p>Burgoyne's army was reduced from nine thousand men, to five thousand
+seven hundred and fifty-two. These prisoners were allowed a free passage
+to Europe, under the irrevocable condition not to serve again in the
+British ranks. Seven thousand stand of arms, a large number of tents, a
+long train of artillery, and a great quantity of clothing and stores
+fell into the hands of the victors.</p>
+
+<p>The celebrated Polish patriot Kosciusko was chief engineer in Gates'
+command when Burgoyne was captured.</p>
+
+<p>The British made Philadelphia their winter quarters, where the troops
+indulged themselves in almost unrestrained revelry. They forced many
+sympathizers with the American cause to vacate their dwellings for the
+accommodation of their own number; and many were quartered upon
+patriotic families, with the express understanding that failure to
+supply their wants would be resented.</p>
+
+<p>Washington went into winter quarters at Valley Forge, about twenty miles
+from Philadelphia. The tale of suffering connected with that place
+during that long, dreary winter, is known to the world.</p>
+
+<p>Arriving there, many of the troops without blankets or shoes, ragged,
+worn out, and desponding, they were exposed to the snows and blasts of
+December until they could cut down trees and build their own huts. Two
+days after encamping, General Huntington reported to Washington:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_416" id="Page_416">[416]</a></span></p><p>"My brigade are out of provisions, nor can the commissary obtain any
+meat."</p>
+
+<p>General Varnum reported:</p>
+
+<p>"Three days successively we have been destitute of bread. Two days we
+have been entirely without meat." Against his own judgment, in order to
+prevent mutiny in his army, Washington was forced to forage the country
+and seize supplies wherever he could find them, paying for them in
+money, or certificates redeemable by Congress.</p>
+
+<p>Yet we find Washington writing thus:</p>
+
+<p>"For some days past there has been little less than a famine in the
+camp. A part of the army has been a week without any kind of flesh, and
+the rest, three or four days. Naked and starving as they are, we cannot
+enough admire the incomparable patience and fidelity of the soldiers,
+that they have not been ere this excited by their suffering to a general
+mutiny and desertion."</p>
+
+<p>Sickness and mortality prevailed to an alarming extent among the troops,
+while scarcely any medicines were at hand. Even scores of horses
+perished by hunger and the severity of the weather.</p>
+
+<p>One day circumstances drew Washington's attention to a hungry soldier
+who was on guard. The general had just come from his own table and he
+said:</p>
+
+<p>"Go to my table and help yourself."</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_417" id="Page_417">[417]</a></span></p>
+<p>"I can't; I am on guard," the soldier replied. Immediately taking the
+soldier's gun to play the part of sentinel, Washington said, "Go."</p>
+
+<p>The soldier enjoyed the first square meal he had eaten for two days, and
+at the same time he learned that his general had true sympathy with the
+"boys," and that official distinction did not lift him above the
+humblest of their number.</p>
+
+<p>With his army in such a deplorable condition, and his cannon frozen up
+and immovable, Washington knew very well that, almost any day, the
+British might march out of Philadelphia and capture or annihilate his
+entire command. His anxiety and trouble can be more easily imagined than
+described.</p>
+
+<p>To add to the trials of that winter, Washington learned of a conspiracy
+against him, the object of which was to supersede him by General Gates
+as commander-in-chief. His old friend Dr. Craik wrote to him:</p>
+
+<p>"Notwithstanding your unwearied diligence and the unparalleled sacrifice
+of domestic happiness and care of mind which you have made for the good
+of your country, yet you are not wanting in secret enemies, who would
+rob you of the great and truly deserved esteem your country has for you.
+Base and villanous men, through chagrin, envy, or ambition, are
+endeavoring to lessen you in the minds of the people, and taking
+underhand methods to traduce your character," etc.</p>
+
+<p>Generals Gates, Mifflin, and Conway were engaged in this plot; but their
+timely and complete exposure redounded to the honor of Washington.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_418" id="Page_418">[418]</a></span></p><p>The duel which General Hamilton fought with General Conway, in which the
+latter was severely wounded, grew out of this affair. Hamilton could not
+endure the presence of an officer who was secretly plotting against his
+chief.</p>
+
+<p>In the month of February Mrs. Washington joined her husband at Valley
+Forge, to share his winter quarters with him, as she had done at
+Cambridge and Morristown. She wrote to a friend:</p>
+
+<p>"The general's apartment is very small; he has had a log cabin built to
+dine in, which has made our quarters much more tolerable than they were
+at first.</p>
+
+<p>"The commander-in-chief shared the privations of the camp with his men.
+His cabin was like theirs."</p>
+
+<p>The presence of Mrs. Washington at Valley Forge was a blessing to the
+army. She occupied her time fully in caring for the sick, sewing and
+mending for the "boys," and making herself generally useful.</p>
+
+<p>Again the commander-in-chief interceded with Congress for more liberal
+pay for his soldiers. Alluding to the sufferings of his soldiers, he
+wrote:</p>
+
+<p>"To see men without clothes to cover their nakedness, without blankets
+to lie on, without shoes (for the want of which their marches might be
+traced by the blood from their feet), and almost as often without
+provisions as with them, marching through the frost and snow, and at
+Christmas taking up their winter quarters within a day's march of the
+enemy, without <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_419" id="Page_419">[419]</a></span>a house or hut to cover them till it could be built,
+and submitting without a murmur, is a proof of patience and obedience
+which, in my opinion, cannot be paralleled."</p>
+
+<p>It was during this memorable winter at Valley Forge that a man by the
+name of Potts was strolling through the woods, when he heard the sound
+of a human voice. Cautiously approaching the spot whence the voice
+proceeded, what was his surprise to discover Washington on his knees
+engaged in earnest prayer for his country. On returning home, Potts
+called to his wife, "Sarah, Sarah, all is well. George Washington will
+triumph!"</p>
+
+<p>"What is the matter now, Isaac? Thee seems moved," Mrs. Potts replied.
+(They were Quakers.)</p>
+
+<p>"I have this day seen what I never expected to see," Mr. Potts
+continued. "Thee knows that I have always thought the sword and the
+gospel utterly inconsistent, and that no man could be a soldier and a
+Christian at the same time. But George Washington has this day convinced
+me of my mistake."</p>
+
+<p>He then described the scene he had witnessed, adding:</p>
+
+<p>"If George Washington be not a man of God, I am greatly deceived; and
+still more shall I be deceived if God does not, through him, work out a
+great salvation for America."</p>
+
+<p>Baron Steuben, a renowned European general, coming to this country at
+this juncture to proffer his services, through the influence of Dr.
+Franklin, Washington induced Congress to commit the reorganization of
+the army to him. This proved a fortunate arrangement for the future of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_420" id="Page_420">[420]</a></span>the army and country, next to the appointment of General Green
+quarter-master-general.</p>
+
+<p>Previously a distinguished Pole, Thaddeus Kosciusko, who was educated in
+the military school at Warsaw, had come to him with a letter from Dr.
+Franklin.</p>
+
+<p>"And what do you seek here?" inquired Washington.</p>
+
+<p>"To fight for American independence," replied Kosciusko.</p>
+
+<p>"What can you do?"</p>
+
+<p>"Try me."</p>
+
+<p>Washington welcomed him heartily, and throughout the Revolution he
+proved to be an able and faithful ally.</p>
+
+<p>Count Pulaski, another famous general of Poland, had joined the American
+army at the solicitation of Dr. Franklin, who introduced him by letter
+to Washington.</p>
+
+<p>Washington had corresponded with the British general respecting an
+exchange of General Lee and Ethan Allen, but he was unable to effect an
+exchange until this winter of his trials at Valley Forge. General
+Prescott, who captured Allen in Canada, ironed him, and sent him to
+England, was himself captured in the summer of 1777; and Washington
+proposed to exchange him for General Lee, and Colonel Campbell for
+Colonel Allen. It was not, however, until near the close of the long
+dreary winter at Valley Forge that his proposition was accepted. Lee
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_421" id="Page_421">[421]</a></span>rejoined the army, but Allen returned to his home in Vermont, where he
+hung up his sword and retired to private life.</p>
+
+<p>In the spring of 1778, the glad news came that an alliance with France
+was accomplished, and henceforth the struggling Colonies might expect
+assistance from that country. At the same time a war between France and
+England was imminent, a calamity that would prove favorable to the
+patriots of America, since the British Government could not keep its
+army in Philadelphia and wage a war with France.</p>
+
+<p>Lafayette was instrumental in consummating the alliance with France. For
+this purpose he left the United States in 1779, and returned in March,
+1780. His own country received him with open arms, and honored him by
+appointing him to one of the highest positions in their army.</p>
+
+<p>In the month of May there were some indications that the enemy were
+about to evacuate Philadelphia. The news that a French fleet under Count
+D'Estaing was about to sail to this country, to aid the Colonies in
+their fight for independence, caused Sir Henry Clinton, who had
+succeeded Howe in the command of the British army, to fear that he might
+be blockaded in the Delaware.</p>
+
+<p>"Shall we allow the enemy to leave the city without attacking them?"
+inquired Washington at the council of war.</p>
+
+<p>"Yes," promptly answered General Lee, just restored to his command. "If
+they will go, let them go. This army is too weak to attack the British
+in their stronghold."</p>
+
+<p>"The two armies are now nearly equal in numbers," said Washington, "and
+experience has so far shown that the British have had nothing to boast
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_422" id="Page_422">[422]</a></span>whenever they have come in conflict with an equal number of Americans."</p>
+
+<p>"Very true," responded Lee; "but let them evacuate if they will. The
+risk of a battle is too great to run. I would build a bridge of gold for
+them if they would retreat over it."</p>
+
+<p>Washington, Lafayette, Wayne, and Cadwalader were the only members of
+the council who favored an immediate attack. Without deciding the
+question, Washington requested each one to furnish his opinion in
+writing. Before this was done, however, the city was evacuated. On the
+eighteenth day of June the whole British army crossed the Delaware into
+New Jersey, eleven thousand strong, with an immense baggage and
+provision train, and marched for New York by way of New Brunswick and
+Amboy.</p>
+
+<p>The American army was in pursuit as speedily as possible.</p>
+
+<p>"We must compel an engagement," said Washington, eager to give the foe a
+sound drubbing before it was too late.</p>
+
+<p>"And we must do it as soon as possible," answered Lafayette.</p>
+
+<p>"There is no time to lose, neither," said Greene.</p>
+
+<p>General Lee was opposed to a general engagement.</p>
+
+<p>They were near Monmouth Court-house, and it was the night of June 27.</p>
+
+<p>General Lee had command of the advance, five thousand picked men, and
+his orders were, "Attack the enemy to-morrow."</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_423" id="Page_423">[423]</a></span></p>
+<p>At midnight a horseman was galloping up to Washington's headquarters,
+when the sentinel challenged him.</p>
+
+<p>"Doctor Griffith, chaplain and surgeon in the Virginia line, on business
+highly important with the commander-in-chief."</p>
+
+<p>"Officer of the guard!" cried the sentinel. That officer appeared.
+Doctor Griffith repeated his errand.</p>
+
+<p>"Impossible; my orders are positive," replied the guard.</p>
+
+<p>"But I must," persisted the doctor.</p>
+
+<p>"You cannot," repeated the guard. "The commander-in-chief is intensely
+engaged."</p>
+
+<p>"Present, sir, my humble duty to his excellency, and say that Dr.
+Griffith waits upon him with secret and important intelligence, and
+craves an audience of only five minutes duration."</p>
+
+<p>He was soon ushered into Washington's presence.</p>
+
+<p>"The nature of the communication I am about to make to your excellency
+must be my apology for disturbing you at this hour of the night,"
+observed the doctor. "While I am not permitted to divulge the names of
+the authorities from which I have obtained my information, I can assure
+you they are of the very first order, whether in point of character or
+attachment to the cause of American independence. I have sought this
+interview to warn your excellency against the conduct of Major-General
+Lee in to-morrow's battle. My duty is fulfilled, and I go now to pray to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_424" id="Page_424">[424]</a></span>the God of battles for success to our arms, and that He may always have
+your excellency in His holy keeping."</p>
+
+<p>Doctor Griffith retired, and the battle of Monmouth was fought on the
+next day. Washington, with his aides, was approaching the scene of
+action, when he met a little fifer boy who archly observed:</p>
+
+<p>"They are all coming this way, your honor."</p>
+
+<p>"Who are coming, my little man?" inquired General Knox.</p>
+
+<p>"Why, our boys, your honor; our boys, and the British right after them,"
+answered the fifer.</p>
+
+<p>"Impossible!" exclaimed Washington, and put spurs to his horse.</p>
+
+<p>Sure enough, he soon met General Lee's advance in full retreat.</p>
+
+<p>"What is the meaning of all this, sir?" he called out to General Lee.</p>
+
+<p>The latter was dumbfounded, and made no reply.</p>
+
+<p>"I demand, sir, to know the reason of this retreat," shouted Washington
+in a tone of anger.</p>
+
+<p>"By my own order," answered Lee, vexed by the commander's sharp address.</p>
+
+<p>"Go to the rear, you cowardly poltroon!" shouted Washington, thoroughly
+aroused and indignant over the conduct of the officer.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_425" id="Page_425">[425]</a></span></p><p>At that juncture, his favorite aid, Lieutenant-Colonel Hamilton, leaped
+from his horse and, drawing his sword, addressed the general:</p>
+
+<p>"We are betrayed! Your excellency and the army are betrayed! And the
+time has come when every true friend of America and her cause must be
+ready to die in their defence!"</p>
+
+<p>Under the magic influence of the commander-in-chief the retreat was
+speedily arrested, and one of the most glorious victories of the
+Revolution achieved.</p>
+
+<p>Washington was almost ubiquitous in his exertions, and his noble white
+charger galloped over the battlefield, utterly regardless of danger,
+until the splendid beast sank under the excessive heat, and died.
+Immediately the general mounted another war-horse of equal spirit, and,
+brandishing his sword high in the air, called to the troops:</p>
+
+<p>"Stand fast, my boys, and receive your enemy! The Southern troops are
+advancing to support you!"</p>
+
+<p>On the evening before, the officers drew up a memorial to Washington,
+entreating him not to expose himself in battle, as he did at Princeton,
+Trenton, and other places. Dr. Craik, who was present, remarked:</p>
+
+<p>"It will not have the weight of a feather with him." Then referring to
+the Indian chief's prophecy on the banks of the Ohio, "The Great Spirit
+protects him; he cannot be shot in battle," he added, "I believe it."</p>
+
+<p>In the bloody contest of the next day, a round shot from the British
+artillery ploughed the ground directly in front of the general, throwing
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_426" id="Page_426">[426]</a></span>up a cloud of dirt over his person.</p>
+
+<p>"Dat wash very near!" exclaimed Baron Stuben. Dr. Craik and several of
+the officers who were together on the previous evening were witnesses.
+Pleased by this remarkable confirmation of his faith in the Indian's
+prophecy, Dr. Craik smiled and, without uttering a word, pointed his
+finger towards heaven, as much as to say, "The Great Spirit protects
+him."</p>
+
+<p>At the close of the day the battle-ground was in possession of the
+Americans. Washington's orders were to attack the foe again as soon as
+they began to move in the morning. But in the morning no enemy could be
+found; they had silently retreated during the night.</p>
+
+<p>The Americans lost two hundred and twenty killed and wounded; and the
+British two hundred and fifty, and one hundred prisoners.</p>
+
+<p>Major-General Lee was court-martialed for his conduct on the field of
+Monmouth, and was suspended from all command for one year. Many believed
+that he was an arch-traitor, who deserved a halter, although the
+evidence of it was not then conclusive. But eighty years thereafter (in
+1858), papers were discovered in Lee's handwriting, in which he
+communicated to Lord and Sir William Howe, while he was a prisoner in
+New York, a plan for subjugating the Colonies. The only explanation of
+his conduct, after the fall of Fort Washington, is found in his
+treasonable designs. He never returned to the service.</p>
+
+<p>On the 13th of July Washington received news of the arrival of the
+French fleet, consisting of twelve ships of the line and six frigates,
+and four thousand men for a land force. Immediate consultation with the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_427" id="Page_427">[427]</a></span>commander, Count D'Estaing, led him to cross the Hudson and establish
+his army at White Plains.</p>
+
+<p>Rhode Island was in the possession of the British, and Washington
+proposed to recover it by the united action of his army and the French
+fleet. After several weeks of rough campaigning, Washington was
+compelled to abandon his purpose, because the eccentric D'Estaing
+resolved to take his fleet to Boston for rest and repairs.</p>
+
+<p>For the winter of 1778-'79 he stationed his army in cantonments from
+Long Island Sound to the Delaware, while his own headquarters were near
+Middlebrook. This arrangement was designed to protect the country and
+watch the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>The next year, 1779, the enemy carried on a predatory war, striking here
+and there with detachments of troops, plundering, burning, and ravaging
+the neighborhood. Washington was fully occupied in repulsing the enemy
+engaged in this sort of warfare.</p>
+
+<p>As illustration of the cruel measures adopted by the British commander,
+an expedition was sent to Connecticut; they captured the fort at New
+Haven, destroyed all the vessels in the harbor, with all the artillery,
+ammunition, and stores, and plundered several private houses. They
+burned the town of Fairfield, destroying ninety-seven dwelling houses,
+sixty-seven barns and stables, forty-eight store-houses, three places of
+worship, two school-houses, a court-house, a jail, and all the vessels
+and public stores they could lay their hands on. Norwalk was also burned
+in the same ruthless manner; and the depredations extended into
+Massachusetts, injuring or destroying such towns as offered good harbors
+for privateers.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_428" id="Page_428">[428]</a></span></p><p>Exasperated by the reluctance of the Tories to flock to the British
+standard, and the numerous desertions of English and Germans from his
+army, King George sent his emissaries to instigate the savages of the
+Mohawk to plunder and butchery. The terrible massacres of Cherry Valley
+and Wyoming, in which hundreds of men, women, and children were
+remorselessly slaughtered, and their habitations committed to the
+flames, followed. The brutality of those scenes are known to the world,
+because they are matters of history.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the ablest statesmen of England fearlessly denounced the king
+and his court for prosecuting a war with such barbarity. Lord Chatham
+declared:</p>
+
+<p>"Were I an American as I am an Englishman, I would never lay down my
+arms: never, <i>never</i>, NEVER!"</p>
+
+<p>The king and his court maintained, however, that they were justified in
+resorting to any measures to subdue American rebels.</p>
+
+<p>Two remarkable expeditions which Washington organized that year were
+those which captured Stoney Point, under General Wayne; and Paulus Hook,
+under Major Henry Lee. These grand achievements inspirited the American
+army, and did much to convince the British that they were engaged in a
+fruitless attempt to reduce the Colonies to their domination.</p>
+
+<p>As winter approached, the French fleet, which sailed from Boston to the
+West Indies, appeared off the Southern coast, to co-operate with General
+Lincoln, who commanded the Southern Department. On this account the
+British commander was compelled to operate in that direction.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_429" id="Page_429">[429]</a></span></p><p>Washington, whose headquarters had been at West Point for several
+months, went into winter quarters at Morristown, where the experience of
+Valley Forge was repeated with additional rigor.</p>
+
+<p>The cruel treatment of Americans captured by the British had long
+engaged Washington's attention, and reference to it here is in point.
+Many of their prisoners were confined in old ships, where they suffered
+all that hunger, thirst, filth, and abuse could inflict. On account of
+the dreadful sufferings endured by the prisoners, these ships were
+called "floating hells."</p>
+
+<p>The "Jersey Prison Ship" and the old "Sugar House," converted into
+prisons by Lord Howe, are notorious for their infamous character in
+American history. Congress appealed in vain to the commanding British
+general, and Washington wrote to him upon the subject again and again.
+In one letter Washington said:</p>
+
+<p>"From the opinion I have ever been taught to entertain of your
+lordship's humanity, I will not suppose that you are privy to
+proceedings of so cruel and unjustifiable a nature; and I hope that,
+upon making the proper inquiry, you will have the matter so regulated
+that the unhappy persons whose lot is captivity may not in the future
+have the miseries of cold, disease, and famine added to their other
+misfortunes.... I should not have said thus much, but my injured
+countrymen have long called upon me to endeavor to obtain a redress of
+their grievances, and I should think myself as culpable as those who
+inflict such severities upon them were I to continue silent."</p>
+
+<p>A Rev. Mr. Andros of Massachusetts was confined in the "Jersey Prison
+Ship." After his escape and the close of the war, he published a small
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_430" id="Page_430">[430]</a></span>book detailing the sufferings of its occupants. One brief paragraph
+therefrom is all our space will permit.</p>
+
+<p>"Her dark and filthy exterior corresponded with the death and despair
+reigning within. It is supposed that eleven thousand American seaman
+perished in her. None came to relieve their woes. Once or twice, by
+order of a stranger on the quarter-deck a bag of apples was hurled
+promiscuously into the midst of hundreds of prisoners, crowded as thick
+as they could stand, and life and limb were endangered in the struggle.
+The prisoners were secured between the decks by iron gratings; and when
+the ship was to be cleared of watch, an armed guard forced them up to
+the winches, amid a roar of execrations and reproaches, the dim light
+adding to the horrors of the scene. Thousands died whose names have
+never been known, perishing when no eye could witness their fortitude,
+nor praise their devotion to their country."</p>
+
+<p>The brave Lingan, hero of Fort Washington, was confined in the "Jersey;"
+and it was amid the horrors around him that he exclaimed:</p>
+
+<p>"Sweet, O my country, should be thy liberties, when they are purchased
+at this monstrous price!"</p>
+
+<p>Custis relates that one day, when a coffin was brought in which proved
+too short for the dead comrade, and it was proposed to cut off his head
+in order to adapt the body to the receptacle, Lingan "sprang from his
+couch of pain, and, laying his hand upon the lifeless corpse of the
+departed soldier, swore he would destroy the first man who should thus
+mutilate the body of his friend."</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_431" id="Page_431">[431]</a></span></p>
+<hr />
+
+<h2><a name="XXII" id="XXII"></a>XXII.<br />
+
+<small>CLOSE OF THE WAR.</small></h2>
+
+
+<p class="noi"><span class="smcap">The</span> treason of Arnold in 1780 contributed, on the whole, to the fidelity
+of the army in 1781. The poorest soldier in the ranks scorned "to become
+an Arnold."</p>
+
+<p>Washington placed Arnold in command at West Point in 1780. Arnold had
+long been interceding for the position, and it was found subsequently
+that he had been in treasonable correspondence with the British
+commander fifteen months when he assumed command of that post. The
+correspondence was commenced voluntarily by Arnold, and was conducted on
+the part of Sir Henry Clinton by his aid, Major John Andr&eacute;, under the
+signature of John Anderson.</p>
+
+<p>General Arnold was harassed by burdensome debts. He was a gambler, too,
+and, of course, devoid of moral principle. His object was to pay his
+debts with British gold.</p>
+
+<p>His correspondence ripened into a plan by Arnold to deliver West Point
+into the hands of the British, for which purpose a midnight meeting was
+arranged between him and Major Andr&eacute;. The meeting occurred at Dobb's
+Ferry, when Arnold delivered to Andr&eacute; a plan of the works at West Point,
+together with a plan of attack by the British, when the post would be
+surrendered on the ground that the American troops were too few to hold
+it. The papers were concealed in Andr&eacute;'s stockings.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_432" id="Page_432">[432]</a></span></p><p>On his return, even after he had passed the American lines, three
+patriotic representatives of the New York yeomanry, John Paulding, Isaac
+Van Wart, and David Williams, stopped him, the first aiming his musket
+at his head.</p>
+
+<p>"Gentlemen, I hope you belong to our party," said Andr&eacute; with as much
+composure as he could command.</p>
+
+<p>"What party?" responded Paulding.</p>
+
+<p>"The lower party," replied Andr&eacute;.</p>
+
+<p>"We do," they said.</p>
+
+<p>"I am a British officer, and have been up the country on particular
+business," continued Andr&eacute;, now feeling that he was among friends. He
+was deceived by the dress which Paulding wore,&mdash;that of a refugee.
+Paulding had been a prisoner in the hands of the British, confined in
+that terrible prison known as the "Sugar House." He was released only
+four days before. In that place his citizen's suit was taken from him,
+and replaced by the refugee garb, so that the barbarity of Andr&eacute;'s
+countrymen became the cause of his detection.</p>
+
+<p>"I must not be detained for a moment," continued Andr&eacute;, taking out his
+gold watch, the sight of which showed to his captors that he was a man
+of consequence.</p>
+
+<p>"We are Americans, and you are our prisoner!" exclaimed Paulding.</p>
+
+<p>Andr&eacute; was astounded by this revelation, and he was ready to pay any
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_433" id="Page_433">[433]</a></span>amount of money to his captors if they would let him go.</p>
+
+<p>"Dismount!" shouted Paulding, seizing his horse's bridle.</p>
+
+<p>"Beware, gentlemen, or you will get yourselves into trouble," replied
+Andr&eacute;.</p>
+
+<p>"We will take care of that," retorted Paulding. "Any letters about you?"</p>
+
+<p>"No."</p>
+
+<p>"We'll find out about that," said Paulding; and they proceeded to search
+him. Finding nothing of a suspicious character about his clothes, they
+were disposed to let him proceed, when Paulding said:</p>
+
+<p>"Boys, I am not satisfied; his boots must come off."</p>
+
+<p>His boots were drawn off, and the concealed papers were found in his
+stockings.</p>
+
+<p>"My God!" exclaimed Paulding, "he is a spy."</p>
+
+<p>They conducted their prisoner to North Castle, and he was finally hung
+as a spy.</p>
+
+<p>Arnold escaped to a British man-of-war, and figured thereafter as a
+general in the king's army, despised even by those who commissioned him.</p>
+
+<p>Near the close of the winter of 1781, and through the spring, the enemy
+committed many depredations on our coast, in which Arnold played a
+conspicuous part. In Virginia and Connecticut his command wantonly
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_434" id="Page_434">[434]</a></span>destroyed a large amount of property. New London was burned under his
+generalship. Washington employed every means possible to capture the
+traitor, but in vain.</p>
+
+<p>The British directed their chief efforts against the South, designing to
+spread consternation by their terrible ravages. Richmond was laid in
+ashes. Along the shores of the Potomac and Chesapeake they plundered and
+burned. They threatened to destroy Washington's home at Mount Vernon,
+and landed for the purpose of applying the torch to every building. The
+agent, Lund Washington, saved the property from destruction by
+furnishing the enemy with a large quantity of supplies. When the general
+heard what his agent had done, he wrote to him as follows:</p>
+
+<p>"I am very sorry to hear of your loss; I am a little sorry to hear of my
+own; but that which gives me most concern is, that you should go on
+board the enemy's vessels, and furnish them with refreshments. It would
+have been a less painful circumstance to me to have heard that, in
+consequence of your non-compliance with their request, they had burnt my
+house and laid the plantation in ruins."</p>
+
+<p>In July, 1781, Washington planned an attack upon New York by the
+combined French and American forces. But his purpose was suddenly
+changed by hearing that the portion of the French fleet at the West
+Indies, under Count de Grasse, had sailed for the Chesapeake. Cornwallis
+was at Yorktown with his command, and his capture would give the
+Americans an illustrious prisoner. General Lafayette, who had returned
+from France, was in Virginia, looking after the British general as well
+as he could.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_435" id="Page_435">[435]</a></span></p><p>Immediately Washington put his army in motion for Virginia, leaving only
+troops enough to guard the passes of the Hudson. He marched directly for
+Williamsburg, to join Lafayette. On his way he called at Mount Vernon,
+from which he had been absent six years. "Here, unannounced, he darted
+into his home, like the first sunbeam after a storm, only to disappear
+again under as black a cloud as any of those that had brought the
+thunder. He had come but to tell his wife that he was on his way to seek
+a battle, an unequal though glorious contest, from which he might never
+return."</p>
+
+<p>Washington joined Lafayette at Williamsburg on the 14th of September.
+Hastily arranging the siege of Yorktown, Cornwallis was surprised, one
+bright morning, to find that the heights around him were swarming with
+American soldiers, and the bay in front securely occupied by the French
+fleet.</p>
+
+<p>On the 6th of October the bombardment of the British works commenced
+with terrible earnestness. An eye witness said:</p>
+
+<p>"General Washington put the match to the first gun, and a terrible
+discharge of cannon and mortars immediately followed."</p>
+
+<p>"What part of the town can be most effectively cannonaded?" Washington
+inquired of Governor Nelson, who was present.</p>
+
+<p>Pointing to a large, fine house on an eminence, the governor replied:</p>
+
+<p>"That is probably the headquarters of the enemy; fire at that."</p>
+
+<p>It was Governor Nelson's own residence.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_436" id="Page_436">[436]</a></span></p><p>Four days the cannonading continued with great effect. At the expiration
+of that time, Washington ordered the capture of two redoubts, lying
+between him and the British works. These redoubts were so near as to
+prove a great annoyance to the American troops. To the Americans was
+assigned the capture of one, and to the French the capture of the other.
+At the point of the bayonet these redoubts were taken; not a gun was
+fired. As soon as Lafayette held possession of the redoubt taken by the
+Americans, he despatched a message to Baron de Viomenil announcing the
+fact, and inquired where the baron was.</p>
+
+<p>"Tell the marquis," answered the baron, "that I am not in mine, but I
+will be in five minutes;" and he was.</p>
+
+<p>During the whole of the bombardment, Washington, as usual, was seen in
+the most exposed positions, cheering his men and directing the assault.
+One day, as he stood beside the grand battery with Knox and Lincoln, and
+shot and shell flew around him, one of his aides, anxious for his
+general's safety, remarked:</p>
+
+<p>"That is a very exposed situation, general."</p>
+
+<p>"If you think so, you are at liberty to step back," Washington promptly
+answered.</p>
+
+<p>Just then a musket ball struck the cannon in the embrasure, rolled
+along, and fell at the general's feet.</p>
+
+<p>"My dear general, we can't spare you yet," exclaimed General Knox,
+grasping Washington's arm.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_437" id="Page_437">[437]</a></span></p><p>"Only a spent ball," responded Washington coolly; "no harm was done."</p>
+
+<p>On the 17th of October Cornwallis sent a flag, with a letter, to
+Washington, asking for a cessation of hostilities twenty-four hours,
+that consultation might be had respecting terms of surrender. It was
+not, however, until the 19th that the terms of capitulation were agreed
+upon, and the renowned Cornwallis with his army became Washington's
+prisoners.</p>
+
+<p>The time and method of the formal surrender being agreed upon,
+Washington warned his troops against any exultant demonstrations that
+might wound the feelings of the conquered.</p>
+
+<p>"My brave fellows," he said, "let no sensation of satisfaction for the
+triumphs you have gained induce you to insult your fallen enemy. Let no
+shouting, no clamorous huzzaing, increase their mortification. Posterity
+will huzza for us."</p>
+
+<p>By the surrender of Cornwallis, Washington received over seven thousand
+prisoners, and one hundred and sixty pieces of cannon. Counting the
+sailors, negroes, and Tories who became prisoners, the whole number
+amounted to nearly twelve thousand.</p>
+
+<p>Thatcher describes the scene of the formal surrender as follows:</p>
+
+<p>"About two o'clock the garrison sallied forth, and marched between the
+two columns (the Americans on one side and the French on the other) with
+slow and solemn steps, colors cased, and drums beating a British march.
+They were all well clad, having been furnished with new suits prior to
+the capitulation. They were led by General O'Hara on horseback, who,
+riding up t<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_438" id="Page_438">[438]</a></span>o General Washington, took off his hat and apologized for
+the non-appearance of Lord Cornwallis, on account of indisposition.
+Washington received him with dignified courtesy, but pointed to
+Major-General Lincoln as the officer who was to receive the submission
+of the garrison. By him they were conducted into a field where they were
+to ground their arms. In passing through the line formed by the allied
+army, their march was careless and irregular, and their aspect sullen.
+The order to "ground arms" was given by their platoon officers with a
+tone of deep chagrin, and many of the soldiers threw down their muskets
+with a violence sufficient to break them. This irregularity was checked
+by General Lincoln; yet it was inexcusable in brave men in their
+unfortunate predicament. The ceremony over, they were conducted back to
+Yorktown, to remain under guard until removed to their places of
+destination."</p>
+
+<p>There were twenty-eight stand of colors to be delivered up. Twenty-eight
+British captains, each bearing a flag, were drawn up in line. Opposite
+to them, twenty-eight American sergeants were placed to receive the
+colors. At a given signal the colors were surrendered.</p>
+
+<p>The next day Washington addressed his army in words of gratulation and
+tender regard. He issued the following order, also, to the army:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_439" id="Page_439">[439]</a></span></p><p>"Divine service is to be performed to-morrow in the several brigades and
+divisions. The commander-in-chief earnestly recommends that the troops
+not on duty shall universally attend, with that seriousness of
+deportment and gratitude of heart which the recognition of such
+reiterated and astonishing interpositions of Providence demand of us."</p>
+
+<p>In the midst of this rejoicing, Washington received the sad intelligence
+that his step-son, John Parke Custis, was lying at the point of death.
+Mr. Custis accompanied his mother, Mrs. Washington, to Cambridge, the
+first winter of the Revolution, and became one of her husband's aides.
+He was taken sick after the army invested Yorktown, and no hope of his
+recovery was entertained. He longed to live, however, to witness the
+surrender of Cornwallis. On the day of the ceremony of capitulation, he
+was taken from his bed and conveyed to the place, where he might behold
+the scene. The ceremony over, he was willing to be conveyed to Elthain,
+where he was taken immediately. Within thirty hours thereafter, the
+message came to the general that Custis was in a dying condition.</p>
+
+<p>At midnight Washington, accompanied by a single officer and groom,
+started on horseback for Elthain. By rapid riding he reached there in
+the morning twilight.</p>
+
+<p>"Is there no hope?" he said to Dr. Craik, who met him at the door.</p>
+
+<p>The doctor shook his head. Bursting into tears, Washington stepped into
+an adjoining room to indulge his grief, requesting to be left alone.
+While bowed in sorrow there, Custis expired.</p>
+
+<p>On entering the chamber of death, Washington lovingly embraced the
+weeping wife and mother, now a widow, tears responding to tears, his
+deep sorrow showing how dearly he loved the departed one.</p>
+
+<p>When he was able to control his grief, he turned to the group of
+sorrowing friends, and said:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_440" id="Page_440">[440]</a></span></p><p>"From this moment I adopt his two youngest children as my own."</p>
+
+<p>His presence being demanded at Yorktown, without rest or refreshment he
+mounted a fresh horse, and returned thither before his absence was
+known, except to some of his aides.</p>
+
+<p>It deserves to be recorded that the capture of Cornwallis could not have
+been accomplished without the co-operation of the French fleet; so that
+the reader has before him the remarkable fact that, in Washington's
+early military career, he joined the English to conquer the French,
+while in his closing military life, twenty-five years thereafter, he
+joined the French to conquer the English.</p>
+
+<p>Another example of the divine blessing upon small battalions was
+furnished by the surrender at Yorktown. Cornwallis planned, during the
+siege, to withdraw his troops over the river in sixteen large boats,
+which he collected for the purpose, and, having reached Gloucester
+Point, escape to New York. On the night arranged for the flight, a
+violent storm arose, so that it was impossible for him to cross the
+river. That was his last, lost opportunity. Divine Providence thwarted
+his purpose, and gave victory to American arms.</p>
+
+<p>In the siege of Yorktown Washington rode a splendid sorrel charger,
+white-faced and white-footed, named Nelson, and "remarkable as the first
+nicked horse seen in America." The general cherished this fine animal
+with strong affection. "This famous charger died at Mount Vernon many
+years after the Revolution at a very advanced age. After the chief had
+ceased to mount him, he was never ridden, but grazed in a paddock in
+summer, and was well cared for in winter; and as often as the retired
+farmer of Mount Vernon would be making a tour of his grounds, he would
+halt at the paddock, when the old war-horse would run, neighing, to the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_441" id="Page_441">[441]</a></span>fence, proud to be caressed by the great master's hand."</p>
+
+<p>No sooner did Cornwallis surrender than the commander-in-chief
+despatched a courier on horseback to Philadelphia, to bear the glad
+tidings to Congress. It was past midnight when the courier reached the
+city, and the night watchmen, on their respective beats, had just cried,
+"Twelve o'clock and all is well!"</p>
+
+<p>They caught the glad news with joy, and the next hour they cried:</p>
+
+<p>"One o'clock, <span class="smcap">and Cornwallis is taken</span>!"</p>
+
+<p>Wakeful citizens in bed could scarcely believe their ears. They started
+up, and listened. Again the joyful tidings were repeated:</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Cornwallis is taken!</span>"</p>
+
+<p>Hundreds sprang from their beds in wild delight. Lights began to appear
+in the dwellings, darting from room to room. Soon men and women rushed
+from their habitations into the streets in the greatest excitement. Some
+were half dressed, scarcely knowing, in their exuberance of joy, whether
+they were in the flesh or out. Many wept to hear the news confirmed, and
+as many laughed. Not a few caught up the watchmen's cry, and ran from
+street to street, announcing, at the top of their voices:</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Cornwallis is taken! Cornwallis is taken!</span>"</p>
+
+<p>Every minute added to the throng in the streets; men, women, and
+children joining in the exhilarating exercise of sounding out their
+excessive delight upon the night air. Neighbors clasped hands and
+embraced each other to express their gladness. Many were too full for
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_442" id="Page_442">[442]</a></span>utterance; they broke down in tears with their first attempt to join in
+the general acclaim. Such a varied, impulsive, uncontrollable expression
+of joy was never before witnessed in that city.</p>
+
+<p>Soon the bell on the old State-House rang out its gladsome peals, the
+same old bell that signalled the adoption of the Declaration of
+Independence, July 4, 1776. Other bells, one after another, united in
+the grand chorus of jubilation, supplemented by the thunder of artillery
+from the fortifications about the city, until every method of expressing
+real joy seemed to combine, as if by magical art.</p>
+
+<p>At an early hour on the next morning Congress convened, and listened to
+the reading of Washington's letter, announcing the surrender of
+Cornwallis. The scene can be better imagined than described. That body
+was quite unfitted for the transaction of any business, except that
+which eulogized the commander-in-chief, and the brave men who had fought
+the battles of the country. Irving says:</p>
+
+<p>"Congress gave way to transports of joy. Thanks were voted to the
+commander-in-chief, to the Counts De Rochambeau and De Grasse, to the
+officers of the allied armies generally, and to the corps of artillery
+and engineers especially. Two stands of colors, trophies of the
+capitulation, were voted to Washington; two pieces of field ordnance to
+De Rochambeau and De Grasse; and it was decreed that a marble column,
+commemorative of the alliance between France and the United States, and
+of the victory achieved by their associated arms, should be erected in
+Yorktown."</p>
+
+<p>Finally, Congress issued a proclamation, appointing a day for general
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_443" id="Page_443">[443]</a></span>thanksgiving and prayer, in acknowledgment of this signal interposition
+of Divine Providence.</p>
+
+<p>This done, Congress adjourned to assemble, at a later hour, in a public
+house of worship, there to join, with the grateful multitude, in praise
+and thanksgiving to God for His blessing upon the cause of liberty.</p>
+
+<p>When the news of Cornwallis' surrender reached England, the
+disappointment and chagrin were well-nigh universal. The British
+ministry were astounded by the unexpected tidings. Lord Germain
+announced the fact to Lord North.</p>
+
+<p>"And how did he take it?" inquired a public man.</p>
+
+<p>"As he would have taken a ball in the breast," replied Germain.</p>
+
+<p>"What did he say?"</p>
+
+<p>"He opened his arms and exclaimed wildly, as he paced up and down the
+apartment, 'O God, it is all over!'"</p>
+
+<p>As soon as Washington could leave he retired to Mount Vernon for a few
+days, from which place he wrote to General Greene:</p>
+
+<p>"I shall remain but a few days here, and shall proceed to Philadelphia,
+when I shall attempt to stimulate Congress to the best improvement of
+our late success by taking the most vigorous and effectual measures to
+be ready for an early and decisive campaign the next year. My greatest
+fear is that Congress, viewing this stroke in too important a point of
+light, may think our work too nearly closed, and will fall into a state
+o<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_444" id="Page_444">[444]</a></span>f languor and relaxation. To prevent the error, I shall employ every
+means in my power; and if, unhappily, we sink into that fatal mistake,
+no part of the blame shall be mine."</p>
+
+<p>To another he wrote:</p>
+
+<p>"The hand of Providence has been so conspicuous in all this, that he
+must be worse than an infidel that lacks faith, and more than wicked
+that has not gratitude enough to acknowledge his obligations."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2><a name="XXIII" id="XXIII"></a>XXIII.<br />
+
+<small>PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES.</small></h2>
+
+
+<p class="noi">"<span class="smcap">Now</span> we must follow up this grand victory with harder blows," remarked
+Washington to Lafayette.</p>
+
+<p>"Then you do not believe the war is ended yet?" Lafayette replied
+inquiringly.</p>
+
+<p>"Of course not. The king will not yield to 'rebels' so willingly as
+that. We must concentrate our entire force upon New York now."</p>
+
+<p>"Every lover of his country ought to be stimulated to greater deeds
+now," added Lafayette.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_445" id="Page_445">[445]</a></span></p>
+<p>"And Congress ought to respond promptly and liberally to the demands of
+the hour," said Washington. "The legislatures of the several Colonies
+ought to be prompt and liberal, also, in providing men and means. Give
+us men and supplies equal to the emergency, and our independence can be
+permanently established."</p>
+
+<p>Washington waited upon Congress personally, and he wrote letters to the
+governors of the several Colonies, pleading for more liberal aid than
+ever, that the war might be successfully prosecuted to the bitter end.</p>
+
+<p>While these negotiations were progressing, the king superseded Sir Henry
+Clinton by the appointment of Sir Guy Carleton as commander-in-chief of
+the British army. The latter commander was in favor of peace, and he
+appealed to the British Parliament for conciliatory action; nor was his
+plea in vain. After a long and acrimonious struggle, Parliament adopted
+a resolution advising reconciliation. From that moment, peace
+negotiations were commenced, but were not fully consummated until Nov.
+30, 1782, at Paris. It was the nineteenth day of April, 1783, when the
+welcome news, received in this country, was announced to the army.</p>
+
+<p>The surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown, contrary to the expectations of
+Washington, thus proved to be the end of the war. In just eight years
+from the time the first battle of the Revolution was fought at
+Lexington, April 19, 1775, the proclamation of peace was made to the
+army. "Thus ended a long and arduous conflict, in which Great Britain
+expended near a hundred millions of money, with a hundred thousand
+lives, and won nothing. America endured every cruelty and distress, lost
+many lives and much treasure, but delivered herself from a foreign
+dominion, and gained a rank among the nations of the earth."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_446" id="Page_446">[446]</a></span></p><p>The enemy evacuated New York and other posts and returned to England,
+and Washington occupied the same, and proceeded to disband the army.
+Addressing his officers and companions in arms, with deep emotion he
+said:</p>
+
+<p>"With a heart full of love and gratitude, I now take leave of you. I
+most devoutly wish that your latter days may be as prosperous and happy
+as your former have been glorious and honorable. I cannot come to each
+of you to take my leave, but shall be obliged if each of you will come
+and take me by the hand."</p>
+
+<p>He could say no more. Tears blinded his eyes, and emotion caused his
+voice to tremble. Silently, one after another, these heroes of many
+battles and sufferings approached and grasped his hand. No one spoke a
+word. Each felt more than language could express. The scene was
+affecting beyond description.</p>
+
+<p>Congress was in session at Annapolis, and thither he journeyed to return
+his commission. A perfect ovation attended him all the way. The
+occupants of every town, village, and farmhouse turned out to hail the
+conqueror. Men, women, and children vied with each other in
+demonstrations of love and honor. Cannon pealed, bells rung, music
+wafted, voices sounded, banners waved, in honor "of the only man," as
+Jefferson said, "who had the confidence of all."</p>
+
+<p>Congress received him in a manner to attest their profoundest respect
+and love. Resigning his commission, he said:</p>
+
+<p>"Having now finished the work assigned me, I retire from th<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_447" id="Page_447">[447]</a></span>e great
+theatre of action, and, bidding an affectionate farewell to this august
+body, under whose orders I have so long acted, I here offer my
+commission, and take my leave of all the employments of public life."</p>
+
+<p>Our American Cincinnatus retired to his farm and plough, which he left
+eight years before at the call of his country. He designed to spend the
+remainder of his days in retirement at Mount Vernon. His large estates
+demanded his attention, and his tastes for agricultural pursuits adapted
+him to the situation.</p>
+
+<p>Under his careful and efficient supervision, his Mount Vernon estate
+rapidly improved. He enlarged his house, so that he might accommodate
+the numerous distinguished visitors who now paid him their respects. He
+studied agriculture by consulting the best authorities, doing it not
+alone for the purpose of improving his own estates, but also to aid his
+newly emancipated country in developing its resources.</p>
+
+<p>He lent his great influence to educational and religious enterprises, so
+essential to the stability and progress of the free and independent
+Colonies. Through his influence, two companies were organized to extend
+the navigation of the James and Potomac rivers. Grateful for his aid in
+creating enterprises of so great public benefit, the General Assembly
+presented him with one hundred and fifty shares of the stock, worth
+fifty thousand dollars. He declined to accept the large gift, saying:</p>
+
+<p>"What will the world think if they should hear that I have taken fifty
+thousand dollars for this affair? Will they not suspect, on my next
+proposition, that money is my motive? Thus for the sake of money, which,
+indeed, I never coveted from my country, I may lose the power to do her
+some service, which may be wort<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_448" id="Page_448">[448]</a></span>h more than all money."</p>
+
+<p>He assured the Assembly that if they would contribute the amount for a
+national university in what is now the District of Columbia, and a
+literary institution in Rockbridge County, since called Washington
+College, he should esteem their gift even more than he would were he to
+accept and devote it to his own private use; and they complied with his
+wishes.</p>
+
+<p>As before the war, he continued to remember the poor, whose veneration
+for him was greater than ever. His methods of assisting them were often
+original, and always practical; as, for example, keeping a boat on the
+Potomac for their use in fishing. Here was an opportunity for them to
+obtain subsistence without sacrificing the virtues of industry and
+self-reliance.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Peake, who had charge of one of his plantations, said:</p>
+
+<p>"I had orders to fill a corn-house every year for the sole use of the
+poor in my neighborhood, to whom it was a seasonable and most precious
+relief, saving numbers of poor women and children from miserable famine,
+and blessing them with a cheerful plenteousness of bread."</p>
+
+<p>One year, when there was a scarcity of corn, and the price of it went up
+to a dollar per bushel, the suffering among the poor was much increased.
+Washington ordered his agent to distribute all that could be spared from
+the granaries, and he purchased several hundred bushels in addition, at
+the high price, to be used in charity.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_449" id="Page_449">[449]</a></span></p><p>Governor Johnson of Maryland, a hero of '76, related the following
+incident to Mr. Weems:</p>
+
+<p>The governor went to the Virginia Springs for his health. The place was
+crowded with people, but he secured "a mattress in the hut of a very
+honest baker" whom he knew. The baker did a large business, and every
+day Mr. Johnson noticed that many poor negroes came for loaves, and took
+them away without paying a cent.</p>
+
+<p>"Stophel," said Mr. Johnson one day, "you seem to sell a world of bread
+here every day, but notwithstanding that, I fear you don't gain much by
+it."</p>
+
+<p>"What makes you think so?" replied Stophel.</p>
+
+<p>"You credit too much."</p>
+
+<p>"Not I, indeed, sir; I don't credit at all."</p>
+
+<p>"Ay, how do you make that out? Don't I see the poor people every day
+carrying away your bread, and yet paying you nothing?"</p>
+
+<p>"Pshaw! what of that? They will pay me all in a lump at last."</p>
+
+<p>"At <i>last</i>!" exclaimed the governor, "at the <i>last day</i>, I suppose. You
+think the Almighty will stand paymaster, and wipe off all your old
+scores for you at a dash."</p>
+
+<p>"Not by any means, squire. The poor bakers can't give such long credit;
+but I will tell you how we work the matter. Washingto<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_450" id="Page_450">[450]</a></span>n directed me to
+supply these poor people at his expense, and I do it. Believe me,
+squire, he has often, at the end of the season, paid me as much as
+eighty dollars, and that, too, for poor creatures who did not know the
+hand that fed them; for I had strict orders from him not to mention it
+to anybody."</p>
+
+<p>In a former chapter we learned the magnanimity of his conduct towards
+one Payne, who knocked him down for a supposed insult. Mr. Payne relates
+that after the Revolution he called upon Washington at Mount Vernon.</p>
+
+<p>"As I drew near the house," he says, "I began to experience a rising
+fear lest he should call to mind the blow I had given him in former
+days. Washington met me at the door with a kind welcome, and conducted
+me into an adjoining room where Mrs. Washington sat.</p>
+
+<p>"'Here, my dear,' said he, presenting me to his lady, 'here is the
+little man you have so often heard me talk of, and who, on a difference
+between us one day, had the resolution to knock me down, big as I am; I
+know you will honor him as he deserves, for I assure you he has the
+heart of a true Virginian.'"</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Payne adds: "He said this with an air which convinced me that his
+long familiarity with war had not robbed him of his nobleness of heart.
+And Mrs. Washington looked at him as if he appeared to her greater and
+lovelier than ever."</p>
+
+<p>The same industry distinguished him on his return to his farms, for
+which he was so well known before the war. His rule was to rise at four
+o'clock and retire at nine. The forenoon was employed in labor and
+overseeing the work on his plantations. The presence of company did not
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_451" id="Page_451">[451]</a></span>interrupt his systematic methods. He would say to such:</p>
+
+<p>"Gentlemen, I must beg leave of absence this forenoon. Here are books,
+music, and amusements; consider yourselves at home, and be happy."</p>
+
+<p>But Washington was not allowed to remain long in private life. In 1787,
+a convention assembled in Philadelphia to form a confederacy of States.
+Washington was a member of that body, and was unanimously made its
+presiding officer. The convention sat four months, in which time the
+confederacy of States was consummated, called the United States, with
+the present Constitution essentially.</p>
+
+<p>This new order of things required the election of a president, and
+Washington was unanimously elected. He was inaugurated on the thirtieth
+day of April, 1789, in the city of New York, then the seat of
+government. That the position was not one of his own seeking is quite
+evident from a letter which he wrote to General Knox:</p>
+
+<p>"My movements to the chair of government will be accompanied by feelings
+not unlike those of a culprit who is going to the place of his
+execution, so unwilling am I, in the evening of life, nearly consumed in
+public cares, to quit a peaceful abode for an ocean of difficulties,
+without the competency of political skill, abilities, and inclinations
+which are necessary to manage the helm."</p>
+
+<p>His journey to New York was accomplished in his own carriage, drawn by
+four horses. No king or conqueror was ever treated to a more
+enthusiastic ovation than was he from Mount Vernon to New York. The
+expression of a lad to his father indicates the exalted notions which
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_452" id="Page_452">[452]</a></span>the common people entertained of the great general. On getting a good
+view of him the lad exclaimed:</p>
+
+<p>"Why, pa, he is only a man, after all!"</p>
+
+<p>At Trenton, where he crossed the Delaware with his retreating, depleted
+army, his welcome was both imposing and beautiful. Upon the bridge an
+arch was erected, adorned with laurel leaves and flowers. Upon the
+crown of the arch, formed of leaves and flowers, were the words:</p>
+
+<p class="center">"<span class="smcap">December 26th, 1776.</span>"</p>
+
+<p>Beneath was the sentence:</p>
+
+<p class="center">"<span class="smcap">The Defender of the Mothers will be the<br />
+Protector of the Daughters!</span>"</p>
+
+<p>The president was obliged to pass under this arch to enter Trenton,
+where the female portion of the population met him. On one side little
+girls dressed in white stood, each one bearing a basket of flowers. On
+the other side were arranged the young ladies, and behind them the
+married women. The moment Washington and his suit approached the arch,
+the girls scattered their flowers before him, and the whole company of
+females sung the following ode, written for the occasion by Governor
+Howell:</p>
+
+<div class="block">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="io1">"Welcome, mighty chief! once more<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Welcome to this grateful shore!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Now no mercenary foe<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Aims again the fatal blow.<br /></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_453" id="Page_453">[453]</a></span><span class="i0">Aims at thee the fatal blow.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Virgins fair and matrons grave,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Those thy conquering arm did save,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Build for thee triumphal bowers.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Strew, ye fair, his way with flowers!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Strew your hero's way with flowers!"<br /></span>
+</div></div></div>
+
+<p>The reader may well suppose that his reception in New York as the
+<i>first</i> President of the United States, and the "greatest general on
+earth," as many supposed, was grand indeed. No expense or pains were
+spared to make it worthy of the occasion.</p>
+
+<p>Washington called to his cabinet, Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of State;
+Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury; General Knox, Secretary
+of War; Edmund Randolph, Attorney-General; and John Jay, Chief Justice.</p>
+
+<p>He said, in his inaugural address:</p>
+
+<p>"When I contemplate the interposition of Providence, as it was visibly
+manifested in guiding us through the Revolution, in preparing us for the
+reception of a general government, and in conciliating the good will of
+the people of America towards one another after its adoption, I feel
+myself oppressed and almost overwhelmed with a sense of the divine
+munificence. I feel that nothing is due to my personal agency in all
+those complicated and wonderful events, except what can simply be
+attributed to the exertions of an honest zeal for the good of my
+country."</p>
+
+<p>The parade and pomp attending the first presidency in New York City
+exceeded anything of the kind we behold at the present day. Considering
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_454" id="Page_454">[454]</a></span>the condition of the country, as compared with its wealth and prominence
+now, the style of living and display in presidential circles was
+remarkable. Washington rode in a chariot drawn by six fine horses,
+attended by a retinue of servants. These horses were expensively
+caparisoned. His stable, under the charge of Bishop, his favorite
+servant, held twelve of the finest horses in the country. Two of them
+were splendid white chargers for the saddle. After the seat of
+government was removed to Philadelphia, the stables were under the care
+of German John, "and the grooming of the white chargers will rather
+surprise the moderns." Mr. Custis says:</p>
+
+<p>"The night before the horses were to appear on the street, they were
+covered over with a paste, of which whiting was the principal component
+part; then the animals were swathed in body-cloths, and left to sleep
+upon clean straw. In the morning the composition had become hard, was
+well rubbed in and curried and brushed, which process gave to the coats
+a beautiful, glossy, and satin-like appearance. The hoofs were then
+blacked and polished, the mouths washed, teeth picked and cleansed, and
+the leopard-skin housings being properly adjusted, the white chargers
+were led out for service."</p>
+
+<p>While the seat of government was in New York the president visited the
+New England States. He had been brought almost to the door of death by a
+malignant carbuncle, and it was thought, on his recovery, that such a
+tour would be beneficial. Besides, the people of New England were
+clamorous to see him.</p>
+
+<p>The sickness referred to confined him to his room six weeks, during
+which time "Dr. Bard never quitted him." The public anxiety was very
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_455" id="Page_455">[455]</a></span>great, and the president understood full well that his condition was
+very critical. One day he said to the doctor:</p>
+
+<p>"I want your candid opinion as to the probable termination of this
+sickness."</p>
+
+<p>"Your condition is serious, but I expect that you will recover," Dr.
+Bard replied.</p>
+
+<p>"Do not flatter me with vain hopes," responded the president. "I am not
+afraid to die, and I am prepared to hear the worst."</p>
+
+<p>"I confess, Mr. President, that I am not without serious apprehensions,"
+added the doctor.</p>
+
+<p>"Whether to-night or twenty years hence makes no difference; I know that
+I am in the hands of a good Providence," was the royal answer of the
+Christian ruler.</p>
+
+<p>His tour through the New England States was attended with every
+demonstration of honor that love and confidence could devise. At Boston
+the president's well-known punctuality set aside all conventional rules,
+and asserted its superiority. A company of cavalry volunteered to
+escort him to Salem. The time appointed to start was 8 o'clock in the
+morning. When the Old South clock struck the hour, the escort had not
+appeared; nevertheless Washington started, and reached Charles River
+bridge before the cavalry overtook him. The commander of the cavalry
+once belonged to Washington's "military family," and the latter turned
+to him and said:</p>
+
+<p>"Major, I thought you had been too long in my family not to kno<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_456" id="Page_456">[456]</a></span>w when
+it was eight o'clock."</p>
+
+<p>At Philadelphia, to which place the seat of government was removed in
+1790, the president frequently entertained members of Congress at his
+own table. They soon learned that there was no waiting for guests in his
+mansion. Precisely at the hour, Washington took his seat at the table,
+whether guests had arrived or not. One day a member came in ten minutes
+after the family were seated at the dining table. The president greeted
+him with the remark: "We are punctual here."</p>
+
+<p>He arranged with a gentleman to meet him with reference to the purchase
+of a pair of horses. He named the hour. The owner of the horses was ten
+minutes behind the time, and he found the president engaged with other
+parties. It was a whole week before he was able to see the president
+again. The latter taught the dilatory man an important lesson.</p>
+
+<p>At Philadelphia, a house belonging to Robert Morris, the national
+financier, was rented, and converted into a presidential mansion as
+imposing and elegant, for that day, as the "White House" at Washington
+is for our day. It was not contemplated to make Philadelphia the
+permanent seat of government. Washington thought the capital should be
+located on the Potomac, and it was respect for his judgment especially
+that located it where it is.</p>
+
+<p>One Reuben Rouzy owed Washington a thousand pounds. An agent of the
+president, without his knowledge, brought an action against Rouzy for
+the money, in consequence of which he was lodged in jail. A friend of
+the debtor suggested that Washington might know nothing of the affair,
+whereupon Rouzy sent a petition to the president for his release. The
+next post brought an order for his release, with a full discharge, and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_457" id="Page_457">[457]</a></span>a severe reprimand to the agent.</p>
+
+<p>Rouzy was restored to his family, who ever afterwards remembered their
+"beloved Washington" in their daily prayers. Providence smiled upon the
+debtor, so that in a few years he offered the whole amount, with
+interest, to Washington.</p>
+
+<p>"The debt is already discharged," said Washington.</p>
+
+<p>"The debt of my family to you, the preserver of their parent, can never
+be discharged," answered Rouzy. "I insist upon your taking it."</p>
+
+<p>"I will receive it only upon one condition," added the president.</p>
+
+<p>"And what is that?"</p>
+
+<p>"That I may divide it among your children," replied Washington.</p>
+
+<p>The affair was finally settled on this basis, and the amount was divided
+at once among the children.</p>
+
+<p>The success of his first presidential term created the universal desire
+that he should serve a second term.</p>
+
+<p>"It is impossible; my private business demands my attention," he said to
+Jefferson.</p>
+
+<p>"Public business is more important," suggested Jefferson. "Besides, the
+confidence of the whole Union is centred in you."</p>
+
+<p>"I long for home and rest," retorted Washington. "I am wearing out with
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_458" id="Page_458">[458]</a></span>public service."</p>
+
+<p>"I trust and pray God that you will determine to make a further
+sacrifice of your tranquility and happiness to the public good,"
+remarked Hamilton, joining in the plea for a second term of service.</p>
+
+<p>"It will be time enough for you to have a successor when it shall please
+God to call you from this world," said Robert Morris; thus limiting the
+demands of his country only by the demand of death.</p>
+
+<p>His objections were overcome, and he was unanimously elected to a second
+term, and was inaugurated March 4, 1793, in Philadelphia.</p>
+
+<p>His second presidential term proved equally successful with the first.
+Serious difficulties with England, France, and Spain were settled; a
+treaty with the Indian tribes was affected, and a humane policy adopted
+towards them. The mechanic arts, agriculture, manufactures, and internal
+improvements, advanced rapidly under his administration. Domestic
+troubles disappeared, and peace and harmony prevailed throughout the
+land; in view of which, Jefferson said:</p>
+
+<p>"Never did nature and fortune combine more perfectly to make a man great
+and to place him in the same constellation with whatever worthies have
+merited from man an everlasting remembrance."</p>
+
+<p>During his presidency he made a tour through the Southern States. His
+arrangement for the same furnishes a remarkable illustration of the
+order and punctuality for which he was known from boyhood. Thinking that
+the heads of the several State departments might have occasion to write
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_459" id="Page_459">[459]</a></span>to him, he wrote out his route thus:</p>
+
+<p>"I shall be, on the eighth of April, at Fredericksburg; the eleventh, at
+Richmond; the fourteenth, at Petersburg; the sixteenth, at Halifax; the
+eighteenth, at Tarborough; the twentieth, at Newtown;" and thus on to
+the end, a journey of nineteen hundred miles.</p>
+
+<p>Custis says: "His punctuality on that long journey astonished every one.
+Scarcely would the artillery-men unlimber the cannon when the order
+would be given, 'Light your matches; the white chariot is in full
+view!'" Washington rode in a white chariot.</p>
+
+<p>His industry, which had become proverbial, enabled him to perform a
+great amount of work. General Henry Lee once said to him:</p>
+
+<p>"Mr. President, we are amazed at the amount of work you are able to
+accomplish."</p>
+
+<p>"I rise at four o'clock, sir, and a great deal of the work I perform is
+done while others are asleep," was Washington's reply.</p>
+
+<p>At the same time his <i>thoroughness</i> and method appeared in everything.
+Mr. Sparks says:</p>
+
+<p>"During his presidency it was likewise his custom to subject the
+treasury reports and accompanying documents to the process of tutelar
+condensation, with a vast expenditure of labor and patience."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_460" id="Page_460">[460]</a></span></p><p>Another biographer says:</p>
+
+<p>"His accounts, while engaged in the service of his country, were so
+accurately kept, that to this hour they are an example held up before
+the nations."</p>
+
+<p>In all these things the reader must note that "the boy is father of the
+man."</p>
+
+<p>Under his administration there was no demand, as now, for "civil service
+reform." His nearest relative and best friend enjoyed no advantage over
+others for position. Real qualifications and experience for office he
+required. Alluding to the severity with which he treated the idea of
+giving friends and favorites position, a public man remarked:</p>
+
+<p>"It is unfortunate to be a Virginian."</p>
+
+<p>At the close of his long service, he wrote:</p>
+
+<p>"In every nomination to office, I have endeavored, as far as my own
+knowledge extended, or information could be obtained, to make fitness of
+character my primary object."</p>
+
+<p>At one time two applicants for an important office presented their
+appeals, through friends. One of them was an intimate friend of the
+president, often at his table. The other was a political enemy, though a
+man of experience. No one really expected that his political enemy would
+be appointed, but he was.</p>
+
+<p>"Your appointment was unjust," a person dared to say to Washington.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_461" id="Page_461">[461]</a></span></p>
+<p>"I receive my friend with a cordial welcome," answered Washington. "He
+is welcome to my house and welcome to my heart; but, with all his good
+qualities, he is not a man of business. His opponent is, with all his
+political hostility to me, a man of business. My private feelings have
+nothing to do with this case. I am not George Washington, but President
+of the United States; as George Washington, I would do this man any
+kindness in my power; but as President of the United States, I can do
+nothing."</p>
+
+<p>In 1793 Washington was deeply affected by the news of Lafayette's exile
+and incarceration in Germany. He took measures at once to secure his
+release, if possible, and sent him a thousand guineas. Lafayette's son,
+who was named after the American general, George Washington Lafayette,
+came to this country, accompanied by his tutor, when his father was
+driven into exile. After the close of Washington's public life, young
+Lafayette became a member of his family at Mount Vernon. His father was
+not liberated until 1797.</p>
+
+<p>The following maxims, gleaned from his prolific writings, disclose the
+principles which governed his actions in public life, and at the same
+time they magnify his ability as a writer. When we reflect that his
+schooldays embraced instruction only in reading, writing, and
+arithmetic, to which he added surveying later, the clearness and
+elegance of his style become a matter of surprise. His epistolary
+correspondence is a model to all who would attain excellence in the art;
+and his grasp of thought and practical view of government and science,
+are unsurpassed by any statesman. Of the large number of notable
+extracts we might collect from his writings, we have space for a few
+only, as follows:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_462" id="Page_462">[462]</a></span></p><p>"Our political system may be compared to the mechanism of a clock, and
+we should derive a lesson from it; for it answers no good purpose to
+keep the smaller wheels in order if the greater one, which is the
+support and prime mover of the whole, is neglected."</p>
+
+<p>"Common danger brought the States into confederacy; and on their union
+our safety and importance depend."</p>
+
+<p>"Remember that actions, and not the commission, make the officer. More
+is expected from him than the title."</p>
+
+<p>"Knowledge is, in every country, the surest basis of public happiness."</p>
+
+<p>"True friendship is a plant of slow growth, and must undergo and
+withstand the shocks of adversity before it is entitled to the
+appellation."</p>
+
+<p>"To share the common lot, and participate in conveniences which the
+army, from the peculiarity of our circumstances, are obliged to undergo,
+has with me, been a fundamental principle."</p>
+
+<p>"The value of liberty is enhanced by the difficulty of its attainment,
+and the worth of character appreciated by the trial of adversity."</p>
+
+<p>"It is our duty to make the best of our misfortunes, and not suffer
+passion to interfere with our interest and the public good."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_463" id="Page_463">[463]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"In my estimation, more permanent and genuine happiness is to be found
+in the sequestered walks of connubial life than in the giddy rounds of
+promiscuous pleasure, or the more tumultuous and imposing scenes of
+successful ambition."</p>
+
+<p>"Without virtue and without integrity, the finest talents and the most
+brilliant accomplishments can never gain the respect and conciliate the
+esteem of the truly valuable part of mankind."</p>
+
+<p>"Few men have virtue to withstand the highest bidder."</p>
+
+<p>"A good moral character is the first essential in a man. It is,
+therefore, highly important to endeavor not only to be learned, but
+virtuous."</p>
+
+<p>"The eyes of Argus are upon us, and no slip will pass unnoticed."</p>
+
+<p>"It is much easier to avoid disagreements than to remove discontents."</p>
+
+<p>"The man who would steer clear of shelves and rocks, must know where
+they lie."</p>
+
+<p>"Do not conceive that fine clothes make fine men, any more than fine
+feathers make fine birds."</p>
+
+<p>"We ought not to look back, unless it be to derive useful lessons from
+past errors, and for the purpose of profiting b<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_464" id="Page_464">[464]</a></span>y dear-bought
+experience."</p>
+
+<p>"Gaming is the child of Avarice, the brother of Iniquity, and the father
+of Mischief."</p>
+
+<p>"Religion is as necessary to reason as reason is to religion. The one
+cannot exist without the other."</p>
+
+<p>"The propitious smiles of heaven can never be expected on a nation that
+disregards the eternal rules of order and right, which heaven itself has
+ordained."</p>
+
+<p>"Whatever may be conceded to the influence of refined education on minds
+of peculiar structure, reason and experience both forbid us to expect
+that national morality can prevail, in exclusion of religious
+principle."</p>
+
+<p>We might fill many pages with similar quotations from his writings, but
+must forbear.</p>
+
+<p>He was urged strongly to serve his country a third presidential term,
+but he resolutely declined. Retiring from public service, he left a
+remarkable farewell address to the people of the United States, which is
+here given in full. Every American boy who has patriot blood in his
+veins will delight in being familiar with its every thought and precept.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_465" id="Page_465">[465]</a></span></p>
+<h2><small>FAREWELL ADDRESS.</small></h2>
+
+<p class="smcap3 noi">Friends and Fellow-Citizens:</p>
+
+<p>The period for a new election of a citizen to administer the executive
+government of the United States being not far distant, and the time
+actually arrived when your thoughts must be employed in designating the
+person who is to be clothed with that important trust, it appears to me
+proper, especially as it may conduce to a more distinct expression of
+the public voice, that I should now apprize you of the resolution I have
+formed, to decline being considered among the number of those out of
+whom a choice is to be made. I beg you, at the same time, to do me the
+justice to be assured that this resolution has not been taken without a
+strict regard to all the considerations appertaining to the relation
+which binds a dutiful citizen to his country; and that, in withdrawing
+the tender of service, which silence in my situation might imply, I am
+influenced by no diminution of zeal for your future interest, no
+deficiency of grateful respect for your past kindness, but am supported
+by a full conviction that the step is compatible with both.</p>
+
+<p>2. The acceptance of and continuance hitherto in the office to which
+your sufferages have twice called me, have been a uniform sacrifice of
+inclination to the opinion of duty, and to a deference for what appeared
+to be your desire. I constantly hoped that it would have been much
+earlier in my power, consistently with motives which I was not at
+liberty to disregard, to return to that retirement from which I have
+been reluctantly drawn. The strength of my inclination to do this,
+previous to the last election, had even led to the preparation of an
+address to declare it to you; but mature reflection on the then
+perplexed and critical posture of our affairs with foreign nations, and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_466" id="Page_466">[466]</a></span>the unanimous advice of persons entitled to my confidence, impelled me
+to abandon the idea.</p>
+
+<p>3. I rejoice that the state of your concerns, external as well as
+internal, no longer renders the pursuit of inclination incompatible with
+the sentiment of duty or propriety; and am persuaded, whatever
+partiality may be retained for my services, that in the present
+circumstances of our country you will not disapprove my determination to
+retire.</p>
+
+<p>4. The impressions with which I first undertook the arduous trust were
+explained on the proper occasion. In the discharge of this trust, I will
+only say that I have, with good intentions, contributed towards the
+organization and administration of the government the best exertions of
+which a very fallible judgment was capable. Not unconscious, in the
+outset, of the inferiority of my qualifications, experience in my own
+eyes, perhaps still more in the eyes of others, has strengthened the
+motives to diffidence of myself and every day the increasing weight of
+years admonishes me more and more that the shade of retirement is as
+necessary to me as it will be welcome. Satisfied that if any
+circumstances have given peculiar value to my services, they were
+temporary, I have the consolation to believe, that, while choice and
+prudence invite me to quit the political scene, patriotism does not
+forbid it.</p>
+
+<p>5. In looking forward to the moment which is intended to terminate the
+career of my public life, my feelings do not permit me to suspend the
+deep acknowledgment of that debt of gratitude which I owe to my beloved
+country for the many honors it has conferred upon me; still more for
+the steadfast confidence with which it has supported me; and for the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_467" id="Page_467">[467]</a></span>opportunities I have thence enjoyed of manifesting my inviolable
+attachment by services faithful and persevering, though in usefulness
+unequal to my zeal. If benefits have resulted to our country from these
+services, let it always be remembered to your praise, and as an
+instructive example in our annals, that under circumstances in which the
+passions, agitated in every direction, were liable to mislead, amidst
+appearances sometimes dubious, vicissitudes of fortune often
+discouraging, in situations in which not unfrequently want of success
+has countenanced the spirit of criticism, the constancy of your support
+was the essential prop of the efforts, and the guarantee of the plans by
+which they were effected.</p>
+
+<p>6. Profoundly penetrated with this idea, I shall carry it with me to my
+grave, as a strong incitement to unceasing vows that Heaven may continue
+to you the choicest tokens of its benevolence; that your union and
+brotherly affection may be perpetual; that the free Constitution, which
+is the work of your hands, may be sacredly maintained; that its
+administration in every department may be stamped with wisdom and
+virtue; that, in fine, the happiness of the people of these States,
+under the auspices of liberty, may be made complete, by so careful a
+preservation, and so prudent a use of this blessing, as will acquire to
+them the glory of recommending it to the applause, the affection, and
+the adoption of every nation which is yet a stranger to it.</p>
+
+<p>7. Here, perhaps, I ought to stop. But a solicitude for your welfare,
+which cannot end but with my life, and the apprehension of danger
+natural to that solicitude, urge me, on an occasion like the present, to
+offer to your solemn contemplation, and to recommend to your frequent
+review, some sentiments, which are the result of much reflection, of no
+inconsiderable observation, and which appear to me all important to the
+permanency of your felicity as a people. These will be offered to you
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_468" id="Page_468">[468]</a></span>with the more freedom, as you can only see in them the disinterested
+warnings of a parting friend, who can possibly have no personal motives
+to bias his counsel. Nor can I forget, as an encouragement to it, your
+indulgent reception of my sentiments on a former and not dissimilar
+occasion. Interwoven as is the love of liberty with every ligament of
+your hearts, no recommendation of mine is necessary to fortify or
+confirm the attachment.</p>
+
+<p>8. The unity of government which constitutes you one people is also now
+dear to you. It is justly so; for it is a main pillar in the edifice of
+your real independence, the support of your tranquillity at home, your
+peace abroad, of your safety, of your prosperity, of that very liberty
+which you so highly prize. But as it is easy to foresee that, from
+different causes and from different quarters, much pains will be taken,
+many artifices employed, to weaken in your minds the conviction of this
+truth; as this is the point in your political fortress against which the
+batteries of internal and external enemies will be most constantly and
+actively (though often covertly and insidiously) directed, it is of
+infinite moment that you should properly estimate the immense value of
+your national union to your collective and individual happiness; that
+you should cherish a cordial, habitual, and immovable attachment to it;
+accustoming yourselves to think and speak of it as of the palladium of
+your political safety and prosperity; watching for its preservation with
+jealous anxiety; discountenancing whatever may suggest even a suspicion
+that it can in any event be abandoned; and indignantly frowning upon the
+first dawning of every attempt to alienate any portion of our country
+from the rest, or to enfeeble the sacred ties which now link together
+the various parts.</p>
+
+<p>9. For this you have every inducement of sympathy and interest.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_469" id="Page_469">[469]</a></span>Citizens, by birth or choice, of a common country, that country has a
+right to concentrate your affections. The name of America, which belongs
+to you in your national capacity, must always exalt the just pride of
+patriotism, more than any appellation derived from local
+discriminations. With slight shades of difference, you have the same
+religion, manners, habits, and political principles. You have in a
+common cause fought and triumphed together; the independence and liberty
+you possess are the work of joint councils and joint efforts, of common
+dangers, sufferings, and successes. But these considerations, however
+powerfully they address themselves to your sensibility, are greatly
+outweighed by those which apply more immediately to your interest; here
+every portion of our country finds the most commanding motives for
+carefully guarding and preserving the union of the whole.</p>
+
+<p>10. The North, in an unrestrained intercourse with the South, protected
+by the equal laws of a common government, finds in the productions of
+the latter great additional resources of maritime and commercial
+enterprise, and precious materials of manufacturing industry. The South,
+in the same intercourse, benefiting by the agency of the North, sees
+its agriculture grow and its commerce expand. Turning partly into its
+own channels the seamen of the North, it finds its particular navigation
+invigorated; and while it contributes, in different ways, to nourish and
+increase the general mass of the national navigation, it looks forward
+to the protection of a maritime strength, to which itself is unequally
+adapted. The East, in a like intercourse with the West, already finds,
+and in the progressive improvement of interior communications by land
+and water will more and more find, a valuable vent for the commodities
+which it brings from abroad, or manufactures at home. The West derives
+from the East supplies requisite to its growth and comfort; and what is
+perhaps of still greater consequence, it must of necessity owe the
+secure enjoyment of indispensable outlets for its own productions to the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_470" id="Page_470">[470]</a></span>weight, influence, and the future maritime strength of the Atlantic side
+of the Union, directed by an indissoluble community of interest as <i>one
+nation</i>. Any other tenure by which the West can hold this essential
+advantage, whether derived from its own separate strength, or from an
+apostate and unnatural connection with any foreign power, must be
+intrinsically precarious.</p>
+
+<p>11. While, then, every part of our country thus feels an immediate and
+particular interest in union, all the parties combined cannot fail to
+find, in the united mass of means and efforts, greater strength, greater
+resources, proportionably greater security from external danger, a less
+frequent interruption of their peace by foreign nations, and, what is of
+inestimable value, they must derive from union an exemption from those
+broils and wars between themselves, which so frequently afflict
+neighboring countries not tied together by the same government; which
+their own rivalships alone would be sufficient to produce, but which
+opposite foreign alliances, attachments, and intrigues, would stimulate
+and embitter. Hence, likewise, they will avoid the necessity of those
+overgrown military establishments, which, under any form of government
+are inauspicious to liberty, and which are to be regarded as
+particularly hostile to republican liberty; in this sense it is that
+your union ought to be considered as a main prop of your liberty, and
+that the love of the one ought to endear to you the preservation of the
+other.</p>
+
+<p>12. These considerations speak a persuasive language to every reflecting
+and virtuous mind, and exhibit the continuance of the Union as a primary
+object of patriotic desire. Is there a doubt whether a common government
+can embrace so large a sphere? Let experience solve it. To listen to
+mere speculation in such a case were criminal. We are authorized to hope
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_471" id="Page_471">[471]</a></span>that a proper organization of the whole, with the auxiliary agency of
+government for the respective subdivisions, will afford a happy issue to
+the experiment. 'Tis well worth a fair and full experiment. With such
+powerful and obvious motives to union affecting all parts of our
+country, while experience shall not have demonstrated its
+impracticability, there will always be reason to distrust the patriotism
+of those who, in any quarter, may endeavor to weaken its bands.</p>
+
+<p>13. In contemplating the causes which may disturb our Union, it
+occurs as a matter of serious concern that any ground should have
+been furnished for characterizing parties by geographical
+discriminations,&mdash;Northern and Southern, Atlantic and Western,&mdash;whence
+designing men may endeavor to excite a belief that there is a real
+difference of local interests and views. One of the expedients of party
+to acquire influence within particular districts is to misrepresent the
+opinions and aims of other districts. You cannot shield yourselves too
+much against the jealousies and heartburnings which spring from these
+misrepresentations; they tend to render alien to each other those who
+ought to be bound together by fraternal affection. The inhabitants of
+our western country have lately had a useful lesson on this head: they
+have seen in the negotiation by the executive, and in the unanimous
+ratification by the Senate, of the treaty with Spain, and in the
+universal satisfaction at that event throughout the United States, a
+decisive proof how unfounded were the suspicions propagated among them
+of a policy in the general government and in the Atlantic States,
+unfriendly to their interests in regard to the Mississippi; they have
+been witnesses to the formation of two treaties, that with Great Britain
+and that with Spain, which secure to them everything they could desire,
+in respect to our foreign relations, towards confirming their
+prosperity. Will it not be their wisdom to rely for the preservation of
+these advantages on the Union by which they were procured? Will they not
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_472" id="Page_472">[472]</a></span>henceforth be deaf to those advisers, if such there are, who would sever
+them from their brethren, and connect them with aliens?</p>
+
+<p>14. To the efficacy and permanency of your Union, a government for the
+whole is indispensable. No alliances, however strict, between the parts,
+can be an adequate substitute; they must inevitably experience the
+infractions and interruptions which all alliances in all times have
+experienced. Sensible of this momentous truth, you have improved upon
+your first essay, by the adoption of a constitution of government,
+better calculated than your former for an intimate union, and for the
+efficacious management of your common concerns. This government, the
+offspring of our own choice, uninfluenced and unawed, adopted upon full
+investigation and mature deliberation, completely free in its
+principles, in the distribution of its powers uniting security with
+energy, and containing within itself a provision for its own amendment,
+has a just claim to your confidence and your support. Respect for its
+authority, compliance with its laws, acquiescence in its measures, are
+duties enjoined by the fundamental maxims of true liberty. The basis of
+our political system is the right of the people to make and alter their
+constitutions of government. But the Constitution, which at any time
+exists till changed by an explicit and authentic act of the whole
+people, is sacredly obligatory upon all. The very idea of the power and
+the right of the people to establish government, presupposes the duty of
+every individual to obey the established government.</p>
+
+<p>15. All obstructions to the execution of the laws, all combinations and
+associations, under whatever plausible character, with the real design
+to direct, control, counteract, or awe the regular deliberation and
+action of the constituted authorities, are destructive of this
+fundamental principle, and of fatal tendency. They serve to organize
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_473" id="Page_473">[473]</a></span>faction, to give it an artificial and extraordinary force&mdash;to put in the
+place of the delegated will of the nation the will of a party, often a
+small but artful and enterprising minority of the community; and,
+according to the alternate triumphs of different parties, to make the
+public administration the mirror of the ill-concerted and incongruous
+projects of faction, rather than the organ of consistent and wholesome
+plans digested by common councils, and modified by mutual interests.
+However combinations or associations of the above description may now
+and then answer popular ends, they are likely in the course of time and
+things to become potent engines, by which cunning, ambitious, and
+unprincipled men will be enabled to subvert the power of the people,
+and to usurp to themselves the reins of government, destroying
+afterwards the very engines which have lifted them to unjust dominion.</p>
+
+<p>16. Towards the preservation of your government, and the permanency of
+your present happy state, it is requisite not only that you speedily
+discountenance irregular oppositions to its acknowledged authority, but
+also that you resist with care the spirit of innovation upon its
+principles, however specious the pretexts. One method of assault may be
+to effect in the forms of the Constitution, alterations which impair the
+energy of the system, and thus to undermine what cannot be directly
+overthrown. In all the changes to which you may be invited, remember
+that time and habit are at least as necessary to fix the true character
+of governments as of other human institutions; that experience is the
+surest standard by which to test the real tendency of the existing
+constitution of a country; that facility in changes upon the credit of
+mere hypothesis and opinion exposes to perpetual change from the endless
+variety of hypothesis and opinion; and remember, especially, that for
+the efficient management of your common interests, in a country so
+extensive as ours, a government of as much vigor as is consistent with
+the perfect security of liberty is indispensable. Liberty itself will
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_474" id="Page_474">[474]</a></span>find in such a government, with powers properly distributed and
+adjusted, its surest guardian. It is, indeed, little else than a name,
+where the government is too feeble to withstand the enterprises of
+faction, to confine each member of the society within the limits
+prescribed by the laws, and to maintain all in the secure and tranquil
+enjoyment of the rights of person and property.</p>
+
+<p>17. I have already intimated to you the danger of parties in the State,
+with particular reference to the founding of them on geographical
+discriminations. Let me now take a more comprehensive view, and warn you
+in the most solemn manner against the baneful effects of the spirit of
+party, generally. The spirit, unfortunately, is inseparable from our
+nature, having its root in the strongest passions of the human mind. It
+exists under different shapes in all governments, more or less stifled,
+controlled, or repressed; but in those of the popular form, it is seen
+in its greatest rankness, and is truly their worst enemy. The alternate
+domination of one faction over another, sharpened by the spirit of
+revenge, natural to party dissension, which, in different ages and
+countries, has perpetrated the most horrid enormities, is itself a
+frightful despotism. But this leads at length to a more formal and
+permanent despotism. The disorders and miseries which result, gradually
+incline the minds of men to seek security and repose in the absolute
+power of an individual; and sooner or later the chief of some prevailing
+faction, more able or more fortunate than his competitor, turns this
+disposition to the purposes of his own elevation, on the ruins of public
+liberty.</p>
+
+<p>18. Without looking forward to an extremity of this kind (which
+nevertheless ought not to be entirely out of sight), the common and
+continual mischiefs of the spirit of party are sufficient to make it the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_475" id="Page_475">[475]</a></span>interest and duty of a wise people to discourage and restrain it. It
+serves always to distract the public councils and enfeeble the public
+administration. It agitates the community with ill-founded jealousies
+and false alarms; kindles the animosity of one part against another;
+foments occasionally riot and insurrection. It opens the door to foreign
+influence and corruption, which find a facilitated access to the
+government itself through the channels of party passions. Thus the
+policy and the will of one country are subjected to the policy and will
+of another.</p>
+
+<p>19. There is an opinion that parties in free countries are useful checks
+upon the administration of the government, and serve to keep alive the
+spirit of liberty. This, within certain limits, is probably true; and in
+governments of a monarchical cast, patriotism may look with indulgence,
+if not with favor, upon the spirit of party. But in those of a popular
+character, in governments purely elective, it is a spirit not to be
+encouraged. From their natural tendency, it is certain there will always
+be enough of that spirit for every salutary purpose; and there being
+constant danger of excess, the effort ought to be by force of public
+opinion, to mitigate and assuage it. A fire not to be quenched, it
+demands a uniform vigilance to prevent its bursting into a flame, lest,
+instead of warming, it should consume.</p>
+
+<p>20. It is important, likewise, that the habits of thinking in a free
+country should inspire caution in those intrusted with its
+administration, to confine themselves within their respective
+constitutional spheres, avoiding, in the exercise of the powers of one
+department, to encroach upon another. The spirit of encroachment tends
+to consolidate the powers of all the departments in one, and thus to
+create, whatever the form of government, a real despotism. A just
+estimate of that love of power, and proneness to abuse it, which
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_476" id="Page_476">[476]</a></span>predominates in the human heart, is sufficient to satisfy us of the
+truth of this position. The necessity of reciprocal checks in the
+exercise of political power, by dividing and distributing it into
+different depositories, and constituting each the guardian of public
+weal against invasions by the others, has seen evinced by experiments
+ancient and modern, some of them in our country and under our own eyes.
+To preserve them must be as necessary as to constitute them. If, in the
+opinion of the people, the distribution or modification of the
+constitutional powers be in any particular wrong, let it be corrected by
+an amendment, in a way which the Constitution designates; but let there
+be no change by usurpation: for though this, in one instance, may be the
+instrument of good, it is the customary weapon by which free governments
+are destroyed. The precedent must always greatly overbalance in
+permanent evil any partial or transient benefit which the use can at any
+time yield.</p>
+
+<p>21. Of all the dispositions and habits which lead to political
+prosperity, religion and morality are indispensable supports. In vain
+would that man claim the tribute of patriotism, who should labor to
+subvert these great pillars of human happiness, these firmest props of
+the duties of men and citizens. The mere politician, equally with the
+pious man, ought to respect and to cherish them. A volume could not
+trace all their connections with private and public felicity. Let it
+simply be asked, where is the security for property, for reputation, for
+life, if the sense of religious obligation desert the oaths which are
+the instruments of investigation in courts of justice? and let us with
+caution indulge the supposition that morality can be maintained without
+religion. Whatever may be conceded to the influence of refined education
+on minds of peculiar structure, reason and experience both forbid us to
+expect that national morality can prevail in exclusion of religious
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_477" id="Page_477">[477]</a></span>principle. 'Tis substantially true, that virtue or morality is a
+necessary spring of popular government. The rule, indeed, extends with
+more or less force to every species of free government. Who that is a
+sincere friend to it can look with indifference upon attempts to shake
+the foundation of the fabric?</p>
+
+<p>22. Promote, then, as an object of primary importance, institutions for
+the general diffusion of knowledge. In proportion as the structure of a
+government gives force to public opinion, it is essential that public
+opinion should be enlightened. As a very important source of strength
+and security, cherish public credit: one method of preserving it is to
+use it as sparingly as possible, avoiding occasions of expense by
+cultivating peace; and remembering, also, that timely disbursements to
+prepare for danger frequently prevent much greater disbursements to
+repel it; avoiding likewise the accumulations of debt, not only by
+shunning occasions of expense, but by vigorous exertions in time of
+peace to discharge the debts which unavoidable wars may have occasioned,
+not ungenerously throwing upon posterity the burden which we ourselves
+ought to bear. The execution of these maxims belongs to your
+representatives, but it is necessary that public opinion should
+co-operate. To facilitate to them the performance of their duty, it is
+essential that you should practically bear in mind, that towards the
+payment of debts there must be revenue; to have revenue there must be
+taxes; that no taxes can be devised which are not more or less
+inconvenient and unpleasant; and the intrinsic embarrassment inseparable
+from the selection of the proper object (which is always a choice of
+difficulties), ought to be a decisive motive for a candid construction
+of the conduct of the government in making it, and for a spirit of
+acquiescence in the measures for obtaining revenue which the public
+exigencies may at any time dictate.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_478" id="Page_478">[478]</a></span></p><p>23. Observe good faith and justice towards all nations; cultivate peace
+and harmony with all. Religion and morality enjoin this conduct; and
+can it be that good policy does not equally enjoin it? It will be worthy
+of a free, enlightened, and at no distant period, a great nation, to
+give to mankind the magnanimous and too novel example of a people always
+guided by an exalted justice and benevolence. Who can doubt that, in the
+course of time and things, the fruits of such a plan would richly repay
+any temporary advantages which might be lost by a steady adherence to
+it? Can it be that Providence has not connected the permanent felicity
+of a nation with its virtue? The experiment, at least, is recommended by
+every sentiment which ennobles human nature. Alas! is it rendered
+impossible by its vices?</p>
+
+<p>24. In the execution of such a plan, nothing is more essential than that
+permanent inveterate antipathies against particular nations, and
+passionate attachments for others, should be excluded; and that in place
+of them just and amicable feelings towards all should be cultivated. The
+nation which indulges towards another an habitual hatred or an habitual
+fondness is in some degree a slave. It is a slave to its animosity or to
+its affection, either of which is sufficient to lead it astray from its
+duty and its interest. Antipathy in one nation against another disposes
+each more readily to offer insult and injury, to lay hold of slight
+causes of umbrage, and to be haughty and intractable, when accidental or
+trifling occasions of dispute occur. Hence frequent collisions,
+obstinate, envenomed, and bloody contests. The nation prompted by ill
+will and resentment sometimes impels to war the government, contrary to
+the best calculations of policy. The government sometimes participates
+in the national propensity, and adopts through passion what reason would
+reject; at other times, it makes the animosity of the nation subservient
+to projects of hostility instigated by pride, ambition, and other
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_479" id="Page_479">[479]</a></span>sinister and pernicious motives. The peace often, sometimes perhaps the
+liberty, of nations, has been the victim.</p>
+
+<p>25. So likewise a passionate attachment of one nation for another
+produces a variety of evils. Sympathy for the favorite nation,
+facilitating the illusion of an imaginary common interest, in cases
+where no real common interest exists, and infusing into one the enmities
+of the other, betrays the former into a participation in the quarrels
+and wars of the latter, without adequate inducement or justification. It
+leads also to the concessions to the favorite nation of privileges
+denied to others which is apt doubly to injure the nation making the
+concessions, by unnecessarily parting with what ought to have been
+retained; and by exciting jealousy, ill will, and a disposition to
+retaliate, in the parties from whom equal privileges are withheld; and
+it gives to ambitious, corrupted, or deluded citizens (who devote
+themselves to the favorite nation) facility to betray or sacrifice the
+interests of their own country without odium, sometimes even with
+popularity; gilding with the appearances of a virtuous sense of
+obligation, a commendable deference for public opinion, or a laudable
+zeal for public good, the base or foolish compliances of ambition,
+corruption, or infatuation.</p>
+
+<p>26. As avenues to foreign influence in innumerable ways, such
+attachments are particularly alarming to the truly enlightened and
+independent patriot. How many opportunities do they afford to tamper
+with domestic factions, to practise the arts of seduction, to mislead
+public opinions, to influence or awe public councils! Such an attachment
+of small or weak towards a great and powerful nation dooms the former to
+be the satellites of the latter. Against the insidious wiles of foreign
+influence (I conjure you to believe me, fellow citizens), the jealousy
+of a free people ought to be <i>constantly</i> awake, since history and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_480" id="Page_480">[480]</a></span>experience prove that foreign influence is one of the most baneful foes
+of republican government. But that jealousy, to be useful, must be
+impartial, else it becomes the instrument of the very influence to be
+avoided, instead of a defense against it. Excessive partiality for one
+foreign nation, and excessive dislike of another, cause those whom they
+actuate, to see danger only on one side, and serve to veil and even
+second the arts of influence on the other. Real patriots, who may resist
+the intrigues of the favorite, are liable to become suspected and
+odious; while its tools and dupes usurp the applause and confidence of
+the people, to surrender their interests. The great rule of conduct for
+us, in regard to foreign nations, is, in extending our commercial
+relations, to have with them as little political connection as possible.
+So far as we have already formed engagements, let them be fulfilled with
+perfect good faith. Here let us stop.</p>
+
+<p>27. Europe has a set of primary interests, which to us have none, or a
+very remote relation. Hence she must be engaged in frequent
+controversies, the causes of which are essentially foreign to our
+concerns. Hence, therefore, it must be unwise in us to implicate
+ourselves, by artificial ties, in the ordinary vicissitudes of her
+politics, or the ordinary combinations and collisions of her friendships
+or enmities. Our detached and distant situation invites and enables us
+to pursue a different course. If we remain one people, under an
+efficient government, the period is not far off when we may defy
+material injury from external annoyance; when we may take such an
+attitude as will cause the neutrality we may at any time resolve upon,
+to be scrupulously respected; when belligerent nations, under the
+impossibility of making acquisitions upon us, will not lightly hazard
+the giving us provocation; when we may choose peace or war, as our
+interest, guided by justice, shall counsel.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_481" id="Page_481">[481]</a></span></p>
+<p>28. Why forego the advantages of so peculiar a situation? Why quit our
+own to stand upon foreign ground? Why, by interweaving our destiny with
+that of any part of Europe, entangle our peace and prosperity in the
+toils of European ambition, rivalship, interest, humor, or caprice? 'Tis
+our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion
+of the foreign world, so far, I mean, as we are now at liberty to do it;
+for let me not be understood as patronizing infidelity to existing
+engagements. I hold the maxim no less applicable to public than to
+private affairs, that honesty is always the best policy. I repeat it,
+therefore, let those engagements be observed in their genuine sense.
+But, in my opinion, it is unnecessary, and would be unwise, to extend
+them. Taking care always to keep ourselves, by suitable establishments,
+on a respectable defensive posture, we may safely trust to temporary
+alliances for extra ordinary emergencies.</p>
+
+<p>29. Harmony, liberal intercourse with all nations, are recommended by
+policy, humanity, and interest. But even our commercial policy should
+hold an equal and impartial hand, neither seeking nor granting exclusive
+favors or preferences; consulting the natural course of things;
+diffusing and diversifying, by gentle means, the streams of commerce,
+but forcing nothing; establishing with powers so disposed, in order to
+give trade a stable course, to define the rights of our merchants, and
+to enable the government to support them, conventional rules of
+intercourse, the best that present circumstances and mutual opinion will
+permit, but temporary, and liable to be from time to time abandoned or
+varied, as experience and circumstances shall dictate; constantly
+keeping in view that 'tis folly in one nation to look for disinterested
+favors from another; that it must pay with a portion of its independence
+whatever it may accept under that character; that by such acceptance it
+may place itself in the condition of having given equivalent for nominal
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_482" id="Page_482">[482]</a></span>favors, and yet of being reproached with ingratitude for not giving
+more. There can be no greater error than to expect or calculate upon
+real favors from nation to nation. 'Tis an illusion which experience
+must cure, which a just pride ought to discard.</p>
+
+<p>30. In offering to you, my countrymen, these counsels of an old and
+affectionate friend, I dare not hope they will make the strong and
+lasting impression I could wish; that they will control the usual
+current of the passions, or prevent our nation from running the course
+which has hitherto marked the destiny of nations: but if I may even
+flatter myself, that they may be productive of some partial benefit,
+some occasional good; that they may now and then recur to moderate the
+fury of party spirit, to warn against the mischiefs of foreign
+intrigues, and guard against the impostures of pretended patriotism;
+this hope will be a full recompense for the solicitude for your welfare,
+by which they have been dictated. How far, in the discharge of my
+official duties, I have been guided by the principles which have been
+delineated, the public records, and other evidences of my conduct, must
+witness to you and to the world. To myself the assurance of my own
+conscience is, that I have at least believed myself to be guided by
+them.</p>
+
+<p>31. In relation to the still subsisting war in Europe, my proclamation
+on the 22d of April, 1793, is the index to my plan. Sanctioned by your
+approving voice, and by that of your representatives in both houses of
+Congress, the spirit of that measure has continually governed me,
+uninfluenced by any attempt to deter or divert me from it. After
+deliberate examination, with the aid of the best lights I could obtain,
+I was well satisfied that our country, under all the circumstances of
+the case, had a right to take, and was bound in duty and interest to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_483" id="Page_483">[483]</a></span>take, a neutral position. Having taken it, I determined, as far as
+should depend upon me, to maintain it with moderation, perseverance, and
+firmness.</p>
+
+<p>32. The consideration which respects the right to hold the conduct, it
+is not necessary on this occasion to detail. I will only observe, that,
+according to my understanding of the matter, that right, so far from
+being denied by any of the belligerent powers, has been virtually
+admitted by all. The duty of holding a neutral conduct may be inferred,
+without anything more, from the obligation which justice and humanity
+impose upon every nation, in cases in which it is free to act, to
+maintain inviolate the relations of peace and amity towards other
+nations. The inducements of interest for observing that conduct, will be
+best referred to your own reflection and experience. With me, a
+predominant motive has been to endeavor to gain time to our country to
+settle and mature its yet recent institutions, and to progress, without
+interruption, to that degree of strength and consistency which is
+necessary to give it, humanly speaking, the command of its own fortunes.</p>
+
+<p>33. Though in reviewing the incidents of my administration, I am
+unconscious of intentional error, I am nevertheless too sensible of my
+defects not to think it probable that I may have committed many errors.
+Whatever they may be, I fervently beseech the Almighty to avert or
+mitigate the evils to which they may tend. I shall also carry with me
+the hope that my country will never cease to view them with indulgence;
+and that, after forty-five years of my life dedicated to its service,
+with an upright zeal, the faults of incompetent abilities will be
+consigned to oblivion, as myself must soon be to the mansions of rest.
+Relying on its kindness in this as in other things, and actuated by that
+fervent love towards it which is so natural to a man who views in it the
+native soil of himself and his progenitors for several generations, I
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_484" id="Page_484">[484]</a></span>anticipate with pleasing expectation that retreat, in which I promise
+myself to realize, without alloy, the sweet enjoyment of partaking, in
+the midst of my fellow citizens, the benign influence of good laws under
+a free government&mdash;the ever favorite object of my heart, and the happy
+reward, as I trust, of our mutual cares, labors, and dangers.</p>
+
+<p class="smcap right2">George Washington.</p>
+
+<p>On closing his presidential career, March 4, 1797, Washington retired to
+Mount Vernon, to spend the remnant of his days in retirement. It was not
+long, however, before the prospect of a war with France prompted the
+nation to ask him to take command of its armies, to which he consented,
+although he declared that there would be no war&mdash;a conclusion which
+subsequent events fully justified. John Adams was president, and he
+wrote to Washington:</p>
+
+<p>"We must have your name, if you will in any case permit us to use it.
+There will be more efficacy in it than in many an army."</p>
+
+<p>Having said nothing particularly concerning Washington as a
+slave-holder, we may add, in closing this chapter, that he believed,
+with Jefferson, that slavery was a cruel wrong, and ought to be
+abolished. He said to Jefferson, before he was president:</p>
+
+<p>"I never mean, unless some particular circumstances should compel me to
+it, to possess another slave by purchase; it being among my first wishes
+to see some plan adopted by which slaver<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_485" id="Page_485">[485]</a></span>y in this country may be
+abolished by law." In another letter he says, "I can only say there is
+not a man living who wishes more sincerely than I do to see a plan
+adopted for the abolition of it; but there is only one proper and
+effectual mode by which it can be accomplished, and that is by
+legislative authority, and this, as far as my suffrage will go, shall
+never be wanting."</p>
+
+<p>During his presidency in New York, Mrs. Washington's favorite maid Ovey
+ran away, and she besought her husband to take measures to find her.
+Laughing, Washington replied:</p>
+
+<p>"I, who have been fighting for liberty, would appear finely in pursuit
+of a runaway slave!"</p>
+
+<p>He freely expressed his abhorrence of slavery to Lafayette during the
+war; and when the latter purchased an estate in Cayenne, with the
+intention of freeing the slaves upon it, Washington wrote to him:</p>
+
+<p>"Your late purchase is a generous and noble proof of your humanity.
+Would to God a like spirit might diffuse itself generally in the minds
+of the people of this country!"</p>
+
+<p>His will provided for the emancipation of his slaves, so far as
+possible. "Under the tenure by which the dower negroes are held he could
+not manumit them." But the will ran thus:</p>
+
+<p>"Upon the decease of my wife, it is my will and desire that all the
+slaves whom I hold <i>in my own right</i> shall receive their freedom."</p>
+
+<p>After his death, Mrs. Washington proceeded to emancipate the slaves,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_486" id="Page_486">[486]</a></span>agreeable to his wishes, at expressed in his last "will and testament."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2><a name="XXIV" id="XXIV"></a>XXIV.<br />
+
+<small>DEATH, AND FUNERAL CEREMONIES.</small></h2>
+
+
+<p class="noi"><span class="smcap">In</span> December, 1799, there came a cold, bleak morning, with drizzling rain
+and sleet.</p>
+
+<p>"I would not go out this uncomfortable day," Mrs. Washington said to her
+husband, observing that he was preparing to go out to his daily task.</p>
+
+<p>"It is not much of a storm," Washington replied. "Besides, I have a
+piece of work under way that I must superintend."</p>
+
+<p>"I fear that you will take cold," continued Mrs. Washington. "Sitting at
+the fire is more fitting for a man of your age than exposing yourself in
+such a storm."</p>
+
+<p>He went, however, nor returned until almost time for dinner. His locks
+were covered with snow and sleet, and he was quite wet.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Washington advised him to change his apparel, but he declined,
+saying:</p>
+
+<p>"The wet is of little consequence. I shall soon be dry."</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_487" id="Page_487">[487]</a></span></p>
+<p>In the evening he read aloud to his family as usual although he was
+somewhat hoarse. The next day, the storm was still more severe, and he
+remained within doors, complaining of a slight cold. Again he read aloud
+to his family in the evening. This was on Friday, the thirteenth day of
+December.</p>
+
+<p>On retiring, Mr. Lear, his private secretary, said to him:</p>
+
+<p>"General, you had better take something for your cold."</p>
+
+<p>"No," replied Washington; "you know that I never take anything for a
+cold. Let it go as it came."</p>
+
+<p>About three o'clock in the morning he awoke with a chill, feeling very
+unwell. Still, he would not allow his wife to get up, fearing that she
+might take cold. A servant came in to build a fire, when he sent for Mr.
+Rawlins, an overseer, to bleed him, which, at that time, was a method
+of treatment universally adopted. The overseer was accustomed to bleed
+negroes, but he hesitated to practise on Washington.</p>
+
+<p>"I would not be bled; you need more strength instead of less,"
+interposed his wife, but Washington had confidence in the method. "Don't
+be afraid," he said to the overseer; "make the orifice large enough."</p>
+
+<p>But he grew worse rapidly, and early in the morning Dr. Craik was sent
+for. Washington said to Mr. Lear, his private secretary:</p>
+
+<p>"I cannot last long. I feel that I am going. I believed from the first
+that the attack would prove fatal."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_488" id="Page_488">[488]</a></span></p><p>"I hope not," answered Mr. Lear, rather surprised by these words. "The
+doctor will give you relief, I trust, when he arrives."</p>
+
+<p>"Do you arrange and record all my military letters and papers; arrange
+my accounts and settle my books, as you know more about them than any
+one else," Washington continued.</p>
+
+<p>"That I will do," replied Mr. Lear; "but I hope you will live many years
+yet."</p>
+
+<p>"Do you think of anything else it is essential for me to do? for I am
+confident that I shall continue but a very short time with you,"
+continued Washington.</p>
+
+<p>"I can think of nothing," answered Mr. Lear, and then repeated his
+opinion that he was not so near the end.</p>
+
+<p>Smiling, the great man responded:</p>
+
+<p>"I am certainly near the end, and I look forward to the hour of
+dissolution with perfect resignation."</p>
+
+<p>Turning to Mrs. Washington, he said, "Go to my desk, and in the private
+drawer you will find two papers; bring them to me."</p>
+
+<p>The papers were brought, when he added, taking one paper in each hand:</p>
+
+<p>"These are my wills. Preserve this one, and burn the other."</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Craik arrived about ten o'clock, and remained with him until his
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_489" id="Page_489">[489]</a></span>death. Drs. Brown and Dick were sent for, and every effort possible made
+to save his life.</p>
+
+<p>"I am much obliged for all your care and attention," he said to the
+physicians; "but do not trouble yourselves any more about me. Let me
+pass away quietly. I cannot last long."</p>
+
+<p>Later he said to Dr. Craik:</p>
+
+<p>"Doctor, I die hard, but I am not afraid to go." He was then struggling
+for breath.</p>
+
+<p>At eight o'clock in the evening he appeared unable to speak. Mr. Lear
+says:</p>
+
+<p>"I aided him all in my power, and was gratified in believing he felt it,
+for he would look upon me with eyes speaking gratitude, but unable to
+utter a word without great distress."</p>
+
+<p>At ten o'clock he appeared to make a desperate effort to speak, and at
+length said to Mr. Lear: "I am just going. Have me decently buried, and
+do not let my body be put into the vault in less than three days after I
+am dead."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lear signified his assent by a nod.</p>
+
+<p>As if not satisfied with that, Washington looked up to him again, and
+said:</p>
+
+<p>"Do you understand me?"</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_490" id="Page_490">[490]</a></span></p><p>"Yes, sir," Mr. Lear answered distinctly.</p>
+
+<p>"It is well," added the dying man&mdash;the last words he spoke.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lear describes the closing scene thus:</p>
+
+<p>"About ten minutes before he expired, his breathing became much easier;
+he lay quietly. He withdrew his hand from mine and felt his own pulse. I
+spoke to Dr. Craik, who sat by the fire; he came to the bedside. The
+general's hand fell from his wrist; I took it in mine and placed it on
+my breast. Dr. Craik closed his eyes, and he expired without groan or
+struggle."</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Washington had been sitting in silent grief all the while, at the
+foot of the bed; but now she inquired with calmness:</p>
+
+<p>"Is he gone?"</p>
+
+<p>No one could answer; hearts were too full for utterance. But Mr. Lear
+"held up his hand as a signal that he was gone."</p>
+
+<p>"It is well," responded Mrs. Washington, with firm, unfaltering voice.
+"All is over now; I shall soon follow him; I have no more trials to pass
+through."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Custis says, "Close to the couch of the sufferer resting her head
+upon that ancient Book with which she had been wont to hold pious
+communion a portion of every day for more than half a century, was the
+venerable consort, absorbed in silent prayer, and from which she only
+arose when the mourning group prepared to lead her from the chamber of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_491" id="Page_491">[491]</a></span>the dead. Such were the last hours of Washington."</p>
+
+<p>The news of the ex-president's death spread rapidly for that day when
+railroads and telegraphs were unknown, and the sadness and mourning were
+universal. Congress was in session at Philadelphia, but did not receive
+the sad intelligence until the 18th of December, the day of the funeral
+at Mount Vernon.</p>
+
+<p>The members of Congress appeared to be overwhelmed by the calamity, and
+immediately adjourned. On assembling the next day, they eulogized both
+by speech and resolution the illustrious dead; ordered that a marble
+monument, bearing the record of his great achievements, be erected at
+Washington; and appointed General Henry Lee to deliver a eulogy before
+both branches of Congress on the 26th. The Senate addressed an eloquent
+and pathetic letter to President Adams, in which it was said:</p>
+
+<p>"On this occasion it is manly to weep. To lose such a man, at such a
+crisis, is no common calamity to the world. Our country mourns a father.
+The Almighty Disposer of human events has taken from us our greatest
+benefactor and ornament. It becomes us to submit with reverence to Him,
+'who maketh darkness his pavilion.'... Thanks to God, his glory is
+consummated! Washington yet lives on earth, in his spotless example; his
+spirit is in Heaven.</p>
+
+<p>"Let his country consecrate the memory of the heroic general, the
+patriotic statesman, and the virtuous sage. Let them teach their
+children never to forget that the fruits of his labors and his example
+are their inheritance."</p>
+
+<p>The funeral ceremonies were performed at Mount Vernon on the 18th, under
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_492" id="Page_492">[492]</a></span>the direction of Rev. Mr. Davis, rector of the parish, assisted by other
+clergymen. The people came from many miles around to pay a grateful
+tribute of respect to the honored dead. Almost the entire population of
+Alexandria, nine miles distant, was there, including its military
+companies. Eleven pieces of cannon were sent from that city, and one of
+its leading citizens, Robert Morris, anchored a schooner in the Potomac,
+in front of the Mount Vernon residence, from which minute-guns were
+fired during the funeral exercises and the march of the long procession
+to the tomb.</p>
+
+<p>His remains were deposited in the old family vault, which was so
+dilapidated that the proprietor was thinking of building a new one. Only
+two or three days before he was taken sick, he called the attention of
+his nephew to the spot where he should build it, and, referring to other
+work demanding his attention, he added:</p>
+
+<p>"But the tomb must be built first, since I may need it first."</p>
+
+<p>It would be quite impossible to describe the scene of sorrow that
+pervaded the country when the death of Washington became known. Congress
+enacted that the 22d of February, Washington's birthday, should be
+observed for funeral services throughout the nation. Every method of
+expressing grief known to an afflicted people was called into
+requisition. Houses of worship, public halls, State capitals,
+schoolrooms, stores, and even dwellings were hung in mourning draperies
+on that day. Sermons, eulogies, and resolutions by public bodies were
+multiplied throughout the Union. The sorrow was universal.</p>
+
+<p>Irving says:</p>
+
+<p class="as"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_493" id="Page_493">[493]</a></span></p><p>"Public testimonials of grief and reverence were displayed in every
+part of the Union. Nor were these sentiments confined to the United
+States. When the news of Washington's death reached England, Lord
+Bridport, who had command of a British fleet of nearly sixty sail of the
+line, lying at Torbay, lowered his flag half-mast, every ship following
+the example; and Bonaparte, First Consul of France, on announcing his
+death to the army, ordered that black crape should be suspended from all
+the standards and flags throughout the public service for ten days."</p>
+
+<p>The great American orator of that day, Fisher Ames, delivered a eulogy
+before the Massachusetts Legislature, in which he said:</p>
+
+<p>"The fame he enjoyed is of the kind that will last forever; yet it was
+rather the effect than the motive of his conduct. Some future Plutarch
+will search for a parallel to his character. Epaminondas is perhaps the
+brightest name of all antiquity. Our Washington resembled him in his
+purity and the ardor of his patriotism; and like him, he first exalted
+the glory of his country."</p>
+
+<p>Lord Brougham said:</p>
+
+<p>"How grateful the relief which the friend of mankind, the lover of
+virtue, experiences, when, turning from the contemplation of such a
+character [Napoleon], his eye rests upon the greatest man of our own or
+of any age; the only one upon whom an epithet, so thoughtlessly lavished
+by men, may be innocently and justly bestowed!"</p>
+
+<p>Edward Everett, by whose efforts and influence "The Ladies' Mount Vernon
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_494" id="Page_494">[494]</a></span>Association of the Union" were enabled to purchase (twenty-five years
+ago) two hundred acres of the estate, including the mansion-house and
+tomb, for preservation and improvement, says, in his biography of
+Washington:</p>
+
+<p>"In the final contemplation of his character, we shall not hesitate to
+pronounce Washington, of all men that have ever lived, <span class="smcap">The greatest of
+good men and the best of great men!</span>"</p>
+
+<p>Posterity honors itself by calling him</p>
+
+<p class="center">"<span class="smcap">The Father of His Country</span>!"</p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2><a name="XXV" id="XXV"></a>XXV.<br />
+
+<small>EULOGY BY GENERAL HENRY LEE.</small></h2>
+
+
+<p class="noi"><span class="smcap">In</span> obedience to your will, I rise, your humble organ, with the hope of
+executing a part of the system of public mourning which you have been
+pleased to adopt, commemorative of the death of the most illustrious and
+most beloved personage this country has ever produced; and which, while
+it transmits to posterity your sense of the awful event, faintly
+represents your knowledge of the consummate excellence you so cordially
+honor.</p>
+
+<p>Desperate, indeed, is any attempt on earth to meet correspondently this
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_495" id="Page_495">[495]</a></span>dispensation of Heaven; for while, with pious resignation, we submit to
+the will of an all-gracious Providence, we can never cease lamenting, in
+our finite view of Omnipotent Wisdom, the heart-rending privation for
+which our nation weeps. When the civilized world shakes to its centre;
+when every moment gives birth to strange and momentous changes; when our
+peaceful quarter of the globe, exempt, as it happily has been, from any
+share in the slaughter of the human race, may yet be compelled to
+abandon her pacific policy, and to risk the doleful casualties of war;
+what limit is there to the extent of our loss? None within the reach of
+my words to express; none which your feelings will not disavow.</p>
+
+<p>The founder of our federate republic, our bulwark in war, our guide in
+peace, is no more. Oh that this were but questionable! Hope, the
+comforter of the wretched, would pour into our agonizing hearts its
+balmy dew; but, alas! there is no hope for us. Our Washington is removed
+forever. Possessing the stoutest frame and purest mind, he had passed
+nearly to his sixty-eighth year in the enjoyment of high health, when,
+habituated by his care of us to neglect himself, a slight cold,
+disregarded, became inconvenient on Friday, oppressive on Saturday, and,
+defying every medical interposition, before the morning of Sunday, put
+an end to the best of men. An end did I say? His fame survives, bounded
+only by the limits of the earth and by the extent of the human mind. He
+survives in our hearts, in the growing knowledge of our children, in the
+affections of the good throughout the world; and when our monuments
+shall be done away, when nations now existing shall be no more, when
+even our young and far-spreading empire shall have perished, still will
+our Washington's glory unfaded shine, and die not, until love of virtue
+cease on earth, or earth itself sink into chaos.</p>
+
+<p>How, my fellow-citizens, shall I single to your grateful hearts his
+pre-eminent worth? Where shall I begin in opening to your view a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_496" id="Page_496">[496]</a></span>character throughout sublime? Shall I speak of his warlike achievements,
+all springing from obedience to his country's will, all directed to his
+country's good?</p>
+
+<p>Will you go with me to the banks of the Monongahela to see your youthful
+Washington supporting, in the dismal hour of Indian victory, the
+ill-fated Braddock, and saving, by his judgment and by his valor, the
+remains of a defeated army, pressed by the conquering savage foe? Or
+when oppressed America, nobly resolving to risk her all in defence of
+her violated rights, he was elevated by the unanimous voice of Congress
+to the command of her armies, will you follow him to the high grounds of
+Boston, where, to an undisciplined, courageous, and virtuous yeomanry,
+his presence gave the stability of system, and infused the invincibility
+of love of country? Or shall I carry you to the painful scenes of Long
+Island, York Island, and New Jersey, when, combating superior and
+gallant armies, aided by powerful fleets, and led by chiefs high in the
+roll of fame, he stood the bulwark of our safety, undismayed by
+disaster, unchanged by change of fortune? Or will you view him in the
+precarious fields of Trenton, where deep glooms, unnerving every arm,
+reigned triumphant through our thinned, worn down, unaided ranks,
+himself unmoved? Dreadful was the night! It was about this time of
+winter. The storm raged; the Delaware, rolling furiously with floating
+ice, forbade the approach of man. Washington, self-collected, viewed the
+tremendous scene; his country called. Unappalled by surrounding dangers,
+he passed to the hostile shore; he fought, he conquered. The morning sun
+cheered the American world. Our country rose on the event, and her
+dauntless chief, pursuing his blow, completed on the lawns of Princeton
+what his vast soul had conceived on the shores of the Delaware.</p>
+
+<p>Thence to the strong grounds of Morristown he led his small but gallant
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_497" id="Page_497">[497]</a></span>band, and through an eventful winter, by the high efforts of his genius,
+whose matchless force was measurable only by the growth of difficulties,
+he held in check formidable hostile legions, conducted by a chief
+experienced in the art of war, and famed for his valor on the
+ever-memorable heights of Abraham, where fell Wolfe, Montcalm, and,
+since, our much lamented Montgomery, all covered with glory. In this
+fortunate interval, produced by his masterly conduct, our fathers,
+ourselves, animated by his resistless example, rallied around our
+country's standard, and continued to follow her beloved chief through
+the various and trying scenes to which the destinies of our Union led.</p>
+
+<p>Who is there that has forgotten the vales of Brandywine, the fields of
+Germantown, or the plains of Monmouth? Everywhere present, wants of
+every kind obstructing, numerous and valiant armies encountering,
+himself a host, he assuaged our sufferings, limited our privations, and
+upheld our tottering republic. Shall I display to you the spread of the
+fire of his soul by rehearsing the praises of the hero of Saratoga and
+his much loved compeer of the Carolina? No: our Washington wears not
+borrowed glory. To Gates, to Greene, he gave, without reserve, the
+applause due to their eminent merit; and long may the chiefs of Saratoga
+and of Eutaws receive the grateful respect of a grateful people.</p>
+
+<p>Moving in his own orbit, he imparted heat and light to his most distant
+satellites; and, combining the physical and moral force of all within
+his sphere, with irresistible weight he took his course, commiserating
+folly, disdaining vice, dismaying treason, and invigorating despondency,
+until the auspicious hour arrived when, united with the intrepid forces
+of a potent magnanimous ally, he brought to submission the since
+conqueror of India; thus finishing his long career of military glory
+with a lustre corresponding with his great name, and in this, his last
+act of war, affixing the seal of fate to our nation's birth.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_498" id="Page_498">[498]</a></span></p>
+<p>To the horrid din of war sweet peace succeeded; and our virtuous chief,
+mindful only of the public good, in a moment tempting personal
+aggrandizement, hushed the discontents of growing sedition, and,
+surrendering his power into the hands from which he had received it,
+converted his sword into a plough-share, teaching an admiring world that
+to be truly great you must be truly good.</p>
+
+<p>Were I to stop here, the picture would be incomplete and the task
+imposed unfinished. Great as was our Washington in war, and much as did
+that greatness contribute to produce the American republic, it is not in
+war alone his pre-eminence stands conspicuous; his various talents,
+combining all the capacities of a statesman with those of a soldier,
+fitted him alike to guide the councils and the armies of our nation.
+Scarcely had he rested from his martial toils, while his invaluable
+parental advice was still sounding in our ears, when he who had been our
+shield and our sword was called forth to act a less splendid but more
+important part.</p>
+
+<p>Possessing a clear and penetrating mind, a strong and sound judgment,
+calmness and temper for deliberation, with invincible firmness and
+perseverance in resolutions maturely formed, drawing information from
+all, acting from himself with incorruptible integrity and unvarying
+patriotism, his own superiority and the public confidence alike marked
+him as the man designed by Heaven to lead in the great political, as
+well as military, events, which have distinguished the area of his life.</p>
+
+<p>The finger of an overruling Providence pointing at Washington was
+neither mistaken nor unobserved, when, to realize the vast hopes to
+which our Revolution had given birth, a change of political system
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_499" id="Page_499">[499]</a></span>became indispensable.</p>
+
+<p>How novel, how grand, the spectacle! independent States stretched over
+an immense territory, and known only by common difficulty, clinging to
+their Union as the rock of their safety, deciding, by frank comparison
+of their relative condition, to rear on that rock, under the guidance of
+reason, a common government, through whose commanding protection liberty
+and order, with their long train of blessings, should be safe to
+themselves and the sure inheritance of their posterity!</p>
+
+<p>This arduous task devolved on citizens selected by the people, from a
+knowledge of their wisdom and confidence in their virtue. In this august
+assembly of sages and of patriots, Washington of course was found; and,
+as if acknowledged to be most wise where all were wise, with one voice
+he was declared their chief. How well he merited this rare distinction,
+how faithful were the labors of himself and his compatriots, the work of
+their hands, and our union, strength, and prosperity, the fruits of that
+work best attest.</p>
+
+<p>But to have essentially aided in presenting to his country this
+consummation of her hopes, neither satisfied the claims of his
+fellow-citizens on his talents, nor those duties which the possession of
+those talents imposed. Heaven had not infused into his mind such an
+uncommon share of its ethereal spirit to remain unemployed, nor bestowed
+on him his genius unaccompanied by the corresponding duty of devoting it
+to the common good. To have framed a constitution, was showing only,
+without realizing, the general happiness. This great work remained to be
+done; and America, steadfast in her preference, with one voice summoned
+her beloved Washington, unpractised as he was in the duties of civil
+administration, to execute this last act in the completion of the
+national felicity. Obedient to her call, he assumed the high office with
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_500" id="Page_500">[500]</a></span>that self-distrust peculiar to his innate modesty, the constant
+attendant of pre-eminent virtue. What was the burst of joy through our
+anxious land on this exhilarating event is known to us all. The aged,
+the young, the brave, the fair rivalled each other in demonstrations of
+their gratitude; and this high-wrought, delightful scene was heightened
+in its effect by the singular contest between the zeal of the bestowers
+and the avoidance of the receiver of the honors bestowed. Commencing his
+administration, what heart is not charmed with the recollection of the
+pure and wise principles announced by himself as the basis of his
+political life? He best understood the indissoluble union between virtue
+and happiness, between duty and advantage, between the genuine maxims of
+an honest and magnanimous policy, and the solid rewards of public
+prosperity and individual felicity. Watching with an equal and
+comprehensive eye over this great assemblage of communities and
+interests, he laid the foundations of our national policy in the
+unerring, immutable principles of morality, based on religion,
+exemplifying the pre-eminence of free government by all the attributes
+which win the affections, of its citizens, or command the respect of the
+world.</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+"O fortunatos dimium sua si bona norint!"</p>
+
+<p>Leading through the complicated difficulties produced by previous
+obligations and conflicting interests, seconded by succeeding houses of
+Congress, enlightened and patriotic, he surmounted all original
+obstructions and brightened the path of our national felicity.</p>
+
+<p>The presidential term expiring, his solicitude to exchange exaltation
+for humility returned with a force increased with increase of age; and
+he had prepared his farewell address to his countrymen, proclaiming his
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_501" id="Page_501">[501]</a></span>intention, when the united interposition of all around him, enforced by
+the eventful prospects of the epoch, produced a further sacrifice of
+inclination to duty. The election of president followed, and Washington,
+by the unanimous vote of the nation, was called to resume the chief
+magistracy. What a wonderful fixture of confidence! Which attracts most
+our admiration: a people so correct or a citizen combining an assemblage
+of talents forbidding rivalry, and stifling even envy itself? Such a
+nation deserves to be happy; such a chief must be forever revered.</p>
+
+<p>War, long menaced by the Indian tribes, now broke out; and the terrible
+conflict, deluging Europe with blood, began to shed its baneful
+influence over our happy land. To the first outstretching his invincible
+arm, under the orders of the gallant Wayne, the American eagle soared
+triumphant through distant forests. Peace followed victory, and the
+melioration of the condition of the enemy followed peace. God-like
+virtue, which uplifts even the subdued savage!</p>
+
+<p>To the second he opposed himself. New and delicate was the conjuncture,
+and great was the stake. Soon did his penetrating mind discern and seize
+the only course continuing to us all the blessings enjoyed. He issued
+his proclamation of neutrality. This index to his whole subsequent
+conduct was sanctioned by the approbation of both houses of Congress,
+and by the approving voice of the people.</p>
+
+<p>To this sublime policy he invariably adhered, unmoved by foreign
+intrusion, unshaken by domestic turbulence.</p>
+
+<div class="block">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="io1">"Justum et tenacem propositi virum,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Non civium ardor prava jubentium,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Non vultus instantis tyranny<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Mente quatit solida."<br /></span>
+</div></div></div>
+
+<p>Maintaining his pacific system at the expense of no duty, America,
+faithful to herself and unstained in her honor, continued to enjoy the
+delights of peace, while afflicted Europe mourns in every quarter, under
+the accumulated miseries of an unexampled war, miseries in which our
+happy country must have shared had not our pre-eminent Washington been
+as firm in council as he was brave in the field.</p>
+
+<p>Pursuing steadfastly his course, he held safe the public happiness,
+preventing foreign war and quelling internal disorder, till the
+revolving period of a third election approached, when he executed his
+interrupted but inextinguishable desire of returning to the humble walks
+of private life.</p>
+
+<p>The promulgation of his fixed resolution stopped the anxious wishes of
+an affectionate people from adding a third unanimous testimonial of
+their unabated confidence in the man so long enthroned in their hearts.
+When before was affection like this exhibited on earth? Turn over the
+records of Greece, review the annals of mighty Rome, examine the volumes
+of modern Europe, you search in vain. America and her Washington only
+afford the dignified exemplification.</p>
+
+<p>The illustrious personage, called by the national voice in succession to
+the arduous office of guiding a free people, had no difficulties to
+encounter. The amicable effort of settling our difficulties with France,
+begun by Washington and pursued by his successor in virtue, as in
+station, proving abortive, America took measures of self-defence. No
+sooner was the public mind roused by a prospect of danger than every eye
+was turned to the friend of all, though secluded from public view and
+gray in public service. The virtuous veteran, following his plough,<a name="FNanchor_D_4" id="FNanchor_D_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_D_4" class="fnanchor">[D]</a>
+received the unexpected summons with mingled emotions of indignation at
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_503" id="Page_503">[503]</a></span>the unmerited ill-treatment of his country, and of a determination once
+more to risk his all in her defence.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_D_4" id="Footnote_D_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_D_4"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> General Washington, though opulent, gave much of his time
+and attention to physical agriculture.</p></div>
+
+<p>The annunciation of these feelings in his affecting letter to the
+president, accepting the command of the army, concludes his official
+conduct.</p>
+
+<p><i>First in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his
+countrymen</i>, he was second to none in the humble and endearing scenes of
+private life; uniform, dignified, and commanding, his example was as
+edifying to all around him as were the effects of that example lasting.</p>
+
+<p>To his equals he was condescending; to his inferiors, kind; and to the
+dear object of his affections, exemplarily tender; correct throughout,
+vice shuddered in his presence, and virtue always felt his fostering
+hand; the purity of his private character gave effulgence to his public
+virtues.</p>
+
+<p>His last scene comported with the whole tenor of his life. Although in
+extreme pain, not a sigh, not a groan escaped him; and with undisturbed
+serenity he closed his well-spent life. Such was the man America has
+lost; such was the man for whom our nation mourns.</p>
+
+<p>Methinks I see his august image, and hear falling from his venerable
+lips these deep-sinking words:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_504" id="Page_504">[504]</a></span></p><p>"Cease, sons of America, lamenting our separation. Go on and
+confirm, by your wisdom, the fruits of our joint councils, joint
+efforts, and common dangers; reverence religion; diffuse
+knowledge throughout your lands; patronize the arts and
+sciences; let liberty and order be inseparable companions.
+Control party spirit, the bane of free government; observe good
+faith to, and cultivate peace with, all nations; shut up every
+avenue to foreign influence; contract rather than extend
+national connections; rely on yourselves only; be Americans in
+thought, word, and deed. Thus will you give immortality to that
+union which was the constant object of my terrestrial labors;
+thus will you preserve undisturbed, to the latest posterity, the
+felicity of a people to me most dear; and thus will you supply
+(if my happiness is now aught to you) the only vacancy in the
+round of pure bliss high Heaven bestows."</p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_506" id="Page_506">[506]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 150px;">
+<img src="images/illus506.jpg" width="150" height="209" alt="Book Cover" title="From the Ranch to the White House" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="noi"><big><big><strong>Log Cabin to White House Series</strong></big></big></p>
+
+<p>A famous series of books, formerly sold at $2.00 per copy, are now
+popularized by reducing the price less than half. The lives of these
+famous Americans are worthy of a place in any library. A new book by
+Edward S. Ellis&mdash;"From Ranch to White House"&mdash;is a life of Theodore
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_505" id="Page_505">[505]</a></span>Roosevelt, while the author of the others, William M. Thayer, is a
+celebrated biographer.</p>
+
+<p class="noi hang nb">FROM RANCH TO WHITE HOUSE; Life of Theodore Roosevelt.</p>
+
+<p class="noi hang nb nt">FROM BOYHOOD TO MANHOOD; Life of Benjamin Franklin.</p>
+
+<p class="noi hang nb nt">FROM FARM HOUSE TO WHITE HOUSE; Life of George Washington</p>
+
+<p class="noi hang nb nt">FROM LOG CABIN TO WHITE HOUSE; Life of James A. Garfield.</p>
+
+<p class="noi hang nb nt">FROM PIONEER HOME TO WHITE HOUSE; Life of Abraham Lincoln.</p>
+
+<p class="noi hang nb nt">FROM TANNERY TO WHITE HOUSE; Life of Ulysses S. Grant.</p>
+
+<p class="noi hang nb nt">SUCCESS AND ITS ACHIEVERS.</p>
+
+<p class="noi hang nt">TACT, PUSH AND PRINCIPLE.</p>
+
+<p>These titles, though by different authors, also belong to this series of
+books:</p>
+
+<p class="noi hang nb">FROM COTTAGE TO CASTLE; The Story of Gutenberg, Inventor of Printing. By
+Mrs. E. C. Pearson.</p>
+
+<p class="noi hang nt">CAPITAL FOR WORKING BOYS. By Mrs. Julia E. M'Conaughy.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><strong>Price, postpaid, for any of the above ten books, 75&cent;.</strong></p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><strong>A complete catalogue sent for the asking.</strong></p>
+
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_507" id="Page_507">[507]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>BOY INVENTORS SERIES</h2>
+
+<h3>STORIES OF SKILL AND INGENUITY</h3>
+<h4>By RICHARD BONNER</h4>
+
+<p class="center">Cloth Bound. Illustrated. Price, 50&cent;. per vol., postpaid</p>
+
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 150px;">
+<img src="images/illus507.jpg" width="150" height="199" alt="Book Cover"
+title=" The Boy Inventor&rsquo; Wireless Triumph" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="noi hang"><strong>THE BOY INVENTORS' WIRELESS TELEGRAPH.</strong></p>
+
+<p>Blest with natural curiosity,&mdash;sometimes called the instinct of
+investigation,&mdash;favored with golden opportunity, and gifted with
+creative ability, the Boy Inventors meet emergencies and contrive
+mechanical wonders that interest and convince the reader because they
+always "work" when put to the test.</p>
+
+<p class="noi hang"><strong>THE BOY INVENTORS' VANISHING GUN.</strong></p>
+
+<p>As thought, a belief, an experiment; discouragement, hope, effort and
+final success&mdash;this is the history of many an invention; a history in
+which excitement, competition, danger, despair and persistence figure.
+This merely suggests the circumstances which draw the daring Boy
+Inventors into strange experiences and startling adventures and which
+demonstrate the practical use of their vanishing gun.</p>
+
+<p class="noi hang"><strong>THE BOY INVENTORS' DIVING TORPEDO BOAT.</strong></p>
+
+<p>As in the previous stories of the Boy Inventors, new and interesting
+triumphs of mechanism are produced which become immediately valuable,
+and the stage for their proving and testing is again the water. On the
+surface and below it, the boys have jolly, contagious fun, and the story
+of their serious, purposeful inventions challenge the reader's deepest
+attention.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><strong>Any volume sent postpaid upon receipt of price.</strong></p>
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2>BORDER BOYS SERIES</h2>
+
+<h3>Mexican and Canadian Frontier Series</h3>
+
+<h4>By FREMONT B. DEERING.</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><strong>Cloth Bound. Illustrated. Price, 50&cent;. per vol., postpaid</strong></p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 150px;">
+<img src="images/illus508.jpg" width="150" height="191" alt="Book Cover" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="noi hang"><strong>THE BORDER BOYS ON THE TRAIL.</strong></p>
+
+<p>What it meant to make an enemy of Black Ramon De Barios&mdash;that is the
+problem that Jack Merrill and his friends, including Coyote Pete, face
+in this exciting tale.</p>
+
+<p class="noi hang"><strong>THE BORDER BOYS ACROSS THE FRONTIER.</strong></p>
+
+<p>Read of the Haunted Mesa and its mysteries, of the Subterranean River
+and its strange uses, of the value <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_508" id="Page_508">[508]</a></span>of gasolene and steam "in running
+the gauntlet," and you will feel that not even the ancient splendors of
+the Old World can furnish a better setting for romantic action than the
+Border of the New.</p>
+
+<p class="noi hang"><strong>THE BORDER BOYS WITH THE MEXICAN RANGERS.</strong></p>
+
+<p>As every day is making history&mdash;faster, it is said, than ever before&mdash;so
+books that keep pace with the changes are full of rapid action and
+accurate facts. This book deals with lively times on the Mexican border.</p>
+
+<p class="noi hang"><strong>THE BORDER BOYS WITH THE TEXAS RANGERS.</strong></p>
+
+<p>The Border Boys have already had much excitement and adventure in their
+lives, but all this has served to prepare them for the experiences
+related in this volume. They are stronger, braver and more resourceful
+than ever, and the exigencies of their life in connection with the Texas
+Rangers demand all their trained ability.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><strong>Any volume sent postpaid upon receipt of price.</strong></p>
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2>BUNGALOW BOYS SERIES</h2>
+
+<h3>LIVE STORIES OF OUTDOOR LIFE</h3>
+
+<h4>By DEXTER J. FORRESTER.</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><strong>Cloth Bound. Illustrated. Price, 50&cent;. per vol., postpaid</strong></p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 150px;">
+<img src="images/illus509.jpg" width="150" height="197" alt="Book Cover"
+title="The Bungalow Boys" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="noi hang"><strong>THE BUNGALOW BOYS.</strong></p>
+
+<p>How the Bungalow Boys received their title and how they retained the
+right to it in spite of much opposition makes a lively narrative for
+lively boys.</p>
+
+<p class="noi hang"><strong>THE BUNGALOW BOYS MAROONED IN THE TROPICS.</strong></p>
+
+<p>A real treasure hunt of the most thrilling kind, with a sunken Spanish
+galleon as its object, makes a subject of intense interest at any time,
+but add to that a band of desperate men, a dark plot and a devil fish,
+and you have the combination that brings strange adventures into the
+lives of the Bungalow Boys.</p>
+
+<p class="noi hang"><strong>THE BUNGALOW BOYS IN THE GREAT NORTH WEST.</strong></p>
+
+<p>The clever assistance of a young detective saves the boys from the
+clutches of Chinese smugglers, of whose nefarious trade they know too
+much. How the Professor's invention relieves a critical situation is
+also an exciting incident of this book.</p>
+
+<p class="noi hang"><strong>THE BUNGALOW BOYS ON THE GREAT LAKES.</strong></p>
+
+<p>The Bungalow Boys start out for a quiet cruise on the Great Lakes and a
+visit to an island. A storm and a band of wreckers interfere with the
+serenity of their trip, and a submarine adds zest and adventure to it.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><strong>Any volume sent postpaid upon receipt of price.</strong></p>
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2>MOTOR RANGERS SERIES</h2>
+
+<h3>HIGH SPEED MOTOR STORIES</h3>
+
+<h4>By MARVIN WEST.</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><strong>Cloth Bound. Illustrated. Price, 50&cent;. per vol., postpaid</strong></p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 150px;">
+<img src="images/illus512.jpg" width="150" height="197" alt="Book Cover"
+title="The Motor Rangers&rsquo; Lost Mine" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="noi hang"><strong>THE MOTOR RANGERS' LOST MINE.</strong></p>
+
+<p>This is an absorbing story of the continuous adventures of a motor car
+in the hands of Nat Trevor and his friends. It does seemingly impossible
+"stunts," and yet everything happens "in the nick of time."</p>
+
+<p class="noi hang"><strong>THE MOTOR RANGERS THROUGH THE SIERRAS.</strong></p>
+
+<p>Enemies in ambush, the peril of fire, and the guarding of treasure make
+exciting times for the Motor Rangers&mdash;yet there is a strong flavor of
+fun and freedom, with a typical Western mountaineer for spice.</p>
+
+<p class="noi hang"><strong>THE MOTOR RANGERS ON BLUE WATER; <small>or, The Secret of the Derelict.</small></strong></p>
+
+<p>The strange adventures of the sturdy craft "Nomad" and the stranger
+experiences of the Rangers themselves with Morello's schooner and a
+mysterious derelict form the basis of this well-spun yarn of the sea.</p>
+
+<p class="noi hang"><strong>THE MOTOR RANGERS' CLOUD CRUISER.</strong></p>
+
+<p>From the "Nomad" to the "Discoverer," from the sea to the sky, the scene
+changes in which the Motor Rangers figure. They have experiences "that
+never were on land or sea," in heat and cold and storm, over mountain
+peak and lost city, with savages and reptiles; their ship of the air is
+attacked by huge birds of the air; they survive explosion and
+earthquake; they even live to tell the tale!</p>
+
+<p class="center"><strong>Any volume sent postpaid upon receipt of price.</strong></p>
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2>DREADNOUGHT BOYS SERIES</h2>
+
+<h3>Tales of the New Navy</h3>
+
+<h4>By CAPT. WILBUR LAWTON<br />
+Author of "BOY AVIATORS SERIES."</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><strong>Cloth Bound. Illustrated. Price, 50&cent;. per vol., postpaid</strong></p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 150px;">
+<img src="images/illus511.jpg" width="150" height="194" alt="Book Cover"
+title="The Dreadnought Boys on Battle Practice" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="noi hang"><strong>THE DREADNOUGHT BOYS ON BATTLE PRACTICE.</strong></p>
+
+<p>Especially interesting and timely is this book which introduces the
+reader with its heroes, Ned and Herc, to the great ships of modern
+warfare and to the intimate life and surprising adventures of Uncle
+Sam's sailors.</p>
+
+<p class="noi hang"><strong>THE DREADNOUGHT BOYS ABOARD A DESTROYER.</strong></p>
+
+<p>In this story real dangers threaten and the boys' patriotism is tested
+in a peculiar international tangle. The scene is laid on the South
+American coast.</p>
+
+<p class="noi hang"><strong>THE DREADNOUGHT BOYS ON A SUBMARINE.</strong></p>
+
+<p>To the inventive genius&mdash;trade-school boy or mechanic&mdash;this story has
+special charm, perhaps, but to every reader its mystery and clever
+action are fascinating.</p>
+
+<p class="noi hang"><strong>THE DREADNOUGHT BOYS ON AERO SERVICE.</strong></p>
+
+<p>Among the volunteers accepted for Aero Service are Ned and Herc. Their
+perilous adventures are not confined to the air, however, although they
+make daring and notable flights in the name of the Government; nor are
+they always able to fly beyond the reach of their old "enemies," who are
+also airmen.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><strong>Any volume sent postpaid upon receipt of price.</strong></p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2>MOTOR MAIDS SERIES</h2>
+
+<h3>Wholesome Stories of Adventure</h3>
+
+<h4>By KATHERINE STOKES.</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><strong>Cloth Bound. Illustrated. Price, 50&cent;. per vol., postpaid</strong></p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 150px;">
+<img src="images/illus513.jpg" width="150" height="205" alt="Book Cover"
+title="The Motor Maids&rsquo; School Days" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="noi hang"><strong>THE MOTOR MAIDS' SCHOOL DAYS.</strong></p>
+
+<p>Billie Campbell was just the type of a <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_513" id="Page_513">[513]</a></span>straightforward, athletic girl
+to be successful as a practical Motor Maid. She took her car, as she did
+her class-mates, to her heart, and many a grand good time did they have
+all together. The road over which she ran her red machine had many an
+unexpected turning,&mdash;now it led her into peculiar danger; now into
+contact with strange travelers; and again into experiences by fire and
+water. But, best of all, "The Comet" never failed its brave girl owner.</p>
+
+<p class="noi hang"><strong>THE MOTOR MAIDS BY PALM AND PINE.</strong></p>
+
+<p>Wherever the Motor Maids went there were lively times, for these were
+companionable girls who looked upon the world as a vastly interesting
+place full of unique adventures&mdash;and so, of course, they found them.</p>
+
+<p class="noi hang"><strong>THE MOTOR MAIDS ACROSS THE CONTINENT.</strong></p>
+
+<p>It is always interesting to travel, and it is wonderfully entertaining
+to see old scenes through fresh eyes. It is that privilege, therefore,
+that makes it worth while to join the Motor Maids in their first
+'cross-country run.</p>
+
+<p class="noi hang"><strong>THE MOTOR MAIDS BY ROSE, SHAMROCK AND HEATHER.</strong></p>
+
+<p>South and West had the Motor Maids motored, nor could their education by
+travel have been more wisely begun. But now a speaking acquaintance with
+their own country enriched their anticipation of an introduction to the
+British Isles. How they made their polite American bow and how they were
+received on the other side is a tale of interest and inspiration.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><strong>Any volume sent postpaid upon receipt of price.</strong></p>
+
+<hr class="hr4" />
+
+<p class="center"><strong>HURST &amp; CO. <span class="padl">Publishers,</span> <span class="padl">NEW YORK</span></strong></p>
+
+<hr class="hr5" />
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of From Farm House to the White House, by 
+William M. Thayer
+
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+</pre>
+
+</body>
+</html>
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+Project Gutenberg's From Farm House to the White House, by William M. Thayer
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: From Farm House to the White House
+       The life of George Washington, his boyhood, youth, manhood,
+       public and private life and services
+
+Author: William M. Thayer
+
+Release Date: April 27, 2009 [EBook #28618]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FROM FARM HOUSE TO THE WHITE HOUSE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Jude Eylander and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: George Washington]
+
+
+    LOG CABIN TO WHITE HOUSE SERIES
+
+    From Farm House to the White House
+
+    THE LIFE OF
+    GEORGE WASHINGTON
+
+    HIS BOYHOOD, YOUTH, MANHOOD, PUBLIC
+    AND PRIVATE LIFE AND SERVICES
+
+    _By_ William M. Thayer
+
+    Author of "From Log Cabin to White House,"
+    "From Pioneer Home to White House,"
+    "From Tannery to White House,"
+    "From Boyhood to Manhood," etc., etc.
+
+    _ILLUSTRATED_
+
+    NEW YORK
+    HURST & COMPANY PUBLISHERS
+
+
+
+
+Log Cabin to White House Series.
+
+UNIFORM WITH THIS VOLUME.
+
+BY WILLIAM M. THAYER:
+
+    From Boyhood to Manhood--Life of Benjamin Franklin.
+
+    From Farm House to White House--Life of George Washington.
+
+    From Log Cabin to White House--Life of James A. Garfield,
+    with eulogy by Hon. James G. Blaine.
+
+    From Pioneer Home to White House--Life of Abraham Lincoln,
+    with eulogy by Hon. Geo. Bancroft.
+
+    From Tannery to White House--Life of Ulysses S. Grant.
+
+BY EDWARD S. ELLIS:
+
+    From Ranch to White House--Life of Theodore Roosevelt.
+
+_Price Post-Paid, 75c. each, or $4.50 for the set._
+
+HURST & COMPANY
+PUBLISHERS, NEW YORK.
+
+
+Copyright, 1890, By JAMES H. EARLE.
+
+
+
+
+    To ALL WHO HONOR TRUE MANHOOD,
+    This Volume,
+    _REPRESENTING THE ELEMENTS OF SUCCESS_,
+    From Boyhood to Manhood
+    IN THE
+    CAREER AND NOBLE CHARACTER
+    OF
+    GEORGE WASHINGTON,
+    "_THE FATHER OF HIS COUNTRY_,"
+    Is Sincerely and Affectionately Dedicated.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+Every American, old or young, should become familiar with the life of
+Washington; it will confirm their patriotism and strengthen their
+loyalty. Such a character will become an inspiration to them, eliciting
+nobler aims, and impelling to nobler deeds.
+
+Washington himself wrote to his step-son, who was in college:
+
+    "You are now extending into that stage of life when good or bad
+    habits are formed; when the mind will be turned to things useful
+    and praiseworthy or to dissipation and vice. Fix on which ever
+    it may, it will stick by you; for you know it has been said, and
+    truly, 'The way the twig is bent the tree's inclined.' This, in
+    a strong point of view, shows the propriety of letting your
+    inexperience be directed by maturer advice, and in placing guard
+    upon the avenues which lead to idleness and vice. The latter
+    will approach like a thief, working upon your passions,
+    encouraged, perhaps, by bad examples, the propensity to which
+    will increase in proportion to the practice of it and your
+    yielding. Virtue and vice cannot be allied, nor can idleness and
+    industry; of course if you resolve to adhere to the former of
+    these extremes, an intimacy with those who incline to the latter
+    of them would be extremely embarrassing to you; it would be a
+    stumbling block in your way, and act like a mill-stone hung to
+    your neck; for it is the nature of idleness and vice to obtain
+    as many votaries as they can....
+
+    "It is to close application and perseverance that men of letters
+    and science are indebted for their knowledge and usefulness; and
+    you are now at the period of life when these are to be acquired,
+    or lost for ever. As you know how anxious your friends are to
+    see you enter upon the grand theatre of life with the advantages
+    of a finished education, a highly cultivated mind, and a proper
+    sense of your duties to God and man, I shall only add one
+    sentiment before I close this letter and that is, to pay due
+    respect and obedience to your tutors, and affectionate reverence
+    for the president of the college, whose character merits your
+    highest regards. Let no bad example, for such is to be met in
+    all seminaries, have an improper influence upon your conduct.
+    Let this be such, and let it be your pride to demean yourself
+    in such a manner as to obtain the good will of your superiors
+    and the love of your fellow students."
+
+Better advice than this was never given to a youth; and to enforce it,
+we present in this volume the life and character of the great man who so
+lovingly tendered it. By employing the colloquial style, anecdotal
+illustration, and thrilling incident, the author hopes more successfully
+to accomplish his purpose.
+
+In the preparation of this work the author has availed himself of the
+abundant material furnished by Washington's well-known biographers,
+Ramsey, Weems, Marshall, Sparks, Bancroft, Irving, Everett, Custis,
+etc., together with the anecdotes of his earlier and later life, found
+in eulogies, essays, and literary articles upon his life and character,
+with which the literature of our country abounds. Incident is allowed to
+tell the life story of the subject. The incidents of his boyhood and
+youth are particularly narrated, that the achievements of ripe manhood
+may more clearly appear to be the outcome of a life well begun. To such
+an example parents and guardians can point with confidence and hope.
+
+Believing that biography should be written and read so as to assure a
+sharp analysis of character, thereby bringing the real qualities of the
+subject to the front, and believing, also, that the biographies of the
+noblest men only should be written for the young, since "example is more
+powerful than precept," the author sends forth this humble volume,
+invoking for it the considerate indulgence of critics, and the blessing
+of Divine Providence.
+
+    W. M. T.
+
+FRANKLIN, Mass.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+    I.
+
+    ANCESTORS AND BIRTH.
+
+    Ancestors in England--John and Lawrence Washington--Family of
+    Note--The Washington Manor and Irving--Sir Henry Washington in
+    War--English Fox Hunting--Washington and Franklin--The
+    Washingtons in America--Birth of George--House where
+    born--Ceremony of placing a Slab on it by Custis--Paulding
+    describes the Place--The House described--George
+    baptized--Removal to Banks of Rappahannock--Large Estates--Style
+    of Living--Vast Wilderness--Militia--Depredations by
+    Indians--Negro Slavery                                            23
+
+
+    II.
+
+    BOYHOOD.
+
+    Reliable Information about it--Visit to the Orchard, and the
+    Rebuke to Selfishness--George's Name growing in the Garden--Its
+    Lesson about God--The Hatchet, and it Lesson about
+    Lying--Raising a Regiment of Soldiers--George's Brother in
+    Uniform--Effect of Military Display on George--Playing
+    Soldier--His Brother Lawrence a Good Soldier--Love Greater than
+    War--George's Military Spirit increasing--George's Manly
+    Bearing--Excels in Athletic Sports--What Fitzhugh said--The
+    Sequel                                                            36
+
+
+    III.
+
+    SCHOOL DAYS.
+
+    His Brother Lawrence educated in England--Leaving Home--George
+    at School when Five Years Old--His Teacher, Hobby--What a
+    Biographer says of his Progress--The Homeschool--His
+    Writing-book and Thoroughness--A Good Speller--Studying and
+    Playing with all his Might--Best Runner, Wrestler, etc.--The
+    School Grounds a Military Camp--An English and Spanish Army of
+    Boys--Juvenile Commander-in-chief--A Quarrel that George could
+    not Conquer--Truth-teller and Peacemaker--At Mr. Williams'
+    School, and a Mother's Lesson--Studying Surveying--Mimic
+    War--Surveying School-grounds--Later Surveying--Settling a
+    Difficulty--Acting as Umpire--What Mr. Weems says--What Mrs.
+    Kirkland says                                                     52
+
+
+    IV.
+
+    METHOD AND THOROUGHNESS.
+
+    Doing Things Well--Dialogue with Lawrence--His "Book of Forms,"
+    and what a Schoolmate thought of it--His "Book of Problems:" its
+    Use and Abuse--His "Book of Drawing"--Odd Moments--Preserving
+    Bits of Prose and Verse--What Irving says--His "Rules of
+    Behavior"--What Lawrence Washington and his Wife thought of
+    them--Their Influence over him--Part of them Quoted--What
+    Everett says of them--Author's Opinion--Sample Extract from his
+    Copy-book--These show his Character--His Heart made a Level
+    Head                                                              72
+
+
+    V.
+
+    FOUR INCIDENTS AND THEIR LESSONS.
+
+    His Father's Sudden Sickness--George at Chotauk--The Doctor's
+    Opinion--Growing Worse, and Startling Revelation--George sent
+    for--He arrived when his Father was dying--Affecting
+    Scene--Death and Will--The Arabian Colt--Attempt to ride
+    him--The Animal killed--George confessing his Wrong-doing--The
+    "Lowland Beauty"--George in Love--A Human Heart after All--What
+    Irving says about it--Naval Officers at Vernon--Wants to be a
+    Midshipman--His Mother's Opposition, and Lawrence's
+    Approval--Enlists--Appears before his Mother in Naval
+    Costume--Her Grief--He does not go--His True Manliness asserts
+    itself                                                            82
+
+
+    VI.
+
+    HIS MOTHER.
+
+    Her Views of Correct Family Government--Secret of George's
+    Correct Life--What Custis says about it--What Lawrence
+    Washington said--Obedience commanded--How she commanded her
+    Servants--Her One Book, next to the Bible, consulted--What
+    Everett said of it--Quotations from it--They teach Honesty,
+    Industry, Fidelity, Religion, etc.--Her
+    Ancestry--Courage--Afraid of Lightning--Her Singular
+    Dream--Weems' Explanation--Care of her Family--Mr. Sparks'
+    Tribute--Irving's Tribute--Her Son visits her before going to
+    War--Her Patriotism--Taking Charge of her Own Business--Her Joy
+    over Cornwallis' Surrender--Her Son's Visit to her--The Ball,
+    and his Staff introduced to her--Compared with Napoleon's
+    Mother--Lafayette's Visit to her--Her Son's Visit to her before
+    becoming President--Custis' description of the Scene--Her Death,
+    Burial, and Monument--Jackson's Eulogy--John Adams' Words--The
+    Mother of Such a Son, and the Son of Such a Mother               103
+
+
+    VII.
+
+    YOUNG SURVEYOR.
+
+    His Mother's Views about his Future--The Plea of Lawrence--Goes
+    to Live at Mount Vernon--Lawrence's Eye on a Military Life for
+    him--Lessons in "The Manual Exercise"--Lessons in
+    "Fencing"--Reading Military Treatises--In the Family of William
+    Fairfax--What the Latter thought of him--Meets Lord
+    Fairfax--What Everett says of him--What Irving says--Reading
+    Books and Fox Hunting--An Unexpected Proposition--Becomes a
+    Surveyor--His Appearance now--Keeping a Journal--Extracts from
+    Letter and Journal--Mode of Life described--Hardships--What
+    Abbott and Everett say of his Hardships--Camping Out--In Indian
+    Wigwam--His Journal describes a Scene--Other Entries--What he
+    recorded--Sparks' Tribute to his Thoroughness as a
+    Surveyor--Everett's Tribute--The Stevenson Family--Sports with
+    the Seven Sons--Among his Officers, Later--Greenaway
+    Court--Appointed Public Surveyor--In Training for the War of
+    Seventy-six                                                      132
+
+
+    VIII.
+
+    MILITARY HONORS.
+
+    The Proposition of Lawrence, and Discussion of it--Appointed
+    Adjutant-general--Ill Health of Lawrence--Decides to spend the
+    Winter in Barbadoes--George goes with him--Lawrence no
+    Better--George has the Small-pox--Returns to Virginia in
+    April--Lawrence returns in June and dies in Six Weeks--George
+    one of his Executors--What Everett says of it--Enters Masonic
+    Lodge--His Commission renewed--Duties pressing upon him--Signs
+    of War--Encroachments by the French--The Claims of the
+    Indians--What a Chief said--The Governor's Conference with
+    Gist--Mission to the French proposed--George offers his
+    Services--Interview with Governor Dinwiddie--A Copy of his
+    Commission--His Companions--Visits his Mother--Letter to French
+    Commander                                                        150
+
+
+    IX.
+
+    MISSION TO THE FRENCH.
+
+    The Journey begun--Route--A Storm--A Torrent--Baggage on
+    Canal--Visit to Shingiss--Tanacharisson--Monochatica--Meeting
+    Deserters--Learning of the Forts from there to New Orleans--The
+    Half-king--Describes his Visit to Pierre Paul, now Dead--His
+    Speech--Pierre Paul's Reply--Indian Council and Washington's
+    Speech--Indian's Reply--Results of the Council--Indians to
+    conduct them to the Fort--Journey delayed--Way to
+    Venango--Arrival and Conference with the French--Dinner
+    Scene--Information 163
+
+
+    X.
+
+    FRENCH MISSION--(CONTINUED.)
+
+    The Next Fort--Introduction to Commander--Arrival of Paul's
+    Successor--Receives Dinwiddie's Letter--Washington draws Plan of
+    the Fort--His Inquiries about Certain Captures--Reparti's Reply
+    to Dinwiddie--French attempt to bribe Indians--Injury to White
+    Thunder, and Delay--Return Journey--Snow--Washington and Gist
+    leave the Party--Their Adventure--The Indian Guide--He proves
+    False--A Startling Episode--The Indian disposed of--Reaching the
+    River--Building a Raft--Attempt to Cross--Washington straggling
+    in the Water--They reach an Island--Escape--Twenty Indian
+    Warriors--The Indian Queen--Arrival at Williamsburg--Interview
+    with the Governor--His Journal printed                           178
+
+
+    XI.
+
+    HIS FIRST BATTLE.
+
+    Effect of Washington's Mission--Orders from the
+    King--Recruiting--The Governor's Bounty to Soldiers--Washington
+    offered the Command--Talk with a Friend--Letter to Colonel
+    Corbin--Does not accept Command--Payne knocks Washington
+    down--How the Affair ended--What McGuire says of Washington's
+    Magnanimity--Washington takes up his March--Meeting Captain
+    Trent--Need of More Men--Courier announces Surrender of
+    Fort--Declaration of War--Washington's Prompt Action--March to
+    Red Stone Creek and Great Meadows--The French surprised, and a
+    Battle--Jumonville killed--Entrenching at Great Meadows--Short
+    of Supplies--His Own Chaplain--Order against Swearing--Marching
+    to meet the Foe--Retreat to Great Meadows--A Hot
+    Battle--Washington surrenders--Return to Williamsburg--Honors,
+    and Larger Provisions--Death of Jumonville
+    justified--Dinwiddie's Words                                     194
+
+
+    XII.
+
+    ON GENERAL BRADDOCK'S STAFF.
+
+    Governor Dinwiddie's Proposition--Washington dissents--Dinwiddie
+    insists--Washington's Letter--His Rank reduced from Colonel to
+    Captain--He resigns, and retires to Mount Vernon--The Enterprise
+    abandoned--A Convention of the Colonies--The King sends General
+    Braddock with Army--He demands the Services of Washington--Their
+    Correspondence and Interview--Washington's Motive--On the
+    Staff--Meeting with his Mother--The March begins--Grand
+    Spectacle--Braddock's Talk with Dr. Franklin--Underrating Indian
+    Tactics--Washington disabled by Sickness--Talk with Braddock
+    about Indians--Army Wagons Useless--Braddock's Temper and Love
+    of Drink--Good Disciplinarian--Washington's Advice
+    rejected--Indian Allies--How deserted--What Scarvoyadi
+    said--Surprised by Indians--Terrible Battle--Washington's
+    Bravery--Dr. Craik's Word--An Eye-witness--How British
+    fought--Braddock mortally wounded--Whole Command on
+    Washington--Retreat--Braddock's Confession--Dies at Fort
+    Necessity--Burial--Horrible Scenes at Duquesne--Testimony of a
+    Prisoner--Words of Washington--Letter to his Mother--Letter to
+    his Brother                                                      211
+
+
+    XIII.
+
+    ON THE FRONTIER.
+
+    General Dunbar a Coward--Goes into Winter Quarters in
+    Philadelphia--Assembly meets--Washington's Advice to the
+    Governor--The Assembly Timid--Washington appointed
+    Commander-in-chief of Virginia Forces--Failure of the Other
+    Expeditions--Conference with Fairfax--Headquarters at
+    Winchester--A Great Scare--Its Funny Termination--Washington's
+    Appeal to Dinwiddie--Trouble with Captain Dagworthy--Goes to
+    Boston on Horseback--Meets Miss Phillips in New
+    York--Honors--His Return--Love in New York--Sudden Alarm calls
+    him to Winchester--Hurried Steps at Defence--Letter to Loudoun
+    describing the Condition of Frontier--Appeal to Dinwiddie for
+    the Terrified People--Indian Atrocities--Dreadful Scenes
+    described by Washington--Washington Sick Four
+    Months--Changes                                                  232
+
+
+    XIV.
+
+    A RIFT IN THE CLOUD.
+
+    Great Need of the Hour--The People Timid--Washington's Mother
+    again--Another Expedition against Duquesne--Size of the
+    Army--Goes to Williamsburg--Mr. Chamberlain's Salutation--Stops
+    to Dine--Meets Mrs. Custis--A Widow Bewitching--Business
+    done--Returning, stops to see Mrs. Custis--A Treaty of Love--The
+    New Road Project--Washington opposes it--Elected to House of
+    Burgesses--Delay--Army moved in September--Braddock's Folly
+    repeated--Washington overruled--His Prophecy--Major Grant--His
+    Reckless Course--Conceit of Grant and Forbes--Marching into an
+    Indian Ambuscade--A Bloody Battle--Defeat of the
+    English--Retreat--Where was Washington--His Views--Forbes
+    proposes Winter Quarters--Washington proposes and leads Another
+    Attack--The Enemy escapes from the Fort--Washington plants Flag
+    over it--Leaves Force to rebuild--French War ended--Washington
+    resigns--Goes to Mount Vernon--Testimonial of Officers           249
+
+
+    XV.
+
+    HIS WIFE AND HOME.
+
+    Who was Mrs. Custis--Rich and Beautiful--Washington's
+    Marriage--What Negro said of him--Took Seat in House of
+    Burgesses--Happy Man--The Legislature do him Honor--Removes to
+    Mount Vernon--His Estates described--Sixteen Spinning
+    Wheels--Mrs. Washington at the Head--Irving's Description--Rank
+    necessarily maintained--Company, and English Style--Mrs.
+    Washington's Wardrobe--His Wardrobe--Education of her
+    Children--Their Wardrobe--Her Kindness to Slaves--Domestic
+    Habits--Washington labored on Farm--Systematic
+    Habits--Improvements on Farm--Reclaiming Dismal Swamp--Hunting
+    in Winter--Interlopers, and the War against them--The Hunter
+    conquered--Attending Episcopal Church--Mrs. Washington a Devout
+    Christian--Building a House of Worship--Washington at
+    Church--Death of Mrs. Washington's Daughter--The Son
+    Wayward--Letter about Love--King's College, and
+    Incident--Keeping his Books--In her Husband's Headquarters in
+    Winter--Death--Mount Vernon now                                  270
+
+
+    XVI.
+
+    COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF.
+
+    More Indian Depredations, and War--Washington's Conference with
+    Mason on English Tyranny--Taxation without
+    Representation--Oppressive Acts multiplied--The Stamp
+    Act--Patrick Henry in the Assembly--Treason--Governor dissolved
+    the Assembly--A Re-election--Washington stands with Patrick
+    Henry--Discussion with Fairfax on the State of Affairs--Dr.
+    Franklin before a Committee of Parliament--Friends of America in
+    Parliament--Next Assembly Bolder, and dissolved by
+    Governor--Washington's Plan to use no Articles taxed--The Tax
+    removed except on Tea--Tea thrown into Boston Harbor--Action of
+    the Citizens against British Soldiers--Day of Fasting and
+    Prayer--Effigies and Mock Processions Boston Port
+    Bill--Washington's Journey to Ohio in Behalf of his Old
+    Soldiers--First American Congress--The Chaplain Memorial to the
+    King--Chatham's Defence of the Colonies--British Soldiers sent
+    to Boston--The Patriots aroused--Battles of Lexington and
+    Concord--The Revolution begun--Putnam and the Grand
+    Rally--Second American Congress--Washington and Adams--Raise an
+    Army, and choose Washington for Commander-in-chief--Adams'
+    Opinion of him                                                   295
+
+
+    XVII.
+
+    IN THE SIEGE OF BOSTON.
+
+    Adams to Washington--Prepares to Take Command--Letter to Mrs.
+    Washington--His Will--Another Letter--Starts--Meets a
+    Courier--His Journey--Legislature--Assumes Command--Mrs. Adams'
+    Opinion--Talk with Gen. Ward--Order and Discipline--Condition of
+    the Army--Washington's first Order--Change Wrought--Scarcity of
+    Powder--Feat of Knox--Washington's Headquarters--Day of
+    Fasting--Arrival of Supplies--Cruelty of British to
+    Prisoners--Remonstrance Against--Retaliation--Army
+    Reduced--Feelings of Washington--Proposed Attack on Boston--His
+    Plan--Cannonading Described--British Repulsed by Storm--Boston
+    Evacuated--British Depredation--Washington Provides for Charity
+    at Home--Mrs. Washington in Cambridge--His Rigid Discipline, an
+    Incident--Old South and North Church--A Theatre and a
+    Scare--British Pride Humbled--Action of Congress                 321
+
+
+    XVIII.
+
+    DEFENDING NEW YORK.
+
+    Where the Enemy is going--General Putnam in Command at New
+    York--Washington Goes There--Hears from the Enemy--Condition of
+    our Army in New York--Words of Washington--Letter to his
+    Brother--Action of Congress--Plot to Seize Washington--A
+    Conspirator Hung--Enemy in the Harbor--Declaration of
+    Independence Read to the Army--Statue of George III.
+    destroyed--Putnam and Hamilton--Sir Henry Clinton--Attacking
+    Fort Moultrie--Cudjo--The Army encouraged--The Corporal
+    rebuked--The Sabbath honored--Washington's Address--Army in Bad
+    plight--Order against Profanity--The Enemy moving to capture
+    Brooklyn Heights--Livingston's Message--Washington's Address to
+    Army--Terrible Battle--Americans retreat under cover of
+    Storm--What Sparks says of it--A Council of
+    War--Deserters--Retreat from New York--Stand at Harlem--Nathan
+    Hale--Washington's Daring--Great Fire in New York--Loss in
+    Canada--Disaffection in Army--General Lee returns to
+    Harlem--Council of War--Another Retreat necessary                349
+
+
+    XIX.
+
+    FROM HARLEM TO TRENTON.
+
+    Fort Washington and Allies--Retreat to White Plains--Looking for
+    a Position--The Enemy in Camp--A Battle--Falling back to North
+    Castle--The Enemy withdraw--What Washington suspected--Advised
+    to evacuate Fort Washington--The Enemy capture the Fort--Gloomy
+    Times--Retreat over the Hackensack--Retreat to Newark--General
+    Lee disobeying Orders--Further Retreat--Boats for Seventy Miles
+    collected--Disappointment and a Plot--Opposition to
+    Washington--Retreat to Trenton--Darkest Hour yet--Washington
+    still hopeful--Will retreat over every River and
+    Mountain--General Lee's Treasonable Course--General Heath's
+    Firmness--Crossing the Delaware--Skill of Washington in
+    Retreating--Lee still disobeys Orders--Lee's Folly and
+    Capture--Magnanimity of Washington                               372
+
+
+    XX.
+
+    BATTLES OF TRENTON AND PRINCETON.
+
+    Putnam fortifying Philadelphia--Congress investing Washington
+    with More Power--Arrival of Troops--Startling Proposition by
+    Washington--Recrosses the Delaware to Fight--His Address to his
+    Army--The Battle--The Enemy driven--The Hessian Commander
+    mortally wounded--Fruits of this Victory--The Welcome News
+    spreads--Washington sees the Time for Another Blow--Over the
+    Delaware again--Raises Money for the Army--Action of
+    Congress--The Enemy marching from Princeton--A
+    Battle--Cornwallis outwitted--God on the Side of the Weak
+    Battalions--Battle of Princeton--An Affecting
+    Incident--Cornwallis at his Wits End--Results of the
+    Battle--Fall of General Mercer--His Bravery to the
+    End--Washington goes to Morristown for Winter Quarters--The
+    Enemy Panic-stricken--Driven out of Jersey--Wonderful
+    Achievements in Ten Days--Tributes of Praise--Camp at Morristown
+    broken up--Celebrating the Lord's Supper--Encamped at
+    Germantown--British Fleet appears--Washington meets Lafayette,
+    and appoints him on his Staff--Some Account of the Young
+    Nobleman                                                         389
+
+
+    XXI.
+
+    DEFEAT AND VICTORY.
+
+    Plans of the British for 1777--A Temperance Officer--Battle of
+    Bennington--Grand Victory--Battle at Fort Schuyler--Indian
+    Butchery--Miss McCrea murdered by them--Battle of
+    Brandywine--Lafayette wounded--Providential Care--Battle of
+    Germantown, and Results--Washington's Daring--Forts reduced, and
+    the Enemy take Philadelphia--Burgoyne captured, and his
+    Supplies--Kosciusko--The British revelling in
+    Philadelphia--Washington in Winter Quarters at Valley
+    Forge--Famine in Camp, and Great Sufferings--Washington feeding
+    a Soldier--A Conspiracy against the Chief--Dr.
+    Craik--Hamilton--Mrs. Washington in Camp--Her Pity for
+    Soldiers--Washington engaged in Prayer--Baron
+    Stuben--Pulaski--Exchange of Distinguished Prisoners--Alliance
+    with France--Council of War--British evacuate
+    Philadelphia--Pursued--Battle of Monmouth--A Thrilling Incident,
+    and Dr. Griffith--The Fifer Boy--Lee's Cowardly
+    Conduct--Hamilton--Washington's Exposure to Death--Grand
+    Victory--Enemy retreat--Lee Court-martialed--Arrival of French
+    Fleet--Winter Quarters at Middlebrook--Cruelties of the
+    Enemy--Massacres of Cherry Valley and Wyoming--Scenes at close
+    of 1779--British Cruelty to Prisoners in the "Sugar House" and
+    "Jersey Prison-ship"                                             405
+
+
+    XXII.
+
+    CLOSE OF THE WAR.
+
+    Treason of Arnold--How Accomplished--Capture and Execution
+    of Andre--Arnold serving in the British Army--Ravages in
+    Virginia--Attacking Mount Vernon--Washington goes South--Calls
+    at Mount Vernon--Joins Lafayette at Williamsburg--Attacks
+    Cornwallis at Yorktown--Bombardment--Governor Nelson--Taking
+    of Two Redoubts--Washington's Narrow Escape--Surrender of
+    Cornwallis--Washington's Order--Fruits of the Victory--The
+    Formal Delivery of Cornwallis' Sword--Delivery of Flags--Divine
+    Service--Sickness and Death of his Step-son--Sad Scene--Help of
+    French Fleet--God for Small Battalions again--Washington's
+    War-horse--News of Cornwallis' Surrender in Philadelphia--Action
+    of Congress, and Day of Thanksgiving--News in
+    England--Washington's Plan to Push the War                       426
+
+
+    XXIII.
+
+    PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES.
+
+    Conference with Lafayette--Negotiations for War--Sir Henry
+    Clinton--Treaty of Peace--What America Won, and England
+    Lost--Washington Parting with his Soldiers--Meets Congress at
+    Annapolis--Retires to Mount Vernon--Improvement of his Mansion
+    and Plantations--Encourages Education--Refuses Gift of
+    $40,000--Generosity to the Poor--A Pleasing Incident--Meeting
+    Payne again--His Industry--In Convention to Form
+    Constitution--Elected President--Reluctance to Accept--Journey
+    to New York--Ovation at Trenton--At New York--His Cabinet--Style
+    of Living--Grooming Horses--His Sickness--Tour through New
+    England--Example of Punctuality--Too Late for Dinner--The Pair
+    of Horses--Presidential Mansion--The Injured Debtor--Urged for
+    Second Presidential Term--Elected--Fruits of it--Tour South, and
+    Punctuality--Amount of his Work--Thoroughness--Civil Service
+    Reform--Lafayette in Exile--Washington's Maxims--Offered a Third
+    Term--Farewell Address--Retirement--His Opposition to
+    Slavery--Emancipation of them--The Result                        440
+
+
+    XXIV.
+
+    DEATH AND FUNERAL CEREMONIES.
+
+    Exposure and Cold--Ignores Wise Suggestions--Severe
+    Attack--Rawlins bleeds him--Believes his End is Near, and
+    Resignation--His Will--The Physicians arrive--All Remedies
+    fail--His Last Request--Death--Mrs. Washington's Words--What
+    Custis says of her--Sad Tidings spread--Action of Congress--The
+    Senate's Letter to President Adams--The Funeral at Mount
+    Vernon--Sorrow Universal--What Irving says--Eulogy by Fisher
+    Ames--Lord Brougham's Estimate--Everett's Final Conclusion, and
+    Father of His Country                                            484
+
+
+    XXV.
+
+    Eulogy by General Henry Lee                                      491
+
+
+
+
+LIFE OF WASHINGTON
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+ANCESTORS AND BIRTH.
+
+
+More than two hundred years ago, when America was chiefly inhabited by
+Indians two brothers, in England, John and Lawrence Washington, resolved
+to remove hither. As they were not poor, doomed to eke out a miserable
+existence from a reluctant soil, it is supposed that _politics_ was the
+immediate cause of their removal. It was during the reign of Cromwell,
+and he made it hot for his enemies. In 1655 a general insurrection was
+attempted, and the vengeance of Cromwell descended upon the heads of all
+the participants and not a few of their friends, making their land an
+uncomfortable place for a residence. There is no evidence that these
+brothers were engaged in the insurrection; but there is quite sufficient
+proof that the political situation was stormy, subjecting the Washington
+family to frequent molestation.
+
+Edward Everett says: "There is no doubt that the politics of the family
+determined the two brothers, John and Lawrence, to emigrate to Virginia;
+that colony being the favorite resort of the Cavaliers, during the
+government of Cromwell, as New England was the retreat of the Puritans,
+in the period which preceded the Commonwealth."
+
+We suspect that these brothers did not understand Indians as well as they
+did Cromwell, or they would not have been so willing to exchange the
+latter for the former. However, English colonists had settled in the
+wilderness of Virginia, and, possibly, some of their own acquaintances
+were already there. They knew somewhat of that particular portion of the
+new world, and what they knew was generally favorable. Being young men,
+too, unmarried, intelligent, adventurous and fearless, life in America
+appeared to them romantic rather than otherwise. Be this as it may, John
+and Lawrence Washington removed to this country in 1657, and settled in
+Westmoreland County, Virginia.
+
+One fact indicates that they belonged to a noble ancestry. Lawrence was
+educated at Oxford University, and was a lawyer by profession, and
+therefore was a young man of rank and promise, while John was engaged in
+business and resided on a valuable estate at South Cove in Yorkshire.
+They were young men of brains and tact, fitted by natural endowments and
+education to lay the foundation of things in a new country. They
+descended from an ancestry of honor and influence from the twelfth
+century. That ancestry lived in warlike times. Some of them were
+renowned for deeds of heroism. All of them were known for loyalty,
+intelligence and solidity of character. Washington Irving paid a visit
+to the ancient "Washington's manor" at Sulgrave, several years before he
+wrote the "Life of George Washington," and he said,--
+
+"It was in a rural neighborhood, where the farm-houses were quaint and
+antiquated. A part only of the manor-house remained, and was inhabited by
+a farmer. The Washington crest, in colored glass, was to be seen in a
+window of what is now the buttery. A window, on which the whole family
+arms was emblazoned, had been removed to the residence of the actual
+proprietor of the manor. Another relic of the ancient manor of the
+Washingtons was a rookery in a venerable grove hard by. The rooks, those
+staunch adherents to old family abodes, still hovered and cawed about
+their hereditary nests. In the pavement of the parish church we were
+shown a stone slab, bearing effigies, on plates of brass, of Lawrence
+Washington, gent., and Anne his wife, and their four sons and eleven
+daughters. The inscription, in black letters, was dated 1564."
+
+A nephew of John and Lawrence Washington, Sir Henry Washington,
+distinguished himself in the civil wars, under Prince Rupert, at the
+storming of Bristol, where he broke through the wall with a handful of
+infantry after the assailants had been beaten off, and led the forces to
+victory. For his prowess he was promoted, and was in command at
+Worcester, when that place was stormed, at a time when the king fled
+from Oxford in disguise and the loyal cause was in peril. He received a
+letter from General Fairfax, whose victorious army was at Haddington,
+demanding the immediate surrender of Worcester. Colonel Washington
+replied:
+
+    "SIR,--It is acknowledged by your books, and by report of your
+    own quarter, that the king is in some of your armies. That
+    granted, it may be easy for you to procure his majesty's
+    commands for the disposal of this garrison. Till then, I shall
+    make good the trust reposed in me. As for conditions, if I
+    shall be necessitated, I shall make the best I can. The worst
+    I know, and fear not; if I had, the profession of a soldier
+    had not been begun, nor so long continued by your
+    Excellency's humble servant."      HENRY WASHINGTON.
+
+For three months he withstood the siege, experiencing hunger and
+hardship, until his Majesty ordered capitulation.
+
+Irving says of this heroic stand, "Those who believe in hereditary
+virtues may see foreshadowed in the conduct of this Washington of
+Worcester, the magnanimous constancy of purpose, the disposition to
+'hope against hope,' which bore our Washington triumphantly through the
+darkest days of our revolution."
+
+It appears that the Washingtons were first in war as well as in peace,
+centuries ago. There was wealth, fame and influence in the family, from
+generation to generation. Their prominence in the grand hunt of those
+times proves their high social and public position.
+
+Irvington says, "Hunting came next to war in those days, as the
+occupation of the nobility and gentry. The clergy engaged in it equally
+with the laity. The hunting establishment of the Bishop of Durham (who
+belonged to the Washington family) was on a princely scale. He had his
+forests, chases and parks, with their train of foresters, rangers and
+park-keepers. A grand hunt was a splendid pageant, in which all his
+barons and knights attended him with horse and hound."
+
+Later, the famous English fox-hunting, in which noblemen engaged with
+great pomp and expense, engaged the attention of the Washingtons. We
+refer to the fact here, because it will explain certain things connected
+with the life and times of our George Washington in Virginia.
+
+Everett says, "It may be mentioned as a somewhat striking fact, and one
+I believe not hitherto adverted to, that the families of Washington and
+Franklin--the former the great leader of the American Revolution, the
+latter not second to any of his patriotic associates--were established
+for several generations in the same central county of Northamptonshire,
+and within a few miles of each other; the Washingtons at Brighton and
+Sulgrave, belonging to the landed gentry of the county, and in the great
+civil war supporting the royal side; the Franklins, at the village of
+Ecton, living on the produce of a farm of thirty acres, and the earnings
+of their trade as blacksmiths, and espousing,--some of them, at least,
+and the father and uncle of Benjamin Franklin among the number,--the
+principles of the non-conformists. Their respective emigrations, germs
+of great events, in history, took place,--that of John Washington, the
+great-grandfather of George, in 1657, to loyal Virginia,--that of Josiah
+Franklin, the father of Benjamin, about the year 1685, to the metropolis
+of Puritan New England."
+
+This brief sketch of the Washington family in the mother country must
+suffice. Its history in our country began in 1657, on the West Bank of
+the Potomac, about fifty miles from its entrance into Chesapeake Bay, in
+Westmoreland County. The two brothers, John and Lawrence, purchased an
+estate of several thousand acres there, and erected thereon a
+comfortable dwelling. In process of time, John married Miss Anne Pope,
+and went to reside on Bridge's Creek. Two sons, Lawrence and John, and a
+daughter, were the fruits of his union. Lawrence, the oldest son,
+married Mildred Warner, daughter of Colonel Augustus Warner, by whom he
+had three children, John, Augustine and Mildred. The second son,
+Augustine, became the father of George Washington. He married Jane
+Butler, by whom he had four children--Butler, Lawrence, Augustine and
+Jane. His wife died; and two years thereafter, Mary Ball, a young lady
+of great beauty, became his second wife. They were married March 6,
+1730. Their first child was George, who was born February 22, 1732. Five
+other children--Betty, Samuel, John Augustine, Charles and
+Mildred--were added to the family.
+
+John Washington, grandfather of Augustine, distinguished himself in
+military affairs, and became lieutenant-colonel in the wars against the
+Indians. He was one of the largest planters in the colony, and became
+one of the most influential men. In time he became a magistrate and a
+member of the House of Burgesses. The name of the parish in which he
+lived--Washington--was derived from him.
+
+Augustine Washington, father of George, lived on Pope's Creek when the
+latter was born, about one-half mile from the Potomac. The house in
+which George was born was pulled down or burned before the Revolution.
+
+The site is now designated by a slab, bearing the inscription:
+
+                       HERE,
+    ON THE 11TH OF FEBRUARY (OLD STYLE), 1732,
+                 GEORGE WASHINGTON
+                     WAS BORN.
+
+The slab was placed there by George Washington Parke Custis--his
+grandson--sixty-seven years ago. Thirty-six years after he performed
+the grateful act, he published the following account of it in the
+_Alexandria Gazette_:
+
+"In June, 1815, I sailed on my own vessel, the 'Lady of the Lake,' a
+fine top-sail schooner of ninety tons, accompanied by two gentlemen,
+Messrs. Lewis and Grimes, bound to Pope's Creek, in the county of
+Westmoreland, carrying with us a slab of freestone, having the following
+inscription:
+
+                       HERE,
+    ON THE 11TH OF FEBRUARY, 1732, (OLD STYLE),
+                 GEORGE WASHINGTON
+                     WAS BORN.
+
+"Our pilot approached the Westmoreland shore cautiously (as our vessel
+drew nearly eight feet of water), and he was but indifferently
+acquainted with so unfrequented a navigation.
+
+"Desirous of making the ceremonial of depositing the stone as imposing
+as circumstances would permit, we enveloped it in the 'star-spangled
+banner' of our country, and it was borne to its resting place in the
+arms of the descendants of four revolutionary patriots and
+soldiers--SAMUEL LEWIS, son of George Lewis, a captain in Baylor's
+regiment of horse, and a nephew of Washington; WILLIAM GRIMES, the son
+of Benjamin Grimes, a gallant and distinguished officer of the
+Life-guard; the CAPTAIN of the vessel, the son of a brave soldier
+wounded in the battle of Guilford; and GEORGE W. P. CUSTIS, the son of
+John Parke Custis, aid-de-camp to the commander-in-chief before
+Cambridge and Yorktown.
+
+"We gathered together the bricks of an ancient chimney that once formed
+the hearth around which Washington in his infancy had played, and
+constructed a rude kind of a pedestal, on which we reverently placed the
+FIRST STONE, commending it to the attention and respect of the American
+people in general, and to the citizens of Westmoreland in particular.
+
+"Bidding adieu to those who had received us so kindly, we re-embarked
+and hoisted our colors, and being provided with a piece of canon and
+suitable ammunition, we fired a salute, awakening the echoes that had
+slept for ages around the hallowed spot; and while the smoke of our
+martial tribute to the birth-place of the _Pater Patriae_ still lingered
+on the bosom of the Potomac, we spread our sails to a favoring breeze,
+and sped joyously to our homes."
+
+Mr. Paulding, in his life of Washington, describes the place as follows:
+
+"A few scanty relics alone remain to mark the spot, which will ever be
+sacred in the eyes of posterity. A clump of old decayed fig trees,
+probably coeval with the mansion, yet exists; and a number of vines and
+shrubs and flowers still reproduce themselves every year, as if to mark
+its site, and flourish among the hallowed ruins. The spot is of the
+deepest interest, not only from its associations, but its natural
+beauties. It commands a view of the Maryland shore of the Potomac, one
+of the most majestic of rivers and of its course for many miles towards
+the Chesapeake Bay. An aged gentlemen, still living in the neighborhood,
+remembers the house in which Washington was born. It was a low-pitched,
+single-storied frame building, with four rooms on the first floor, and
+an enormous chimney at each end on the outside. This was the style of
+the better sort of houses in those days, and they are still occasionally
+seen in the old settlements of Virginia."
+
+Irving says that "the roof was steep, and sloped down into low,
+projecting eaves;" so that an artist's eye can readily see the house as
+it was.
+
+Let the reader bear in mind that John Washington was the founder of the
+Washington family in America, and George Washington was his
+great-grandson.
+
+George was baptized on the 5th of April following, when he was about six
+weeks old. Mrs. Mildred Gregory acted as godmother, and Mr. Beverly
+Whiting and Captain Christopher Brooks, godfathers.
+
+When George was four or five years old, his father resolved to move to a
+plantation on the banks of the Rappahannock River, opposite
+Fredericksburg.
+
+"There are many advantages in that locality," he remarked to his wife;
+"besides, the land is better."
+
+"There can't be much fault found with the land anywhere in this part of
+the country," responded Mrs. Washington. "It needs little but using."
+
+"Very true; but somehow I have taken a great liking to the banks of the
+Rappahannock," continued Mr. Washington. "The children will like the
+change, I know."
+
+"That may be; children like change; a novelty just suits them," answered
+Mrs. Washington. "I have never known them to express dissatisfaction
+with this place. They are about as happy as children can well be."
+
+"There can be no doubt of that, judging from daily observation,"
+responded her husband, somewhat facetiously. "If a change does not add
+to the sum total of their happiness, I trust that it will not subtract
+much from it."
+
+"Understand me," continued Mrs. Washington, "I am not setting myself up
+in opposition to your plan of removing. It may prove the very best thing
+for us all. We sha'n't know till we try."
+
+"Well, I think I shall try it," added Mr. Washington.
+
+And he did try it. He removed to the aforesaid locality in the year
+1737. The estate was already his own.
+
+The reader must know from what has been said already, that estates of
+two, three and five thousand acres, in Virginia, at that time, were
+common. Many wealthy English families, fond of rural life, and coveting
+ample grounds for hunting and roaming, had settled in the "Old
+Dominion," where land was cheap as well as fertile. The Washington
+family was one of them. From the day that John Washington and his
+brother settled in Virginia, they and their numerous descendants were
+large landholders. When George was forty-one years of age, just before
+the stirring scenes of the Revolution, we find him writing to a Mr.
+Calvert of George Washington Parke Custis:
+
+"Mr. Custis' estate consists of about _fifteen thousand acres_ of land,
+a good part of it adjoining the city of Williamsburg, and none of it
+forty miles from that place; several lots in the said city; between two
+and three hundred negroes, and about eight or ten thousand pounds upon
+bond, and in the hands of his merchants. This estate he now holds
+independent of his mother's dower, which will be an addition to it at
+her death."
+
+Wealthy families at that time lived in expensive style. They kept their
+"turn-outs and liveried servants," as we call them now, and made an
+imposing appearance on public occasions. The proprietors were "gentlemen
+farmers," whose mansions were conducted on a grand scale of hospitality.
+Everybody was welcome, even Indians.
+
+When George's father removed to the banks of the Rappahannock, one vast,
+unbroken forest, on either side, met his view. The woodman's axe had
+opened only here and there a patch of the woods to the light of the sun.
+These forests abounded with game, and had long been the hunting ground
+of the red men. The river swarmed with water-fowl of various names and
+plumage, and often the Indian's birch canoe darted over its waters like
+a spirit.
+
+The Colony supported a military organization at that time. The Indians
+were friendly to the English colonists, but they might not continue to
+be. England and France were friendly to each other, also, yet both had
+an eye upon the same possessions in the new world. There was no telling
+how soon a resort to arms might be inevitable. The militia must be
+maintained against the time of need.
+
+George was almost too young to appreciate the danger when his ears first
+listened to tales of Indian depredations.
+
+"Several families murdered in cold blood by roving savages," was the
+news Mr. Washington brought home one day.
+
+"Where? Where?" Mrs. Washington inquired, with evident anxiety.
+
+"A long way from here," her husband replied, "but it shows the murderous
+spirit of Indians all the same."
+
+"A treacherous race!" remarked Mrs. Washington.
+
+"Yes; treacherous indeed!" her husband replied, "There is no telling
+what is in store for us, in my opinion."
+
+"There is no more reason for their murdering white men and woman so far
+away than there is for their doing it near by us," suggested Mrs.
+Washington.
+
+"None whatever. Revenge, or desire for plunder, prompted the deed, no
+doubt; and revenge or hope of plunder is just as likely to move them
+here as there to killing and burning," Mr. Washington said.
+
+Occasional startling news of this kind, discussed in the family, was
+listened to by George, whose precocity took in the situation well for
+one so young. Early in life he had a good understanding of Indian
+character, and of the trouble that might come to the colonists through
+these savage denizens of the forest. There is good evidence that
+apprehensions of Indian hostilities filled him with anxiety long before
+they actually commenced.
+
+At that time, also, negro slavery existed among the colonists. The large
+estates were worked by slave labor. The Washington family held slaves.
+Some planters owned several hundred. As there was no question raised
+about the right or wrong of the slave system, it is probable that
+George's mind was not exercised upon the subject. He grew up in the
+midst of the institution without calling in question its rectitude. We
+mention the fact here, because it was one of the early influences of his
+ancestry and birth-place which must have been offset by home
+instructions and the rapid unfolding of a singularly manly character.
+
+
+
+
+II.
+
+BOYHOOD.
+
+
+It is fortunate that the materials of Washington's early life were
+preserved by one who was rector of the Mount Vernon parish while members
+of the family and other friends survived. Rev. M. L. Weems ministered
+there seventy-five years ago, and he gathered information from a woman
+who was neighbor to the Washingtons in her childhood, and from John
+Fitzhugh, who was often with George in his early home. In addition,
+descendants of the family, who had fondly preserved valuable incidents
+of their illustrious ancestor's boyhood and manhood, furnished them for
+his biography by their pastor. We are indebted to Mr. Weems for most of
+the facts relating to Washington's boyhood.
+
+In the autumn of 1737, Mr. Washington went to the door of a neighbor and
+relative, leading George by the hand. The woman who related the incident
+to Mr. Weems was a little girl at that time, and was visiting the
+family.
+
+"Will you take a walk with us?" inquired George's father, addressing
+himself to the girl just mentioned, and her cousin, whose name was
+Washington.
+
+"We are going to take a walk in the orchard," continued Mr. Washington.
+"It is a fine sight now."
+
+Both of the parties addressed promptly accepted the invitation,
+delighted to take a stroll among the trees that were bending under their
+burden of fruit.
+
+A walk of a half-mile brought them to the orchard, where an unusual
+spectacle awaited them.
+
+"Oh, see the apples!" exclaimed George. "Such a lot of them!" And he
+clapped his hands and fairly danced in his excitement.
+
+"I never saw such a sight," said the girl who accompanied them.
+
+"It is a spectacle, indeed!" responded Mr. Washington. "It is not often
+we see so much fruit in one field as we see here."
+
+It was not so much the enormous crop of apples upon the trees, as it was
+the great quantity on the ground beneath them that attracted George. The
+winds had relieved the trees of a portion of their burden, and the
+ground was literally covered with the luscious fruit. George had never
+beheld such a display of apples, and his young heart bounded with
+delight over the scene.
+
+They roamed through the orchard for a time, chatting and enjoying the
+occasion thoroughly, when Mr. Washington rather disturbed the flow of
+animal spirits by saying,--
+
+"Now, George, look here, my son! Don't you remember when this good
+cousin of yours (referring to the lad who was with them) brought you
+that fine large apple last spring, how hardly I could prevail on you to
+divide it with your brothers and sisters, though I promised you that if
+you would but do it God would give you plenty of apples this fall."
+
+George made no reply but hung his head in shame. He had not forgotten
+his selfishness on that occasion, and he was greatly mortified.
+
+His father continued,--
+
+"Now, look up, my son; look up, George! See how richly the blessed God
+has made good my promise to you. Wherever you turn your eyes, you see
+the trees loaded with fine fruit; many of them, indeed, breaking down;
+while the ground is covered with mellow apples, more than you could eat,
+my son, in all your life-time."
+
+George made no reply. His young companions stood in silence, gazing at
+him, as if wondering what all this counsel meant. Mr. Washington waited
+for his son to speak; and just as he was concluding that George had
+nothing to say for himself, the latter turned manfully to his father,
+and said:
+
+"_Well, pa, only forgive me this time, and see if I am ever stingy any
+more._"
+
+Mr. Washington had a purpose in going to the orchard, and it was well
+accomplished. His son got one nobler idea into his head, and one nobler
+resolve into his heart. Henceforth the noble boy would treat selfishness
+as a foe instead of a friend.
+
+Mr. Washington resorted to the following device to impress his son with
+a proper conception of God as the Creator of all things. In the spring
+he carefully prepared a bed in the garden, beside the walk, where George
+would frequently go for pleasure. When the bed was prepared, he wrote
+George's name in full in the pulverized earth, and sowed the same with
+cabbage seed. In due time, of course, the seed appeared in green,
+thrifty shoots, forming the letters as clearly as they stand in the
+alphabet. George discovered them one day. He was then seven or eight
+years old. He stood for a moment in silent wonder.
+
+"Those are letters sure enough," he thought.
+
+Then he read them aloud, "G-E-O-R-G-E W-A-S-H-I-N-G-T-O-N."
+
+With wondering eyes he rushed to the house, and excitedly broke the
+news.
+
+"Oh, pa, come here! come here!"
+
+"What's the matter, my son? what's the matter?" responded his father.
+
+"Oh, come here, I tell you, pa; come here!" and the boy could scarcely
+contain himself, so great was his excitement.
+
+"But what is it, my son? Can't you tell me what has happened?"
+
+"Come here, and I'll show you the greatest sight you ever saw in your
+life!"
+
+By this time he was pulling his father along towards the garden, the
+latter understanding full well what had happened. Very soon they reached
+the bed, where the bright, thrifty cabbage plants had spelled the name
+of GEORGE WASHINGTON in full.
+
+"There, pa!" exclaimed George, pointing to his name in cabbage plants,
+and exhibiting the greatest astonishment by his appearance. "Did you
+ever see such a sight in all your life-time?"
+
+"Well, George, it does seem like a curious affair sure enough," his
+father answered. "But who should make it there, pa? Who made it there?"
+
+"Why, it _grew_ there, of course, my son."
+
+"No, pa! No, no! somebody put it there."
+
+"Then you think it did not grow there by _chance_?"
+
+"No, indeed, it never did. That couldn't be."
+
+"How is that, my son? Don't it look very much like _chance_?"
+
+"Why, no, pa; did you ever know anybody's name in a plant bed before?"
+
+"Well, George, might not such a thing happen though I never saw it
+before?"
+
+"Yes, pa; but I never saw plants grow up so as to make a single letter
+of my name before. How could they grow up so as to make _all_ the
+letters of my name! And all standing one after another so as to spell my
+name exactly--and all so nice and even, too, at top and bottom! Somebody
+did it. _You_ did it, pa, to scare me, because I am your little boy."
+
+"Well, George, you have guessed right," answered Mr. Washington. "I did
+do it, but not to scare you, my son, but to teach you a great truth
+which I wish you to understand. I want to introduce you to your _true_
+Father."
+
+"Ain't you my _true_ father, pa?"
+
+"Yes, I am your father, George, as the world calls it, and love you with
+a father's love. Yet, with all my love for you, I am but a poor father
+in comparison with your _true_ Father."
+
+"I know well enough whom you mean," continued George. "You mean God,
+don't you?"
+
+"Yes, I mean Him, indeed, my son. _He_ is your _true_ Father," was Mr.
+Washington's hearty answer.
+
+George went on with his inquiries, and his father, answered, adding at
+last:
+
+"Well, then, as you could not believe that _chance_ had made and put
+together so exactly the letters of your name (though only sixteen), then
+how can you believe that _chance_ could have made and put together all
+those millions and millions of things that are now so exactly fitted for
+your good! Eyes to see with; ears to hear with; nose to smell with; a
+mouth to eat with; teeth to bite with; hands to handle with; feet to
+walk with; a mind to think with; a heart to love with; a home to live
+in; parents to care for you, and brothers and sisters to love you! Why,
+look at this beautiful world in which you live, with its golden, light
+to cheer you by day, and its still night to wrap you in sleep when you
+are too tired to play; its fruits, and flowers and fields of grass and
+grain; its horses to draw you and cows to give you milk; its sheep to
+furnish wool to cloth you, and meat for your food; its sun, moon and
+stars to comfort you; bubbling springs to quench your thirst; wood to
+burn that you may be warm in winter; and _ten thousand other good
+things_--so many that my son could never number them all, or even think
+of them! Could _chance_ bring about all these things so exactly as to
+suit your _wants_ and _wishes_?"
+
+"No, pa, chance could not do it," answered George, really taking in this
+new view of the world around him.
+
+"What was it, then, do you think, my son?" continued his father.
+
+"God did it," George replied.
+
+"Yes, George, it is all the work of God, and nobody else," responded his
+father. "He gives us all."
+
+"Does God give me everything? Don't you give me _some things_?" George
+inquired.
+
+"I give you something!" exclaimed his father. "How can I give you
+anything, George? I who have nothing on earth I can call my own; no, not
+even the breath I draw!"
+
+"Ain't the house yours, and the garden, and the horses and oxen and
+sheep?" still inquired George, failing to comprehend the great truth of
+God's ownership.
+
+"Oh, no, my son, no! Why, you make me shrink into nothing, George, when
+you talk of all these things belonging to _me_, who can't even make a
+_grain of sand_! How could I give life to the oxen and horses, when I
+can't give life even to a fly, my son?"
+
+George was introduced into a new world by this lesson, as his father
+intended that he should be. His precocious mind grasped, finally, the
+great idea of his "_true_ Father," and the lesson never had to be
+repeated.
+
+We have rehearsed this incident somewhat in detail as given by Mr.
+Weems, because its influence will be found interwoven with George's
+future private and public life.
+
+Another story told by Mr. Weems is the famous _hatchet_ story, which has
+been rehearsed to so many children, since that day, to rebuke falsehood
+and promote truth-telling.
+
+His father made him a present of a hatchet with which George was
+especially delighted. Of course he proceeded forthwith to try it, first
+hacking his mother's pea-sticks, and, finally, trying its edge upon the
+body of a beautiful "English cherry-tree." Without understanding that he
+was destroying the tree, he chopped away upon it to his heart's content,
+leaving the bark, if not the solid wood underneath, in a very
+dilapidated condition. The next morning his father discovered the
+trespass, and, rushing into the house, under much excitement, he
+exclaimed:
+
+"My beautiful cherry-tree is utterly ruined. Who could hack it in that
+manner?"
+
+Nobody knew.
+
+"I would not have taken five guineas for it," he added, with a
+long-drawn sigh. The words had scarcely escaped from his lips before
+George appeared with his hatchet.
+
+"George," said his father, "do you know who killed that cherry-tree in
+the garden?"
+
+George had not stopped to think, until that moment, that he had used his
+hatchet improperly. His father's question was a revelation to him; and
+he hung his head in a guilty manner for a moment.
+
+"George, did you do it?" urged his father.
+
+Raising his head, and looking his father fully in the face, he replied:
+
+"I can't tell a lie, pa; you know I can't tell a lie, I did cut it with
+my hatchet."
+
+Mr. Washington was well-nigh overcome by this frank and honest reply.
+For a moment he stood spell bound; then recovering himself, he
+exclaimed:
+
+"Come to my arms, my boy! You have paid for the cherry-tree a thousand
+times over. Such an act of heroism is worth more to me than a thousand
+trees!"
+
+Mr. Weems regards this honest confession the out-growth of previous
+instructions upon the sin of lying and the beauty of truthfulness. He
+represents Mr. Washington as saying to his son:
+
+"Truth, George, is the loveliest quality of youth. I would ride fifty
+miles, my son, to see the little boy whose heart is so honest, and his
+lips so pure, that we may depend on every word he says."
+
+"But, oh, how different, George, is the case with the boy who is so given
+to lying that nobody can believe a word he says. He is looked at with
+aversion wherever he goes, and parents dread to see him come among their
+children. O George, rather than see you come to this pass, dear as you
+are to me, I would follow you to your grave."
+
+Here George protested against being charged with lying. "Do I ever tell
+lies?" he asked.
+
+"No, George, I thank God you do not; and I rejoice in the hope that you
+never will. At least, you shall never, from me, have cause to be guilty
+of so shameful a thing. You know I have always told you, and now tell
+you again, that, whenever by accident you do anything wrong, which must
+often be the case, as you are but a little boy, without _experience_ or
+_knowledge_, never tell a falsehood to conceal it; but come bravely up,
+and tell me of it; and your confession will merit love instead of
+punishment."
+
+As we proceed with this narrative, after having enjoyed this glimpse of
+George's earliest years, the charming lines of Burleigh will find a
+fitting application.
+
+    "By honest work and inward truth
+       The victories of our life are won,
+     And what is wisely done in youth
+       For all the years is wisely done;
+     The little deeds of every day
+     Shape that within which lives for aye.
+
+    "No thought so buried in the dark
+       It shall not bear its bloom in light;
+     No act too small to leave its mark
+       Upon the young hearts tablet white;
+     Our grand achievements, secret springs,
+     Are tempered among trivial things.
+
+    "No soul at last is truly great
+       That was not greatly true at first;
+     In childhood's play are seeds of fate
+       Whose flower in manhood's work shall burst.
+     In the clinched fist of baby Thor
+     Might seem his hammer clutched for war.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    "The firmest tower to heaven up-piled
+       Hides deepest its foundation-stone;
+     Do well the duty of the child,
+       And manhood's task is well begun;
+     In thunders of the forum yet
+     Resounds the mastered alphabet."
+
+George was about eight years old when a great excitement arose among the
+colonists in Virginia, and the fife and drum were heard, to announce
+that England, the mother country, needed soldiers.
+
+"A regiment of four battalions is called for, by the king, for a
+campaign in the West Indies," announced Mr. Washington to his son
+Lawrence, a young man twenty-two years of age.
+
+"A good opportunity for me," answered Lawrence, who possessed much of
+the military spirit of his ancestors. "Perhaps I can get a commission."
+
+"Perhaps so," responded his father; "your education ought to place you
+above the common soldier."
+
+Lawrence had just returned from England, where he had spent seven years
+in study, enjoying the best literary advantages the country could
+afford.
+
+"Well, I can enlist and then see what can be done," continued Lawrence.
+"The regiment will be raised at once, and I can soon find out whether
+there is an appointment for me."
+
+Soon recruiting parties were parading at the sound of fife and drum, and
+the military spirit was aroused in the hearts of both young and old. The
+enthusiasm spread and grew like a fire in the wilderness. The colonists
+were truly loyal to the king, and their patriotism led them, heartily
+and promptly, into the defence of the English cause in the West Indies
+against the Spaniards.
+
+Recruiting advanced rapidly, and the regiment was soon raised. Lawrence
+obtained a captain's commission, and appeared wearing the insignia
+of his office. Music, drilling, parading, now became the order of the
+day, and it was a new and exciting scene to George. Soldiers in uniform,
+armed and equipped for war, marching at the sound of music, captivated
+his soul. It awakened all the ancestral spirit of chivalry that was in
+his heart. The sight of his big brother at the head of his company,
+drilling his men in military tactics, filled him with wonder. Gladly
+would he have donned a soldier's suit and sailed with the regiment to
+the West Indies, so wrought upon was his young heart.
+
+In due time the regiment embarked for the West Indies, and George was
+obliged to part with his noble brother, to whom he had become strongly
+attached since his return from England. The departure of so many
+colonists, and the cessation of military display, left George in a
+serious frame of mind. For the first time in his life he experienced the
+sensation of loneliness.
+
+However, he had caught the military spirit, and he found relief in
+playing soldier with his companions. There is no doubt that George
+inherited somewhat the love and tact for military life for which his
+English ancestors were renowned; and now that born element of his
+character was called into active exercise. The recruiting campaign
+converted him into an amateur soldier.
+
+From that time George found more real pleasure in mimic parades and
+battles than he found in any other sport. A stick, corn-stalk or
+broom-handle, answered for gun or sword, and the meadow in front of his
+father's house became his muster-field. Here Lewis Willis, John
+Fitzhugh, William Bustle, Langhorn Dade, and other companions, marched
+and counter-marched, under the generalship of their young commander,
+George. Soldiering became the popular pastime of the region, in which
+the boys played the part of the Englishmen and Spaniards better than
+boys can do it now.
+
+Lawrence served two years under Admiral Vernon in the West Indies
+campaign, and returned to Virginia in the autumn of 1742. He proved
+himself a hero in war. Irving says: "He was present at the siege of
+Carthagena, when it was bombarded by the fleet, and when the troops
+attempted to escalade the citadel. It was an ineffectual attack; the
+ships could not get near enough to throw their shells into the town, and
+the scaling ladders proved too short. That part of the attack, however,
+with which Lawrence was concerned, distinguished itself by its bravery.
+The troops sustained, unflinching, a destructive fire for several hours,
+and at length retired with honor, their small force having sustained a
+loss of about six hundred in killed and wounded."
+
+Lawrence intended to return to England after a brief stay at home.
+
+"My record will insure me a promotion in the army," he said to his
+father, who was averse at first to his return.
+
+"Very true; but army life is objectionable in many ways," his father
+replied. "The honors hardly pay."
+
+"But my experience for two years has fitted me for that service more
+than for any other, and that is to be thought of," suggested Lawrence.
+
+"Yes; but other avenues to business are always open to young men of
+spirit," remarked his father. "Nor is it necessary for them to leave the
+country in order to accomplish a noble purpose."
+
+However, Mr. Washington withdrew his objections to his son's return to
+the army; though, subsequently, he was pleased that he abandoned the
+project under the following circumstances.
+
+There lived an educated English gentleman in Fairfax County by the name
+of William Fairfax. He had charge of a very large estate belonging to
+his cousin, Lord Fairfax, of England. This William Fairfax had a
+daughter, Anne, as well educated and accomplished as Lawrence. Mutual
+respect between Lawrence and Anne ripened into mutual love, and they
+became engaged. This unexpected episode in the lives of the promising
+couple changed the plans of Lawrence; and he voluntarily abandoned the
+idea of returning to the army.
+
+The martial spirit of George did not abate when Lawrence came home from
+the war; it rather increased than otherwise. For his ears were regaled
+with many stories of army life, in which bravery, peril, bloodshed, and
+hairbreadth escapes were strangely mixed. There was a singular
+fascination in these tales of war to George; and he never tired of
+listening to them. The more he heard, the more he enjoyed playing
+soldier. He was constantly learning military tactics, too, from the lips
+of his brother. Being a bright, intelligent boy, he readily comprehended
+and appropriated information upon a subject that was so congenial to his
+heart. Lawrence was impressed by the precocity of his little brother, as
+well as his tact at soldiering, so that he was all the more gratified to
+nurture his martial spirit by rehearsing his experience in war. Lawrence
+was twenty-four years of age, and George but ten, so that the latter
+looked up to the former somewhat as a son looks up to a father, drinking
+in his words as words of wisdom, and accepting his experience as that of
+an officer of rank. Lawrence became his military teacher, really; and
+the opportunity to George proved a sort of West Point.
+
+Lawrence, and others, too, were very much charmed by George's manly
+bearing, even before he was ten years old. John Fitzhugh said of him,
+"He was born a man."
+
+He was very handsome, large of his age, tall and straight, graceful and
+dignified in his movements. These qualities were so conspicuous as to
+attract the attention of strangers.
+
+He was very athletic, too, and loved more active sports than playing
+marbles. He excelled in running, wrestling, leaping, and throwing the
+bar, sports that were popular at that time. In these things he took the
+lead.
+
+John Fitzhugh said of him, as a runner: "He ran wonderfully. We had
+nobody hereabouts that could come near him. There was a young Langhorn
+Dade, of Westmoreland, a clean-made, light young fellow, a mighty swift
+runner, too--but then he was no match for George: Langy, indeed, did not
+like to give it up, and would brag that he had sometimes brought George
+to a tie. But I believe he was mistaken; for I have seen them run
+together many a time, and George always beat him easy enough."
+
+He would throw a stone further then any other boy. Col. Lewis Willis,
+who was one of his boon companions, said that he "had often seen George
+throw a stone across the Rappahannock, at the lower ferry of
+Fredericksburg." No other boy could do it.
+
+His great physical strength was early displayed in lifting and carrying
+burdens.
+
+The sequel will show how well his marked physical development served him
+in public life. A boy of less muscular power could not have made a
+general of such endurance under privations and hardships.
+
+Much more relating to the boyhood of George Washington will appear in
+subsequent chapters. Enough has been said in this chapter to accomplish
+our purpose.
+
+
+
+
+III.
+
+SCHOOL-DAYS.
+
+
+"We must come to some conclusion before long about Lawrence's
+education," remarked Mr. Washington to his wife. "It is certain that not
+much more can be done for him here."
+
+"He deserves and must have something better than the schools of this
+colony can give him," answered Mrs. Washington. "Besides, it will do the
+boy good to go from home, and mix in such cultivated society as he will
+have in England."
+
+They had often discussed the matter of sending Lawrence to England to be
+educated. The wealthier classes of Virginia were accustomed to send
+their sons to the mother country for a higher education than was
+possible at home. Indeed, it was sending them "home" in one sense, for
+England was their "home." They were only colonists here, where the
+schools were poor indeed. Neither their good-will nor their money alone
+could make good schools. They lacked suitable teachers and other
+facilities, which neither money nor good intentions could furnish.
+
+"He should go, if he goes at all, as soon as possible," continued Mr.
+Washington. "There is no time to lose when a boy gets to be fifteen
+years old. Eight years at school there will make him twenty-three when
+he gets through; and by that time he should be prepared to enter upon
+some pursuit for life."
+
+"Eight years is a longer time than it is absolutely necessary for him to
+spend," suggested Mrs. Washington. "Five or six years may be sufficient
+unless he decides to enter one of the learned professions."
+
+"He can't be too well educated, whether he enters a learned profession
+or not," responded Mr. Washington. "Too much education is quite as
+impossible as too much honesty; and I do not expect he will ever have
+too much of the latter."
+
+"I shall not deny that," replied Mrs. Washington. "I shall rejoice as
+much as you in the best opportunities he can have. I was only suggesting
+what might be if absolutely necessary to save time or expense."
+
+Their conclusion was (as stated in the second chapter), to send Lawrence
+to England as soon as his wardrobe could be made ready, in which
+determination the lad rejoiced more than his parents ever knew. His
+ambition for an English education was strong; and, boy-like, he coveted
+a residence in England for a while.
+
+Within a few weeks he sailed for the mother country, leaving a sensible
+void in the family. George did not interest himself particularly in the
+affair, although he might have added an occasional "coo"; for he was
+only one year old when his big brother left for England. His
+inexperience was sufficient excuse for his indifference to so important
+an affair.
+
+George went to school when he was five years of age. A man by the name
+of Hobby lived in one of his father's tenements, and he served the
+public in the double capacity of parish sexton and school-master. It is
+claimed that he was a wounded soldier with a wooden leg, a kind,
+Christian gentleman, whose very limited education may have qualified him
+to dig graves and open the house of worship, but not to teach the young.
+However, he did teach school quite a number of years, and some of his
+pupils called him "Old Wooden Leg"--a fact that confirms the story of
+his having but one leg. He could "read, write and cipher" possibly, for
+that day, but beyond that he made no pretensions. Yet, that was the best
+school George could have at that time.
+
+"We hope he will have a better one sometime," his father remarked. "I
+may not be able to send him to England, but I hope we shall see better
+schools here before many years have passed."
+
+"Mr. Hobby can teach him A, B, C, as well as any body, I suppose,"
+answered Mrs. Washington; and he can make a beginning in reading and
+writing with him, perhaps.
+
+"Yes, and he may give him a start in arithmetic," added Mr. Washington.
+"Hobby knows something of addition, subtraction, multiplication and
+division. But a bright boy will run him dry in two or three years."
+
+"Mr. Hobby will do the best he knows how for George or any other boy,"
+continued Mrs. Washington. "He is a good man, and looks after the morals
+of his scholars; and that is a good deal in educating children."
+
+"Of course it is; it is everything," replied Mr. Washington. "In that
+respect, Hobby has the confidence of all who know him. He does the very
+best he can, and the most cultivated people can do no better than that."
+
+George was soon on the very best terms with his teacher. The attraction
+was mutual. Hobby saw a bright, studious, obedient boy in George, and
+George saw a kind, loving and faithful teacher in Hobby. In these
+circumstances commendable progress was immediate in George's career.
+
+One of his biographers says of him in Hobby's school:
+
+"The rapid progress George made in his studies was owing, not so much to
+his uncommon aptitude at learning, as to the diligence and industry with
+which he applied himself to them. When other boys were staring out of
+the window, watching the birds and squirrels sporting among the
+tree-tops; or sitting idly with their hands in their pockets, opening
+and shutting their jack-knives, or counting their marbles, or munching
+apples or corn-dodgers behind their books, or, naughtier still, shooting
+paper bullets at Hobby's wooden leg; our George was studying with all
+his might, closing his ears to the buzz of the school-room; nor would he
+once raise his eyes from his book till every word of his lesson was
+ready to drop from his tongue's end of its own accord. So well did he
+apply himself, and so attentive was he to everything taught him, that,
+by the time he was ten years old, he had learned all that the good old
+grave-digger knew himself; and it was this worthy man's boast, in after
+years, that he had laid the foundation of Washington's future greatness.
+But what Hobby could not teach him at school, George learned at home
+from his father and mother, who were well educated for those days; and
+many a long winter evening did these good parents spend in telling
+their children interesting and instructive stories of olden times, of
+far-off countries and strange people, which George would write down in
+his copy book in his neatest, roundest hand, and remember ever
+afterwards."
+
+What this biographer claims was not all the instruction which George
+received at home. His instruction at Hobby's school was supplemented by
+lessons in reading, penmanship and arithmetic by his father, who was
+much better qualified than Hobby to teach the young. Mr. Washington was
+a wise man, and he saw that George's school would prove far more
+beneficial to him when enforced by such lessons as he himself could
+impart at home. Thus Hobby's school really became a force in the
+education of George, because it was ably supported by the home school.
+Otherwise that first school which George attended might have proved of
+little value to him.
+
+George became Mr. Hobby's most important pupil, because he was an
+example of obedience, application, method and thoroughness.
+
+"George always does his work well," Mr. Hobby would say, exhibiting his
+writing-book to the school. "Not one blot, no finger-marks, everything
+neat and clean."
+
+In contrast with some of the dirty, blotted pages in other
+writing-books, that of George was a marvel of neatness and excellence.
+
+"It is just as easy to do the best you can as it is to do poorly," Mr.
+Hobby continued, by way of rebuke and encouragement to dull and careless
+scholars. "George does not have to work any harder to be thorough than
+some of you do to be scarcely passible. He is a little more careful,
+that is all."
+
+His writing-book, held up to the view of the school with the one most
+badly defaced, honored George's thoroughness, and sharply reproved the
+other boy's carelessness. Mr. Hobby sought to arouse dull scholars by
+encouragement full as much as he did by punishment. Hence, George's
+neat, attractive writing-book, contrasted with one of the opposite
+qualities, became a stimulus to endeavor. All could keep their fingers
+clean if they would, even if they had to go to the banks of the
+Rappahannock to wash them; and no pupil was fated to blot his book, as
+Mr. Hobby very plainly showed; so that George's example was a constant
+benediction to the school.
+
+"The scholar who does as well as he can in one thing will do as well as
+he can in another," said Mr. Hobby. "George has the best writing-book in
+school, and he is the best reader and speller. It is because his rule is
+to do the best he can."
+
+It was not expected that George would fail in spelling. He did fail
+occasionally on a word, it is true, but so seldom that his schoolmates
+anticipated no failure on his part. In spelling-matches, the side on
+which he was chosen was expected to win. If all others failed on a word,
+George was supposed to be equal to the occasion.
+
+"Well, George, we shall be obliged to depend on you to help us out of
+this difficulty," Mr. Hobby had frequent occasion to say, when all eyes
+would turn to George for the solution.
+
+"There is a thousand times more enjoyment in doing things well than
+there is in doing them poorly," Mr. Hobby said. "The happiest boy in
+this school is the boy who is thorough in his studies."
+
+The pupils understood the remark perfectly. It was not necessary that
+their teacher should say whether he meant a particular boy or not. They
+made their own application. The boy who does his work well is not hid in
+a corner. It is impossible to hide him.
+
+Yet, George was at home on the play-ground. He loved the games and
+sports of his school-days. No boy enjoyed a trial at wrestling, running
+or leaping, better than he did. He played just as he studied--with all
+his might. He aspired to be the best wrestler, runner and leaper in
+school. William Bustle was his principal competitor. Many and many a
+time they were pitted against each other in a race or wrestle.
+
+"George is too much for him," was the verdict of Lewis Willis and
+Langhorn Dade and others.
+
+"In a race George will always win," remarked John Fitzhugh. "He runs
+like a deer."
+
+"And he wrestles like a man," said Lewis Willis. "No boy is so strong in
+his arms as he is. I am nowhere when he once gets his long arms around
+me. It's like getting into a vice."
+
+"William is about a match for him, though," suggested Lewis Willis,
+referring to William Bustle. "George has the advantage of him in being
+taller and heavier."
+
+"And quicker," suggested Willis. "He is spry as a cat."
+
+"Old Wooden Leg was about right when he said that the boy who would
+write and spell well would do everything else well," remarked Langhorn
+Dade. "It is true of George, sure."
+
+So George was master of the situation on the play-ground. By common
+consent the supremacy was conceded to him. He was first in frolic, as,
+years thereafter, he was "first in war."
+
+When the excitement of recruiting for the campaign against the Spaniards
+in the West Indies prevailed, and George's military ardor was aroused,
+he proposed to convert the play-ground into a muster-field, and make
+soldiers of his schoolmates.
+
+"Let us have two armies, English and Spanish," he said. "I will command
+the English and William (William Bustle) the Spanish." And so they
+recruited for both armies. Drilling, parading, and fighting, imparted a
+warlike appearance to the school-grounds. All other sports were
+abandoned for this more exciting one, and Mr. Hobby's pupils suddenly
+became warriors.
+
+"The Spaniards must be conquered and driven out of English territory,"
+shouted George to his men.
+
+"The Spaniards can't be expelled from their stronghold," shouted back
+their defiant commander, William Bustle. "You advance at your peril."
+
+"You resist at your peril," replied George. "The only terms of peace are
+_surrender_, SURRENDER!"
+
+"Spaniards never surrender!" shouted General Bustle; and his men
+supplemented his defiant attitude with a yell. "We are here to fight,
+not to surrender!"
+
+"Forward! march," cried the English general in response to the
+challenge: and the hostile forces, with sticks and corn-stalks,
+waged mimic warfare with the tact and resolution of veterans. Charges,
+sieges and battles followed in quick succession, affording great sport
+for the boys, who were, unconsciously, training for real warfare in the
+future.
+
+William Bustle was the equal of George in ability and skill to handle
+his youthful army, but the latter possessed a magnetic power that really
+made him commander-in-chief of Hobby's school. He was regarded as the
+military organizer of these juvenile forces, and hence the meritorious
+author of their greatest fun.
+
+One of the stories that has come down to us from George's school-days is
+honorable to him as a truth-telling boy. A difficulty arose among
+several boys in school, and it grew into a quarrel. Three or four of
+George's companions were engaged in the melee, and some hard blows were
+given back and forth. Other boys were much wrought upon by the trouble,
+and allowed their sympathies to draw them to the side of one party or
+the other. Thus the school was divided in opinion upon the question,
+each party blaming the other with more or less demonstration.
+
+"What is this that I hear about a quarrel among you, boys?" inquired
+Master Hobby, on learning of the trouble. "Dogs delight to bark and
+bite."
+
+The boys made no answer, but looked at each other significantly, some of
+them smiling, others frowning. Mr. Hobby continued:
+
+"Is it true that some of my boys have been fighting?"
+
+No one answered. Evidently Mr. Hobby knew more about the affair than any
+of them supposed.
+
+"Well, I am not surprised that you have nothing to say about it," added
+Mr. Hobby. "There is not much to be said in favor of fighting. But I
+must know the truth about it. How is it, William (addressing William
+Bustle), what do you know about it?"
+
+William glanced his eye over the school-room and hesitated, as if the
+question put him into a tight place. He had no desire to volunteer
+information.
+
+"Speak out," urged his teacher; "we must know the truth about it. I fear
+that this was not a _sham_ fight from all I can learn. Did _you_ fight?"
+
+"Yes, sir, I did my part," William finally answered with considerable
+self-possession.
+
+"Your part?" repeated Mr. Hobby, inquiringly. "Who assigned such a part
+to you?"
+
+"Nobody but myself. I don't like to stand and look on when boys are
+abused."
+
+"Don't? eh! I wish you would act on that principle when you see some
+_lessons_ in your class abused, and come to the rescue by learning them.
+That would be acting to some purpose." This was a sharp rejoinder by the
+teacher; and William, as well as the other boys, understood its
+application.
+
+"But that talk is neither one thing nor another, William," continued Mr.
+Hobby. "Waste no more time in this way, but let us have the truth at
+once. Be a man now, though you were not when engaged in a quarrel with
+your companions."
+
+William was now reassured by his master's tone, and he proceeded to give
+his version of the affair. His statement was simply a vindication of his
+side of the trouble, and Mr. Hobby so regarded it.
+
+"Now, Lewis (addressing Lewis Willis), we will hear what you have to
+say," continued Mr. Hobby. "You were engaged in this disgraceful affair,
+I believe."
+
+Lewis admitted that he was, but he hesitated about replying.
+
+"Well, let us have it, if you have anything to say for yourself. There
+is not much to be said for boys who fight."
+
+Lewis mustered courage enough to tell his story, which was as one-sided
+as that of William. He presented _his_ side of the difficulty as well as
+he could, whereupon Mr. Hobby remarked:
+
+"Both of you cannot be right. Now, I would like to know how many of you
+think that William is right. As many scholars as think that William's
+statement is correct may raise their hands."
+
+Several hands went up.
+
+"Those who think that Lewis is right may raise their hands."
+
+Several hands were raised. George did not vote.
+
+"Did no one attempt to prevent or reconcile this trouble?" inquired Mr.
+Hobby--a question that was suggested by the facts he had learned.
+
+"George did," answered one of the smaller boys.
+
+"Ah! George tried to keep the peace, did he? That was noble! But he did
+not succeed?" Mr. Hobby added, by way of inquiry.
+
+"No, sir," replied the lad. "They did not mind him."
+
+"Well, I think we will mind him now, and hear what he says," responded
+the teacher. "A boy who will plead for peace when others fight deserves
+to be heard; and I think we can depend upon his version of the affair.
+Now, George (turning to George Washington), shall we hear what you have
+to say about this unfortunate trouble?"
+
+George hesitated for a moment, as if he would gladly be excused from
+expressing his opinion, when Mr. Hobby encouraged him by the remark:
+
+"I think we all shall be glad to learn how the quarrel is regarded by a
+peace-maker."
+
+George hesitated no longer, but hastened to give an account of the
+affair. He did not agree with either of the boys who had spoken, but
+discovered blame upon both sides, which was a correct view of the case.
+
+"And you interposed and tried to reconcile the angry parties?" inquired
+Mr. Hobby.
+
+"I tried to," modestly answered George, as if conscious that his efforts
+were of little avail with the belligerents.
+
+"Your effort is just as commendable as it would have been if it had
+proved successful," responded Mr. Hobby in a complimentary manner.
+"And now, I want to know how many of my scholars, girls and boys, agree
+with George. You have heard his story. As many of you as agree with
+George may signify it by raising your hands."
+
+There was a prompt and large array of hands.
+
+"Those who do not agree with George may raise their hands." Only three
+or four hands went up.
+
+"I agree with George," added Mr. Hobby. "I think he has given us a
+reliable account of the trouble; and you all ought to be ashamed of
+yourselves that you did not heed his advice, and refuse to quarrel. I
+shall take time to consider my duty in the circumstances; meanwhile the
+fighting boys may reflect upon their disgrace."
+
+This incident presents two qualities of George's character, always
+prominent from his earliest school-days. He was known as a truth-teller.
+His word could be depended upon. He would not tell a falsehood to shield
+his most intimate companion. His word was so reliable that when he gave
+an account of the quarrel, not a few of the scholars accepted it simply
+because it was the statement of truth-telling George. Even several whose
+sympathies were strongly with William or Lewis finally voted for
+George's version. It was their confidence in his adherence to truth that
+settled their opinion.
+
+George was often called a "peace-maker." Mr. Hobby called him so. His
+associates and their parents called him so. There could be no hard words
+or quarrels among his schoolmates with his consent. Sometimes an angry
+boy would charge him with being a "coward" because he always pleaded for
+peace; but his accuser knew full well that George was no "coward." There
+was not a braver boy in that "field-school" than he. He proved his
+bravery by rebuking falsehood and fighting among his class-mates. A
+cowardly boy yields to the ruling spirit around him; but George never
+did, except when that spirit was in the interest of peace.
+
+Soon after the death of George's father, of which we shall speak
+particularly in another place, his connection with Mr. Hobby's school
+was severed.
+
+"How would you like to go to Mr. Williams' school at Bridge's Creek,
+George?" his mother inquired. "Mr. Williams is an excellent teacher, I
+suppose, the very best there is in Virginia."
+
+"I should like it," George answered. "Can I go?"
+
+"I have been thinking of it," his mother responded. "You can live with
+your brother Augustine; the school is not far from his house."
+
+"Shall I go soon?" asked George.
+
+"Yes, as soon as you can get ready. You are at an age now when you must
+attend to the higher branches of knowledge, if ever."
+
+"What shall I study?" inquired George.
+
+"Arithmetic, of course, and I have been thinking of book-keeping and
+surveying, very important studies for planters and everybody else in
+these parts."
+
+"Then you mean I shall be a planter?" George inquired.
+
+"Yes, there is not much but a planter that you can be in this State; and
+a good planter may be as useful and honored as a good merchant or
+lawyer."
+
+"I would as soon be a planter as anything else," continued George "and I
+will try to make a good one."
+
+"That is the main thing," responded his mother. "Planter, merchant or
+lawyer, become the best there is, and you will be both prospered and
+honored. You have learned about all you can at Mr. Hobby's school; it is
+time to go up higher."
+
+"That will suit me as well as it will you," replied George. "I do not
+object to going up higher."
+
+"Some boys act as if they do," rejoined Mrs. Washington; "but I hope you
+will never belong to that class. Do the best you can in every place, and
+you will never be ashamed of your conduct."
+
+Within a few weeks George found himself a member of Mr. Williams'
+school, and a resident of his brother Augustine's family. Arithmetic and
+book-keeping engaged his attention at once, and, after a few months,
+surveying was added to his regular studies.
+
+Mr. Williams was a thorough instructor, and believed that scholars
+should master one branch of study before they took up another. He paid
+much attention to reading, spelling and penmanship, encouraging his
+pupils to place a high value upon these common, but fundamental,
+studies.
+
+"You are a good mathematician, George, and surveying will come easy to
+you," remarked Mr. Williams. "Surveyors will be in great demand in this
+country before it is many years older."
+
+"I should like to understand it," replied George, "and I mean to
+understand it before I have done going to school."
+
+"And the sooner you commence the study of it the better it will be for
+you," added Mr. Williams. "You are old enough, and sufficiently advanced
+to pursue it successfully. By and by you can survey the fields about
+here, by way of practising the art; and you will enjoy it hugely. It
+will be better than play."
+
+"Better than playing soldier?" said George inquiringly, and in a tone of
+pleasantry. He had already organized the boys in Mr. William's school
+into two armies, and more than one mimic battle had been fought.
+
+"Yes, better than any sham thing," answered Mr. Williams. "It will be
+study and diversion together--work and play--improving mind and body at
+the same time."
+
+"I see, I see," responded George. "I can abandon soldiering for that."
+But he never did. There was too great fascination about military tactics
+to allow of that. He devoted himself to surveying with commendable
+application and rapid progress; but he continued, to some extent, the
+chief sport of his school-days--mimic war.
+
+George was not more than thirteen or fourteen years of age when he
+surveyed the land about the school-house. He was the first pupil in Mr.
+Williams' school who had performed such a practical piece of work, and
+his school-mates were deeply interested in his exploit. He ranked high
+as a scholar, and his manly bearing made him appear several years older
+than he was. He led Mr. Williams' school, as he did that of Mr. Hobby,
+in scholarship, behavior and physical prowess. He seemed born to lead,
+and his associates were content to have it so.
+
+One of his biographers speaks as follows of his first efforts at
+surveying:
+
+"When he had advanced so far in his study as to give him some idea of
+the proper use and handling of the chain and compass, the two principal
+instruments employed in this art, he began to put his knowledge into
+practice by taking surveys of the farms lying in the immediate
+neighborhood of his school-house.
+
+"Assisted by his school-mates, he would follow up and measure off, with
+the help of his long steel chain, the boundary lines between the farms,
+such as fences, roads, and water-courses; then those dividing the
+different parts of the same farm; determining at the same time, with the
+help of his compass, their various courses, their crooks and windings,
+and the angles formed at their points of meeting or intersection. This
+would enable him to get at the shape and size not only of each farm, but
+of every meadow, field and wood composing it. This done, he would make a
+map or drawing on paper of the land surveyed, whereon would be clearly
+traced the lines dividing the different parts with the name and number
+of acres of each attached, while on the opposite page he would write
+down the long and difficult tables of figures by which these results had
+been reached. All this he would execute with as much neatness and
+accuracy as if it had been left with him to decide thereby some gravely
+disputed land-claim."
+
+Irving says of him as a surveyor: "In this he schooled himself
+thoroughly; making surveys about the neighborhood, and keeping regular
+field-books, in which the boundaries and measurements of the fields
+surveyed were carefully entered, and diagrams made with a neatness and
+exactness, as if the whole related to important land transactions
+instead of being mere school exercises. Thus, in his earliest days,
+there was perseverance and completeness in all his undertakings. Nothing
+was left half done, or done in a hurried and slovenly manner. The habit
+of mind thus cultivated continued through life; so that however
+complicated his tasks and overwhelming his cares, in the arduous and
+hazardous situations in which he was often placed, he found time to do
+everything, and _to do it well_. He had acquired the magic of method,
+which of itself works wonders."
+
+One day a dispute arose between two pupils respecting a chapter of
+Virginia's early history--Captain Smith and Pocahontas.
+
+"She saved his life," exclaimed one.
+
+"Very true; but she was not the daughter of King Opechancanough, as you
+say," replied the other.
+
+"Whose daughter was she, then?"
+
+"She was Powhattan's daughter; and her father was going to kill Captain
+Smith."
+
+"No, she was not Powhattan's daughter; I tell you that Opechancanough
+was her father," rejoined the other with some warmth.
+
+"And I tell you that Powhattan was her father, and Opechancanough was
+her uncle. If you can't recite history more correctly than that you had
+better keep still. Anybody knows that Pocahontas was the daughter of
+Powhattan; and he was the greatest Indian chief in Virginia."
+
+"And you are a conceited, ignorant fellow, to suppose that nobody knows
+anything but yourself."
+
+And so the dispute became more heated, until both parties were greatly
+excited; whereupon a listening school-mate called out:
+
+"Leave it to George; he will settle it."
+
+"Agreed!" responded one.
+
+"Agreed!" shouted the other.
+
+And George was called in to settle the controversy, both parties
+acquiescing in his decision.
+
+George often acted as umpire among the boys in Mr. Williams' school.
+Sometimes, as in the above instance, both parties chose him for umpire.
+Their confidence in his word and judgment led them to submit cases of
+trial or controversy to him, whether relating to studies or games. Many
+disputes were thus brought to a speedy termination by his discriminating
+and candid judgment.
+
+Mr. Weems says of him at this time:
+
+"He carried with him his virtues, his zeal for unblemished character,
+his love of truth and detestation of whatever was false and base. A gilt
+chariot with richest robes and liveried servants could not have
+befriended him so well; for, in a short time, so completely had his
+virtues secured the love and confidence of the boys, his _word_ was just
+as current among them as a _law_. A very aged gentleman, formerly a
+school-mate of his, has often assured me that nothing was more common,
+when the boys were in high dispute about a question of fact, than for
+some little shaver among the mimic heroes, to call out:
+
+"'Well, boys, George Washington was there; George Washington was there;
+he knows all about it; and if he don't say it was so, why, then we will
+give it up.'
+
+"'Done,' exclaimed the adverse party.
+
+"Then away they would run to hunt for George. Soon as his verdict was
+heard, the difficulty was settled, and all hands would return to play
+again."
+
+Another biographer, Mrs. Kirkland, says, "It is recorded of his school
+days that he was always head boy; and whether this report be authentic
+or not, we can easily imagine the case to have been so, not exclusively
+by means of scholarship, perhaps, but by the aid of certain other
+qualities, very powerful in school as elsewhere, and which he so
+exhibited in after life. His probity, courage, ability and high sense of
+justice were probably evident, even then, for there is every reason to
+believe their foundations were laid very early. The boys would,
+therefore, respect him, and choose him for an umpire in their little
+troubles, as they are said to have done.... He was famous for hindering
+quarrels, and perhaps his early taste for military manoeuvers was only
+an accidental form of that love of mathematical combinations (the marked
+trait of Napoleon's earlier years) and the tendency to order, promptness
+and thoroughness, which characterized him so strikingly in after life.
+The good soldier is by no means a man with a special disposition to
+fight."
+
+George was such an example of order, neatness, thorough scholarship and
+exact behavior in Mr. Williams' school that we shall devote the next
+chapter to these qualities.
+
+
+
+
+IV.
+
+METHOD AND THOROUGHNESS.
+
+
+"These are finely done," remarked Lawrence Washington to George, after
+an examination of the maps, copy-books, and writing-books, which George
+brought with him from Mr. Williams' school. "It would be difficult for
+any one to excel them."
+
+"It takes considerable time to do them," remarked George.
+
+"It takes time to do anything _well_," responded Lawrence, "but the
+habit is worth everything to you."
+
+"That is what Mr. Williams says," answered George. "He talks to the boys
+often about doing things well."
+
+"And no matter what it is that a boy is doing, if it is nothing more
+than chopping wood, it pays to do it as well as he can," added Lawrence.
+"Mr. Williams is an excellent teacher."
+
+"I think so," responded George. "He makes everything so plain that we
+can understand him; and he makes us feel that we shall need all we learn
+most when we become men."
+
+"Well, if you learn that last lesson thoroughly it will be of great
+service to you every day," remarked Lawrence. "Many boys never stop to
+think that they will soon be men, and so they are not fitted for the
+duties of manhood when it comes."
+
+"Mr. Williams talks much about method in study and work," continued
+George. "He says that many persons accomplish little or nothing in life
+because they are neither systematic nor thorough in what they do. 'A
+place for everything and everything in its place,' is one of his
+frequent remarks."
+
+"And you must have produced these maps and copy-books under that rule,"
+suggested Lawrence. "They are as excellent in orderly arrangement as
+they are in neatness."
+
+George spent his vacation with Lawrence, who really had charge of his
+education after Mr. Washington died. Lawrence married the daughter of
+William Fairfax three months after the death of his father, and settled
+on the plantation which his father bequeathed to him, near Hunting
+Creek, and to which Lawrence gave the name of Mount Vernon, in honor of
+Admiral Vernon, under whom he did military service in the West Indies,
+and for whom he cherished profound respect.
+
+Lawrence was strongly attached to his young brother in whom he
+discovered the elements of a future noble manhood. He delighted to have
+him at his Mount Vernon home, and insisted that he should spend all his
+time there when out of school. It was during a vacation that Lawrence
+examined his maps and copy-books, as narrated, George having brought
+them with him for his brother to inspect.
+
+One of George's copy-books attracted much attention in school, because
+it was unlike that of any other scholar, and it was an original idea
+with him.
+
+"What do you call it, George, and what do you ever expect to do with
+it?" inquired a school-mate.
+
+"You can call it what you please," replied George. "I expect that it
+will be of great service to me when I become a man."
+
+"That is looking a long way ahead, it seems to me," rejoined his
+companion. "I prefer to know what will be of service to me _now_. You
+can scarcely tell what will be best for you when you become a man."
+
+"I know that what I am copying into that book will be of use to me in
+manhood, because men use these forms. I call it a 'Book of Forms' for
+the want of a better name." And George's words denoted entire confidence
+in his original idea of the use of forms.
+
+"Well, the book looks well anyway," continued his school-mate holding
+the copy-book up to view. "As to that, I should like to see any work of
+yours that does not look well. But what are these forms, anyhow?"
+
+"They are receipts, bills of exchange, notes of hand, deeds, wills,
+land-warrants, bonds and useful forms of that kind," answered George.
+"If I have them here in this book together, they will be convenient for
+use ten or twenty years hence."
+
+"Yes, I see; you can run a lawyer's office on that book," suggested his
+friend.
+
+"A farmer's office, you mean. A farmer may find use for every form there
+is in that book; and if he does not, it will be no disadvantage to him
+to understand them."
+
+"You are right, George, as you are usually. I shall know where to go for
+a form when I want to make my will," remarked his companion in a
+complimentary way.
+
+"And I shall be glad to serve you without charge provided you remember
+me," responded George. "I predict that many men will live who will be
+glad to consult this book to help them out of difficulties."
+
+Perhaps the forethought and sagacity of George were foreshadowed more
+clearly by this copy-book than by any other. Its reference to the
+necessities of manhood was so plain and direct as to prove that he kept
+preparation for that period of life constantly in view. This book has
+been carefully preserved, and may be seen to-day at Mount Vernon.
+
+Another manuscript volume of his which has been preserved is a book of
+arithmetical problems. It was customary, when George attended school, to
+write the solution of problems in arithmetic in a blank-book--not the
+result merely, but the whole process of solution. Sometimes the rules
+were copied, also, into the book. It was a very good practice for a
+studious, persevering, conscientious boy like George; but the method was
+a wretched one for certain indolent pupils to whom study was penance;
+for this class often relied upon these manuscript volumes to furnish
+problems solved, instead of resorting to hard study. They were passed
+around among the idle scholars clandestinely, to help them over hard
+places without study. Mr. Williams forbade the deceitful practice, and
+punished pupils who were discovered in the cheat; nevertheless, poor
+scholars continued to risk punishment rather than buckle down to
+persistent study. There is no doubt that George's book of problems,
+copied in his clear, round hand, did considerable secret service in this
+way. But the preparation of it was an excellent discipline for George.
+Neatness, application, perseverance, thoroughness, with several other
+qualities, were indispensable in the preparation of so fair a book.
+
+In another copy-book George displayed a talent for sketching and
+drawing, which elicited Mr. Williams' commendation.
+
+"That portrait is well executed," he said. "You have a talent in that
+direction, evidently; the likeness is good." It was the face of one of
+the scholars, drawn with his pen.
+
+"Have you practised much in this art?" continued Mr. Williams.
+
+"No, sir; only a little, for amusement."
+
+"Just to see what you could do?" added Mr. Williams, inquiringly.
+
+"Yes, that is all."
+
+"Well, I advise you to cultivate your talent for drawing. These animals
+are well done, too. Practise will give you an ability in this line,
+which may prove of real service to you in future years."
+
+George had drawn animals, also, in the book, and he had given wings to
+some birds with a flourish of his pen, showing both taste and tact
+in the use of the pen. George was not a boy who believed in
+_flourishes_, except those executed in ink. His interest in the art of
+penmanship drew his attention to these as ornamental and ingenious.
+
+"A facile use of the pen will always be serviceable to you," he said to
+George. "No one can become too skilful in wielding it. But it requires
+much careful practise."
+
+"I have discovered that," answered George. "I do not expect to excel in
+the art of penmanship."
+
+"You may, with your application and perseverance," responded his
+teacher. "'Perseverance conquers all things,' it is said, and I believe
+it."
+
+"But I have not time for everything," remarked George. "Odd moments are
+all the time I can devote to such things."
+
+"And odd moments have done much for some boys," added his teacher.
+"Fragments of time well improved have made some men illustrious."
+
+"It will take larger fragments of time than I have to make me
+illustrious," suggested George, dryly.
+
+"Perhaps not; you are not authorized to come to such a conclusion.
+There are too many facts known to warrant it. Your industry and
+resolution are equal to it."
+
+George accepted the compliment in silence with his usual modesty,
+considerably encouraged by his teacher's words to persevere in doing
+things well.
+
+This copy-book, containing sketches of his companions and pen-pictures
+of birds and beasts, has been carefully preserved with others. It is a
+valuable relic, too, as showing that George was not always the sedate,
+serious boy he has generally been represented to be; for some of these
+sketches border upon the comical, and evidently were intended to bring
+a smile over the faces of his school-mates. Mixed with his usually
+grave and practical way of doing things, they show more of the cheerful,
+roguish boy than is accorded to George by writers in general.
+
+Another copy-book contains many extracts, in prose and poetry, which
+particularly interested George at the time. He was in the habit of
+preserving in this way choice bits of prose and poetry for future use.
+They were copied in his clear, fair handwriting, with every _i_ dotted
+and every _t_ crossed, and every comma and period nicely made and
+placed.
+
+All these copy books, with other proofs of George's thorough scholarship
+and progress, can now be seen at Mount Vernon, where he lived and died.
+
+Irving says of these: "His manuscript school-books still exist, and are
+models of neatness and accuracy. One of them, it is true, a ciphering
+book, preserved in the library at Mount Vernon, has some school-boy
+attempts at calligraphy; nondescript birds, executed with the flourish
+of a pen, or profiles of faces, probably intended for those of his
+school-mates; the rest are all grave and business-like. Before he
+was thirteen years of age he had copied into a volume forms for all
+kinds of mercantile and legal papers, bills of exchange, notes of hand,
+deeds, bonds and the like. This early self-tuition gave him throughout
+life a lawyer's skill in drafting documents, and a merchant's exactness
+in keeping accounts; so that all the concerns of his various estates,
+his dealings with his domestic stewards and foreign agents, his accounts
+with governments, and all the financial transactions, are to this day to
+be seen posted up in books, in his own handwriting, monuments of his
+method and unvaried accuracy."
+
+There was yet another manuscript more important, really, than those of
+which we have spoken. It contained one hundred and ten rules for
+regulating his conduct, to which he gave the title, "RULES OF BEHAVIOR
+IN COMPANY AND CONVERSATION."
+
+When Lawrence Washington examined this manuscript he remarked to his
+wife, "It is remarkable that a boy of his years should make such a
+collection of rules as this. They are creditable to a much older head
+than his."
+
+"They are not original with him, are they?" responded his wife.
+
+"I think not; they must be a collection which he has made from time to
+time. It would not be possible for a boy of his age to produce such a
+code of manners and morals out of his own brain. Hear this," and he
+proceeded to read some of the "Rules."
+
+"Associate yourself with men of good quality if you esteem your
+reputation, for it is better to be alone than in bad company."
+
+"Good counsel, surely, and well expressed," remarked Mrs. Washington.
+
+"It shows a degree of thoughtfulness and desire to be correct, beyond
+his years," added Lawrence. "The other rules are no less practical and
+significant." He continued to read:
+
+"Every action in company ought to be with some sign of respect to those
+present.
+
+"Speak not when others speak; sit not when others stand. Speak not when
+you should hold your peace. Walk not when others stop."
+
+"That is paying attention to little things with a will," remarked Mrs.
+Washington.
+
+"And that is what impresses me," responded Lawrence. "Most boys think
+that such small matters are beneath their notice, when attention to
+these secures attention to more important things."
+
+"Very true," replied his wife; "and it certainly shows a desire to be
+correct in behavior that is commendable."
+
+"And as unusual as it is commendable," added Lawrence. "It is such a
+manly view of life as we seldom meet with, except in ripe manhood."
+
+"Well, read more of his rules," suggested Mrs. Washington.
+
+Lawrence continued to read, "In your apparel, be modest, and endeavor to
+accommodate yourself to nature rather than to procure admiration; keep
+to the fashion of your equals, such as are civil and orderly, with
+respect to times and places.
+
+"Wherein you reprove another, be unblamable yourself, for example is
+better than precept.
+
+"When a man does all he can, though it succeeds not well, blame not him
+that did it."
+
+"Not many men reduce these rules to practise very thoroughly," remarked
+Lawrence. "To square one's life by these rules requires uncommon
+circumspection and decision. Few are equal to it."
+
+"I think that George comes as near doing it as any one," suggested Mrs.
+Washington.
+
+"I was just thinking of that," replied Lawrence. "I am not sure but his
+manly bearing is owing to these rules. No one can think enough of them
+to write them down carefully in a book without being more or less
+influenced by their lessons."
+
+"It would seem so," remarked Mrs. Washington; "but are there no rules
+relating to our higher duties to God among the whole number?"
+
+"Yes, several; but you should remember that these are rules of behavior
+in company and conversation alone, and not our religious duties. But
+here is one rule that lies in that direction":
+
+"Labor to keep in your heart that little spark of celestial fire called
+conscience."
+
+"And here is another":
+
+"If you speak of God or His attributes, let it be seriously, in
+reverence; and honor and obey your parents."
+
+"George has done that to perfection," remarked Lawrence. "Profanity and
+disobedience, even in their least offensive form, he was never guilty
+of. And here is still another rule having reference to our higher
+obligations, which he has observed with commendable carefulness":
+
+"Let your recreations be manful, not sinful."
+
+"I think it is remarkable, as you say, that one so young as George
+should make such a collection of rules," said Mrs. Washington. "May it
+not be that a remarkable future is before him?"
+
+"It may be, and I am inclined to think it will be," answered Lawrence.
+"If a bright spring-time is the harbinger of an ample harvest, such a
+youth must foreshadow noble manhood."
+
+Thus were George's "Rules of Behavior in Company and Conversation"
+discussed at Mount Vernon, and the young author of them was more admired
+in consequence.
+
+We will furnish our readers with more of his "Rules," since all of them
+are important, and had much to do, doubtless, with the formation of
+George's character.
+
+"Speak not of doleful things in time of mirth, nor at the table; speak
+not of melancholy things, as death and wounds; and if others mention
+them, change, if you can, the discourse. Tell not your dreams but to
+your intimate friend.
+
+"Break not a jest when none take pleasure in mirth; laugh not loud, nor
+at all, without occasion; deride no man's misfortune, though there seem
+to be some cause.
+
+"Speak not injurious words, neither in jest nor earnest; scoff at none,
+although they give occasion.
+
+"Seek not to lessen the merits of others; neither give more than due
+praise.
+
+"Go not thither where you know not whether you shall be welcome.
+
+"Give not advice without being asked; and when desired, do it briefly.
+
+"Reprove not the imperfections of others, for that belongs to parents,
+masters and superiors.
+
+"Gaze not on the marks and blemishes of others, and ask not how they
+came. What you may speak in secret to your friend, deliver not before
+others.
+
+"Think before you speak; pronounce not imperfectly, nor bring out your
+words too hastily, but orderly and distinctly.
+
+"When another speaks, be attentive yourself, and disturb not the
+audience. If any hesitate in his words, help him not, nor prompt him,
+without being desired; interrupt him not, nor answer him, until his
+speech be ended.
+
+"Treat with men at right times about business, and whisper not, in the
+company of others.
+
+"Be not in haste to relate news if you know not the truth thereof.
+
+"Be not curious to know the affairs of others, neither approach those
+that speak in private.
+
+"Undertake not what you cannot perform, but be careful to keep your
+promise.
+
+"Speak not evil of the absent, for it is unjust.
+
+"Make no show of taking delight in your victuals. Feed not with
+greediness. Cut your food with a knife, and lean not on the table;
+neither find fault with what you eat.
+
+"Be not a flatterer; neither play with any one that delights not to be
+played with.
+
+"Show not yourself glad at the misfortune of another, though he were
+your enemy.
+
+"It is good manners to prefer them to whom we speak before ourselves,
+especially if they are above us; with whom in no sort ought we to begin.
+
+"Strive not with your superiors in an argument, but always submit your
+judgment to others with modesty.
+
+"Undertake not to teach your equal in the art him self professes, for it
+is immodest and presumptuous.
+
+"Before you advise or find fault with any one, consider whether it ought
+to be in public or in private; presently, or at some other time; in what
+terms to do it; and, in reproving, show no sign of anger, but do it with
+sweetness and mildness.
+
+"Use no reproachful language against any one, neither curse nor revile.
+
+"Be not hasty to believe flying reports to the injury of any.
+
+"Play not the peacock, looking everywhere about you to see if you be
+well-decked; if your shoes fit well; if your pantaloons sit neatly, and
+clothes handsomely.
+
+"Let your conversation be without malice or envy, for it is a sign of a
+kindly and commendable nature; and in all cases of passion, admit reason
+to govern.
+
+"Utter not base and frivolous things amongst grave and learned men, nor
+very difficult questions or subjects among the ignorant, nor things hard
+to believe."
+
+These are only a part of the Rules which George adopted for his
+instruction and guidance through life. In weighing them, the reader must
+feel the force of Everett's remarks, who said of them, "Among his
+manuscripts still in existence, there is one, written under thirteen
+years of age, which deserves to be mentioned as containing striking
+indications of early maturity. The piece referred to is entitled 'Rules
+of Behavior in Company and Conversation.' These rules are written out in
+the form of maxims, to the number of one hundred and ten." "They form,"
+says Mr. Sparks, "a minute code of regulations for building up the
+habits of morals and manners and good conduct in very young persons."
+Whether they were taken in a body from some manual of education, or
+compiled by Washington himself from various books, or framed from his
+own youthful observation and reflection, is unknown. The first is,
+perhaps, the more probable supposition. If compiled by a lad under
+thirteen, and still more, if the fruit of his own meditations, they
+would constitute a most extraordinary example of early prudence and
+thoughtfulness. Some of the rules which form a part of this youthful
+code of manners and morals had their influence over Washington, and gave
+a complexion to his habits through life.
+
+That a boy of twelve or thirteen years should compile such a code of
+manners and morals, shows, unmistakably, the bent of his mind. We
+discover valuable elements of character in the formation and execution
+of such a purpose. It is equally true, also, that his book of prose and
+poetical extracts reveals his taste and aims no less surely than his
+"Rules." The following extract, taken from that manuscript volume, tells
+about the same story of the boy as his "Rules of Behavior" tell:--
+
+    "These are the things, which, once possessed,
+     Will make a life that's truly blest;
+     A good estate on healthy soil,
+     Not got by vice, nor yet by toil;
+     Round a warm fire a pleasant joke,
+     With chimney ever free from smoke;
+     A strength entire, a sparkling bowl,
+     A quiet wife, a quiet soul;
+     A mind, as well as body, whole;
+     Prudent simplicity, constant friends,
+     A diet which no art commends,
+     A merry night without much drinking,
+     A happy thought without much thinking.
+     Each night by quiet sleep made short,
+     A will to be but what thou art:
+     Possessed of these, all else defy,
+     And neither wish nor fear to die;
+     These are the things, which, once possessed,
+     Will make a life that's truly blest."
+
+His strong love for simple, pure, domestic life appears in this
+selection--a love for which he was distinguished to the day of his
+death.
+
+The school-days of George ended one month before he was sixteen years of
+age. Mr. Hobby and Mr. Williams were his only teachers, except his
+parents. "Not very rare opportunities," the reader will say. No larger
+opportunities for mental culture now would be considered meagre indeed.
+But he made the most of what he had, so that his small advantages did
+more for him than the best opportunities do for less industrious and
+noble boys.
+
+A strong bond united him to his teacher and schoolmates. It was not so
+much his scholarship as his character that endeared him to both teacher
+and pupils. The secret of it was found in his _heart_ rather than his
+head. His school-mates were moved to tears on parting with him, and so
+was his teacher. And those tears were a sincere tribute to the unsullied
+character of the boy.
+
+
+
+
+V.
+
+FOUR INCIDENTS AND THEIR LESSONS.
+
+
+Certain incidents occurred in the young life of our hero, which so
+forcibly illustrate leading elements of his character that we stop here
+to record them.
+
+His father came home one day so sick that he took to his bed at once. It
+was a severe attack of an old complaint, which he had vainly tried to
+remove.
+
+"You must have the doctor," said Mrs. Washington, somewhat alarmed by
+the severity of the attack.
+
+"Wait a little, and see," replied her husband; "perhaps the usual
+remedies will relieve me." He kept remedies in the house for such
+attacks, and Mrs. Washington soon administered them. But the relief was
+only partial, and a servant was sent for the doctor.
+
+"Go in haste," said Mrs. Washington, as Jake mounted the horse and
+galloped away. "Tell the doctor to come as soon as possible," were the
+last words that Jake heard as he dashed forward. Mrs. Washington was
+thoroughly alarmed. Returning to her husband's bedside, she said:
+
+"I want to send for George."
+
+"Not now," her husband answered. "I think the doctor will relieve me.
+Besides, George has only just got there, and it is not well to disturb
+him unnecessarily."
+
+George had gone to visit friends at Chotana, about twenty miles distant,
+where he proposed to spend his vacation.
+
+Mrs. Washington yielded to her husband's desire, although intense
+anxiety filled her heart. She seemed to have a presentiment that it was
+her husband's last sickness. Back and forth she went from door to
+bedroom, and from bedroom to door, awaiting with tremulous emotion the
+coming of the physician, at the same time employing such remedies as she
+thought might afford relief.
+
+"A very sick man," was the doctor's verdict, "but I think we can relieve
+him soon." His encouraging words lifted a burden from Mrs. Washington's
+heart, although she still apprehended the worst, and yet she could
+scarcely tell why.
+
+"You think that he will recover?" she said to the doctor, as he was
+leaving the house.
+
+"I think so; he is relieved for the present, and I hope that he will
+continue to improve," the doctor answered; and he answered just as he
+felt.
+
+Still Mrs. Washington could not disguise her fears. She was a devout
+Christian woman, and she carried her burden to the Lord. She found some
+relief in laying her anxieties upon the great Burden-bearer. She came
+forth from communion with the Father of mercies more composed if not
+more hopeful. She possessed a degree of willingness to leave her
+companion in God's hand.
+
+Mr. Washington was relieved of acute pain, but further than that he did
+not improve. After continuing several days in this condition, he said to
+his wife one morning:
+
+"You may send for George to-day."
+
+"I will," Mrs. Washington replied, bursting into tears. "I wish I had
+sent before."
+
+"It might have been as well had we known," Mr. Washington responded, in
+a suggestive way.
+
+"Do you think that your sickness will prove fatal?"
+
+"I fear so. I think I am losing ground fast. I have failed very much in
+strength the last twenty-four hours. God's will be done."
+
+"I hope I shall have grace to say so honestly."
+
+"And I trust that God will give me grace to say so with true
+submission," continued Mr. Washington. "I should like to live if it is
+God's will; but if He orders otherwise, we must accept His ordering as
+best."
+
+Mrs. Washington could say no more. Her cup of sorrow was full and
+running over. But she sorrowed not as one without hope. Both she and her
+husband had been active Christians. They were prominent working members
+of the Episcopal Church. They knew, from happy experience, that solace
+and support were found in divine grace, so that this sudden and terrible
+affliction did not overtake them unawares, really. They were prepared
+for it in an important sense.
+
+The doctor called just as this interview closed, and he seconded Mr.
+Washington's request to send for George.
+
+"A great change has come over him since yesterday," he said to Mrs.
+Washington.
+
+"He just told me that he was sinking," replied Mrs. Washington.
+
+"I fear it is so; and George better be sent for at soon as possible. A
+few hours may bring the end." The physician spoke as if there were no
+more ground for hope.
+
+"May God have mercy on us," responded Mrs. Washington, as she hastened
+from the room, with deep emotion, to despatch a servant for George.
+
+Mr. Washington continued to sink rapidly during the day, his reason at
+times wavering, though his distress was not acute. Conscious that he
+could not survive many hours, he expressed an anxiety to see George once
+more, and seemed impatient for his arrival.
+
+It was almost night when George arrived, and his father was dying. His
+mother met him at the door, with emotion too deep for utterance. Her
+tears and despairing look told the story more plainly than words to
+George. He knew that there was no hope.
+
+Hastening into his father's presence he was appalled by the change. That
+cheerful, loving face was struck with death. Fastening his eyes upon his
+son, as if he recognized him, the dying man _looked_ his last farewell.
+He could not speak nor lift a finger. He was almost "beyond the river."
+
+George was completely overcome. Throwing himself upon his father's neck,
+he broke into convulsive sobs, kissing him again and again, and giving
+way to the most passionate grief. The scene was affecting beyond
+description. All hearts were melted by the child's artless exhibition of
+filial love and sorrow. He loved his father with a devotion that knew no
+bounds, as he had reason to love him. Without this paternal friend, life
+would lose its charm to him, and he "would never be glad any more." So
+it seemed to him when he first was made conscious that his father was
+dying. The great sorrow seemed too great for him to bear. His young
+heart well nigh burst.
+
+Here we have evidence of what George was as a son. He had not only loved
+and reverenced his father, but he had obeyed him with true filial
+respect. Obedience was one of his leading virtues. This endeared him to
+his father. Their tender love was mutual. "George thought the world of
+his father and his father thought the world of him." That dying scene in
+the family was proof of it.
+
+In a few days all that was mortal of Augustine Washington was committed
+to the dust, and George was a fatherless boy. As we have already
+intimated, this sudden affliction changed the current of George's life.
+Different plans and different experiences followed.
+
+Mr. Washington, with characteristic foresight, had made his will. Irving
+says of it, "To Lawrence he gave the estate on the banks of the Potomac,
+with other real property, and several shares in iron-works. To
+Augustine, the second son by the first marriage, the old homestead and
+estate in Westmoreland. The children by the second marriage were
+severally well provided for; and George, when he became of age, was to
+have the house and lands on the Rappahannock."
+
+Mrs. Washington assumed the care of the estate after the death of her
+husband, and continued her love of fine horses. She possessed several of
+rare beauty and fleetness. Among them was an Arabian colt, full grown,
+broken to the harness, but not to the saddle. He would not allow a man
+to ride him. He was so high strung, and so fractiously opposed to any
+one getting upon his back, that Mrs. Washington had forbidden any one on
+the farm attempting the feat.
+
+George had two or three young friends visiting him, and they were
+admiring the antics of the colt in the meadow in front of the house.
+
+"I should like to ride him," remarked George.
+
+"Ride him!" exclaimed one of the number. "I thought nobody could ride
+him. That is what I have heard."
+
+"Well, I should like to try," continued George. "If I could once get
+upon his back, I would run the risk anyway. He would prance some, I
+guess."
+
+"I should like to see you try, George," remarked another of his friends
+present. "You can ride him if any one can. But how do you know that you
+can't ride him? Have you ever tried?"
+
+"No."
+
+"Did any one ever try?"
+
+"I believe Jake has; or, at least, he has tried to get on his back."
+
+"If I were in your place I would see whether I could ride him or not,"
+suggested his friend. "What's the harm?"
+
+"Mother would not allow it," answered George; "She would expect to see
+my brains beat out if I should attempt it."
+
+"But your mother would like it if you succeeded in riding him," rejoined
+his friend, by way of inducing him to make the attempt.
+
+"I have no doubt she would; but if I should break my neck, instead of
+the colt, she would not be glad at all."
+
+"Of course not; but I don't see any particular need of breaking your
+neck or limbs by making the attempt; and it would be a feather in your
+cap to manage the colt. Suppose we try;" and this proposition was made
+by George's companion in good faith.
+
+"I have no fears for myself," answered George; "there is no danger in
+trying to get upon his back that I see, and once there, I will risk
+being thrown."
+
+"That is so," continued his friend, "and suppose we try it some day."
+
+After some more discussion upon the subject, George agreed to make the
+attempt to mount the colt early the following morning, and his young
+friend seconded his decision heartily.
+
+The next morning, a full hour before breakfast-time, the boys were out,
+eager to participate in the sport of conquering a wild colt. The colt
+appeared to snuff trouble, for he was unusually gay and crank that
+morning. His head and tail were up, as he went prancing around the
+field, when the boys put in their appearance.
+
+"Drive him into a corner!" exclaimed George.
+
+"Drive the wind into a corner as easily," replied one of the boys, just
+beginning to appreciate the difficulties of the situation.
+
+"Well, he must be caught before he can be mounted," said George,
+philosophically. "I did not promise to mount him until he was bridled."
+
+"That is so," responded another boy, more hopeful of results. "That
+corner yonder is a good place for the business," pointing to the
+eastward.
+
+So they all rallied to drive the colt into the proposed corner; and, in
+the language of another who has described the scene, "after a deal of
+chasing and racing, heading and doubling, falling down and picking
+themselves up again, and more shouting and laughing than they had breath
+to spare for, they at last succeeded in driving the panting and
+affrighted young animal into the corner. Here, by some means or other
+(it was difficult to tell precisely how) they managed to bridle him,
+although at no small risk of a broken head or two from his heels, that
+he seemed to fling about him in a dozen different directions at once."
+
+"Lead him away from this corner," said one of the boys.
+
+"Yes," answered George, "we must go well toward the centre of the field;
+he will want room to throw me."
+
+So, throwing the bridle-reins over the colt's neck, and taking hold of
+the bridle close by the bits, the animal was led toward the centre of
+the field.
+
+Before the boys or the colt were aware of George's purpose, with one
+bound he leaped upon the colt's back, and, seizing the reins, was
+prepared for the worst. His playmates were as much astonished as the
+animal was at this unexpected feat, and they rushed away to escape
+disaster.
+
+"Look out, George!" shouted one, as the colt reared and stood upon his
+hind legs.
+
+"He'll throw you, George, if you don't look out!" screamed another, as
+the animal reversed his position and sent his hind legs high into the
+air.
+
+"Stick, George, stick!" they cried, as the colt dashed forward like the
+wind a few rods, then stopped, reared, and kicked again, as if
+determined to throw the rider. All the while George's companions were
+alarmed at the fearful plunges of the animal, fearing that he would dash
+him to the ground.
+
+At length the furious beast took the bits between his teeth and plunged
+forward upon the "dead run." George had no control over him as he dashed
+forward like mad. He hung to the reins like a veteran horseman as the
+wild creature leaped and plunged and kicked. His companions looked on in
+breathless interest, expecting every moment to see the young rider
+hurled to the ground. But, to their surprise, the colt stumbled,
+staggered a few steps, and fell, George still upon his back. They ran to
+the rescue, when George exclaimed, "The colt is dead!"
+
+"Dead?" responded one of the boys in astonishment, "more likely his leg
+is broken."
+
+"No, he is dead, sure. See the blood running from his mouth."
+
+Sure enough, the animal was dying. In his fearful plunging he had
+ruptured a blood-vessel, and was bleeding to death. In a few moments the
+young Arabian colt was dead.
+
+"Too bad!" mournfully spoke George, with big tears starting to his eyes.
+"I wish I had never made the attempt to ride him."
+
+"_I_ wish so now," answered one of his companions; "but who ever thought
+that the colt could kill himself?"
+
+"Mother will feel bad enough now," continued George. "I am sorry that I
+have caused her so much trouble."
+
+"What shall you tell her?" inquired a companion.
+
+"I shall tell her the truth," manfully answered George; "that is all
+there is to tell about it."
+
+The boys were soon at the breakfast-table, as cheerful as the
+circumstances would permit.
+
+"Well, boys, have you seen the Arabian colt in your walks this morning?"
+Mrs. Washington inquired.
+
+There was no reply for a moment. The boys looked at each other as if the
+crisis had come, and they were not quite prepared for it. At length
+George answered frankly:
+
+"Mother, the colt is dead."
+
+"Dead!" his mother exclaimed, "what can you mean, George?"
+
+"He is certainly dead, mother."
+
+"Have you seen him?"
+
+"Yes; and I know that he is dead."
+
+"How could such a thing happen?" said his mother, sadly and musingly.
+
+"I will tell you all about it, mother," replied George, resolved upon
+making a clean breast of the affair. He went on to narrate how he
+arrived at the conclusion to ride the colt, not forgetting to say that
+he thought his mother would be pleased with the act if he succeeded in
+riding the fractious animal successfully. He described the manner of
+catching, bridling, and mounting the colt, as well as his furious
+plunging, rearing, and running; and he closed by the honest confession,
+"I did wrong, mother, and I am very sorry that I attempted to ride the
+colt. I hope that you will forgive me, and I will never be so
+disobedient again."
+
+"Forgive you, my son," his mother answered, evidently too well satisfied
+with the truthfulness of her boy to think much of her loss, "your
+frankness in telling me the truth is worth a thousand colts to me. Most
+gladly do I forgive you, and trust that the lesson you are taught by
+this unfortunate affair will go with you through life."
+
+In this incident we discover the daring, adventurous spirit of George.
+His courage was equal to his honesty. No act of his life approached so
+nearly to disobedience as this. Yet the spirit of disobedience was not
+in his heart. His mother had forbidden any one to ride the colt, but it
+was because she feared the colt would injure them. "If I can ride him
+successfully, and prove that he can be broken to the saddle, mother will
+be delighted," he reasoned. His thoughts were of pleasing instead of
+disobeying his mother. Were there any doubt on this point, his rehearsal
+of the whole story, with no attempt to shield himself from censure,
+together with his sincere desire to be forgiven, settles the question
+beyond controversy.
+
+After George left Mr. Williams' school, and had gone to reside with his
+brother Lawrence at Mount Vernon, a companion discovered in his journal
+several verses that breathed love for an unknown "lowland beauty."
+
+"What is this, George?" he asked. "Are you the poet who writes such
+lines as these?" And he read aloud the verses.
+
+"To be honest I must acknowledge the authorship," George answered, with
+his usual frankness. "But there is more truth than poetry in the
+production, I imagine."
+
+"I was suspicious of that," responded his friend. "That means that you
+fell in love with some bewitching girl, I conclude."
+
+"All of that," answered George, with no disposition to conceal anything.
+
+"That accounts for your poetical turn of mind," continued his friend.
+"I have heard it said that lovers take to poetry."
+
+"I don't know about that; but I confess to being smitten by the
+'lowland beauty,'" was George's honest answer.
+
+"Who is she, and where does she live?"
+
+"That is of no consequence now; she is nothing to me, although she is
+much in my thoughts."
+
+"Did she respond to your professions of love?"
+
+"I never made any profession of love to her."
+
+"How is that?"
+
+"I am too young and bashful to take such a step; it would be foolish
+indeed."
+
+"Well, to love and keep it to one's self must be misery indeed,"
+continued his companion.
+
+"There is something in that," answered George, "and I shall not conceal
+that it has made me unhappy at times."
+
+"And it was a kind of relief to let your tender regard express itself in
+poetry?" suggested his friend.
+
+"Exactly so; and you are the only person in the world to whom I have
+spoken of the affair."
+
+We have introduced this incident to show the tender side of George's
+heart. His gravity, decorum, and thoughtful habit were such as almost to
+preclude the possibility of his being captivated by a "lowland beauty."
+But this incident shows that he was much like the average boy of
+Christendom in this regard.
+
+Irving says: "Whatever may have been the reason, this early attachment
+seems to have been a source of poignant discomfort to him. It clung to
+him after he look a final leave of school in the autumn of 1747, and
+went to reside with his brother Lawrence at Mount Vernon. Here he
+continued his mathematical studies and his practice in surveying,
+disturbed at times by recurrences of his unlucky passion. Though by no
+means of a poetical temperament, the waste pages of his journal betray
+several attempts to pour forth his amorous sorrows in verse. They are
+mere common-place rhymes, such as lovers at his age are apt to write, in
+which he bewails his
+
+    "'Poor, restless heart,
+      Wounded by Cupid's dart;'
+
+and 'bleeding for one who remains pitiless of his griefs and woes.'
+
+"The tenor of some of the verses induce us to believe that he never told
+his love; but, as we have already surmised, was prevented by his
+bashfulness.
+
+    "'Ah, woe is me, that I should love and conceal!
+      Long have I wished and never dare reveal.'
+
+"It is difficult to reconcile one's self to the idea of the cool and
+sedate Washington, the great champion of American liberty, a woe-worn
+lover in his youthful days, 'sighing like a furnace,' and inditing
+plaintive verses about the groves of Mount Vernon. We are glad of an
+opportunity, however, of penetrating to his native feelings, and finding
+that under his studied decorum and reserve _he had a heart of flesh
+throbbing with the warm impulses of human nature_."
+
+In another place, Irving refers to the affair again, and furnishes the
+following bit of information:
+
+"The object of this early passion is not positively known. Tradition
+states that the 'lowland beauty' was a Miss Grimes of Westmoreland,
+afterwards Mrs. Lee, and mother of General Henry Lee, who figured in
+Revolutionary times as Light Horse Harry, and was always a favorite with
+Washington, probably from the recollections of his early tenderness for
+the mother."
+
+George, as we have already intimated, spent his time out of school at
+Mount Vernon, with his brother Lawrence, who had become a man of
+considerable repute and influence for one of his years. Here he was
+brought into contact with military men, and occasionally naval officers
+were entertained by Lawrence. Often vessels anchored in the river, and
+the officers enjoyed the abundant hospitality of the Mount Vernon
+mansion. George was a close observer of what passed in his new home, and
+a careful listener to the tales of war and a seafaring life frequently
+told in his hearing. The martial spirit within him was aroused by these
+tales of adventure and glory, and he was prepared for almost any
+hardship or peril in the way of the object of his ambition. Besides, his
+brother was disposed to encourage his aspirations in the direction of a
+military life. He discovered the elements of a good soldier in the boy,
+and really felt that distinction awaited him in a military career.
+
+"How would you like a midshipman's berth on a British man-of-war?"
+inquired Lawrence.
+
+"I should like nothing better," George answered.
+
+"You would then be in the service of the king, and have a chance to
+prove your loyalty by your deeds," added Lawrence. "Your promotion would
+be certain."
+
+"If I deserved it," added George, with thoughtful interest.
+
+"Yes, if you deserved it," repeated Lawrence; "and I have no doubt that
+you would deserve it."
+
+"But I fear that mother will not consent to such an arrangement,"
+suggested George.
+
+"I will confer with her upon the subject," replied Lawrence. "I think
+she will take the same view of it that I do."
+
+Lawrence did confer with his mother concerning this venture, and found
+her wholly averse to the project.
+
+"I can never consent that he should follow such a life," she said.
+
+"But I am sure that he would distinguish himself there, and bring honor
+to the family," urged Lawrence.
+
+"Character is worth more than distinction," responded Mrs. Washington.
+"I fear the effect of such a life upon his character."
+
+"George can be trusted in any position, no matter what the temptations
+may be," Lawrence pleaded.
+
+"That may be true, and it may not be true," remarked Mrs. Washington.
+"We ought not to incur the risk unless absolutely obliged to do it."
+
+"If there be a risk," remarked Lawrence, doubtfully.
+
+"Besides," continued Mrs. Washington, "I could not consent to his going
+so far from home unless it were impossible for him to gain a livelihood
+near by."
+
+She was unyielding in this interview, and could see no reason why she
+should consent to such a separation. But Lawrence persevered in his
+efforts to obtain her consent, and finally it was given with manifest
+reluctance. A writer describes what followed thus:
+
+"Within a short time a British man-of-war moved up the Potomac, and
+cast anchor in full view of Mount Vernon. On board of this vessel his
+brother Lawrence procured him a midshipman's warrant, after having by
+much persuasion gained the consent of his mother; which, however, she
+yielded with much reluctance and many misgivings with respect to the
+profession her son was about to choose. Not knowing how much pain all
+this was giving his mother, George was as near wild with delight as
+could well be with a boy of a nature so even and steady. Now, what had
+all along been but a waking dream was about to become a solemn reality.
+His preparations were soon made: already was his trunk packed, and
+carried on board the ship that was to bear him so far away from his
+native land; and nothing now remained but to bid farewell to the loved
+ones at home. But when he came and stood before his mother, dressed in
+his gay midshipman's uniform, so tall and robust in figure, so handsome
+in face, and so noble in look and gesture, the thought took possession
+of her mind, that, if she suffered him to leave her then, she might
+never see him more; and losing her usual firmness and self-control, she
+burst into tears.
+
+"'I cannot consent to let you go,' she said, at length. 'It will break
+my heart, George.'
+
+"'How can I refuse to go now that I have enlisted, and my trunk is on
+board?' pleaded George.
+
+"'Order your trunk ashore, and return your uniform, my son, if you do
+not wish to crush your mother's heart,' responded Mrs. Washington. 'I
+cannot bear the thought.'"
+
+George was overcome by the spectacle of his mother's grief, and with the
+tears running down his cheeks he replied, like the young hero that he
+was:
+
+"'Mother, I can never go and cause you so much grief. I will stay at
+home.'"
+
+His trunk was brought ashore, his uniform was returned, his tears were
+wiped away, and he was happier in thus yielding to his mother's
+reasonable request than he could or would have been in gratifying his
+own wishes.
+
+The higher and nobler qualities of manly character here triumphed over
+the lower passions and desires. It was an excellent discipline for
+George, while, at the same time, the incident exhibits the sterling
+qualities of his heart.
+
+The four incidents narrated present different aspects of George's
+character, and show, without additional proof, that he was an uncommon
+boy. The several qualities displayed in these experiences lie at the
+foundation of human excellence. Without them the future career of a
+youth may prove a failure. With them, a manly, virtuous character is
+well nigh assured.
+
+
+
+
+VI.
+
+HIS MOTHER.
+
+
+"Obedience and truthfulness are cardinal virtues to be cultivated,"
+remarked Mrs. Washington to her husband, with whom she frequently
+discussed the subject of family government. "No son or daughter can form
+a reliable character without them."
+
+"There can be no question about that," answered Mr. Washington; "and for
+that reason these virtues are just as necessary for the state as they
+are for the family; reliable citizens cannot be made without them any
+more than reliable sons and daughters."
+
+"I suppose that God means to make reliable citizens out of obedient and
+truthful children," continued Mrs. Washington. "Good family government
+assures good civil government. We must learn to obey before we know how
+to govern."
+
+"And I think that obedience to parents is likely to be followed by
+obedience to God," responded Mr. Washington. "Disobedience is attended
+by a state of mind that is inimical to sincere obedience to God."
+
+"The Bible teaches that plainly," replied Mrs. Washington. "There is
+something very tender and impressive in the lesson, 'Children, obey your
+parents in the Lord: for this is right. Honor thy father and mother;
+which is the first commandment with promise; that it may be well with
+thee, and thou mayst live long on the earth.' A longer and better life
+is promised to those who obey their parents, and it must be because they
+are led to God thereby."
+
+"Obedience is the _first_ commandment, according to that," remarked Mr.
+Washington, "the most important of all, and I have no doubt of it. We
+are to begin _there_ in order to make children what they ought to be."
+
+"The consequences of disobedience as threatened in the Scriptures are
+fearful," added Mrs. Washington. "There could scarcely be more startling
+words than these: 'The eye that mocketh at his father, and despiseth to
+obey his mother, the ravens of the valley shall pick it out, and the
+young eagles shall eat it.' Disobedience to and irreverence for parents
+must be wicked, indeed, to warrant such a threatening."
+
+Here was the secret of Mrs. Washington's successful family government.
+That George owed more to faithful maternal example and training than he
+did to any other influence, he always believed and acknowledged. And
+OBEDIENCE was the first commandment in the Washington family. George
+Washington Parke Custis, a grandson, said:
+
+"The mother of Washington, in forming him for those distinguished parts
+he was destined to perform, _first taught him the duties of_ OBEDIENCE,
+the better to prepare him for those of command. In the well-ordered
+domicile where his early years were passed, the levity and indulgence
+common to youth was tempered by a deference and well-regulated restraint
+which, while it curtailed or suppressed no rational enjoyment usual in
+the spring-time of life, prescribed those enjoyments within the bounds
+of moderation and propriety.
+
+"The matron held in reserve an authority which never departed from her;
+not even when her son had become the most illustrious of men. It seemed
+to say, 'I am your mother, the being who gave you life, the guide who
+directed your steps when they needed the guidance of age and wisdom, the
+parental affection which claimed your love, the parental authority
+which commanded your obedience; whatever may be your success, whatever
+your renown, next to your God you owe them most to me.' Nor did the
+chief dissent from these truths; but to the last moments of the life of
+his venerable parent, he yielded to her will the most dutiful and
+implicit obedience, and felt for her person and character the most holy
+reverence and attachment."
+
+Lawrence Washington, Esq., of Chotauk, a relative and playmate of George
+in boyhood, described the home of the mother as follows:
+
+"I was often there with George, his playmate, school-mate, and young
+man's companion. Of the mother I was ten times more afraid than I ever
+was of my own parents. She awed me in the midst of her kindness, for she
+was, indeed, truly kind. I have often been present with her sons,
+proper, tall fellows, too, and we were all as mute as mice; and even
+now, when time has whitened my locks, and I am the grandparent of a
+second generation, I could not behold that remarkable woman without
+feelings it is impossible to describe. Whoever has seen that
+awe-inspiring air and manner so characteristic in the Father of his
+Country will remember the matron as she appeared when the presiding
+genius of her well-ordered household, COMMANDING AND BEING OBEYED."
+
+Mrs. Washington commanded obedience of her servants and agents as she
+did of her children. On one occasion she ordered an employee to perform
+a certain piece of work in a prescribed way. On going to the field she
+was disappointed.
+
+"Did I not tell you to do that piece of work?" she inquired of him.
+
+"Yes, madam."
+
+"Did I not direct you _how_ to do it?"
+
+"Yes, madam."
+
+"Then why have you not done as you were directed to do?"
+
+"Because I thought my way of doing it was better than yours," the
+servant answered.
+
+"Pray, tell me, who gave you any exercise of judgment in the matter? I
+_command_ you, sir; there is nothing left for you but to obey."
+
+So obedience was the law of her homestead. Outside and inside it seemed
+order, harmony, and efficiency.
+
+There was one volume upon which she relied next to the Bible,--"Sir
+Matthew Hale's Contemplations, Moral and Divine."
+
+Everett said of the influence of this book upon the life of Washington,
+"It would not be difficult to point out in the character of Washington
+some practical exemplification of the maxims of the Christian life as
+laid down by that illustrious magistrate."
+
+That Mrs. Washington made this volume the basis of her home instruction,
+there is ample proof. The character of her son bore faithful witness to
+the fidelity with which she taught and enforced the excellent counsels
+which the distinguished author gave in his "Contemplations." It will
+assist our purpose to cite some of its lessons in brief, as follows:
+
+"An humble man leans not to his own understanding; he is sensible of the
+deficiency of his own power and wisdom, and trusts not in it; he is also
+sensible of the all-sufficient power, wisdom, and goodness of Almighty
+God, and commits himself to Him for counsel, guidance, direction, and
+strength."
+
+"Consider what it is thou pridest thyself in, and examine well the
+nature of the things themselves, how little and inconsiderable they are;
+at least how uncertain and unstable they are."
+
+"Thou hast, it may be, wealth, stores of money; but how much of it is of
+use to thee? That which thou spendest is gone; that which thou keepest
+is as insignificant as so much dirt or clay; only thy care about it
+makes thy life the more uneasy."
+
+"Thou has honor, esteem; thou art deceived, thou hast it not. He hath it
+that gives it thee, and which He may detain from thee at pleasure."
+
+"Much time might be saved and redeemed, in retrenching the unnecessary
+waste thereof, in our ordinary sleep, attiring and dressing ourselves,
+and the length of our meals as breakfasts, dinners, suppers; which,
+especially in this latter age, and among people of the better sort, are
+protracted to an immoderate and excessive length."
+
+"Gaming, taverns, and plays, as they are pernicious, and corrupt
+youth; so, if they had no other fault, yet they are justly to be
+declined in respect to their excessive expense of time, and habituating
+men to idleness and vain thoughts, and disturbing passions, when they
+are past, as well as while they are used."
+
+"Be obstinately constant to your devotion at certain times, and be sure
+to spend the Lord's Day entirely in those religious duties proper for
+it; and let nothing but an inevitable necessity divert you from it."
+
+"Be industrious and faithful to your calling. The merciful God has not
+only indulged us with a far greater portion of time for our ordinary
+occasions than he has reserved for himself, but also enjoins and
+requires our industry and diligence in it."
+
+"Honesty and plain dealings in transactions, as well public as private,
+is the best and soundest prudence and policy, and overmatch craft and
+subtlety."
+
+"To rob for burnt offerings, and to lie for God, is a greater disservice
+to His Majesty than to rob for rapine or lie for advantage."
+
+"As he is overcareful that will not put on his clothes for fear of
+wearing them out, or use his axe for fear of hurting it, so he gives but
+an ill account of a healthy body that dares not employ it in a suitable
+occupation for fear of hurting his health."
+
+"Improve the opportunity of place, eminence, and greatness to serve God
+and your country, with all vigilance, diligence, and fidelity."
+
+"Reputation is not the thing primarily to be looked after in the
+exercise of virtue, for that is to affect the substance for the sake of
+the shadow, which is a kind of levity and weakness of mind; but look at
+virtue and the worth of it, as that which is first desirable, and
+reputation as a fair and useful accession to it."
+
+"Take a man that is employed as a statesman or politician, though he
+have much wisdom and prudence, it commonly degenerates into craft and
+cunning and pitiful shuffling, without the fear of God; but mingle the
+fear of Almighty God with that kind of wisdom, and it renders it noble
+and generous and honest and stable."
+
+"Whatever you do, be very careful to retain in your heart a _habit of
+religion_, that may be always about you, and keep your heart and life
+always as in His presence, and tending towards Him."
+
+We might quote much more of equal value from this treasury of wisdom.
+The book touches humanity at almost every point, and there is scarcely
+any lesson, relating to the elements of success in life, which it does
+not contain. Industry, perseverance, self-denial, decision, energy,
+economy, frugality, thoroughness, magnanimity, courage, fidelity,
+honesty, principle, and religion,--these, and all other indispensable
+human qualities, receive careful and just attention. And we repeat,
+George Washington's character was formed upon the basis of those
+instructions, under the moulding power of a superior mother.
+
+Mrs. Washington descended from a family of distinction among the
+Virginia colonists. Mr. Paulding says of her: "As a native of Virginia,
+she was hospitable by birthright, and always received her visitors with
+a smiling welcome. But they were never asked to stay but once, and she
+always speeded the parting guest by affording every facility in her
+power. She possessed all those domestic habits and qualities that confer
+value on women, and had no desire to be distinguished by any titles but
+those of a good wife and mother."
+
+She was a very resolute woman, and exercised the most complete
+self-control in the presence of danger and difficulties. There was but a
+single exception to this remark, she was afraid of thunder and lightning.
+At fifteen years of age she was walking with a young female friend, when
+they were overtaken by a fearful thunder-shower, and her friend was
+struck by lightning at her side and instantly killed. The terrible
+calamity wrought seriously upon her nervous system, and from that time
+she was unable to control her nerves during a thunder-storm. Otherwise
+she was one of the most fearless and resolute women ever born in
+Virginia.
+
+Mrs. Washington was not regarded as a superstitious woman, yet she had a
+dream when George was about five years old which so deeply impressed her
+that she pondered it through life. Mr. Weems gives it as she told it to
+a neighbor more than once, as follows:
+
+"I dreamt," said the mother of Washington, "that I was sitting on the
+piazza of a large new house, into which we had but lately moved. George,
+at that time about five years old, was in the garden with his corn-stalk
+plough, busily running little furrows in the sand, in imitation of Negro
+Dick, a fine black boy, with whose ploughing George was so taken that
+it was sometimes a hard matter to get him to his dinner. And so, as I
+was sitting on the piazza at my work, I suddenly heard in my dream a
+kind of roaring noise on the _eastern_ side of the house. On running out
+to see what was the matter, I beheld a dreadful sheet of fire bursting
+from the roof. The sight struck me with a horror which took away my
+strength, and threw me, almost senseless, to the ground. My husband and
+the servants, as I saw in my dream, soon came up; but, like myself, were
+so terrified at the sight that they could make no attempt to extinguish
+the flames. In this most distressing state the image of my little son
+came, I thought, to my mind, more dear and tender than ever, and turning
+towards the garden where he was engaged with his little corn-stalk
+plough, I screamed out twice with all my might, '_George_! _George_!' In
+a few moments, as I thought, he threw down his mimic plough, and ran to
+me, saying, '_High! ma! what makes you call so angry! ain't I a good
+boy? don't I always run to you soon as I hear you call_?' I could make
+no reply, but just threw up my arms towards the flame. He looked up and
+saw the house all on fire; but instead of bursting out a-crying, as
+might have been expected from a child, he instantly _brightened_ up and
+seemed ready to fly to extinguish it. But first looking at me with great
+tenderness, he said, '_O ma, don't be afraid! God Almighty will help us,
+and we shall soon put it out_.' His looks and words revived our spirits
+in so wonderful a manner that we all instantly set about to assist him.
+A ladder was presently brought, on which, as I saw in my dream, he ran
+up with the nimbleness of a squirrel and the servants supplied him with
+water, which he threw on the fire from an _American gourd_. But that
+growing weaker, the flame appeared to gain ground, breaking forth and
+roaring most dreadfully, which so frightened the servants that many of
+them, like persons in despair, began to leave him. But he, still
+undaunted, continued to ply it with water, animating the servants at the
+same time, both by his words and actions. For a long time the contest
+appeared very doubtful; but at length a venerable old man, with a tall
+cap and an iron rod in his hand, like a lightning-rod, reached out to
+him a curious little trough, like a _wooden shoe_! On receiving this he
+redoubled his exertions, and soon extinguished the fire. Our joy on the
+occasion was unbounded. But he, on the contrary, showing no more of
+transport now than of terror before, looked rather sad at the sight of
+the great harm that had been done. Then I saw in my dream that after
+some time spent as in deep thought, he called out with much joy, '_Well
+ma, now if you and the family will but consent, we can make a far better
+roof than this ever was_; a roof of such a _quality_ that, if well _kept
+together_, it will last forever; but if you take it apart, you will make
+the house ten thousand times worse than it was before.'"
+
+Mr. Weems adds: "This, though certainly a very curious dream, needs no
+Daniel to interpret it, especially if we take Mrs. Washington's new
+house for the young colony government; the fire on its east side for
+North's civil war; the gourd, which George first employed, for the
+American three and six months' enlistments; the old man, with his cap
+and iron rod, for Dr. Franklin; the _shoe-like_ vessel which he reached
+to George for the sabot, or wooden-shoed nation, the French whom
+Franklin courted a long time for America; and the new roof proposed by
+George for a staunch, honest Republic, that '_equal government_' which,
+by guarding alike the welfare of all, ought by all to be so heartily
+beloved as to _endure forever_."
+
+There are many anecdotes told of her which illustrate her character
+better than plain statement.
+
+The death of her husband was a crushing blow to her; yet, on the whole,
+her Christian hope triumphed. Friends offered to assist her in the
+management of her large estate, for all the property left to her
+children was to be controlled by her until they each one became of age.
+
+"No," she answered, "God has put the responsibility upon me by the death
+of my husband, and I must meet it. He will give me wisdom and strength
+as I need it."
+
+"But it is too much care and labor for a woman," suggested one, thinking
+that what had required the constant and careful attention of a man could
+not be added to the cares of a woman, whose hands were full with
+household duties before.
+
+"We can bear more and do more than we think we can when compelled by the
+force of circumstances," replied Mrs. Washington. "In ourselves we are
+weak, and can do but little; but by the help of God we are made equal to
+the demands of duty."
+
+"Equal to all that comes within the bounds of reason," responded the
+relative, intending that it was unreasonable for the mother of five
+young children, the eldest but eleven years old, to undertake so much.
+
+"Certainly; and the _demands of duty_ are always within the bounds of
+reason," answered Mrs. Washington; "that was what I said. Providence has
+laid this burden of care and labor upon me, and upon no one else. While
+I shall be very thankful for advice and assistance from my friends, I
+must not shrink from the cares of this new position."
+
+It was in this spirit that Mrs. Washington took up the additional duties
+devolved upon her by the sudden death of her husband. In view of this
+fact, Mr. Sparks paid her the following just tribute:
+
+"In these important duties Mrs. Washington acquitted herself with great
+fidelity to her trust, and with entire success. Her good sense,
+assiduity, tenderness, and vigilance overcame every obstacle; and, as
+the richest reward of a mother's solicitude and toil, she had the
+happiness to see all her children come forward with a fair promise into
+life, filling the sphere allotted them in a manner equally honorable to
+themselves, and to the parent who had been the only guide of their
+principles, conduct, and habits. She lived to witness the noble career
+of her eldest son, till, by his own rare merits, he was raised to the
+head of a nation, and applauded and revered by the whole world. It has
+been said that there never was a great man, the elements of whose
+greatness might not be traced to the original characteristics or early
+influence of his mother. If this be true, how much do mankind owe to the
+mother of Washington?"
+
+Irving said: "She proved herself worthy of the trust. Endowed with
+plain, direct, good sense, thorough conscientiousness, and prompt
+decision, she governed her family strictly, but kindly, exacting
+deference while she inspired affection. George, being her eldest son,
+was thought to be her favorite, yet she never gave him undue preference;
+and the implicit deference exacted from him in childhood continued to be
+habitually observed by him to the day of her death. He inherited from
+her a high temper and a spirit of command, but her early precepts and
+example taught him to restrain and govern that temper, and to square his
+conduct on the exact principles of equity and justice.
+
+"Tradition gives an interesting picture of the widow, with her little
+flock gathered round her, as was her daily wont, reading to them lessons
+of religion and morality out of some standard work. Her favorite volume
+was Sir Matthew Hale's 'Contemplations, Moral and Divine.' The admirable
+maxims therein contained for outward actions, as well as for
+self-government, sank deep into the mind of George, and doubtless had a
+great influence in forming his character. They certainly were
+exemplified in his conduct throughout life. This mother's manual,
+bearing his mother's name, Mary Washington, written with her own hand,
+was ever preserved by him with filial care, and may still be seen in the
+archives of Mount Vernon."
+
+When her son first engaged in the war against the French and Indians,
+she appeared to be indifferent to the honor conferred upon him.
+
+"You must go at the call of your country, but I regret that it is
+necessary, George," she said, when he paid her his farewell visit. "May
+the Lord go with you, and preserve you and the country!"
+
+"And may He preserve and bless you, whether He preserves me or not!"
+answered her son. "The perils of war render my return uncertain, to say
+the least; and it is always wise to be prepared for the worst."
+
+"I trust that I am prepared for anything that Providence orders,"
+responded Mrs. Washington, "though it is with pain that I approach this
+separation. These trying times require great sacrifices of all, and we
+must make them cheerfully."
+
+"Victory would not be far away if all possessed that spirit," answered
+the young commander. "If there is patriotism enough in the country to
+defend our cause, the country will be saved."
+
+That Washington himself was deeply affected by this interview, his own
+tears, when he bade his mother final adieu, bore unmistakable witness.
+
+When the news of his crossing the Delaware, at a time of great peril and
+gloom in the land, was brought to her, she exclaimed, raising her hand
+heavenward, "Thank God! thank God for the success!"
+
+There appeared to be no recognition of peculiar wisdom and skill on the
+part of her son, though the friends gathered were full of his praise.
+
+"The country is profoundly grateful to your son for his achievements,"
+suggested one; "and the praise of his countrymen knows no bounds."
+
+"I have no doubt that George deserves well of his country," Mrs.
+Washington replied, "but, my good sir, here is too much flattery."
+
+"No flattery at all, but deserved praise," her friend and neighbor
+retorted.
+
+"Well, I have no fears about George," she replied. "He will not forget
+the lessons I have taught him; he will not forget _himself_, though he
+is the subject of so much praise."
+
+After her son had left for Cambridge, Mass., to take charge of the
+troops, her son-in-law, Mr. Fielding Lewis, offered to lighten her
+labors by taking care of her property, or some part of it at least.
+
+"No, Fielding, it is not necessary; I am competent to attend to it
+myself," she answered.
+
+"I did not question your competency; I only wanted to relieve you of
+some care," the son-in-law answered.
+
+"I understand and appreciate your kindness," she said; "but,
+nevertheless, I must decline your offer. My friends are all very kind to
+me, and I feel very grateful, but it is better for me to bear this
+responsibility as long as I can."
+
+After discussing the subject still further, Mrs. Washington yielded in
+part to his request; she said:
+
+"Fielding, you may keep my books in order, as your eyesight is better
+than mine, but leave the executive management to me."
+
+When Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown, Washington despatched a
+messenger to convey the glad tidings to his mother at Fredericksburg. At
+once her friends and neighbors called with great enthusiasm to honor her
+as the mother of the conqueror of England.
+
+"Bless God!" she exclaimed, on receipt of the news. "The war will now be
+ended, and peace and independence and happiness bless the country."
+
+"Your son is the most illustrious general in the world," remarked one.
+
+"The nation idolizes him," said another.
+
+"The soldiers almost worship him," still another.
+
+"The saviour of his country," announced a fourth in jubilant state of
+mind, desiring, at the same time, to gratify his mother.
+
+But none of these lofty tributes to her son afforded her pleasure; they
+seemed to annoy her by causing her to feel that the divine blessing was
+overlooked.
+
+"We must not forget the great Giver, in our joy over the success of our
+arms," she said.
+
+She had never forgotten Him. During those six long years of conflict,
+her hope had been inspired, and her comfort found, at the mercy-seat.
+Daily, during the warm season of the year, she had repaired to a
+secluded spot near her dwelling to pray for her George and her country.
+At other seasons of the year she daily remembered them within her quiet
+home. However gratified she may have been with the honors lavished upon
+her son, she would not allow herself to honor the creature more than the
+Creator.
+
+As soon as possible after the surrender of Cornwallis, Washington
+visited his mother at Fredericksburg, attended by his splendid suite.
+The latter were extremely anxious to behold and honor the aged matron,
+whom their illustrious chief respected and loved so sincerely.
+
+On arriving at Fredericksburg, he quartered his suite comfortably, and
+then repaired alone and on foot to see his mother, whom he had not seen
+for over six years. She met him at the door with feelings we cannot
+conceive, much less describe.
+
+In silence and tears they embraced each other, with that tender, mutual
+pledge of undying love--a kiss.
+
+"God has answered my prayers, George, and I praise Him that I see your
+face again," she said.
+
+"Yes, my dear mother, God has indeed heard your prayers, and the thought
+that you were interceding for me at the throne of grace was always an
+inspiration to me," answered the son.
+
+"How changed, George!" the mother remarked, scanning his face closely,
+and noticing that he had grown old rapidly. "You bear the marks of war."
+
+"True, men grow old fast in war," the son replied; "but my health is
+good, and rest and peace will soon make me as good as new."
+
+"For that I shall devoutly pray," Mrs. Washington responded.
+
+For an hour, and more, the conversation continued, the mother making
+many inquiries concerning his health and future plans, the prospects of
+peace and prosperity to the country, and kindred subjects; but she did
+not drop a single word respecting his fame.
+
+The inhabitants of Fredericksburg and vicinity immediately arranged for
+a grand military ball in honor of Gen. Washington and his staff. Such an
+occasion would furnish a favorable opportunity for the members of
+Washington's staff to meet his mother.
+
+At that time, as now, it was customary for military and civic leaders to
+allow their joy over happy occasions to ooze out through their heels. We
+are unable to explain the phenomenon; but the fact remains, that a ball
+on a grand scale was planned, to which Washington's mother was specially
+invited. Her reply to the flattering invitation was characteristic.
+
+"Although my dancing days are pretty well over, I shall be most happy to
+contribute what I can to the general festivity."
+
+Mrs. Washington was then over seventy years of age.
+
+It was the gayest assembly ever convened in Virginia at that time, and
+perhaps the occasion was the merriest. Gay belles and dignified matrons
+graced the occasion, arrayed in rich laces and bright brocades, the well
+preserved relics of scenes when neither national misfortune nor private
+calamity forbade their use.
+
+In addition to Washington's staff, many other military officers were
+present, all gorgeously dressed, contributing largely to the beauty and
+grandeur of the scene.
+
+"But despite the soul-soothing charm of music," says a writer, "the
+fascinations of female loveliness, and the flattering devotion of the
+gallant brave, all was eager suspense and expectation, until there
+entered, unannounced and unattended, the mother of Washington, leaning
+on the arm of her son.
+
+"The large audience at once paid their respects to the honored guests,
+the mother of the chief being the central figure of the occasion.
+Washington presented American and European officers to his mother, who
+wore the simple but becoming and appropriate costume of the Virginia
+ladies of the olden time, while the sincere congratulations of the whole
+assembly were tendered to her."
+
+The writer just quoted continues:
+
+"The European strangers gazed long in wondering amazement upon the
+sublime and touching spectacle. Accustomed to the meretricious display
+of European courts, they regarded with astonishment her unadorned
+attire, and the mingled simplicity and majesty for which the language
+and manners of the mother of Washington were so remarkable."
+
+When the clock struck nine, the venerable lady arose, and said:
+
+"Come, George, it is time for old people to be at home."
+
+Then expressing her gratification at being able to be present on so
+extraordinary an occasion, and wishing the company much joy, she
+retired, as she came, leaning on the arm of her son.
+
+This picture of beautiful simplicity and absence of pride, in the midst
+of distinguished honors, contrasts finely with a scene in the life of
+another great general, Napoleon. On one occasion, when Napoleon gave
+audience to famous guests, together with several members of his family,
+his mother advanced towards him. According to a royal custom, the
+emperor extended his hand to her to kiss, as he had done when his
+brothers and sisters approached him.
+
+"No," responded his mother; "you are the king, the emperor of all the
+rest, but you are _my son_."
+
+Mrs. Washington was always actuated by a similar sense of propriety; and
+her demeanor towards the general seemed to say, "You are my son." And
+the general accepted that exhibition of maternal dignity and love as
+proper and honorable.
+
+At the close of the Revolution, Lafayette, before leaving the country,
+visited Mrs. Washington at her home. One of her grandsons accompanied
+him to the house. As they approached, the grandson said, pointing to an
+old lady in the garden:
+
+"There is my grandmother in the garden."
+
+"Indeed!" answered Lafayette. "I am happy to find her able to be out."
+
+Lafayette saluted her in his cordial way on coming up to her, when she
+replied:
+
+"Ah, Marquis, you see an old woman; but come, I can make you welcome to
+my poor dwelling without the parade of changing my dress."
+
+"I come to bid you adieu before leaving the country," remarked
+Lafayette, when they were seated in the house. "I desired to see you
+once more."
+
+"I assure you that nothing could afford me more real pleasure than to
+welcome once more to my home so distinguished a friend of my son and my
+country," Mrs. Washington answered.
+
+"I congratulate you upon having such a son and such a country,"
+continued Lafayette.
+
+"I trust that I am grateful for both," Mrs. Washington replied.
+
+"I rejoice with you in your son's well-earned fame," continued the
+distinguished Frenchman, "and I am glad that you have lived to see this
+day."
+
+Lafayette proceeded to rehearse the patriotic deeds of Washington for
+his country, growing more and more enthusiastic in his praise as he
+continued, until finally Mrs. Washington remarked:
+
+"_I am not surprised at what George has done, for he was always a good
+boy._"
+
+Washington retired to his home at Mount Vernon at the close of the war,
+and earnestly entreated his mother to take up her abode with him.
+
+"You are too aged and infirm to live alone," he said, "and I can have no
+greater pleasure than to have you in my family."
+
+"I feel truly grateful for your kindness, George, but I enjoy my mode of
+life," she answered. "I think it is according to the direction of
+Providence."
+
+"It would not be in opposition to Providence if you should come to live
+with me," responded Washington with a smile.
+
+"Nevertheless, I must decline. I thank you from the bottom of my heart
+for your interest and love, _but I feel fully competent to take care of
+myself_."
+
+That settled the question, and she remained at Fredericksburg.
+
+When Washington was elected President of the United States, he paid a
+farewell visit to his mother. He was about to depart for the seat of
+government, which was in New York City.
+
+"I would gladly have avoided this responsibility for your sake, as well
+as mine," remarked Washington; "but Providence seemed to leave me no way
+of escape, and I have come to bid you an affectionate farewell."
+
+"You are in the way of duty, George, and I have no desire to interpose,"
+his mother answered. "My race is almost run, and I shall never see you
+again in the flesh."
+
+"I hope we shall meet again; though at your great age, and with such a
+serious disease upon you, the end cannot be far away," replied the son.
+
+Mrs. Washington was then eighty-three years of age, and was suffering
+from a cancer in the breast.
+
+"Yes, I am old and feeble, and growing more so every day," continued his
+mother; "and I wait the summons of the Master without fear or anxiety."
+
+Pausing a moment, as if to control emotion, she added, "Go, George, and
+fulfil the high destiny to which Providence calls you; and may God
+continue to guide and bless you!"
+
+At this point let Mr. Custis speak:
+
+"Washington was deeply affected. His head rested upon the shoulder of
+his parent, whose aged arm feebly, yet fondly, encircled his neck. That
+brow, on which fame had wreathed the purest laurel virtue ever gave to
+created man, relaxed from its lofty bearing. That look, which would have
+awed a Roman senate in its Fabrician day, was bent in filial tenderness
+upon the time-worn features of the aged matron. He wept. A thousand
+recollections crowded upon his mind, as memory, retracing scenes long
+passed, carried him back to the maternal mansion and the days of
+juvenility, where he beheld that mother, whose care, education, and
+discipline caused him to reach the topmost height of laudable ambition.
+Yet, how were his glories forgotten while he gazed upon her whom, wasted
+by time and malady, he should part with to meet no more!"
+
+Washington never saw his mother again. She died Aug. 25, 1789. Her last
+days were characterized by that cheerful resignation to the divine will
+for which she was ever distinguished, and she passed away in the
+triumphs of Christian faith.
+
+Her remains were laid in the burial ground of Fredericksburg, in a spot
+which she selected, because it was situated near the place where she was
+wont to retire for meditation and prayer. For many years her grave was
+unmarked by slab or monument; but in 1833, Silas E. Barrows, Esq., of
+New York City, undertook the erection of a monument at his own expense.
+
+On the seventh day of May of that year, President Jackson laid the
+corner-stone in the presence of a great concourse of people. It was
+estimated that more than fifteen thousand persons assembled to honor the
+dead.
+
+The plan of the monument was pyramidical, and the height of the obelisk
+forty-five feet. A colossal bust of Washington adorned the shaft,
+surmounted by the American eagle sustaining a civic crown above the
+hero's head, and with the simple inscription:
+
+        MARY,
+    THE MOTHER OF
+     WASHINGTON.
+
+From President Jackson's eulogy on the interesting occasion, we make the
+following brief extract:
+
+"In the grave before us lie the remains of his mother. Long has it been
+unmarked by any monumental tablet, but not unhonored. You have
+undertaken the pious duty of erecting a column to her name, and of
+inscribing upon it the simple but affecting words, 'Mary, the Mother of
+Washington.' No eulogy could be higher, and it appeals to the heart of
+every American.... The mother and son are beyond the reach of human
+applause, but the bright example of paternal and filial excellence which
+their conduct furnishes cannot but produce the most salutary effects
+upon our countrymen. Let their example be before us from the first
+lesson which is taught the child, till the mother's duties yield to the
+course of preparation and action which nature prescribes for him....
+
+"Fellow citizens, at your request, and in your name, I now deposit this
+plate in the spot destined for it; and when the American pilgrim shall,
+in after ages, come up to this high and holy place, and lay his hand
+upon this sacred column, may he recall the virtues of her who sleeps
+beneath, and depart with his affections purified and his piety
+strengthened, while he invokes blessings upon the mother of Washington."
+
+John Adams wrote to his wife concerning a certain statesman: "In reading
+history, you will generally observe, when you find a great character,
+whether a general, a statesman, or a philosopher, some female about him,
+either in the character of a mother, wife, or sister, who has knowledge
+and ambition above the ordinary level of women; and that much of his
+eminence is owing to her precepts, example, or instigation in some shape
+or other."
+
+This remark was remarkably illustrated in the career of Washington. He
+always acknowledged his indebtedness to maternal influence. He could
+say, with John Quincy Adams, "Such as I have been, whatever it was; such
+as I am, whatever it is; and such as I hope to be in all futurity, must
+be ascribed, under Providence, to the precepts and example of my
+mother."
+
+Historians and poets, statesmen and orators, have ever accorded to the
+mother of Washington a signal influence to determine his character and
+career. And so universal is this sentiment, that the American people
+consider that the noblest tribute to her memory is the inscription upon
+her monument:
+
+        MARY,
+    THE MOTHER OF
+     WASHINGTON.
+
+
+
+
+VII.
+
+YOUNG SURVEYOR.
+
+
+"George can make his home with me, now that his school-days are over,"
+said Lawrence to his mother, anxious to keep his young brother in his
+own family at Mount Vernon.
+
+"But I need him more than you do," objected Mrs. Washington; "you can
+hardly imagine how I miss him."
+
+"So do we miss him when he is not here," responded Lawrence. "George is
+good company, as much so as a man of twenty-five years of age. I want
+very much that he should make his home with me."
+
+"I thought he might be of service to me in running the farm, and, at the
+same time, pursue his studies by himself," continued Mrs. Washington.
+
+"He can study better with me," suggested Lawrence, "because I can assist
+him as well as not."
+
+"There is no doubt of that," replied the mother, "and that is the only
+reason I can see why he should make his home with you."
+
+"There is one other reason, mother, and a good one, too."
+
+"What is it?"
+
+"He will have a better opportunity to get into business if he lives with
+me. I have much company, and just the class of men to introduce a
+capable youth like George into some good pursuit."
+
+"There is something in that," responded Mrs. Washington.
+
+"There is much in it every way," added Lawrence. "George is now at an
+age when his plans for life should be forming. He is competent to occupy
+almost any position that offers, and I can be of real service to him in
+directing and advising him."
+
+There is evidence to believe that Lawrence had not wholly abandoned the
+idea of introducing George into military life. He himself had become a
+man of influence in the State. He was a member of the House of
+Burgesses, and adjutant-general of his district; a gentleman of
+acknowledged ability and position. He saw in George the foreshadowing of
+a distinguished man. He had more exalted ideas than his mother of the
+boy's ability and promise. If he could have him in his family, he could
+assist him onward and upward, beyond what would be possible if he
+remained with his mother.
+
+It was finally settled that George should take up his abode with
+Lawrence at Mount Vernon. We need not say that this decision was
+congenial to George. He was so strongly attached to Lawrence, and
+enjoyed being at Mount Vernon so much, that he found great delight in
+removing thither permanently. It proved to be a very important step in
+his career, as Lawrence prophesied it would be.
+
+George had not passed his sixteenth birthday. Though still a boy, his
+views and aims of life were those of a man. He pursued arithmetic and
+surveying under the direction of his brother, with reference to future
+manhood. Nor was that all.
+
+One day Lawrence surprised him by the inquiry, "George, how would you
+like to take lessons in the manual exercise of Adjutant Muse?"
+
+"I should like it," George replied.
+
+"It may be of service to you at some future day," Lawrence continued.
+"It will do you no harm, surely."
+
+"I am ready for the lessons any time," added George. "I have always had
+a desire to know something in that line."
+
+Adjutant Muse served with Lawrence in the war against the Spaniards in
+the West Indies, and he was a competent teacher of the manual exercise.
+It was arranged that he should instruct George in the art.
+
+Subsequently, also, Lawrence made arrangements with Monsieur Van Braam
+to instruct George in the _art of fencing_. He had an idea that
+dexterity in the use of his limbs, as well as fire-arms, would be of
+future use to him. These facts indicate that Lawrence did not expect
+that his young brother would become a farmer. There is traditional
+evidence that he stated as much to George, whose military aspirations
+were nurtured in the Mount Vernon home.
+
+Adjutant Muse encouraged George to read certain treaties upon the art of
+war, which he offered to loan him. From these volumes he acquired
+considerable knowledge of the theory of tactics, and of the evolution of
+troops. No previous branch of study had enlisted his interest more
+thoroughly than did these works upon military tactics; and we may easily
+discover the design of Providence to prepare him in this way to act a
+conspicuous part in the achievement of American independence.
+
+At Mount Vernon George met William Fairfax, whose daughter Lawrence
+married. He occupied a valuable estate of his cousin Lord Fairfax, at
+Belvoir, seven or eight miles from Mount Vernon. He was an English
+gentleman of culture and wealth, very much respected by all who knew
+him.
+
+Mr. Fairfax became very much interested in George, regarding him as a
+youth of rare, manly virtues.
+
+"He is a man already," he remarked to Lawrence; "very mature for one of
+his years."
+
+"I think so," Lawrence answered, "and I hope the way will be opened for
+his noblest development."
+
+"He must visit us at Belvoir; I should delight to have him spend much
+time in my family," Mr. Fairfax added.
+
+"And I should be pleased to have him," responded Lawrence. "He would
+derive great benefit from it."
+
+"My sons and daughters would find him a very genial companion,"
+continued Mr. Fairfax. "I think the benefit from the society of each
+other would be mutual."
+
+In this way George was introduced to the Fairfax family, with whom he
+spent many of his happiest days and weeks. It was one of the most
+favorable incidents of his young life when he was welcomed to that
+family, for there he enjoyed society of culture, where character, and
+neither wealth nor honors, ranked highest. Just at that age he needed
+the influence of education and cultivated manners, and here he found
+both with the sons and daughters of Mr. Fairfax. Alternately, between
+this family at Belvoir and his brother's family at Mount Vernon, he
+enjoyed a discipline of social intercourse, better for him, in some
+respects, than even Mr. Williams's school.
+
+At Belvoir George met Lord Fairfax, a relative of William Fairfax,
+recently from England. "He was the owner of immense domains in
+Virginia," says Mr. Everett. "He had inherited through his mother, the
+daughter of Lord Culpepper, the original grantee, a vast tract of land,
+originally including the entire territory between the Potomac and
+Rappahannock Rivers."
+
+Mr. Everett says of him further: "Lord Fairfax was a man of cultivated
+mind, educated at Oxford, the associate of the wits of London, the
+author of one or two papers in the _Spectator_, and an _habitue_ of the
+polite circles of the metropolis. A disappointment in love is said to
+have cast a shadow over his after life, and to have led him to pass his
+time in voluntary exile on his Virginia estates, watching and promoting
+the rapid development of the resources of the country, following the
+hounds through the primeval forests, and cheering his solitary hours by
+reading and a limited society of chosen friends."
+
+The "love affair" to which Mr. Everett refers is explained by Mr. Irving
+as follows:
+
+"In the height of his fashionable career he became strongly attached to
+a young lady of rank, paid his addresses, and was accepted. The wedding
+day was fixed; the wedding dresses were provided, together with
+servants and equipages for the matrimonial establishment. Suddenly the
+lady broke her engagement. She had been dazzled by the superior
+brilliancy of a ducal coronet.
+
+"It was a cruel blow alike to the affection and pride of Lord Fairfax,
+and wrought a change in both character and conduct. From that time he
+almost avoided the sex, and became shy and embarrassed in their society,
+excepting among those with whom he was connected or particularly
+intimate. This may have been among the reasons which ultimately induced
+him to abandon the gay world and bury himself in the wilds of America."
+
+Lord Fairfax was charmed by the appearance of George.
+
+"A remarkable lad," he said to his relative, William Fairfax; "so manly,
+so intelligent in knowledge beyond his years."
+
+"Yet not a mere book-worm," replied William. "No boy likes games and
+hunting better than he."
+
+"A capital horseman, I notice," added the nobleman; "strong and powerful
+for one of his years. Yet he likes books. It seems to me that he is
+unusually fond of reading."
+
+Lord Fairfax possessed quite a number of valuable books, new and rare to
+George, who had pored over them with absorbing interest. The nobleman
+inferred that he must possess an unusual taste for reading, and this was
+really true.
+
+"Yes, he generally wants to know what the books he meets with contain,"
+responded William. "He has made the contents of such books as he could
+reach his own."
+
+"I must take him out hunting with me," continued Lord Fairfax. "He will
+make a good companion, I imagine."
+
+Lord Fairfax delighted in fox-hunting. In England, before he came to
+this country, his best sport was found in the fox-hunt. He kept his
+hounds, and all the accoutrements for the chase, so that he was always
+prepared for the sport. He found increased pleasure in the pastime after
+George became his companion in the chase. The latter enjoyed it, too,
+with a keen relish. It was not altogether new to him; he had been
+occasionally on such excursions with others. But the English nobleman
+understood fox-hunting as no one else in Virginia did. He had learned it
+as practised by English lords, who live in baronial style. For this
+reason George enjoyed the wild sport as he never did before.
+
+One day George was surprised by a proposition from Lord Fairfax.
+
+"How would you like to survey my lands for me, George? You appear to
+understand the business."
+
+"I should like nothing better if I can do it to suit you," George
+answered. "I like surveying."
+
+"Well, the only way for me to do is to survey my land, and sell it, if
+I would keep 'squatters' off," added Lord Fairfax. "Squatters" were a
+class of persons took up their abode upon lands which did not belong to
+them, without leave or license.
+
+"You can do it to suit me, I have no doubt," continued the noble lord,
+"and I can satisfy you as to pay."
+
+"I will confer with Lawrence about it," said George; "and I shall want
+to see my mother, also, I have no doubt but that they will think well of
+the plan."
+
+"That is right," answered Lord Fairfax. "Think it over carefully before
+you decide. You can undertake the work any time."
+
+George was not long in consulting Lawrence, nor in securing the approval
+of his mother. He had frequently been home to see his mother, improving
+every favorable opportunity to show his filial devotion thereby. On this
+visit, the prospect of an honorable and remunerative pursuit added
+interest thereto.
+
+Having obtained the approval of his mother and Lawrence, and formally
+accepted the proposition of Lord Fairfax, George set to work in earnest
+preparation for the task. He would be under the necessity of plunging
+into the wilderness, where savage beasts and savage men might confront
+him at almost any time. He must travel on horseback with attendants
+carrying his outfit at considerable disadvantage, shooting game and
+catching fish for food, and be absent weeks and possibly months at a
+time. Camping out at night, or finding a lodge in some poor cabin,
+breasting severe storms, encountering Indians, and other new experiences
+required preparation.
+
+George William Fairfax, a son of William, accompanied him, together with
+two or three attendants. A writer describes the heroic boy, then sixteen
+years of age, as follows:
+
+"There he is, a tall, handsome youth, with his right arm thrown across
+the horse's neck, and his left hand grasping his compass-staff. He is
+clad in a buck-skin hunting-shirt, with leggings and moccasins of the
+same material, the simple garb of a backwoods man, and one that well
+becomes him now, as in perfect keeping with the wildness of the
+surrounding scenery; while in his broad leathern belt are stuck the long
+hunting-knife and Indian tomahawk. In stature he is much above most
+youths of the same age. He is of a noble, robust form, with high and
+strong but smooth features, light brown hair, large blue eyes, not
+brilliant, but beaming with a clear and steady light, as if a soul
+looked through them that knew no taint of vice or meanness, and a
+countenance aglow with truth and courage, modest gentleness, and manly
+self-reliance."
+
+"You must continue to keep your journal," said Lawrence; "it will be
+more valuable than ever to you."
+
+George had kept a journal of events and experiences for two or three
+years, and his brother encouraged him in doing it as valuable
+discipline.
+
+"I intend to do it," answered George, "and I shall take more interest in
+it because I shall have something worth recording."
+
+"Twenty or thirty years from now you will put a higher value upon your
+journal than you do now," added Lawrence. "I should recommend every
+youth to keep a journal."
+
+"Especially in the woods," responded George, facetiously.
+
+"Yes, in the woods or out; no boy can afford to lose the discipline of
+it," rejoined Lawrence. "For so simple and easy practice it pays a large
+interest."
+
+"Small investments and large income! That is what you mean," remarked
+George.
+
+"Exactly; my word for it, you will find it so," added Lawrence.
+
+That journal has proved of far more value than Lawrence predicted. After
+the lapse of over one hundred and thirty years, we are able to learn
+from it about the hardships, dangers, and severe labors of his surveying
+expeditions. A few extracts from letters and journal will afford an
+insight into that important period of his life.
+
+He wrote to one of his friends, after an experience of several months,
+thus:
+
+"Your letter gave me the more pleasure, as I received it among
+barbarians, and an uncouth set of people. Since you received my last
+letter I have not slept above three or four nights in a bed; but after
+walking a good deal all the day, I have lain down before the fire upon a
+little hay, straw, fodder, or a bear-skin--whichsoever was to be
+had--with man, wife, and children, like dogs and cats; and happy is he
+who gets the berth nearest the fire. Nothing would make it pass off
+tolerably but a good reward. A doubloon[A] is my constant gain every
+day that the weather will permit my going out, and sometimes six
+pistoles[B]. The coldness of the weather will not allow of my making a
+long stay, as the lodging is rather too cold for the time of year. I
+have never had my clothes off, but have lain and slept in them, except
+the few nights I have been in Fredericksburg."
+
+    [A] $7 50.
+    [B] A pistole was $3.50
+
+The entry in his journal for the third day after he started, in March,
+1748, was as follows:
+
+"Worked hard till night, and then returned. After supper we were lighted
+into a room; and I, not being so good a woodsman as the rest, stripped
+myself very orderly, and went into the bed, as they called it, when, to
+my surprise, I found it to be nothing but a little straw matted
+together, without sheet or anything else, but only one threadbare
+blanket, with double its weight of vermin. I was glad to get up and put
+on my clothes, and lie as my companions did. Had we not been very tired,
+I am sure that we should not have slept much that night. I made a
+promise to sleep so no more, choosing rather to sleep in the open air
+before a fire."
+
+George commenced operations for Lord Fairfax early in March, when the
+mountains were still white with snow, and wintry blasts swept over the
+plains. The heavy rains of spring had swollen the streams into torrents,
+so that it was perilous to ford them. Of course the hardships of such an
+expedition were largely increased by the rough, cold weather of the
+season.
+
+Abbot says: "The enterprise upon which Washington had entered was one
+full of romance, toil, and peril. It required the exercise of constant
+vigilance and sagacity. Though these wilds may be called pathless still
+there were here and there narrow trails, which the moccasined foot of
+the savage had trodden for centuries. They led in a narrow track,
+scarcely two feet in breadth, through dense thickets, over craggy hills,
+and along the banks of placid streams or foaming torrents."
+
+Everett says: "The hardships of this occupation will not be fully
+comprehended by those who are acquainted with the surveyor's duties only
+as they are practised in old and thickly settled countries. In addition
+to the want of accommodation, the service was attended by serious
+perils. In new countries, of which 'squatters' have begun to take
+possession, the surveyor is at all times a highly unwelcome visitor, and
+sometimes goes about his duties at the risk of his life. Besides this, a
+portion of the land traversed by Washington formed a part of that
+debatable land, the disputed right to which was the original moving
+cause of the 'Seven Years' War.' The French were already in motion, both
+from Canada and Louisiana, to preoccupy the banks of the Ohio, and
+the savages in their interest roamed the intervening country up to
+the settlements of Virginia."
+
+Another entry in his journal is the following:
+
+"Rained till about two o'clock, and then cleared up, when we were
+agreeably surprised at the sight of more than thirty Indians, coming
+from war with only one scalp. We had some liquor with us, of which we
+gave them a part. This, elevating their spirits, put them in the humor
+of dancing. We then had a war dance. After clearing a large space, and
+making a great fire in the middle, the men seated themselves around it,
+and the speaker made a grand speech, telling them in what manner they
+were to dance. After he had finished, the best dancer jumped up, as one
+awakened from sleep, and ran and jumped about the ring in the most
+comical manner. He was followed by the rest. Then began their music,
+which was performed with a pot half full of water, and a deer skin
+stretched tight over it, and a gourd with some shot in it to rattle, and
+a piece of horse's tail tied to it to make it look fine. One person kept
+rattling and another drumming all the while they were dancing."
+
+George had never seen Indians in their wigwams until his surveying
+expedition. He had never witnessed a war dance nor been brought face to
+face with these red men until he engaged in this pursuit for Lord
+Fairfax. The Indians were friendly, though it was known that they looked
+upon the encroachments of the English colonists with suspicion, if not
+with some bitterness. Occasionally a wandering band plundered defenceless
+families and spread consternation abroad. But such hostile demonstrations
+were exceptional.
+
+"Strange must have been the emotions which at times agitated the bosom
+of this pensive, reflective, heroic boy, as at midnight, far away from
+the haunts of civilization, in the wigwam of the savage, he listened to
+the wailings of the storm, interrupted only by the melancholy cry of the
+night-bird, and the howl of wolves and other unknown beasts of prey. By
+the flickering light of the wigwam fire, he saw, sharing his couch, the
+dusky form of the Indian hunter, his squaw, and his pappooses."
+
+Other entries in his journal show that George was compelled to submit to
+privations that were new and strange to him.
+
+"Travelled up to Solomon Hedges', Esquire, to-day, one of _His Majesty's
+Justices of the Peace_, in the county of Frederick, where we camped.
+When we came to supper there was neither a knife on the table nor a fork
+to eat with; but as good luck would have it, we had knives of our own."
+
+George put in italics the words indicated, evidently to call attention
+to the poverty and degradation of some of "His Majesty's Justices." He
+had a high-sounding title to his name, but neither knife nor fork!
+
+"April 8: We camped in the woods, and after we had pitched our tent and
+made a large fire, we pulled out our knapsacks to recruit ourselves.
+Every one was his own cook. Our spits were forked sticks, our plates
+were large chips. As for dishes, we had none."
+
+One "blowing, rainy night," George was startled from a sound sleep by
+the cry of "Fire! Fire! Fire!"
+
+He sprung to his feet half asleep, scarcely knowing what unearthly sound
+awoke him.
+
+"Your bed is on fire, George," shouted the same companion. "Narrow
+escape for you."
+
+Sure enough, George discovered that the straw on which he was lying had
+taken fire, and, but for the timely warning of his more wakeful
+companion, he must have been severely burned.
+
+His diary contained such items as, "The number of acres in each lot
+surveyed, the quality of the soil, the height of the hills, the growth
+of plants and trees, the extent of the valleys, and the length, breadth,
+and course of the streams." On these various topics he reported to his
+employer, furnishing him thereby the necessary data on which to base a
+judgment on sale of land.
+
+Mr. Sparks, speaking of the thoroughness of his work as a surveyor,
+says, "Nor was his skill confined to the more simple processes of the
+art. He used logarithms, and proved the accuracy of his work by
+different methods. The manuscripts fill several quires of paper, and are
+remarkable for the care with which they were kept, the neatness and
+uniformity of the handwriting, the beauty of the diagrams, and a precise
+method and arrangement in copying out tables and columns of figures.
+These particulars will not be thought too trivial to be noticed when it
+is known he retained similar habits through life. His business papers,
+day-books, ledgers, and letter-books, in which, before the Revolution,
+no one wrote but himself, exhibit specimens of the same studious care
+and exactness. Every fact occupies a clear and distinct place."
+
+Mr. Everett says: "He soon became distinguished for the accuracy of his
+surveys, and obtained the appointment of a public surveyor, which
+enabled him to enter his plans as legally valid in the county offices.
+The imperfect manner in which land surveys at that time were generally
+executed led in the sequel to constant litigation; but an experienced
+practitioner in the Western courts pronounced in after years that, of
+all the surveys which had come within his knowledge, those of Washington
+could alone be depended upon."
+
+Mr. Weems mentions George's connection with the family of Widow
+Stevenson, with whom he made headquarters while surveying Frederick
+County, which was then very large, embracing what is now Berkeley,
+Jefferson, and Shenandoah Counties. She had seven sons, William,
+Valentine, John, Hugh, Dick, James, and Mark, all stalwart fellows.
+These seven young men, in Herculean size and strength, were equal,
+perhaps, to any seven sons of any one mother in Christendom. This was a
+family exactly to George's mind, because promising him an abundance of
+that manly exercise in which he delighted.
+
+"Come," said Valentine, "let us go out to the Green, and see who the
+best man is."
+
+The "Green" was an extended level field in front of the house, a nice
+spot for jumping, wrestling, and other sports. By a trial to see which
+was "the best man," Valentine meant to see who would excel in these
+athletic exercises.
+
+"Agreed," responded George, "I am tired enough to go to bed, but it
+always rests me to test my strength."
+
+It was just at night, and George had just come in from a trip of several
+days. He came around to Mrs. Stevenson's as often as he could, though he
+camped in the woods at night most of the time.
+
+"That is so with me," said Dick. "I sleep better after an _Indian hug_,
+or a few long leaps, or a hard run."
+
+"Provided you beat," suggested John. "I don't believe that it
+contributes much to your sleep when you are worsted."
+
+"Don't sleep so soundly, perhaps," replied Dick, humorously. "It would
+give me a pretty long nap to lay George on his back."
+
+"Yes, I think it would," retorted George. "Perhaps you would never wake
+up, you would be so happy and that would be a great pity."
+
+"Well, come," urged William, who had been a close listener, "let us see
+what we can do. It will get to be dark while we are talking."
+
+And so they hurried away to the "Green" for sport. This was done again
+and again during his stay with the Stevensons. Mr. Weems says:
+
+"Here it was that George, after a hard day's toil at surveying, like a
+young Greek training for the Olympic games, used to turn out with his
+sturdy young companions, '_to see_,' as they termed it, '_which was the
+best man_' at running, jumping, and wrestling. And so keen was their
+passion for these sports, and so great their ambition to out-do one
+another, that they would often keep them up, especially on moon shining
+nights, till bed-time. Mrs. Stevenson's sons, though not taller than
+George, were much heavier men; so that at wrestling, and particularly at
+the _close_ or _Indian Hug_, he seldom gained much matter of triumphs.
+But in all trials of agility, they stood no chance with him."
+
+Mr. Weems continues:
+
+"From these Frederick County gymnastics there followed an effect which
+shows the very wide difference between participating in innocent and
+guilty pleasures. While companions in raking and gambling heartily
+despise and hate one another, and when they meet in the streets pass
+each other with looks cold and shy as sheep-thieving curs, these
+virtuous young men, by spending their evenings together in innocent and
+manly exercises, contracted a friendship which lasted for life. When
+George, twenty-five years after this, was called to lead the American
+armies, he did not forget his old friends, but gave commissions to all
+of them who chose to join the army. William, who was as brave a man as
+ever shouldered a musket, was advanced as high as the rank of colonel,
+when he was burned to death by the Indians at Sandusky. And equally
+cordial was the love of these young men for George, of whom they ever
+spoke as of a brother."
+
+When Washington had attained his highest honors, and the War of
+Independence was over, the Stevensons loved to rehearse their runnings
+and wrestlings with him. Said Hugh exultingly to some friends:
+
+"Brother John and I have often laid the conqueror of England on his
+back."
+
+"But we were no match for him in running and jumping," honestly retorted
+John.
+
+It was George's thorough survey and glowing description of a region
+beyond the Blue Ridge that induced Lord Fairfax to erect a costly stone
+mansion there for his trans-Atlantic home. He called it Greenaway Court,
+and it became one of the most beautiful and attractive estates in
+Virginia, where the proprietor lived in an expensive style, dispensing a
+generous hospitality. It was at Greenaway Court that George first read
+the history of England.
+
+George's success as a surveyor for Lord Fairfax called the attention of
+the Virginia authorities to him, and he was appointed public surveyor,
+as stated by Mr. Everett, whom we have quoted, deriving a discipline
+therefrom which was of great service to him in his future public career.
+The business, also, made him familiar with the country, particularly the
+Shenandoah Valley, which means "Shining daughter of the stars," so that
+he was able to invest money afterwards to great advantage in real
+estate.
+
+That George did not forget his "Lowland Beauty," even after his pleasant
+connection with the Fairfax family, is quite evident from one of his
+letters to an old companion, as follows:
+
+    DEAR ROBIN:--As it is the greatest mark of affection and esteem
+    which absent friends can show each other to write and often
+    communicate their thoughts, I shall endeavor from time to time
+    to acquaint you with my situation and employments in life. And
+    I could wish you would take half the pains to send me a letter
+    by any opportunity, as you may be well assured of its meeting
+    with a welcome reception. My place at present is at Lord
+    Fairfax's, where I might, were I disengaged, pass my time very
+    pleasantly, as there is a very agreeable young lady in the
+    house, Colonel George Fairfax's wife's sister. But that only
+    adds fuel to the fire, as being often and unavoidably in her
+    company revives my former passion for your Lowland Beauty;
+    whereas, were I to live more retired from young ladies, I might
+    in some measure alleviate my sorrow, by burying that chaste and
+    troublesome passion in oblivion; and I am very well assured that
+    this will be the only antidote or remedy.
+
+Providence was sending him to a noble destiny. We can trace the divine
+discipline all through the privations and responsibilities of his life
+as surveyor. God was preparing him for the Revolution of 1776.
+
+Mr. Frost, one of his biographers, says: "The business of practical
+surveying undoubtedly formed a very important part of Washington's
+preparation for the office of military commander. It not only hardened
+and invigorated the already robust frame, but it educated his eye, and
+accustomed him to judge respecting distances, and advantages of
+position. By making him an able civil engineer, it laid the foundation
+of his future eminence in a military capacity. It was more immediately
+advantageous to him by procuring for him the acquaintance of the
+principal landholders of the State, and by making known to them his
+remarkable judgment, good-sense, and ability in the conduct of affairs.
+The effect of this last circumstance was seen in his appointment, at the
+age of nineteen, to the office of adjutant-general, with the rank of
+major. This gave him the charge of a district, with the duty of
+exercising the militia, inspecting their arms, and superintending their
+discipline."
+
+Lord Fairfax loved him with the love of a father, but he did not dream
+that he was becoming the benefactor of England's conqueror.
+
+Mr. Weems says: "Little did the old gentleman expect that he was
+educating a youth who should one day dismember the British Empire, and
+break his own heart, which truly came to pass; for on hearing that
+Washington had captured Cornwallis and all his army, he called out to his
+black servant, 'Come, Joe, carry me to my bed, for it is high time for me
+to die.'"
+
+
+
+
+VIII.
+
+MILITARY HONORS.
+
+
+"There is a chance for you, George, in the reorganization of the
+militia," remarked Lawrence, who was personally interested in a movement
+to improve the soldiery of Virginia.
+
+"What chance?" George asked.
+
+"For an appointment as my successor. The state of my health makes my
+resignation necessary, and you are competent to take charge of my
+district."
+
+"My youth will prevent that."
+
+"Not necessarily. Youth will not weigh so much against you as a
+competency will do for you. Qualifications for the place is what the
+authorities will require."
+
+"And their attention will naturally be directed to older men, who are
+well known," suggested George.
+
+"But I propose to present your claims, when I forward my resignation,
+myself," continued Lawrence.
+
+"You have enjoyed superior opportunities to fit you for such a position;
+and for the appointing power to know your qualifications is to secure to
+you the place."
+
+"What will be my duties if I get the appointment?" inquired George.
+
+"You will be adjutant-general, with the rank of major, and will have
+charge of the militia in the district. You will have to drill them at
+stated times, inspect their arms, and make their organization as
+thorough as possible."
+
+"And give all my time to the work?"
+
+"No, not all your time will be required. It is no small responsibility
+to assume, however; but you are equal to it, and it will be a grand
+school for you. You will have a salary of one hundred and fifty pounds,
+and you will be held responsible for the efficiency of the militia."
+
+"I don't know about taking so much responsibility upon myself,"
+responded George, whose modest estimate of his own abilities was one of
+his virtues. "Experience is indispensable for such a position, it seems
+to me, and I have not had experience."
+
+"Well, we will see what can be done," added Lawrence. "I have made up my
+mind to intercede for you as my successor, as the best qualified of any
+man I know in this district for the position. I may fail, but I shall
+try."
+
+Lawrence accomplished his purpose in due time, and George was appointed
+to the command of the militia in the district, although he was but
+nineteen years of age. No difficulty was experienced in securing the
+position for him, for his exploits in the role of surveyor were well
+known. His character and ability had also given him considerable public
+notoriety for one of his years.
+
+Lawrence was in feeble health at this time. Pulmonary troubles had been
+gradually undermining his constitution for two or three years, although
+he continued to serve the colony in public relations. Winter was
+approaching, and his physician advised a change of climate. The severity
+of another Virginia winter might prove too much for him.
+
+"If I go to Barbadoes you must go with me," said Lawrence to George. "It
+will not be necessary for you to enter upon your new duties as commander
+of the district until spring."
+
+"Then your wife will not go," answered George, inferring that his
+services would be required because hers could not be had.
+
+"No; she will not be able to go, and I cannot think of going alone."
+
+"Well, I shall be very willing to go," continued George, "and think I
+shall enjoy the change. That you need to escape from the Virginia winter
+is very evident. You are not as well as you were six months ago."
+
+"No one can be so conscious of that as myself," remarked Lawrence, with
+a degree of sadness that pierced George's heart. "I have failed very
+fast within the last three months, and I sometimes doubt whether a
+change of climate will do me any good."
+
+"Perhaps your view of the case is too gloomy," suggested George, whom we
+ought to call _Major_ Washington now, but will not at present. "I
+believe that the foreign air will put new life into you."
+
+"That is what I need," responded Lawrence, "for the old life within me
+is rapidly dying out. I must get new strength from some source, or my
+days are numbered."
+
+Lawrence was very much depressed at this time, and he was also peevish
+and difficult to please. George could manage him better than any one
+else, except his wife, for the reason that his confidence in his young
+brother was unbounded. The latter knew how to encourage the sick man
+without concealing from him his true condition. Lawrence was certainly
+in a very critical state of health, and his physician had so announced
+to his friends. George was alarmed about his brother, although he was
+confident that a winter in Barbadoes would put him in the way of
+complete restoration.
+
+It was settled that they should spend the winter in Barbadoes, and hasty
+preparations were made for the voyage. George had accepted his
+appointment, but, now arranged to enter upon the duties of the office
+after his return. He was glad to be able to accompany his brother to a
+more favorable clime.
+
+We have not space to record their experience abroad in detail. It will
+answer our purpose to record the fact that a change of climate did not
+improve Lawrence Washington. On the whole, he continued to fail, so that
+he returned to Virginia late in the spring of 1751, a weaker and less
+happy man. His sojourn in a warmer country through the winter and spring
+months proved that he was beyond hope of recovery.
+
+George had one experience in Barbadoes that we must record. He was
+attacked by the small-pox with considerable severity, occasioning much
+anxiety to Lawrence. However, he rallied from the attack more rapidly
+than was expected, his good physical condition enabling him to resist
+disease as weaker ones cannot. But he carried the marks of the loathsome
+disease through life.
+
+George kept a journal when abroad, as he had done at home, and the
+entries concerning the small-pox are as follows:
+
+"Nov. 4, 1751.--This morning received a card from Major Clarke,
+welcoming us to Barbadoes, with an invitation to breakfast and dine with
+him. We went--myself with some reluctance, as the small-pox was in the
+family. We were received in the most kind and friendly manner by him."
+
+That he took the small-pox when on this friendly visit is evident from
+the entry in his journal for Nov. 17, as follows:
+
+"Was strongly attacked with the small-pox. Sent for Dr. Lanahan, whose
+attendance was very constant till my recovery and going out, which were
+not till Thursday, the 12th of December."
+
+We ought to state that in February of 1752, as there was no perceptible
+improvement in Lawrence, Dr Lanahan decided that he should remove to
+Bermuda in the early spring. This would prolong his stay, and it was
+agreed that George should return to Virginia, and accompany Mrs.
+Washington and children to Bermuda, where she would meet her husband.
+
+George returned, reaching Mount Vernon about the 1st of April. But
+Lawrence continued to fail in health, which modified his plans, so that
+he relinquished the idea of going to Bermuda, preferring rather to
+return to his native land and die. His wife remained at home to await
+his coming, about the 1st of June. He lived but six or seven weeks after
+reaching Mount Vernon, and died on the 26th of July, at the age of
+thirty-four. Conscious that his speedy death was inevitable, he made
+every arrangement necessary for the sad change. He had large
+possessions, which he left to his wife and only child, though he showed
+his strong attachment to George by a liberal legacy. In the event of his
+child's death, the Mount Vernon estate would revert to George. The child
+did not long survive, whereupon this valuable estate came into George's
+possession. Although he was but twenty years old when his brother died,
+he was the chief executor of his will.
+
+Mr. Everett says of him: "George was appointed one of the executors of
+his will, by which, in the event of the daughter's decease, Mount Vernon
+was bequeathed to him. Although the youngest of the executors, in
+consequence of his more thorough knowledge of his brother's affairs, the
+responsible management of his extensive estates devolved upon him. He
+did not, however, allow these private engagements to interfere with his
+public duties. As the probability of a collision on the frontier
+increased, greater attention was paid to the military organization of
+the province. On the arrival of Governor Dinwiddie from England in 1752,
+it was divided into four military districts, and Washington's
+appointment was renewed as adjutant-general of the northern division,
+in which several counties were included. The duties devolving upon him
+under this commission, in attending the reviews of the militia and
+superintending their exercises, were performed with a punctuality and
+zeal, which rapidly drew towards him the notice and favor of the
+community."
+
+On the 4th of November, 1852, George was initiated into the Masonic
+Lodge of "Free and Accepted Masons" at Fredericksburg, and on the third
+of March following, he was advanced to the second degree of fellowcraft,
+and on the 4th of August next after, he was made a Master Mason.
+
+Governor Dinwiddie's renewal of George's commission on his return,
+imposed immediate military duties upon him. The organization and
+drilling of the militia, inspection of their arms and accoutrements,
+together with other duties, made a large draft upon his thoughts and
+labors. Still, he found time to be with his brother Lawrence during his
+declining moments, and was with him when he died, performing the last
+deeds of fraternal love in a manner that honored his noble nature.
+
+There was a growing excitement now about the encroachments of the
+French, and the Colonists began to feel that their rights and honor were
+at stake. It was quite evident that the French designed to gain
+ascendency in North America, while the English considered that their
+claim to its rule was pre-eminent. The French had established a line of
+military fortified posts from Canada to the southern part of the
+Mississippi, and they were fast securing a foothold in the beautiful
+valley of the Ohio.
+
+The English said: "England discovered this country fifty years ago, and
+has a better right to it than the French have."
+
+France denied this claim, because "her ships were the first which
+entered the River St. Lawrence, and her voyagers, ascending the
+magnificent stream, discovered that series of majestic lakes, whose
+fertile shores presented inviting homes for countless millions. Her
+enterprising explorers, in the birch canoe, travelled the solitary
+windings of the Ohio and the Mississippi."
+
+At the same time the Indians justly claimed right and title to the whole
+country as the aboriginal inhabitants. Both English and French might
+purchase it, or portions of it, of them, but in no other way could they
+gain possession of it without becoming interlopers and robbers. So here
+was a fine opportunity for trouble. A keen, quick-witted chief, assuming
+to ridicule the claims of the English and French, sarcastically said to
+Mr. Gist, a representative of the Virginian Colonists:
+
+"Whereabouts do the Indian lands lie, since the French claim all the
+land on one side of the Ohio River and the English all on the other?"
+
+Governor Dinwiddie found it necessary to send an ambassador to the
+French on the Ohio, to inquire into their claims and purposes.
+
+"It is a responsible and perilous undertaking," he said to Mr. Gist.
+"Who is equal to it?"
+
+"I am sure I cannot tell," Mr. Gist replied. "There ought to be in this
+famous colony some spirit brave enough to accept the mission, and fully
+competent to execute it."
+
+"Yes; but who is it?"
+
+"I am unable to answer."
+
+"But we must find him," continued the governor. "The time has fully come
+for Virginia to defend the rights of Great Britain."
+
+"There can be no doubt about that," replied Mr. Gist; "but who will
+endure the hardships and risk his life on a mission to the Ohio is more
+than I can tell."
+
+A writer says of the project: "It was indeed a perilous enterprise; one
+from which the noblest spirit might recoil. The first garrison which
+could be reached was on the Ohio River, about one hundred and twenty
+miles below the point where Pittsburg now stands. Here the French were
+erecting a strong fortress, to which the Indians resorted for trade.
+There was an intervening wilderness, from the settlements in Virginia,
+to be traversed, of pathless forests, gloomy morasses, craggy mountains,
+and almost impenetrable thickets, of nearly six hundred miles. Bands of
+savages on the war-path or engaged in the hunt were ever ranging these
+wilds. Many were exasperated by wrongs which they themselves had
+received, and of which they had heard, inflicted by the white men. The
+Indians in all these northwest regions had welcomed the French as
+brothers, and truly fraternal relationship existed between them; and
+they had nearly all learned to hate the English.... It would be very
+easy for the French so to arrange matters, that a band of savages
+should massacre and plunder the party of the commissioners, in the
+depths of the forest, under such circumstances that it would necessarily
+be regarded as merely a savage outrage."
+
+In these circumstances, Governor Dinwiddie found it difficult to secure
+a responsible party to accept the commission. He offered it to certain
+men in whom he had great confidence, but all of them declined. At
+length, however, Major Washington, as we will call George now, waited
+upon the governor, and surprised him by saying:
+
+"I have come, Governor Dinwiddie, to offer my services as commissioner
+to Ohio. If you consider me competent for the position, I will accept
+it, and do the best I can."
+
+"Certainly you are competent for this business," answered the governor,
+"and you are as brave as you are competent. It is a perilous
+undertaking, and may cost you your life."
+
+"I understand that," responded the major; "and I have come to this
+decision after weighing well the difficulties and dangers. My occupation
+as surveyor has inured me to hardships, and given me some acquaintance
+with Indian life and character."
+
+"That is true," remarked the governor, who was familiar with young
+Washington's success in surveying, as well as with his knowledge of
+military affairs, "and that experience will be of great value on such a
+mission as this. I will appoint you commissioner at once, with full
+powers to plan and perform the expedition."
+
+"And what are your wishes about the time of starting?" inquired
+Washington.
+
+"As soon as your preparations can be consummated," Governor Dinwiddie
+answered. "Winter is near by, and the sooner you can start the better."
+
+"I can be ready within a few days," replied Washington, his answer
+furnishing a good illustration of his promptness.
+
+"Just as you please; the whole responsibility is with you, and I will
+forward your commission as soon as possible," the governor said.
+
+We are able to furnish the commission under which Washington acted on
+that important mission, as follows:
+
+    I, reposing especial trust in the ability, conduct, and fidelity
+    of you, the said George Washington, have appointed you my
+    express messenger; and you are hereby authorized and empowered
+    to proceed hence, with all convenient and possible despatch, to
+    that part or place on the River Ohio where the French have
+    lately erected a fort or forts, or where the commandant of the
+    French forces resides, in order to deliver my letter and message
+    to him; and, after waiting not exceeding one week for an answer,
+    you are to take leave and return immediately back.
+
+    To this commission I have set my hand, and caused the great seal
+    of this Dominion to be affixed, at the city of Williamsburg, the
+    seat of my government, this thirtieth day of October, in the
+    twenty-seventh year of the reign of King George the Second, King
+    of Great Britain, Annoque Domini, 1753.      ROBERT DINWIDDIE.
+
+The news of Washington's voluntary offer to act as commissioner to the
+French on the Ohio was received with great satisfaction by the
+Colonists. They took occasion both in public and private to extol his
+bravery and unselfishness. To a less humble and modest young man the
+enthusiastic demonstration in his honor would have proved too
+flattering; but no amount of such praise could develop vanity in
+Washington.
+
+Hastily he prepared for the expedition. When ready to start, the company
+consisted of eight persons, as follows: Washington; Christopher Gist;
+John Davidson, an interpreter for the Indians; Jacob Van Braam, his old
+fencing-master, who could speak French; Henry Steward and William
+Jenkins, experienced "woodsmen;" and two Indian guides, Barnaby Currin
+and John McQuire. Mr. Gist was eminently qualified for the post given to
+him; for having made a settlement between the northwestern ridge of the
+Alleghanies and Monongahela River, he had often traversed the country,
+and was well acquainted with the habits of the Indians in the
+neighborhood through which their route lay.
+
+Before starting upon this perilous mission, Washington paid a flying
+visit to his mother, who was dearer to him than any other living person.
+The announcement that he was to proceed to the Ohio at once filled her
+with alarm at first, and she thoroughly regretted that he had assumed
+the responsibility. However, she took a favorable view of the
+enterprise, and said:
+
+"It is a very responsible trust to be committed to one of your age,
+George, but God will give you wisdom and watch over you, if you commit
+your ways to Him. My prayers shall not cease to go up for your success
+and return."
+
+With such emotions as unfeigned filial love creates, Washington parted
+from his mother.
+
+The following is a copy of the letter which Washington carried from
+Governor Dinwiddie to the French commander on the Ohio:
+
+    SIR:--The lands upon the River Ohio, in the western parts of the
+    Colony of Virginia, are so notoriously known to be the property
+    of the Crown of Great Britain, that it is a matter of equal
+    concern and surprise to me to hear that a body of French forces
+    are erecting fortresses and making settlements upon that river,
+    within his Majesty's dominions. The _many_ and _repeated_
+    complaints I have received of these acts of _hostility_ lay me
+    under the necessity of sending, in the name of the king, my
+    master, the bearer hereof, George Washington, Esq., one of the
+    adjutants-general of the forces of this dominion, to complain to
+    you of the encroachments thus made, and of the injuries done to
+    the subjects of Great Britain, in violation of the law of
+    nations, and the treaties now subsisting between the two
+    crowns. If these facts be true, and you think fit to justify
+    your proceedings, I must desire you to acquaint me by whose
+    authority and instructions you have lately marched from Canada
+    with an armed force, and invaded the King of Great Britain's
+    territories, in the manner complained of; that, according to
+    the purpose and resolution of your answer, I may act agreeably
+    to the commission I am honored with, from the king, my master.
+    However, sir, in obedience to my instructions, it becomes my
+    duty to require your peaceable departure; and that you will
+    forbear prosecuting a purpose so interruptive of the harmony and
+    good understanding which his Majesty is desirous to continue and
+    cultivate with the most Christian king.      ROBERT DINWIDDIE.
+
+
+
+
+IX.
+
+MISSION TO THE FRENCH.
+
+
+Washington left Williamsburg on the thirty-first day of October, 1753.
+He proceeded to Fredericksburg, where Van Braam joined him, thence to
+Alexandria and Winchester for supplies and horses, but did not arrive at
+Will's Creek, where Mr. Gist and others of the party were found, until
+Nov. 14.
+
+"Now we must depend on you, Mr. Gist, to pilot us through the
+wilderness," said Washington. "My knowledge of the way ends about where
+yours begins, I suspect; so we shall commit ourselves to your care."
+
+"Well, I shall take a straight course to Frazier's, on the Monongahela
+River," answered Gist.
+
+"And who is Frazier?" inquired Washington.
+
+"He is an Indian trader, who lives at the mouth of Turtle Creek."
+
+"Well acquainted with the country, I suppose he is," suggested
+Washington.
+
+"He ought to be, for he has been at his business several years, and is
+an intelligent, responsible man."
+
+"Such a man as we need to see, I should think," continued Washington;
+"so I agree to follow you to Frazier's without a single objection."
+
+"A storm is brewing, and will soon be upon us," said Mr. Gist. "I fear
+that a hard time awaits us."
+
+"I expect as much as that," replied Washington. "Such a journey as we
+propose can be no child's play at any season of the year."
+
+That a storm impeded their progress is quite evident from Washington's
+journal:
+
+"The excessive rains and vast quantity of snow which had fallen
+prevented our reaching Mr. Frazier, the Indian trader's, until Thursday,
+the 22d."
+
+"The French general is dead," was the first announcement of Mr. Frazier,
+on learning the object of the expedition.
+
+"What!" exclaimed Washington, "General Pierre Paul?"
+
+"Yes; messengers have been sent to the Indian traders down the river
+announcing his death, and the return of the major part of the army into
+winter quarters," answered Frazier.
+
+"A sudden death, no doubt, and it must necessitate some change in the
+present plans of the French," remarked Washington.
+
+"Doubtless," replied Frazier. "He died on the twenty-ninth day of
+October, nearly a month ago. It will not affect your business, however."
+
+"No; but this torrent will," answered Washington, alluding to the
+impassable waters of the Monongahela, which the rains had swollen to a
+flood.
+
+"No crossing here except by swimming the horses."
+
+"And that will be hardly advisable," rejoined Frazier, "since you can
+take your baggage down to the fork of the Ohio in a canoe."
+
+"A good suggestion," said Washington. "Can you provide me with a canoe?"
+
+"Fortunately I can, and shall be glad to render you any other assistance
+possible. It is ten miles to the fork, and you will reach there with the
+horses before the canoe with the baggage."
+
+Washington engaged the canoe, loaded the baggage upon it, and sent
+Currin and Steward down the river with it, while he went with the horses
+and the rest of the party by land. He arrived at the fort in advance of
+the canoe, and improved the time to visit Shingiss, King of the
+Delawares, a warrior who had been a terror to the English on the
+frontier, though he was now their friend.
+
+Shingiss received Washington in a friendly manner, though with manifest
+reserve. When he learned what was the object of his mission, and that an
+Indian Council was proposed at Logstown, his friendliness grew into
+cordiality, and he promised not only to be present at the Council, but
+to accompany Washington and his party thither.
+
+They arrived at Logstown on the evening of Nov. 24. Washington inquired
+for Tanacharisson, the half-king, and found that he was out at his
+hunting cabin on Little Beaver Creek, fifteen miles away. Tanacharisson
+was called half-king because his authority was subject to that of the
+Five Nations.
+
+As the half-king was absent, he repaired to Monacatoocha, with John
+Davidson, his Indian interpreter, and informed him that he was sent a
+messenger to the French general, and was ordered to call upon the
+sachems of the Six Nations to acquaint them with it.
+
+"I gave him a string of wampum and a twist of tobacco," says Washington
+in his journal, "and desired him to send for the half-king, which he
+promised to do by a 'runner' in the morning, and for other sachems. I
+invited him and the other great men present to my tent, where they
+stayed about an hour, and returned."
+
+At this place Washington met four Frenchmen who had deserted from a
+company at Kuskuskas, an Indian town on Big Beaver Creek, Pennsylvania.
+Through Van Braam, he inquired:
+
+"Where do you hail from now?"
+
+"From New Orleans. We were sent with a hundred men and eight canoe loads
+of provisions to this place, where we expected to meet as many more men
+from the forts on this side of Lake Erie, to convey them and the stores
+up."
+
+"What about the French forts near New Orleans?"
+
+"There are four small forts between New Orleans and Twigtwies," one of
+the Frenchmen said.
+
+"And how many men?" Washington asked.
+
+"About forty, and a few pieces of artillery."
+
+"What is there at New Orleans?"
+
+"A large fort at the mouth of the Mississippi, with thirty-five
+companies of forty men each."
+
+"How many guns does the fort mount?"
+
+"Eight carriage guns."
+
+"Quite a formidable affair," remarked Washington. "With courage and
+skill to correspond they can withstand quite a siege; and what is there
+at Twigtwies?"
+
+"Several companies, and a fort mounting six guns."
+
+"And is that all?"
+
+"Not exactly. There is a small fort on the Ohio, at the mouth of the
+Obaish (Wabash), garrisoned by a few men."
+
+The information he gathered from these men was valuable to him and the
+Virginia authorities.
+
+As soon as the half-king returned, Washington called upon him with his
+interpreter, making known his business, and inviting him to his own
+tent. The chief cordially accepted the invitation, and he accompanied
+him on his return.
+
+"I understand that you have visited the French commander, to whom I am
+going," remarked Washington, "and perhaps you can give me some
+information about the ways and distance."
+
+"The nearest and levelest way," answered the half-king, "is now
+impassable on account of many deep and miry savannas."
+
+"Then we must adopt the next best way," suggested Washington.
+
+"Yes; and that is by the way of Venango, at the confluence of French
+Creek and the Alleghany," said Tanacharisson.
+
+"How great is the distance?"
+
+"You cannot get to the nearest fort in less than five or six nights'
+sleep, good travelling."
+
+"How were you received at the fort?" continued Washington, anxious to
+make the most of his informant.
+
+"General Pierre Paul was alive then, and he received me sternly,"
+replied the chief.
+
+"In what way did he show his sternness?" Washington asked.
+
+"By his abrupt inquiry, 'What did you come here about?' And he ordered
+me, in an insolent way, to declare my business."
+
+"And what did you tell him?" urged Washington.
+
+"I made this speech to him," the half-king answered with a smile; and he
+proceeded to rehearse his address to the French commander. As Washington
+preserved the speech of Tanacharisson, together with the French
+general's reply, we furnish the remainder of the interview from that
+valuable document:
+
+"Fathers, I am come to tell you your own speeches, what your own mouths
+have declared.
+
+"Fathers, you, in former days, set a silver basin before us, wherein
+there was the leg of a beaver, and desired all the nations to come and
+eat of it,--to eat in peace and plenty, and not to be churlish to one
+another; and that if any such person should be found to be a disturber,
+I here lay down by the edge of the dish a rod, which you must scourge
+them with; and if your father should get foolish, in my old days, I
+desire you may use it upon me as well as others.
+
+"Now, fathers, it is you who are the disturbers in this land, by coming
+and building your towns, and taking it away unknown to us, and by force.
+
+"Fathers, we kindled a fire a long time ago at a place called Montreal,
+where we desired you to stay, and not to come and intrude upon our land.
+I now desire you may dispatch to that place; for be it known to you,
+fathers, that this is our land, and not yours.
+
+"Fathers, I desire you may hear me in civilness; if not, we must handle
+that rod which was laid down for the use of obstreperous. If you had
+come in a peaceable manner, like our brothers, the English, we would not
+have been against your trading with us as they do; but to come, fathers,
+and build houses upon our land, and to take it by force, is what we
+cannot submit to.
+
+"Fathers, both you and the English are white; we live in a country
+between; therefore the land belongs to neither one nor the other. But
+the Great Being above allowed it to be a place of residence for us; So,
+fathers, I desire you to withdraw, as I have done our brothers, the
+English; for I will keep you at arm's length. I lay this down as a trial
+for both, to see which will have the greatest regard to it, and that
+side we will stand by, and make equal sharers with us. Our brothers, the
+English, have heard this, and I come now to tell it to you, for I am not
+afraid to discharge you off this land."
+
+This, he said, was the substance of what he spoke to the general, who
+made this reply:
+
+"'Now, my child, I have heard your speech; you spoke first, but it is my
+time to speak now. Where is my wampum that you took away with the marks
+of towns on it? This wampum I do not know, which you have discharged me
+off the land with; but you need not put yourself to the trouble of
+speaking, for I will not hear you. I am not afraid of flies or
+mosquitoes, for Indians are such as those; I tell you down that river I
+will go, and build upon it, according to my command. If the river was
+blocked up, I have forces sufficient to burst it open, and tread under
+my feet all that stand in opposition, together with their alliances, for
+my force is as the sand upon the seashore; therefore, here is your
+wampum. I sling it at you. Child, you talk foolish; you say this land
+belongs to you, but there is not the black of my nail yours. I saw that
+land sooner than you did; before the Shannoahs and you were at war. Lead
+was the man who went down and took possession of that river. It is my
+land, and I will have it, let who will stand up for or say against it. I
+will buy and sell with the English (mockingly). If people will be ruled
+by me they may expect kindness, but not else.'
+
+"The half-king told me he had inquired of the general after two
+Englishmen who were made prisoners, and received this answer:
+
+"'Child, you think it a very great hardship that I made prisoners of
+those two people at Venango. Don't you concern yourself with it; we took
+and carried them to Canada, to get intelligence of what the English were
+doing in Virginia.'
+
+"He informed me that they had built two forts; one on Lake Erie, and
+another on French Creek, near a small lake, about fifteen miles asunder,
+and a large wagon-road between. They are both built after the same
+model, but different in size, that on the lake the largest. He gave me a
+plan of them of his own drawing."
+
+The Indians inquired very particularly after their brothers in Carolina
+jail.
+
+They also asked what sort of a boy it was who was taken from the South
+Branch, for they were told by some Indians that a party of "French
+Indians had carried a white boy by Kuskheskia Town, towards the lakes."
+
+The Indian Council which Washington convened, assembled at nine o'clock,
+on the twenty-sixth day of November, and he made the following speech to
+the rude children of the forest:
+
+"Brothers, I have called you together in council, by order of your
+brother, the governor of Virginia, to acquaint you that I am sent with
+all possible despatch to visit and deliver a letter to the French
+commandant of very great importance to your brothers, the English, and I
+dare say to you, their friends and allies.
+
+"I was desired, brothers, by your brother, the governor, to call upon
+you, the sachems of the nations, to inform you of it, and to ask your
+advice and assistance to proceed the nearest and best road to the
+French. You see, brothers, I have gotten thus far on my journey.
+
+"His Honor likewise desired me to apply to you for some of your young
+men to conduct and provide provisions for us on our way, and be a
+safe-guard against those French Indians who have taken up the hatchet
+against us. I have spoken thus particularly to you, brothers, because
+his Honor, our governor, treats you as good friends and allies, and
+holds you in great esteem. To confirm what I have said, I give you this
+string of wampum."
+
+The sachems listened to this speech with profound attention, noting
+every word; and when Major Washington concluded, they conferred together
+for some time, when Tanacharisson arose, and replied:
+
+"Now, my brother, in regard to what my brother, the governor, had
+desired of me, I return you this answer:
+
+"I rely upon you as a brother ought to do, as you say we are brothers
+and one people. We shall put heart in hand, and speak to our fathers,
+the French, concerning the speech they made to me; and you may depend
+that we will endeavor to be your guard.
+
+"Brother, as you have asked my advice, I hope you will be ruled by it,
+and stay until I can provide a company to go with you. The French speech
+belt is not here; I have to go for it to my hunting cabin. Likewise, the
+people whom I have ordered in are not yet come, and cannot until the
+third night from this; until which time, brother, I must beg you to
+stay. I intend to send the guard of Rincoes, Shannoahs, and Delawares,
+that our brothers may see the love and loyalty we bear them."
+
+Washington replied to the half-king:
+
+"Brother, your offer is a very generous one, for which I heartily thank
+you; but my orders are to make all possible despatch, so that I am
+obliged to leave, much against my inclination. My business requires the
+greatest expedition, and will not admit of so much delay."
+
+"We are sorry for this decision, brother," continued Tanacharisson; "but
+we shall not permit you to go without a guard, lest some accident befall
+you, and, in consequence, reflection be cast upon us. Besides, this is a
+matter of no small moment, and must not be entered into without due
+consideration; for I intend to deliver up the French speech belt, and
+make the Shannoahs and Delawares do the same."
+
+Accordingly the half-king gave orders to the King Shingiss, who was
+present, to attend on Wednesday night with the wampum, and two men of
+their nation to be in readiness to set out with Washington and his party
+in the morning. But Washington did not leave as he designed, because he
+found that the sachems would be greatly offended if he did. His journal
+says: "I found it was impossible to go off without offending them in the
+most egregious manner."
+
+The entry in his journal for the next day, Nov. 27, is:
+
+"Runners were despatched very early for the Shannoah chiefs. The
+half-king himself set out to fetch the French speech belt from his
+hunting cabin."
+
+On the following evening, Nov. 28, Tanacharisson returned with the
+French speech belt, and came to Washington's tent in company with
+Monacatoocha and two other sachems.
+
+"An Indian from Venango," said Monacatoocha, "has brought news that the
+French have called all the Mingoes, Delawares, and several other tribes
+together, and told them that they intended to have been down the river
+this fall, but the waters were growing cold, and the winter advancing,
+which obliged them to go into quarters, but that they might assuredly
+expect them in the spring with a far greater number, and requested them
+to remain passive, and not inter-meddle unless they had a mind to draw
+all their force upon them, for that they expected to fight the English
+three years, in which time they should conquer; but that if they should
+prove equally strong, the French and the English would join to cut them
+all off and divide the land between them; that, though they had lost
+their general and some few of their soldiers, yet there were men enough
+to reinforce them, and make them masters of the Ohio."
+
+Washington inquired concerning the reliability of this information, and
+was told that "one Captain Joncaire, their interpreter-in-chief, living
+at Venango, and a man of note in the army, delivered the speech to us."
+
+On the next morning, the half-king and Monacatoocha appeared very early
+at Washington's tent, and besought him to wait another day.
+
+"We have used all diligence possible, but the Shannoah chiefs have not
+brought the wampum ordered, but will be here to-night," the half-king
+said. "If they should not come in to-night, we will not delay you
+another day, but will send it after you as soon as it arrives."
+
+Washington yielded to their request, giving the reason in his journal
+thus:
+
+"When I found them so pressing in their request, and knew that the
+returning of wampum[C] was the abolishing of agreements, and giving
+this up was shaking off all dependence upon the French, I consented to
+stay, as I believed an offence offered at this crisis might be attended
+with greater ill-consequence than another day's delay."
+
+    [C] Small beads made of shells, used for money.
+
+Washington's journal continues:
+
+"In the evening, late, they came again, and acquainted me that the
+Shannoahs were not yet arrived, but that it should not retard the
+prosecution of our journey. He delivered in my hearing the speech that
+was to be made to the French by Jeskakake, one of their old chiefs,
+which was giving up the belt the late commandant had asked for, and
+repeating nearly the same speech he himself had done before.
+
+"He also delivered a string of wampum to this chief, which was sent by
+King Shingiss, to be given to Kustalogo, with orders to repair to the
+French and deliver up the wampum.
+
+"He likewise gave a very large string of black and white wampum, which
+was to be sent up immediately to the Six Nations, if the French refused
+to quit the land at this warning, which was the third and last time, and
+was the right of this Jeskakake to deliver."
+
+On the evening before Washington left the place, the great men of the
+Indians assembled at their council-house, to discuss the journey, and
+decide who should go. The result was, that, instead of the numerous
+convoy promised, they concluded to send but three of their chiefs and
+one famous hunter.
+
+When the company were ready to start, about nine o'clock, on the morning
+of Nov. 30, and Washington found that his escort consisted only of the
+half-king, Jeskakake, White Thunder, and the Hunter, he said to
+Tanacharisson:
+
+"Brother, how is this? This is not the complete guard you promised me."
+
+"Very true, brother," answered the half-king, "but be assured there is
+no intention to be untrue. When we conferred together last night it was
+thought so large a number might give the French suspicions of evil
+designs, and cause them to treat us rudely."
+
+The journey was resumed, and proved very wearisome on account of stormy
+weather and hard traveling. They reached Venango, seventy miles distant,
+on the fourth day of December. Venango was situated at the mouth of
+French Creek, on the Ohio.
+
+Seeing the French colors flying from the house of Mr. John Frazier, an
+English subject, whom they had driven from his house, Washington
+repaired thither at once, to inquire where the commander of the French
+forces resided. He found three officers there, one of whom, Captain
+Joncaire, of whom Monacatoocha had spoken, said:
+
+"I command the French now."
+
+Washington had made known his business, whereupon Captain Joncaire
+referred him to an officer in another fort farther on.
+
+"But you will stop and dine with us?" said the captain in a very cordial
+manner. "We shall feel honored by your company."
+
+Washington accepted the invitation, which turned to his advantage beyond
+his expectations; for the French officers imbibed so much wine that they
+became talkative, as well as communicative, and imparted information
+which they would have withholden when sober.
+
+"The French design to take possession of the Ohio." said one of the
+tipsy officers, "and they will do it in spite of all opposition. We know
+that the English can raise two men to our one, but they are so mortal
+slow that we can accomplish our object while they are getting ready. The
+French have an undoubted right to this river, and they will maintain
+it."
+
+Washington appreciated his opportunity to gain information, and he plied
+his inquiries for that purpose. He learned that the French had about
+fifteen hundred men between that place and Lake Ontario, but that all
+except six hundred of them were recalled after the death of General
+Pierre Paul. He learned, also, the number of forts the French had
+erected, and where situated, together with the number of men required to
+garrison each. Hence, the information acquired was worth much more than
+his dinner.
+
+
+
+
+X.
+
+FRENCH MISSION--(CONTINUED.)
+
+
+Monsieur La Force and three other soldiers accompanied Washington to see
+the commander at the next fort. The French officers resorted to various
+stratagems to prevent Tanacharisson, Jeskakake, White Thunder, and the
+Hunter going with Washington. The latter understood very well that their
+object was to have an opportunity to win them over to the French. But
+Washington insisted upon their going with him, and rebuked Captain
+Joncaire for his meddlesome disposition.
+
+They were four days on their way to visit the commander, being obliged
+to wade through miry swamps much of the way. They reached the fort on
+the eleventh day of December.
+
+On the 12th, Washington waited upon the commander of the fort and made
+known his business, at the same time presenting him with the letter of
+Governor Dinwiddie. Returning the letter, the officer said:
+
+"The proper officer for you to see is Monsieur Reparti, whom the French
+government has commissioned to fill the position made vacant by the
+death of General Pierre Paul. He arrived seven days ago, and is expected
+at this fort every hour."
+
+Monsieur Reparti did not arrive until the next day, when the second
+officer in command introduced Washington to him. He received Governor
+Dinwiddie's letter, and retired to translate it. In a short time,
+however, he sent for Washington and his interpreter to correct the
+translation, and see that it was well understood. Then dismissing
+Washington, Reparti called his officers to a council of war. While the
+French officers were thus engaged in secret, Washington had a good
+opportunity to ascertain the dimensions and equipments of the fort, and
+draw a plan of the same. He lost no time in making observations which
+would be of great benefit to his government. The following is a
+description of the fort which he recorded at the time to carry to
+Governor Dinwiddie:
+
+"It is situated on the south or west fork of French Creek, near the
+water, and is almost surrounded by the creek and a small branch of it,
+which form a kind of island. Four houses compose the sides. The bastions
+are made of piles driven into the ground, standing more than twelve feet
+above it, and sharp at top, with port-holes cut for cannon, and
+loop-holes for the small arms to fire through. There are eight six-pound
+pieces mounted in each bastion, and one piece of four pounds before the
+gate. In the bastions are a guard-house, chapel, doctor's lodging, and
+the commander's private store, round which are laid platforms for the
+cannon and men to stand on. There are several barracks without the fort,
+for the soldiers' dwellings, covered, some with bark and some with
+boards, made chiefly of logs. There are also several other houses, such
+as stables, smith's shop, etc.
+
+"I could get no certain account of the number of men here; but,
+according to the best judgment I could form, there are a hundred,
+exclusive of officers, of whom there are many. I also gave orders to the
+people who were with me to take an exact account of the canoes which
+were hauled up to convey their forces down in the spring. This they did,
+and sold fifty of birch-bark, and a hundred and seventy of pine, besides
+many others, which were blocked out, in readiness for being made."
+
+In his interview with the commander, Washington inquired of him: "By
+what authority have the French made prisoners of several of our English
+subjects?"
+
+"The country belongs to us," answered the commander, "and no Englishman
+has a right to trade upon these waters. I have orders to make prisoners
+of every Englishman who attempts it on these waters."
+
+"How about the boy who was captured and carried through this place?"
+asked Washington.
+
+"That a boy was captured and carried past here, I will not deny,"
+replied Reparti, "but I do not remember the name of the place he came
+from, nor understand the facts in the case particularly. The Indians had
+two or three scalps with them also."
+
+"But I was told at Venango that they had _eight_?" retorted Washington.
+
+Reparti was embarrassed here, and evaded an answer.
+
+"What has been done with John Trotter and James McClochlan, two
+Pennsylvania traders, whom the French captured and carried away with all
+their goods?" continued Washington.
+
+"They were sent to Canada, but I understand that they have now gone
+home," Reparti answered.
+
+On the next day Washington received the commander's reply to Governor
+Dinwiddie's letter, and therefore was ready to return. The snow was
+deep, the weather stormy, and the horses exhausted, so that the homeward
+journey was undertaken with much discouragement.
+
+When about ready to start, Washington found that the French were
+presenting large inducements to his Indian guides to remain. He was
+obliged to resort to strategy, and finally to reprimand, to frustrate
+their plans. When the French officers saw that all their efforts to
+detain them were fruitless, they offered them intoxicating liquors in
+order to overcome them. This device would have succeeded, as the Indians
+loved rum, but for Washington's emphatic protest. He charged the French
+officers with base efforts to hinder his mission, and forbade half-king,
+with imposing threats, to touch the liquor. In this way he succeeded in
+his purpose to start on his return journey.
+
+Just before starting, however, White Thunder received an injury, making
+it necessary for half-king to stay over with him until the next day, and
+take him down the river in a canoe.
+
+"Captain Joncaire will have a good opportunity to bribe you," suggested
+Washington.
+
+"Never," replied the half-king; "I know the French better than you do. I
+am a friend to the English."
+
+"But Captain Joncaire is a plausible Frenchman, and he will do his best
+to influence you," retorted Washington. "You must be guarded against his
+fair speech."
+
+The result of this interview was, that the whole party waited for White
+Thunder until the next day.
+
+The hardships of the return journey exceeded by far their previous
+experience, as indicated by Washington's journal:
+
+"We had a tedious and very fatiguing passage down the creek. Several
+times we had liked to have been staved against rocks, and many times
+were obliged all hands to get out and remain in the water half an hour
+or more, getting over the shoals. At one place the ice had lodged, and
+made it impassable by water; we were therefore obliged to carry our
+canoe across the neck of land, a quarter of a mile over. We did not
+reach Venango until the 22d, where we met with our horses.
+
+"This creek is extremely crooked. I dare say the distance between the
+fort and Venango cannot be less than one hundred and thirty miles, to
+follow the meanders."
+
+At Venango the horses, which Currin took there by land, were met, and
+the men relieved them by distributing the baggage among themselves in
+packs. In this way they traveled three days, the snow all the while
+increasing, and the horses becoming weaker and weaker. Washington saw
+that to keep with the party would delay his arrival at Williamsburg
+until the House of Burgesses had adjourned, which would be a
+disappointment to the public, as well as to the governor. If possible,
+the governor should receive his report before the adjournment of the
+Assembly.
+
+"There is only one way for us to go Mr. Gist," said Washington; "you and
+I must strike right through the wilderness alone, leaving the party to
+reach there as best they can. My report will be too late if we plod
+along in this way."
+
+"It may be later if we undertake so perilous an adventure alone,"
+responded Gist. "There is not one chance in ten of our ever reaching
+Williamsburg in that way."
+
+"You are too fearful altogether," replied Washington. "I think you and I
+are equal to the undertaking. No doubt we shall have a rough time of it,
+but we are used to that; it will be no novelty to us."
+
+"I shall abide by your decision," added Gist, "for you are commander of
+this expedition, and my duty is to obey. But I believe that both of us
+will repent of ever undertaking such an adventure."
+
+"Well, then, I will take the responsibility," said Washington, "and you
+and I will take the nearest and quickest route home."
+
+"Which may prove the longest, both in distance and time," retorted Gist.
+
+Washington put the remainder of the party, together with the baggage and
+horses, into the care of Van Braam, with instructions and money. He
+himself had traveled for three days in an "Indian's walking dress," but
+now made a change described in his journal thus:
+
+"I took my necessary papers, pulled off my clothes, and tied myself up
+in a watch-coat. Then, with gun in hand and pack on my back, in which
+were my papers and provisions, I set out with Mr. Gist, fitted in the
+same manner, on Wednesday, the 26th."
+
+They traveled eighteen miles on that day, and stopped for the night at
+an Indian cabin. Washington usually traveled on horseback, so that he
+was unused to the hardships of such a journey on foot, and he was much
+exhausted.
+
+They arose at two o'clock in the morning to continue their journey. When
+they reached Murdering Town, they fell in with an Indian who called Mr.
+Gist by name.
+
+"I saw you at Venango," said the Indian.
+
+Then Mr. Gist recognized him as an Indian whom he saw at Joncaire's in
+Venango, when they were on their journey to the French fort, which fact
+made him somewhat suspicious of the redskin.
+
+"I am glad to see you," insisted the Indian. "How does it happen that
+you are traveling on foot in this direction?"
+
+"Our business requires it," was Gist's short reply.
+
+"When did you leave Venango?" the Indian continued.
+
+Mr. Gist informed him.
+
+"Where did you leave your horses and the rest of your party?"
+
+Mr. Gist answered evasively.
+
+"And where are you going?"
+
+"To the forks of the Alleghany as direct as we can go," Washington
+answered. "Can you go with us and show us the nearest way?"
+
+"I can just as well as not," replied the Indian, "and I can take your
+pack along, too."
+
+From this point Washington was considerably relieved by transferring his
+pack to the back of the savage. They traveled very rapidly for ten
+miles, when Washington's feet grew sore, and he became very weary.
+
+"You are taking us too much northeasterly," said Mr. Gist to the Indian,
+suspicious that he was intentionally taking them out of their way.
+
+"That is what I think," added Washington. "I am quite confident that we
+are bearing too much to the northeast."
+
+The truth was, that both Washington and Mr. Gist were suspicious that
+the Indian was proving treacherous, though neither of them suggested the
+idea to the other.
+
+"But let us encamp here," continued Washington, "for I need rest."
+
+"I will carry your gun, and that will relieve you," said the Indian, a
+suggestion that strengthened suspicions already awakened.
+
+"No; I prefer to carry my own gun," replied Washington; "you will do
+your part if you carry my pack."
+
+"But it is not safe to encamp here," the Indian added, "for Ottawa
+Indians hunt in these woods, and they will scalp an Englishman wherever
+they find him. But if you will go to my cabin you are safe."
+
+"And where is your cabin?" inquired Gist.
+
+"So near that we could hear a gun if fired there now," the Indian
+replied.
+
+Although strongly suspicious of his designs, both followed him for a
+distance, steering in a more northerly direction. Gist grew uneasy, and
+stopping, said, "I will go no farther."
+
+"A whoop could be heard at my cabin now," the Indian insisted. "We shall
+soon be there."
+
+They traveled two miles farther, when Washington remarked:
+
+"I shall stop at the next place we find water, and you must stop, too,"
+addressing the Indian. This was said in a decisive manner. In a few
+moments they emerged from the woods into a long meadow. The Indian was
+three or four rods in advance of them. Suddenly stopping and turning
+about, the treacherous savage aimed his gun at Gist, and fired.
+
+"Are you shot?" cried Washington, rushing forward to his companion.
+"Are you shot?"
+
+"No; but it is what I feared from the time we employed the rascal to
+guide us," answered Gist. The shot missed.
+
+The Indian ran behind a large white oak, Washington and Gist following
+after him. Approaching the tree, they discovered that he was reloading
+his gun.
+
+"You rascal!" exclaimed Gist, raising his musket to give the Indian its
+contents.
+
+"No; that won't do," said Washington to Gist, pushing aside his gun. "We
+are worse off when you have killed him than we are now." He thought the
+tribe would avenge his death by killing them.
+
+"The villain deserves a bullet through his heart," shouted Gist, "and I
+can put one through with good relish."
+
+"Very true," answered Washington with the most astonishing coolness,
+"but it is not good policy for us to take his life now."
+
+Washington took away the Indian's gun and compelled him to walk ahead.
+At the first run of water he ordered him to build a camp fire, as if he
+designed to encamp there for the night. When this was done Gist said to
+him:
+
+"I suppose you were lost, and fired your gun."
+
+"No, I was not lost," answered the savage, "I know where my cabin is,
+and it is not far away."
+
+"Well, then," continued Gist, "do you go home, and here is a cake of
+bread for you, and you must provide meat for us in the morning."
+
+The Indian was glad enough to get away without being pierced by a
+bullet, and he promised them excellent fare the next morning. It was
+nine o'clock at night when he left them, taking with him his gun, that
+Washington returned to him. Gist followed him for quite a distance, to
+be sure that he was not deceiving them, and then hurried back.
+
+"Now, since you would not let me shoot the villain," he said to
+Washington, "we must shoulder our packs and hurry away, and walk all
+night, or we shall never see Williamsburg."
+
+"You are right, Gist, and we will be off at once; and the fellow may
+keep his meat till we come this way again," replied Washington, with as
+much composure as if their lives had not been in jeopardy. By the light
+of the camp fire their compass showed them which way to go.
+
+The excitement of this perilous episode seemed to rest Washington's
+weary limbs, so that they traveled rapidly through the whole night,
+finding themselves at the head of Piney Creek in the morning.
+Washington's journal has the following entry for that day:
+
+"The next day we continued traveling until quite dark, and got to the
+river, two miles above Shannopin's. We expected to have found the river
+frozen, but it was not, only about fifty yards from each shore. The ice,
+I suppose, had broken up above, for it was driving in vast quantities."
+
+"What next?" said Gist, with an air which indicated that he recalled his
+warning words to Washington about the perils of such a journey. "If the
+Indian's bullet had taken effect we should have been saved some trouble
+here."
+
+"A formidable difficulty, to be sure," answered Washington; "but a good
+share of wit and perseverance may overcome it. No way of getting over
+this stream, I think, except on a raft."
+
+"A raft!" exclaimed Gist. "A raft would be swamped in a giffy by that
+ice. Besides, what have we to build a raft with? A hatchet alone will
+not do it."
+
+"A hatchet is much better than nothing," responded Washington. "We will
+try what a hatchet can do towards it. If we fail, we will fail in
+trying."
+
+"Try it is, then," said Gist, rather admiring Washington's hopefulness
+and pluck than otherwise. "I am at your service, and if anybody can
+cross the river, I think a man of your grit can."
+
+So they set to work to construct a raft, with no implement but a
+solitary hatchet, consuming a whole day in the work. When the awkward
+affair was fairly launched, they went on board of it, and pushed off for
+the opposite shore. About mid-way of the river, the floating ice came
+down with such violence as to threaten the destruction of the raft.
+
+"We can never reach the shore on this craft," said Gist, in a tone
+indicating entire resignation to a watery grave.
+
+"Can't we stop the raft and let the ice go by?" answered Washington, at
+the same time putting down the setting pole to accomplish this purpose.
+But the rapidity of the torrent dashed the raft with such violence
+against the pole that it threw Washington into ten feet of water.
+
+"Hold on!" shouted Gist under the greatest alarm; "grasp this oar." And
+he reached out his oar to Washington, who had already caught hold of one
+of the raft-logs. A severe but short struggle, and he was on the raft
+again.
+
+"A cold bath," remarked Washington, as he stood upon the raft again,
+shaking the water from his drenched clothes.
+
+"It is a miracle that you were not drowned," replied Gist; "and you
+would have been if you were as nervous as some people."
+
+"I am cool enough now," said Washington, his wet clothes already
+beginning to stiffen on his back in the wintry blast. "I shall not
+despair so long as I remember that one faithful saint is praying for
+me," referring to the promise of his mother.
+
+They made a desperate effort to keep their craft right side up in the
+floating ice, but failed in the attempt.
+
+"No use!" exclaimed Gist. "We must quit the concern and make for that
+island."
+
+"Yes; and that immediately, if we would save ourselves," responded
+Washington, as he leaped into the water, followed by Gist. The island
+was but a few rods distant, and they reached it just at night, with the
+gloomy prospect of remaining shelterless upon it until the next morning.
+
+"Not much better off here than we were in the water," suggested Gist.
+"My fingers are frozen, and some of my toes; and what is to prevent the
+freezing of the remainder of my body?"
+
+"If we perish, we will perish trying to keep alive," remarked
+Washington. "We have plenty of room to exercise ourselves here, and keep
+up a circulation, with no fear of being shot at by savages. It will not
+do to sleep in this predicament."
+
+"It will be our last sleep if we do," answered Gist. "The cold is
+rapidly increasing, and I hardly see how any amount of exercise can save
+us."
+
+"Be a little more hopeful, Gist. I have faith to believe that we shall
+be saved yet," said Washington. "This increasing cold is providential,
+I think. It will freeze the river before morning, and thus provide a way
+for us to escape from this island."
+
+"Well, that is a hopeful view, I confess," replied Gist; "but how the
+biting cold can freeze the river without freezing us is incomprehensible
+to me."
+
+They made a remarkable night of it, and saved their lives by muscular
+exertion. They dashed about in the cold, gathering hope and courage from
+hour to hour as the water of the stream congealed harder and harder. In
+the morning they crossed the river on the ice, truly thankful to a kind
+Providence, which had delivered them from what, to human view, was
+inevitable death.
+
+Once upon the other side of the river, they made their way as speedily
+as possible to the house of Mr. Frazier, a few miles distant, where they
+regaled themselves with fire and food to their hearts' content,
+recounting their adventures, and causing all to wonder that they were
+still among the living.
+
+Here Washington met twenty warriors, who were going to the southward to
+war, but had returned from Great Kenhawa, because there they found a
+family of seven people killed and scalped.
+
+"Why did you return?" inquired Washington of a chief.
+
+"For fear the inhabitants might take us to be the murderers," the chief
+replied.
+
+"Did the condition of the bodies show that the massacre was recent?"
+Washington inquired further.
+
+"Not very recent; the bodies were scattered about, and several of them
+were much eaten by hogs," was the chief's answer.
+
+"Have you any suspicions as to who the murderers were?" urged
+Washington.
+
+"Certain marks which they left behind showed that the butchery was done
+by Indians of the Ottawa nation," was the information given in answer to
+his question.
+
+Mr. Frazier informed Washington that an Indian queen, living three miles
+distant, had taken offense because he did not call upon her on his way
+to the fort. As he was obliged to wait two days for horses, he paid her
+a visit and made her a present of a watch-coat.
+
+Washington's final entry in his journal is:
+
+"Tuesday, the 1st of January, 1774, we left Mr. Frazier's house, and
+arrived at Mr. Gist's, at Monongahela, the 2d, where I bought a horse
+and saddle. The 6th, we met seventeen horses loaded with materials and
+stores for a fort at the fork of the Ohio, and the day after, some
+families going out to settle. This day we arrived at Will's Creek,
+after as fatiguing a journey as it is possible to conceive, rendered so
+by excessive bad weather. From the first day of December to the
+fifteenth, there was but one day on which it did not rain or snow
+incessantly; and throughout the whole journey we met with nothing but
+one continued series of cold, wet weather, which occasioned very
+uncomfortable lodgings, especially after we had quitted our tent, which
+was some screen from the inclemency of it."
+
+Washington arrived at Williamsburg on the sixteenth day of January, and
+immediately reported to Governor Dinwiddie, delivering the reply of the
+French commander; the belts of wampum from the Indian tribes, as pledges
+of friendship; together with his journal, as his report of the
+expedition.
+
+Weems says, "The governor was much pleased with the Indian belts, more
+with the Frenchman's letter, but most of all with Washington's journal."
+
+"I shall have your journal published immediately," said the governor to
+Washington.
+
+"I beg your honor not to give it to the public in print," replied
+Washington; "it is a very defective document, written, as it was, in the
+wilderness, under the most unfavorable circumstances. It was intended
+for no eyes but yours."
+
+"My dear man," said the hearty Scotchman, "you are altogether too modest
+in this matter. I am sure that the document is worthy of the greatest
+publicity."
+
+"But you will grant me the privilege of amending it," pleaded
+Washington, almost frightened at the idea of his journal appearing in
+print.
+
+"Indeed, major, there is no time for that now," answered the governor.
+"The Assembly will rise to-morrow or next day, and I want each member to
+have several copies to carry home with him. You need not give yourself
+any uneasiness, man, for your journal is worthy of a perusal by the King
+of Great Britain, and I intend to present him with a copy."
+
+The journal went to press at once, and was in the hands of members of
+the Assembly before the adjournment. It was received with the greatest
+enthusiasm and praise everywhere, and was published in all the papers of
+the Colony. Copies were sent to England, and there it appeared in the
+journals of the day.
+
+
+
+
+XI.
+
+HIS FIRST BATTLE.
+
+
+Washington's report concerning the designs of the French created intense
+excitement in Virginia and the neighboring Colonies. Governor Dinwiddie
+could see no other way to maintain the dignity of his government than by
+a resort to arms. He so reported to his Majesty the King of England. The
+excitement there became even greater than it was in America. Everybody
+wanted to fight to vindicate the nation's honor. The popular
+conversation was a declaration of war against the French.
+
+The British Government was not long in framing instructions to the
+American Colonies, and orders were issued that they should unite in one
+confederacy and drive the French out of the land. The king directed
+Governor Dinwiddie to raise a force in Virginia, and the order was
+received with great enthusiasm. Washington was appointed to push
+recruiting, with headquarters at Alexandria. New York and South Carolina
+pledged two independent companies.
+
+Washington anticipated a rush of volunteers when the governor sent out
+his call for troops, but the small pay offered did not induce the
+stalwart yeomanry, and other reliable classes, to relinquish their
+honorable occupations at home for the hunger and hardships of war. The
+result was, that a very unreliable class offered to enlist. One writer
+says:
+
+"There gathered about him a rabble of ragamuffins and worthless fellows,
+who had spent their lives in tramping up and down the country, without
+settled homes or occupations. Some were without hats and shoes; some had
+coats and no shirts, some had shirts and no coats; and all were without
+arms, or any keen desire to use them if they had them. All this
+disgusted and disheartened our youthful colonel not a little, for he was
+young, and had yet to learn that it is of just such stuff that the
+beginnings of armies are always made."
+
+Washington wrote to Governor Dinwiddie in a very desponding tone,
+complaining of the want of patriotism in the Colony. Immediately the
+governor came to his relief by issuing a proclamation, in which he said:
+
+"Two hundred thousand acres of the very best land on the head-water of
+the Ohio will be appropriated, and divided among those who enlist and
+serve during the war."
+
+The effect of this order was good, and soon one company was raised and
+sent forward, under Captain Trent, to occupy the junction of the
+Monongahela and Alleghany Rivers, and there erect a fort, before the
+French could possess it. This was the spot which Washington recommended
+to Governor Dinwiddie as an admirable location for a fort.
+
+When the work of recruiting was completed, the governor offered the
+command of the whole force to Washington, although Colonel Fry was
+entitled to it by right of seniority. Such was Washington's popularity,
+that Governor Dinwiddie knew the people would hail the appointment with
+unfeigned satisfaction. But Washington, with his usual modest estimate
+of himself, said to a friend:
+
+"I cannot take the responsibility; I am not equal to it."
+
+"That is not for you to say," urged his friend. "The people believe that
+you are just the man for the place, and will not be satisfied unless you
+take command."
+
+"The command belongs to Colonel Fry, whose competency no one disputes,
+and whose age is certainly a qualification in his favor," answered
+Washington.
+
+"All that may be true; it probably is true; nevertheless, the governor
+understands what the popular demand is, and has acted accordingly," his
+friend retorted. "My advice is, accept the position, and bury your
+modesty."
+
+"It is not modesty," protested Washington. "I have too much love for my
+country to do anything to prejudice her interests."
+
+On declining to assume the chief command, Washington wrote to Colonel
+Corbin, who desired that he should accept, as follows:
+
+"The command of the whole forces is what I neither look for, expect, or
+desire, for I must be impartial enough to confess it is a charge too
+great for my youth and inexperience to be intrusted with. Knowing this,
+I have too sincere a love for my country to undertake that which may
+tend to the prejudice of it. But, if I could entertain hopes that you
+thought me worthy of the post of lieutenant-colonel, and would favor me
+so far as to mention it at the appointment of officers, I could not but
+entertain a true sense of the kindness. I flatter myself that, under a
+skilful commander or man of sense (which I most sincerely wish to serve
+under), with my own application and diligent study of my duty, I shall
+be able to conduct my steps without censure, and, in time, render myself
+worthy of the promotion that I shall be favored with now."
+
+Colonel Joshua Fry was appointed to the chief command, and Washington
+was made lieutenant-colonel.
+
+While Washington was attending to his duties at Alexandria, an incident
+occurred which illustrates the strength of his moral character. There
+was an election for members of the House of Burgesses, and the two
+opposing candidates in that district were Colonel George Fairfax and a
+Mr. Elzey.
+
+"I am well acquainted with Colonel Fairfax," remarked Washington to the
+bystanders, "and I know him to be abundantly qualified for the position.
+He is able, and a true patriot."
+
+"As much can be said of Mr. Elzey, and perhaps more," replied a man by
+the name of Payne, a great friend and admirer of the latter gentleman.
+"His experience qualifies him for the office beyond most men in the
+district."
+
+Here Washington remarked, somewhat sarcastically, that character, after
+all, in such times, was the highest qualification, a remark that was
+readily construed into an insinuation that Payne's candidate did not
+possess it, whereupon Payne struck him so violently with a stick as to
+knock him down.
+
+A scene followed. Washington's friends sprang forward to his rescue, but
+he was on his feet before their help reached him. They turned upon his
+assailant.
+
+"What do you mean, you dastard?" exclaimed one.
+
+"Take him into custody"! shouted another.
+
+"Knock him down!" bawled a third.
+
+"No, gentlemen," interrupted Washington, just in season to prevent a
+collision, "do not touch the man. Perhaps he was not altogether to
+blame. My remark was hasty. Let us have no more trouble."
+
+The officers and others present were nearly as much surprised by
+Washington's intercession for his assailant as they were by the latter's
+heartless blow, and they stood speechless. The young commander remained
+until the excitement ceased, when he repaired to his lodgings at the
+hotel, where he immediately wrote a note to Mr. Payne, asking him to
+call in the morning.
+
+Anticipating a challenge to a duel, Payne armed himself with a pistol in
+the morning before making the call. To his surprise, Washington met him
+at the door with an apology.
+
+"I ask your pardon for an offence given in an unguarded moment," he
+said, grasping his hand.
+
+Payne was thoroughly embarrassed by this reception, and he was so filled
+with admiration by the magnanimity of the act, that he became one of
+Washington's warmest friends. Their mutual friendship lasted as long as
+they lived.
+
+Mr. McGuire very properly says of this deed:
+
+"How noble and becoming was this conduct! It was especially admirable in
+a youthful soldier, whose very profession exposed him to peculiar
+temptations on such an occasion. How many would have been driven, by the
+fear of reproach and dread of unfavorable insinuations, to incur the
+hazards of a duel, thus offering up at the shrine of honor the costly
+sacrifice of human life. It was not possible that a man like Washington,
+so endowed with moral courage and regard for virtue, should be moved by
+the fear of man to such a course. He dreaded not the charge of cowardice
+from the mouths of fools. In his own bosom he had its ample refutation.
+He was conscious of a fortitude which no dangers could shake. To
+display it in murdering a fellow-citizen was not his ambition. He had
+before him the tented field and the enemies of his country, and he was
+pledged for the hazards of a mortal conflict in her defence. Here he was
+willing to show his courage and lay down his life. He would not do so to
+gratify revenge, or win applause from the vain."
+
+When Washington had recruited two more companies of fifty men each, he
+applied to Governor Dinwiddie for permission to advance for the better
+protection of the frontier. Having procured the order from the governor,
+he marched out of camp, equipped not only with arms, but also with
+implements of labor for constructing a road over which supplies and
+cannon might be readily transported. This was a great undertaking, since
+there were giant trees to be felled, hills to be levelled, marshes to be
+filled, rocks to be blasted, and bridges to be built. So great a work
+was this, that the little army was fourteen days going thirteen miles.
+They reached Will's Creek on the 24th of April, 1754, where Washington
+unexpectedly met Captain Trent.
+
+"What are you doing here, captain," said Washington, somewhat surprised
+at seeing him.
+
+"Recruiting my command," answered Trent. "I need more men to construct
+the fort."
+
+"That is certain, and we need more men everywhere," responded
+Washington. "It is fearfully hard work to prosecute such a campaign with
+so few men. But how are you succeeding?"
+
+"As well as could be expected under the circumstances. I am thankful for
+the smallest number of recruits, for forty men to construct and garrison
+a fort at the forks of the Ohio is altogether too small a force."
+
+While discussing this matter, Ensign Ward entered the camp, and
+surprised both Washington and Trent by saying:
+
+"The garrison at the fort have surrendered to the French."
+
+Captain Trent left Ensign Ward in command of his force at the forks,
+while he was recruiting at Will's Creek.
+
+"How can that be?" exclaimed Trent, surprised beyond measure.
+
+"On the 17th," the ensign explained, "we were surprised by the
+appearance of the French fleet in the river, under the command of
+Captain Contrecoeur, consisting of three hundred canoes and sixty
+batteaux, carrying a thousand men and eighteen cannon."
+
+"To take possession of the forks and erect a fort for their own
+defence," interjected Washington, who had called the attention of
+Governor Dinwiddie to the probability of such an event.
+
+"Yes, that was what they came for," replied Ward; "and they were glad to
+see one so far under way, no doubt, as it would lighten their labors."
+
+"Did they make an attack?" inquired Washington.
+
+"Captain Contrecoeur planted his cannon to sweep the fort, drew up his
+men in readiness for an attack, and then sent a demand to the English to
+surrender in one hour, or he would open fire."
+
+"Under the circumstances you could not object with much resolution,"
+remarked Washington.
+
+"I didn't, but surrendered without parleying," replied Ward; "and we
+were allowed to march out bearing our arms and all our tools."
+
+"This is a declaration of war," remarked Washington, "and we must govern
+ourselves accordingly."
+
+He called his officers together for consultation, and said to them:
+
+"The French have now invaded the frontier of the Colony, and as I
+construe my instructions from the government, it is my duty to march
+forward to meet the invaders."
+
+"Without reinforcements from Colonel Fry?" anxiously inquired one of his
+officers.
+
+"No. We can march to the mouth of Red Stone Creek, which is thirty-seven
+miles above the fort captured by the French, there throw up defences,
+and await the arrival of reinforcements."
+
+A messenger was posted away to Colonel Fry, while the army took up the
+line of march to Red Stone Creek, where it hastily intrenched and
+awaited reinforcements.
+
+About the 1st of May, Captain Stevens arrived with his company of fifty
+men. Colonel Fry remained at his post to complete arrangements and bring
+up supplies; but he suddenly died, so that Washington was forced to act
+as commander-in-chief.
+
+With his little army increased to one hundred and fifty men, Washington
+proceeded to Great Meadows, making a road suitable for transporting
+supplies as he advanced, and reaching his destination on the 27th of
+May. They had but just encamped when Mr. Gist arrived.
+
+"I have seen the trail of a party within five miles of you, which I am
+sure were French," he said to Washington, under evident excitement.
+
+"I am not surprised at that announcement," replied Washington. "War is
+inevitable, and we must accept the issue. We must look after these
+French."
+
+"Or they will look after _us_," retorted Gist. "The French mean
+business; there can be no doubt of that. Unless we mean business it
+is all up with us."
+
+"I will pursue them at once," continued Washington; and he took forty
+men, leaving the remainder of his force to work on the intrenchments.
+Half-king, with a few Indians, joined him, and when it was supposed they
+were in the vicinity of the French party, two Indian scouts were sent
+forward, who discovered their camp two miles distant. It was in the dawn
+of the morning, and they had traveled all night through the driving
+storm and darkness, and, of course, were poorly prepared for battle. But
+Washington determined upon an attack immediately. Arranging his own men
+on the right and the Indians on the left, he advanced rapidly upon the
+enemy. The latter were taken unawares, but they sprang to their arms and
+opened fire on catching sight of the English. A brief, sharp, bloody
+encounter ensued, when the French surrendered, having lost ten men
+killed and one wounded. Twenty-one were taken prisoners. Washington's
+loss was one man killed and two or three wounded.
+
+Among the slain Frenchmen was their popular commander, Captain
+Jumonville. The twenty-one prisoners were sent, under a strong guard, to
+Governor Dinwiddie, with a plea from Washington that they should be
+treated with humanity. He withstood Tanacharisson and his redskins, who
+wanted to slay every one of the prisoners, and rebuked their revengeful
+spirit.
+
+"The French army at the forks will avenge the death of Jumonville," said
+Washington to Gist, "and the whole force will march against us."
+
+"They will if they are like the rest of mankind," responded Gist, "and
+that, too, without waiting for ceremony."
+
+"We will be prepared for them," added Washington. "It will never do for
+an army to be caught napping, especially a little one like mine."
+
+"But you will fight against great odds," suggested Gist; "the French
+have every advantage in men and means."
+
+"True, very true, but we must make our fortifications strong at the
+Meadows, and do the best we can."
+
+This little conquering squad of English rejoined the army at the
+Meadows, and proceeded at once to make their fort impregnable. Here
+Washington soon received additional reinforcements, swelling his army to
+four hundred soldiers. Among them was a company of one hundred men from
+North Carolina, under Captain Mackey. The latter officer made some
+trouble for Washington by claiming superiority of rank, because his
+commission was from the King of England, while Washington's was from a
+provincial governor only. However, this difficulty was soon adjusted
+through Washington's tact and magnanimity.
+
+The army was short of provisions at this time, supplies not having been
+sent forward as Washington expected. His men were very much tried, and
+many of them were exasperated. Adding hunger and needless suffering to
+their pittance of pay was quite enough to demoralize the rank and file.
+Washington could not blame them much, in the circumstances, although the
+discontent added to his trials. He wrote to Governor Dinwiddie in his
+troubles, as follows:
+
+"Giving up my commission is quite contrary to my intentions. Nay, I ask
+it as a greater favor than any amongst the many I have received from
+your honor, to confirm it to me. But let me serve voluntarily; then I
+will, with the greatest pleasure in life, devote my services to the
+expedition, without any other reward than the satisfaction of serving my
+country; but to be slaving dangerously for the shadow of pay, through
+woods, rocks, and mountains, I would rather prefer the great toil of a
+day laborer, and dig for a maintenance, provided I were reduced to the
+necessity, than serve upon such ignoble terms.... I hope what I have
+said will not be taken amiss, for I really believe, were it as much in
+your power as it is in your inclination, we should be treated as
+gentlemen and officers, and not have annexed to the most trifling pay
+that ever was given to English officers the glorious allowance of
+soldier's diet, a pound of pork, with bread in proportion, per day. Be
+the consequence what it will, I am determined not to leave the regiment,
+but to be among the last men to quit the Ohio."
+
+Washington preferred to serve his country without pay rather than have
+the reputation of being paid when receiving but a pittance, and half
+starved into the bargain. His appeal was a sincere and earnest one for
+his soldiers.
+
+As on former occasions, Washington was his own chaplain. Twice a day his
+little army were called to prayers in the fort, which he himself
+conducted. On the Sabbath only works of necessity were performed, and he
+conducted religious services. Sometimes his brief remarks, called forth
+by the condition of his army, deeply impressed his listeners, who knew
+that they were honest words from a true heart.
+
+He was exceedingly annoyed by the profanity and wickedness of his men,
+and at one time he issued the following order:
+
+"Colonel Washington has observed that the men of his regiment are very
+profane and reprobate. He takes this opportunity to inform them of his
+great displeasure at such practices, and assures them that, if they do
+not leave them off, they shall be severely punished. The officers are
+desired, if they hear any men swear or make use of an oath or
+execration, to order the offender twenty-five lashes immediately,
+without a court-martial. For a second offence he shall be more severely
+punished."
+
+As the French army did not make its appearance after waiting many days
+for it, Washington resolved to march upon Fort Duquesne, as the French
+had named their stronghold at the forks in honor of the governor of
+Canada.
+
+Leaving Captain Mackey with his company to garrison the fort, Washington
+advanced towards the forks. But he had marched only thirteen miles when
+he met several friendly Indians, one of whom said:
+
+"The French are on the march against you."
+
+"How far away?" inquired Washington.
+
+"A few miles only."
+
+"In large force?"
+
+"Eight hundred Frenchmen and four hundred Indians."
+
+"I can hardly credit that they are coming with so large a force,"
+replied Washington. "That is a formidable army for my small army to
+fight."
+
+The Indians convinced him that it was even so, whereupon he called a
+council of war, when it was unanimously decided to retreat to their base
+of supplies. After two days of wearisome marching, on the retreat, they
+reached the fort at the Great Meadows. Here many of the men and horses
+were so exhausted and weak for the want of food that Washington decided
+to make a stand there. He was forced to stop there, and so he named the
+stockade "Fort Necessity."
+
+The able-bodied soldiers were set to work digging a trench around the
+fortifications, and felling large trees to obstruct the march of the
+enemy upon their works. But their labors were far from being completed
+when, on the morning of July 3, a wounded sentinel came rushing into
+camp and shouting, "The enemy is upon us! The French army is here!"
+
+The drum beat the soldiers into line quickly, outside of their
+fortifications, though subsequently they were withdrawn into the fort.
+About eleven o'clock the enemy opened a heavy fire upon the fort, which
+was returned with spirit.
+
+"Waste no powder; fire at discretion; and where-ever you discover a
+head, pick it off," were Washington's instructions to his men.
+
+The battle raged all day until eight o'clock in the evening, when the
+French commander, Monsieur De Villiers, sent a flag of truce. Supposing
+it was a scheme to get a spy within the fort to discover its strength,
+Washington declined to receive it. But De Villiers, evidently thinking
+the English force was much larger than it actually was, persisted in his
+application for a parley. He asked that an English officer be sent to
+him, promising him absolute safety.
+
+Washington sent Van Braam, who returned in a short time with articles of
+capitulation for him to sign, and he was accompanied by De Villiers
+himself.
+
+Washington declined to sign them until they were amended to suit his
+wishes. About midnight the articles were signed, and the fort
+surrendered.
+
+On the morning of July 4, 1754, the little army marched out of the fort,
+with banners flying and the band playing, carrying their arms with them,
+so that there was no degradation in the surrender. As the French had
+killed all of Washington's horses and cattle, he could not take away his
+cannon and heavy baggage; so it was stipulated that these should be
+protected until he could send for them.
+
+In this his first battle, Washington lost fifty-eight men, while the
+French lost two hundred in killed and wounded.
+
+Washington marched his little army back to Williamsburg, where he was
+received with distinguished honors. The governor tendered him hearty
+thanks in behalf of the government; and the House of Burgesses, which
+soon assembled, unanimously adopted a vote of thanks "for their bravery,
+and the gallant manner in which they had conducted themselves in the
+defence of the country." A resolution was passed, also, granting an
+appropriation of four hundred pistoles to be distributed among the
+soldiers who had aided in the expedition. In addition, the assembly made
+an appropriation of ten thousand dollars, in October following, for the
+public service; and soon afterwards the English government forwarded
+fifty thousand dollars for the same purpose.
+
+The defeat of Washington did not appear to modify the public confidence
+in him. The people knew full well the great odds against which he
+contended, and judged him accordingly. That he should defend Fort
+Necessity so long and so successfully, when fatigue and hunger were
+creating discontent, was proof to them of skill and courage; and that he
+should secure terms of capitulation so honorable, appeared to them a
+reason of praise rather than censure.
+
+French historians have censured Washington for the death of Jumonville,
+denominating the attack upon his small party "assassination." They claim
+that he was sent upon an embassy, of which there is not a shadow of
+proof. On the other hand, there is positive evidence that Jumonville was
+conducting a reconnoitering party, to ascertain the position and
+strength of the English.
+
+Washington's report to Governor Dinwiddie, and the latter's letter to
+Lord Albemarle, establish the facts in the case beyond contradiction.
+For this reason we introduce them here:
+
+"I set out with forty men before ten, and it was from that time till
+near sunrise before we reached the Indians' camp, having marched in
+small paths, through a heavy rain, and a night as dark as it is possible
+to conceive. We were frequently tumbling over one another, and often so
+lost that fifteen or twenty minutes' search would not find the path
+again.
+
+"When we came to the half-king, I counselled with him, and got his
+assent to go hand in hand and strike the French. Accordingly he,
+Monacawacha, and a few other Indians, set out with us; and when we came
+to the place where the troops were, the half-king sent two Indians to
+follow the tracks and discover their lodgment, which they did, at a very
+obscure place, surrounded with rocks. I, thereupon, in conjunction with
+the half-king and Monacawacha, formed a disposition to attack them on
+all sides, which we accordingly did; and, after an engagement of fifteen
+minutes, we killed ten, wounded one, and took twenty-one prisoners.
+Amongst those killed was Monsieur Jumonville, the commander. The
+principal officers taken are Monsieur Drouillon, and Monsieur La Force,
+of whom your Honor has often heard me speak as a bold, enterprising man,
+and a person of great subtlety and cunning. These officers pretend that
+they were coming on an embassy; but the absurdity of this pretext is too
+glaring, as you will see by the instructions and summons enclosed. Their
+instructions were to reconnoiter the country, roads, creeks, and the
+like, as far as the Potomac, which they were about to do. These
+enterprising men were purposely chosen out to procure intelligence,
+which they were to send back by some brisk despatches, _with the mention
+of the day that they were to serve the summons_, which could be with no
+other view than to get reinforcements to fall upon us immediately
+after."
+
+Governor Dinwiddie wrote to Lord Albemarle as follows:
+
+"The prisoners said they were come as an embassy from the fort: but your
+lordship knows that ambassadors do not come with such an armed force
+without a trumpet or any other sign of friendship; nor can it be thought
+that they were on an embassy, by their staying so long reconnoitering
+our small camp, but more probably that they expected a reinforcement to
+cut us off."
+
+
+
+XII.
+
+ ON GENERAL BRADDOCK'S STAFF.
+
+With the quite liberal provisions now made for the public service,
+Governor Dinwiddie resolved to increase the army to ten companies of one
+hundred men each, and capture Fort Duquesne at once. He sent for
+Washington, now twenty-two years of age, and laid his plan before him.
+
+"It will prove disastrous," was Washington's prompt answer, to the
+surprise of the governor.
+
+"You surprise me!" rejoined the governor. "With a thousand men I thought
+the fort could easily be captured."
+
+"But you do not take into account the time required to drill the army
+and march to the fort," answered Washington. "Winter will be upon us
+before we are ready to besiege the fort."
+
+"I hardly see the need of consuming as much time as you indicate in
+preparation," suggested the governor.
+
+"You would understand it if you had had the experience with a
+half-drilled army through one campaign, as I have had," replied
+Washington.
+
+"But your force was a very small one," suggested Governor Dinwiddie.
+"With two or three times as many men you will be able to reduce the fort
+without the drill."
+
+"My experience rather teaches me that the larger the army the more
+necessary the drill, in order to handle it efficiently," Washington
+replied.
+
+"Then you are opposed to such a campaign now, under any circumstances,
+if I understand you," continued the governor.
+
+"My judgment decides against the practicability of such an expedition;
+nevertheless, I am at your service. My duty is to obey." This was
+Washington's sincere reply.
+
+Governor Dinwiddie was a conceited man, jealous of his own authority,
+and he did not like to be opposed by such a stripling as Colonel
+Washington, much less was he willing to abandon a project of his own by
+the advice of an inferior officer. For this reason he adhered to his
+original plan, and instructed Washington to fill up his regiment to a
+thousand as soon as possible. With what feelings Washington undertook
+this task may be learned from his letter to William Fairfax, Esq.,
+president of Governor Dinwiddie's council:
+
+"I have orders to complete my regiment, and not a sixpence is sent for
+that purpose. Can it be imagined that subjects fit for this service, who
+have been so much impressed with and alarmed at the want of provisions,
+which was a main objection to enlisting before, will more readily engage
+now, without money, than they did before with it?... To show you the
+state of the regiment, I have sent you a report, by which you will
+perceive what great deficiencies there are of men, arms, tents, kettles,
+screws (which was a fatal want before), bayonets, cartouch-boxes, and
+everything else. Again, were our men ever so willing to go, for want of
+the proper necessaries of life they are now unable to do it. The chief
+part are almost naked, and scarcely a man has either _shoes, stockings,
+or a hat_. These things the merchants will not credit them for. The
+country has made no provision. They have no money themselves, and it
+cannot be expected that the officers will engage for them again,
+personally having suffered greatly on this head already.... There is not
+a man that has a blanket to secure him from cold or wet."
+
+That the conceited provincial governor was bent upon having his own way
+is evident from the fact that he wrote privately to England, and secured
+the passage of an act that made provincial officers of the army inferior
+to the English officers in rank. Under this act, Washington's rank would
+be that of captain instead of colonel.
+
+"Of course I shall not serve longer in the army under such an
+arrangement," said Washington to Mr. Fairfax. "Not that I covet higher
+rank, but self-respect requires me to throw up my commission."
+
+"For one, I can never blame you," replied Fairfax. "The animus of the
+thing is suited to discourage every soldier in the colony. If England
+expects the Colonies to fight her battles under such an arrangement, she
+will be greatly disappointed."
+
+"So I think," answered Washington; "and if I do not mistake the temper
+of the colonists, they will never submit to such injustice; never. It is
+but the most reasonable thing that provincial troops should be placed
+upon the same footing as the king's. They should be as liberally
+provided for, and enjoy the opportunities of promotion equally with the
+others."
+
+"Unless they do, England cannot long claim colonies in North America,"
+added Fairfax.
+
+As indicated by the foregoing, Washington returned his commission, and
+other officers did the same. The measure which Governor Dinwiddie
+adopted to bring Washington to terms, and put the army more directly
+under his own control, suddenly upset his authority. Instead of marching
+upon Fort Duquesne at once, a speedy abandonment of the enterprise was
+forced upon him. He could snub Washington, but he could not compel him
+to recruit and lead the army. Washington retired to private life at
+Mount Vernon.
+
+Governor Dinwiddie was never in such trouble before. Fort Duquesne
+haunted him in his sleep. The stripling of a colonel had outwitted his
+Excellency. What could he do?
+
+The British Government advised a confederacy of the Colonies, believing
+that "in union there is strength." Accordingly, a delegate convention
+was called at Albany, "to form a league with the Six Nations of Indians,
+and to concert among themselves a plan of united operations for defence
+against the common enemy." The New England States, New York,
+Pennsylvania, and Maryland accepted the proposition, and sent delegates
+to the convention. A league was formed with the Six Nations, but the
+convention could not agree upon a plan of common defence acceptable both
+to the colonies and the British Government. Benjamin Franklin was a
+member of the convention from Pennsylvania, holding the position of
+postmaster-general under the king at the time and he presented a plan
+that was accepted by all the delegates except those from Connecticut.
+For the want of complete union, the project was abandoned, and the
+British ministry took the conduct of the war into their own hands. They
+promptly adopted measures to force the French Government to retire from
+their advanced position in America.
+
+In January, 1755, General Braddock was sent from Ireland, with two
+regiments of infantry, well equipped and well drilled. Their arrival
+aroused the depressed Colonists to enthusiasm. They forgot the troubles
+that had divided them, and united to expel the French from the country.
+
+General Braddock reported to Governor Dinwiddie at Williamsburg, and
+laid before him his plans of operation. As the fame of the youthful
+Washington had reached him in the old country, his thoughts were very
+naturally directed to him in this interview.
+
+"Where is Colonel Washington," he inquired. "I long to see him."
+
+"He is retired from the service, sir," replied the governor.
+
+"Retired?" exclaimed General Braddock. "Colonel Washington retired?
+Pray, sir, what is the reason?"
+
+"He was displeased with the king's order reducing the rank of provincial
+officers," answered the governor. And he proceeded to explain the matter
+in full, without exposing his own agency in the matter. General Braddock
+heard him through, when he retorted with indignation:
+
+"Colonel Washington is right. It is a shame for the government to issue
+such an order, and as unjust as it is shameful."
+
+"But your disciplined troops are far more valuable than an undisciplined
+force like ours," suggested the governor.
+
+"Granted," answered General Braddock; "and so much more credit to
+Colonel Washington, who handled undisciplined troops so well. He must be
+a brave and efficient officer."
+
+"He is," responded Governor Dinwiddie; "no one disputes that."
+
+"Then he ought to have the chance for promotion that the king's officers
+do," interrupted the general. "I don't like such partiality. Colonel
+Washington must be brought back into service."
+
+"I should be glad to see him in active service again, and nothing would
+please our people more," rejoined the governor. "He is an idol with the
+Colonists, he has proved himself so loyal, brave, and efficient."
+
+"Well, where is he? I must see him," continued General Braddock.
+
+He was told that he was on his farm at Mount Vernon.
+
+"Then he must leave his farm for the service of his country, as
+Cincinnatus did," interjected Braddock.
+
+General Braddock addressed a letter to him, soliciting an interview, and
+appealing to him strongly to give his able services to the "common
+cause." He urged him to join his army, and offered him an honorable
+position upon his staff.
+
+Washington was too much of a patriot to allow his personal grievance to
+interfere with the defence of his country in these circumstances, and he
+waited upon General Braddock at Alexandria, and accepted the position.
+However, he wrote to a friend that it was not altogether patriotism that
+determined his decision.
+
+"I must be ingenuous enough to confess," he wrote, "that I am not a
+little biassed by selfish considerations. To explain: I wish earnestly
+to attain some knowledge in the military profession, and, believing a
+more favorable opportunity cannot offer than to serve under an officer
+of General Braddock's abilities and experience, it does, you may
+reasonably suppose, contribute not a little to influence my choice."
+
+As soon as possible after the arrival of General Braddock, Governor
+Dinwiddie called a conference of the governors of five Colonies to
+discuss war measures. The result of the conference was the plan of
+undertaking three expeditions. "The first of these was to be conducted
+by Braddock, with the British troops, against Fort Duquesne; the second,
+under the command of Governor Shirley of Maryland, now honored with the
+commission of general from the king, was intended for the reduction of
+the French fort of Niagara, and was composed of American regulars and
+Indians; the third was an expedition against Crown Point, to be
+undertaken by a regiment of militia."
+
+As soon as Washington's mother learned that her son had decided to join
+Braddock's army, she hastened to Mount Vernon in great distress.
+
+"I hoped you had quit war forever, George," she said, "and would be
+content to look after your farm and mother, without exposing yourself to
+death any more."
+
+"A man must be loyal to his country, mother," replied Washington. "He is
+not much of a man if he is not willing to risk his life for his
+country."
+
+"I will not dispute you, George, on that point," continued his mother;
+"but somehow I had got it into my mind that you were through with war,
+and I was glad of it. I suppose that a mother's love had more to do with
+it than patriotism."
+
+"But you believe in patriotism?" added Washington.
+
+"Of course I do."
+
+"But do not want your son to be patriotic," he quickly added, knowing
+exactly what course to pursue in order to secure his mother's approval.
+
+"Not so, George," Mrs. Washington answered. "I honor patriotism, and if
+it is _necessary_ for you to join the army again, I am willing. As I
+said, a mother's love got the better of me for the moment."
+
+"It does seem necessary for me to go, mother, in the circumstances,"
+added Washington. "As I am situated the refusal might be easily
+construed into a lack of patriotism. This is a critical time for the
+Colonies, when loyalty and patriotism alone can sustain their cause."
+
+"You are right, my son, and I will heartily withdraw my objections,"
+responded Mrs. Washington, touched by her son's devotion to his country.
+"My prayers are all that I can give to my country, and these it shall
+have. That God may protect you through all the dangers and hardships of
+war, and return you in safety, will be my constant prayer. With His
+blessing you can be a useful man in war, as in peace, and without it you
+can expect nothing."
+
+Thus, as before, Washington entered upon the campaign with his mother's
+pious benediction. On the 9th of June he left Alexandria with Braddock's
+army, recruited to nearly three thousand men. Virginia raised three
+companies of her best marksmen, who joined the British troops. When the
+march began, and Washington took in the grand military display, every
+soldier well clad and equipped, instead of being ragged and poorly
+armed, he said, "This is the grandest spectacle I ever beheld."
+
+As another has said, "Not the shabby, discouraging, inglorious war of
+men without hats and shoes, kettles and bayonets, but the military array
+of a young officer's brightest dreams: a host in gallant uniforms, with
+nodding plumes, the clang of inspiring music, and the dazzling splendor
+of banners flaunting in the sun. Victory was a thing of course. The want
+of proper equipment had occasioned defeat and mortification. The
+presence of everything that a soldier's heart could wish or his fancy
+devise was sure to bring triumph that would extinguish all memory of
+former failure."
+
+General Braddock was an experienced officer, but he knew nothing of
+Indian warfare. Evidently he regarded the French as his chief
+antagonists, and supposed that an easy victory could be won. His
+conversation with Benjamin Franklin, who visited him, as
+postmaster-general, to make arrangements for the transmission of the
+mails to and from the army, reveals much of the general's character.
+
+"Not a long campaign, I think," he remarked to Franklin.
+
+"Nevertheless a hard one," answered Franklin. "In such a country as
+this, campaigning is attended with serious difficulties."
+
+"But difficulties lessen before experienced officers and soldiers,"
+responded Braddock.
+
+"Can you give me any idea of your intended progress?" inquired Franklin,
+for the purpose of drawing him out, and learning what were his real
+ideas of the country.
+
+"After taking Fort Duquesne," Braddock replied, "I am to proceed to
+Niagara; and, having taken that, to Frontenac, if the season will allow,
+and I suppose it will, for Duquesne can hardly detain me above three or
+four days; and then I can see nothing to obstruct my march to Niagara."
+
+"I supposed that it would require a longer time than that to reduce Fort
+Duquesne," said Washington. "The French have had ample time to
+strengthen their fortification."
+
+"That may be, but I do not apprehend much difficulty in accomplishing my
+object there," was the general's confident reply.
+
+"To be sure, sir," continued Franklin, "if you arrive well before
+Duquesne with these fine troops, so well provided with artillery,
+the fort, though completely fortified and assisted with a very strong
+garrison, can probably make but a short resistance. The only danger I
+apprehend of obstruction to your march is from the ambuscades of the
+Indians, who, by constant practice, are dexterous in laying and
+executing them; and your slender line of troops, nearly four miles long,
+which your army must make, may expose it to be attacked by surprise on
+its flanks, and to be cut like thread into several pieces, which, from
+their distance, cannot come up in time to support one another."
+
+General Braddock smiled at what he thought was Franklin's ignorance, and
+answered in a self-assuring manner:
+
+"These savages may, indeed, be a formidable enemy to raw American
+militia; but upon the king's regular and disciplined troops, sir, it is
+impossible they should make an impression."
+
+In describing this interview afterwards, Franklin said sarcastically:
+
+"I was conscious of an impropriety in my disputing with a military man
+in matters of his profession and said no more."
+
+Washington was so ill after the army reached the great crossings of the
+Youghiogeny, that Dr. Craik advised him to stop until he rallied. He had
+been feverish for several days, and for that reason had ridden in a
+covered wagon.
+
+"Death is almost inevitable if you continue," said Dr. Craik. "Stop here
+until the violence of your fever abates, and then you can come up with
+Dunbar's rear division."
+
+"I think you are unnecessarily alarmed, doctor," answered Washington.
+"In a few days I shall be all right. It will be a great trial to me to
+stop here and not advance with the army."
+
+"It may prove a greater trial for you to advance," suggested Dr. Craik.
+"Rest and quiet may restore you speedily now, but it may be too late
+three days hence."
+
+General Braddock also appealed to him.
+
+"You are altogether too unwell to proceed, Colonel Washington," he said,
+"and you must not attempt it."
+
+"But I would not miss being with you at the attack upon Fort Duquesne
+for five hundred pounds," replied Washington.
+
+"And you will not if you stop here until you are better; but if you go
+on, you may be dead and buried by that time, or too sick to participate
+in the battle," was the general's wise answer.
+
+"I will stop here if you will promise that I shall rejoin the army
+before an engagement," added Washington.
+
+"I pledge you my word of honor, in the most solemn manner, that it shall
+be effected."
+
+Washington remained, soon rallied, and rejoined the army when it was
+encamped about two miles from the Monongahela River.
+
+Washington had feared disaster, as Franklin did, from Braddock's
+ignorance of Indian warfare.
+
+"Let me reconnoitre in advance with the three companies of Virginia
+marksmen," he proposed. "We understand the tactics of the savages, and
+can fight them in their own way."
+
+"Allow me to suggest, young man, that the savages will be of little
+account before my regulars," was Braddock's haughty answer, evidently
+thinking that his youthful aid-de-camp was too officious.
+
+"The best disciplined troops are not competent to fight Indians in the
+Indian way if they have had no experience with savages," persisted
+Washington. "The order of battle and the usual rules and tactics of war
+are of no account here."
+
+"That may be your opinion and experience," replied the general, "but you
+have not had the king's efficient troops here before. That makes all the
+difference in the world."
+
+"Nevertheless," added Washington, "defeat awaits us unless we are
+prepared to meet Indians with their own tactics."
+
+Before the army took up its line of march from Alexandria, Washington
+advised General Braddock not to wait for any wagons to be provided.
+Braddock had been disappointed in getting a supply of these; and when
+Dr. Franklin visited him, he bargained with him to purchase in
+Pennsylvania, and forward at once, a sufficient number of them, with
+four horses to each wagon.
+
+"Army wagons will be a burden to us instead of a help, much of the way,"
+said Washington. "The road is narrow and rough, and pack-horses will
+prove better than wagons."
+
+But these suggestions were unheeded by the haughty British officer, who
+insisted that his army should be provided for and move in the wilds of
+America as in the cultivated countries of Europe. He had too much
+official pride to allow himself to be instructed by a stripling in
+Virginia.
+
+General Braddock possessed a high temper, and he was excessively fond of
+intoxicating drinks. With too much temper and too much drink to carry,
+he often became an overbearing officer. Washington wrote as follows to
+Mr. Fairfax at one time:
+
+"The general, by frequent breaches of contract, has lost all patience,
+and for want of that temperance and moderation which should be used by a
+man of sense upon these occasions, will, I fear, represent us in a light
+we little deserve; for, instead of blaming individuals, as he ought, he
+charges all his disappointments to public supineness, and looks upon the
+country, I believe, as void of honor and honesty. We have frequent
+disputes on this head, which are maintained with warmth on both sides,
+especially on his, who is incapable of arguing with or giving up any
+point he asserts, let it be ever so incompatible with reason or common
+sense."
+
+It should be recorded in his favor that General Braddock was a strict
+disciplinarian in the army. Each regiment was provided with a chaplain,
+and every soldier was required to attend prayers each day, and on Sunday
+be present at divine services. He refused to tolerate some practices
+among his men which are common in armies. The most vicious class of
+soldiers indulged in a wholesome fear of him.
+
+After Braddock's army crossed the Monongahela, and were within ten miles
+of Duquesne, and no sign nor sound of an enemy was seen or heard,
+Washington grew anxious, and he said:
+
+"General, this silence so near the fort in our country is rather ominous
+than otherwise. A scouting party ought to go forward. We are liable to
+find ourselves in an ambuscade of Indians at any moment."
+
+"Indians have a poor show in the presence of this force," replied the
+general. "The king's troops will show you how to handle savages."
+
+"I will scour the woods in advance with the Virginia provincials if you
+say the word, general," Washington continued, apprehending that they
+were in the very jaws of danger. He knew very well that French and
+Indian scouts must be near them watching their movements. But Braddock
+declined his offer and they marched on in European style, "three hundred
+men under Colonel Gage forming the advanced party, followed by a party
+of two hundred; and last of all, the general, with the main body,
+Colonel Duncan leading the rear with supplies."
+
+We should have stated that, in the outset, Indians flocked to the
+English standard; among them White Thunder Scarooyadi, successor to
+half-king, who had died, and others, associated with Washington in his
+former campaign. Silver Heels, so called from his nimbleness, a renowned
+warrior, came and tendered his services.
+
+Through Washington's entreaty, General Braddock received the red
+warriors kindly, with military honors. He made them presents in the name
+of the king, and they, in turned, danced and sung war songs. But such
+was Braddock's demeanor towards them subsequently, that they became
+displeased; and, when their dissatisfaction was intensified by the
+improper conduct of some young English officers towards Bright
+Lightning, the beautiful daughter of White Thunder, they all deserted
+the army in disgust. When within ten miles of Duquesne, on the ninth day
+of July, Braddock had no Indians in his command.
+
+Scarooyadi reported to the governor and Council of Pennsylvania, after
+Braddock's defeat: "It was owing to the pride and arrogance of that
+great general who came from England. He is now dead, but he was a bad
+man when he was alive. He looked upon us as dogs, and would never hear
+anything that was said to him. We often endeavored to advise him, and
+tell him of the danger he was in with his soldiers; but he never
+appeared pleased with us, and that was the reason a great many of our
+warriors left him." He proposed to take up the hatchet again with the
+English, and said:
+
+"Let us unite our strength; you are numerous, and all the English
+governors along your seashore can raise men enough; but don't let those
+that come from over the great seas be concerned any more. _They are
+unfit to fight in the woods. Let us go ourselves, we that came out of
+this ground._"
+
+Three or four o'clock on that ninth day of July, as the advance of the
+army was ascending a rise of ground, a volley of musketry suddenly
+arrested their progress. From a ravine, concealed by dense foliage,
+a deadly fire was poured into their faces. Before they had recovered
+from their surprise, another volley was fired into them from the other
+side. These volleys mowed them down like grass. Yet the enemy could not
+be seen. The English directed their fire towards the smoke of battle,
+though but for a moment. For the torrent of lead, shot into their faces,
+forced the advance back upon the main column, and confusion followed.
+General Braddock bravely sought to rally them, to move forward in
+orderly columns, as on European battlefields, but his efforts were
+abortive; for six hundred Indians, painted and armed for battle and
+thirsting for blood, burst from their ambuscade, followed by three
+hundred French and Canadians, sure of victory; and the work of carnage
+grew terrific.
+
+Early in the conflict two of Braddock's aides-de-camp, Captains Orme and
+Morris, fell, and Washington alone remained to carry the general's
+orders here and there. Without the least regard to personal safety, he
+galloped over the field, his tall, noble form presenting a rare target
+for the Indian sharpshooters, who took special pains to bring him down.
+Two horses were shot under him, and four balls pierced his clothes;
+still he was conspicuous everywhere that he could be of service, and for
+three hours distributed his commander's orders, with the deadly missiles
+flying around him like hailstones. Dr. Craik said:
+
+"I expected to see him fall every moment. He dashed over the field,
+reckless of death, when the bullets whistled about him on every side.
+Why he was not killed I cannot divine, unless a watchful Providence was
+preserving him for more important work."
+
+One of the principal Indian warriors fired at him again and again; and,
+at his bidding, a score of young braves did the same, without so much as
+grazing his skin, keeping up their fire until convinced that the Great
+Spirit had given to him a charmed life that he might not be shot in
+battle.
+
+Mr. Paulding gives the description of an eye-witness thus:
+
+"I saw him take hold of a brass field-piece as if it had been a stick.
+He looked like a fury; he tore the sheet-lead from the touch-hole, he
+placed one hand on the muzzle, the other on the breach; he pulled with
+this and he pushed with that, and wheeled it round as if it had been
+nothing. It tore the ground like a plough. The powder monkey rushed up
+with the fire, and then the cannon began to bark, I tell you. They
+fought and they fought, and the Indians yelled when the rest of the
+brass cannon made the bark of the trees fly, and the Indians came down.
+That place they call Rock Hill, and there they left five hundred men
+dead on the ground."
+
+A bullet struck Washington's gold watch-seal, and knocked it from his
+chain. Eighty years after the battle that seal was found by a visitor to
+the battle ground, and it is now preserved among the relics of the
+Washington family.
+
+The English officers behaved heroically, and won Washington's admiration
+by their bravery; but the English _soldiers_ acted like cowards.
+Panic-stricken in the first place, they did not recover from their
+consternation during the engagement. The unearthly yells of the savages,
+which they had never heard before, seemed to terrify them even more than
+the whistling of bullets. They lost self-control, disregarded the orders
+of their officers, and ran hither and thither like frightened sheep.
+Sixty-three of the eighty-five English officers were killed or wounded,
+a fact that shows how bravely they fought.
+
+General Braddock proved himself a brave and faithful commander. He did
+all that mortal man could do to save his army, exposing himself to death
+from first to last. After three hours of hard fighting, during which
+time four horses were shot under him, he fell, pierced by several
+bullets, and was borne from the field.
+
+Now the whole command depended upon Washington, who had taken special
+pains to have the Virginia marksmen fight the Indians after their own
+fashion. Their effective tactics had saved the English army from
+complete destruction. And now Washington rallied them afresh, to cover
+the army in its retreat, bearing their wounded commander as they went.
+
+Mr. Meek's description of the final contest is so particular and graphic
+that we quote it here:
+
+"Happily, on the left, where lay the heaviest fire, Washington's rangers
+were posted, but not exposed like the British. For, on hearing the
+savage yells aforesaid, in a moment they flew each to his tree, like the
+Indians; and, like them, each leveled his rifle, and with as deadly aim.
+This, through a kind Providence, saved Braddock's army; for, exulting in
+their confusion, the savages, grimly painted, and yelling like furies,
+leaped from their coverts, eager to glut their hellish rage with a total
+massacre of the British. But, faithful to their friends, Washington's
+rangers stepped forth with joy to met the assailants. Then rose a scene
+sufficient to fill the stoutest heart with horror. _Here_ falls the
+brave Virginia blue, under the stroke of his nimbler foe; and _there_,
+man on man, the Indians perish beneath the furious storm of lead. But
+who can tell the joy of Washington, when he saw this handful of his
+despised countrymen thus gallantly defending their British friends, and,
+by dint of mortal steel, driving back their blood-thirsty assailants?
+Happy check! for by this time, covered with wounds, Braddock had fallen;
+his aids and officers, to a man, killed or wounded; and his troops, in
+_hopeless_, _helpless_ despair, flying backwards and forwards from the
+fire of the Indians, like flocks of crowded sheep from the presence of
+their butchers. Washington alone remained unhurt. Two horses had been
+killed under him. Showers of bullets had lifted his locks or pierced his
+regimentals. But still protected by heaven, still supported by a
+strength not his own, he had continued to fly from quarter to quarter,
+where his presence was most needed, sometimes animating his rangers,
+sometimes striving, but in vain, to rally the regulars. 'Twas his lot to
+be close to the brave but imprudent Braddock when he fell, and assisted
+to place him in a tumbril, or little cart. As he was laid down, pale and
+near spent with loss of blood, he faintly said to Washington:
+
+"Well, colonel, what's to be done now?"
+
+"Retreat, retreat by all means," answered Washington. "The regulars
+won't fight and the rangers are nearly all killed."
+
+"Poor fellows! poor fellows!" weakly replied the dying general. "Do as
+you will, colonel, the command is on you."
+
+"More than half of the army are dead and wounded," continued Washington,
+"and retreat is all that is left us. The surviving rangers can cover the
+retreat of the remnant."
+
+"Pardon me, colonel for rejecting your counsel, which I now deeply
+regret," the general frankly confessed. "I see it now, but it is all
+over."
+
+The command of the army reverted to Colonel Dunbar after the fall of
+Braddock; but he was several miles away, on the other side of the
+Monongahela, when the disaster occurred, in charge of the rear division
+and supplies. Hence the authority of Washington for the time being.
+
+When the retreating army recrossed the river and reached Colonel Dunbar,
+and he learned the extent of the disaster, the wildest confusion
+followed. Colonel Dunbar proved himself unfit for his position, by
+losing his self-control, ordering the heavy baggage and supplies to be
+burned, and hastening the retreat to Fort Necessity.
+
+General Braddock died soon after the shattered army reached Fort
+Necessity. Tradition says that he died in the arms of Washington, to
+whom he gave his favorite servant, Bishop, expressing regrets again and
+again that he had not treated his youthful aid-de-camp with more
+consideration.
+
+Washington conducted the funeral services over the remains of the
+British general, and made it a very impressive ceremony. His voice
+trembled with emotion when he read the Episcopal service, and tears
+stood in his eyes as he thought of the victory that might have been,
+instead of the terrible defeat that was.
+
+Subsequent information received by Washington proved that the French at
+Fort Duquesne celebrated their victory by a drunken carousal, and that
+they treated their prisoners with great barbarity. Colonel Smith, who
+was a prisoner there, and an eye-witness, subsequently bore the
+following testimony, after speaking of the victorious savages returning
+with the spoils of war, such as grenadiers' caps, canteens, muskets,
+swords, bayonets, rich uniforms, and dripping scalps:
+
+"Those that were coming in and those who had arrived kept up a constant
+firing of small arms, and also of the great guns in the fort, which was
+accompanied by the most hideous shouts and yells from all quarters, so
+that it appeared to me as if the infernal regions had broken loose.
+About sundown I beheld a small party coming in with about a dozen of
+prisoners, stripped naked, with their hands tied behind their backs.
+Their faces and parts of their bodies were blackened. These prisoners
+they burned to death on the banks of the Alleghany River, opposite to
+the fort. I stood on the walls of the fort until I beheld them begin to
+burn one of these men. They tied him to a stake and kept touching him
+with fire-brands, red-hot irons, etc., and he screamed in the most
+doleful manner. The Indians, in the mean time, were yelling like
+infernal spirits. As this scene was too shocking for me, I returned to
+my lodgings both sorry and sore.
+
+"From the best information I could receive, there were only seven
+Indians and four French killed in this battle. Five hundred British lay
+dead in the field, besides what were killed in the river, after their
+retreat. The morning after the battle I saw Braddock's artillery
+brought into the fort. The same day, also, I saw several Indians in the
+dress of British officers, with the sashes, half-moons, laced hats,
+etc., which the British wore."
+
+Washington said: "The French are responsible for these atrocious
+cruelties, for the Indians are their allies, instigated to war by their
+influence, fighting under their banner, and paid by their money. The
+burning of our men under the very walls of their fort must have been
+done by their approval."
+
+He embraced the first opportunity after the battle, to write to his
+mother, that she might know of his safety, and be relieved of any
+anxiety which exaggerated reports might create. His letter to her was
+dated Fort Cumberland, July 18, 1755, and the first paragraph was:
+
+"As I doubt not but you have heard of our defeat, and, perhaps, had it
+represented in a worse light, if possible, than it deserves, I have
+taken this opportunity to give you some account of the engagement as it
+happened within ten miles of the French fort, on Wednesday, the 9th
+inst."
+
+He wrote to his brother:
+
+"The Virginia troops showed a good deal of bravery, and were nearly all
+killed. The dastardly behavior of those they called regulars exposed all
+others that were ordered to do their duty to almost certain death. At
+last, in despite of all the efforts of the officers to the contrary,
+they ran, as sheep pursued by dogs, and it was impossible to rally them.
+
+"By the all-powerful dispensations of Providence I have been protected
+beyond all human probability or expectation, for I had four bullets
+through my coat and two horses shot under me, yet escaped unhurt,
+although death was leveling my companions on every side of me."
+
+
+
+
+XIII.
+
+ON THE FRONTIER.
+
+
+Washington's advice to Colonel Dunbar was: "Reorganize and march upon
+Duquesne. That fort can be captured by strategy."
+
+"I can do nothing with an army so demoralized as this," replied Dunbar.
+"We may as well consider this campaign ended. Our force is now too much
+reduced to capture Duquesne."
+
+"Nevertheless I believe that this defeat may be turned into victory,"
+added Washington. "At any rate I am not in favor of utterly abandoning
+the attempt."
+
+"Better that than to make a second attempt and fail," retorted Dunbar.
+"I do not propose to remain and see the remnant of my army annihilated."
+
+"What, then, will you do?"
+
+"Strike my tents and repair to Philadelphia and go into winter
+quarters," answered Dunbar.
+
+"Go into winter quarters before dog-days have fairly set in!" exclaimed
+Washington, surprised by the suggestion. "What will the people of our
+country say to that?"
+
+"They may say what they please," said Dunbar. "The risk is too great for
+me to assume under the circumstances, and I decide to go into camp in
+Philadelphia."
+
+"Then there is no alternative for me but to return to Williamsburg,"
+added Washington, perfectly satisfied that Dunbar was too much of a
+coward to be intrusted with the command of an army.
+
+Colonel Dunbar acted accordingly; struck his tents, and, under the
+impulse of his excessive fear, hurried his troops off to Philadelphia.
+Washington regretfully and sorrowfully marched the Virginia force back
+to Williamsburg. News of the disaster had reached that place before his
+arrival, causing great excitement and sorrow; but when the people looked
+upon his shattered and diminished force, their hearts were touched, and
+their fears greatly augmented. Nor did they attach blame to Washington;
+on the other hand, the sentiment was universal that, but for his bravery
+and skill, Braddock's army would have been well nigh annihilated.
+
+Governor Dinwiddie immediately called together the Assembly to consider
+what could be done in the crisis. In the meantime he conferred with
+Washington respecting the way of retrieving their loss.
+
+"Raise a force of two or three thousand men," said Washington, "and
+reduce Fort Duquesne as soon as possible. Under the flush of this
+victory the French will urge the Indians on to devastation and carnage
+throughout the frontier. A speedy, bold, successful attack upon the fort
+will prevent such a calamity."
+
+"I had not thought of that," answered the governor, "but it is a
+sensible view of the matter to take. We must protect the country against
+Indian depredations if it be possible."
+
+"Or we are in a far worse condition than ever," interjected Washington.
+"You know what the Indians are under the excitement of victory;
+_savages_ in the worst sense of the word."
+
+"And there will be no mercy shown to the defenceless settlements and the
+scattered families of the frontier," added the governor. "All the
+horrors of Indian massacre and outrage will be witnessed in our
+country."
+
+Governor Dinwiddie canvassed the whole subject with Washington, so that
+he was prepared to make definite suggestions to the Legislature when
+that body convened. He advised them to raise two thousand troops and
+make a liberal appropriation of money, "to carry the war into Africa,"
+on the ground that otherwise the enemy would be emboldened to prosecute
+an aggressive war.
+
+When the Legislature assembled, leading members opposed aggressive
+warfare, and advised only defensive operations on the frontier. So they
+voted to raise a thousand troops only, and appropriated money
+accordingly, a very great disappointment to Washington and those who
+took the same view of the situation that he did. At the same time
+Washington was appointed commander-in-chief of the Virginia forces, with
+the unusual power of appointing his own field officers and aide-de-camp
+and secretary. This was on the 14th of August, 1755.
+
+On a former page we said that expeditions against the French and Indians
+at Niagara and Crown Point were planned at the same time the expedition
+against Duquesne was determined upon. Both of these expeditions failed.
+They started from Albany, N.Y., the first under the command of Governor
+Shirley of Massachusetts; the other under William Johnson, an Irishman,
+who was on intimate terms of friendship with the most powerful chiefs of
+the Six Nations. When these two expeditions were fairly under way, news
+of the disastrous defeat of Braddock reached them, and completely
+demoralized the troops. The Indians, who were always inclined to join
+the winning side, deserted the ranks, and many white soldiers followed
+their cowardly example. The expedition under Johnson accomplished
+something in another direction; but both expeditions failed, so far as
+the proposed reduction of Niagara and Crown Point was concerned.
+
+"A fatal mistake!" remarked Washington to Mr. Fairfax. "Such timid
+measures are just suited to encourage the enemy."
+
+"It cannot be otherwise," answered Fairfax. "To provide just enough men
+to make a good target, and just enough money to pay for shooting them
+down, is very poor policy, in my judgment."
+
+"When it comes to actual service," continued Washington, "there will not
+be over seven hundred reliable soldiers for fighting. To defend three
+hundred and sixty miles of frontier with this small force is next to
+impossible. To mass them in one locality will leave other localities
+exposed; and to divide them up into squads, and scatter them over the
+whole distance, is arranging them for the enemy to readily cut them off
+one after another."
+
+"A bloody work, that infuriated savages will enjoy," remarked Mr.
+Fairfax. "The more I think of it, the more I shrink from the
+contemplation of the horrible butchery that will probably follow this
+serious mistake of the government."
+
+"Yet I accept my appointment, lest a refusal be misconstrued," continued
+Washington. "But I have served so long with inadequate support by the
+government, followed by disasters, that I had hoped for the most liberal
+provisions now."
+
+"And they should have been freely granted," added Mr. Fairfax.
+
+"No one can be more sensible of my failures than I am," Washington
+remarked with his usual modesty. "If an old proverb will apply to my
+case, I shall certainly close with a share of success, for surely no man
+ever made a worse beginning than I have. Still, I want a fair chance to
+redeem my fortunes if I can."
+
+In September Washington established his headquarters at Winchester,
+beyond the Blue Ridge, in the beautiful valley of the Shenandoah. It was
+a frontier town, one hundred and forty miles northwest of Richmond. He
+found the people of the town under great alarm in consequence of
+frequent reports of depredations by French and Indians. The town was
+crowded with men, women, and children, who had fled from their homes in
+the wilderness to this place for protection, on hearing that the Indians
+were on the war-path. Many of these reports were exaggerated, and others
+had no foundation in truth. For instance, one morning the report came
+that a party of Indians was within twelve miles of the town, pillaging,
+burning and murdering in the most terrible manner. The report filled the
+inhabitants with consternation, and women and children were half crazed
+with fear.
+
+Washington ordered a company of soldiers to follow him in driving back
+the foe, but not one of them would respond. Their fears were greater
+than their patriotism. Suspecting that the report might be exaggerated,
+he sent out scouts to learn something more definite. The scouts returned
+in one hour with the startling intelligence, "The Indians are less than
+four miles away, destroying everything in their track."
+
+On being questioned by Washington as to the facts in the case, the
+scouts said, "We heard their yells and guns distinctly, and there is not
+a shadow of doubt but that they will fall upon Winchester within an
+hour."
+
+Washington appealed to the soldiers again, and supplemented his appeal
+by authority and threats.
+
+About forty volunteered to accompany him to meet the savage foe. Moving
+with extreme caution and circumspection, they reached the spot where the
+scouts heard the yells of Indian warriors. Sure enough, they heard a
+kind of yell and the discharge of a musket, but nothing that indicated
+the presence of savages to Washington's experienced ear. Pressing on a
+few rods farther, a turn of the road disclosed to Washington two drunken
+soldiers, cursing, yelling and carousing, and occasionally firing off a
+pistol into the air. He made prisoners of the two worthless fellows, who
+had proved the scouts to be cowards, conveyed them to Winchester, and
+locked them up.
+
+This incident shows that there was little discipline among the soldiers,
+and little self-possession among the people. In his discouragement,
+Washington wrote to Governor Dinwiddie:
+
+"In all things I meet with the greatest opposition. No orders are obeyed
+but such as a party of soldiers, or my own drawn sword, enforces.
+Without this, not a single horse, for the most earnest occasion, can be
+had, to such a pitch has the insolence of these people arrived by having
+every point hitherto submitted to them. However, I have given up none
+where his majesty's service requires the contrary, and when my
+proceedings are justified by my instructions; nor will I, unless they
+execute what they threaten, that is, 'blow out our brains.'... I would
+again hint the necessity of putting the militia under a better
+regulation, had I not mentioned it twice before and a third time may
+seem impertinent. But I must once more beg leave to declare that, unless
+the Assembly will pass an act to enforce military law in all its parts,
+I must decline the honor that has been so generously intended me. I see
+the growing insolence of the soldiers, and the indolence and inactivity
+of the officers, who are all sensible how limited their punishments are,
+compared with what they ought to be. In fine, I can plainly see that
+under the present establishment we shall become a nuisance, an
+unsupportable charge to our country, and never answer any one
+expectation of the Assembly.... Why should it be expected from us, who
+are all young and inexperienced, to govern and keep up a proper spirit
+of discipline without laws, when the best and most experienced can
+scarcely do it with them? If we consult our interest, I am sure it
+loudly calls for them. I can confidently assert that recruiting,
+clothing, arming, maintaining, and subsisting soldiers who have since
+deserted have cost the country an immense sum, which might have been
+prevented were we under restraints that would terrify the soldiers from
+such practices."
+
+Another trial which Washington experienced was the refusal of Captain
+Dagworthy, in command at Fort Cumberland, to obey his orders. Dagworthy
+had received his commission from the king, and he claimed that hence he
+was Washington's superior, who received his commission from a provincial
+governor. This affair created much excitement in Washington's command,
+and his officers drew up a memorial, praying him--
+
+"To appeal to General Shirley, who was commander-in-chief of all the
+British forces in North America, and whose headquarters are in Boston.
+His decision will settle the question forever."
+
+Washington applied to Governor Dinwiddie for permission to proceed to
+Boston at once for this purpose, and obtained it. Notwithstanding the
+deep snow and wintry weather, he started upon this mission on the 4th of
+February, 1756, accompanied by Captains Mercer and Stewart. They
+travelled on horseback the whole distance, and "took with them their
+negro servants, who, riding behind with their master's saddle-bags and
+portmanteaus, and dressed in fine livery, with gold lace on their fur
+hats, and blue cloaks, gave quite an air of style and consequence to the
+little cavalcade."
+
+In New York City Washington was entertained by Beverly Robinson, a
+distinguished citizen, at whose house he met a very accomplished young
+lady, Miss Phillips, sister of Mrs. Robinson. Her many attractions
+captivated the young hero more than any lady friend had done since his
+experience with the "Lowland Beauty." However, he did not capitulate,
+but bore his colors forward to Boston, whither his fame had gone before
+him.
+
+He received a warm reception in Boston, such as was never accorded to so
+youthful an officer. His gallant conduct in saving Braddock's army from
+destruction, together with other deeds of heroism, known throughout the
+Colonies, had made him famous; and now, "his tall and commanding form,
+the manly beauty of his face, his dignified bearing, his rich and
+handsome dress, and the unequalled skill with which he managed his large
+and noble horse," awakened admiration in the minds of all beholders.
+
+Having procured an order from General Shirley, under which a commission
+from a provincial governor was as good as one from the king, Washington
+started upon his return journey, after remaining ten days in Boston. He
+stopped two weeks in New York City with Beverly Robinson, whose wife's
+charming sister greatly pleased him. In her he beheld all that was
+beautiful in person, graceful in accomplishments, and excellent in
+character. There is no doubt that the young hero, who had withstood the
+assaults of French and Indians combined, had resolved to surrender to
+the bewitching charms of this damsel. But he found that a true and
+worthy friend of his had already captured the prize, and was exulting in
+the possession of her heart. Disappointed, but not cast down, he bade
+the charmer adieu, and hurried away.
+
+He reached Williamsburg on the twenty-third day of March, after an
+absence of seven weeks. He had but just arrived when a messenger came
+dashing into town, the bearer of appalling news.
+
+"The Indians are approaching Winchester in force, burning and plundering
+as they go!" he shouted.
+
+"Have you any better evidence of their depredations than rumor?"
+inquired Washington, recalling some experiences of the past, "or do you
+announce what you _know_ to be a fact?"
+
+"The evidence of their approach and plunder is positive," replied the
+messenger; "and the inhabitants are flocking into town from their
+pillaged and burning homes."
+
+Washington was satisfied that the startling tidings was no false alarm,
+and, putting spurs to his charger, he dashed away to Winchester. His
+arrival reassured the terrified inhabitants and they bravely rallied to
+defend their homes. Everything was put upon a war basis as soon as
+possible. A few days passed, and Washington wrote to the governor as
+follows:
+
+"However absurd it may appear, it is, nevertheless, certain that five
+hundred Indians have it more in their power to annoy the inhabitants
+than ten times their number of regulars. Besides the advantageous way
+they have of fighting in the woods, their cunning and craft, their
+activity and patient sufferings are not to be equalled. They prowl about
+like wolves, and, like them, do their mischief by stealth. They depend
+upon their dexterity in hunting, and upon the cattle of the inhabitants,
+for provisions."
+
+In an interview with Mr. Fairfax, Washington remarked:
+
+"You will recall my prophecy that our frontier will be ravaged until
+Fort Duquesne is captured and the French are driven from the Ohio."
+
+"I remember your prophecy distinctly," replied Mr. Fairfax; "and now we
+reap as we sowed. We sowed to the wind, and now we are reaping the
+whirlwind."
+
+"Even now it is not too late to recover what has been lost, were the
+government so disposed," continued Washington. "I do not despair only so
+far as those in authority fail to support military operations. The enemy
+has appealed to arms, and there is no alternative but to accept the
+challenge."
+
+The following extract from one of his letters to General Loudoun, who
+superseded General Shirley as commander-in-chief of the British forces
+in America, discloses the unhappy condition of affairs:
+
+"I am too little acquainted, sir, with pathetic language, to attempt a
+description of the people's distresses; but I have a generous soul,
+sensible of wrongs and swelling for redress. But what can I do? I see
+their situation, know their danger, and participate in their sufferings,
+without having it in my power to give them further relief than uncertain
+promises. In short, I see inevitable destruction in so clear a light,
+that unless vigorous measures are taken by the Assembly, and speedy
+assistance sent from below, the poor inhabitants that are now in forts
+must unavoidably fall, while the remainder are flying before a barbarous
+foe. In fine, the melancholy situation of the people, the little
+prospect of assistance, the gross and scandalous abuse cast upon the
+officers in general, which reflects upon me in particular, for suffering
+misconduct of such extraordinary kinds, and the distant prospect, if
+any, of gaining honor and reputation in the service, cause me to lament
+the hour that gave me a commission: and would induce me, at any other
+time than this of imminent danger, to resign, without one hesitating
+moment, a command from which I never expect to reap either honor or
+benefit; but, on the contrary, have almost an absolute certainty of
+incurring displeasure below, while the murder of helpless families may
+be laid to my account here. The supplicating tears of the women and
+moving petitions of the men melt me into such deadly sorrow that I
+solemnly declare, if I know my own mind, I could offer myself a willing
+sacrifice to the butchering enemy, provided that would contribute to the
+people's ease."
+
+Two days afterwards, he addressed another letter to the governor, in
+which he said:
+
+"Not an hour, nay, scarcely a minute, passes, that does not produce
+fresh alarms and melancholy accounts. Nor is it possible to give the
+people the necessary assistance for their defence, on account of the
+small number of men we have, or that are likely to be here for some
+time. The inhabitants are removing daily, and in a short time will leave
+this country as desolate as Hampshire, where scarce a family lives."
+
+"Three families were murdered night before last, at the distance of less
+than twelve miles from this place; and every day we have accounts of
+such cruelties and barbarities as are shocking to human nature. It is
+not possible to conceive the situation and danger of this miserable
+country. Such numbers of French and Indians are all round that no road
+is safe; and here we know not the hour we may be attacked."
+
+For nearly two years Washington vainly attempted the defence of the
+frontier, the French and Indians all the while plundering and murdering
+the inhabitants in one locality while he was defending another,
+multiplying scenes of barbarity as only savages could. The following
+description of a single scene is by Washington himself:
+
+"One day as we drew near, through the woods, to a dwelling, suddenly we
+heard the discharge of a gun. Whereupon, quickening our pace, and
+creeping up through the thick bushes to a fence, we saw what we had
+dreaded--a party of Indians, loaded with plunder, coming out of a house,
+which, by the smoke, appeared as if it were just set on fire. In a
+moment we gave the savages a shower of rifle balls, which killed every
+man of them but one, who attempted to run off, but in vain; for some of
+our swift-footed hunters gave chase, and soon overtook and demolished
+him with their tomahawks. On rushing into the house and putting out the
+fire, we saw a mournful sight indeed: a young woman lying on the bed
+floated with blood, her forehead cleft with a hatchet, and on her breast
+two little children, apparently twins, and about nine months old,
+bathing her bosom with blood flowing from their deeply gashed heads! I
+had often beheld the mangled remains of my murdered countrymen, but
+never before felt what I did on this occasion. To see these poor
+innocents, these little, unoffending angels, just entered upon life,
+and, instead of fondest sympathy and tenderness, meeting their bloody
+deaths, and from hands of brothers, too, filled my soul with the deepest
+horror of sin!
+
+"On tracing back into the corn-field the steps of the barbarians, we
+found a little boy, and beyond him his father, both weltering in blood.
+It appeared, from the print of his little feet in the furrows, that
+the child had been following his father's plough; and, seeing him shot
+down, had set off with all his might to get to the house, to his mother,
+but was overtaken and destroyed.
+
+"And, indeed, so great was the dread of the French and Indians
+throughout the settlements, that it was distressing to call even on
+those families who yet survived, but, from sickness or other causes, had
+not been able to get away. The poor creatures would run to meet us, like
+persons half distracted with joy, and then, with looks blank with
+terror, would tell that such or such a neighbor's family, perhaps the
+very night before, was murdered, and that they heard their cries and saw
+the flames that devoured their house. And also, that they themselves,
+after saying their prayers at night, never lay down to sleep without
+first taking leave of one another, as if they never expected to meet
+again in this world. But when we came to take our leave of these
+wretched families, my God, what were our feelings! To see the deep,
+silent grief of the men, and the looks of the poor women and children,
+as, falling upon their knees, with piercing screams, and eyes wild with
+terror, they seized our hands or hung to our clothes, entreating us for
+God's and mercy's sake not to leave them to be murdered! These things so
+filled my heart with grief, that I solemnly declare to God, if I know
+myself, I would gladly offer my own life a sacrifice to the butchering
+enemy, if I could but thereby insure the safety of these my poor,
+distressed countrymen."
+
+Washington continued to say to the government that this terrible state
+of affairs would not cease until Fort Duquesne was captured; and he
+entreated, again and again, to be provided with an army large enough to
+reduce the fort. But all in vain.
+
+Finally, near the close of the year 1757, his labors and anxieties threw
+him into a violent fever, and he was conveyed to Mount Vernon, where he
+lay for four months, sometimes so sick that his life was despaired of,
+all the time bearing upon his soul the responsibilities of his public
+position. His faithful servant Bishop, bequeathed to him by General
+Braddock, attended him night and day with singular devotion. It was not
+until April that he was able to resume his command.
+
+When Washington returned to his headquarters at Winchester, he was
+unexpectedly cheered by some favorable changes. General Loudoun had been
+superceded by General Abercrombie, and Governor Dinwiddie had been
+recalled to England.
+
+
+
+
+XIV.
+
+A RIFT IN THE CLOUD.
+
+
+"The people are disheartened," said Washington to Mr. Fairfax, "and we
+need successes to inspire hope within them. But this can never be until
+the king's officers understand how to fight Indians."
+
+"That is true, no doubt, but I have more hope that General Abercrombie
+will do something effective for this part of the country," answered
+Fairfax. "General Loudoun had more than his hands full to look after the
+troops at the north, so that he could give little attention to our
+claims."
+
+"I wish that it might be so," responded Washington; "but the only
+effective blow that can be struck for us is the reduction of Fort
+Duquesne. Until that is done, the enemy has a base of supplies, and a
+refuge from which to sally forth at any time, for pillage and butchery
+on the frontier. The possession of Canada is important, and victories
+there now would greatly encourage our people. An army of from five to
+ten thousand men would drive the French and Indians before it, and put
+the English into speedy possession of the Ohio."
+
+"And that will encourage the people, and put hope and life into them,"
+added Fairfax.
+
+"And patriotism, too, I should hope," said Washington. "Our people lack
+patriotism, and there is no disguising it."
+
+One of Washington's trials, at that time, was the unwillingness of the
+people to incur the expense and dangers of war. They appeared to think
+that sufferings and death alone awaited them in warfare with Indians.
+Such harrowing tales of cruelties by the savages had come to them, that
+they shrank from conflict with the barbarians.
+
+Mrs. Washington was very much opposed to her son going to the Ohio
+again. Rumors of another expedition against Duquesne reached her,
+whereupon she wrote to him, entreating him not to undertake the
+hazardous enterprise. He replied to her as follows:
+
+    DEAR MOTHER,--If it is my power to avoid going to the Ohio
+    again, I shall; but if the command is pressed upon me by the
+    general voice of the country, and offered upon such terms as
+    cannot be objected against, it would reflect dishonor upon me to
+    refuse it; and that, I am sure, must and ought to give you
+    greater uneasiness than my going in an honorable command. Upon
+    no other terms will I accept it. At present I have no proposals
+    made to me, nor have I any advice of such an intention, except
+    from private hands.
+
+General Abercrombie surprised Washington, however, by issuing an order
+to organize a strong expedition against Duquesne. The newly appointed
+commander-in-chief appeared to comprehend the situation as his
+predecessors had not, and Washington was overjoyed. The cloud that had
+enveloped his spirit was lifted, and he saw a brighter future.
+
+The northern troops, also, were meeting with successes, and news of
+their victories gladdened all hearts. The expeditions against Louisburg,
+Ticonderoga, and Crown Point proved fortunate, and the people became
+more and more hopeful as their advances were known.
+
+"There is hope now for our cause," remarked Washington to Mr. Fairfax at
+Williamsburg, very much elated by the prospect before him. "I can see
+the end now. It looks as if General Abercrombie was the right man in the
+right place."
+
+"I hope so," responded Mr. Fairfax. "He appears to think that two or
+three times as many troops as you have had before will be none too many
+to march against Duquesne."
+
+"There is my hope," continued Washington. "An army large enough to
+strike an effective blow will save both money and men for the
+government. Half enough is cruelly exposing all to defeat and butchery."
+
+"So it has proved," remarked Fairfax.
+
+"To the discouragement and fear of the people throughout this part of
+the country," replied Washington. "But if troops are furnished according
+to the order now, I have no fear about the result. Three thousand from
+Pennsylvania, twelve hundred from North Carolina, two thousand from
+Virginia, with seven hundred Indians, and as many regulars, will make an
+army of about eight thousand."
+
+"How large a force do you imagine the French have at Duquesne?" inquired
+Fairfax.
+
+"Not over one-third of our number. Perhaps not more than one-quarter as
+many. If the Assembly will be as liberal in supplying the Virginia
+soldiers with clothing, rations, arms, blankets, etc., as General
+Abercrombie has been, it will be a wise economy, as well as commendable
+patriotism."
+
+Washington was in Williamsburg at the time, for the purpose of laying
+before a committee of the Legislature the wants of his little army, and
+securing liberal supplies. On his way thither an incident occurred which
+should be narrated here.
+
+Passing through the county of New Kent, on his way to Williamsburg,
+Washington approached the baronial estate of Mr. Chamberlain. The
+proprietor was near his front gate, and, recognizing Washington, who was
+accompanied by his servant, saluted him, saying:
+
+"Colonel Washington, let it never be said that you passed the house of
+your father's friend without dismounting. I must insist upon the honor
+of detaining you as my guest."
+
+"I thank you with all my heart, my dear sir, but my business at
+Williamsburg demands haste, and you must excuse me to-day," was
+Washington's reply.
+
+"Business relating to the expedition against Fort Duquesne, I suppose?"
+
+"Yes; and its importance admits of no delay."
+
+"Nevertheless, I must press my invitation," continued Mr. Chamberlain,
+"for surely you must dine somewhere, and it will detain you no longer
+here than elsewhere. We will not detain you a moment after you have
+swallowed your dinner. I am too much interested in the capture of
+Duquesne to delay your business."
+
+"Your patriotism is equal to your hospitality," replied Washington, "and
+I am quite disposed to accept both, in the circumstances."
+
+"In that case you will accept my hearty thanks, also," added Mr.
+Chamberlain.
+
+"Do I understand that I may be excused immediately after dinner?" said
+Washington, still hesitating.
+
+"Immediately, with all the promptness of military discipline."
+
+"Then, sir, I accept your generous hospitality;" and Washington alighted
+from his horse immediately, saying to his servant Bishop, "Be sure and
+have the horses at the door by the time we rise from the dinner-table."
+
+"Is this the charger and this the servant presented to you by General
+Braddock?" Mr. Chamberlain inquired as they turned towards the house.
+
+"The same, sir."
+
+"You honor me, Colonel Washington, by accepting my invitation to
+dinner," continued Mr. Chamberlain. "I rejoice all the more in the
+opportunity to have you for my guest because I have other friends to
+dine with me to-day, who will regard it a real pleasure to meet our
+young and gallant soldier."
+
+Washington bowed his acknowledgments for the honest compliment, and they
+passed into the mansion, where he was soon introduced to the other
+guests, and brought face to face with them in the dining-hall.
+
+Among the guests was Mrs. Martha Custis, a young widow, accomplished,
+beautiful, and wealthy, about six months younger than Washington. Her
+charming appearance captivated the young hero's heart. He beheld in her
+such a partner as would make his future life happy.
+
+After dinner, instead of discoursing upon the importance of his mission
+to Williamsburg, and rushing for his horse, he entered into familiar
+conversation with Mrs. Custis. The longer he talked the more he admired
+the intelligence, grace, and character of the lady.
+
+His faithful servant Bishop was at the gate, with the horses, when the
+party rose from dinner. He waited and waited, wondering and wondering
+what could delay his master, who was always punctual as the clock. The
+favorite charger champed his bits and pawed the ground, as if he, too,
+wondered what had become of his rider's usual promptness. So the
+moments, and even hours, sped, trying the patience of Bishop and the
+horses.
+
+All this while Washington was engaged in pleasant conversation with Mrs.
+Custis and other guests, the former being the attraction which caused
+him to modify his views respecting his business at Williamsburg. She
+might not have been a "widow bewitched," but she certainly cast a spell
+over the hero of Monongahela, which he did not throw off; and, after a
+time of unusual social delight, he accepted an invitation to stop over
+night. Bishop was ordered to put the horses into the stable, and
+thoughts of war appear to have been banished.
+
+The next morning he hurried away to Williamsburg, and travelled at such
+a breakneck speed that Bishop was more puzzled than ever over the
+conduct of his master. He had sacrificed his well-earned reputation for
+promptitude on the day before, and now he seemed to be no longer
+merciful to his beast; quite enough to perplex the servant beyond
+measure. However, Washington expedited his business at Williamsburg,
+secured the supplies for his army that he asked, and returned by the way
+of the "White House" on the Pamunkey River, where Mrs. Custis lived in
+English style. How long he stopped there we have no means of learning;
+but long enough to consummate a treaty of love, in which it was
+stipulated that she should become his bride when the expedition against
+Duquesne had been brought to a close.
+
+In this affair Washington proved himself to be a true son of Adam and
+brother in our common humanity. He who is too great to be insensible to
+womanly charms and virtues, and too cold in his nature to love, cannot
+have an important mission to perform in this world.
+
+On his return to Winchester he found that the English officers were
+discussing the practicability of making a new road to Duquesne, or, at
+least, from Raystown to Duquesne by the way of Laurel Hill.
+
+"Better march thither by the old road which General Braddock
+constructed," suggested Washington.
+
+"His road did not lead him to victory," answered one of the officers
+naively.
+
+"Neither will a new road, if that is all you have to depend upon,"
+remarked Washington. "The difficulties of making a new road through this
+rough country are so great that such an enterprise should not be
+undertaken unless it is absolutely necessary."
+
+"We came to this country for such business whenever it is necessary,"
+said General Forbes, commander of the expedition.
+
+"Exactly; but a new road is not necessary to make this expedition
+against Duquesne a success."
+
+"How is that?"
+
+"Because it will consume so much time that winter will be upon us before
+we can reach the fort. An early movement on the old roads is far more
+desirable, in my judgment, than a late one on a new road."
+
+"But you do not consider that the king's regulars are experienced in
+such work, and they will not require the time which the provincial
+troops do to complete such a piece of work."
+
+"Perhaps so," replied Washington in a doubtful tone, as if he recalled
+the old boast of the English generals about the might of their regulars.
+He had seen enough of these boasted heroes in the former expedition
+against Duquesne to cause him to decidedly prefer provincial troops.
+
+"Besides," continued General Forbes, "the report of General Braddock to
+his government describes the old road as fearful, in consequence of
+dense forests, huge rocks, deep morasses, and plunging torrents."
+
+"None of these things caused his defeat," remarked Washington in rather
+a sarcastic vein.
+
+"As I understand it," added General Forbes, "there are not so thick
+woods and huge rocks, nor so perilous swamps and rivers by the proposed
+new route as there are by the old. Besides, the new road is fifty miles
+nearer."
+
+"The shortest way may prove longer than the longest way if you have the
+short way to build," was Washington's significant reply.
+
+The English officers were bound to have their own way, and they decided
+to make the new road, in view of which Washington wrote to the Speaker
+of the Assembly: "If this conduct of our leaders does not flow from
+superior orders, it must flow from a weakness too gross for me to name.
+Nothing now but a miracle can bring this campaign to a happy issue."
+
+A few days later he wrote:
+
+"I believe that all is lost. Our enterprise is ruined, and we shall be
+stopped this winter at the Laurel Hills."
+
+As the sequel will show, Washington proved himself to be a prophet.
+
+While these warlike preparations were going forward, Washington was
+elected to a seat in the House of Burgesses. It was not expected,
+however, that he would take his seat until the contemplated action
+against the French at Duquesne was consummated.
+
+It was in the month of May, 1758, that Washington went to Williamsburg
+and found his future wife, when passing through Kent County. It was the
+21st of September before the army was ready to strike their tents and
+take up the march from Raystown, where the whole army had assembled.
+Much of this time was fooled away by the English officers, who seemed to
+think that both French and Indians would take to their heels when they
+saw them coming.
+
+Washington was greatly annoyed by this unnecessary delay. To him it was
+ominous of evil. He was impatient to plant the English flag on the walls
+of Duquesne, and to make the beautiful Mrs. Custis his bride. The sooner
+the army accomplished the former, the sooner he would realize the
+latter.
+
+To add to his annoyance, General Forbes proposed to repeat General
+Braddock's folly, and send his regulars forward as a party of
+observation.
+
+"Such an arrangement was the cause of General Braddock's defeat," he
+said to General Forbes.
+
+"How so?"
+
+"His regulars knew nothing about Indian warfare. They never saw savages
+on the field of battle, and so they undertook to fight Indians as they
+did French."
+
+"Plenty of artillery, with a shower of bullets, whether by regulars or
+provincials, will do the business," remarked General Forbes, showing
+that he was as ignorant of the way savages fight as Braddock was.
+
+"I hope I can say, without vanity," continued Washington, "that, from
+long intimacy with these woods, and frequent scouting in them, my men
+are at least as well acquainted with all the passes and difficulties as
+any troops that will be employed. I will volunteer to scour the country
+in advance of the army."
+
+"You are brave and unselfish, certainly," answered Forbes; "but the
+regulars would hardly thank me for sending inexperienced troops forward
+instead of them."
+
+"If General Braddock's regulars, who were shot down in their tracks,
+could come to life, they would thank you for doing this very thing,"
+said Washington.
+
+"Then you have no faith in the English army to fight Indians."
+
+"None at all. Braddock's regulars were more terrified by the _yell_ of
+the savages than they were by the cannon of the French."
+
+"Well, then, colonel, I think we must redeem the credit of the British
+regulars by sending them forward at this time," answered General Forbes.
+"If Braddock's regulars disgraced their country and cause, as you affirm
+they did, it is time that Forbes's regulars should wipe out the
+dishonor. And that can be done only by detailing them for the work
+proposed."
+
+"As you please, general," answered Washington, seeing that Forbes was
+determined to employ his regulars as a scouting party. "You have my
+opinion, and you will have my obedience as heartily. Nothing that I can
+do to make this expedition successful shall be withholden."
+
+Therefore the regulars scoured the country in advance, eight hundred in
+number. Washington wrote again concerning the prospects under these
+unwise arrangements:
+
+"The golden opportunity has been lost, perhaps never more to return.
+Between building a new road and sending forward regulars to meet the
+Indians, our hope of success is small indeed. Small parties of Indians
+will effectually demoralize the English by keeping them under continual
+alarms, and attacking them in ambuscade."
+
+The advance party was under the command of Major Grant, a conceited,
+overbearing officer, who was as ignorant of Indian tactics as a baby.
+Besides, his extreme self-confidence made him boastful and reckless, as
+he subsequently found to his sorrow and shame. One of Washington's
+biographers says of Grant:
+
+"He was instructed to find out all he could about the enemy, without
+suffering the enemy to find out more than he could help about himself,
+and by all possible means to avoid a battle. But instead of conducting
+the expedition with silence and circumspection, he marched along in so
+open and boisterous a manner as made it appear he meant to give the
+enemy timely notice of his coming, and bully him into an attack even
+while yet on the way. The French, keeping themselves well-informed by
+their spies of his every movement, suffered him to approach almost to
+their very gates without molestation. When he got in the neighborhood of
+the fort, he posted himself on a hill overlooking it, and began throwing
+up intrenchments in full view of the garrison. As if all this were not
+imprudence enough, and as if bent on provoking the enemy to come out and
+give him battle on the instant, whether or no, he sent down a party of
+observation to spy out yet more narrowly the inside plan and defences of
+the fort, who were suffered not only to do this, but even to burn a
+house just outside the walls, and then return to their intrenchments
+without a hostile sign betokening the unseen foe so silent, yet
+watchful, within.
+
+"Early the next morning, as if to give the enemy warning of the
+threatened danger, the drums of the regulars beat the _reveille_, and
+the bag-pipes of the Highlanders woke the forest-echoes far and wide
+with their wild and shrilly din."
+
+During all this time there was silence in the fort, and no sign of the
+enemy anywhere around.
+
+"No enemy is here; they have fled before us," said Major Grant to
+General Forbes. "The English regulars have frightened them out of their
+wits, and they have taken leg-bail."
+
+"An illustration of the old adage, 'discretion is the better part of
+valor,'" answered Forbes.
+
+"And these are the heroic French and terrible savages of which that
+young American colonel tells so much!" continued Major Grant in a
+derisive manner. "All I regret is, that they did not stay to fight."
+
+"It is too serious a joke to fit out this expedition and march through
+this wilderness for nothing," added General Forbes. "We ought to have
+one chance at the foe, if nothing more."
+
+"Well, I am not disappointed in the least," responded Grant. "All this
+talk about the bravery of the French and the savagery of Indians is
+buncomb, and that is all. I will raise the English flag over the fort
+without a drop of blood being shed. Let me advance with the regulars;
+and Captain Lewis, with his Americans, remain behind with the baggage.
+We will show you how a fort can be taken."
+
+"Your order shall be obeyed," replied Captain Lewis, although he looked
+with contempt upon the braggart whom he addressed.
+
+General Braddock's blunder was repeated on that day. The regulars moved
+forward, and marched directly into an Indian ambuscade.
+
+With unearthly yells the savages sprang from their hiding places, and
+poured a terrific fire into the faces of the regulars. At the same time
+the French rushed out of their fort, sending volley after volley of
+leaden death into their ranks. The English stood their ground for a
+moment, then broke and retreated in confusion. The savages, emboldened
+by their success, rushed on to more fearful slaughter, and between
+musket and tomahawk, butchery reigned supreme.
+
+Major Lewis, who was left behind with the baggage, leaving fifty men
+under the charge of Captain Bullit to guard it, rushed forward with his
+Virginia force to the relief of the regulars. His timely aid checked the
+advance of the foe; but, in a hand to hand fight with an Indian warrior,
+he was taken prisoner, though not until the warrior lay dead at his
+feet.
+
+Major Grant was taken prisoner, and would have been tomahawked on the
+spot but for the interposition of a French officer.
+
+The retreat became a complete rout, the savages pursuing with their
+accustomed yells. Captain Bullit determined to resist the pursuit of the
+enemy by piling the baggage across the road for a barricade. Behind
+this, with his fifty men, he poured a deadly fire into the foe as they
+approached, volley after volley, checking their advance by striking
+terror to their hearts for a moment. Perceiving that he could not long
+hold out, he resorted to a strategy that would have been regarded
+barbarous if adopted by Indians. Irving speaks of it as follows:
+
+"They were checked for a time, but were again pressing forward in
+greater numbers, when Bullit and his men held out the signal of
+capitulation, and advanced, as if to surrender. When within eight yards
+of the enemy, they suddenly leveled their arms, poured a most effectual
+volley, and then charged with the bayonet. The Indians fled in dismay,
+and Bullit took advantage of this check to retreat, with all speed,
+collecting the wounded and scattered fugitives as he advanced."
+
+The whole of the straggling army did not reach Fort Loyal Harman at
+Laurel Hills until the fifth day of November. Many of the soldiers,
+especially the wounded, suffered terribly on the retreat.
+
+Washington was at Raystown when the attack was made upon the advance.
+Why and for what he was there, except by order of the commander, General
+Forbes, we know not. But he joined the beaten and demoralized army at
+Fort Loyal Harman.
+
+"Braddock's folly repeated must end in Braddock's defeat and shame," he
+remarked, on hearing of the disaster. "The result is no worse than I
+feared."
+
+"Your Virginians fought bravely," remarked General Forbes to Washington,
+evidently thinking that he had underrated their valor and efficiency.
+
+"I am not surprised to hear it," replied Washington. "I knew that they
+would prove themselves equal to the occasion."
+
+"Braver fellows never met a foe on the battlefield," continued General
+Forbes. "Our defeat would have been more bloody and shameful but for
+them."
+
+"And if they had formed the advance, they would not have been caught in
+an Indian ambuscade," remarked Washington suggestively.
+
+In this unfortunate battle the British lost twenty-one officers and two
+hundred and seventy-three privates in killed and wounded, more than
+one-third of the advance under Grant.
+
+"Well," continued General Forbes, "this snow and freezing weather will
+compel us to go into winter quarters here. After this defeat we are not
+in a condition to attack the fort immediately."
+
+"Our prospects are not very flattering, it must be confessed," remarked
+Washington, without expressing his opinion of the unnecessary and
+foolish blunder that had brought them into this plight. Had he led his
+Virginia rangers in advance, such a disgraceful record would not have
+been made.
+
+Washington prophesied that, between building a new road and sending
+regulars in advance, defeat was inevitable, and now General Forbes
+proposed to fulfil his prophecy.
+
+"What is your advice, Colonel Washington, under the circumstances?"
+inquired General Forbes, evidently designing to atone somewhat for his
+previous shabby treatment of the young Virginia hero. "Is it wise to
+march against the fort at this late season and in this rough weather?"
+
+Washington was not at all disposed to give advice after all his previous
+counsels had been treated with contempt; therefore he prolonged the
+conversation without gratifying the commanding general with an explicit
+statement of his opinions. In the midst of their interview two or three
+prisoners were brought in, and they gave such an account of the
+weakness and destitution of the French garrison that Washington advised
+an immediate advance upon the fort.
+
+"Is it possible?" said General Forbes, doubting the statement.
+
+"It is _possible_," answered Washington. "It is an easy matter to find
+out, however."
+
+"We are not exactly prepared for such a movement now," replied the
+general.
+
+"I am at your service, general, with my rangers," answered Washington,
+in a tone which showed that he coveted the business. We strongly suspect
+that Washington was thinking of his promised bride, and desired to close
+the campaign against Duquesne that he might claim her. To go into winter
+quarters, and leave the fort to be captured another season, would put
+off his wedding-day far beyond his wishes. The understanding was, that
+he would not be married until after the fall of Duquesne.
+
+"Your brave and generous offer is accepted, without conditions," General
+Forbes immediately replied, only too glad now to impose the labor and
+risk upon provincial troops.
+
+"I will be ready to move to-morrow," added Washington with his usual
+promptness.
+
+"As soon as you please, and in what manner you please. The whole thing
+is in your hands."
+
+"Very well, sir; we march to-morrow," added Washington as he hurried
+away.
+
+On the next day he took up the line of march towards Duquesne,
+proceeding with extreme caution as he approached the vicinity of the
+fort. The locality of the recent battle was marked by the dead bodies of
+their fallen brothers, a sickening spectacle to behold. Around them,
+too, were scattered the bones of comrades who fell in the first battle,
+three years before, a melancholy reminder of the defeat and death which
+followed the blundering of conceited officers.
+
+No sign of the enemy appeared. Silence reigned supreme. Scouts reported
+no trace of the foe. Still the "rangers" moved forward with the utmost
+caution. Indians could not surprise them now.
+
+Coming in sight of the fort, they saw that it was deserted. No flag
+floated over its walls. On the double-quick, Washington led his troops
+into it, and not a Frenchman or Indian was found. The wooden buildings
+were burned to ashes, together with such baggage and other material as
+the occupants could not carry away in boats. Not a cannon, gun, or
+cartridge remained. Washington planted the English flag upon the walls
+of the fort with his own hand, on the twenty-fifth day of November,
+1758.
+
+It was learned, subsequently, that on account of the signal victories of
+the British army in Canada, no reinforcements or provisions were
+received at Duquesne. As the French garrison was in urgent need of both,
+the commander concluded, on the approach of Washington's command, that
+the better part of valor would be to abandon it; hence its evacuation.
+
+Washington adopted immediate and vigorous measures to rebuild the fort,
+to which he gave the name of Fort Pitt, in honor of the great English
+statesman, through whose influence the British Government finally
+ordered the capture of the fort. Leaving a sufficient number of troops
+to garrison it, he returned to Laurel Hill, whence he wrote to the
+Governor of Virginia, in behalf of his needy soldiers at Duquesne, as
+follows:
+
+"Considering their present circumstances," he writes: "I would by no
+means have consented to leave any part of them there, had not the
+general given me express orders.... By their present nakedness, the
+advanced season, and the inconceivable fatigues of an uncommonly long
+and laborious campaign, they are rendered totally incapable of any sort
+of service; and sickness, death, and desertion must, if they are not
+speedily supplied, greatly reduce their numbers. To replace them with
+equally good men will, perhaps, be found impossible."
+
+Irving says, "One of the first offices of the army, after taking
+possession of the fort, was to collect and bury, in one common tomb, the
+bones of their fellow-soldiers who had fallen in the battles of Braddock
+and Grant. In this pious duty it is said every one joined, from the
+general down to the private soldier; and some veterans assisted, with
+heavy hearts and frequent ejaculations of poignant feeling, who had been
+present in the scenes of defeat and carnage."
+
+The fall of Duquesne brought to an end the domination of the French on
+the Ohio, as Washington predicted, restoring peace to the frontier.
+Hostile Indians hastened to cast in their allegiance to the English, who
+had become conquerors, thus laying aside both tomahawk and
+scalping-knife, at least for a season.
+
+Washington resolved to abandon military life and retire to his estate at
+Mount Vernon, exchanging the hardships of war for the blessings of
+peace. He sent in his resignation, whereupon the officers of his command
+presented him with a flattering testimonial, from which we make the
+following extracts:
+
+"Sir, we, your most obedient and affectionate officers, beg leave to
+express our great concern at the disagreeable news we have received of
+your determination to resign the command of that corps in which we
+have so long served under you. The happiness we have enjoyed, and the
+honor we have acquired, together with the mutual regard which has always
+subsisted between you and your officers, have implanted so sensible an
+affection in the minds of us all, that we cannot be silent on this
+critical occasion.
+
+"In our earliest infancy you took us under your tuition, trained us up
+in the practice of that discipline which alone can constitute good
+troops, from the punctual observation of which you never suffered the
+least deviation.
+
+"Your steady adherence to impartial justice, your quick discernment, and
+invariable regard to merit, wisely intended to inculcate these genuine
+sentiments of true honor and passion for glory, from which the greatest
+military achievements have been derived, first heightened our natural
+emulation and our desire to excel. How much we improved by those
+regulations and your own example, with what alacrity we have hitherto
+discharged our duty, with what cheerfulness we have encountered the
+severest toil, especially while under your particular directions, we
+submit to yourself, and flatter ourselves that we have, in a great
+measure, answered your expectations.
+
+"Judge, then, how sensibly we must be affected by the loss of such an
+excellent commander, such a sincere friend, and so affable a
+companion.... It gives us additional sorrow, when we reflect, to find
+our unhappy country will receive a loss no less irreparable than our
+own. Where will it meet a man so experienced in military affairs--one so
+renowned for patriotism, conduct, and courage? Who has so great a
+knowledge of the enemy we have to deal with?... Who, in short, so
+able to support the military character of Virginia?
+
+"Your approved love to your king and country, and your uncommon
+perseverance in promoting the honor and true interest of the service,
+convince us that the most cogent reasons only could induce you to quit
+it; yet we, with the greatest deference, presume to entreat you to
+suspend those thoughts for another year, and to lead us on to assist in
+the glorious work of extirpating our enemies, towards which so
+considerable advances have been already made. In you we place the most
+implicit confidence. Your presence only will cause a steady firmness and
+vigor to actuate in every breast, despising the greatest dangers, and
+thinking light of toils and hardships, while led on by the man we know
+and love."
+
+This tribute to the character of an honored commander conveys to the
+reader a clear view of his illustrious position in the army, confirming
+the favorable opinions hitherto expressed by the author.
+
+
+
+
+XV.
+
+HIS WIFE AND HOME.
+
+
+Washington renounced military life to claim his bride. He was married at
+the "White House" on the 6th of January, 1759, a few weeks before his
+twenty-seventh birthday. Mrs. Custis was three months younger than the
+bridegroom.
+
+At seventeen years of age, Miss Martha Dandridge (for such was her
+maiden name) was a gay and beautiful belle, having many suitors, upon
+none of whom she looked favorably, except Colonel Daniel Parke Custis,
+son of Hon. John Custis of Arlington. To him she was married in 1749.
+Two sons and a daughter were the fruits of this marriage, the eldest of
+whom died a short time before his father. The biographer of Mr. Custis
+records an incident which furnishes a key to the character of this
+worthy and influential gentleman:
+
+"A short time before his death, he sent for a tenant, to whom, in
+settling an account, he was due one shilling. The tenant begged that the
+colonel, who had ever been most kind to his tenantry, would not trouble
+himself at all about such a trifle, as he, the tenant, had forgotten it
+long ago. 'But I have not,' rejoined the just and conscientious
+landlord; and bidding his creditor take up the coin, which had been
+purposely placed on his pillow, exclaimed, 'Now my accounts are closed
+with this world!' and shortly after expired."
+
+The loss of both husband and son was a terrible affliction to the
+youthful widow; yet her Christian hope sustained her wonderfully, so
+that she did not abandon herself to useless repinings. Her husband left
+her his large plantation, and from one to two hundred thousand dollars
+in money, the care of which, with her two surviving children, imposed
+new and unusual duties upon her. How well she met these responsibilities
+is told by her husband's biographer, thus:
+
+"Mrs. Custis, as sole executrix, managed the extensive landed and
+pecuniary concerns of the estates with surprising ability, making loans
+on mortgage of moneys, and, through her stewards and agents, conducting
+the sales or exportations of the crops to the best possible advantage."
+
+"Beautiful, gifted, with great fascination of manners, unusually
+accomplished, extremely wealthy, and youthful," as another has said, it
+is not surprising that, when the usual period of seclusion and mourning
+had passed, her hand and heart were sought by other worthy men. It was
+not, however, until she providentially met Colonel Washington, in the
+manner we have described, that she was at all disposed to enter into
+another matrimonial alliance.
+
+The wedding of Washington was a splendid affair conducted after the old
+English style that prevailed among wealthy planters. Military and civil
+officers with their wives, graced the occasion. Ladies appeared in the
+costliest brocades, laces, and jewels which the Old World could provide.
+The bride was arrayed in the height of English fashion, her wealth of
+charms a fit accompaniment to the manly beauty of the bridegroom, who
+stood six feet and three inches in his shoes, "The tallest and
+handsomest man of the Old Dominion."
+
+An old negro servant of Mrs. Custis expressed his views of his new
+master, as follows:
+
+"Never seed the like, sir,--never the like of him, though I have seen
+many in my day,--so tall, so straight! And then, sir, he sat on a horse
+and rode with such an air! Ah, sir, he was like no one else! Many of the
+grandest gentlemen, in the gold lace, were at the wedding, but none
+looked like the man himself."
+
+Washington resided at the "White House" three months before taking his
+seat in the House of Burgesses. That he had resolved to abandon a
+military career, and that his new relation afforded him unalloyed
+pleasure, is quite evident from what he wrote to a friend:
+
+"I am now, I believe, fixed in this seat, with an agreeable partner for
+life; and I hope to find more happiness in retirement than I ever
+experienced in the wide and bustling world."
+
+From a child, Mrs. Washington had enjoyed the luxuries and society that
+wealth multiplies. Her own property, now united to that of her husband,
+amounted to a large fortune. She could live in princely style, although
+she adopted that style only so far as her social position demanded.
+There was an aristocratic element that ruled in Virginia at that time,
+embracing the wealthy, cultured, and ruling classes, to which she
+belonged; and to this standard of living she was obliged to conform.
+Her home was the resort of the wealthiest and most influential people of
+Virginia.
+
+After three months had elapsed, Washington took his seat in the
+Legislature. That body arranged to honor the hero as soon as he appeared
+in the House, by a eulogistic address by the speaker. No sooner had he
+taken his seat, than the speaker, Mr. Robinson, immediately arose, and,
+commanding silence, addressed Washington in such language of praise as
+only true patriotism, united with personal friendship, could dictate;
+enlarging upon his heroic deeds for his country in its time of its
+greatest peril. As he closed, the whole Assembly rose to their feet,
+and saluted the young colonel with a bow.
+
+Had an earthquake suddenly shaken the Capitol to its centre, Washington
+would not have been more completely surprised. He was confounded. He
+rose to make his acknowledgments, but, alas! his tongue had forgotten
+its office. Thrice he essayed to speak, and thrice, in spite of every
+effort, his utterance failed him, save faintly to articulate, "Mr.
+Speaker! Mr. Speaker!"
+
+The speaker was equal to the occasion, and came to his relief in one of
+the best, quick-witted sallies on record.
+
+"Colonel Washington," he exclaimed, "sit down! sit down! Your modesty
+alone is equal to your merit."
+
+Soon after the adjournment of the Legislature, Washington removed his
+family to Mount Vernon, to devote himself to agricultural pursuits. For
+fifteen years he continued to abide there in domestic enjoyment. Every
+year of this fifteen he was elected to the House of Burgesses, where
+his counsels and great influence became indispensable. Still he was a
+farmer on a large scale, and devoted himself to the improvement of his
+estates, and the raising of wheat, corn, and tobacco. The landed
+estates of both himself and wife must have numbered more than twenty
+thousand acres, for his Mount Vernon estate alone amounted to over nine
+thousand acres. Then he owned large tracts of land outside, containing
+thousands of acres. Add to these extensive tracts the Custis estates,
+and we find him one of the largest landholders of North America.
+
+A thousand persons were required to perform the labors of his domestic
+and agricultural establishments, including his negroes. The products of
+his plantations were shipped to his agent in England; and he came to
+enjoy such a reputation there as a successful and upright planter, that
+the usual custom-house inspection of all packages and goods marked
+"George Washington" was omitted. A record of his products before us for
+a single year shows that he raised ten thousand bushels of corn and
+seven thousand bushels of wheat. One hundred cows, with oxen, horses,
+and mules in that proportion, stocked his immense estate. His farming
+implements, carriages, and the nicer materials for clothing himself and
+family, were imported from England. With this exception, the linen and
+woollen cloths used were made by hand on his own plantation. Sixteen
+spinning-wheels were kept in operation.
+
+Mrs. Washington took her position in this immense establishment as
+mistress, proving that her accomplishments and education under the
+influence of wealth did not make her vain and aristocratic. Unlike many
+planters' wives of that day, she did not consider that labor was
+degrading. She was provided with all the servants necessary, but she
+relinquished to no one, however competent, the oversight of her
+household affairs. "Carrying her keys at her side, and making frequent
+visits to the various apartments connected with the elaborate
+arrangements of the table and its 'aids and appliances,' the spotless
+purity of her attire always remained unsullied by her active
+participation in the mysteries of each and all." Neatness, order, and
+industry characterized her in the house, as they did her husband on the
+farm.
+
+That great care and responsibility must have devolved upon Mrs.
+Washington, appears from Irving's description of a Virginia estate.
+
+"A large Virginia estate in those days was a little empire," he says.
+"The mansion-house was the seat of government, with its numerous
+dependencies, such as kitchens, smoke-house, work-shops, and stables.
+In this mansion the planter moved supreme; his steward, or overseer, was
+his prime minister and executive officer; he had his legion of house
+negroes for domestic service, and his host of field negroes for the
+culture of tobacco, Indian corn, and other crops, and for other
+out-of-door labor. Their quarter formed a kind of hamlet apart, composed
+of various huts, with little gardens and poultry yards, all well
+stocked, and swarms of little negroes gambolling in the sunshine. Then
+there were large wooden edifices for curing tobacco, the staple and most
+profitable production, and mills for grinding wheat and Indian corn, of
+which large fields were cultivated for the supply of the family and the
+maintenance of the negroes."
+
+At the same time that Mrs. Washington had to preside over the farm-house
+for the sake of the one thousand souls on the large estate, she was
+obliged to conduct her domestic affairs in a costly and fashionable way
+for the sake of her guests. Her wardrobe, furniture, and preparations
+for special occasions were necessarily elaborate and expensive, for her
+mansion was the resort of the most distinguished men and women of the
+country. Almost every day some civil or military gentleman of
+distinction was found at her table. Hence, much style and expense were
+required to maintain her hospitable board. A silver service was demanded
+by the times, the manners and customs of which were imported from
+England. All other appointments corresponded with this royal standard.
+Irving says that Washington's "intimacy with the Fairfaxes and his
+intercourse with British officers of rank had their influence on his
+mode of living."
+
+Mrs. Washington had her chariot and four, with driver and black
+postilion in livery, more, perhaps, to entertain and honor her
+distinguished guests than for personal enjoyment. Her husband usually
+appeared on horseback. He loved horses, especially fine ones, and most
+of those in his stables were imported. To each he gave a name, suggested
+by some quality that attracted his observant eye, as Ajax, Blueskin,
+Valiant, Magnolia (Arabian), etc. Several noble dogs for fox-hunting
+were found about his house and stable--Vulcan, Singer, Ringwood,
+Sweetlips, Forrester, Music, Rockwood and Truelove. With such
+preparations, an English baronet and his wife, Lord Fairfax, the wealthy
+fox-hunter, provincial governors and generals, or the ordinary farmer,
+could all be accommodated on the Mount Vernon estate.
+
+An order sent to England in 1759 shows that Mrs. Washington's wardrobe
+received particular attention:
+
+    "A salmon-colored Tabby (velvet), with satin flowers for sack
+    and coat.
+
+    "One cap, handkerchief and tucker and ruffles, to be made of
+    Brussels lace or Point, proper to be worn with the above; to
+    cost L20 (one hundred dollars).
+
+    "Two fine flowered lawn aprons.
+
+    "Two pairs women's white silk hose.
+
+    "Six pairs fine cotton do.
+
+    "Six pairs thread do., four threaded.
+
+    "One pair black and one pair white satin shoes of the smallest
+    fives.
+
+    "Four pairs Calimanco do.
+
+    "One fashionable hat or bonnet.
+
+    "Six pairs women's best kid gloves.
+
+    "Six pairs do. mits.
+
+    "One doz. round silk lace.
+
+    "One doz. most fashionable cambric pocket h'k'c'fs.
+
+    "Six lbs. perfumed powder.
+
+    "One piece narrow white satin ribbon, pearl edge."
+
+Fashion ruled with mighty power at that time, and Mrs. Washington was
+one of its votaries from necessity, if not from choice. Her husband,
+too, paid much attention to dress; nor was it the result of her
+influence. Before he became acquainted with her, in one of his orders
+sent to England appears the following:
+
+    "Two pairs fine worked ruffles, at 20s. per pair.
+
+    "Two sets complete shoe brushes.
+
+    "Six pairs thread hose at 5s.
+
+    "Enough superfine blue cotton velvet for coat, waistcoat, and
+    breeches, with fine silk buttons to match, and necessary
+    trimmings, with garters for the breeches.
+
+    "Six pairs of the very neatest shoes; two pairs double
+    chancelled pumps; two pairs turned ditto; and two pairs stitched
+    shoes; to be made by Didsberry, over Col. Beiler's last.
+
+    "Six pairs gloves; three pairs for riding, with slit tops."
+
+As if fearing that the claims of fashion might not be carefully
+regarded, he added, "If worked ruffles should be out of fashion, send
+such as are not."
+
+An order for an outfit for horse-back riding shows how much attention
+was paid to comfort and appearance at that time among the wealthy
+planters of Virginia:
+
+    "One man's riding-saddle, hogskin seat, large-plated stirrups,
+    and everything complete; double-reined bridle and Pelham bit,
+    plated.
+
+    "A very neat and fashionable Newmarket saddle-cloth.
+
+    "A large and best portmanteau, saddle, bridle, and pillion.
+
+    "Cloak-bag, surcingle, checked saddle-cloth, holster, &c.
+
+    "A riding-frock of a handsome drab-colored broadcloth, with
+    plain, double-gilt buttons.
+
+    "A riding waistcoat of superfine scarlet cloth and gold lace,
+    with buttons like those of the coat.
+
+    "A blue surtout coat.
+
+    "A neat switch whip, silver cap.
+
+    "Black velvet cap for servant."
+
+Mrs. Washington devoted herself to the education of her two children,
+six and four years of age at the time of her marriage with Washington.
+Had their own father been living, he could not have co-operated with
+their mother more cheerfully and tenderly than Washington did. Their
+father left a fortune to each of them, and that fact determined the
+character and methods of their training, agreeable to the custom of that
+day and locality. The following order for articles for the children is
+quite instructive as to the management of the Mount Vernon home:
+
+    "For Master Custis, _6 years old_."
+
+        "One piece Irish Holland, at 4s.
+
+        "Two yards fine cambric, at 10s.
+
+        "Six pocket handkerchiefs, small and fine.
+
+        "Six pairs gloves.
+
+        "Two laced hats.
+
+        "Two pieces India nankeen.
+
+        "Six pairs fine thread stockings.
+
+        "Four pairs coarser do.
+
+        "Four pairs worsted do.
+
+        "Four pairs strong shoes.
+
+        "Four pairs pumps.
+
+        "One summer suit of clothes, to be made of some thing light and
+         thin.
+
+        "Three fine ivory combs.
+
+        "Two horn do. and two brushes.
+
+        "One piece black hair-ribbon.
+
+        "One pair handsome silver shoe and knee buckles.
+
+        "Six little books for children beginning to read.
+
+        "One light duffel cloak with silver frogs.
+
+        "10s. worth of toys."
+
+    "For Miss Custis, _4 years old_."
+
+        "Eight yards fine printed linen, at 3s. 6d.
+
+        "One piece Irish Holland, at 4s.
+
+        "Two ells fine Holland, at 10s.
+
+        "Eight pairs kid mits.
+
+        "Four pairs gloves.
+
+        "Two pairs silk shoes.
+
+        "Four pairs Calimanco do.
+
+        "Four pairs leather pumps.
+
+        Six pairs fine thread stockings.
+
+        "Four pairs worsted do.
+
+        "Half piece flowered dimity.
+
+        "Two yards fine cambric, at 10s.
+
+        "Two caps, two pairs ruffles, two tuckers, bibs, and aprons, if
+        fashionable.
+
+        "Two fans, two masks, two bonnets.
+
+        "Two m. minikins, one cloth cloak.
+
+        "One stiffened coat of fashionable silk, made to packthread
+        stays.
+
+        "Six yards ribbon.
+
+        "Two necklaces.
+
+        "One pair silver sleeve buttons, with stone.
+
+        "One fashionable, dressed baby, 10s., and other toys, 10s.
+
+        "Six pocket handkerchiefs."
+
+This insight into the early wedded life of Washington, a hundred and
+twenty years ago, upsets the notions of those people, in our day, who
+suppose that the sway of fashion belongs to modern times only.
+
+Mrs. Washington was proverbially kind to her slaves, though not more so
+than her husband. They constituted a part of her family, for whom she
+had to provide both in health and sickness. This fact explains several
+entries in his journal concerning the quantity of provisions used. For
+example, one entry is, "Although we keep one hundred and one cows, we
+have to buy some butter."
+
+Among their slaves were all kinds of artificers--carpenters,
+blacksmiths, shoemakers, tailors, wheel-wrights, and so forth. All these
+were indispensable on such an establishment, since a plantation must
+necessarily produce whatever ordinary use required. This arrangement
+imposed increased burdens upon the master of the plantation and the
+mistress of the house.
+
+Mrs. Washington was as domestic in the house as her husband was
+practical on the farm. His journal shows that, unlike many of the large
+planters, he labored with his men on the plantation.
+
+"Fitted a two-eyed plough instead of a duck-bill plough, and with much
+difficulty made my chariot wheel-horses plough. Put the pole-end horses
+into the plough in the morning, and put in the postilion and hind horses
+in the afternoon; but the ground being well swarded over, and very heavy
+ploughing, I repented putting them in at all, for fear it should give
+them a habit of stopping in the chariot."
+
+"Spent the greater part of the day in making a new plough of my own
+invention."
+
+"Bottled thirty-five dozen of cider."
+
+"Seven o'clock a messenger came to inform me that my mill was in great
+danger of being destroyed by the flood. I immediately hurried off all
+hands, with shovels, etc., to its assistance, and got there myself just
+time enough to give it a reprieve for this time, by wheeling gravel into
+the place the water had washed."
+
+"Surveyed some lines of my Mount Vernon tract of land."
+
+"Employed in running some lines between me and Mr. William Triplet."
+
+"Surveyed the water-courses of my Mount Vernon tract of land, taking
+advantage of the ice."
+
+"Laid out a road from Mount Vernon to the lane of Mr. Marley's."
+
+Irving says of Washington: "He was an early riser, often before
+day-break in the winter, when the nights were long. On such occasions he
+lit his own fire and wrote or read by candle-light. He breakfasted at
+seven in summer and eight in winter. Two small cups of tea and three or
+four cakes of Indian meal (called hoe-cakes) formed his frugal repast.
+Immediately after breakfast he mounted his horse, and visited those
+parts of the estate where any work was going on, seeing to everything
+with his own eyes, and often aiding with his own hands."
+
+Soon after he introduced his wife to his Mount Vernon estate, he began
+to improve and adorn the grounds. He made lawns, laid out walks and
+avenues, set out a great number of ornamental trees, and planted
+orchards of fruit-trees. He posted himself as far as possible in the
+science of agriculture, and made many improvements upon his plantations,
+by reclaiming land and increasing the productive power of the soil.
+
+Once he conceived the idea of reclaiming the Great Dismal Swamp, and
+actually explored it with reference to that ultimate purpose. Through
+his agency, the incorporated company known as the Dismal Swamp Company
+was organized. "This vast morass was about thirty miles long and ten
+miles wide, and its interior but little known" until Washington explored
+it, and found a lake six miles long and three miles wide near its
+centre.
+
+The large number of guests at Mount Vernon, and Washington's enjoyment
+in hunting, fishing, and visiting, particularly in winter time, when the
+cares of his plantation were less numerous, appear from his journal. In
+the month of January, 1770, are the following entries:
+
+    "2. Mr. Peake dined here.
+
+    "4. Went hunting with John Custis and Lund Washington. Started a
+    deer, and then a fox, but got neither.
+
+    "5. Went to Muddy Hole and Dogue Run. Took the dogs with me, but
+    found nothing. Warner Washington and Mr. Thurston came in the
+    evening.
+
+    "6. The two Col. Fairfaxes dined here, and Mr. R. Alexander and
+    the two gentlemen that came the day before.
+
+    "8. Went hunting with Mr. Alexander, J. Custis, and Lund
+    Washington. Killed a fox after three hours' chase. Mr. Thurston
+    came in the afternoon.
+
+    "9. Went a ducking, but got nothing, the creek and rivers being
+    frozen. Robert Adam dined here.
+
+    "10. Went hunting on the Neck, and visited the plantation there,
+    and killed a fox after treeing it three times and chasing it
+    three hours.
+
+    "13. Dined at Belvoir with Mrs. Washington and Mr. and Miss
+    Custis.
+
+    "15. Went up to Alexandria, expecting court, but there was none.
+    [He was county judge.]
+
+    "20. Went hunting with Jackay Custis, and killed a fox after a
+    three hours' chase.
+
+    "23. Went hunting after breakfast, and found a fox at Muddy Hole
+    and killed her. Mr. Temple and Mr. Robert Adam dined here.
+
+    "27. Went hunting; and after tracking a fox a good while, the
+    dogs raised a deer and ran out of the Neck with it, and did not
+    come home till the next day.
+
+    "28. Mr. Temple came here.
+
+    "29. Dined at Belvoir with J. P. Custis.
+
+    "30. Went hunting, and having found a deer, it ran to the head
+    of the Neck before we could stop the dogs. Mr. Peake dined
+    here."
+
+In the following month, February, fox-hunting occupied nine days, and
+five days were given to surveying.
+
+The laws of Virginia were very strict against interlopers on the
+Potomac. They were a great nuisance to the wealthy planters on its
+banks. Fishing and duck-hunting lured them thither. One day Mrs.
+Washington remarked to her husband, "I think that strangers are at the
+landing."
+
+"Are you sure they are strangers?"
+
+"Yes, I think so," Mrs. Washington answered. "Look and see."
+
+"They are strangers, surely," responded Washington, after a critical
+look towards the landing. "An oysterman's craft, I think."
+
+"What should an oysterman come to our landing for?"
+
+"We shall find out before long, no doubt," Washington replied.
+
+It was at the landing where the family barge was tied up. The affluent
+planters kept beautiful barges, imported from England, for the use of
+their families. Washington had one, rowed by six negroes, wearing a kind
+of uniform of check shirts and black velvet caps.
+
+They did find out very soon who the strangers were--an oysterman and his
+crew. They were a drunken, noisy rabble, who disturbed the neighborhood
+with their yells and revelry.
+
+"They must be sent away," remarked Washington, as he hurried toward the
+landing. But they were not in a condition to listen to his counsels.
+They were in the defiant state of intoxication, and refused to evacuate.
+They declared themselves able and determined "to hold the fort."
+
+The hero of Monongahela was not to be defied in that way. He adopted
+immediate measures to drive the mob away, but was not successful.
+Finally, summoning his negroes, and organizing a campaign against them,
+he forced them to leave, though, Irving says, "It took a campaign of
+three days to expel these invaders from the premises."
+
+At another time Washington was riding over his estate, when the report
+of a gun on the banks of the river, not far away, startled him. Turning
+his horse in the direction of the report, he soon discovered an
+interloper in a canoe, making havoc among the canvas-back ducks which
+were numerous on the river.
+
+"Stranger," he called.
+
+The hunter looked up.
+
+"By what authority are you trespassing upon these grounds?"
+
+The only reply that Washington received was, the hunter aimed his gun at
+him as if to fire. But the owner of Mount Vernon had seen guns pointed
+at him before; and, nothing daunted, he dashed into the river, shouting,
+"Fire if you dare!"
+
+Seizing the painter of the canoe, he drew it to the shore; then,
+springing from his horse, he wrested the gun from the hands of the
+astonished hunter.
+
+"I am the proprietor of this estate," he shouted, seizing the fellow by
+the nape of his neck and pulling him out of his canoe, "and we will see
+whose rights are to be regarded."
+
+The hunter begged for mercy, promising to quit the grounds and never
+more trespass upon them. Washington restored his gun to him, and allowed
+him to depart without further punishment.
+
+Mr. and Mrs. Washington were active and influential members of the
+Episcopal Church. Irving says:
+
+"The Episcopal Church predominated throughout the 'Ancient Dominion,' as
+it was termed. Each county was divided into parishes, as in England,
+each with its parochial church, its parsonage, and glebe. Washington was
+vestryman of two parishes,--Fairfax and Truro. The parochial church of
+the former was at Alexandria, ten miles from Mount Vernon; of the
+latter, at Pohick, about seven miles. The church at Pohick was rebuilt
+on a plan of his own, and in a great measure at his expense. At one or
+other of these churches he attended every Sunday, when the weather and
+the roads permitted. His demeanor was reverential and devout. Mrs.
+Washington knelt during the prayers; he always stood, as was the custom
+at that time."
+
+One of Mrs. Washington's biographers says of her:
+
+"It is recorded of this devout Christian that never, during her life,
+whether in prosperity or adversity, did she omit that daily
+self-communion and self-examination, and those private devotional
+exercises, which would best prepare her for the self-control and self
+denial by which she was, for more than half a century, so eminently
+distinguished. It was her habit to retire to her own apartment every
+morning after breakfast, there to devote an hour to solitary prayer and
+meditation."
+
+Mount Vernon was a home of prayer, of course. The presence of guests,
+however distinguished, never modified the family devotions. These were
+among the essentials of good family government. In one of Washington's
+orders sent to England is the following:
+
+"A small Bible, neatly bound in Turkey, and "John Parke Custis" wrote in
+gilt letters on the inside of the cover.
+
+"A neat small prayer-book bound as above, with "John Parke Custis," as
+above."
+
+The necessity of erecting a new house of worship was discussed in the
+vestry of Truro, and a vote in favor of the project was secured. On the
+location, the vestrymen were divided.
+
+"The old site is the proper one," said Mr. George Mason, whose residence
+was near the house of worship.
+
+"Not at all central," replied another.
+
+"Yet not so far aside as to discommode any one," responded Mason.
+
+"I beg leave to dissent from Mr. Mason," added a third. "The location is
+inconvenient for my family."
+
+"The sacred associations of the spot alone ought to keep the church
+there," urged Mr. Mason. "For generations our house of worship has stood
+there, and the place is hallowed by the sepulchres of our fathers around
+it."
+
+The subject was discussed, pro and con, when Washington's opinion was
+asked. Without reserve he remarked:
+
+"I cannot agree with my friend Mason that the location does not sensibly
+inconvenience some members of the parish. I think it does, and that a
+more central locality can be found. Neither can I see the force of his
+argument derived from the contiguity of the grave-yard. Churches are
+erected for the living, and not for the dead. The ashes of the dead can
+be sacredly protected by a suitable enclosure."
+
+The vestry adjourned without deciding upon the location, and before the
+next meeting, Washington carefully surveyed the parish, and made a neat
+plan of the same, showing that the old location was far from the centre.
+Mr. Mason urged with more earnestness than before the claims of the old
+site. But when Washington took his plan of survey from his pocket, and
+gave ocular demonstration that the old location was at one side of the
+parish, the new location was adopted at once.
+
+Rev. Lee Massey was rector of the church at that time, and he said of
+Washington:
+
+"I never knew so constant an attendant on church as Washington. And his
+behavior in the house of God was ever so deeply reverential that it
+produced the happiest effects on my congregation, and greatly assisted
+me in my pulpit labors. No company ever kept him from church. I have
+often been at Mount Vernon on the Sabbath morning when his
+breakfast-table was filled with guests; but to him they furnished no
+pretext for neglecting his God and losing the satisfaction of setting a
+good example. For, instead of staying at home out of false complaisance
+to them, he used constantly to invite them to accompany him."
+
+Mrs. Washington's daughter died in 1770, after a lingering and painful
+disease. It was a terrible blow to her; and how severe a blow it was to
+her husband may be learned from the following incident:
+
+Coming into the room when his wife's face was buried in her hands,
+convulsed with grief, he burst into tears, kneeled beside the bed, and
+poured out his soul in a most fervent prayer that God would yet spare
+the dear girl for the sake of her mother, and for Christ's sake. She had
+already breathed her last a moment before he entered the room; but, in
+his great sympathy for his wife, and his own passionate grief, the fact
+was unrecognized, and he sought relief in prayer.
+
+The son was between sixteen and seventeen years of age when the daughter
+died, and was beginning to be a very wayward boy. He was sent to an
+Episcopal school at Annapolis, Maryland, where he attended to
+fox-hunting and other amusements more than he did to his studies. He
+fell in love, also, with Eleanor Calvert, daughter of Benedict Calvert
+of Mount Airy, and he entered into a matrimonial engagement with her.
+Mrs. Washington was very much tried by the course of the young man, and,
+after canvassing the whole subject carefully with her husband, he
+addressed a letter to Miss Calvert's father, which was a compliment
+alike to his head and heart. It was a very long letter, and we have
+space for brief extracts only:
+
+    MOUNT VERNON, April 3, 1773.
+
+    "DEAR SIR,--I am now set down to write to you on a subject of
+    importance, and of no small embarrassment to me. My son-in-law
+    and ward, Mr. Custis, has paid his addresses to your second
+    daughter, and, having made some progress in her affections, has
+    solicited her in marriage. How far a union of this sort may be
+    agreeable to you, you best can tell; but I should think myself
+    wanting in candor were I not to confess that Miss Nelly's
+    amiable qualities are acknowledged on all hands, and that an
+    alliance with your family will be pleasing to his.
+
+    "This acknowledgment being made, you must permit me to add sir,
+    that at this, or in any short time, his youth, inexperience, and
+    unripened education, are, and will be, insuperable obstacles, in
+    my opinion, to the completion of the marriage. As his guardian,
+    I consider it my indispensable duty to endeavor to carry him
+    through a regular course of education, and to guard his youth to
+    a more advanced age, before an event on which his own peace and
+    the happiness of another are to depend, takes place....
+
+    "If the affection which they have avowed for each other is fixed
+    upon a solid basis, it will receive no diminution in the course
+    of two or three years, in which time he may prosecute his
+    studies, and thereby render himself more deserving of the lady
+    and useful to society. If, unfortunately, as they are both
+    young, there should be an abatement of affection on either side,
+    or both, it had better precede, than follow, marriage.
+
+    "Delivering my sentiments thus freely will not, I hope, lead you
+    into a belief that I am desirous of breaking off the match. To
+    postpone it is all I have in view; for I shall recommend to the
+    young gentleman, with the warmth that becomes a man of honor, to
+    consider himself as much engaged to your daughter as if the
+    indissoluble knot was tied; and, as the surest means of
+    affecting this, to apply himself closely to his studies, by
+    which he will, in a great measure, avoid those little
+    flirtations with other young ladies, that may, by dividing the
+    attention, contribute not a little to divide the affections."
+
+The result of this correspondence was that Washington took young Custis
+to King's (now Columbia) College, New York City, and entered him for two
+years. But love had so much more control of his heart than learning had
+of his head, that he remained there only a few months, when he returned
+to Mount Vernon, and was married to Miss Calvert on Feb. 3, 1774. The
+couple were nineteen and seventeen years of age, respectively, and their
+marriage proved a very fortunate event for themselves, and the families
+on both sides.
+
+The following incident, illustrative of Washington's fine personal
+appearance, transpired when he accompanied his step-son to New York. It
+is from the pen of Mr. Custis:
+
+"It was boasted at the table of the British governor that a regiment,
+just landed from England, contained among its officers some of the
+finest specimens of martial elegance in his Majesty's service; in fact,
+the most superb-looking fellows ever landed upon the shores of the new
+World. 'I wager your excellency a pair of gloves,' said Mrs. Morris, an
+American lady, 'that I will show you a finer man in the procession
+to-morrow than your excellency can select from your famous
+regiment;'--'Done, madam!' replied the governor. The morrow came (the
+fourth of June), and the procession, in honor of the birthday of the
+king, advanced through Broadway to the strains of military music. As the
+troops filed before the governor, he pointed out to the lady several
+officers by name, claiming her admiration for their superior persons and
+brilliant equipments. In rear of the troops came a band of officers not
+on duty, colonial officers, and strangers of distinction. Immediately,
+on their approach, the attention of the governor was seen to be directed
+toward a tall and martial figure, that marched with grave and measured
+tread, apparently indifferent to the scene around him. The lady now
+archly observed, 'I perceive that your excellency's eyes are turned to
+the right object; what say you to your wager now, sir?'--'Lost, madam,'
+replied the gallant governor; 'when I laid my wager I was not aware that
+Colonel Washington was in New York.'"
+
+Washington kept his own books at the same time that he attended to the
+business of his vast estates. The same neatness, method, and accuracy
+characterized his accounts at Mount Vernon that characterized his
+writing books at Mr. Williams' school. They were models.
+
+When Mrs. Washington went to Mount Vernon to live, the mansion contained
+only four square rooms on the ground. In this condition it remained
+until the close of the Revolution.
+
+During the Revolution she was wont to spend the winter with her husband
+in his winter quarters. The accommodations were always meagre. One of
+these winters he occupied a small frame house, unfurnished in the second
+story. The general could get along with the meagre comforts, but he
+desired better accommodations for his wife. So he sent for a young
+mechanic and fellow-apprentice.
+
+"Mrs. Washington will tell you what she wants, and you will make the
+changes under her direction," he said to them.
+
+Soon Mrs. Washington was in their presence.
+
+"Now, young men," she said, "I care for nothing but comfort here, and
+should like you to fit me up a beaufet on one side of the room, and some
+shelves and places for hanging clothes on the other."
+
+The mechanic said afterwards that "every morning Mrs. Washington came
+up-stairs to see us; and after she and the general had dined, she always
+called us down to eat at her table. We worked very hard, nailing smooth
+boards over the rough and worm-eaten planks, and stopping the crevices
+in the walls made by time and hard usage. We studied to do everything to
+please so pleasant a lady, and to make some return in our humble way for
+the kindness of the general."
+
+When the work was completed, Mrs. Washington was surveying it, when the
+mechanic said, "Madam, we have endeavored to do the best we could. I
+hope we have suited you."
+
+"I am astonished," Mrs. Washington replied. "Your work would do honor to
+an old master, and you are mere lads. I am not only satisfied, but
+highly gratified with what you have done for my comfort."
+
+She was accustomed to say, after the Revolution, "I heard the first
+cannon at the opening, and the last at the closing, of all the campaigns
+of the Revolutionary war."
+
+She survived her husband by two years. As death drew near, with mind
+clear and heart staid on God, she awaited the final summons with
+calmness and sweet resignation. She called her grandchildren to her
+bedside, "discoursed to them of their respective duties, spoke of the
+happy influence of religion, and then triumphantly resigned her spirit
+into the hands of her Saviour," and expired.
+
+Mount Vernon is now in a good state of preservation. A national
+association of women have charge of the place, that it may be kept in
+repair, and the relics--furniture, pictures, account books, library,
+etc.--be preserved for coming generations to see.
+
+
+
+
+XVI.
+
+COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF.
+
+
+During the fifteen years of Washington's peaceful abode at Mount Vernon,
+public affairs were hastening to a crisis. The "Seven Years' War,"
+beginning with Washington's attack upon De Jumonville, and ending with
+the surrender of Montreal and all Canada, and the signing of the treaty
+of peace at Fontainbleau, in 1763, had closed; but greater things
+awaited the colonists in the future.
+
+Scarcely had the people settled down in the enjoyment of peace when an
+insurrection broke out among the Indian tribes, including the Delawares,
+Shawnees, and other tribes on the Ohio, with whom Washington had
+mingled. It was called "Pontiac's War," because Pontiac, a famous Indian
+chief, was its master-spirit. He induced the tribes to take up the
+hatchet against the English.
+
+An attack was made upon all the English posts, from Detroit to Fort Pitt
+(late Duquesne). "Several of the small stockaded forts, the places of
+refuge of woodland neighbors, were surprised and sacked with remorseless
+butchery. The frontiers of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia were
+laid waste; traders in the wilderness were plundered and slain; hamlets
+and farm-houses were wrapped in flames, and their inhabitants
+massacred."
+
+Washington was not engaged in this Indian war, which was short in
+duration. At the time he was pushing his project of draining the Dismal
+Swamp.
+
+Other things, however, of a public nature enlisted his attention, as the
+following interview with Mr. George Mason will show:
+
+"It appears that the British Government propose to tax the Colonies to
+help pay its debts," remarked Mr. Mason. "At least, the subject is
+before Parliament for discussion."
+
+"Yes," answered Washington, "and the proposition is as unjust as it is
+impolitic. After we have helped the king maintain his authority in this
+country, we must not only pay our own bills, but help him pay his. The
+Colonists will never submit to that."
+
+"They never should, whether they will or not," replied Mason. "I
+understand that the British officers have represented to the government
+that the colonists are rich, and abundantly able to assist in paying the
+debt of England."
+
+"And that comes from entertaining them in an extravagant way, as our
+leaders did. A few rich families furnished the silver plate and luxuries
+that dazzled the eyes of British officers." Here Washington referred to
+what he never approved, "borrowing silver and begging luxuries" to treat
+British officers with.
+
+"But suppose Parliament actually imposes a tax upon us, and sends agents
+to collect it, what can be done?"
+
+"Resist the tax," Washington replied.
+
+"How resist?"
+
+"There is but one way to resist; resort to arms." "And there will be a
+poor show for us against the king's armies," said Mason.
+
+"And the king's temper," added Washington, alluding to the fact that
+King George the Third, then ruling England, was an ambitious,
+unprincipled, and tyrannical ruler.
+
+"The king will not be very merciful towards _rebels_."
+
+"No, of course not. I suppose that resistance to the tax will be
+rebellion."
+
+"It cannot be anything else. Nevertheless, we can never submit to
+taxation without representation," added Washington, referring to the
+fact that the Colonists had neither voice nor vote in the administration
+of the British Government.
+
+"Never! Even loyalty cannot approve so base an act of injustice."
+
+"Especially after Parliament has gone to the verge of extortion by
+previous acts," remarked Washington. "Our ports are now shut against
+foreign vessels; we can export our productions only to countries
+belonging to the British Crown, and must import goods only from England,
+and in English ships. Neither can we manufacture anything that will
+interfere with the manufactures of England. These are intolerant
+measures."
+
+"That is so; and I do not wonder that the New England Colonies,
+particularly, should remonstrate against these arbitrary restraints,
+since their interests are chiefly commercial, and, therefore, more
+seriously affected by them."
+
+"I doubt whether Parliament will venture upon so hazardous an
+experiment," continued Washington. "Walpole and Pitt, not to mention
+others, are opposed to this measure of deriving a revenue by taxation
+from the Colonies. Walpole said, 'It must be a bolder man than myself,
+and one less friendly to commerce, who should venture on such an
+expedient. For my part, I would encourage the trade of the Colonists to
+the utmost.' Such sentiments must have weight with the government."
+
+Contrary to Washington's expectations, Parliament voted, in 1764, that
+England had a right to tax America; and Grenville, then at the head of
+the government, proceeded to preparations for taxing the Colonies.
+Through his influence, also, the "Stamp Act" was passed in March, 1765,
+whereby "all instruments in writing were to be executed on stamped
+paper, to be purchased from the agents of the British Government."
+
+Other oppressive measures, also, were adopted subsequently, such as the
+appointment of judges by the English commissioners; that offenders
+should be tried in England for offences committed in America; with acts
+of lesser importance that infringed upon the rights of the people.
+
+These things aroused the indignation of the Colonists, and the
+excitement grew to the highest pitch. In New England violent measures
+were adopted to express the indignant remonstrance of the people.
+
+Two months after the passage of the "Stamp Act" in England, the Virginia
+Legislature convened at Williamsburg. Few of the members sympathized
+with the British Government. A large majority denounced the aforesaid
+measures as oppressive and tyrannical. Among the new members was Patrick
+Henry, a young lawyer of fearless courage and fervid eloquence. Rising
+in his seat, he presented a series of resolutions, which declared that
+the House of Burgesses of Virginia alone possessed the right to tax the
+people of that Colony, and whoever maintained the contrary should be
+deemed an enemy to the Colony.
+
+He supported these resolutions by a speech of surpassing eloquence,
+surprising his associates by his boldness and powerful oratory.
+
+"The resolutions are inflammatory," objected the speaker, Mr. Robinson.
+"We can maintain our rights without challenging the arms of the
+mother-country."
+
+"The resolutions are right in principle, but intemperate in spirit,"
+remarked another.
+
+"Our self-respect demands that we indignantly repel such invasion of our
+rights as taxation imposes!" exclaimed a third, in full accord with the
+resolutions.
+
+After the discussion had proceeded for a while, a timid spirit being
+manifested by a few, and indignant remonstrance against British tyranny
+by the many, Patrick Henry rose to reply to objections advanced.
+
+He vindicated colonial rights under the English Constitution by an
+argument of great power, showing how often and causelessly they had been
+assailed; and he justified the resolutions by the "cool deliberation" of
+Parliament in fastening the chains of slavery upon them. Warming with
+his theme, he advanced to matchless eloquence, and closed his philippic
+with such a daring burst of patriotism as startled the Assembly.
+
+"Caesar had his Brutus!" he shouted; "Charles his Cromwell, and George
+the Third"--
+
+"Treason! Treason!" cried the speaker.
+
+"And George the Third may profit by their examples!" finishing the
+sentence in thunder tones.
+
+"Sir," he continued, after running his eye over the Assembly, "if this
+be treason (bowing to the speaker) make the most of it!"
+
+Lieutenant-governor Fauquier was alarmed at this disloyal demonstration,
+and proceeded to dissolve the Assembly, though not until the resolutions
+were adopted in a modified form, still retaining, however, their
+patriotic spirit.
+
+Washington supported the resolutions, and condemned the governor for
+dissolving the Assembly; and, as the governor ordered a new election,
+hoping thereby to secure a Legislature of truly loyal members, he
+recommended the re-election of those who voted for the resolutions, and
+the non-election of those who voted against them. The people were so
+impregnated with the spirit of Patrick Henry, that nearly every man who
+voted for the resolutions was returned to the next Assembly, and nearly
+all the others were left at home.
+
+"Patrick Henry's course was treasonable," said Lord Fairfax to
+Washington. "A petition to the king, expressing our grievances, and
+praying for the removal of these oppressive measures would accomplish
+far more for us in my judgment."
+
+"And yet Patrick Henry had right, justice, and patriotism on his side,"
+replied Washington. "Without his spirit we should bend our necks to the
+British yoke, and become a nation of slaves."
+
+"Yes; but appeal to the government should precede opposition," suggested
+Fairfax.
+
+"We have appealed,--vainly appealed," answered Washington. "The New
+England Colonies have remonstrated again and again; but their
+remonstrances have been spurned. The British Government must understand
+the patriotic spirit that animates our people."
+
+"All that is true; but it is not necessary to arouse the wrath of the
+British lion in order to accomplish that," remarked Fairfax.
+
+"That is a matter which should not trouble us," replied Washington. "Our
+rights and liberties should be maintained at all hazards. And I am
+heartily in favor of the New England plan to cease using importations on
+which taxes are imposed."
+
+"I am with you in that," said Fairfax.
+
+"I confess that my sympathies are with the inhabitants of Boston, even
+in their violent demonstrations against the enforcement of these unjust
+measures."
+
+"To what do you particularly refer?" inquired Lord Fairfax.
+
+"The citizens of Boston hung the stamp distributor in effigy, broke the
+windows of his office, and finally tore his office down and made a
+bonfire of the fragments. They closed their demonstration by pelting the
+officials, who interfered, with stones. The stamp distributor resigned
+his office at once."
+
+"That is insurrection," remarked Fairfax.
+
+"Very true, and I would not recommend a resort to such extreme measures;
+certainly not at this stage of affairs. Yet I really sympathize with the
+patriotic spirit that has aroused the people of Boston to repel acts of
+usurpation and tyranny."
+
+Benjamin Franklin had been sent to England as an agent of the Colonies
+to intercede for their rights. He was summoned before a committee of
+Parliament, where the following colloquy occurred:
+
+"What was the temper of America towards Great Britain before the year
+1763?" That was the year of the treaty between England and France, as we
+have seen.
+
+"The best in the world," Dr. Franklin answered. "They submitted
+willingly to the government of the Crown, and paid, in all their courts,
+obedience to the acts of Parliament. Numerous as the people are in the
+several old provinces, they cost you nothing in forts, citadels,
+garrisons, or armies, to keep them in subjection. They were governed by
+this country at the expense only of a little pen, ink, and paper. They
+were led by a thread.... Natives of Great Britain were always treated
+with particular regard; to be an Old England man was, of itself, a
+character of some respect, and gave a kind of rank among us."
+
+"And what is their temper now?"
+
+"Oh, very much altered!"
+
+"If the Stamp Act is not repealed, what do you think will be the
+consequences?"
+
+"A total loss of the respect and affection the people of America bear to
+this country, and of all the commerce that depends on that respect and
+affection."
+
+"Do you think the people of America would submit to pay the stamp duty
+if it was moderated?"
+
+"No, never, unless compelled by force of arms."
+
+This was stating the case without reserve; and, no doubt, it had much to
+do with the repeal of the Stamp Act in March, 1766.
+
+It should not be overlooked that the Colonies had some strong friends in
+Parliament. Charles Townsend advocated the enforcement of the Stamp Act.
+"Who are these Americans?" he cried. "Are they not our children, planted
+by our care, nourished by our indulgence, and protected by our arms?"
+
+The brave Colonel Barre, with cheeks all inflamed with virtuous
+indignation, replied:
+
+"They planted by your care? No, sir; your oppressions planted them in
+America! They fled from your tyranny to a then uncultivated and
+inhospitable country, where they exposed themselves to all the evils
+which a wilderness, filled with blood-thirsty savages, could threaten.
+And yet, actuated by true English love of liberty, they thought all
+these evils light in comparison with what they suffered in their own
+country, and from you, who ought to have been their friends.
+
+"They nourished by your indulgence? No, sir; they grew by your neglect!
+As soon as you began to indulge them, that boasted indulgence was to
+send them hungry packs of your own creatures to spy out their liberties,
+to misrepresent their actions, and to prey upon their substance! Yes,
+sir; you sent them men, whose behavior has often caused the blood of
+those Sons of Liberty to recoil within them--men promoted by you to the
+highest seats of justice in that country, who, to my knowledge, had good
+cause to dread a court of justice in their own! They protected by your
+arms? No, sir! They have nobly taken up arms in your defence--have
+exerted a most heroic valor, amidst their daily labors, for the defence
+of a country whose frontier was drenched in blood, while its interior
+parts gave up all their savings to our emolument!"
+
+These words of Barre were as just as they were heroic; for, in the
+"Seven Years' War" the Americans lost about thirty thousand men; and
+Massachusetts alone spent about two hundred and fifty thousand dollars
+in defence of the country.
+
+The next session of the House of Burgesses occurred after a Congress of
+delegates from the several Colonies met in New York City. The doings of
+that Congress were not suited to make the action of the Virginia
+Legislature more conciliatory, for that Congressional body denounced the
+acts of the British Parliament, and declared that Americans could never
+submit to such assaults upon their liberties.
+
+The Virginia Assembly was more insurrectionary at the next session,
+startling the new governor (Lord Botetourt) to such a degree that he
+appeared in the council chamber personally, and said:
+
+"Mr. Speaker, and gentlemen of the House of Burgesses, I have heard of
+your resolves, and augur ill of their effects. You have made it my duty
+to dissolve you, and you are dissolved accordingly."
+
+The Burgesses adjourned to a private house, and made Peyton Randolph
+moderator. Here Washington presented "a draft of the articles of
+association, concerted between him and George Mason. They formed the
+ground-work of an instrument signed by all present, pledging themselves
+neither to import nor use any goods, merchandise, or manufactures taxed
+by Parliament to raise a revenue in America."
+
+This plan had been adopted by the New England Colonies, and now measures
+were taken to make it universal.
+
+Washington adhered scrupulously to the plan, and allowed nothing to come
+into his house with the tax of England upon it. He wrote to his London
+agent:
+
+"You will perceive, in looking over the several invoices, that some of
+the goods there required are upon condition that the act of Parliament,
+imposing a duty on tea, paper, etc., for the purpose of raising a
+revenue in America, is totally repealed; and I beg the favor of you to
+be governed strictly thereby, as it will not be in my power to receive
+any articles contrary to our non-importation agreement, which I have
+subscribed and shall religiously adhere to, and should, if it were as I
+could wish it to be, ten times as strict."
+
+He wrote to George Mason:
+
+"Our all is at stake, and the little conveniences and comforts of life,
+when set in competition with our liberty, ought to be rejected not with
+reluctance, but with pleasure.... It is amazing how much this practice,
+if adopted in all the Colonies, would lessen the American imports, and
+distress the various traders and manufacturers in Great Britain."
+
+Washington's prediction was fulfilled. The traders of England were
+embarrassed by non-importation, and appealed to the government for
+relief. The tax was removed from all articles except tea. It was
+retained on tea in order "to show the Colonies that England claimed the
+right of taxation."
+
+To the Colonies a tax on one article was just as much an invasion of
+their rights as a tax upon all; so that the last act of Parliament was
+additional proof that England meant to force taxation upon them. Of
+course, as brave and fearless patriots, they resisted. Tea was
+universally discarded. Ship-loads of it in Boston, New York, and other
+ports were returned to England, or packed away to perish. In Boston
+seventeen citizens disguised themselves as Indians, boarded an English
+tea-vessel, and cast the tea into the dock. This act aroused the
+British lion, and he shook his mane and roared. Soon an English fleet
+appeared in Boston Harbor to reduce the inhabitants to subjection by
+force of arms. At the same time, the Boston Port Bill was enforced,
+thereby closing the harbor of that city to commerce.
+
+The citizens refused to provide quarters for the English troops, and
+declared, in public assembly, that quartering British soldiers in the
+State House and Faneuil Hall, as the English officers had done, was a
+still further and graver invasion of their rights.
+
+We should have said that the day on which the Stamp Act went into
+operation, Nov. 1, 1765, was observed throughout the Colonies as a day
+of fasting and prayer. The day was ushered in by the tolling of bells,
+as if the funeral ceremonies of the king himself were to be performed.
+Ships displayed their colors at half-mast. Business was suspended, and
+halls and churches were opened for prayer and addresses. Washington's
+journal shows that he spent the day very much as he did his Sabbaths,
+in devout worship in the house of God, and religious exercises at home.
+
+In Boston a solemn procession bore along the streets effigies of the men
+who were promoters of the Act, burying them with appropriate ceremonies.
+In New York City a similar procession carried the printed Act itself
+upon a pole, surmounted by a death's head, with a scroll bearing the
+inscription,
+
+    "THE FOLLY OF ENGLAND AND RUIN OF AMERICA."
+
+Lieutenant-Governor Colden, who had lent his influence to secure the
+Act, fearing violence, fled to the fort, and garrisoned it with marines
+from a ship of war. "The mob broke into his stable, drew out his
+chariot, put his effigy into it, paraded it through the streets to the
+Common (now the Park), where they hung it on a gallows. In the evening
+it was taken down, put again into the chariot, with the devil for a
+companion, and escorted back by torchlight to the bowling green, where
+the whole pageant, chariot and all, was burnt under the very guns of the
+fort."
+
+The day on which the Boston Port Bill went into effect was also set
+apart as a day of fasting, and similar demonstrations were made
+throughout the Colonies.
+
+It is necessary to turn aside at this point to speak of Washington's
+visit to Ohio in the interest of his officers and soldiers. It will be
+remembered that the Governor of Virginia pledged the Virginia troops led
+by Washington to the Ohio, two hundred thousand acres of the best land
+in that region. Years passed by, and this pledge was not redeemed. The
+British ministry opposed redeeming the pledge. But Washington did not
+forget the claim of his old associates in the hardships and perils of
+war. He took the matter in hand, and seized upon an opportune moment to
+carry out his purpose. He even performed a journey to the Ohio to select
+the best land possible for his deserving comrades. The opportune moment
+he chose for his journey is described as follows by Irving:
+
+"The Six Nations, by a treaty in 1768, had ceded to the British Crown,
+in consideration of a sum of money, all the lands possessed by them
+south of the Ohio. Land offices would soon be opened for the sale of
+them. Squatters and speculators were already preparing to swarm in, set
+up their marks on the choicest spots, and establish what were called
+preemption rights. Washington determined at once to visit the lands thus
+ceded, affix his mark on such tracts as he should select, and apply for
+a grant from government, in behalf of the 'soldiers' claim.'"
+
+This expedition was attended by considerable danger, as the Delawares,
+Shawnees, and Mingees considered that their rights were invaded by the
+action of the Six Nations. The appearance of white men upon their
+domains to claim lands was not at all agreeable to them.
+
+In these circumstances Washington undertook the journey, accompanied by
+his old friend Dr. Craik, and servant, with two servants of his own. All
+were mounted, with an additional horse to carry the baggage.
+
+They were twelve days on their way to Fort Pitt, where they took a large
+canoe to descend the Ohio as far as the Great Kanawha. Colonel Croghan,
+at the fort, engaged two Indians to conduct them thither, and John
+Nicholson as interpreter.
+
+It was during this trip down the Ohio that Washington enjoyed rare
+sport. Such herds of deer upon the banks, and flocks of wild turkeys,
+and such numbers of ducks and geese upon the river, he had never seen
+before. The canoe was loaded with game.
+
+It was on this trip, also, at the mouth of the Great Kanawha, that
+Washington met the old sachem "who lay in ambush on the banks of the
+Monongahela, and wrought such havoc in Braddock's army." The Indian
+chief came to honor Washington, accompanied with other warriors. After
+formal introduction, he addressed him thus, through Nicholson the
+interpreter:
+
+"I am a chief, and the ruler over many tribes. My influence extends to
+the waters of the great lakes, and to the far blue mountains. I have
+travelled a long and weary path that I might see the young warrior of
+the great battle. It was on the day when the white man's blood mixed
+with the streams of our forest that I first beheld this chief; I called
+to my young men and said, "Mark yon tall and daring warrior? He is not
+of the red-coat tribe: he hath an Indian's wisdom, and his warriors
+fight as we do; himself is alone exposed. Quick, let your aim be certain
+and he dies." Our rifles were levelled, rifles which, but for him, knew
+not how to miss. 'Twas all in vain; a power mightier far than we
+shielded him from harm. He cannot die in battle. I am old, and soon
+shall be gathered to the great council-fire of my fathers, in the land
+of shades; but ere I go, there is a something bids me speak in the voice
+of prophecy. Listen! _The Great Spirit protects that man, and guides his
+destinies. He will become the chief of nations, and a people yet unborn
+will hail him as the founder of a mighty empire!_"
+
+Washington successfully accomplished the object of his mission, and in
+the end his old companions in arms received their just dues. "Fifteen
+thousand acres were awarded to a field officer, nine thousand to a
+captain, six thousand to a subaltern, and so on." Stobo and Van Braam,
+who were with him at Great Meadows, received nine thousand acres
+apiece. They were in London at the time, and subsequently Washington
+purchased their claims through his London agent.
+
+How perilous his journey was at the time may be inferred from the fact
+that soon after his return there was another Indian outbreak on the
+banks of the Great Kanawha, whither Washington went, and in the
+engagement Colonel Lewis and other Virginians lost their lives.
+
+The Virginia Assembly was in session when the Boston Port Bill took
+effect, and the members voted to make the day one of fasting. They
+voted, also, at that session, to call a Congress of the Colonies. Other
+legislatures adopted a like measure; and the first American Congress
+convened in Philadelphia on the 5th of September, 1774. Washington was a
+member of this body, and took a leading part in addressing an able
+memorial to the King of Great Britain.
+
+Patrick Henry was asked who was the first man in the American Congress
+at Philadelphia, and he answered:
+
+"If you speak of eloquence, Mr. Rutledge of South Carolina is by far the
+greatest orator; but if you speak of solid information and sound
+judgment, Colonel Washington is unquestionably the greatest man on that
+floor."
+
+The patriots felt the need of divine guidance in their deliberations,
+and elected Rev. Mr. Duche of Philadelphia, an Episcopal clergyman,
+chaplain of Congress. A few mornings thereafter, news came that the enemy
+was cannonading Boston. It so happened that the Psalter for that day
+included the following passages:
+
+"Plead my cause, O Lord, with them that strive with me. Fight against
+them that fight against me. Take hold of shield and buckler, and stand
+up for my help. Draw out also the spear, and stop the way of them that
+persecute me. Say unto my soul, I am thy salvation."
+
+The effect upon the Assembly was thrilling. John Adams wrote to his wife
+about it:
+
+"You must remember this was the morning after we heard the horrible
+rumor of the cannonade of Boston. I never saw a greater effect upon an
+audience. It seemed as if Heaven had ordained that Psalm to be read on
+that morning.
+
+"After this, Mr. Duche unexpectedly struck out into an extemporaneous
+prayer, which filled the bosom of every man present. Episcopalian as he
+is, Dr. Cooper himself never prayed with such fervor, such ardor, such
+earnestness and pathos, and in language so eloquent and sublime for
+America, for the Congress, for the Province of Massachusetts Bay, and
+especially for the town of Boston."
+
+Most of the members stood during the prayer, but Washington was on his
+knees.
+
+Lord Chatham was still alive, an old man, feeble and disabled, when that
+memorial was laid before Parliament, and he "crawled" from his sick room
+into that body to plead for the American cause. The old orator kindled
+with patriotic fervor as he rose to defend the cause of the oppressed,
+and he gave utterance to one of the most eloquent and impassioned
+appeals ever delivered in Parliament. Our space will allow but a brief
+extract from it:
+
+"For God's sake then, my lords, let the way be instantly opened for
+reconciliation; I say instantly, or it will be too late forever. The
+Americans tell you--and remember it is the language of the whole
+continent--they tell you they will _never submit_ to be taxed without
+their own consent. They insist on a repeal of your laws. They do not ask
+it as a favor: they claim it as a _right_; they _demand it_. And I tell
+you the acts must be repealed; they _will_ be repealed: you cannot
+enforce them. But bare repeal will not satisfy this enlightened and
+spirited people. What! satisfy them by repealing a bit of paper? by
+repealing a piece of parchment? No! you must declare you have _no right
+to tax_ them; then they may trust you, then they will confide in you.
+There are, my lords, three millions of Whigs in America. Three millions
+of Whigs, with arms in their hands, are a _formidable body_! There are,
+I trust, double that number of Whigs in England; and I hope the Whigs in
+both countries will join and make a common cause. They are united by the
+strongest ties of sentiment and interest, and will therefore, I hope,
+fly to support their brethren. In this most alarming and distracted
+state of our affairs, though borne down by a cruel disease, I have
+crawled to this house, my lords, to give you my best advice, which is,
+to beseech his Majesty that orders may instantly be despatched to
+General Gage to remove the troops from Boston; their presence is a
+source of perpetual irritation and suspicion to those people. How can
+they trust you with the bayonet at their breasts? They have all the
+reason in the world to believe that you mean their death or slavery. Let
+us then set to this business in earnest. There is no time to be lost:
+every moment is big with danger. Nay, while I am now speaking, the
+decisive blow may be struck, and millions involved in the dreadful
+consequences! The very first drop of blood that is drawn will make a
+wound perhaps never to be healed--a wound of such rancorous malignity,
+as will, in all probability, mortify the whole body, and hasten, both on
+England and America, that dissolution to which all nations are
+destined....
+
+"My lord, if the ministers thus persevere in misadvising the king, he
+will be undone. He may, indeed, still wear his crown, but the American
+jewel out of it, it will not be worth the wearing."
+
+Although Chatham was supported by Lord Camden, Lord Shelburne, and the
+Marquis of Rockingham, his motion was rejected by a large majority, and
+nearly seven thousand more troops were forwarded to Boston as soon as
+possible.
+
+Mr. Weems states, what we should have mentioned before, that when
+England resolved to enforce the tax on tea, and sent a fleet of vessels
+loaded with the article to Boston, and other American ports, in order to
+test the matter, Lord Fairfax called upon Washington at his home.
+
+"A letter from my agent," said Washington, "announces that several
+vessels with cargoes of gunpowder tea are about to set sail to this
+country. Parliament is determined to tax our tea."
+
+"Why do you call it _gunpowder_ tea?" asked Fairfax.
+
+"Why, I am afraid, my lord," replied Washington, "it will prove
+inflammable, and produce an explosion that will shake both countries."
+
+His prediction was fulfilled, showing that he took in the situation,
+with that sagacity for which he was renowned.
+
+General Gage was in command of the royal forces in Boston. When the Port
+Bill went into operation, he removed the Legislature to Salem. But such
+was the indignation of the Colonists that, when the time of opening its
+session arrived, he did not dare to proceed thither. The members
+assembled, however, and, after waiting in vain for General Gage, they
+adjourned to Concord, where, immediately, the patriots began to collect
+arms, ammunition, and other supplies for war.
+
+The military force of General Gage in Boston was increased to such an
+extent that he soon exhausted his supplies. For relief, he sent out
+small foraging parties secretly, to seize and appropriate whatever they
+could lay their hands upon. Hearing that there was a magazine of
+supplies at Concord, on the night of April 18, 1775, he sent out eight
+hundred picked men, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Smith, to
+destroy it. By some means Dr. Warren of Boston learned of General Gage's
+intentions, and, by a previously concerted signal, gave the alarm. A
+light in the steeple of the Old North Church was the signal to certain
+patriots that the people must be called to arms.
+
+A courier on horseback dashed away from Charlestown, at breakneck speed,
+to give the alarm to the sleeping inhabitants of villages between that
+place and Concord. At the top of his voice he cried, to startle the
+minute-men from their beds, "The regulars are coming!"
+
+Certain leading patriots on the way must be aroused and told the story
+of their danger. So, with a furious pound upon their door, and the wild
+cry, "The regulars are coming!" the heroic patriots were routed from
+their beds.
+
+At Lexington Mrs. Harrington, a brave and trusty heroine, heard the
+midnight cry, and she sprang from her bed, ran to the chamber door, and
+shouted to her son, who was a minute-man, "John, get up! The regulars
+are coming!"
+
+By the time day-light began to dawn, the minute-men were in arms, and
+the whole region round about was fired with the courage and enthusiasm
+of men resolved to be free or die. When the British troops reached
+Lexington at five o'clock on the morning of April 19, they found a
+hundred minute-men drawn up in battle array. Major Pitcairn rode up
+to them, and shouted:
+
+"Disperse, you rebels! Throw down your arms and disperse!"
+
+His order was followed by a volley of musketry right into the faces of
+the Lexington soldiers, killing four and wounding several others. The
+minute-men dispersed, and the British troops hurried on to Concord. Here
+they met with an unexpectedly hot reception by several hundred
+minute-men, who had come through the darkness to defend their supplies
+and the town. Every hour their number increased by the accession of
+heroes, who came from even twenty miles away to meet the foe.
+
+The British commander was forced to order a retreat, in which his army
+suffered even more than it did in the battle. The minute-men, from
+behind trees, houses, barns, and stone walls, picked off the red-coats,
+so that when the invaders reached Lexington, on their retreat, they were
+exhausted, depleted, and disheartened. But for the arrival of
+reinforcements under Lord Percy, the Yankees would have killed or
+captured Colonel Smith and all his force.
+
+Notwithstanding Colonel Smith was reinforced by "sixteen companies of
+foot, a corps of marines, and two pieces of artillery," the retreat was
+continued. All the way from Lexington to Boston, minute-men, who lived
+remote from the route, and heard the startling news too late to hurry to
+Concord, annoyed the retreating army by pouring the contents of their
+muskets into their ranks from covert places where they concealed
+themselves for bloody work. When the British reached Charlestown, they
+had sustained a loss of sixty-five killed, one hundred and eighty
+wounded, and twenty-eight prisoners. The Americans lost fifty killed and
+thirty-four wounded.
+
+That was the opening of the Revolutionary War, in which independence was
+achieved. On that nineteenth day of April, 1775, was fired the first gun
+which, John Adams said, "was heard around the world." From that moment
+Americans armed themselves, and an army of defence was hastily rallied
+at Cambridge. The Assembly of Massachusetts was in session at the time,
+and voted to raise thirteen thousand men in the Colony, and ask the
+other New England Colonies to increase the number to thirty thousand.
+There was scarcely any need of such action by the Legislature, however,
+for the patriotism of the people was unbounded. The Concord fight
+obliterated the last vestige of apathy, and drew forth a spirit of
+heroism before unknown. From every quarter men rushed to arms
+voluntarily, ready to sacrifice even life in the common cause. As an
+example of the unparalleled devotion to the country, Israel Putnam of
+Connecticut was ploughing in the field when the news of the Concord
+fight reached him. Without stopping to go to his house, he jumped upon
+the back of his horse, instructed his son to carry the intelligence to
+his mother, and galloped away to join the troops at Cambridge. With such
+courage and patriotism Americans rallied for the defense of the country,
+coming even from the most distant hamlets of New England.
+
+The second American Congress met in Philadelphia about four weeks after
+the battle of Concord. Washington was in his seat promptly, wrought up
+to the highest pitch of determination in the cause of liberty. He had
+just come from a convention in Virginia, in which Patrick Henry stirred
+the hearts of all true patriots by one of his indescribable harangues
+for the American cause, in which he closed with the memorable words:
+
+"We must fight! I repeat it, sir, we must fight! An appeal to arms and
+to the God of hosts is all that is left us!"
+
+In that deep and solemn conviction Washington met his associates in the
+second Congress at Philadelphia. What were his opinions regarding the
+situation at that time may be learned from his familiar conversation
+with John Adams:
+
+"The decisive blow is struck," remarked Adams; "the Concord fight has
+made our duty plain."
+
+"It could not possibly be made plainer," replied Washington, "and the
+Concord fight must convince our oppressors that Americans will never
+yield to their domination."
+
+"You are right in that view, Colonel Washington; the spirit of hostility
+to tyranny is grander than I dreamed of. It augurs well for the future."
+
+"There is no alternative left to the Colonies," continued Washington;
+"the army of Great Britain has deliberately attacked us. The work of
+this Congress should be to create an army, and provide for defence."
+
+"In the most liberal manner, too, for that only is patriotic," added
+Adams. "When Parliament resorts to belligerent measures against the
+remonstrances of Chatham, Burke, Barre, Pitt, and other worthies, we are
+justified in putting the worst construction upon their intentions."
+
+"Nothing can be more obvious," responded Washington. "And the British
+troops must be expelled from Boston by force, or our American Colonies
+are reduced to a condition of vassalage. The army that precipitated the
+attack at Concord must be paid for the effrontery, or we are slaves."
+
+"Without appealing again to the king?"
+
+"Yes, without appealing again to his Majesty. Our appeals have been
+spurned. Our entreaties have been interpreted as the pleas of cowardice.
+Our patience has been regarded as pusillanimity. Because British
+oppression has been met by respectful remonstrance instead of indignant
+denunciation, it has appealed to arms; and that appeal must be promptly
+met by warlike preparations and the challenge to battle."
+
+The second American Congress did send another appeal to the king, though
+not with the vote of Washington. It was an able, patriotic paper,
+setting forth the grievances of the Colonists in language that would
+have moved the hearts of friends to pity. At the same time, however, the
+members voted to put the Colonies upon a war basis. Many independent
+military companies had been organized in the Colonies within a few
+months; and these, by vote, were constituted the Continental Army, in
+connection with others to be raised. Three millions of dollars were
+appropriated for supplying arms and stores, and five hundred dollars a
+month for the salary of a commander-in-chief, to be elected.
+
+The provincial army around Boston was gathered entirely from the New
+England Colonies, and was wholly without organization or discipline,
+a motley multitude of men, who left their homes and rushed to camp upon
+the impulse of patriotic sentiments. John Adams moved that Congress
+adopt that army, provide for its support, and elect for it a suitable
+commander. His speech on the occasion pointed so plainly to Washington
+as the man of all others for commander-in-chief, that the latter
+gentleman rose from his seat and left the hall. On the following day
+Washington was unanimously elected commander-in-chief of the Continental
+Army, a very unexpected honor to him.
+
+With much diffidence, and his usual modesty, he arose in his seat to
+accept the appointment, and said:
+
+"Though I am truly sensible of the high honor done me in this
+appointment, yet I feel great distress, from a consciousness that my
+abilities and military experience may not be equal to the extensive and
+important trust. However, as the Congress desire it, I will enter upon
+the momentous duty, and exert every power I possess in their service,
+and for the support of the glorious cause. I beg they will accept my
+most cordial thanks for this distinguished testimony of their
+approbation.
+
+"But lest some unlucky event should happen, unfavorable to my
+reputation, I beg it may be remembered by every gentleman in the room
+that I this day declare, with the utmost sincerity, I do not think
+myself equal to the command I am honored with.
+
+"As to pay, sir, I beg leave to assure the Congress, that, as no
+pecuniary consideration could have tempted me to accept this arduous
+employment at the expense of my domestic ease and happiness, I do not
+wish to make any profit from it. I will keep an exact account of my
+expenses; these, I doubt not, they will discharge, and that is all I
+desire."
+
+His acceptance was received with enthusiastic applause, followed by a
+resolution, declaring that "they would _maintain_ and _assist_ him and
+_adhere_ to him with their _lives_ and _fortunes_ in the same cause."
+
+The same Congress appointed Artemas Ward, Charles Lee, Philip Schuyler,
+and Israel Putnam major-generals; and Seth Pomeroy, Richard Montgomery,
+David Wooster, William Heath, Joseph Spencer, John Thomas, John
+Sullivan, and Nathaniel Greene brigadier-generals. Horatio Gates was
+appointed adjutant-general. These appointments were made with
+Washington's acquiescence, if not at his suggestion.
+
+John Adams wrote to a friend: "There is something charming to me in the
+conduct of Washington; a gentleman of the first fortunes on the
+continent, leaving his delicious retirement, his family and friends,
+sacrificing his ease, and hazarding all in the cause of his country.
+His views are noble and disinterested. He declared, when he accepted the
+mighty trust, that he would lay before us an exact account of his
+expenses, and not accept a shilling pay."
+
+
+
+
+XVII.
+
+IN THE SIEGE OF BOSTON.
+
+
+"There is no time to lose," remarked Adams to Washington. "Letters to me
+from Generals Warren and Ward insist that the undisciplined army cannot
+be kept together much longer without the aid of Congress; and Congress
+has done the best thing it could for the army in appointing you to its
+command."
+
+"I shall lose no time in preparations to take command of the army,"
+replied Washington. "I shall repair to Cambridge at once."
+
+"Without returning to Mount Vernon?"
+
+"Yes; that would consume too much time. Much as I should enjoy a visit
+home, I must forego the pleasure, and hasten to my command."
+
+"A sacrifice, truly," remarked Adams.
+
+"And one that both my wife and mother will appreciate," added
+Washington, "although the disappointment will be so great to them. Our
+country first, for the sake of our homes."
+
+"True, very true; and it is a terrible necessity that makes it true,"
+continued Adams. "War is serious business, and under its direful
+necessities you may never see your loved Mount Vernon again."
+
+"No one can be more sensible of that than myself, but personal pleasure
+must yield to the demands of patriotism in such a crisis as this. Duty
+is the watchword now."
+
+Without consuming time for more than the most hasty preparation,
+Washington started for Massachusetts, after penning the following tender
+letter to his wife. The epistle shows so much of his noble character
+that our narrative would be incomplete without it:
+
+    PHILADELPHIA, June 18, 1775.
+
+    MY DEAREST,--I am now set down to write you on a subject which
+    fills me with inexpressible concern; and this concern is greatly
+    aggravated and increased when I reflect upon the uneasiness I
+    know it will give you. It has been determined in Congress that
+    the whole army raised for the defence of the American cause
+    shall be put under my care, and that it is necessary for me to
+    proceed immediately to Boston to take upon me the command of it.
+
+    You may believe me, my dear Patsy, when I assure you in the most
+    solemn manner, that, so far from seeking this appointment, I
+    have used every endeavor in my power to avoid it, not only from
+    my unwillingness to part with you and the family, but from a
+    consciousness of its being a trust too great for my capacity,
+    and that I should enjoy more real happiness in one month with
+    you at home than I have the most distant prospect of finding
+    abroad, if my stay were to be seven times seven years. But as
+    it has been a kind of destiny that has thrown me upon this
+    service, I shall hope that my undertaking it is designed to
+    answer some good purpose. You might, and I suppose did,
+    perceive, from the tenor of my letters, that I was apprehensive
+    I could not avoid this appointment, as I did not pretend to
+    intimate when I should return. That was the case. It was
+    utterly out of my power to refuse this appointment without
+    exposing my character to such censures as would have reflected
+    dishonor upon myself and given pain to my friends. This I am
+    sure could not, and ought not, to be pleasing to you, and must
+    have lessened me considerably in my own esteem. I shall rely,
+    therefore, confidently on that Providence which has heretofore
+    preserved and been bountiful to me, not doubting but that I
+    shall return safe to you in the fall. I shall feel no pain from
+    the toil or the danger of the campaign; my unhappiness will flow
+    from the uneasiness I know you will feel from being left alone.
+    I therefore beg that you will summon your whole fortitude, and
+    pass your time as agreeably as possible. Nothing will give me so
+    much sincere satisfaction as to hear this, and to hear it from
+    your own pen. My earnest and ardent desire is, that you would
+    pursue any plan that is most likely to produce content and a
+    tolerable degree of tranquility; and it must add greatly to my
+    uneasy feelings to hear that you are dissatisfied or complaining
+    at what I really could not avoid.
+
+    As life is always uncertain, and common prudence dictates to
+    every man the necessity of settling his temporal concerns while
+    it is in his power, and while the mind is calm and undisturbed,
+    I have, since I came to this place (for I had not time to do it
+    before I left home), got Colonel Pendleton to draft a will for
+    me, by the directions I gave him, which will I now enclose.
+    The provisions made for you in case of my death will, I hope,
+    be agreeable. I shall add nothing more, as I have several
+    letters to write, but to desire that you will remember me to
+    your friends, and to assure you that I am, with the most
+    unfeigned regard, my dear Patsy,
+
+        Your affectionate husband.
+
+The preparation of his will is expressive of his thoughts and feelings
+at the time, and it magnifies, also, the sacrifice he was making for his
+country.
+
+It will be noticed that the letter to his wife is dated June 18, the day
+after the battle of Bunker Hill. He knew nothing of that battle, of
+course; and the fact shows all the more how rapidly public affairs were
+hastening to a crisis.
+
+It was the 23d of June when he left Philadelphia, and just before
+leaving he addressed another brief letter to his wife, that furnishes a
+key to his heart:
+
+    PHILADELPHIA, June 23, 1775.
+
+    MY DEAREST,--As I am within a few minutes of leaving this city,
+    I could not think of departing from it without dropping you a
+    line, especially as I do not know whether it will be in my power
+    to write again until I get to the camp at Boston. I go fully
+    trusting in that Providence which has been more bountiful to me
+    than I deserve, and in full confidence of a happy meeting with
+    you in the fall. I have not time to add more, as I am surrounded
+    by company to take leave of me. I retain an unalterable
+    affection for you, which neither time nor distance can change.
+    My best love to Jack and Nelly, and regards to the rest of the
+    family, concludes me, with the utmost sincerity,
+
+        Your entire
+            GEO. WASHINGTON.
+
+Two thousand troops had gathered in Philadelphia, and he reviewed them
+before leaving. The whole two thousand escorted him out of the city, and
+a company of light-horse escorted him to New York, together with
+Generals Lee and Schuyler.
+
+Twenty miles from Philadelphia he was met by a courier on horseback,
+bringing particulars of the battle of Bunker Hill.
+
+"How many Americans were engaged in it?" Washington inquired.
+
+"About twelve hundred only."
+
+"Who led them?"
+
+"General Prescott."
+
+"How many were killed?"
+
+"About four hundred and fifty were killed and wounded. The British lost
+more than half of their men."
+
+"What officers fell?"
+
+"The brave General Warren was one."
+
+"Did the men fight well?"
+
+"Never braver men met a foe."
+
+"Then the liberties of our country are safe," added Washington.
+
+As grand a welcome as could possibly be given, without the burning of
+powder, was tendered by the Provincial Assembly of New York and New
+Jersey. They could burn no powder because the Colony possessed but four
+barrels, having forwarded a thousand barrels to Cambridge for the use of
+the army.
+
+Washington left General Schuyler in command at New York and hastened
+forward to Cambridge, for at New York he received a more detailed
+account of the battle of Bunker Hill. This information caused him to
+hasten his journey; and he reached Watertown, where the Legislature was
+sitting, on the second day of July. That body gave him an enthusiastic
+welcome, and presented a lengthy address to him, in which they spread
+out the deplorable condition of the army, pledging their prompt aid in
+its organization and discipline.
+
+On the third day of July he was escorted by an imposing cavalcade to
+Cambridge, four miles distant, to take immediate command of the army.
+Notwithstanding the scarcity of powder, his arrival was announced by
+salvos of artillery; and the sight of him, in his splendid bearing, drew
+from the admiring thousands the heartiest cheers. The general of whom
+they had heard so much even more than met their expectations, and their
+joy knew no bounds.
+
+Washington wheeled his noble charger under the shadow of the "Great
+Elm," where he formally took command of the Continental Army, thereby
+making the tree historic to this day. He was forty-three years of age at
+that time.
+
+Mrs. John Adams was in Cambridge when Washington arrived, and she wrote
+of him as follows:
+
+"Dignity, ease, and complacency, the gentleman and the soldier look,
+agreeably blended in him. Modesty marks every line and feature of his
+face. These lines of Dryden instantly occurred to me:
+
+    "'Mark his majestic fabric! He's a temple
+      Sacred by birth, and built by hands divine;
+      His soul's the deity that lodges there,
+      Nor is the pile unworthy of the God.'"
+
+Washington found General Artemas Ward in command, who informed him that,
+"We have fourteen thousand five hundred men, including the sick."
+
+"How many troops of the king hold Boston?" Washington inquired.
+
+"About eleven thousand of the best disciplined troops that England could
+send over."
+
+"And how many inhabitants of Boston are there in the city now?"
+
+"Seventeen thousand; and it is said that they are treated as rebels,
+except the Tories, who support the cause of the Crown. General Gage is
+in command, and Generals Howe, Clinton, and Burgoyne arrived with their
+last reinforcements."
+
+"Gage was with me twenty years ago in the expedition against Duquesne,"
+said Washington. "Generals Howe, Clinton, and Burgoyne are the best
+generals the king can send, I suppose."
+
+"I judge so. At any rate this army is a mob compared to the royal army
+in Boston. Very few of them were ever in the service before. They know
+nothing about order and discipline, and care as little."
+
+"They must learn both as quickly as possible," responded Washington. "An
+army without discipline can be little more than a mob. My first step
+will be to bring the army under rigid military discipline."
+
+Washington, accompanied by General Lee, took immediate measures to
+acquaint himself with the condition of the army, and in an incredibly
+short time had it distributed thus: The right wing was stationed on the
+heights of Roxbury, under the command of Major-General Ward; the left
+wing was stationed on Winter and Prospect Hills, in what is now the
+city of Somerville, under command of Major-General Lee; while the
+centre, under Major-General Putnam, occupied Cambridge. The army was
+thus distributed over a line of some twelve miles in length.
+
+The army was destitute of clothing, ammunition, and nearly everything
+for its comfort. The mass of them were dressed as they were clad when
+they left their farms and work-shops, a dirty, ragged collection of
+armed men, though resolute and brave. Their cry against the king's
+troops in Boston was:
+
+"Shut them up! Starve them out! Drive them into their ships, and send
+their ships out to sea!"
+
+To add to the disheartening situation, Charlestown lay in ashes, having
+been set on fire by the enemy's shells at the battle of Bunker Hill;
+there were no well-constructed works throughout the whole line of
+fortifications; insubordination was popular among the troops, who called
+it _independence_; and still worse, jealousies prevailed among the
+troops of different Colonies.
+
+The larger part of the army, nearly ten thousand, belonged to
+Massachusetts, and they were in the worst plight of all. Washington made
+the following magnanimous apology for them:
+
+"This unhappy and devoted province has been so long in a state of
+anarchy, and the yoke has been laid so heavily on it, that great
+allowances are to be made for troops raised under such circumstances.
+The deficiency of members, discipline, and stores can only lead to this
+conclusion: _that their spirit has exceeded their strength_."
+
+A British officer wrote home:
+
+"The rebel army are in so wretched a condition as to clothing and
+accoutrements, that I believe no nation ever saw such a set of
+tatterdemalions. There are few coats among them but what are out at
+elbows, and in a whole regiment there is scarce a whole pair of
+breeches."
+
+Nevertheless, the material for an army in such a crisis was good. The
+famous General Nathaniel Greene of Rhode Island organized three
+regiments in that province after the Concord fight, and he was there
+with his men, "the best disciplined and appointed troops in the army."
+Connecticut also raised a respectable force, and put them under the
+command of General Israel Putnam, who left his plough in the furrow,
+and galloped off to Boston; and they were there. The brave Colonel Stark
+of New Hampshire, with his "Green Mountain boys," was there also. Other
+officers of ability were doing all they could with an undisciplined
+army, while the rank and file were eager to drive the foe out of Boston.
+A leader like Washington was needed to organize and manipulate this
+rough mass of material. A chief like him, too, was indispensable to
+elevate their moral condition; for drunkenness, revelry, lewdness,
+profanity, gambling, not to mention other evils, abounded.
+
+The following was Washington's first order to the army:
+
+"The Continental Congress having now taken all the troops of the several
+Colonies which have been raised, or which may be hereafter raised, for
+the support and defence of the liberties of America, into their pay and
+service, they are now the troops of the United Provinces of North
+America; and it is hoped that all distinctions of Colonies will be laid
+aside, so that one and the same spirit may animate the whole, and the
+only contest be, who shall render, on this great and trying occasion,
+the most essential service to the great and common cause in which we are
+all engaged. It is required and expected that exact discipline be
+observed, and due subordination prevail, through the whole army, as a
+failure in these most essential points must necessarily produce extreme
+hazard, disorder, and confusion, and end in shameful disappointment and
+disgrace. The general most earnestly requires and expects a due
+observance of those articles of war established for the government of
+the army, which forbid profane cursing, swearing, and drunkenness. And
+in like manner he requires and expects of all officers and soldiers, not
+engaged on actual duty, a punctual attendance on divine service, to
+implore the blessing of Heaven upon the means used for our safety and
+defence."
+
+Rev. William Emerson was a chaplain in the army, and he wrote as follows
+of the wonderful change Washington wrought in a short time:
+
+"There is great overturning in the camp as to order and regularity. New
+lords, new laws. The Generals Washington and Lee are upon the lines
+every day. New orders from his Excellency are read to the respective
+regiments every morning after prayers. The strictest government is
+taking place, and great distinction is made between officers and
+soldiers.
+
+"Every one is made to know his place and keep in it, or be tied up and
+receive thirty or forty lashes, according to his crime. Thousands are at
+work every day from four to eleven o'clock in the morning. It is
+surprising how much work has been done. The lines are extended almost
+from Cambridge to Mystic River, so that very soon it will be morally
+impossible for the enemy to get between the works, except in one place,
+which is supposed to be left purposely unfortified to entice the enemy
+out of their fortresses."
+
+"The British army in Boston understand their business," remarked
+Washington to his secretary, Mr. Reed. "Their works are thoroughly
+constructed, and they seem to be provided with every thing that war
+requires." At that time he had reconnoitered until he had acquired quite
+a thorough knowledge of their defences.
+
+"King George would not be likely to send over others," answered Reed.
+"He is too anxious to awe his rebellious subjects into submission to
+pursue another course."
+
+"Well, they are in close quarters now," continued Washington, "although,
+if they understood our weakness, they might fight their way out, and
+annihilate the American army. I have just discovered that all the powder
+in the camp will not furnish the soldiers nine cartridges apiece."
+
+"No more?" exclaimed Reed. "You surprise me!"
+
+"You cannot be more surprised than I am. It is a fearful condition for
+this army to be in."
+
+"How can it be so?" added Reed, still more surprised. "According to
+that, powder is scarcer than clothing."
+
+"It is true, if my investigation does not mislead," responded
+Washington. "No army was ever in a condition so deplorable; and I would
+not dare to let my soldiers know the actual state of things, lest they
+become demoralized."
+
+"Fortunate for us that so far they are in blissful ignorance of our
+condition," said Reed; "but this state of affairs must not be suffered
+to continue."
+
+"Certainly not; I shall take immediate measures to remedy the evil."
+
+And he did. Agents were sent in different directions to procure
+ammunition. A vessel was sent to the Bermudas for this purpose.
+Expeditions to capture British forts in this country and Canada were set
+on foot. The manufacture of powder was recommended by Congress.
+
+At that time, the transportation of supplies for an army was a slow and
+tedious work. There were no railroads, and the facilities for
+transportation by horses and cattle were far inferior to those of the
+present day. For example, a little later, Henry Knox, who was a thriving
+book-seller in Boston when the British took possession of the city, and
+who fought bravely at Bunker Hill, was sent to Ticonderoga and Crown
+Point, which the Americans had captured, to bring such artillery and
+ordnance stores as could be spared. He was instructed, also, to proceed
+to St. John and Montreal, both of which had just been captured by
+American expeditions under Benedict Arnold and Ethan Allen, Generals
+Schuyler and Montgomery. It was in the depth of winter when Knox
+returned with over fifty cannon, mortars, and howitzers, and a quantity
+of lead and flints, loaded upon forty sleds, drawn by eighty yoke of
+cattle. Washington procured for Knox the commission of colonel soon
+after he undertook the enterprise.
+
+Washington's headquarters were established at the CRAGIE HOUSE, a
+spacious building, favorably situated for the commander-in-chief. For
+many years it was owned by Professor Longfellow the poet, who died there
+some years since.
+
+Order, sobriety, and religion regulated his headquarters. Morning and
+evening prayers were scrupulously maintained, and the whole appearance
+of the place indicated that the renowned occupant was a Christian.
+
+Washington required the chaplains of all his regiments to conduct
+prayers morning and evening, and religious services on the Sabbath. The
+officers were required to see that their men attended all these
+services, since they were observed "for their good."
+
+Early in the siege of Boston, when he felt that "if success ever crowns
+the American cause, it will be because an All-wise Providence controls
+the affairs of men," Washington advised the appointment of a day of
+fasting and prayer, to intercede for the blessing of God upon the
+little army at Cambridge. Congress appointed the day, and the
+commander-in-chief required its observance throughout the army.
+Religious services were held, all business suspended, and the day was
+made as quiet and religious as Sunday.
+
+One of the earliest arrivals at the camp in Cambridge, after Washington
+took command, was from Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Maryland, fourteen
+hundred sharp-shooters, as we should call them now. They were tall,
+stalwart men, dressed in fringed hunting shirts and round caps.
+They were received in camp with the wildest demonstrations of joy. A few
+weeks later a long, lumbering train of wagons, laden with military
+stores captured on the sea, came into camp. Washington had been forced
+to send out cruisers, by the action of General Gage in arming vessels to
+capture supplies along the American coast. One of his cruisers captured
+a brigantine ladened with munitions of war,--two thousand stand of arms,
+one hundred thousand flints, thirty thousand round shot, and thirty-two
+tons musket balls,--which were taken into Cape Ann, and transported from
+thence on wagons to Cambridge.
+
+In this way, as well as by the action of Congress and the Provincial
+Legislatures, the army of Washington was strengthened and equipped. The
+British were so thoroughly entrenched in Boston, and their army so well
+disciplined and powerful, that it would have been foolhardy for
+Washington to attack them; besides, an attack would have resulted in
+burning the city and sacrificing the lives of many friends who lived
+there.
+
+"British officers must understand that men fighting for their country
+are patriots, and not malefactors," remarked Washington to Mr. Reed, his
+secretary. "Cruelty to prisoners anyway is contrary to all the rules of
+civilized warfare."
+
+"Well, we are 'rebels,' you know," replied Reed sarcastically, "and
+General Gage thinks that 'rebels' have no claim upon his clemency."
+
+"Cruelty to prisoners is not confined to General Gage," responded
+Washington. "There is no doubt that the king holds Allen [Ethan] in
+irons, and his fellow-captives, which is treating prisoners of war as
+savages do."
+
+Ethan Allen was the famous patriot who led two hundred and thirty men
+against Fort Ticonderoga, and captured it in May, 1775. He surprised the
+commander, and demanded an immediate surrender.
+
+"By whose authority do you make this demand?" inquired the officer in
+charge.
+
+"In the name of the Great Jehovah and the Continental Congress!" shouted
+Allen.
+
+He was captured by General Prescott in Canada.
+
+"Were the king's forces in Boston to sally forth and conquer our army,
+the rules of civilized warfare would be of no account to them, I am
+thinking;" suggested Mr. Reed. "It behooves us to keep out of their
+clutches, or die in the attempt."
+
+The cruelty of British officers to prisoners was the subject of frequent
+discussion between Washington and his advisers, and finally he wrote to
+General Gage as follows:
+
+"I understand that the officers engaged in the cause of liberty and
+their country, who, by the fortune of war have fallen into your hands,
+have been thrown indiscriminately into a common jail, appropriated to
+felons; that no consideration has been had for those of the most
+respectable rank, when languishing with wounds and sickness, and that
+some have been amputated in this unworthy situation.... The obligations
+arising from the rights of humanity and claims of rank are universally
+binding and extensive, except in case of retaliation. These, I should
+have hoped, would have dictated a more tender treatment of those
+individuals whom chance or war had put in your power.... My duty now
+makes it necessary to apprise you that, for the future, I shall regulate
+all my conduct towards those gentlemen who are, or may be, in our
+possession, exactly by the rule you shall observe toward those of ours
+now in your custody.
+
+"If severity and hardships mark the line of your conduct, painful as it
+may be to me, your prisoners will feel its effects. But if kindness and
+humanity are shown to us, I shall with pleasure consider those in our
+hands only as unfortunate, and they shall receive from me that treatment
+to which the unfortunate are ever entitled."
+
+The reply of General Gage was characteristic of a conceited, ambitious,
+and domineering officer of the king, and Washington closed his reply to
+it with these words:
+
+"I shall now, sir, close my correspondence with you, perhaps forever. If
+your officers, our prisoners, receive a treatment from me different from
+that which I wished to show them, they and you will remember the
+occasion of it."
+
+Subsequently, Washington ordered British officers at Watertown and Cape
+Ann, who were at large on parole, to be confined in the jail at
+Northampton, explaining to them that it was not agreeable to his
+feelings of humanity, but according to the treatment of Americans whom
+the officers of the crown held as prisoners. But he could not tolerate
+even this mild form of retaliation, and therefore in a short time he
+revoked the order, and the prisoners were at large again.
+
+"I was never more distressed in mind than I am now," remarked Washington
+to a member of his staff.
+
+"Why so?"
+
+"Within a few days this army will be reduced to less than ten thousand
+men by the expiration of enlistments," answered Washington; "and when we
+can ever attack Boston is a problem. For six months I have been waiting
+for powder, fire-arms, recruits, and what-not; and here we are with the
+1st of January, 1776, right upon us, when several thousand soldiers will
+leave."
+
+"A very discouraging fact indeed," answered the staff officer; "and how
+will you fill the breach created by their going?"
+
+"That is what troubles me. We shall be forced to require soldiers whose
+term of enlistment expires, to leave their muskets, allowing them fair
+compensation for the same. And to encourage their successors to bring
+arms, we must charge each one of them who fails to bring his gun one
+dollar for the use of the one we provide."
+
+"A novel way of recruiting and supplying an army, truly," said the staff
+officer.
+
+"The only way left to us," remarked Washington.
+
+"Yes; and I suppose that any way is better than none."
+
+Washington wrote to a friend on the 4th of January:
+
+"It is easier to conceive than to describe the situation of my mind for
+some time past and my feelings under our present circumstances. Search
+the volume of history through, and I much question whether a case
+similar to ours can be found; namely, to maintain a post against the
+power of the British troops for six months together without powder, and
+then to have one army disbanded and another raised within the same
+distance (musket shot) of a reinforced enemy.... For two months past I
+have scarcely emerged from one difficulty before I have been plunged
+into another. How it will end, God, in His great goodness, will direct.
+I am thankful for His protection to this time."
+
+A few days later he wrote:
+
+"The reflection of my situation and that of this army produces many an
+unhappy hour, when all around me are wrapped in sleep. Few people know
+the predicament we are in on a thousand accounts; fewer still will
+believe, if any disaster happens to these lines, from what cause it
+flows. I have often thought how much happier I should have been, if,
+instead of accepting the command under such circumstances, I had taken
+my musket on my shoulder and entered the ranks; or, if I could have
+justified the measure to posterity and my own conscience, had retired to
+the back country and lived in a wigwam."
+
+Still, through his tact and indomitable perseverance, Washington found
+his army in a condition to attack Boston in March. He had vainly tried
+to induce the British troops to leave their comfortable quarters and
+come out to battle. He had so effectually cut off their supplies by his
+determined siege that the British Government was compelled to send
+supplies from home. But now he felt that the time for action had come.
+He called a council of war.
+
+"Our situation compels action of some kind to save ourselves, even at
+great risk," he said to his advisers. "There is a cloud over the public
+mind, and there is danger on the north and on the south. Montgomery has
+fallen before Quebec, and our little army in Canada is depleted and
+broken. Tryon and the Tories are plotting mischief in New York, and
+Dunmore in Virginia. Clinton, too, is making depredations along the
+coast."
+
+"And what do you propose?" inquired one.
+
+"To attack Boston."
+
+"And take the risk?"
+
+"Yes; and take the risk, which will prove less, I believe, that the risk
+incurred by continual inaction."
+
+"Do you propose an immediate movement?"
+
+"On the 4th of March, the anniversary of the 'Boston Massacre.' It is a
+good time to avenge that wrong."
+
+On the 4th of March, 1775, the British troops, who were often insolent
+and overbearing to the citizens of Boston, were attacked and stoned by
+indignant parties. A brief contest followed, in which four Americans
+were killed and several wounded. This was called the "Boston Massacre."
+
+"I hope that your movement will be successful, but it is a hazardous
+one," suggested one of the council. "An attack all along the line?"
+
+"By no means," answered Washington. "The project is hazardous indeed,
+but that is inevitable. On the night of March 3 I propose to take
+possession of Dorchester Heights, throw up breastworks, and by the time
+the enemy can see the Heights in the morning, be prepared to hold the
+position."
+
+"And if the whole British army attack us, what then?"
+
+"General Putnam shall have a force of four thousand men on the opposite
+side of the town, in two divisions, under Generals Sullivan and Greene.
+At a given signal from Roxbury, they shall embark at the mouth of
+Charles River, cross under cover of three floating batteries, land in
+two places in Boston, secure its strong posts, force the gates and works
+at the neck, and let in the Roxbury troops. This, in case they make a
+determined attempt to dislodge us."
+
+Washington waited for a reply. The bold plan somewhat perplexed his
+advisers at first, and there was silence for a moment. At length one
+spoke, and then another, and still another, until every objection was
+canvassed. The plan was finally adopted, but kept a profound secret with
+the officers who were to conduct the enterprise.
+
+We cannot dwell upon details. Agreeable to Washington's arrangement,
+when the expedition with tools, arms, supplies, and other necessaries
+was ready to move on the evening of March 3, a terrible cannonading of
+the British by the American army, at two different points, commenced,
+under the cover of which our troops reached Dorchester Heights without
+attracting the attention of the enemy. The reader may judge of the
+cannonading by the words of Mrs. John Adams, who wrote to her husband
+thus:
+
+"I have just returned from Penn's Hill, where I have been sitting to
+hear the amazing roar of cannon, and from whence I could see every
+shell that was thrown. The sound, I think, is one of the grandest in
+nature, and is of the true species of the sublime. It is now an
+incessant roar.
+
+"I went to bed about twelve, and rose again a little after one. I could
+no more sleep than if I had been in the engagement; the rattling of the
+windows, the jar of the house, the continual roar of twenty-four
+pounders, and the bursting of shells, give us such ideas, and realize a
+scene to us of which we could scarcely form any conception. I hope to
+give you joy of Boston, even if it is in ruins, before I send this
+away."
+
+What the British beheld on the morning of March 4, to their surprise and
+alarm, is best told in the words of one of their officers.
+
+"This morning at daybreak we discovered two redoubts on Dorchester
+Point, and two smaller ones on their flanks. They were all raised during
+last night, with an expedition equal to that of 'the genii' belonging to
+Alladin's wonderful lamp. From these hills they command the whole town,
+so that we must drive them from their post or desert the place."
+
+The British general, Howe, exclaimed:
+
+"The rebels have done more work in one night than my whole army would
+have done in a month."
+
+General Howe had superseded General Gage some time before this exploit.
+
+Quickly as possible, General Howe began to bombard the new
+fortifications on Dorchester Heights. All through the day he cannonaded
+the little American army, and, under the cover of the bombardment,
+prepared to land twenty-five hundred picked men at night, and carry the
+Heights by storm. His guns did little damage, however, through the day.
+Washington was present in person, encouraging the soldiers, and
+directing them in strengthening the fortifications.
+
+Under the darkness of night General Howe sent twenty-five hundred of his
+best soldiers, in transports, to capture the "rebel works." But a
+furious northeast storm arose, and beat upon them with such violence
+that it was impossible to land. They were compelled to postpone the
+attack until the next night. But the storm continued, and even
+increased. The wind blew a gale and the rain descended in torrents all
+through the following day and night, shutting up the enemy within their
+own quarters, and allowing the Americans time to multiply their works
+and render them impregnable.
+
+When the storm ceased, an English officer declared that the Americans
+were invincible in their strong position. That General Howe was of the
+same opinion is evident from the fact that he decided to evacuate
+Boston.
+
+Had General Howe been able to land his troops on the first night, as he
+planned, there is little doubt that Washington would have been driven
+from the Heights as the Americans were driven from Bunker Hill, so that
+the intervention of the storm seemed peculiarly providential. When
+Washington issued his order, months before, for the strict observance of
+the Sabbath and daily religious service by the army, General Lee, who
+was a godless scoffer, remarked, derisively, "God is on the side of the
+heaviest battalions."
+
+But in this case the storm favored the _weakest_ battalions.
+
+General Howe conferred with the authorities of Boston, and promised to
+evacuate the city without inflicting harm upon it if the Americans would
+not attack him. Otherwise he would commit the city to the flames, and
+leave under cover of the mighty conflagration. Washington wrote to him:
+
+"If you will evacuate the city without plundering or doing any harm, I
+will not open fire upon you. But if you make any attempt to plunder, or
+if the torch is applied to a single building, I will open upon you the
+most deadly bombardment."
+
+Howe promised: yet such was the disposition of the British soldiers to
+acts of violence, that he was obliged to issue an order that soldiers
+found plundering should be hanged on the spot; and he had an officer,
+with a company of soldiers and a hangman, march through the streets,
+ready to execute his order.
+
+It was not, however, until the 17th of March that the embarkation of the
+British army commenced. About twelve thousand soldiers and refugees
+embarked in seventy-eight vessels. The refugees were Americans who
+favored the British cause (called Tories), and they did not dare to
+remain in this country. Washington wrote about these refugees:
+
+"By all accounts there never existed a more miserable set of beings than
+those wretched creatures now are. Taught to believe that the power of
+Great Britain was superior to all opposition, and that foreign aid was
+at hand, they were even higher and more insulting in their opposition
+than the regulars. When the order was issued, therefore, for embarking
+the troops in Boston, no electric shock, no sudden clap of thunder, in a
+word, the last trump, could not have struck them with greater
+consternation. They were at their wits' end; chose to commit themselves,
+in the manner I have above described, to the mercy of the waves at a
+tempestuous season, rather than meet their offended countrymen."
+
+With exceeding joy Washington beheld the "precipitate retreat" of the
+British army from Boston, but fired not a gun. One of General Howe's
+officers wrote afterwards:
+
+"It was lucky for the inhabitants now left in Boston that they did not,
+for I am informed that everything was prepared to set the town in a
+blaze had they fired one cannon."
+
+We have intentionally passed over several incidents, with the rehearsal
+of which we will bring this chapter to a close.
+
+When Washington assumed the command of the American army, he left his
+Mount Vernon estate in charge of Mr. Lund Washington, continuing to
+direct its management by correspondence. He expected to return to his
+home in the autumn, and so encouraged his wife to believe. But in this
+he was sorely disappointed. His thoughtful and benevolent character
+appears in one of his early letters to his agent:
+
+"Let the hospitality of the house with respect to the poor be kept up.
+Let no one go hungry away. If any of this kind of people should be in
+want of corn, supply their necessaries, provided it does not encourage
+them to idleness; and I have no objection to your giving my money in
+charity to the amount of forty or fifty pounds a year, when you think it
+is well bestowed. What I mean by having no objection is, that it is my
+desire that it should be done."
+
+Many Americans feared that the enemy might send a war vessel up the
+Potomac and destroy the Mount Vernon residence and capture Mrs.
+Washington. She was earnestly advised to leave, and repair to a place of
+safety beyond the Blue Ridge. But Washington sent for her to come to him
+at Cambridge.
+
+She was four weeks travelling from Mount Vernon to Cambridge. She
+performed the journey in her own carriage, a chariot drawn by four fine
+horses, with black postilions in scarlet and white liveries. This was an
+English style of equipage, and the public sentiment of that day demanded
+that the commander-in-chief should adopt it. She was accompanied by her
+son, and was escorted from place to place by guards of honor. Her
+arrival in Cambridge was the signal for great rejoicing. The army
+received her with the honors due to her illustrious husband.
+
+She immediately took charge of Washington's headquarters, and soon
+became as popular in the domestic and social circle as her husband was
+in camp and field. It was at Cambridge that she was first called "Lady
+Washington."
+
+As an illustration of Washington's rigid discipline, an incident is
+related of his manner of suppressing a disturbance. It was during the
+winter he was besieging Boston.
+
+A party of Virginia riflemen met a party of Marblehead fishermen. The
+dress of the fishermen was as singular to the riflemen as that of the
+riflemen was to the fishermen, and they began to banter each other.
+Snow-balls soon began to fly back and forth, and finally hard blows were
+interchanged. A melee occurred, in which a thousand soldiers
+participated.
+
+Hearing of the disturbance, Washington hastened to the scene, and,
+leaping from his horse, he seized two burly Virginians by the neck, and
+held them out at arm's length, at the same time administering a rebuke
+in words that scattered the combatants as suddenly as a cannonade would
+have done.
+
+The British army committed many depredations in Boston during the year
+they held possession of it. They tore out the pulpit and pews of the Old
+South Church, and converted it into a riding-school for General
+Burgoyne's light-horse regiment. They took down the North Church and
+used it for fuel. They used up about three hundred wooden houses in the
+same way.
+
+In the winter a theatre was established for the entertainment of the
+British soldiers. At one time a British officer wrote a farce entitled,
+"The Blockade of Boston," to be played on a given evening. It was a
+burlesque upon Washington and the American army. It represented the
+commander-in-chief of the American army as an awkward lout, equipped
+with a huge wig, and a long, rusty sword, attended by a country booby as
+orderly sergeant, in a rustic garb, with an old fire-lock seven or eight
+feet long.
+
+The theatre was filled to overflowing on the night the farce was
+announced. It happened that, on the same night, General Putnam sent a
+party of two hundred men to surprise and capture a British guard
+stationed at Charlestown. His daring exploit was successful, though his
+men were fired upon by the garrison of the fort. The thunder of
+artillery caused a British officer to believe that the Yankees were in
+motion, and he rushed into the theatre, crying, "The Yankees are
+attacking Bunker Hill!"
+
+At first the audience supposed that this announcement was part of the
+play. But General Howe, who was present, undeceived them by calling out,
+"Officers, to your alarm posts!"
+
+The farce turned out to be tragedy, and the curtain fell upon the scene.
+The audience scattered like a flock of sheep.
+
+The failure of the British to hold Boston was extremely mortifying to
+General Howe and the English Government. When the king's regiments first
+took possession of the city, one of the officers wrote home:
+
+"Whenever it comes to blows, he that can run the fastest will think
+himself well off, believe me. Any two regiments here ought to be
+decimated if they did not beat in the field the whole force of the
+Massachusetts Province."
+
+General Gage said to the king, before leaving England to take command of
+the forces in Boston, "The Americans will be lions so long as the
+English are lambs. Give me five regiments and I will keep Boston quiet."
+
+When General Burgoyne was sailing into Boston Harbor to join his king's
+army, and his attention was called to the fact that a few thousand
+undisciplined "rebels" were besieging a town garrisoned by five or six
+thousand British regulars, he exclaimed in derision:
+
+"What! ten thousand peasants keep five thousand king's troops shut up?
+Well, let us get in and we'll soon find elbow-room."
+
+He failed to find "elbow room" until he put out to sea.
+
+To be driven out of Boston, when such a result was considered impossible
+by the foe, was doubly humiliating to the sons of Great Britain. It was
+proportionably glorious to American patriots, and they took possession
+of the city with exultation and devout thanksgivings to God.
+
+Congress unanimously adopted a eulogistic resolution, rehearsing the
+valor and achievements of the commander-in-chief, and ordered a gold
+medal, with appropriate inscription, to be struck off, and presented to
+him as a token of the country's gratitude.
+
+
+
+
+XVIII.
+
+DEFENDING NEW YORK.
+
+
+"What next?" inquired General Putnam.
+
+"That is a difficult question to answer until I know General Howe's
+destination," replied Washington.
+
+"Then you don't think he is going home?" continued Putnam facetiously.
+
+"Not yet, though I wish he might; then I would go home, too."
+
+"But seriously, where do you think he is going?" urged Putnam.
+
+"I fear that he is bound to New York, for that is a port more important
+to him than even Boston." Washington spoke as if he were greatly
+perplexed.
+
+"Well," added Putnam in his resolute way, "if he is bound for New York
+it won't do for us to be fooling about here long."
+
+"No; and if I were certain that his destination were there, I should put
+you in command of that post at once," said Washington. "Besides the
+importance of the position to him, the large number of Tories in that
+town is a great inducement for him to strike there. Governor Tryon has
+been plotting something with them, and who knows but his appearance
+there will be the signal for them to rise against their own country."
+
+"Just like 'em," answered Putnam. "A man who will turn against his own
+country ought to dangle at the end of a halter. With the British army
+outside, and hundreds of traitors inside, New York will make a poor
+show."
+
+"There is no telling what a strong defence of the town can be made with
+the Lord on our side. My hope is in the righteousness of our cause."
+
+Washington called a council of war in his perplexity. He laid before his
+military advisers his reasons for supposing that the foe, driven from
+Boston, had sailed for New York.
+
+"The English will be chagrined over their defeat here, after all their
+boasting," said Washington, "and we may expect heavier blows in future
+somewhere. The king will not suffer 'rebels' to remain unmolested. We do
+well to expect that in future the king will concentrate the military
+power of his government and hurl it upon us to bring us to terms."
+
+It was finally determined to put General Putnam in command at New York,
+and he was hurried away, with all the troops in Boston but five
+regiments, and instructions to complete the fortifications commenced by
+General Lee. Two or three months before, in consequence of the
+appearance of a British fleet, under Clinton, in the harbor of New York,
+and the secret plottings of Governor Tryon and the Tories, Washington
+placed General Lee in command there. Lee at once arrested leading
+Tories, and sent them to prison, threatening all the rest, in his fiery
+way, with similar punishment if they continued to aid the enemy.
+Governor Tryon fled to a British man-of-war in the harbor, accompanied
+by several of his political advisers, and from those new headquarters he
+continued secret intercourse with the Tories. New dangers soon arising
+farther south, General Lee was transferred to the Southern Military
+Department, with headquarters at Williamsburg.
+
+Such was the state of affairs in New York when General Putnam took
+command, with not more than eight thousand available troops in the town
+and vicinity.
+
+Washington ordered three thousand militia to go to his aid from
+Connecticut, and as soon as he could arrange affairs in Boston he
+himself hastened to New York with his body-guard, where he arrived on
+the thirteenth day of April.
+
+Before this time he had learned that General Howe proceeded to Halifax,
+to await large reinforcements from Great Britain; that his brother,
+Admiral Howe, with his naval fleet, would join him there, and then the
+great army would sail for New York.
+
+He did not know, however, at that time, what the British Government was
+doing "to crush the rebels in North America." He learned afterwards that
+the king, stung to madness by the failure of his army in Boston,
+resolved to avenge the defeat by a terrible blow upon New York. He hired
+seventeen thousand Hessians to join the army, paying them liberally for
+their services, and these hirelings would swell the invading army to
+startling proportions.
+
+Notwithstanding the evacuation of Boston, the cause of the patriots
+never seemed more hopeless than it did when the British army, under the
+two Howes, appeared below New York.
+
+"Our army in Canada is beaten and shattered," Washington said, "and our
+cause is lost there. Here it is difficult to tell friend from foe. It is
+claimed that half of the people in New York are Tories, and what
+communications they may have with the British army, through Tryon, it is
+impossible to tell. We have not half the men absolutely required to hold
+this position, and what we have are poorly clad and equipped, and not
+half fed. Then we have reason to suspect that the enemy will come with
+greater inhumanity to man, and that fire and sword will do a more
+fearful work than ever. What some of the British officers are capable of
+doing in the way of fiendish devastation was shown in Boston, when the
+burning of every town between that city and Halifax was ordered, and
+Portland was laid in ashes."
+
+Washington wrote to his brother:
+
+"We expect a bloody summer in New York and Canada; and I am sorry to say
+that we are not, either in men or arms, prepared for it. However, it
+is to be hoped that, if our cause is just, as I most religiously
+believe, the same Providence which has in many instances appeared for us
+will still go on to afford us its aid."
+
+Congress was in session at Philadelphia, and Washington went thither to
+confer with members concerning the summer campaign, and to plead for
+aid. Through his influence, Congress added twenty-three thousand militia
+to the army, including a flying camp of ten thousand.
+
+In the midst of these troubles a conspiracy of startling magnitude was
+discovered. "A part of the plot being," says Sparks, "to seize General
+Washington and carry him to the enemy." Rev. John Marsh of Wethersfield,
+Conn., wrote and published the following account of the affair:
+
+"About ten days before any of the conspirators were taken up, a woman
+went to the general and desired a private interview. He granted it to
+her, and she let him know that his life was in danger, and gave him such
+an account of the conspiracy as gained his confidence. He opened the
+matter to a few friends on whom he could depend. A strict watch was kept
+night and day, until a favorable opportunity occurred, when the general
+went to bed as usual, arose about two o'clock, told his lady that he was
+going with some of the Provincial Congress to order some Tories seized,
+desired she would make herself easy and go to sleep. He went off without
+any of his aides-de-camp, except the captain of his life-guard; was
+joined by a number of chosen men, with lanterns and proper instruments
+to break open houses; and before six o'clock next morning had forty men
+under guard at the City Hall, among whom was the mayor of the city,
+several merchants, and five or six of his own life-guard. Upon
+examination, one Forbes confessed that the plan was to assassinate the
+general and as many of the superior officers as they could, and to blow
+up the magazine upon the appearance of the enemy's fleet, and to go off
+in boats prepared for that purpose to join the enemy."
+
+Thomas Hickey, one of Washington's own guard, was proved to be a leader
+in the plot, and he was sentenced to be hung. The sentence was executed
+on the twenty-eighth day of June, in a field near Bowery Lane, in the
+presence of twenty thousand people.
+
+On the same day four of the enemy's warships dropped anchor in the bay.
+The next morning there were forty ships, and they continued to arrive
+until one hundred and thirty vessels of war and transports could be
+distinctly seen with a glass. The British troops were landed on Staten
+Island, where nearly all the people were Tories, although they had
+professed to be patriots.
+
+While these warlike preparations were going forward, the American
+Congress was discussing the most important subject ever considered by a
+legislative body--that of American independence; and on the 4th of July,
+1776, the Declaration of Independence was adopted.
+
+The discussion upon the adoption of this important document was
+conducted in secret session. The people outside knew what was before the
+Assembly, and there was great excitement. For hours citizens gathered
+about the State House, awaiting the decision with the utmost anxiety. A
+man was stationed in the steeple of the building to ring the bell when
+the decisive vote was declared. The bell was imported from England
+twenty-three years before, and bore this inscription:
+
+"Proclaim liberty throughout all the land, unto all the inhabitants
+thereof."
+
+When the bell pealed forth the glad news that the Declaration of
+Independence was adopted, the joy of the people knew no bounds. The
+tidings spread from town to town, and awakened the most hearty response.
+On the ninth day of July, Washington caused the Declaration to be read
+at the head of each regiment, and it revived their drooping hopes more
+than the arrival of ten thousand recruits.
+
+In their outburst of gladness, the soldiers indulged themselves in some
+excesses. There was a leaden statue of George III, in the Bowling Green,
+which they tore from its pedestal, and cut up, to run into bullets.
+Washington thought it was an unnecessary act of violence, denoting
+insubordination and recklessness, and he rebuked the deed by an order,
+in which he said:
+
+"The general hopes and trusts that every officer and man will endeavor
+to live and act as becomes a Christian soldier, defending the dearest
+rights and liberties of his country."
+
+One day, before the engagement came on, General Putnam was crossing a
+field, which is now the "Park," when his attention was called to a
+company of artillery on drill. Observing the company for several
+minutes, he remarked to the commander:
+
+"A well-disciplined company!"
+
+"With some more practice they will be," the commander replied modestly.
+
+"Have they attained to this excellence of drill under your command?"
+General Putnam asked, noticing that the officer could not be more than
+twenty years of age.
+
+"Yes, sir; I have enjoyed some opportunities to study military science."
+
+"Where?"
+
+"First in the West Indies, where I was born. I was a merchant's clerk
+there, but longed for a military life, and finally I seized upon the
+first opportunity to study such books as I could find. After I came to
+this country my desire for military service did not abate, and I joined
+Captain Fleming's company."
+
+"General Washington must know you," responded Putnam as he moved on.
+
+We have introduced this incident here because the young commander was
+Alexander Hamilton, who became identified with the history of our
+country. He came to this country at fifteen; entered King's College,
+where he was the best scholar; joined one of the first volunteer
+companies organized in New York, and became so efficient that he was
+made captain of the artillery company he was drilling when General
+Putnam met him. He was not twenty years old at that time. Subsequently
+he became one of Washington's wisest counsellors. "In him were united,"
+says another, "the patriot, the soldier, the statesman, the jurist, the
+orator, and philosopher, and he was great in them all."
+
+British ships of war continued to arrive, bringing Hessians and Scotch
+Highlanders to swell the king's army. Still no particular movement to
+capture the city was made.
+
+On the 21st of July, Washington heard from Sir Henry Clinton's fleet.
+Clinton left the British army in Boston, in December, 1775, and
+unexpectedly appeared in the harbor of New York, as we have stated.
+However, after a conference with Governor Tryon, he sailed south, saying
+that he had no intention of attacking New York.
+
+Clinton soon appeared in Charleston Harbor, part of an expedition
+against South Carolina, under Sir Peter Parker, and in a few days joined
+in attacking the fort, six miles below the city. The fort was commanded
+by Sir William Moultrie. It was attacked with both fleet and army, on
+the twenty-eighth day of June, by one of the most terrible bombardments
+ever known at that time. An experienced British officer said, "It was
+the most furious fire I ever heard or saw."
+
+A few days before, General Charles Lee advised abandoning the fort.
+
+"A mere slaughter-house!" he exclaimed to Governor Rutledge, who was a
+true patriot. "A mere slaughter-house! A British man-of-war will knock
+it to pieces in half an hour!"
+
+"Nevertheless, holding that fort is necessary to the defence of the city
+and State," answered Rutledge. "The fort must be held." He sent for
+Moultrie.
+
+"General Moultrie, what do you think about giving up the fort?" he
+inquired, repeating the advice of General Lee.
+
+Moultrie was indignant, and he replied:
+
+"No man, sir, can have a higher opinion of British ships and seamen than
+I have. But there are others who love the smell of gunpowder as well
+as they do. Give us a plenty of powder and ball, sir, and let them come
+on as soon as they please."
+
+"You shall have plenty of powder and ball," answered Rutledge, as he
+sent Moultrie back to his post.
+
+The guns of Fort Moultrie riddled the British ships, and covered their
+decks with the dead and dying. One hundred and seventy-five men were
+killed on board the fleet, and as many more wounded. The Americans lost
+but thirty-five, and held the fort. A braver garrison never met a foe.
+Sergeant Jaspar saw the flag shot away, and leaped down upon the beach,
+snatched it up, and returned it to its place, shouting:
+
+"Hurrah, boys! Liberty and America forever!" Governor Rutledge rewarded
+him with a sword.
+
+Sergeant McDonald was terribly shattered by a cannon-ball, and he called
+out with his dying breath, "I die, but don't let the cause of liberty
+die with me!"
+
+The enemy's fleet was driven off in a shattered condition. The commander
+was so deeply humiliated that even his black pilots insulted him. Weems
+says that he called to one of them:
+
+"Cudjo, what water have you there?"
+
+"What water, massa? what water? Why, salt water, sure sir! sea water
+always salt water, ain't he, massa?"
+
+"You black rascal, I knew it was salt water; I only wanted to know how
+_much_ water you have there?"
+
+"How much water here, massa? how much water here? God bless me, massa!
+Where I going get quart pot for measure him?"
+
+The commander, even in his chagrin and trouble, could not but laugh at
+Cudjo's idea of measuring the Atlantic ocean with a quart pot.
+
+This discomfited fleet returned to New York and joined the British army.
+
+When the news of the signal victory of the patriots at Moultrie reached
+Washington, he announced it to the army, and said:
+
+"With such a bright example before us of what can be done by brave men
+fighting in defence of their country, we shall be loaded with a double
+share of shame and infamy if we do not acquit ourselves with courage,
+and manifest a determined resolution to conquer or die."
+
+A detachment of the army was sent to construct works from Wallabout Bay
+to Red Hook. Washington rode out one day to inspect the defences, when
+he approached a subaltern officer who was directing his men to raise a
+heavy timber to its place. Instead of lending a helping hand, the
+conceited fellow stood, shouting:
+
+"Hurrah, boys, _n-o-w_, right _up_, _h-e-a-v-e_," etc.
+
+"Why do you not lend a helping hand?" said Washington, whom the officer
+did not know.
+
+"What, sir! I lend a helping hand?" exclaimed the official sprig. "Why,
+sir, I'll have you know that I am _corporal_!"
+
+Washington leaped from his saddle, laid hold of the timber with the men,
+and helped lift it to its place. Then turning to the "corporal," he said
+sarcastically:
+
+"Mr. Corporal, my name's George Washington. I have come over from New
+York to inspect the works here; so soon as you have done this piece of
+work, you will meet me at your commander's, General Sullivan's
+quarters."
+
+Washington despised officers who felt above their business.
+
+On a flying visit to Connecticut, he failed to reach his destination on
+Saturday night. Early Sunday morning he completed the few remaining
+miles of his journey. On his way, a tithing man came out of a house and
+inquired of the coachman:
+
+"Is there any necessity of your travelling on the Lord's Day?"
+
+Washington ordered his coachman to stop, and replied:
+
+"I have no intention of breaking the laws of Connecticut; they meet my
+most cordial approbation. But I was disappointed in not being able to
+reach my destination last night, where I shall attend church."
+
+Washington waited and waited for the enemy to move, and wondered that he
+did not. Putnam wrote to Gates:
+
+"Is it not strange that those invincible troops who were to lay waste
+all the country, with their fleets and army, dare not put their feet on
+the main?"
+
+About this time General Washington made the following address to his
+army:
+
+"The time is now near at hand which must determine whether Americans are
+to be free men or slaves; whether they are to have any property they can
+call their own; whether their houses and farms are to be pillaged and
+destroyed, and themselves consigned to a state of wretchedness, from
+which no human efforts will deliver them. The fate of unborn millions
+will now depend, under God, on the courage and conduct of this army. Our
+cruel and unrelenting enemy leaves us only the choice of a brave
+resistance or the most abject submission. We have, therefore, to resolve
+to conquer or die. Our own, our country's, honor calls upon us for a
+vigorous and manly action; and if we now shamefully fail, we shall
+become infamous to the whole world. Let us then rely upon the goodness
+of our cause, and the aid of the Supreme Being, in whose hands victory
+is, to animate and encourage us to great and noble actions."
+
+The American army had grown by this time to over twenty thousand men
+poorly equipped and fed, though not more than fifteen thousand were
+available for immediate action. Congress was slow to provide supplies,
+and everything dragged. Many of the men carried only a spade, shovel or
+pick-axe. At the call of the country, they responded with shovels in
+hand, having no guns. They could throw up works, though destitute of
+arms to repel the foe. It was this destitute condition of our army that
+led a British officer to write home derisively:
+
+"The rebels are armed with scythes and pitchforks."
+
+To rebuke the growing vice and recklessness of the army, Washington
+issued the following order:
+
+"The general is sorry to be informed that the foolish and wicked
+practice of profane cursing and swearing, a vice heretofore little known
+in an American army, is growing into fashion. He hopes the officers will
+by example, as well as influence, endeavor to check it, and that both
+they and the men will reflect that we can have little hope of the
+blessing of Heaven on our arms if we insult it by our impiety and folly;
+added to this, it is a vice so mean and low, without any temptation,
+that every man of sense and character detests and despises it."
+
+On the 17th of August Washington observed a movement of the enemy.
+
+"They are embarking," he said to one of his aides, "bound for some
+point. Thirty thousand of them will be able to crush us if, as General
+Lee says, 'God is on the side of heavy battalions.'"
+
+He was not long in doubt concerning their destination, for they landed
+at Long Island.
+
+"They mean to capture Brooklyn Heights," exclaimed Washington; "their
+designs are clear enough now."
+
+"The city is at their mercy if they once capture that position," replied
+"Old Put," as the soldiers called General Putnam. "They must not be
+suffered to gain that position."
+
+"You must go to General Sullivan's aid with six battalions, all the
+force we can spare," said Washington. "There is no time to be lost."
+
+In anticipation of such a movement, Washington had stationed a body of
+troops on Brooklyn Heights under General Greene; but the latter was
+taken sick, and General Sullivan succeeded him, and now General Putnam
+was placed in command. No more men could be sent to Brooklyn Heights,
+because Washington expected the British fleet would attack the city.
+
+He received the following message from General Livingston of New Jersey:
+
+"I saw movements of the enemy on Staten Island, and sent over a spy at
+midnight, who brought back the following intelligence: Twenty thousand
+men have embarked to make an attack on Long Island, and up the Hudson.
+Fifteen thousand remained on Staten Island, to attack Bergen Point,
+Elizabethtown Point, and Amboy." The spy heard the orders read and the
+conversation of the generals. "They appear very determined," added he,
+"and will put all to the sword."
+
+Again, in expectation of an immediate attack, he addressed the army to
+inspire them with determined valor, and said:
+
+"The enemy have landed upon Long Island, and the hour is fast
+approaching on which the honor and success of this army, and the safety
+of our bleeding country, depend. Remember, officers and soldiers, that
+you are free men, fighting for the blessings of liberty; that slavery
+will be your portion, and that of your posterity, if you do not acquit
+yourselves like men. It is the general's express orders that, if any
+man attempt to skulk, lie down, or retreat without orders, he be
+instantly shot down for an example."
+
+Fifteen thousand British troops landed and advanced to seize the
+Heights. It was on the twenty-first day of August, 1776. A terrific
+battle of seven days followed, in which the slaughter and suffering were
+fearful. Alternate victory and defeat were experienced by both sides.
+Sometimes it was a hand-to-hand fight with bayonets. As Washington
+beheld a detachment of his heroic men pierced to death by Hessian
+bayonets, he wrung his hands in an agony of spirit, and exclaimed:
+
+"O good God, what brave fellows I must this day lose!"
+
+There were but five thousand Americans pitted in this battle against
+fifteen thousand British, and yet they fought seven days.
+
+On the twenty-eighth day of August, the British moved their line of
+battle to within a mile of the Yankee breast-works on the Heights. The
+capture of the Heights, with all the American soldiers, seemed
+inevitable. Between them and New York was the East River, which the
+enemy's fleet commanded. Before them was the foe, numbering three to
+one. To human view there was no hope for the brave little army of
+patriots.
+
+But on that night a storm arose, and a dense fog enveloped the Heights.
+Early in the evening the rain began to fall, and, together, fog and rain
+created a dismal scene. At the same time a brisk breeze sprang up,
+sufficient to waft the boats across to the New York side. If anything
+more were needed to prove that God was favoring the smallest battalions,
+it was the fact that the night was clear on the New York side of the
+river.
+
+"God is propitious to-night," said Washington to Putnam in a hopeful
+tone. "Under cover of this darkness we must cross the river and save our
+army."
+
+"Our only salvation," replied Putnam.
+
+Washington superintended the retreat personally, and, as the fog did not
+clear away until ten o'clock on the following day, his whole force, with
+guns and ammunition, were carried across the river before the enemy
+discovered the retreat. This retreat was regarded as one of the most
+signal achievements of the war. Sparks says, in his "Life of
+Washington:"
+
+"The retreat, in its plan, execution, and success, has been regarded as
+one of the most remarkable military events in history, and as reflecting
+the highest credit on the talents and skill of the commander. So intense
+was the anxiety of Washington, so unceasing his exertions, that for
+forty-eight hours he did not close his eyes, and rarely dismounted from
+his horse."
+
+"We cannot hold New York," said Washington, at a council of war he
+called immediately. "We are at the mercy of the enemy on every hand."
+
+"From Brooklyn Heights British guns can lay this city in ashes," added
+Putnam.
+
+"That is true; but the Howes will never order that destruction so long
+as half the citizens are Tories," replied Washington.
+
+"Sure enough; that is a voucher against such a measure," responded
+Putnam. "But if thirty thousand well-armed and well-fed British troops,
+having possession of all the land and water around Manhattan Island,
+can't capture this small and undisciplined army, they don't deserve the
+name of soldiers."
+
+"And now our men are disheartened," continued Washington. "We lost
+nearly two thousand men, killed, wounded, and missing, on Brooklyn
+Heights, and many of those who escaped have deserted. We must evacuate
+the city."
+
+"And leave it in flames," added Putnam.
+
+"Yes, apply the torch," said another; "we must do it in self-defence.
+What a strong position against us it will afford to the enemy!"
+
+Washington saw reasons for adopting this extreme measure, but he could
+not take the responsibility. He did write to Congress about it, however,
+as follows:
+
+"If we should be obliged to abandon the town, ought it to stand as
+winter quarters for the enemy? They would derive great convenience from
+it on the one hand, and much property would be destroyed on the other.
+At the present, I dare say, the enemy mean to preserve it if they can."
+
+On the tenth day of September, Congress voted to leave the fate of the
+city in Washington's hands, and he left it unharmed.
+
+Concerning the alarming desertions after the retreat from Brooklyn
+Heights, he wrote, in humane extenuation of the deserters' offence:
+
+"Men just dragged from the tender scenes of domestic life, and
+unaccustomed to the din of arms, totally unacquainted with every kind of
+military skill, are timid, and ready to fly from their own shadows.
+Besides, the sudden change in their manner of living brings on an
+unconquerable desire to return to their homes."
+
+Establishing his headquarters at King's Bridge, Washington superintended
+the retreat from New York, which was accomplished without the loss of
+anything except his heaviest cannon.
+
+Colonel Humphreys wrote: "I had frequent opportunities that day of
+beholding Washington issuing orders, encouraging the troops, flying on
+his horse covered with foam, wherever his presence was most necessary.
+Without his extraordinary exertions the guards must have been inevitably
+lost, and it is possible the entire corps would have been cut in
+pieces."
+
+He made a noble stand at Harlem Heights for three weeks, where he had
+several encounters with the foe. In one of these, two of his most
+brilliant officers were killed, Colonel Knowlton and Major Leith.
+Knowlton's last words were, "Did we drive the enemy in?" Speaking of
+Colonel Knowlton reminds us of an incident.
+
+Soon after the retreat from Brooklyn, Washington said to Knowlton:
+
+"It is important for me to know the strength of the enemy on Long
+Island. Can you name a trusty man who will find out?"
+
+"I can," answered Knowlton. "If he will consent, he is just the man for
+such service."
+
+"Send him to me immediately."
+
+Within a short time Nathan Hale of Connecticut, one of the bravest and
+most promising young officers in the army, presented himself to the
+general.
+
+"Can you ascertain for me the number and strength of the British on Long
+Island?" asked Washington.
+
+"I think I can," replied Hale; "I am willing to try."
+
+"You understand that it will cost your life if the enemy capture you. It
+is serious business."
+
+"I understand. I understood that when I entered the army," was young
+Hale's cool and heroic reply.
+
+"Go, then, and quickly as possible obtain the information I so much
+need."
+
+Hale went to Long Island in the capacity of a schoolmaster, obtained the
+information that Washington desired, and on his return was discovered
+and arrested as a spy. Without trial or court-martial he was executed,
+in extremely aggravating circumstances.
+
+"A clergyman, whose attendance he desired, was refused him; a Bible, for
+a moment's devotion, was not procured though he requested it. Letters
+which on the morning of his execution, he wrote to his mother and
+sister, were destroyed; and this very extraordinary reason was given by
+the provost-martial, 'that the rebels should not know that they had a
+man in the army who could die with so much firmness.' Unknown to all
+around him, without a single friend to offer him the least consolation,
+as amiable and as worthy a young man as America could boast was thus
+hung as a spy." His last words were:
+
+"I lament only that I have but one life to give to the cause of liberty
+and the rights of man."
+
+Soon after Washington withdrew his defeated army to Harlem Heights, he
+heard cannonading at the landing, where breastworks had been thrown up.
+Springing upon his horse, he galloped away in the direction of the
+firing, and, before he reached the place, he met his soldiers in full
+retreat before a squad of British, numbering not more than sixty or
+seventy. He drew his sword, and with threats, endeavored to rally them;
+but in vain. He was so shocked by their cowardice, and so determined to
+repel the foe, that he would have dashed forward to his death, had not
+his aides seized the reins of his charger, and turned him in the other
+direction.
+
+On the 20th of September, after the British took possession of New York,
+a fire started one night in a drinking saloon, where soldiers were
+revelling (perhaps celebrating their triumphal entry into the city), and
+it spread with great rapidity. The buildings were mostly of wood, so
+that the devouring flames licked them up as tinder; and although the
+thousands of British soldiers exerted themselves to the utmost to
+extinguish the fire, one quarter of the city, about one thousand
+buildings, was laid in ashes.
+
+At this time the army in Canada had withdrawn to Crown Point, numbering
+about six thousand, one half of them being sick and the other half
+disheartened and disaffected. General Washington ordered them to retire
+to Ticonderoga for safety and rest. The small-pox was spreading among
+them to an alarming degree.
+
+Jealousies among officers, dissatisfaction among soldiers, clashing
+interests among the Colonies, and a growing distrust of Washington,
+added to the complications of the American cause, and to the trials of
+Congress and the commander-in-chief.
+
+Referring to the discordant interests throughout most of the Colonies,
+John Adams wrote: "It requires more serenity of temper, a deeper
+understanding, and more courage than fell to the lot of Marlborough,
+to ride in this whirlwind."
+
+By request, General Lee returned from the South at this time. He was an
+accomplished military officer, and his successes at the South added much
+to his laurels. Many regarded him superior to Washington. The latter
+esteemed him highly as an officer of skill and experience. At a council
+of war held soon after his arrival, General Lee said:
+
+"A position is not a good one simply because its approaches are
+difficult. No army can maintain itself with the enemy in front and rear,
+especially when the enemy's ships command the water on each side, as
+they do here. Your recent experience on Long Island and in New York
+shows the danger of such position."
+
+"That is very true," answered Washington. "We cannot afford to hazard
+too much in the present condition of the army. I have satisfactory
+evidence that General Howe's purpose is to surround our camp, and
+capture the whole American army."
+
+"And he is not much of a general if he does not do it," responded Lee.
+"For my part, I would have nothing to do with the islands to which you
+have been clinging so pertinaciously. I would give Mr. Howe a fee-simple
+of them."
+
+"Where and when shall we be in a better condition to meet the enemy?"
+inquired General George Clinton, a brave but inexperienced officer. "We
+must fight the enemy somewhere; why not here?"
+
+"I will answer your inquiry," replied Washington. "We shall be in a
+better condition to meet the foe when the Colonies have had time to
+furnish their quotas of recruits, as recently ordered by Congress."
+
+At the earnest solicitation of Washington, Congress had voted that the
+Colonies should furnish eighty-eight battalions, in quotas, according
+to their abilities; that the pay of officers should be raised; troops
+serving throughout the war should receive a bounty of twenty dollars
+and one hundred acres of land, with a new suit of clothes annually.
+Those enlisting for three years were to receive twenty dollars bounty,
+but no land. This provision was a response to Washington's frequent
+protests against short enlistments and small pay, and it pointed to a
+reorganization of the army, on a permanent footing, according to
+Washington's frequently expressed ideas. The general had great
+expectations of relief from this more liberal policy.
+
+"Our present action should look solely to the safety of the army,"
+interjected Lee. "To save it from annihilation or capture is our first
+duty."
+
+"Certainly," rejoined Washington; "and now let this question be answered
+definitely: whether (considering that the obstructions in the North
+River have proved insufficient, and that the enemy's whole force is in
+our rear on Grog Point), it is now deemed possible, in our situation, to
+prevent the enemy from cutting off the communication with the country,
+and compelling us to fight them at all disadvantages or surrender
+prisoners at discretion?"
+
+Every number of the council except General Clinton decided that it was
+impossible to occupy the present position without exposing the army to
+destruction or capture; hence, another retreat followed.
+
+
+
+
+XIX.
+
+FROM HARLEM TO TRENTON.
+
+
+Washington withdrew his army to White Plains, leaving nearly three
+thousand of his best troops to garrison Fort Washington. Congress
+believed that Fort Washington could hold the Hudson secure, and
+therefore ordered that a strong garrison be left there. It was not
+according to General Washington's idea, after he decided to retreat to
+White Plains, but he yielded to the request of Congress. General
+Putnam's obstructions in the river amounted to little. Four galleys,
+mounted with heavy guns and swivels; two new ships, filled with stones,
+to be sunk at the proper moment; a sloop at anchor, having on board an
+infernal machine for submarine explosion, with which to blow up the
+men-of-war; these were among the aids to the Fort, together with
+batteries on either shore, to prevent the enemy ascending the Hudson.
+Yet, on the ninth day of October, three British war-ships sailed
+triumphantly up the river, sweeping through the obstructions, with
+little damage to themselves.
+
+The British pursued the American army. Washington threw up intrenchments
+hastily, designing to make but a temporary stay there. General Lee
+arrived with the rear division of the army, after the temporary
+fortifications were well under way.
+
+"This is but a temporary camp," remarked Washington to Lee. "Yonder
+height (pointing to the north) is a more eligible location."
+
+"I judge so," General Lee answered, taking in the situation at once.
+
+"Let us ride out and inspect the ground for ourselves," proposed
+Washington. And they galloped away. On arriving at the spot, General Lee
+pointed to still another height farther north.
+
+"That is the ground we ought to occupy," he said.
+
+"Well, let us go and view it," replied Washington.
+
+They had not reached the location when a courier came dashing up to
+them.
+
+"The British are in the camp, sir!" he exclaimed to Washington.
+
+"Then we have other business to attend to than reconnoitering," quickly
+and coolly replied the general, putting spurs to his horse and returning
+to camp.
+
+"The pickets are driven in, but our army is in order of battle,"
+Adjutant-General Reed informed him, as he reached headquarters.
+
+"Gentlemen, return to your respective posts, and do the best you can,"
+the general responded, without the least excitement.
+
+By this time the British army was discovered upon the high ground beyond
+the village, advancing in two columns, "in all the pomp and circumstance
+of war." General Heath wrote afterwards:
+
+"It was a brilliant but formidable sight. The sun shone bright, their
+arms glittered, and perhaps troops never were shown to more advantage."
+
+A brief but hard-fought battle followed, in which there was a loss of
+about four hundred men on each side.
+
+The enemy waited for reinforcements, and Washington improved the time to
+fall back to Northcastle, five miles, where, in the rocky fastness, he
+could defy the whole British army. To add to his advantages, the day on
+which the British commander decided upon an attack, after the arrival of
+reinforcements, a violent rain set in, and continued through the day,
+rendering an attack impossible, so that the Americans had still more
+time to strengthen their position.
+
+On the night of Nov. 4, a heavy rumbling sound was heard in the
+direction of the British camp. It continued all through the night, and
+resembled the noise of wagons and artillery in motion. Day break
+disclosed the cause: the enemy was decamping. Long trains were seen
+moving over the hilly country towards Dobb's Ferry on the Hudson.
+
+"A feint!" said General Lee, as soon as he discovered the situation.
+
+"A retreat, more like," replied another officer. "The enemy sees little
+hope in attacking this stronghold."
+
+"I can hardly believe that so large and well-disciplined an army is
+going to withdraw without giving battle," responded Washington. "No
+doubt an attack upon Fort Washington is the immediate purpose; and then,
+perhaps an invasion into the Jerseys."
+
+There was much speculation among the officers as to the meaning of this
+manoeuvre, and all of them were in more or less perplexity. Washington
+wrote immediately to Governor Livingston of New Jersey and hurried a
+messenger away with the letter:
+
+"They have gone towards North River and King's Bridge. Some suppose they
+are going into winter quarters, and will sit down in New York without
+doing more than investing Fort Washington. I cannot subscribe wholly to
+this opinion myself. That they will invest Fort Washington is a matter
+of which there can be no doubt, and I think there is a strong
+probability that General Howe will detach a part of his force to make an
+incursion into the Jerseys, provided he is going to New York. He must
+attempt something on account of his reputation, for what has he done as
+yet with his great army?"
+
+Satisfied that General Howe intended to capture Fort Washington, he
+advised its evacuation. He wrote to General Greene:
+
+"If we cannot prevent vessels from passing up the river, and the enemy
+are possessed of all the surrounding country, what valuable purpose can
+it answer to hold a post from which the expected benefit cannot be had?
+I am, therefore, inclined to think that it will not be prudent to hazard
+the men and stores at Mount Washington; but as you are on the spot, I
+leave it to you to give such orders as to evacuating Mount Washington as
+you may judge best, and so far revoking the orders given to Colonel
+Morgan, to defend it to the last."
+
+General Greene took the responsibility to hold the fort; and when
+Colonel Morgan received a demand from the enemy to surrender, he
+replied: "I shall defend the fort to the last."
+
+After a manly resistance, however, he was forced to surrender; and the
+fort, with its garrison of twenty-eight hundred men, and abundant
+stores, passed into the hands of the enemy. The prisoners were taken to
+New York and confined in the notorious British prison-ship, where they
+suffered long and terribly.
+
+This was a very unfortunate affair for the American cause, and caused
+the commander-in-chief great anxiety. He wrote to his brother about it
+in a gloomy mood, and said:
+
+"In ten days from this date there will not be above two thousand men, if
+that number, of the fixed, established regiments on this side of the
+Hudson River, to oppose Howe's whole army; and very little more on the
+other, to secure the eastern Colonies, and the important passes leading
+through the Highlands to Albany, and the country about the lakes.... I
+am wearied almost to death with the retrograde movement of things, and I
+solemnly protest that a pecuniary reward of twenty thousand pounds a
+year would not induce me to undergo what I do, and, after all, perhaps
+to lose my character; as it is impossible, under such a variety of
+distressing circumstances, to conduct matters agreeably to public
+expectation."
+
+Washington's command was now at Fort Lee (formerly Fort Constitution).
+The next movement of the enemy was designed to hem them in between the
+Hudson and Hackensack, and capture them. The commander-in-chief ordered
+a hasty retreat, the want of horses and wagons making it necessary to
+abandon a large quantity of baggage, stores, and provisions, and even
+the tents and all the cannon except two twelve pounders. The retreat
+over the Hackensack was successfully performed, and here Washington
+ordered Colonel Greyson to send the following message to General Lee:
+
+"Remove the troops under your command to this side of the North River,
+and there wait for further orders."
+
+The next day Washington wrote to Lee:
+
+"I am of opinion, and the gentlemen about me concur in it, that the
+public interest requires your coming over to this side of the Hudson
+with the Continental troops."
+
+Not more than three thousand soldiers were with Washington at
+Hackensack, without intrenching tools, tents, and necessary supplies. To
+risk an engagement in these circumstances was hazardous in the extreme,
+and a further retreat became inevitable. Leaving three regiments to
+guard the passages of the Hackensack, and to serve as covering parties,
+he withdrew to Newark, on the west bank of the Passaic.
+
+To add to the perils of his situation, the term of enlistment of General
+Mercer's command was about to expire. He must have reinforcements, or
+his entire army would be destroyed. He hurried away Colonel Reed to
+Governor Livingston of New Jersey, and General Mifflin to Philadelphia,
+to implore aid. At the same time he depended upon General Lee for
+immediate reinforcements, not doubting that the latter was obeying his
+orders; but, to his amazement, a letter from Lee revealed the startling
+fact that he had not moved from Northcastle.
+
+Washington renewed his orders to Lee to move with all possible despatch
+and come to his rescue. He said:
+
+"The enemy are pushing on, and part of them have crossed the Passaic.
+Their plans have not entirely unfolded, but I shall not be surprised to
+find that Philadelphia is the object of their movement."
+
+"We cannot make a stand here," said General Greene.
+
+"By no means," answered Washington. "My hope is to make a stand at
+Brunswick, on the Raritan; or, certainly, to dispute the passage of the
+Delaware."
+
+"Our retreat to Brunswick must be hastened, or the enemy will be upon
+us," added Greene.
+
+The retreat was precipitated; and when the rear-guard of Washington's
+command was leaving one end of Newark, the vanguard of the British army
+was entering at the other.
+
+On reaching Brunswick, Washington wrote at once to Governor Livingston,
+instructing him to collect all the boats and river craft on the Delaware
+for seventy miles, remove them to the western bank of the river, away
+from the enemy, and guard them.
+
+He was doomed to additional disappointment at Brunswick. Colonel Reed
+raised no troops in New Jersey, and many of those raised by General
+Mifflin in Pennsylvania were deserting. The term of enlistment of
+General Mercer's command had expired, and no inducement or entreaties
+could prevail upon them to remain. He could not muster over four
+thousand men.
+
+Still worse, a letter from General Lee to Colonel Reed disclosed the
+fact that the former had not given heed to the orders of his chief, and
+he was still at Northcastle. Moreover, the letter revealed that General
+Lee was plotting against him. Colonel Reed was absent when the letter
+arrived, and, according to his custom, Washington opened the letter,
+supposing it related to military business. What was his surprise to find
+that the letter contained insinuations against himself, and also
+implicated Colonel Reed, his old friend, in a plot to make Lee
+commander-in-chief.
+
+We will say here, once for all, that, while General Lee was an able
+military officer, he was an ambitious, arrogant, and deceitful man. On
+his return from the South, his fame had reached the zenith, and some
+thought he ought to lead the American army. Washington's continued
+retreats increased this feeling, until General Lee evidently thought
+there was a fair prospect of the removal of Washington, and his own
+promotion to commander-in-chief. Even Colonel Reed entertained this
+opinion, though afterwards he saw his mistake, and made suitable amends.
+This explains Lee's conduct before and after Washington retired from
+Brunswick.
+
+Judge Jay related the following incident: "A short time before the death
+of John Adams, I was conversing with my father about the American
+Revolution. Suddenly he remarked:
+
+"'Ah, William! The history of that Revolution will never be known.
+Nobody now alive knows it but John Adams and myself.'
+
+"'You surprise me, father; to what can you refer?'
+
+"'The proceedings of the old Congress.'
+
+"'What proceedings?'
+
+"'Those against Washington; from first to last there was a bitter party
+against him.'"
+
+The "old Congress" sat with closed doors, so that the public learned
+only what it was wise to disclose.
+
+Washington waited for recruits at Brunswick until the 1st of December.
+On that day the vanguard of the British army appeared on the opposite
+side of the Raritan. Washington destroyed the end of the bridge next to
+the village, to intercept the pursuit of the enemy, and retreated.
+Stopping at Princeton temporarily, he left twelve hundred troops there,
+under Lord Stirling and General Stephens, to keep an eye on the foe, and
+continued his retreat to Trenton.
+
+While the American army decreased from week to week, the British army in
+pursuit was augmented; for, through the Jerseys, General Howe impressed
+men, horses, and wagons, and at the same time many Tories flocked to his
+standard. He issued a proclamation, also, offering pardon and protection
+to all citizens who would take the oath of allegiance to the king. There
+was so little hope of the American cause at that time, and Washington's
+army appeared so plainly to be near destruction, that many citizens took
+the oath and joined the British army, as they thought, from absolute
+necessity. "Many who had been prominent in the cause, hastened to take
+advantage of this proclamation," says Irving. "Those who had the most
+property to lose were the first to submit; the middle ranks remained
+generally steadfast in this time of trial."
+
+A British officer wrote to his friends in London:
+
+"The rebels continue flying before our army. Lord Cornwallis took the
+fort opposite Brunswick, plunged into Raritan River, and seized the
+town.... Such a panic has seized the rebels that no part of the Jerseys
+will hold them, and I doubt whether Philadelphia itself will stop their
+career. The Congress have lost their authority.... They are in such
+consternation that they know not what to do. The two Adamses are in New
+England; Franklin gone to France; Lynch has lost his senses; Rutledge
+has gone home disgusted; Dana is persecuting at Albany; and Jay is in
+the country, playing as bad a part, so that the fools have lost the
+assistance of the knaves."
+
+"This," says Sparks, "was the gloomiest period of the war. The campaign
+had been little else than a series of disasters and retreats. The enemy
+had gained possession of Rhode Island, Long Island, the city of New
+York, Staten Island, and nearly the whole of the Jerseys, and seemed on
+the point of extending their conquests into Pennsylvania. By the fatal
+scheme of short enlistments, and by sickness, the effective force with
+General Washington had dwindled away, till it hardly deserved the name
+of an army."
+
+Still Washington was hopeful, and expected that the cause of right would
+triumph. When and how he could not tell; but he continued to say, "That
+Providence which has brought us out of many difficulties will yet crown
+our righteous cause with success."
+
+"I expected substantial aid from the Jerseys," he said to General
+Mercer. "I am disappointed that the people have not flocked to our
+standard."
+
+"I am more than disappointed," replied Mercer; "I am shocked and vexed
+at the cowardice of the people."
+
+"What think you," continued Washington, "if we should retreat to the
+back part of Pennsylvania, would the Pennsylvanians support us?"
+
+The mountainous regions of Pennsylvania were the field of his early
+exploits against the French and Indians, and Mercer was with him there.
+
+"If the lower counties give up, the back counties will do the same,"
+Mercer answered in a desponding way.
+
+"We must then retire to Augusta County, Virginia," responded Washington,
+his indomitable spirit rising superior to all discouragements. "Numbers
+will repair to us for safety, and we will try a predatory war. If
+overpowered, we must cross the Alleghanies."
+
+Before this time, Colonel Reed said to him one day, "When shall we stop
+this everlasting retreating and make a stand?"
+
+Washington answered, without the least show of resentment:
+
+"If it becomes necessary, we will retreat over every river and mountain
+in America."
+
+Such an unconquerable spirit receives its reward at last.
+
+Lee did not leave Northcastle until the last of November. True, he
+ordered General Heath to a movement that he claimed would support
+Washington; but when General Heath found that Lee was not obeying the
+orders of the commander-in-chief, he refused to entertain his commands.
+
+"I am amenable to the commander-in-chief, and cannot supply you with
+troops as you order," he said.
+
+"In point of _law_ you are right," said Lee, "but in point of policy I
+think you are wrong. I am going into the Jerseys for the salvation of
+America; I wish to take with me a larger force than I now have, and
+request you to order two thousand of your men to march with me."
+
+"I cannot spare that number."
+
+"Then order one thousand."
+
+"No, not a thousand."
+
+"How many, then?" continued Lee.
+
+"Not one," answered Heath. "I may as well bring this matter to a point
+at once; not a single man will I furnish from this post by _your_
+order."
+
+"Then," exclaimed Lee in an excited manner, "I will order them myself."
+
+"That makes a wide difference," rejoined Heath. "You are my senior, but
+I have received positive written instructions from him who is superior
+to us both, and I will not _myself_ break those orders. Read them."
+
+He handed Washington's letter to Lee, in which he positively forbade the
+removal of any troops from that post.
+
+"The commander-in-chief is now at a distance," said Lee, after reading
+the letter, "and he does not know what is necessary here as well as I
+do."
+
+Turning to Major Huntington, Lee said authoritatively:
+
+"You will order two regiments (designating the two) to march early
+to-morrow morning to join me."
+
+General Heath was surprised and indignant at Lee's assumption of
+authority, and he said to the major, "Issue such orders at your peril!"
+
+Then turning to Lee, he added:
+
+"Sir, if you come to this post, and mean to issue orders here which will
+break the positive ones I have received I pray you do it completely
+yourself, and through your own deputy adjutant-general, who is present,
+and not draw me or any of my family in as partners in the guilt."
+
+"It is right," answered Lee. "Colonel Scammel, do you issue the order."
+
+"I have one more request to make," interrupted General Heath, "and that
+is, that you will be pleased to give me a certificate that you _exercise
+command_ at this post, and order from it these regiments."
+
+Lee objected, but General George Clinton, who was present, said:
+
+"That is a very reasonable request, General Lee, and surely you cannot
+refuse it."
+
+Without replying, he immediately wrote the following:
+
+"For the satisfaction of General Heath, and at his request, I do certify
+that I am commanding officer, at this present writing, in this post, and
+that I have, in that capacity, ordered Prescott's and Wyllis' regiments
+to march."
+
+The next morning General Lee rode up to Heath's door, and said:
+
+"Upon further consideration I have concluded not to take the two
+regiments with me. You may order them to return to their former post."
+
+Evidently the ambitious and conceited general had come to the conclusion
+that "discretion is the better part of valor."
+
+General Lee did not cross the Hudson until the 4th of December, moving
+snail-like, although he knew that Washington's army was in imminent
+peril.
+
+"Do come on," Washington's last plea was; "your arrival may be
+fortunate, and, if it can be effected without delay, it may be the means
+of preserving a city whose loss must prove of the most fatal consequence
+to the cause of America."
+
+The "city" referred to was Philadelphia. Washington had written to him
+that the enemy was designing to capture Philadelphia, a calamity that
+must be prevented if possible.
+
+At this time Washington had removed the baggage and stores of his army
+across the Delaware. Being reinforced, however, by fifteen hundred
+Pennsylvania militia, he resolved to march back to Princeton and await
+developments. On his way he met General Stirling, who had evacuated
+Princeton, as Cornwallis was marching upon it with a large force.
+Returning to Trenton, he hastily collected all the boats possible, and
+conveyed his whole force over the Delaware, including General Stirling's
+command from Princeton. The rear-guard had scarcely crossed the river
+when Cornwallis appeared in the distance with his "bannered hosts." As
+Washington had taken possession of all the boats and transports, the
+enemy could not cross.
+
+The tact and skill of Washington as a general were as conspicuous in his
+retreat through the Jerseys as they were on any battlefield. Thomas
+Paine accompanied the army, and he wrote:
+
+"With a handful of men we sustained an orderly retreat for near an
+hundred miles, brought off our ammunition, all our field-pieces, the
+greatest part of our stores, and had four rivers to pass. None can say
+that our retreat was precipitate, for we were three weeks in performing
+it, that the country might have time to come in. Twice we marched back
+to meet the enemy, and remained out until dark. The sign of fear was not
+seen in our camp; and had not some of the cowardly and disaffected
+inhabitants spread false alarms through the country, the Jerseys had
+never been ravaged."
+
+On the 12th of December, General Lee had marched no farther than
+Vealtown, eight miles from Morristown. He continued to disregard
+Washington's appeals and instructions, receiving one almost every day.
+In some of them the commander-in-chief showed that his patience was well
+nigh exhausted.
+
+"I am surprised that you should be in doubt about the route you are to
+take after my definite instructions," he wrote on the 11th of December.
+
+"I have so frequently mentioned our situation, and the necessity of your
+aid, that it is painful for me to add a word on the subject," he wrote
+on the same day.
+
+At Vealtown Lee left his troops in command of General Sullivan, and took
+up his own quarters at a "tavern" in Baskingridge, three miles off. He
+was very partial to "_taverns_" especially if well stocked with certain
+articles to please his palate.
+
+On the next morning, about 11 o'clock, General Lee was writing at the
+table, and Major Wilkinson was looking out of the window. The latter
+arrived early in the morning with a letter from his commander, General
+Gates, and General Lee was replying to it.
+
+"The British cavalry are upon us!" shouted Wilkinson in consternation.
+
+"Where?" exclaimed Lee, springing from his chair.
+
+"Right here, around the house," answered Wilkinson, who beheld a
+detachment of British cavalry surrounding the tavern.
+
+"Where are the guards?" cried out Lee, in his surprise and horror.
+"Why don't they fire?"
+
+It was a cold morning, and the guards had stacked their arms, and passed
+around to the south side of the house to sun themselves. They scarcely
+observed the enemy's presence until they heard the demand to surrender.
+
+"If General Lee does not surrender in five minutes I will set fire to
+the house!"
+
+At the same time the guards were chased in different directions. The
+demand for Lee to surrender was repeated, and he did surrender. Hastily
+he was put upon Wilkinson's horse, which stood at the door, and within
+three hours the enemy were exulting over him at Brunswick.
+
+"No one to blame but himself," remarked Heath.
+
+"Good enough for him," said many Americans.
+
+General Sullivan was now in command, and he joined the
+commander-in-chief as soon as possible.
+
+In Wilkinson's memoir it is said that Lee delayed so strangely in order
+to intercept the enemy in pursuit of Washington; and it is added:
+
+"If General Lee had anticipated General Washington in cutting the cordon
+of the enemy between New York and the Delaware, the commander-in-chief
+would probably have been superseded. In this case Lee would have
+succeeded him."
+
+Washington was too magnanimous to exult over the fall of Lee.
+Notwithstanding his knowledge of Lee's plans to supersede him, he wrote
+to his brother:
+
+"Before you receive this letter, you will undoubtedly have heard of the
+capture of General Lee. This is an additional misfortune; and the more
+vexatious, as it was by his own folly and imprudence, and without a view
+to effect any good, that he was taken. As he went to lodge three miles
+out of his own camp, and within twenty miles of the enemy, a rascally
+Tory rode in the night to give notice of it to the enemy, who sent a
+party of light-horse, who seized him, and carried him off with every
+mark of triumph and indignity."
+
+
+
+
+XX.
+
+BATTLES OF TRENTON AND PRINCETON.
+
+
+Washington was so anxious for the safety of Philadelphia, that he
+appointed General Putnam to command the post, with instructions to
+fortify the city at once. At the same time he advised Congress to remove
+to Baltimore; and that body, after hastily completing the business
+before them, adjourned to meet in the latter city on the 20th of
+December.
+
+By this time his army numbered about five thousand available men. One
+thousand militia from New Jersey, and fifteen hundred from Pennsylvania,
+with five hundred Germans from the latter State, was a very encouraging
+increase of his worn and wasted army. Then he had word that General
+Gates was coming on with seven regiments detached by Schuyler from the
+northern department. Washington was hopeful again, and began to plan an
+attack upon the enemy.
+
+Before Congress adjourned to meet at Baltimore, they clothed Washington
+with unusual powers. They voted:
+
+"Until Congress orders otherwise, General Washington shall be possessed
+of all power to order and direct all things relative to the department
+and to the operations of war."
+
+In the days of ancient Rome, such power would have constituted him a
+military dictator. It was conferred in answer to a remarkable
+communication from Washington himself, one of the most able, practical,
+and faithful public documents extant, in which he said:
+
+"It may be thought that I am going a good deal out of the line of my
+duty to adopt these measures or advise thus freely. A character to lose,
+an estate to forfeit, the inestimable blessings of liberty at stake, and
+a life devoted, must be my excuse."
+
+Washington immediately recruited three battalions of artillery. He
+promised those whose time of enlistment had expired an increase of
+twenty-five per cent to their pay if they would remain, and ten dollars
+bounty for six weeks' service. "It is no time to stand upon expense,"
+he said.
+
+On the 20th of December, General Sullivan arrived with Lee's army. The
+men were in a bad plight, many of them sick and exhausted, others ragged
+and desponding. On the same day, also, General Gates arrived with the
+remnants of four regiments from the Northern army.
+
+"Now is our time to strike a blow that shall put heart into the friends
+of our cause," said Washington to General Greene.
+
+"I am at your service in any enterprise that will do that," answered
+Greene. "Explain."
+
+"I propose an immediate attack upon the enemy," said Washington.
+
+"Well, there is no cowardice in that proposition," remarked Greene. "To
+recross the Delaware that is filled with ice, and attack the enemy in
+his own camp, this wintry weather, is worthy of the commander-in-chief
+of the American army."
+
+"Howe has gone into winter quarters in New York," continued Washington.
+"His troops are scattered about loosely, because he thinks the rebel
+army is powerless. Cornwallis has left our front, and returned to New
+York. The Hessians are stationed along the Delaware, facing us, and are
+thinking more of a good time, probably, in this Christmas season, than
+they are of us. It is a good time to surprise them."
+
+"Perhaps so," answered Greene. "How about crossing the river with so
+much floating ice in it?"
+
+"That is not an insuperable barrier," replied Washington. "Besides, if
+we wait until the river is frozen over, the enemy will surprise us."
+
+"You are resolved to attack them?" added Greene.
+
+"Yes, on the 25th, which is close by."
+
+General Greene and the other officers entered into the plan with all
+their hearts, as soon as they fully comprehended it. The night of the
+25th was the earliest moment the army could move. The intervening time
+would be required for preparation.
+
+"A good chance to avenge the loss of Fort Washington, and the wrongs
+inflicted upon the people of Jersey by the Hessians," remarked General
+Greene to his command. The Hessians had been reckless and destructive in
+their march through the Jerseys.
+
+"Miserable hirelings, these Hessians!" exclaimed Major Wilkinson, by way
+of stirring up the soldiers to crave an attack upon them. "Such
+wretches, fighting us for mere pay, without caring whether liberty or
+slavery reigns, deserve to be shot."
+
+The night of the 25th was a boisterous one. A storm was coming on, and
+the Delaware rolled tempestuously. But, undismayed, Washington ordered
+the army to move at dark. He crossed the Delaware nine miles above
+Trenton, where there were fifteen hundred Hessians and a troop of
+British light-horse, to march down upon the town. General Ewing, with
+his force, was to have crossed a mile below the town, but was prevented
+by the quantity of ice. General Putnam, with the troops occupied in
+fortifying Philadelphia, crossed below Burlington.
+
+When Washington was ready to march, after crossing the river, a furious
+storm of snow and sleet began to beat in the faces of the troops, to
+impede their progress. It was eight o'clock before the head of the
+column reached the village. Seeing a man chopping wood, Washington
+inquired:
+
+"Which way is the Hessian picket?"
+
+"I don't know," the man replied.
+
+"You may tell," said Captain Forest of the artillery, "for that is
+General Washington."
+
+The man changed his aspect instantly. Raising both hands heavenward, he
+exclaimed:
+
+"God bless and prosper you!"
+
+Then pointing to a house, he said:
+
+"The picket is in that house, and the sentry stands near that tree."
+
+Rising in his stirrups, and waving his sword in the air, Washington
+addressed his troops: "There, boys, are the enemies of your country! All
+I ask of you is to remember what you are about to fight for! March!"
+
+Soon the battle began. It was a complete surprise to the foe. They
+rallied at first, and undertook to make a stand, but were unable to
+breast the storm of shot that beat into their very faces. The British
+light-horse fled from the town, together with other troops, none of
+which could have escaped if General Ewing and General Cadwalader had
+been able to cross the river, and cooperate with Washington, according
+to his plan. They were to guard the only way of retreat open to the
+enemy.
+
+The battle was short and decisive. Many Hessians were killed, and their
+brave commander, Colonel Rahl, fell mortally wounded. He was conveyed
+carefully to the house of a Quaker lady, where General Washington paid
+him a visit before leaving town.
+
+"The misfortunes of war are to be deplored," remarked Washington, taking
+the dying man by the hand, and expressing his sympathy for him.
+
+"Death is preferable to life with this dishonor," answered Rahl.
+
+Washington spoke in praise of the bravery of his men, to which Rahl
+replied, though he was really suffering the agony of death:
+
+"I entreat you, General Washington, not to take anything from my men but
+their arms."
+
+"I will not," answered Washington; and he kept the promise.
+
+Washington took about a thousand prisoners in this battle, including
+thirty-two officers. His seizure of artillery and stores, also, was
+quite large. With prisoners and stores he recrossed the Delaware to his
+camp.
+
+The fame of this brilliant exploit spread from town to town, reviving
+the despondent hopes of the many in sympathy with the American cause.
+
+Despatches from Cadwalader and Reed assured Washington that the British
+army, fleeing from Trenton, had spread consternation everywhere among
+the enemy. Trenton, Bordentown, and other places were deserted by the
+foe, who, panic-stricken by the victory of Washington, fled in
+confusion.
+
+Washington saw that now was his time to drive the British from the
+Jerseys. He sent to Generals McDougall and Maxwell at Morristown,
+ordering them to collect as large a force of militia as possible, and
+harass the retreating enemy in the rear. He wrote to General Heath,
+also, to come down at once from the Highlands, with the eastern militia;
+and he despatched gentlemen of influence in different directions, to
+arouse the militia to revenge the wrongs inflicted upon the people by
+the Hessians. He said:
+
+"If what they have suffered does not rouse their resentment, they must
+not possess the feelings of humanity."
+
+On the 29th of December, Washington crossed the Delaware again with a
+portion of his troops, though two days were consumed in the passage of
+all of them, on account of the ice and boisterous weather. A portion of
+his troops were expecting to go home at the end of the month, as the
+term of their enlistment expired; but Washington drew them up in line,
+and addressed them, appealing to their patriotism, inviting them to
+re-enlist, and offering them ten dollars bounty for six weeks' service.
+Most of them remained.
+
+Taking advantage of the power vested in him, the commander-in-chief
+wrote to Robert Morris, "the patriot financier at Philadelphia,"
+pleading for hard money to meet the emergency.
+
+"If you could possibly collect a sum, if it were but one hundred or one
+hundred and fifty pounds, it would be of service."
+
+Scarce as hard money was, Morris obtained the amount of a wealthy
+Quaker, and forwarded it to Washington by express the next morning.
+
+After the victory at Trenton, Congress, in session at Baltimore, took
+additional action to invest Washington with all necessary powers; and
+that body said, in their communication to him:
+
+"Happy is it for this country that the general of their forces can
+safely be entrusted with the most unlimited power, and neither personal
+security, liberty, or property, be in the least degree endangered
+thereby."
+
+As soon as the news of the capture of the Hessians at Trenton reached
+New York, General Howe hurried Cornwallis off to Princeton, where about
+eight thousand of his army were wintering, with instructions to attack
+Washington. On the second day of January, 1777, the latter posted his
+troops on the east side of a small stream, the Assumpink, learning that
+Cornwallis was marching upon him. About mid-day Cornwallis approached
+with five or six thousand troops, and attempted to cross the river; but
+the Americans repulsed him. The engagement continued until dark, when
+Cornwallis proposed to cease hostilities and rest until morning.
+
+"Nay," said Sir William Erskine; "now is your time to make sure of
+Washington."
+
+"Oh, no!" replied Cornwallis; "our troops are fatigued and need rest.
+The old fox can't make his escape now; for, with the Delaware behind
+him, so filled with floating ice that he cannot cross, we have him
+completely surrounded. To-morrow morning, fresh and strong, we will fall
+upon him, and take him and his rag-a-muffins all at once!"
+
+"Ah, my lord!" rejoined Sir William, "if Washington be the soldier that
+I think he is, you will not see him there to-morrow morning."
+
+The escape of the American army seemed impossible. With a superior force
+of the British in front, well armed and fresh, and the impossibility of
+recrossing the Delaware, together with deep mud in the roads, the
+capture of Washington, to human view, seemed inevitable.
+
+Early in the evening Washington conceived the idea of making a forced
+march to Princeton during the night, to capture the enemy's stores
+there, and then push on to Brunswick for additional booty. But then the
+mud was so deep that such a march would not be possible. While he was
+thus revolving the matter, the wind suddenly shifted, the clouds broke,
+and freezing cold weather set in, so that within two hours the ground
+became solid, and the army could move. Again God proved to the
+astonished commander-in-chief that He was not always "on the side of the
+heaviest battalions."
+
+Stirring up his camp-fire anew, and setting a score of shovellers to
+work within hearing distance of the foe, to deceive him, Washington
+moved off as quietly as possible to Princeton with his army. There he
+met a force Cornwallis had left behind, and a desperate battle followed,
+in which the Americans were victorious.
+
+At first Colonel Mawhood's celebrated regiment charged upon the advance
+of the American army, driving them back in confusion. But Washington,
+ever ready for such an emergency, rode to the front, brandishing his
+sword, and calling upon his men to follow. Placing himself in front,
+directly facing the foe, he stopped for a moment, as if to say to his
+army, "Will you suffer the enemy to shoot your general?" They could not
+resist the appeal, and with a yell they turned and dashed forward, with
+irresistible might, driving all before them, and the victory was theirs.
+
+Colonel Fitzgerald, one of Washington's aides, was so affected by his
+commander's daring, that he dropped the reins on his horse's neck and
+drew his cap over his eyes, that he might not see him shot from his
+horse. While waiting in this agony of suspense, a shout of triumph rent
+the air.
+
+"The British are running!"
+
+"The victory is ours!"
+
+The air was rent with the shouts of the victors.
+
+Lifting his cap, and looking for his loved commander, he beheld him, as
+the smoke of the battle cleared, safe and unharmed, waving his hat and
+cheering his soldiers on to pursue the foe. Bursting into tears for very
+joy, he spurred his horse to Washington's side, and exclaimed:
+
+"Thank God, your excellency is safe!"
+
+Grasping the colonel's hand in gladness, Washington answered:
+
+"Away, my dear colonel, and bring up the troops. THE DAY IS OUR OWN!"
+
+When Cornwallis awoke in the early dawn, he found that his "fox" had
+escaped.
+
+"That is just what I feared," said Sir William Erskine.
+
+"Where can he have gone?" Cornwallis inquired, almost bewildered by the
+unexpected revelation.
+
+Just then booming cannon in the distance explained.
+
+"There!" exclaimed Sir William; "There is Washington now, cutting up our
+troops!"
+
+"Capturing our stores at Brunswick!" shouted Cornwallis in reply, as he
+took in the situation, and thought what a haul the rebel general would
+make in capturing the seventy thousand pounds in money, and the vast
+quantity of arms, ammunition, and stores at Brunswick.
+
+Almost franticly he dashed about to hurry his Army away to the latter
+place, where he arrived to find everything safe, and himself outwitted
+again.
+
+The battle of Princeton, though short, was a costly one to the
+Americans. One general, two colonels, one major, and three captains were
+killed. From twenty to thirty others were killed and wounded. The
+British lost one hundred killed and wounded, and three hundred
+prisoners.
+
+The American general slain was Mercer, whom Washington called "the
+worthy and brave General Mercer." Early in the conflict his horse was
+shot under him, and on foot he was attempting to rally his men, when a
+blow from the butt of a British musket felled him to the ground.
+
+"Call for quarters, you mean rebel!" shouted a British officer.
+
+"I am not a rebel," retorted Mercer; "I am a true soldier of liberty,
+fighting for his country;" and, as he spoke he thrust his sword at the
+nearest man.
+
+Then he was bayoneted, and left for dead. He was subsequently borne to
+the house of a Mr. Clark, where he was nursed until he died, a few days
+thereafter. Washington supposed that he was killed on the field, until
+he was on his way to Morristown. On learning that he was still alive,
+he despatched Major George Lewis with a flag and letter to Cornwallis,
+requesting that the bearer be allowed to remain with, and nurse, the
+wounded general. A few days afterwards, Mercer died in the arms of
+Lewis.
+
+The story spread in the American army that the British bayoneted General
+Mercer after he gave up his sword. But he said to Major Lewis, who
+inquired about it: "The tale which you have heard, George, is untrue. My
+death is owing to myself. I was on foot endeavoring to rally my men, who
+had given way before the superior discipline of the enemy, when I was
+brought to the ground by a blow from a musket. At the same moment the
+enemy discovered my rank, exulted in their having taken the rebel
+general, as they termed me, and bid me ask for quarters. I felt that I
+deserved not so opprobrious an epithet, and determined to die, as I had
+lived, an honored soldier in a just and righteous cause; and without
+begging my life or making reply, I lunged with my sword at the nearest
+man. They then bayoneted and left me."
+
+Washington did not pursue the enemy far, nor push on to Brunswick. Most
+of his troops had been two days and nights without sleep, and they were
+completely exhausted, so that further engagements without rest were
+preposterous. He determined to go into winter quarters at Morristown,
+and marched directly to that place. Stopping at Pluckamin to rest his
+soldiers for a short time, he wrote to General Putnam:
+
+"The enemy appear to be panic-struck. I am in hopes of driving them out
+of the Jerseys. Keep a strict watch upon the enemy. A number of
+horsemen, in the dress of the country, must be kept constantly going
+backward and forward for this purpose."
+
+Occupying the mountainous region of Morristown, and reinforcing his
+little army, he harassed the enemy to such an extent that Cornwallis was
+forced to draw in all his out-posts, so that his land communication with
+New York was completely cut off.
+
+Hamilton wrote: "The extraordinary spectacle was presented of a powerful
+army, straitened within narrow limits by the phantom of a military
+force, and never permitted to transgress those limits with impunity."
+
+The British were driven out of the Jerseys at every point except Amboy
+and Brunswick, and the remarkable exploit awakened the wonder, and
+admiration of even our enemies. Everywhere that the achievements of
+Washington, from Dec. 25, 1776, to Jan. 3, 1777, were made known, his
+fame was greatly augmented. No such bold and glorious deeds could be
+found in the annals of military renown. This was the verdict of the
+country; and from that moment the American cause grew stronger.
+
+From that day to this the battles of Trenton and Princeton, including
+the crossing and recrossing of the Delaware, have been accorded the
+brightest pages of history by writers of every age. It is said that
+Frederick the Great of Prussia declared that the deeds of Washington, in
+the ten days specified, "were the most brilliant of any in the annals of
+military achievements."
+
+The Italian historian, Botta, wrote:
+
+"Achievements so stirring gained for the American commander a very great
+reputation, and were regarded with wonder by all nations, as well as by
+the Americans. The prudence, constancy, and noble intrepidity of
+Washington were admired and applauded by all. By unanimous consent, he
+was declared to be the saviour of his country; all proclaimed him equal
+to the most renowned commanders of antiquity, and especially
+distinguished him by the name of the 'American Fabius.' His name was in
+the mouths of all; he was celebrated by the pens of the most
+distinguished writers. The most illustrious personages of Europe
+lavished upon him their praises and their congratulations."
+
+Washington continued in his winter quarters at Morristown until near the
+close of May. Learning that a British fleet of a hundred transports,
+bearing eighteen thousand soldiers, had sailed from New York, and
+suspecting that Philadelphia was the place of its destination, he broke
+up his camp and marched toward that city. His whole force was but seven
+thousand three hundred men.
+
+While encamped at Morristown, Washington found that the Lord's Supper
+would be celebrated by the Presbyterian Church on a certain Sabbath. He
+called upon the pastor, Dr. Johns, and inquired:
+
+"Does it accord with the canons of your church to admit communicants of
+another denomination?"
+
+"Most certainly," the doctor answered; "ours is not the Presbyterian
+table, General Washington, but the Lord's table; and hence we give the
+Lord's invitation to all His followers, of whatever name."
+
+Washington replied, "I am glad of it; that is as it ought to be; but as
+I was not quite sure of the fact, I thought I would ascertain it from
+yourself, as I propose to join with you on that occasion. Though I am a
+member of the Church of England, I have no exclusive partialities."
+
+He encamped at Middlebrook, ten miles from Brunswick; thence advanced to
+Coryell Ferry, thirty miles from Philadelphia, where he learned that a
+British fleet of two hundred and twenty-eight sail had appeared off the
+capes of Delaware. He marched at once to Germantown, six miles from
+Philadelphia. Here he could personally superintend the defences of the
+city by daily visits thither.
+
+One day he dined with several members of Congress, and was introduced to
+a French nobleman, the Marquis de Lafayette. The latter had heard of the
+American struggle for liberty, led by the heroic Washington, and, in
+common with the lovers of freedom in every land, he was charmed by the
+story. He had an interview with Silas Deane, who was in Paris with Dr.
+Franklin and Arthur Lee, as commissioners, to consummate alliance with
+the French, the result of which was his coming to this country.
+
+Washington welcomed Lafayette with genuine cordiality, and on that day
+commenced a life-long friendship with him.
+
+"We ought to feel embarrassed in presenting ourselves before an officer
+just from the French army," he said.
+
+"It is to learn, and not to instruct, that I came here," was Lafayette's
+polite and modest reply.
+
+Lafayette addressed a communication to Congress, in which he said:
+
+"After many sacrifices I have a right to ask two favors: one is to serve
+at my own expense; the other, to commence serving as a volunteer."
+
+Washington was attracted to Lafayette from the first, and he invited him
+immediately to a place on his staff.
+
+Lafayette was a remarkable character. He was left an orphan at thirteen
+years of age, with a large fortune. Being a favorite in the court of
+Louis, he received a commission in the army at fifteen years of age. He
+was married at sixteen, and two years later resolved to remove to
+America and join in fighting the battle of liberty. His purpose becoming
+known, the government prevented his securing a passage. Determined not
+to be frustrated in his purpose, he purchased a vessel, and prepared to
+sail. His arrest being ordered, he escaped to Passage, where he boarded
+a vessel bound for the West Indies. When fairly under way, fearing that
+the English colonists in the West Indies might arrest him, he hired the
+captain to proceed direct to the American coast. Congress commissioned
+him major-general soon after he joined the American army, the youngest
+major-general ever known in America, if not in the world. His intimate
+relations and aid to Washington make this brief notice necessary.
+
+
+
+
+XXI.
+
+DEFEAT AND VICTORY.
+
+
+The plan of the British for 1777 was, for General Howe, with twenty
+thousand men, to land at the head of Elk River, and march north through
+Philadelphia; while General Burgoyne, starting from Canada with ten
+thousand men, should march south to meet Howe, rallying both Tories and
+Indians to his standard.
+
+The militia of Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Northern Virginia were called
+out to defend Philadelphia; and Washington advanced to Wilmington. In
+order to impress the Tories of Philadelphia, he marched through the city
+at the head of his column, with Lafayette at his side, making an
+imposing display that captivated the friends of liberty, and awed the
+Tories.
+
+It was in this campaign that an officer of the army dined with
+Washington at his headquarters. Several guests graced the occasion.
+When, agreeable to the prevailing custom, the general proposed to drink
+a glass of wine with him, the officer replied, "You will have the
+goodness to excuse me, as I have made it a rule not to take wine."
+
+The other guests were surprised. They regarded the act as a direct
+insult to the commander-in-chief. Washington read their feelings in
+their faces, and he remarked: "Gentlemen, my friend is right; I do not
+wish any of my guests to partake of anything against their inclination,
+and I certainly do not wish them to violate any established _principle_
+in their social intercourse with me. I honor Mr. ---- for his frankness,
+for his consistency in thus adhering to an established rule which can
+never do him harm, and for the adoption of which, I have no doubt, he
+has good and sufficient reasons."
+
+While Washington was watching the British fleet, General Burgoyne was
+advancing from the north, his Hessian soldiers and Indian allies
+indulging themselves in terrifying and plundering the defenceless
+inhabitants. On the 16th of August the battle of Bennington was fought,
+in which the American troops, under the brave General Stark, won a
+decisive victory. Stark addressed his troops in words of cheer before
+going into battle, and closed by saying:
+
+"Now, my men, there are the red-coats. Before night they must be ours,
+or Molly Stark will be a widow."
+
+Stark captured thirty-two British officers, five hundred and sixty-four
+privates, four brass field-pieces, a thousand stand of arms, and a large
+quantity of ammunition.
+
+The moral effect of this victory was grand. The farmers rushed to the
+American camp, to follow up the victory by surrounding Burgoyne, cutting
+off his supplies, and driving him to Saratoga.
+
+Washington hailed the victory with great joy, and proclaimed it at the
+head of his army to inspire his troops to nobler deeds.
+
+Another bloody battle was fought at Fort Schuyler, where the Americans
+bravely defended and held the fort. The Indians conducted so much like
+fiends incarnate that even the Hessians were shocked. A Hessian officer
+wrote:
+
+"These savages are heathen; huge, warlike, and enterprising, but wicked
+as Satan. Some say they are cannibals, but I do not believe it; though,
+in their fury, they will tear the flesh of the enemy with their teeth."
+
+A Miss McCrea, daughter of a New Jersey clergyman, was visiting friends
+at the North. Her lover was a Tory, and he was in the British army, so
+that she felt no anxiety at the approach of Burgoyne.
+
+Early one morning she was startled by the horrid yells of savages, who
+had surrounded the house where she was visiting. Before she was scarcely
+aware of her peril, they burst into the house, in their wild fury,
+seized her, and bore her away in triumph. While they were disputing as
+to whom the prize belonged, a drunken chief buried his tomahawk in her
+head, whereupon she was scalped and left dead upon the ground.
+
+Nine days after the battle of Bennington, Washington learned that
+General Howe was landing his troops in Elk River, seventy miles from
+Philadelphia. It was not, however, until the 8th of September that the
+two armies met, and the battle of Brandywine was fought.
+
+Washington had eleven thousand men, and Howe eighteen thousand. It was a
+sanguinary contest, in which the Americans were defeated, with a loss of
+twelve hundred. Lafayette conducted himself with great coolness and
+bravery, and was wounded by a bullet that passed through his leg.
+
+The consternation in Philadelphia was now appalling. Many of the
+citizens fled; Congress adjourned to Lancaster; confusion and dismay
+turned the city into Bedlam.
+
+Washington retreated to Germantown to prepare for another battle. He was
+beaten, but not dismayed.
+
+Another instance of the providential care over Washington occurred just
+before the battle of Brandywine. In disguise, accompanied by a single
+officer in a Hussar dress, he reconnoitered one day. Major Ferguson
+beheld him at a distance, and, supposing he belonged to the enemy, he
+ordered three riflemen to steal near to him and fire. But, for some
+unaccountable reason, he recalled the riflemen before they fired. What
+was his surprise on the next day to learn that the supposed enemy, whom
+he would have shot, was his own general, Washington!
+
+Howe could not ascend the Delaware to Philadelphia because it was
+defended by Forts Mifflin and Mercer. He prepared to attack them.
+
+A large force of British were at Germantown, and on the night of Oct. 2,
+Washington performed a march of fifteen miles and attacked them. A quick
+and signal victory perched upon his banners, and the enemy fled in
+confusion. The victory was turned into defeat, however, by a serious
+blunder. The British had been driven three miles, leaving tents and
+baggage behind, and were still on the retreat when in the dense fog,
+several Jersey and Maryland regiments approaching, were mistaken for
+British reinforcements. The cry was raised: "We are surrounded and
+retreat cut off!" whereupon the Americans retreated in confusion.
+
+General Sullivan wrote of Washington in that battle:
+
+"I saw, with great concern, our brave commander-in-chief exposing
+himself to the hottest fire of the enemy, in such a manner that regard
+for my country obliged me to ride to him and beg him to retire. He, to
+gratify me and others, withdrew a short distance; but his anxiety for
+the fate of the day soon brought him up again, where he remained till
+our troops had retreated."
+
+At great sacrifice of men and money, the British removed the
+obstructions from the river, and took possession of Philadelphia.
+
+Dr. Franklin was in Paris when the news reached him, "Howe has taken
+Philadelphia." "No," replied Franklin, "Philadelphia has taken Howe."
+
+The sequel proved that Franklin had an eye upon the future.
+
+Although the prospect was gloomy in Pennsylvania, glad tidings came to
+Washington from the north. The Americans completely surrounded
+Burgoyne's army at Saratoga, so that farther retreat was impossible. On
+the 16th of October, 1777, after holding a council of war, Burgoyne
+surrendered to General Gates, remarking:
+
+"The fortune of war has made me your prisoner."
+
+"I shall always be ready to testify that it has not been through any
+fault of your excellency," Gates replied.
+
+Burgoyne's army was reduced from nine thousand men, to five thousand
+seven hundred and fifty-two. These prisoners were allowed a free passage
+to Europe, under the irrevocable condition not to serve again in the
+British ranks. Seven thousand stand of arms, a large number of tents, a
+long train of artillery, and a great quantity of clothing and stores
+fell into the hands of the victors.
+
+The celebrated Polish patriot Kosciusko was chief engineer in Gates'
+command when Burgoyne was captured.
+
+The British made Philadelphia their winter quarters, where the troops
+indulged themselves in almost unrestrained revelry. They forced many
+sympathizers with the American cause to vacate their dwellings for the
+accommodation of their own number; and many were quartered upon
+patriotic families, with the express understanding that failure to
+supply their wants would be resented.
+
+Washington went into winter quarters at Valley Forge, about twenty miles
+from Philadelphia. The tale of suffering connected with that place
+during that long, dreary winter, is known to the world.
+
+Arriving there, many of the troops without blankets or shoes, ragged,
+worn out, and desponding, they were exposed to the snows and blasts of
+December until they could cut down trees and build their own huts. Two
+days after encamping, General Huntington reported to Washington:
+
+"My brigade are out of provisions, nor can the commissary obtain any
+meat."
+
+General Varnum reported:
+
+"Three days successively we have been destitute of bread. Two days we
+have been entirely without meat." Against his own judgment, in order to
+prevent mutiny in his army, Washington was forced to forage the country
+and seize supplies wherever he could find them, paying for them in
+money, or certificates redeemable by Congress.
+
+Yet we find Washington writing thus:
+
+"For some days past there has been little less than a famine in the
+camp. A part of the army has been a week without any kind of flesh, and
+the rest, three or four days. Naked and starving as they are, we cannot
+enough admire the incomparable patience and fidelity of the soldiers,
+that they have not been ere this excited by their suffering to a general
+mutiny and desertion."
+
+Sickness and mortality prevailed to an alarming extent among the troops,
+while scarcely any medicines were at hand. Even scores of horses
+perished by hunger and the severity of the weather.
+
+One day circumstances drew Washington's attention to a hungry soldier
+who was on guard. The general had just come from his own table and he
+said:
+
+"Go to my table and help yourself."
+
+"I can't; I am on guard," the soldier replied. Immediately taking the
+soldier's gun to play the part of sentinel, Washington said, "Go."
+
+The soldier enjoyed the first square meal he had eaten for two days, and
+at the same time he learned that his general had true sympathy with the
+"boys," and that official distinction did not lift him above the
+humblest of their number.
+
+With his army in such a deplorable condition, and his cannon frozen up
+and immovable, Washington knew very well that, almost any day, the
+British might march out of Philadelphia and capture or annihilate his
+entire command. His anxiety and trouble can be more easily imagined than
+described.
+
+To add to the trials of that winter, Washington learned of a conspiracy
+against him, the object of which was to supersede him by General Gates
+as commander-in-chief. His old friend Dr. Craik wrote to him:
+
+"Notwithstanding your unwearied diligence and the unparalleled sacrifice
+of domestic happiness and care of mind which you have made for the good
+of your country, yet you are not wanting in secret enemies, who would
+rob you of the great and truly deserved esteem your country has for you.
+Base and villanous men, through chagrin, envy, or ambition, are
+endeavoring to lessen you in the minds of the people, and taking
+underhand methods to traduce your character," etc.
+
+Generals Gates, Mifflin, and Conway were engaged in this plot; but their
+timely and complete exposure redounded to the honor of Washington.
+
+The duel which General Hamilton fought with General Conway, in which the
+latter was severely wounded, grew out of this affair. Hamilton could not
+endure the presence of an officer who was secretly plotting against his
+chief.
+
+In the month of February Mrs. Washington joined her husband at Valley
+Forge, to share his winter quarters with him, as she had done at
+Cambridge and Morristown. She wrote to a friend:
+
+"The general's apartment is very small; he has had a log cabin built to
+dine in, which has made our quarters much more tolerable than they were
+at first.
+
+"The commander-in-chief shared the privations of the camp with his men.
+His cabin was like theirs."
+
+The presence of Mrs. Washington at Valley Forge was a blessing to the
+army. She occupied her time fully in caring for the sick, sewing and
+mending for the "boys," and making herself generally useful.
+
+Again the commander-in-chief interceded with Congress for more liberal
+pay for his soldiers. Alluding to the sufferings of his soldiers, he
+wrote:
+
+"To see men without clothes to cover their nakedness, without blankets
+to lie on, without shoes (for the want of which their marches might be
+traced by the blood from their feet), and almost as often without
+provisions as with them, marching through the frost and snow, and at
+Christmas taking up their winter quarters within a day's march of the
+enemy, without a house or hut to cover them till it could be built,
+and submitting without a murmur, is a proof of patience and obedience
+which, in my opinion, cannot be paralleled."
+
+It was during this memorable winter at Valley Forge that a man by the
+name of Potts was strolling through the woods, when he heard the sound
+of a human voice. Cautiously approaching the spot whence the voice
+proceeded, what was his surprise to discover Washington on his knees
+engaged in earnest prayer for his country. On returning home, Potts
+called to his wife, "Sarah, Sarah, all is well. George Washington will
+triumph!"
+
+"What is the matter now, Isaac? Thee seems moved," Mrs. Potts replied.
+(They were Quakers.)
+
+"I have this day seen what I never expected to see," Mr. Potts
+continued. "Thee knows that I have always thought the sword and the
+gospel utterly inconsistent, and that no man could be a soldier and a
+Christian at the same time. But George Washington has this day convinced
+me of my mistake."
+
+He then described the scene he had witnessed, adding:
+
+"If George Washington be not a man of God, I am greatly deceived; and
+still more shall I be deceived if God does not, through him, work out a
+great salvation for America."
+
+Baron Steuben, a renowned European general, coming to this country at
+this juncture to proffer his services, through the influence of Dr.
+Franklin, Washington induced Congress to commit the reorganization of
+the army to him. This proved a fortunate arrangement for the future of
+the army and country, next to the appointment of General Green
+quarter-master-general.
+
+Previously a distinguished Pole, Thaddeus Kosciusko, who was educated in
+the military school at Warsaw, had come to him with a letter from Dr.
+Franklin.
+
+"And what do you seek here?" inquired Washington.
+
+"To fight for American independence," replied Kosciusko.
+
+"What can you do?"
+
+"Try me."
+
+Washington welcomed him heartily, and throughout the Revolution he
+proved to be an able and faithful ally.
+
+Count Pulaski, another famous general of Poland, had joined the American
+army at the solicitation of Dr. Franklin, who introduced him by letter
+to Washington.
+
+Washington had corresponded with the British general respecting an
+exchange of General Lee and Ethan Allen, but he was unable to effect an
+exchange until this winter of his trials at Valley Forge. General
+Prescott, who captured Allen in Canada, ironed him, and sent him to
+England, was himself captured in the summer of 1777; and Washington
+proposed to exchange him for General Lee, and Colonel Campbell for
+Colonel Allen. It was not, however, until near the close of the long
+dreary winter at Valley Forge that his proposition was accepted. Lee
+rejoined the army, but Allen returned to his home in Vermont, where he
+hung up his sword and retired to private life.
+
+In the spring of 1778, the glad news came that an alliance with France
+was accomplished, and henceforth the struggling Colonies might expect
+assistance from that country. At the same time a war between France and
+England was imminent, a calamity that would prove favorable to the
+patriots of America, since the British Government could not keep its
+army in Philadelphia and wage a war with France.
+
+Lafayette was instrumental in consummating the alliance with France. For
+this purpose he left the United States in 1779, and returned in March,
+1780. His own country received him with open arms, and honored him by
+appointing him to one of the highest positions in their army.
+
+In the month of May there were some indications that the enemy were
+about to evacuate Philadelphia. The news that a French fleet under Count
+D'Estaing was about to sail to this country, to aid the Colonies in
+their fight for independence, caused Sir Henry Clinton, who had
+succeeded Howe in the command of the British army, to fear that he might
+be blockaded in the Delaware.
+
+"Shall we allow the enemy to leave the city without attacking them?"
+inquired Washington at the council of war.
+
+"Yes," promptly answered General Lee, just restored to his command. "If
+they will go, let them go. This army is too weak to attack the British
+in their stronghold."
+
+"The two armies are now nearly equal in numbers," said Washington, "and
+experience has so far shown that the British have had nothing to boast
+whenever they have come in conflict with an equal number of Americans."
+
+"Very true," responded Lee; "but let them evacuate if they will. The
+risk of a battle is too great to run. I would build a bridge of gold for
+them if they would retreat over it."
+
+Washington, Lafayette, Wayne, and Cadwalader were the only members of
+the council who favored an immediate attack. Without deciding the
+question, Washington requested each one to furnish his opinion in
+writing. Before this was done, however, the city was evacuated. On the
+eighteenth day of June the whole British army crossed the Delaware into
+New Jersey, eleven thousand strong, with an immense baggage and
+provision train, and marched for New York by way of New Brunswick and
+Amboy.
+
+The American army was in pursuit as speedily as possible.
+
+"We must compel an engagement," said Washington, eager to give the foe a
+sound drubbing before it was too late.
+
+"And we must do it as soon as possible," answered Lafayette.
+
+"There is no time to lose, neither," said Greene.
+
+General Lee was opposed to a general engagement.
+
+They were near Monmouth Court-house, and it was the night of June 27.
+
+General Lee had command of the advance, five thousand picked men, and
+his orders were, "Attack the enemy to-morrow."
+
+At midnight a horseman was galloping up to Washington's headquarters,
+when the sentinel challenged him.
+
+"Doctor Griffith, chaplain and surgeon in the Virginia line, on business
+highly important with the commander-in-chief."
+
+"Officer of the guard!" cried the sentinel. That officer appeared.
+Doctor Griffith repeated his errand.
+
+"Impossible; my orders are positive," replied the guard.
+
+"But I must," persisted the doctor.
+
+"You cannot," repeated the guard. "The commander-in-chief is intensely
+engaged."
+
+"Present, sir, my humble duty to his excellency, and say that Dr.
+Griffith waits upon him with secret and important intelligence, and
+craves an audience of only five minutes duration."
+
+He was soon ushered into Washington's presence.
+
+"The nature of the communication I am about to make to your excellency
+must be my apology for disturbing you at this hour of the night,"
+observed the doctor. "While I am not permitted to divulge the names of
+the authorities from which I have obtained my information, I can assure
+you they are of the very first order, whether in point of character or
+attachment to the cause of American independence. I have sought this
+interview to warn your excellency against the conduct of Major-General
+Lee in to-morrow's battle. My duty is fulfilled, and I go now to pray to
+the God of battles for success to our arms, and that He may always have
+your excellency in His holy keeping."
+
+Doctor Griffith retired, and the battle of Monmouth was fought on the
+next day. Washington, with his aides, was approaching the scene of
+action, when he met a little fifer boy who archly observed:
+
+"They are all coming this way, your honor."
+
+"Who are coming, my little man?" inquired General Knox.
+
+"Why, our boys, your honor; our boys, and the British right after them,"
+answered the fifer.
+
+"Impossible!" exclaimed Washington, and put spurs to his horse.
+
+Sure enough, he soon met General Lee's advance in full retreat.
+
+"What is the meaning of all this, sir?" he called out to General Lee.
+
+The latter was dumbfounded, and made no reply.
+
+"I demand, sir, to know the reason of this retreat," shouted Washington
+in a tone of anger.
+
+"By my own order," answered Lee, vexed by the commander's sharp address.
+
+"Go to the rear, you cowardly poltroon!" shouted Washington, thoroughly
+aroused and indignant over the conduct of the officer.
+
+At that juncture, his favorite aid, Lieutenant-Colonel Hamilton, leaped
+from his horse and, drawing his sword, addressed the general:
+
+"We are betrayed! Your excellency and the army are betrayed! And the
+time has come when every true friend of America and her cause must be
+ready to die in their defence!"
+
+Under the magic influence of the commander-in-chief the retreat was
+speedily arrested, and one of the most glorious victories of the
+Revolution achieved.
+
+Washington was almost ubiquitous in his exertions, and his noble white
+charger galloped over the battlefield, utterly regardless of danger,
+until the splendid beast sank under the excessive heat, and died.
+Immediately the general mounted another war-horse of equal spirit, and,
+brandishing his sword high in the air, called to the troops:
+
+"Stand fast, my boys, and receive your enemy! The Southern troops are
+advancing to support you!"
+
+On the evening before, the officers drew up a memorial to Washington,
+entreating him not to expose himself in battle, as he did at Princeton,
+Trenton, and other places. Dr. Craik, who was present, remarked:
+
+"It will not have the weight of a feather with him." Then referring to
+the Indian chief's prophecy on the banks of the Ohio, "The Great Spirit
+protects him; he cannot be shot in battle," he added, "I believe it."
+
+In the bloody contest of the next day, a round shot from the British
+artillery ploughed the ground directly in front of the general, throwing
+up a cloud of dirt over his person.
+
+"Dat wash very near!" exclaimed Baron Stuben. Dr. Craik and several of
+the officers who were together on the previous evening were witnesses.
+Pleased by this remarkable confirmation of his faith in the Indian's
+prophecy, Dr. Craik smiled and, without uttering a word, pointed his
+finger towards heaven, as much as to say, "The Great Spirit protects
+him."
+
+At the close of the day the battle-ground was in possession of the
+Americans. Washington's orders were to attack the foe again as soon as
+they began to move in the morning. But in the morning no enemy could be
+found; they had silently retreated during the night.
+
+The Americans lost two hundred and twenty killed and wounded; and the
+British two hundred and fifty, and one hundred prisoners.
+
+Major-General Lee was court-martialed for his conduct on the field of
+Monmouth, and was suspended from all command for one year. Many believed
+that he was an arch-traitor, who deserved a halter, although the
+evidence of it was not then conclusive. But eighty years thereafter (in
+1858), papers were discovered in Lee's handwriting, in which he
+communicated to Lord and Sir William Howe, while he was a prisoner in
+New York, a plan for subjugating the Colonies. The only explanation of
+his conduct, after the fall of Fort Washington, is found in his
+treasonable designs. He never returned to the service.
+
+On the 13th of July Washington received news of the arrival of the
+French fleet, consisting of twelve ships of the line and six frigates,
+and four thousand men for a land force. Immediate consultation with the
+commander, Count D'Estaing, led him to cross the Hudson and establish
+his army at White Plains.
+
+Rhode Island was in the possession of the British, and Washington
+proposed to recover it by the united action of his army and the French
+fleet. After several weeks of rough campaigning, Washington was
+compelled to abandon his purpose, because the eccentric D'Estaing
+resolved to take his fleet to Boston for rest and repairs.
+
+For the winter of 1778-'79 he stationed his army in cantonments from
+Long Island Sound to the Delaware, while his own headquarters were near
+Middlebrook. This arrangement was designed to protect the country and
+watch the enemy.
+
+The next year, 1779, the enemy carried on a predatory war, striking here
+and there with detachments of troops, plundering, burning, and ravaging
+the neighborhood. Washington was fully occupied in repulsing the enemy
+engaged in this sort of warfare.
+
+As illustration of the cruel measures adopted by the British commander,
+an expedition was sent to Connecticut; they captured the fort at New
+Haven, destroyed all the vessels in the harbor, with all the artillery,
+ammunition, and stores, and plundered several private houses. They
+burned the town of Fairfield, destroying ninety-seven dwelling houses,
+sixty-seven barns and stables, forty-eight store-houses, three places of
+worship, two school-houses, a court-house, a jail, and all the vessels
+and public stores they could lay their hands on. Norwalk was also burned
+in the same ruthless manner; and the depredations extended into
+Massachusetts, injuring or destroying such towns as offered good harbors
+for privateers.
+
+Exasperated by the reluctance of the Tories to flock to the British
+standard, and the numerous desertions of English and Germans from his
+army, King George sent his emissaries to instigate the savages of the
+Mohawk to plunder and butchery. The terrible massacres of Cherry Valley
+and Wyoming, in which hundreds of men, women, and children were
+remorselessly slaughtered, and their habitations committed to the
+flames, followed. The brutality of those scenes are known to the world,
+because they are matters of history.
+
+Some of the ablest statesmen of England fearlessly denounced the king
+and his court for prosecuting a war with such barbarity. Lord Chatham
+declared:
+
+"Were I an American as I am an Englishman, I would never lay down my
+arms: never, _never_, NEVER!"
+
+The king and his court maintained, however, that they were justified in
+resorting to any measures to subdue American rebels.
+
+Two remarkable expeditions which Washington organized that year were
+those which captured Stoney Point, under General Wayne; and Paulus Hook,
+under Major Henry Lee. These grand achievements inspirited the American
+army, and did much to convince the British that they were engaged in a
+fruitless attempt to reduce the Colonies to their domination.
+
+As winter approached, the French fleet, which sailed from Boston to the
+West Indies, appeared off the Southern coast, to co-operate with General
+Lincoln, who commanded the Southern Department. On this account the
+British commander was compelled to operate in that direction.
+
+Washington, whose headquarters had been at West Point for several
+months, went into winter quarters at Morristown, where the experience of
+Valley Forge was repeated with additional rigor.
+
+The cruel treatment of Americans captured by the British had long
+engaged Washington's attention, and reference to it here is in point.
+Many of their prisoners were confined in old ships, where they suffered
+all that hunger, thirst, filth, and abuse could inflict. On account of
+the dreadful sufferings endured by the prisoners, these ships were
+called "floating hells."
+
+The "Jersey Prison Ship" and the old "Sugar House," converted into
+prisons by Lord Howe, are notorious for their infamous character in
+American history. Congress appealed in vain to the commanding British
+general, and Washington wrote to him upon the subject again and again.
+In one letter Washington said:
+
+"From the opinion I have ever been taught to entertain of your
+lordship's humanity, I will not suppose that you are privy to
+proceedings of so cruel and unjustifiable a nature; and I hope that,
+upon making the proper inquiry, you will have the matter so regulated
+that the unhappy persons whose lot is captivity may not in the future
+have the miseries of cold, disease, and famine added to their other
+misfortunes.... I should not have said thus much, but my injured
+countrymen have long called upon me to endeavor to obtain a redress of
+their grievances, and I should think myself as culpable as those who
+inflict such severities upon them were I to continue silent."
+
+A Rev. Mr. Andros of Massachusetts was confined in the "Jersey Prison
+Ship." After his escape and the close of the war, he published a small
+book detailing the sufferings of its occupants. One brief paragraph
+therefrom is all our space will permit.
+
+"Her dark and filthy exterior corresponded with the death and despair
+reigning within. It is supposed that eleven thousand American seaman
+perished in her. None came to relieve their woes. Once or twice, by
+order of a stranger on the quarter-deck a bag of apples was hurled
+promiscuously into the midst of hundreds of prisoners, crowded as thick
+as they could stand, and life and limb were endangered in the struggle.
+The prisoners were secured between the decks by iron gratings; and when
+the ship was to be cleared of watch, an armed guard forced them up to
+the winches, amid a roar of execrations and reproaches, the dim light
+adding to the horrors of the scene. Thousands died whose names have
+never been known, perishing when no eye could witness their fortitude,
+nor praise their devotion to their country."
+
+The brave Lingan, hero of Fort Washington, was confined in the "Jersey;"
+and it was amid the horrors around him that he exclaimed:
+
+"Sweet, O my country, should be thy liberties, when they are purchased
+at this monstrous price!"
+
+Custis relates that one day, when a coffin was brought in which proved
+too short for the dead comrade, and it was proposed to cut off his head
+in order to adapt the body to the receptacle, Lingan "sprang from his
+couch of pain, and, laying his hand upon the lifeless corpse of the
+departed soldier, swore he would destroy the first man who should thus
+mutilate the body of his friend."
+
+
+
+
+XXII.
+
+CLOSE OF THE WAR.
+
+
+The treason of Arnold in 1780 contributed, on the whole, to the fidelity
+of the army in 1781. The poorest soldier in the ranks scorned "to become
+an Arnold."
+
+Washington placed Arnold in command at West Point in 1780. Arnold had
+long been interceding for the position, and it was found subsequently
+that he had been in treasonable correspondence with the British
+commander fifteen months when he assumed command of that post. The
+correspondence was commenced voluntarily by Arnold, and was conducted on
+the part of Sir Henry Clinton by his aid, Major John Andre, under the
+signature of John Anderson.
+
+General Arnold was harassed by burdensome debts. He was a gambler, too,
+and, of course, devoid of moral principle. His object was to pay his
+debts with British gold.
+
+His correspondence ripened into a plan by Arnold to deliver West Point
+into the hands of the British, for which purpose a midnight meeting was
+arranged between him and Major Andre. The meeting occurred at Dobb's
+Ferry, when Arnold delivered to Andre a plan of the works at West Point,
+together with a plan of attack by the British, when the post would be
+surrendered on the ground that the American troops were too few to hold
+it. The papers were concealed in Andre's stockings.
+
+On his return, even after he had passed the American lines, three
+patriotic representatives of the New York yeomanry, John Paulding, Isaac
+Van Wart, and David Williams, stopped him, the first aiming his musket
+at his head.
+
+"Gentlemen, I hope you belong to our party," said Andre with as much
+composure as he could command.
+
+"What party?" responded Paulding.
+
+"The lower party," replied Andre.
+
+"We do," they said.
+
+"I am a British officer, and have been up the country on particular
+business," continued Andre, now feeling that he was among friends. He
+was deceived by the dress which Paulding wore,--that of a refugee.
+Paulding had been a prisoner in the hands of the British, confined in
+that terrible prison known as the "Sugar House." He was released only
+four days before. In that place his citizen's suit was taken from him,
+and replaced by the refugee garb, so that the barbarity of Andre's
+countrymen became the cause of his detection.
+
+"I must not be detained for a moment," continued Andre, taking out his
+gold watch, the sight of which showed to his captors that he was a man
+of consequence.
+
+"We are Americans, and you are our prisoner!" exclaimed Paulding.
+
+Andre was astounded by this revelation, and he was ready to pay any
+amount of money to his captors if they would let him go.
+
+"Dismount!" shouted Paulding, seizing his horse's bridle.
+
+"Beware, gentlemen, or you will get yourselves into trouble," replied
+Andre.
+
+"We will take care of that," retorted Paulding. "Any letters about you?"
+
+"No."
+
+"We'll find out about that," said Paulding; and they proceeded to search
+him. Finding nothing of a suspicious character about his clothes, they
+were disposed to let him proceed, when Paulding said:
+
+"Boys, I am not satisfied; his boots must come off."
+
+His boots were drawn off, and the concealed papers were found in his
+stockings.
+
+"My God!" exclaimed Paulding, "he is a spy."
+
+They conducted their prisoner to North Castle, and he was finally hung
+as a spy.
+
+Arnold escaped to a British man-of-war, and figured thereafter as a
+general in the king's army, despised even by those who commissioned him.
+
+Near the close of the winter of 1781, and through the spring, the enemy
+committed many depredations on our coast, in which Arnold played a
+conspicuous part. In Virginia and Connecticut his command wantonly
+destroyed a large amount of property. New London was burned under his
+generalship. Washington employed every means possible to capture the
+traitor, but in vain.
+
+The British directed their chief efforts against the South, designing to
+spread consternation by their terrible ravages. Richmond was laid in
+ashes. Along the shores of the Potomac and Chesapeake they plundered and
+burned. They threatened to destroy Washington's home at Mount Vernon,
+and landed for the purpose of applying the torch to every building. The
+agent, Lund Washington, saved the property from destruction by
+furnishing the enemy with a large quantity of supplies. When the general
+heard what his agent had done, he wrote to him as follows:
+
+"I am very sorry to hear of your loss; I am a little sorry to hear of my
+own; but that which gives me most concern is, that you should go on
+board the enemy's vessels, and furnish them with refreshments. It would
+have been a less painful circumstance to me to have heard that, in
+consequence of your non-compliance with their request, they had burnt my
+house and laid the plantation in ruins."
+
+In July, 1781, Washington planned an attack upon New York by the
+combined French and American forces. But his purpose was suddenly
+changed by hearing that the portion of the French fleet at the West
+Indies, under Count de Grasse, had sailed for the Chesapeake. Cornwallis
+was at Yorktown with his command, and his capture would give the
+Americans an illustrious prisoner. General Lafayette, who had returned
+from France, was in Virginia, looking after the British general as well
+as he could.
+
+Immediately Washington put his army in motion for Virginia, leaving only
+troops enough to guard the passes of the Hudson. He marched directly for
+Williamsburg, to join Lafayette. On his way he called at Mount Vernon,
+from which he had been absent six years. "Here, unannounced, he darted
+into his home, like the first sunbeam after a storm, only to disappear
+again under as black a cloud as any of those that had brought the
+thunder. He had come but to tell his wife that he was on his way to seek
+a battle, an unequal though glorious contest, from which he might never
+return."
+
+Washington joined Lafayette at Williamsburg on the 14th of September.
+Hastily arranging the siege of Yorktown, Cornwallis was surprised, one
+bright morning, to find that the heights around him were swarming with
+American soldiers, and the bay in front securely occupied by the French
+fleet.
+
+On the 6th of October the bombardment of the British works commenced
+with terrible earnestness. An eye witness said:
+
+"General Washington put the match to the first gun, and a terrible
+discharge of cannon and mortars immediately followed."
+
+"What part of the town can be most effectively cannonaded?" Washington
+inquired of Governor Nelson, who was present.
+
+Pointing to a large, fine house on an eminence, the governor replied:
+
+"That is probably the headquarters of the enemy; fire at that."
+
+It was Governor Nelson's own residence.
+
+Four days the cannonading continued with great effect. At the expiration
+of that time, Washington ordered the capture of two redoubts, lying
+between him and the British works. These redoubts were so near as to
+prove a great annoyance to the American troops. To the Americans was
+assigned the capture of one, and to the French the capture of the other.
+At the point of the bayonet these redoubts were taken; not a gun was
+fired. As soon as Lafayette held possession of the redoubt taken by the
+Americans, he despatched a message to Baron de Viomenil announcing the
+fact, and inquired where the baron was.
+
+"Tell the marquis," answered the baron, "that I am not in mine, but I
+will be in five minutes;" and he was.
+
+During the whole of the bombardment, Washington, as usual, was seen in
+the most exposed positions, cheering his men and directing the assault.
+One day, as he stood beside the grand battery with Knox and Lincoln, and
+shot and shell flew around him, one of his aides, anxious for his
+general's safety, remarked:
+
+"That is a very exposed situation, general."
+
+"If you think so, you are at liberty to step back," Washington promptly
+answered.
+
+Just then a musket ball struck the cannon in the embrasure, rolled
+along, and fell at the general's feet.
+
+"My dear general, we can't spare you yet," exclaimed General Knox,
+grasping Washington's arm.
+
+"Only a spent ball," responded Washington coolly; "no harm was done."
+
+On the 17th of October Cornwallis sent a flag, with a letter, to
+Washington, asking for a cessation of hostilities twenty-four hours,
+that consultation might be had respecting terms of surrender. It was
+not, however, until the 19th that the terms of capitulation were agreed
+upon, and the renowned Cornwallis with his army became Washington's
+prisoners.
+
+The time and method of the formal surrender being agreed upon,
+Washington warned his troops against any exultant demonstrations that
+might wound the feelings of the conquered.
+
+"My brave fellows," he said, "let no sensation of satisfaction for the
+triumphs you have gained induce you to insult your fallen enemy. Let no
+shouting, no clamorous huzzaing, increase their mortification. Posterity
+will huzza for us."
+
+By the surrender of Cornwallis, Washington received over seven thousand
+prisoners, and one hundred and sixty pieces of cannon. Counting the
+sailors, negroes, and Tories who became prisoners, the whole number
+amounted to nearly twelve thousand.
+
+Thatcher describes the scene of the formal surrender as follows:
+
+"About two o'clock the garrison sallied forth, and marched between the
+two columns (the Americans on one side and the French on the other) with
+slow and solemn steps, colors cased, and drums beating a British march.
+They were all well clad, having been furnished with new suits prior to
+the capitulation. They were led by General O'Hara on horseback, who,
+riding up to General Washington, took off his hat and apologized for
+the non-appearance of Lord Cornwallis, on account of indisposition.
+Washington received him with dignified courtesy, but pointed to
+Major-General Lincoln as the officer who was to receive the submission
+of the garrison. By him they were conducted into a field where they were
+to ground their arms. In passing through the line formed by the allied
+army, their march was careless and irregular, and their aspect sullen.
+The order to "ground arms" was given by their platoon officers with a
+tone of deep chagrin, and many of the soldiers threw down their muskets
+with a violence sufficient to break them. This irregularity was checked
+by General Lincoln; yet it was inexcusable in brave men in their
+unfortunate predicament. The ceremony over, they were conducted back to
+Yorktown, to remain under guard until removed to their places of
+destination."
+
+There were twenty-eight stand of colors to be delivered up. Twenty-eight
+British captains, each bearing a flag, were drawn up in line. Opposite
+to them, twenty-eight American sergeants were placed to receive the
+colors. At a given signal the colors were surrendered.
+
+The next day Washington addressed his army in words of gratulation and
+tender regard. He issued the following order, also, to the army:
+
+"Divine service is to be performed to-morrow in the several brigades and
+divisions. The commander-in-chief earnestly recommends that the troops
+not on duty shall universally attend, with that seriousness of
+deportment and gratitude of heart which the recognition of such
+reiterated and astonishing interpositions of Providence demand of us."
+
+In the midst of this rejoicing, Washington received the sad intelligence
+that his step-son, John Parke Custis, was lying at the point of death.
+Mr. Custis accompanied his mother, Mrs. Washington, to Cambridge, the
+first winter of the Revolution, and became one of her husband's aides.
+He was taken sick after the army invested Yorktown, and no hope of his
+recovery was entertained. He longed to live, however, to witness the
+surrender of Cornwallis. On the day of the ceremony of capitulation, he
+was taken from his bed and conveyed to the place, where he might behold
+the scene. The ceremony over, he was willing to be conveyed to Elthain,
+where he was taken immediately. Within thirty hours thereafter, the
+message came to the general that Custis was in a dying condition.
+
+At midnight Washington, accompanied by a single officer and groom,
+started on horseback for Elthain. By rapid riding he reached there in
+the morning twilight.
+
+"Is there no hope?" he said to Dr. Craik, who met him at the door.
+
+The doctor shook his head. Bursting into tears, Washington stepped into
+an adjoining room to indulge his grief, requesting to be left alone.
+While bowed in sorrow there, Custis expired.
+
+On entering the chamber of death, Washington lovingly embraced the
+weeping wife and mother, now a widow, tears responding to tears, his
+deep sorrow showing how dearly he loved the departed one.
+
+When he was able to control his grief, he turned to the group of
+sorrowing friends, and said:
+
+"From this moment I adopt his two youngest children as my own."
+
+His presence being demanded at Yorktown, without rest or refreshment he
+mounted a fresh horse, and returned thither before his absence was
+known, except to some of his aides.
+
+It deserves to be recorded that the capture of Cornwallis could not have
+been accomplished without the co-operation of the French fleet; so that
+the reader has before him the remarkable fact that, in Washington's
+early military career, he joined the English to conquer the French,
+while in his closing military life, twenty-five years thereafter, he
+joined the French to conquer the English.
+
+Another example of the divine blessing upon small battalions was
+furnished by the surrender at Yorktown. Cornwallis planned, during the
+siege, to withdraw his troops over the river in sixteen large boats,
+which he collected for the purpose, and, having reached Gloucester
+Point, escape to New York. On the night arranged for the flight, a
+violent storm arose, so that it was impossible for him to cross the
+river. That was his last, lost opportunity. Divine Providence thwarted
+his purpose, and gave victory to American arms.
+
+In the siege of Yorktown Washington rode a splendid sorrel charger,
+white-faced and white-footed, named Nelson, and "remarkable as the first
+nicked horse seen in America." The general cherished this fine animal
+with strong affection. "This famous charger died at Mount Vernon many
+years after the Revolution at a very advanced age. After the chief had
+ceased to mount him, he was never ridden, but grazed in a paddock in
+summer, and was well cared for in winter; and as often as the retired
+farmer of Mount Vernon would be making a tour of his grounds, he would
+halt at the paddock, when the old war-horse would run, neighing, to the
+fence, proud to be caressed by the great master's hand."
+
+No sooner did Cornwallis surrender than the commander-in-chief
+despatched a courier on horseback to Philadelphia, to bear the glad
+tidings to Congress. It was past midnight when the courier reached the
+city, and the night watchmen, on their respective beats, had just cried,
+"Twelve o'clock and all is well!"
+
+They caught the glad news with joy, and the next hour they cried:
+
+"One o'clock, AND CORNWALLIS IS TAKEN!"
+
+Wakeful citizens in bed could scarcely believe their ears. They started
+up, and listened. Again the joyful tidings were repeated:
+
+"CORNWALLIS IS TAKEN!"
+
+Hundreds sprang from their beds in wild delight. Lights began to appear
+in the dwellings, darting from room to room. Soon men and women rushed
+from their habitations into the streets in the greatest excitement. Some
+were half dressed, scarcely knowing, in their exuberance of joy, whether
+they were in the flesh or out. Many wept to hear the news confirmed, and
+as many laughed. Not a few caught up the watchmen's cry, and ran from
+street to street, announcing, at the top of their voices:
+
+"CORNWALLIS IS TAKEN! CORNWALLIS IS TAKEN!"
+
+Every minute added to the throng in the streets; men, women, and
+children joining in the exhilarating exercise of sounding out their
+excessive delight upon the night air. Neighbors clasped hands and
+embraced each other to express their gladness. Many were too full for
+utterance; they broke down in tears with their first attempt to join in
+the general acclaim. Such a varied, impulsive, uncontrollable expression
+of joy was never before witnessed in that city.
+
+Soon the bell on the old State-House rang out its gladsome peals, the
+same old bell that signalled the adoption of the Declaration of
+Independence, July 4, 1776. Other bells, one after another, united in
+the grand chorus of jubilation, supplemented by the thunder of artillery
+from the fortifications about the city, until every method of expressing
+real joy seemed to combine, as if by magical art.
+
+At an early hour on the next morning Congress convened, and listened to
+the reading of Washington's letter, announcing the surrender of
+Cornwallis. The scene can be better imagined than described. That body
+was quite unfitted for the transaction of any business, except that
+which eulogized the commander-in-chief, and the brave men who had fought
+the battles of the country. Irving says:
+
+"Congress gave way to transports of joy. Thanks were voted to the
+commander-in-chief, to the Counts De Rochambeau and De Grasse, to the
+officers of the allied armies generally, and to the corps of artillery
+and engineers especially. Two stands of colors, trophies of the
+capitulation, were voted to Washington; two pieces of field ordnance to
+De Rochambeau and De Grasse; and it was decreed that a marble column,
+commemorative of the alliance between France and the United States, and
+of the victory achieved by their associated arms, should be erected in
+Yorktown."
+
+Finally, Congress issued a proclamation, appointing a day for general
+thanksgiving and prayer, in acknowledgment of this signal interposition
+of Divine Providence.
+
+This done, Congress adjourned to assemble, at a later hour, in a public
+house of worship, there to join, with the grateful multitude, in praise
+and thanksgiving to God for His blessing upon the cause of liberty.
+
+When the news of Cornwallis' surrender reached England, the
+disappointment and chagrin were well-nigh universal. The British
+ministry were astounded by the unexpected tidings. Lord Germain
+announced the fact to Lord North.
+
+"And how did he take it?" inquired a public man.
+
+"As he would have taken a ball in the breast," replied Germain.
+
+"What did he say?"
+
+"He opened his arms and exclaimed wildly, as he paced up and down the
+apartment, 'O God, it is all over!'"
+
+As soon as Washington could leave he retired to Mount Vernon for a few
+days, from which place he wrote to General Greene:
+
+"I shall remain but a few days here, and shall proceed to Philadelphia,
+when I shall attempt to stimulate Congress to the best improvement of
+our late success by taking the most vigorous and effectual measures to
+be ready for an early and decisive campaign the next year. My greatest
+fear is that Congress, viewing this stroke in too important a point of
+light, may think our work too nearly closed, and will fall into a state
+of languor and relaxation. To prevent the error, I shall employ every
+means in my power; and if, unhappily, we sink into that fatal mistake,
+no part of the blame shall be mine."
+
+To another he wrote:
+
+"The hand of Providence has been so conspicuous in all this, that he
+must be worse than an infidel that lacks faith, and more than wicked
+that has not gratitude enough to acknowledge his obligations."
+
+
+
+
+XXIII.
+
+PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES.
+
+
+"Now we must follow up this grand victory with harder blows," remarked
+Washington to Lafayette.
+
+"Then you do not believe the war is ended yet?" Lafayette replied
+inquiringly.
+
+"Of course not. The king will not yield to 'rebels' so willingly as
+that. We must concentrate our entire force upon New York now."
+
+"Every lover of his country ought to be stimulated to greater deeds
+now," added Lafayette.
+
+"And Congress ought to respond promptly and liberally to the demands of
+the hour," said Washington. "The legislatures of the several Colonies
+ought to be prompt and liberal, also, in providing men and means. Give
+us men and supplies equal to the emergency, and our independence can be
+permanently established."
+
+Washington waited upon Congress personally, and he wrote letters to the
+governors of the several Colonies, pleading for more liberal aid than
+ever, that the war might be successfully prosecuted to the bitter end.
+
+While these negotiations were progressing, the king superseded Sir Henry
+Clinton by the appointment of Sir Guy Carleton as commander-in-chief of
+the British army. The latter commander was in favor of peace, and he
+appealed to the British Parliament for conciliatory action; nor was his
+plea in vain. After a long and acrimonious struggle, Parliament adopted
+a resolution advising reconciliation. From that moment, peace
+negotiations were commenced, but were not fully consummated until Nov.
+30, 1782, at Paris. It was the nineteenth day of April, 1783, when the
+welcome news, received in this country, was announced to the army.
+
+The surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown, contrary to the expectations of
+Washington, thus proved to be the end of the war. In just eight years
+from the time the first battle of the Revolution was fought at
+Lexington, April 19, 1775, the proclamation of peace was made to the
+army. "Thus ended a long and arduous conflict, in which Great Britain
+expended near a hundred millions of money, with a hundred thousand
+lives, and won nothing. America endured every cruelty and distress, lost
+many lives and much treasure, but delivered herself from a foreign
+dominion, and gained a rank among the nations of the earth."
+
+The enemy evacuated New York and other posts and returned to England,
+and Washington occupied the same, and proceeded to disband the army.
+Addressing his officers and companions in arms, with deep emotion he
+said:
+
+"With a heart full of love and gratitude, I now take leave of you. I
+most devoutly wish that your latter days may be as prosperous and happy
+as your former have been glorious and honorable. I cannot come to each
+of you to take my leave, but shall be obliged if each of you will come
+and take me by the hand."
+
+He could say no more. Tears blinded his eyes, and emotion caused his
+voice to tremble. Silently, one after another, these heroes of many
+battles and sufferings approached and grasped his hand. No one spoke a
+word. Each felt more than language could express. The scene was
+affecting beyond description.
+
+Congress was in session at Annapolis, and thither he journeyed to return
+his commission. A perfect ovation attended him all the way. The
+occupants of every town, village, and farmhouse turned out to hail the
+conqueror. Men, women, and children vied with each other in
+demonstrations of love and honor. Cannon pealed, bells rung, music
+wafted, voices sounded, banners waved, in honor "of the only man," as
+Jefferson said, "who had the confidence of all."
+
+Congress received him in a manner to attest their profoundest respect
+and love. Resigning his commission, he said:
+
+"Having now finished the work assigned me, I retire from the great
+theatre of action, and, bidding an affectionate farewell to this august
+body, under whose orders I have so long acted, I here offer my
+commission, and take my leave of all the employments of public life."
+
+Our American Cincinnatus retired to his farm and plough, which he left
+eight years before at the call of his country. He designed to spend the
+remainder of his days in retirement at Mount Vernon. His large estates
+demanded his attention, and his tastes for agricultural pursuits adapted
+him to the situation.
+
+Under his careful and efficient supervision, his Mount Vernon estate
+rapidly improved. He enlarged his house, so that he might accommodate
+the numerous distinguished visitors who now paid him their respects. He
+studied agriculture by consulting the best authorities, doing it not
+alone for the purpose of improving his own estates, but also to aid his
+newly emancipated country in developing its resources.
+
+He lent his great influence to educational and religious enterprises, so
+essential to the stability and progress of the free and independent
+Colonies. Through his influence, two companies were organized to extend
+the navigation of the James and Potomac rivers. Grateful for his aid in
+creating enterprises of so great public benefit, the General Assembly
+presented him with one hundred and fifty shares of the stock, worth
+fifty thousand dollars. He declined to accept the large gift, saying:
+
+"What will the world think if they should hear that I have taken fifty
+thousand dollars for this affair? Will they not suspect, on my next
+proposition, that money is my motive? Thus for the sake of money, which,
+indeed, I never coveted from my country, I may lose the power to do her
+some service, which may be worth more than all money."
+
+He assured the Assembly that if they would contribute the amount for a
+national university in what is now the District of Columbia, and a
+literary institution in Rockbridge County, since called Washington
+College, he should esteem their gift even more than he would were he to
+accept and devote it to his own private use; and they complied with his
+wishes.
+
+As before the war, he continued to remember the poor, whose veneration
+for him was greater than ever. His methods of assisting them were often
+original, and always practical; as, for example, keeping a boat on the
+Potomac for their use in fishing. Here was an opportunity for them to
+obtain subsistence without sacrificing the virtues of industry and
+self-reliance.
+
+Mr. Peake, who had charge of one of his plantations, said:
+
+"I had orders to fill a corn-house every year for the sole use of the
+poor in my neighborhood, to whom it was a seasonable and most precious
+relief, saving numbers of poor women and children from miserable famine,
+and blessing them with a cheerful plenteousness of bread."
+
+One year, when there was a scarcity of corn, and the price of it went up
+to a dollar per bushel, the suffering among the poor was much increased.
+Washington ordered his agent to distribute all that could be spared from
+the granaries, and he purchased several hundred bushels in addition, at
+the high price, to be used in charity.
+
+Governor Johnson of Maryland, a hero of '76, related the following
+incident to Mr. Weems:
+
+The governor went to the Virginia Springs for his health. The place was
+crowded with people, but he secured "a mattress in the hut of a very
+honest baker" whom he knew. The baker did a large business, and every
+day Mr. Johnson noticed that many poor negroes came for loaves, and took
+them away without paying a cent.
+
+"Stophel," said Mr. Johnson one day, "you seem to sell a world of bread
+here every day, but notwithstanding that, I fear you don't gain much by
+it."
+
+"What makes you think so?" replied Stophel.
+
+"You credit too much."
+
+"Not I, indeed, sir; I don't credit at all."
+
+"Ay, how do you make that out? Don't I see the poor people every day
+carrying away your bread, and yet paying you nothing?"
+
+"Pshaw! what of that? They will pay me all in a lump at last."
+
+"At _last_!" exclaimed the governor, "at the _last day_, I suppose. You
+think the Almighty will stand paymaster, and wipe off all your old
+scores for you at a dash."
+
+"Not by any means, squire. The poor bakers can't give such long credit;
+but I will tell you how we work the matter. Washington directed me to
+supply these poor people at his expense, and I do it. Believe me,
+squire, he has often, at the end of the season, paid me as much as
+eighty dollars, and that, too, for poor creatures who did not know the
+hand that fed them; for I had strict orders from him not to mention it
+to anybody."
+
+In a former chapter we learned the magnanimity of his conduct towards
+one Payne, who knocked him down for a supposed insult. Mr. Payne relates
+that after the Revolution he called upon Washington at Mount Vernon.
+
+"As I drew near the house," he says, "I began to experience a rising
+fear lest he should call to mind the blow I had given him in former
+days. Washington met me at the door with a kind welcome, and conducted
+me into an adjoining room where Mrs. Washington sat.
+
+"'Here, my dear,' said he, presenting me to his lady, 'here is the
+little man you have so often heard me talk of, and who, on a difference
+between us one day, had the resolution to knock me down, big as I am; I
+know you will honor him as he deserves, for I assure you he has the
+heart of a true Virginian.'"
+
+Mr. Payne adds: "He said this with an air which convinced me that his
+long familiarity with war had not robbed him of his nobleness of heart.
+And Mrs. Washington looked at him as if he appeared to her greater and
+lovelier than ever."
+
+The same industry distinguished him on his return to his farms, for
+which he was so well known before the war. His rule was to rise at four
+o'clock and retire at nine. The forenoon was employed in labor and
+overseeing the work on his plantations. The presence of company did not
+interrupt his systematic methods. He would say to such:
+
+"Gentlemen, I must beg leave of absence this forenoon. Here are books,
+music, and amusements; consider yourselves at home, and be happy."
+
+But Washington was not allowed to remain long in private life. In 1787,
+a convention assembled in Philadelphia to form a confederacy of States.
+Washington was a member of that body, and was unanimously made its
+presiding officer. The convention sat four months, in which time the
+confederacy of States was consummated, called the United States, with
+the present Constitution essentially.
+
+This new order of things required the election of a president, and
+Washington was unanimously elected. He was inaugurated on the thirtieth
+day of April, 1789, in the city of New York, then the seat of
+government. That the position was not one of his own seeking is quite
+evident from a letter which he wrote to General Knox:
+
+"My movements to the chair of government will be accompanied by feelings
+not unlike those of a culprit who is going to the place of his
+execution, so unwilling am I, in the evening of life, nearly consumed in
+public cares, to quit a peaceful abode for an ocean of difficulties,
+without the competency of political skill, abilities, and inclinations
+which are necessary to manage the helm."
+
+His journey to New York was accomplished in his own carriage, drawn by
+four horses. No king or conqueror was ever treated to a more
+enthusiastic ovation than was he from Mount Vernon to New York. The
+expression of a lad to his father indicates the exalted notions which
+the common people entertained of the great general. On getting a good
+view of him the lad exclaimed:
+
+"Why, pa, he is only a man, after all!"
+
+At Trenton, where he crossed the Delaware with his retreating, depleted
+army, his welcome was both imposing and beautiful. Upon the bridge an
+arch was erected, adorned with laurel leaves and flowers. Upon the
+crown of the arch, formed of leaves and flowers, were the words:
+
+    "DECEMBER 26TH, 1776."
+
+Beneath was the sentence:
+
+    "THE DEFENDER OF THE MOTHERS WILL BE THE
+          PROTECTOR OF THE DAUGHTERS!"
+
+The president was obliged to pass under this arch to enter Trenton,
+where the female portion of the population met him. On one side little
+girls dressed in white stood, each one bearing a basket of flowers. On
+the other side were arranged the young ladies, and behind them the
+married women. The moment Washington and his suit approached the arch,
+the girls scattered their flowers before him, and the whole company of
+females sung the following ode, written for the occasion by Governor
+Howell:
+
+    "Welcome, mighty chief! once more
+     Welcome to this grateful shore!
+     Now no mercenary foe
+     Aims again the fatal blow.
+     Aims at thee the fatal blow.
+
+     Virgins fair and matrons grave,
+     Those thy conquering arm did save,
+     Build for thee triumphal bowers.
+     Strew, ye fair, his way with flowers!
+     Strew your hero's way with flowers!"
+
+The reader may well suppose that his reception in New York as the
+_first_ President of the United States, and the "greatest general on
+earth," as many supposed, was grand indeed. No expense or pains were
+spared to make it worthy of the occasion.
+
+Washington called to his cabinet, Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of State;
+Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury; General Knox, Secretary
+of War; Edmund Randolph, Attorney-General; and John Jay, Chief Justice.
+
+He said, in his inaugural address:
+
+"When I contemplate the interposition of Providence, as it was visibly
+manifested in guiding us through the Revolution, in preparing us for the
+reception of a general government, and in conciliating the good will of
+the people of America towards one another after its adoption, I feel
+myself oppressed and almost overwhelmed with a sense of the divine
+munificence. I feel that nothing is due to my personal agency in all
+those complicated and wonderful events, except what can simply be
+attributed to the exertions of an honest zeal for the good of my
+country."
+
+The parade and pomp attending the first presidency in New York City
+exceeded anything of the kind we behold at the present day. Considering
+the condition of the country, as compared with its wealth and prominence
+now, the style of living and display in presidential circles was
+remarkable. Washington rode in a chariot drawn by six fine horses,
+attended by a retinue of servants. These horses were expensively
+caparisoned. His stable, under the charge of Bishop, his favorite
+servant, held twelve of the finest horses in the country. Two of them
+were splendid white chargers for the saddle. After the seat of
+government was removed to Philadelphia, the stables were under the care
+of German John, "and the grooming of the white chargers will rather
+surprise the moderns." Mr. Custis says:
+
+"The night before the horses were to appear on the street, they were
+covered over with a paste, of which whiting was the principal component
+part; then the animals were swathed in body-cloths, and left to sleep
+upon clean straw. In the morning the composition had become hard, was
+well rubbed in and curried and brushed, which process gave to the coats
+a beautiful, glossy, and satin-like appearance. The hoofs were then
+blacked and polished, the mouths washed, teeth picked and cleansed, and
+the leopard-skin housings being properly adjusted, the white chargers
+were led out for service."
+
+While the seat of government was in New York the president visited the
+New England States. He had been brought almost to the door of death by a
+malignant carbuncle, and it was thought, on his recovery, that such a
+tour would be beneficial. Besides, the people of New England were
+clamorous to see him.
+
+The sickness referred to confined him to his room six weeks, during
+which time "Dr. Bard never quitted him." The public anxiety was very
+great, and the president understood full well that his condition was
+very critical. One day he said to the doctor:
+
+"I want your candid opinion as to the probable termination of this
+sickness."
+
+"Your condition is serious, but I expect that you will recover," Dr.
+Bard replied.
+
+"Do not flatter me with vain hopes," responded the president. "I am not
+afraid to die, and I am prepared to hear the worst."
+
+"I confess, Mr. President, that I am not without serious apprehensions,"
+added the doctor.
+
+"Whether to-night or twenty years hence makes no difference; I know that
+I am in the hands of a good Providence," was the royal answer of the
+Christian ruler.
+
+His tour through the New England States was attended with every
+demonstration of honor that love and confidence could devise. At Boston
+the president's well-known punctuality set aside all conventional rules,
+and asserted its superiority. A company of cavalry volunteered to
+escort him to Salem. The time appointed to start was 8 o'clock in the
+morning. When the Old South clock struck the hour, the escort had not
+appeared; nevertheless Washington started, and reached Charles River
+bridge before the cavalry overtook him. The commander of the cavalry
+once belonged to Washington's "military family," and the latter turned
+to him and said:
+
+"Major, I thought you had been too long in my family not to know when
+it was eight o'clock."
+
+At Philadelphia, to which place the seat of government was removed in
+1790, the president frequently entertained members of Congress at his
+own table. They soon learned that there was no waiting for guests in his
+mansion. Precisely at the hour, Washington took his seat at the table,
+whether guests had arrived or not. One day a member came in ten minutes
+after the family were seated at the dining table. The president greeted
+him with the remark: "We are punctual here."
+
+He arranged with a gentleman to meet him with reference to the purchase
+of a pair of horses. He named the hour. The owner of the horses was ten
+minutes behind the time, and he found the president engaged with other
+parties. It was a whole week before he was able to see the president
+again. The latter taught the dilatory man an important lesson.
+
+At Philadelphia, a house belonging to Robert Morris, the national
+financier, was rented, and converted into a presidential mansion as
+imposing and elegant, for that day, as the "White House" at Washington
+is for our day. It was not contemplated to make Philadelphia the
+permanent seat of government. Washington thought the capital should be
+located on the Potomac, and it was respect for his judgment especially
+that located it where it is.
+
+One Reuben Rouzy owed Washington a thousand pounds. An agent of the
+president, without his knowledge, brought an action against Rouzy for
+the money, in consequence of which he was lodged in jail. A friend of
+the debtor suggested that Washington might know nothing of the affair,
+whereupon Rouzy sent a petition to the president for his release. The
+next post brought an order for his release, with a full discharge, and
+a severe reprimand to the agent.
+
+Rouzy was restored to his family, who ever afterwards remembered their
+"beloved Washington" in their daily prayers. Providence smiled upon the
+debtor, so that in a few years he offered the whole amount, with
+interest, to Washington.
+
+"The debt is already discharged," said Washington.
+
+"The debt of my family to you, the preserver of their parent, can never
+be discharged," answered Rouzy. "I insist upon your taking it."
+
+"I will receive it only upon one condition," added the president.
+
+"And what is that?"
+
+"That I may divide it among your children," replied Washington.
+
+The affair was finally settled on this basis, and the amount was divided
+at once among the children.
+
+The success of his first presidential term created the universal desire
+that he should serve a second term.
+
+"It is impossible; my private business demands my attention," he said to
+Jefferson.
+
+"Public business is more important," suggested Jefferson. "Besides, the
+confidence of the whole Union is centred in you."
+
+"I long for home and rest," retorted Washington. "I am wearing out with
+public service."
+
+"I trust and pray God that you will determine to make a further
+sacrifice of your tranquility and happiness to the public good,"
+remarked Hamilton, joining in the plea for a second term of service.
+
+"It will be time enough for you to have a successor when it shall please
+God to call you from this world," said Robert Morris; thus limiting the
+demands of his country only by the demand of death.
+
+His objections were overcome, and he was unanimously elected to a second
+term, and was inaugurated March 4, 1793, in Philadelphia.
+
+His second presidential term proved equally successful with the first.
+Serious difficulties with England, France, and Spain were settled; a
+treaty with the Indian tribes was affected, and a humane policy adopted
+towards them. The mechanic arts, agriculture, manufactures, and internal
+improvements, advanced rapidly under his administration. Domestic
+troubles disappeared, and peace and harmony prevailed throughout the
+land; in view of which, Jefferson said:
+
+"Never did nature and fortune combine more perfectly to make a man great
+and to place him in the same constellation with whatever worthies have
+merited from man an everlasting remembrance."
+
+During his presidency he made a tour through the Southern States. His
+arrangement for the same furnishes a remarkable illustration of the
+order and punctuality for which he was known from boyhood. Thinking that
+the heads of the several State departments might have occasion to write
+to him, he wrote out his route thus:
+
+"I shall be, on the eighth of April, at Fredericksburg; the eleventh, at
+Richmond; the fourteenth, at Petersburg; the sixteenth, at Halifax; the
+eighteenth, at Tarborough; the twentieth, at Newtown;" and thus on to
+the end, a journey of nineteen hundred miles.
+
+Custis says: "His punctuality on that long journey astonished every one.
+Scarcely would the artillery-men unlimber the cannon when the order
+would be given, 'Light your matches; the white chariot is in full
+view!'" Washington rode in a white chariot.
+
+His industry, which had become proverbial, enabled him to perform a
+great amount of work. General Henry Lee once said to him:
+
+"Mr. President, we are amazed at the amount of work you are able to
+accomplish."
+
+"I rise at four o'clock, sir, and a great deal of the work I perform is
+done while others are asleep," was Washington's reply.
+
+At the same time his _thoroughness_ and method appeared in everything.
+Mr. Sparks says:
+
+"During his presidency it was likewise his custom to subject the
+treasury reports and accompanying documents to the process of tutelar
+condensation, with a vast expenditure of labor and patience."
+
+Another biographer says:
+
+"His accounts, while engaged in the service of his country, were so
+accurately kept, that to this hour they are an example held up before
+the nations."
+
+In all these things the reader must note that "the boy is father of the
+man."
+
+Under his administration there was no demand, as now, for "civil service
+reform." His nearest relative and best friend enjoyed no advantage over
+others for position. Real qualifications and experience for office he
+required. Alluding to the severity with which he treated the idea of
+giving friends and favorites position, a public man remarked:
+
+"It is unfortunate to be a Virginian."
+
+At the close of his long service, he wrote:
+
+"In every nomination to office, I have endeavored, as far as my own
+knowledge extended, or information could be obtained, to make fitness of
+character my primary object."
+
+At one time two applicants for an important office presented their
+appeals, through friends. One of them was an intimate friend of the
+president, often at his table. The other was a political enemy, though a
+man of experience. No one really expected that his political enemy would
+be appointed, but he was.
+
+"Your appointment was unjust," a person dared to say to Washington.
+
+"I receive my friend with a cordial welcome," answered Washington. "He
+is welcome to my house and welcome to my heart; but, with all his good
+qualities, he is not a man of business. His opponent is, with all his
+political hostility to me, a man of business. My private feelings have
+nothing to do with this case. I am not George Washington, but President
+of the United States; as George Washington, I would do this man any
+kindness in my power; but as President of the United States, I can do
+nothing."
+
+In 1793 Washington was deeply affected by the news of Lafayette's exile
+and incarceration in Germany. He took measures at once to secure his
+release, if possible, and sent him a thousand guineas. Lafayette's son,
+who was named after the American general, George Washington Lafayette,
+came to this country, accompanied by his tutor, when his father was
+driven into exile. After the close of Washington's public life, young
+Lafayette became a member of his family at Mount Vernon. His father was
+not liberated until 1797.
+
+The following maxims, gleaned from his prolific writings, disclose the
+principles which governed his actions in public life, and at the same
+time they magnify his ability as a writer. When we reflect that his
+schooldays embraced instruction only in reading, writing, and
+arithmetic, to which he added surveying later, the clearness and
+elegance of his style become a matter of surprise. His epistolary
+correspondence is a model to all who would attain excellence in the art;
+and his grasp of thought and practical view of government and science,
+are unsurpassed by any statesman. Of the large number of notable
+extracts we might collect from his writings, we have space for a few
+only, as follows:
+
+"Our political system may be compared to the mechanism of a clock, and
+we should derive a lesson from it; for it answers no good purpose to
+keep the smaller wheels in order if the greater one, which is the
+support and prime mover of the whole, is neglected."
+
+"Common danger brought the States into confederacy; and on their union
+our safety and importance depend."
+
+"Remember that actions, and not the commission, make the officer. More
+is expected from him than the title."
+
+"Knowledge is, in every country, the surest basis of public happiness."
+
+"True friendship is a plant of slow growth, and must undergo and
+withstand the shocks of adversity before it is entitled to the
+appellation."
+
+"To share the common lot, and participate in conveniences which the
+army, from the peculiarity of our circumstances, are obliged to undergo,
+has with me, been a fundamental principle."
+
+"The value of liberty is enhanced by the difficulty of its attainment,
+and the worth of character appreciated by the trial of adversity."
+
+"It is our duty to make the best of our misfortunes, and not suffer
+passion to interfere with our interest and the public good."
+
+"In my estimation, more permanent and genuine happiness is to be found
+in the sequestered walks of connubial life than in the giddy rounds of
+promiscuous pleasure, or the more tumultuous and imposing scenes of
+successful ambition."
+
+"Without virtue and without integrity, the finest talents and the most
+brilliant accomplishments can never gain the respect and conciliate the
+esteem of the truly valuable part of mankind."
+
+"Few men have virtue to withstand the highest bidder."
+
+"A good moral character is the first essential in a man. It is,
+therefore, highly important to endeavor not only to be learned, but
+virtuous."
+
+"The eyes of Argus are upon us, and no slip will pass unnoticed."
+
+"It is much easier to avoid disagreements than to remove discontents."
+
+"The man who would steer clear of shelves and rocks, must know where
+they lie."
+
+"Do not conceive that fine clothes make fine men, any more than fine
+feathers make fine birds."
+
+"We ought not to look back, unless it be to derive useful lessons from
+past errors, and for the purpose of profiting by dear-bought
+experience."
+
+"Gaming is the child of Avarice, the brother of Iniquity, and the father
+of Mischief."
+
+"Religion is as necessary to reason as reason is to religion. The one
+cannot exist without the other."
+
+"The propitious smiles of heaven can never be expected on a nation that
+disregards the eternal rules of order and right, which heaven itself has
+ordained."
+
+"Whatever may be conceded to the influence of refined education on minds
+of peculiar structure, reason and experience both forbid us to expect
+that national morality can prevail, in exclusion of religious
+principle."
+
+We might fill many pages with similar quotations from his writings, but
+must forbear.
+
+He was urged strongly to serve his country a third presidential term,
+but he resolutely declined. Retiring from public service, he left a
+remarkable farewell address to the people of the United States, which is
+here given in full. Every American boy who has patriot blood in his
+veins will delight in being familiar with its every thought and precept.
+
+
+FAREWELL ADDRESS.
+
+FRIENDS AND FELLOW-CITIZENS:
+
+    The period for a new election of a citizen to administer the
+    executive government of the United States being not far distant,
+    and the time actually arrived when your thoughts must be
+    employed in designating the person who is to be clothed with
+    that important trust, it appears to me proper, especially as it
+    may conduce to a more distinct expression of the public voice,
+    that I should now apprize you of the resolution I have formed,
+    to decline being considered among the number of those out of
+    whom a choice is to be made. I beg you, at the same time, to do
+    me the justice to be assured that this resolution has not been
+    taken without a strict regard to all the considerations
+    appertaining to the relation which binds a dutiful citizen to
+    his country; and that, in withdrawing the tender of service,
+    which silence in my situation might imply, I am influenced by no
+    diminution of zeal for your future interest, no deficiency of
+    grateful respect for your past kindness, but am supported by a
+    full conviction that the step is compatible with both.
+
+    2. The acceptance of and continuance hitherto in the office to
+    which your sufferages have twice called me, have been a uniform
+    sacrifice of inclination to the opinion of duty, and to a
+    deference for what appeared to be your desire. I constantly
+    hoped that it would have been much earlier in my power,
+    consistently with motives which I was not at liberty to
+    disregard, to return to that retirement from which I have been
+    reluctantly drawn. The strength of my inclination to do this,
+    previous to the last election, had even led to the preparation
+    of an address to declare it to you; but mature reflection on the
+    then perplexed and critical posture of our affairs with foreign
+    nations, and the unanimous advice of persons entitled to my
+    confidence, impelled me to abandon the idea.
+
+    3. I rejoice that the state of your concerns, external as well
+    as internal, no longer renders the pursuit of inclination
+    incompatible with the sentiment of duty or propriety; and am
+    persuaded, whatever partiality may be retained for my services,
+    that in the present circumstances of our country you will not
+    disapprove my determination to retire.
+
+    4. The impressions with which I first undertook the arduous
+    trust were explained on the proper occasion. In the discharge of
+    this trust, I will only say that I have, with good intentions,
+    contributed towards the organization and administration of the
+    government the best exertions of which a very fallible judgment
+    was capable. Not unconscious, in the outset, of the inferiority
+    of my qualifications, experience in my own eyes, perhaps still
+    more in the eyes of others, has strengthened the motives to
+    diffidence of myself and every day the increasing weight of
+    years admonishes me more and more that the shade of retirement
+    is as necessary to me as it will be welcome. Satisfied that if
+    any circumstances have given peculiar value to my services, they
+    were temporary, I have the consolation to believe, that, while
+    choice and prudence invite me to quit the political scene,
+    patriotism does not forbid it.
+
+    5. In looking forward to the moment which is intended to
+    terminate the career of my public life, my feelings do not
+    permit me to suspend the deep acknowledgment of that debt of
+    gratitude which I owe to my beloved country for the many honors
+    it has conferred upon me; still more for the steadfast
+    confidence with which it has supported me; and for the
+    opportunities I have thence enjoyed of manifesting my
+    inviolable attachment by services faithful and persevering,
+    though in usefulness unequal to my zeal. If benefits have
+    resulted to our country from these services, let it always be
+    remembered to your praise, and as an instructive example in our
+    annals, that under circumstances in which the passions, agitated
+    in every direction, were liable to mislead, amidst appearances
+    sometimes dubious, vicissitudes of fortune often discouraging,
+    in situations in which not unfrequently want of success has
+    countenanced the spirit of criticism, the constancy of your
+    support was the essential prop of the efforts, and the guarantee
+    of the plans by which they were effected.
+
+    6. Profoundly penetrated with this idea, I shall carry it with
+    me to my grave, as a strong incitement to unceasing vows that
+    Heaven may continue to you the choicest tokens of its
+    benevolence; that your union and brotherly affection may be
+    perpetual; that the free Constitution, which is the work of your
+    hands, may be sacredly maintained; that its administration in
+    every department may be stamped with wisdom and virtue; that, in
+    fine, the happiness of the people of these States, under the
+    auspices of liberty, may be made complete, by so careful a
+    preservation, and so prudent a use of this blessing, as will
+    acquire to them the glory of recommending it to the applause,
+    the affection, and the adoption of every nation which is yet a
+    stranger to it.
+
+    7. Here, perhaps, I ought to stop. But a solicitude for your
+    welfare, which cannot end but with my life, and the apprehension
+    of danger natural to that solicitude, urge me, on an occasion
+    like the present, to offer to your solemn contemplation, and to
+    recommend to your frequent review, some sentiments, which are
+    the result of much reflection, of no inconsiderable observation,
+    and which appear to me all important to the permanency of your
+    felicity as a people. These will be offered to you with the
+    more freedom, as you can only see in them the disinterested
+    warnings of a parting friend, who can possibly have no personal
+    motives to bias his counsel. Nor can I forget, as an
+    encouragement to it, your indulgent reception of my sentiments
+    on a former and not dissimilar occasion. Interwoven as is the
+    love of liberty with every ligament of your hearts, no
+    recommendation of mine is necessary to fortify or confirm the
+    attachment.
+
+    8. The unity of government which constitutes you one people is
+    also now dear to you. It is justly so; for it is a main pillar
+    in the edifice of your real independence, the support of your
+    tranquillity at home, your peace abroad, of your safety, of your
+    prosperity, of that very liberty which you so highly prize. But
+    as it is easy to foresee that, from different causes and from
+    different quarters, much pains will be taken, many artifices
+    employed, to weaken in your minds the conviction of this truth;
+    as this is the point in your political fortress against which
+    the batteries of internal and external enemies will be most
+    constantly and actively (though often covertly and insidiously)
+    directed, it is of infinite moment that you should properly
+    estimate the immense value of your national union to your
+    collective and individual happiness; that you should cherish a
+    cordial, habitual, and immovable attachment to it; accustoming
+    yourselves to think and speak of it as of the palladium of your
+    political safety and prosperity; watching for its preservation
+    with jealous anxiety; discountenancing whatever may suggest even
+    a suspicion that it can in any event be abandoned; and
+    indignantly frowning upon the first dawning of every attempt to
+    alienate any portion of our country from the rest, or to
+    enfeeble the sacred ties which now link together the various
+    parts.
+
+    9. For this you have every inducement of sympathy and interest.
+    Citizens, by birth or choice, of a common country, that country
+    has a right to concentrate your affections. The name of America,
+    which belongs to you in your national capacity, must always
+    exalt the just pride of patriotism, more than any appellation
+    derived from local discriminations. With slight shades of
+    difference, you have the same religion, manners, habits, and
+    political principles. You have in a common cause fought and
+    triumphed together; the independence and liberty you possess are
+    the work of joint councils and joint efforts, of common dangers,
+    sufferings, and successes. But these considerations, however
+    powerfully they address themselves to your sensibility, are
+    greatly outweighed by those which apply more immediately to your
+    interest; here every portion of our country finds the most
+    commanding motives for carefully guarding and preserving the
+    union of the whole.
+
+    10. The North, in an unrestrained intercourse with the South,
+    protected by the equal laws of a common government, finds in the
+    productions of the latter great additional resources of maritime
+    and commercial enterprise, and precious materials of
+    manufacturing industry. The South, in the same intercourse,
+    benefiting by the agency of the North, sees its agriculture grow
+    and its commerce expand. Turning partly into its own channels
+    the seamen of the North, it finds its particular navigation
+    invigorated; and while it contributes, in different ways, to
+    nourish and increase the general mass of the national
+    navigation, it looks forward to the protection of a maritime
+    strength, to which itself is unequally adapted. The East, in a
+    like intercourse with the West, already finds, and in the
+    progressive improvement of interior communications by land and
+    water will more and more find, a valuable vent for the
+    commodities which it brings from abroad, or manufactures at
+    home. The West derives from the East supplies requisite to its
+    growth and comfort; and what is perhaps of still greater
+    consequence, it must of necessity owe the secure enjoyment of
+    indispensable outlets for its own productions to the weight,
+    influence, and the future maritime strength of the Atlantic side
+    of the Union, directed by an indissoluble community of interest
+    as _one nation_. Any other tenure by which the West can hold
+    this essential advantage, whether derived from its own separate
+    strength, or from an apostate and unnatural connection with any
+    foreign power, must be intrinsically precarious.
+
+    11. While, then, every part of our country thus feels an
+    immediate and particular interest in union, all the parties
+    combined cannot fail to find, in the united mass of means and
+    efforts, greater strength, greater resources, proportionably
+    greater security from external danger, a less frequent
+    interruption of their peace by foreign nations, and, what is of
+    inestimable value, they must derive from union an exemption from
+    those broils and wars between themselves, which so frequently
+    afflict neighboring countries not tied together by the same
+    government; which their own rivalships alone would be sufficient
+    to produce, but which opposite foreign alliances, attachments,
+    and intrigues, would stimulate and embitter. Hence, likewise,
+    they will avoid the necessity of those overgrown military
+    establishments, which, under any form of government are
+    inauspicious to liberty, and which are to be regarded as
+    particularly hostile to republican liberty; in this sense it is
+    that your union ought to be considered as a main prop of your
+    liberty, and that the love of the one ought to endear to you the
+    preservation of the other.
+
+    12. These considerations speak a persuasive language to every
+    reflecting and virtuous mind, and exhibit the continuance of the
+    Union as a primary object of patriotic desire. Is there a doubt
+    whether a common government can embrace so large a sphere? Let
+    experience solve it. To listen to mere speculation in such a
+    case were criminal. We are authorized to hope that a proper
+    organization of the whole, with the auxiliary agency of
+    government for the respective subdivisions, will afford a happy
+    issue to the experiment. 'Tis well worth a fair and full
+    experiment. With such powerful and obvious motives to union
+    affecting all parts of our country, while experience shall not
+    have demonstrated its impracticability, there will always be
+    reason to distrust the patriotism of those who, in any quarter,
+    may endeavor to weaken its bands.
+
+    13. In contemplating the causes which may disturb our Union, it
+    occurs as a matter of serious concern that any ground should
+    have been furnished for characterizing parties by geographical
+    discriminations,--Northern and Southern, Atlantic and
+    Western,--whence designing men may endeavor to excite a belief
+    that there is a real difference of local interests and views.
+    One of the expedients of party to acquire influence within
+    particular districts is to misrepresent the opinions and aims of
+    other districts. You cannot shield yourselves too much against
+    the jealousies and heartburnings which spring from these
+    misrepresentations; they tend to render alien to each other
+    those who ought to be bound together by fraternal affection. The
+    inhabitants of our western country have lately had a useful
+    lesson on this head: they have seen in the negotiation by the
+    executive, and in the unanimous ratification by the Senate, of
+    the treaty with Spain, and in the universal satisfaction at that
+    event throughout the United States, a decisive proof how
+    unfounded were the suspicions propagated among them of a policy
+    in the general government and in the Atlantic States, unfriendly
+    to their interests in regard to the Mississippi; they have been
+    witnesses to the formation of two treaties, that with Great
+    Britain and that with Spain, which secure to them everything
+    they could desire, in respect to our foreign relations, towards
+    confirming their prosperity. Will it not be their wisdom to rely
+    for the preservation of these advantages on the Union by which
+    they were procured? Will they not henceforth be deaf to those
+    advisers, if such there are, who would sever them from their
+    brethren, and connect them with aliens?
+
+    14. To the efficacy and permanency of your Union, a government
+    for the whole is indispensable. No alliances, however strict,
+    between the parts, can be an adequate substitute; they must
+    inevitably experience the infractions and interruptions which
+    all alliances in all times have experienced. Sensible of this
+    momentous truth, you have improved upon your first essay, by the
+    adoption of a constitution of government, better calculated than
+    your former for an intimate union, and for the efficacious
+    management of your common concerns. This government, the
+    offspring of our own choice, uninfluenced and unawed, adopted
+    upon full investigation and mature deliberation, completely free
+    in its principles, in the distribution of its powers uniting
+    security with energy, and containing within itself a provision
+    for its own amendment, has a just claim to your confidence and
+    your support. Respect for its authority, compliance with its
+    laws, acquiescence in its measures, are duties enjoined by the
+    fundamental maxims of true liberty. The basis of our political
+    system is the right of the people to make and alter their
+    constitutions of government. But the Constitution, which at any
+    time exists till changed by an explicit and authentic act of the
+    whole people, is sacredly obligatory upon all. The very idea of
+    the power and the right of the people to establish government,
+    presupposes the duty of every individual to obey the established
+    government.
+
+    15. All obstructions to the execution of the laws, all
+    combinations and associations, under whatever plausible
+    character, with the real design to direct, control, counteract,
+    or awe the regular deliberation and action of the constituted
+    authorities, are destructive of this fundamental principle, and
+    of fatal tendency. They serve to organize faction, to give it
+    an artificial and extraordinary force--to put in the place of
+    the delegated will of the nation the will of a party, often a
+    small but artful and enterprising minority of the community;
+    and, according to the alternate triumphs of different parties,
+    to make the public administration the mirror of the
+    ill-concerted and incongruous projects of faction, rather than
+    the organ of consistent and wholesome plans digested by common
+    councils, and modified by mutual interests. However combinations
+    or associations of the above description may now and then answer
+    popular ends, they are likely in the course of time and things
+    to become potent engines, by which cunning, ambitious, and
+    unprincipled men will be enabled to subvert the power of the
+    people, and to usurp to themselves the reins of government,
+    destroying afterwards the very engines which have lifted them to
+    unjust dominion.
+
+    16. Towards the preservation of your government, and the
+    permanency of your present happy state, it is requisite not only
+    that you speedily discountenance irregular oppositions to its
+    acknowledged authority, but also that you resist with care the
+    spirit of innovation upon its principles, however specious the
+    pretexts. One method of assault may be to effect in the forms of
+    the Constitution, alterations which impair the energy of the
+    system, and thus to undermine what cannot be directly
+    overthrown. In all the changes to which you may be invited,
+    remember that time and habit are at least as necessary to fix
+    the true character of governments as of other human
+    institutions; that experience is the surest standard by which to
+    test the real tendency of the existing constitution of a
+    country; that facility in changes upon the credit of mere
+    hypothesis and opinion exposes to perpetual change from the
+    endless variety of hypothesis and opinion; and remember,
+    especially, that for the efficient management of your common
+    interests, in a country so extensive as ours, a government of as
+    much vigor as is consistent with the perfect security of liberty
+    is indispensable. Liberty itself will find in such a
+    government, with powers properly distributed and adjusted, its
+    surest guardian. It is, indeed, little else than a name, where
+    the government is too feeble to withstand the enterprises of
+    faction, to confine each member of the society within the limits
+    prescribed by the laws, and to maintain all in the secure and
+    tranquil enjoyment of the rights of person and property.
+
+    17. I have already intimated to you the danger of parties in the
+    State, with particular reference to the founding of them on
+    geographical discriminations. Let me now take a more
+    comprehensive view, and warn you in the most solemn manner
+    against the baneful effects of the spirit of party, generally.
+    The spirit, unfortunately, is inseparable from our nature,
+    having its root in the strongest passions of the human mind. It
+    exists under different shapes in all governments, more or less
+    stifled, controlled, or repressed; but in those of the popular
+    form, it is seen in its greatest rankness, and is truly their
+    worst enemy. The alternate domination of one faction over
+    another, sharpened by the spirit of revenge, natural to party
+    dissension, which, in different ages and countries, has
+    perpetrated the most horrid enormities, is itself a frightful
+    despotism. But this leads at length to a more formal and
+    permanent despotism. The disorders and miseries which result,
+    gradually incline the minds of men to seek security and repose
+    in the absolute power of an individual; and sooner or later the
+    chief of some prevailing faction, more able or more fortunate
+    than his competitor, turns this disposition to the purposes of
+    his own elevation, on the ruins of public liberty.
+
+    18. Without looking forward to an extremity of this kind (which
+    nevertheless ought not to be entirely out of sight), the common
+    and continual mischiefs of the spirit of party are sufficient to
+    make it the interest and duty of a wise people to discourage
+    and restrain it. It serves always to distract the public
+    councils and enfeeble the public administration. It agitates the
+    community with ill-founded jealousies and false alarms; kindles
+    the animosity of one part against another; foments occasionally
+    riot and insurrection. It opens the door to foreign influence
+    and corruption, which find a facilitated access to the
+    government itself through the channels of party passions. Thus
+    the policy and the will of one country are subjected to the
+    policy and will of another.
+
+    19. There is an opinion that parties in free countries are
+    useful checks upon the administration of the government, and
+    serve to keep alive the spirit of liberty. This, within certain
+    limits, is probably true; and in governments of a monarchical
+    cast, patriotism may look with indulgence, if not with favor,
+    upon the spirit of party. But in those of a popular character,
+    in governments purely elective, it is a spirit not to be
+    encouraged. From their natural tendency, it is certain there
+    will always be enough of that spirit for every salutary purpose;
+    and there being constant danger of excess, the effort ought to
+    be by force of public opinion, to mitigate and assuage it. A
+    fire not to be quenched, it demands a uniform vigilance to
+    prevent its bursting into a flame, lest, instead of warming, it
+    should consume.
+
+    20. It is important, likewise, that the habits of thinking in a
+    free country should inspire caution in those intrusted with its
+    administration, to confine themselves within their respective
+    constitutional spheres, avoiding, in the exercise of the powers
+    of one department, to encroach upon another. The spirit of
+    encroachment tends to consolidate the powers of all the
+    departments in one, and thus to create, whatever the form of
+    government, a real despotism. A just estimate of that love of
+    power, and proneness to abuse it, which predominates in the
+    human heart, is sufficient to satisfy us of the truth of this
+    position. The necessity of reciprocal checks in the exercise of
+    political power, by dividing and distributing it into different
+    depositories, and constituting each the guardian of public weal
+    against invasions by the others, has seen evinced by experiments
+    ancient and modern, some of them in our country and under our
+    own eyes. To preserve them must be as necessary as to constitute
+    them. If, in the opinion of the people, the distribution or
+    modification of the constitutional powers be in any particular
+    wrong, let it be corrected by an amendment, in a way which the
+    Constitution designates; but let there be no change by
+    usurpation: for though this, in one instance, may be the
+    instrument of good, it is the customary weapon by which free
+    governments are destroyed. The precedent must always greatly
+    overbalance in permanent evil any partial or transient benefit
+    which the use can at any time yield.
+
+    21. Of all the dispositions and habits which lead to political
+    prosperity, religion and morality are indispensable supports. In
+    vain would that man claim the tribute of patriotism, who should
+    labor to subvert these great pillars of human happiness, these
+    firmest props of the duties of men and citizens. The mere
+    politician, equally with the pious man, ought to respect and to
+    cherish them. A volume could not trace all their connections
+    with private and public felicity. Let it simply be asked, where
+    is the security for property, for reputation, for life, if the
+    sense of religious obligation desert the oaths which are the
+    instruments of investigation in courts of justice? and let us
+    with caution indulge the supposition that morality can be
+    maintained without religion. Whatever may be conceded to the
+    influence of refined education on minds of peculiar structure,
+    reason and experience both forbid us to expect that national
+    morality can prevail in exclusion of religious principle. 'Tis
+    substantially true, that virtue or morality is a necessary
+    spring of popular government. The rule, indeed, extends with
+    more or less force to every species of free government. Who that
+    is a sincere friend to it can look with indifference upon
+    attempts to shake the foundation of the fabric?
+
+    22. Promote, then, as an object of primary importance,
+    institutions for the general diffusion of knowledge. In
+    proportion as the structure of a government gives force to
+    public opinion, it is essential that public opinion should be
+    enlightened. As a very important source of strength and
+    security, cherish public credit: one method of preserving it is
+    to use it as sparingly as possible, avoiding occasions of
+    expense by cultivating peace; and remembering, also, that timely
+    disbursements to prepare for danger frequently prevent much
+    greater disbursements to repel it; avoiding likewise the
+    accumulations of debt, not only by shunning occasions of
+    expense, but by vigorous exertions in time of peace to discharge
+    the debts which unavoidable wars may have occasioned, not
+    ungenerously throwing upon posterity the burden which we
+    ourselves ought to bear. The execution of these maxims belongs
+    to your representatives, but it is necessary that public opinion
+    should co-operate. To facilitate to them the performance of
+    their duty, it is essential that you should practically bear in
+    mind, that towards the payment of debts there must be revenue;
+    to have revenue there must be taxes; that no taxes can be
+    devised which are not more or less inconvenient and unpleasant;
+    and the intrinsic embarrassment inseparable from the selection
+    of the proper object (which is always a choice of difficulties),
+    ought to be a decisive motive for a candid construction of the
+    conduct of the government in making it, and for a spirit of
+    acquiescence in the measures for obtaining revenue which the
+    public exigencies may at any time dictate.
+
+    23. Observe good faith and justice towards all nations;
+    cultivate peace and harmony with all. Religion and morality
+    enjoin this conduct; and can it be that good policy does not
+    equally enjoin it? It will be worthy of a free, enlightened, and
+    at no distant period, a great nation, to give to mankind the
+    magnanimous and too novel example of a people always guided by
+    an exalted justice and benevolence. Who can doubt that, in the
+    course of time and things, the fruits of such a plan would
+    richly repay any temporary advantages which might be lost by a
+    steady adherence to it? Can it be that Providence has not
+    connected the permanent felicity of a nation with its virtue?
+    The experiment, at least, is recommended by every sentiment
+    which ennobles human nature. Alas! is it rendered impossible by
+    its vices?
+
+    24. In the execution of such a plan, nothing is more essential
+    than that permanent inveterate antipathies against particular
+    nations, and passionate attachments for others, should be
+    excluded; and that in place of them just and amicable feelings
+    towards all should be cultivated. The nation which indulges
+    towards another an habitual hatred or an habitual fondness is in
+    some degree a slave. It is a slave to its animosity or to its
+    affection, either of which is sufficient to lead it astray from
+    its duty and its interest. Antipathy in one nation against
+    another disposes each more readily to offer insult and injury,
+    to lay hold of slight causes of umbrage, and to be haughty and
+    intractable, when accidental or trifling occasions of dispute
+    occur. Hence frequent collisions, obstinate, envenomed, and
+    bloody contests. The nation prompted by ill will and resentment
+    sometimes impels to war the government, contrary to the best
+    calculations of policy. The government sometimes participates in
+    the national propensity, and adopts through passion what reason
+    would reject; at other times, it makes the animosity of the
+    nation subservient to projects of hostility instigated by pride,
+    ambition, and other sinister and pernicious motives. The peace
+    often, sometimes perhaps the liberty, of nations, has been the
+    victim.
+
+    25. So likewise a passionate attachment of one nation for
+    another produces a variety of evils. Sympathy for the favorite
+    nation, facilitating the illusion of an imaginary common
+    interest, in cases where no real common interest exists, and
+    infusing into one the enmities of the other, betrays the former
+    into a participation in the quarrels and wars of the latter,
+    without adequate inducement or justification. It leads also to
+    the concessions to the favorite nation of privileges denied to
+    others which is apt doubly to injure the nation making the
+    concessions, by unnecessarily parting with what ought to have
+    been retained; and by exciting jealousy, ill will, and a
+    disposition to retaliate, in the parties from whom equal
+    privileges are withheld; and it gives to ambitious, corrupted,
+    or deluded citizens (who devote themselves to the favorite
+    nation) facility to betray or sacrifice the interests of their
+    own country without odium, sometimes even with popularity;
+    gilding with the appearances of a virtuous sense of obligation,
+    a commendable deference for public opinion, or a laudable zeal
+    for public good, the base or foolish compliances of ambition,
+    corruption, or infatuation.
+
+    26. As avenues to foreign influence in innumerable ways, such
+    attachments are particularly alarming to the truly enlightened
+    and independent patriot. How many opportunities do they afford
+    to tamper with domestic factions, to practise the arts of
+    seduction, to mislead public opinions, to influence or awe
+    public councils! Such an attachment of small or weak towards a
+    great and powerful nation dooms the former to be the satellites
+    of the latter. Against the insidious wiles of foreign influence
+    (I conjure you to believe me, fellow citizens), the jealousy of
+    a free people ought to be _constantly_ awake, since history and
+    experience prove that foreign influence is one of the most
+    baneful foes of republican government. But that jealousy, to be
+    useful, must be impartial, else it becomes the instrument of the
+    very influence to be avoided, instead of a defense against it.
+    Excessive partiality for one foreign nation, and excessive
+    dislike of another, cause those whom they actuate, to see danger
+    only on one side, and serve to veil and even second the arts of
+    influence on the other. Real patriots, who may resist the
+    intrigues of the favorite, are liable to become suspected and
+    odious; while its tools and dupes usurp the applause and
+    confidence of the people, to surrender their interests. The
+    great rule of conduct for us, in regard to foreign nations, is,
+    in extending our commercial relations, to have with them as
+    little political connection as possible. So far as we have
+    already formed engagements, let them be fulfilled with perfect
+    good faith. Here let us stop.
+
+    27. Europe has a set of primary interests, which to us have
+    none, or a very remote relation. Hence she must be engaged in
+    frequent controversies, the causes of which are essentially
+    foreign to our concerns. Hence, therefore, it must be unwise in
+    us to implicate ourselves, by artificial ties, in the ordinary
+    vicissitudes of her politics, or the ordinary combinations and
+    collisions of her friendships or enmities. Our detached and
+    distant situation invites and enables us to pursue a different
+    course. If we remain one people, under an efficient government,
+    the period is not far off when we may defy material injury from
+    external annoyance; when we may take such an attitude as will
+    cause the neutrality we may at any time resolve upon, to be
+    scrupulously respected; when belligerent nations, under the
+    impossibility of making acquisitions upon us, will not lightly
+    hazard the giving us provocation; when we may choose peace or
+    war, as our interest, guided by justice, shall counsel.
+
+    28. Why forego the advantages of so peculiar a situation? Why
+    quit our own to stand upon foreign ground? Why, by interweaving
+    our destiny with that of any part of Europe, entangle our peace
+    and prosperity in the toils of European ambition, rivalship,
+    interest, humor, or caprice? 'Tis our true policy to steer clear
+    of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world, so
+    far, I mean, as we are now at liberty to do it; for let me not
+    be understood as patronizing infidelity to existing engagements.
+    I hold the maxim no less applicable to public than to private
+    affairs, that honesty is always the best policy. I repeat it,
+    therefore, let those engagements be observed in their genuine
+    sense. But, in my opinion, it is unnecessary, and would be
+    unwise, to extend them. Taking care always to keep ourselves, by
+    suitable establishments, on a respectable defensive posture, we
+    may safely trust to temporary alliances for extra ordinary
+    emergencies.
+
+    29. Harmony, liberal intercourse with all nations, are
+    recommended by policy, humanity, and interest. But even our
+    commercial policy should hold an equal and impartial hand,
+    neither seeking nor granting exclusive favors or preferences;
+    consulting the natural course of things; diffusing and
+    diversifying, by gentle means, the streams of commerce, but
+    forcing nothing; establishing with powers so disposed, in order
+    to give trade a stable course, to define the rights of our
+    merchants, and to enable the government to support them,
+    conventional rules of intercourse, the best that present
+    circumstances and mutual opinion will permit, but temporary, and
+    liable to be from time to time abandoned or varied, as
+    experience and circumstances shall dictate; constantly keeping
+    in view that 'tis folly in one nation to look for disinterested
+    favors from another; that it must pay with a portion of its
+    independence whatever it may accept under that character; that
+    by such acceptance it may place itself in the condition of
+    having given equivalent for nominal favors, and yet of being
+    reproached with ingratitude for not giving more. There can be no
+    greater error than to expect or calculate upon real favors from
+    nation to nation. 'Tis an illusion which experience must cure,
+    which a just pride ought to discard.
+
+    30. In offering to you, my countrymen, these counsels of an old
+    and affectionate friend, I dare not hope they will make the
+    strong and lasting impression I could wish; that they will
+    control the usual current of the passions, or prevent our nation
+    from running the course which has hitherto marked the destiny of
+    nations: but if I may even flatter myself, that they may be
+    productive of some partial benefit, some occasional good; that
+    they may now and then recur to moderate the fury of party
+    spirit, to warn against the mischiefs of foreign intrigues, and
+    guard against the impostures of pretended patriotism; this hope
+    will be a full recompense for the solicitude for your welfare,
+    by which they have been dictated. How far, in the discharge of
+    my official duties, I have been guided by the principles which
+    have been delineated, the public records, and other evidences of
+    my conduct, must witness to you and to the world. To myself the
+    assurance of my own conscience is, that I have at least believed
+    myself to be guided by them.
+
+    31. In relation to the still subsisting war in Europe, my
+    proclamation on the 22d of April, 1793, is the index to my plan.
+    Sanctioned by your approving voice, and by that of your
+    representatives in both houses of Congress, the spirit of that
+    measure has continually governed me, uninfluenced by any attempt
+    to deter or divert me from it. After deliberate examination,
+    with the aid of the best lights I could obtain, I was well
+    satisfied that our country, under all the circumstances of the
+    case, had a right to take, and was bound in duty and interest to
+    take, a neutral position. Having taken it, I determined, as far
+    as should depend upon me, to maintain it with moderation,
+    perseverance, and firmness.
+
+    32. The consideration which respects the right to hold the
+    conduct, it is not necessary on this occasion to detail. I will
+    only observe, that, according to my understanding of the matter,
+    that right, so far from being denied by any of the belligerent
+    powers, has been virtually admitted by all. The duty of holding
+    a neutral conduct may be inferred, without anything more, from
+    the obligation which justice and humanity impose upon every
+    nation, in cases in which it is free to act, to maintain
+    inviolate the relations of peace and amity towards other
+    nations. The inducements of interest for observing that conduct,
+    will be best referred to your own reflection and experience.
+    With me, a predominant motive has been to endeavor to gain time
+    to our country to settle and mature its yet recent institutions,
+    and to progress, without interruption, to that degree of
+    strength and consistency which is necessary to give it, humanly
+    speaking, the command of its own fortunes.
+
+    33. Though in reviewing the incidents of my administration, I am
+    unconscious of intentional error, I am nevertheless too sensible
+    of my defects not to think it probable that I may have committed
+    many errors. Whatever they may be, I fervently beseech the
+    Almighty to avert or mitigate the evils to which they may tend.
+    I shall also carry with me the hope that my country will never
+    cease to view them with indulgence; and that, after forty-five
+    years of my life dedicated to its service, with an upright zeal,
+    the faults of incompetent abilities will be consigned to
+    oblivion, as myself must soon be to the mansions of rest.
+    Relying on its kindness in this as in other things, and actuated
+    by that fervent love towards it which is so natural to a man who
+    views in it the native soil of himself and his progenitors for
+    several generations, I anticipate with pleasing expectation
+    that retreat, in which I promise myself to realize, without
+    alloy, the sweet enjoyment of partaking, in the midst of my
+    fellow citizens, the benign influence of good laws under a free
+    government--the ever favorite object of my heart, and the happy
+    reward, as I trust, of our mutual cares, labors, and dangers.
+
+        GEORGE WASHINGTON.
+
+On closing his presidential career, March 4, 1797, Washington retired to
+Mount Vernon, to spend the remnant of his days in retirement. It was not
+long, however, before the prospect of a war with France prompted the
+nation to ask him to take command of its armies, to which he consented,
+although he declared that there would be no war--a conclusion which
+subsequent events fully justified. John Adams was president, and he
+wrote to Washington:
+
+"We must have your name, if you will in any case permit us to use it.
+There will be more efficacy in it than in many an army."
+
+Having said nothing particularly concerning Washington as a
+slave-holder, we may add, in closing this chapter, that he believed,
+with Jefferson, that slavery was a cruel wrong, and ought to be
+abolished. He said to Jefferson, before he was president:
+
+"I never mean, unless some particular circumstances should compel me to
+it, to possess another slave by purchase; it being among my first wishes
+to see some plan adopted by which slavery in this country may be
+abolished by law." In another letter he says, "I can only say there is
+not a man living who wishes more sincerely than I do to see a plan
+adopted for the abolition of it; but there is only one proper and
+effectual mode by which it can be accomplished, and that is by
+legislative authority, and this, as far as my suffrage will go, shall
+never be wanting."
+
+During his presidency in New York, Mrs. Washington's favorite maid Ovey
+ran away, and she besought her husband to take measures to find her.
+Laughing, Washington replied:
+
+"I, who have been fighting for liberty, would appear finely in pursuit
+of a runaway slave!"
+
+He freely expressed his abhorrence of slavery to Lafayette during the
+war; and when the latter purchased an estate in Cayenne, with the
+intention of freeing the slaves upon it, Washington wrote to him:
+
+"Your late purchase is a generous and noble proof of your humanity.
+Would to God a like spirit might diffuse itself generally in the minds
+of the people of this country!"
+
+His will provided for the emancipation of his slaves, so far as
+possible. "Under the tenure by which the dower negroes are held he could
+not manumit them." But the will ran thus:
+
+"Upon the decease of my wife, it is my will and desire that all the
+slaves whom I hold _in my own right_ shall receive their freedom."
+
+After his death, Mrs. Washington proceeded to emancipate the slaves,
+agreeable to his wishes, at expressed in his last "will and testament."
+
+
+
+
+XXIV.
+
+DEATH, AND FUNERAL CEREMONIES.
+
+
+In December, 1799, there came a cold, bleak morning, with drizzling rain
+and sleet.
+
+"I would not go out this uncomfortable day," Mrs. Washington said to her
+husband, observing that he was preparing to go out to his daily task.
+
+"It is not much of a storm," Washington replied. "Besides, I have a
+piece of work under way that I must superintend."
+
+"I fear that you will take cold," continued Mrs. Washington. "Sitting at
+the fire is more fitting for a man of your age than exposing yourself in
+such a storm."
+
+He went, however, nor returned until almost time for dinner. His locks
+were covered with snow and sleet, and he was quite wet.
+
+Mrs. Washington advised him to change his apparel, but he declined,
+saying:
+
+"The wet is of little consequence. I shall soon be dry."
+
+In the evening he read aloud to his family as usual although he was
+somewhat hoarse. The next day, the storm was still more severe, and he
+remained within doors, complaining of a slight cold. Again he read aloud
+to his family in the evening. This was on Friday, the thirteenth day of
+December.
+
+On retiring, Mr. Lear, his private secretary, said to him:
+
+"General, you had better take something for your cold."
+
+"No," replied Washington; "you know that I never take anything for a
+cold. Let it go as it came."
+
+About three o'clock in the morning he awoke with a chill, feeling very
+unwell. Still, he would not allow his wife to get up, fearing that she
+might take cold. A servant came in to build a fire, when he sent for Mr.
+Rawlins, an overseer, to bleed him, which, at that time, was a method
+of treatment universally adopted. The overseer was accustomed to bleed
+negroes, but he hesitated to practise on Washington.
+
+"I would not be bled; you need more strength instead of less,"
+interposed his wife, but Washington had confidence in the method. "Don't
+be afraid," he said to the overseer; "make the orifice large enough."
+
+But he grew worse rapidly, and early in the morning Dr. Craik was sent
+for. Washington said to Mr. Lear, his private secretary:
+
+"I cannot last long. I feel that I am going. I believed from the first
+that the attack would prove fatal."
+
+"I hope not," answered Mr. Lear, rather surprised by these words. "The
+doctor will give you relief, I trust, when he arrives."
+
+"Do you arrange and record all my military letters and papers; arrange
+my accounts and settle my books, as you know more about them than any
+one else," Washington continued.
+
+"That I will do," replied Mr. Lear; "but I hope you will live many years
+yet."
+
+"Do you think of anything else it is essential for me to do? for I am
+confident that I shall continue but a very short time with you,"
+continued Washington.
+
+"I can think of nothing," answered Mr. Lear, and then repeated his
+opinion that he was not so near the end.
+
+Smiling, the great man responded:
+
+"I am certainly near the end, and I look forward to the hour of
+dissolution with perfect resignation."
+
+Turning to Mrs. Washington, he said, "Go to my desk, and in the private
+drawer you will find two papers; bring them to me."
+
+The papers were brought, when he added, taking one paper in each hand:
+
+"These are my wills. Preserve this one, and burn the other."
+
+Dr. Craik arrived about ten o'clock, and remained with him until his
+death. Drs. Brown and Dick were sent for, and every effort possible made
+to save his life.
+
+"I am much obliged for all your care and attention," he said to the
+physicians; "but do not trouble yourselves any more about me. Let me
+pass away quietly. I cannot last long."
+
+Later he said to Dr. Craik:
+
+"Doctor, I die hard, but I am not afraid to go." He was then struggling
+for breath.
+
+At eight o'clock in the evening he appeared unable to speak. Mr. Lear
+says:
+
+"I aided him all in my power, and was gratified in believing he felt it,
+for he would look upon me with eyes speaking gratitude, but unable to
+utter a word without great distress."
+
+At ten o'clock he appeared to make a desperate effort to speak, and at
+length said to Mr. Lear: "I am just going. Have me decently buried, and
+do not let my body be put into the vault in less than three days after I
+am dead."
+
+Mr. Lear signified his assent by a nod.
+
+As if not satisfied with that, Washington looked up to him again, and
+said:
+
+"Do you understand me?"
+
+"Yes, sir," Mr. Lear answered distinctly.
+
+"It is well," added the dying man--the last words he spoke.
+
+Mr. Lear describes the closing scene thus:
+
+"About ten minutes before he expired, his breathing became much easier;
+he lay quietly. He withdrew his hand from mine and felt his own pulse. I
+spoke to Dr. Craik, who sat by the fire; he came to the bedside. The
+general's hand fell from his wrist; I took it in mine and placed it on
+my breast. Dr. Craik closed his eyes, and he expired without groan or
+struggle."
+
+Mrs. Washington had been sitting in silent grief all the while, at the
+foot of the bed; but now she inquired with calmness:
+
+"Is he gone?"
+
+No one could answer; hearts were too full for utterance. But Mr. Lear
+"held up his hand as a signal that he was gone."
+
+"It is well," responded Mrs. Washington, with firm, unfaltering voice.
+"All is over now; I shall soon follow him; I have no more trials to pass
+through."
+
+Mr. Custis says, "Close to the couch of the sufferer resting her head
+upon that ancient Book with which she had been wont to hold pious
+communion a portion of every day for more than half a century, was the
+venerable consort, absorbed in silent prayer, and from which she only
+arose when the mourning group prepared to lead her from the chamber of
+the dead. Such were the last hours of Washington."
+
+The news of the ex-president's death spread rapidly for that day when
+railroads and telegraphs were unknown, and the sadness and mourning were
+universal. Congress was in session at Philadelphia, but did not receive
+the sad intelligence until the 18th of December, the day of the funeral
+at Mount Vernon.
+
+The members of Congress appeared to be overwhelmed by the calamity, and
+immediately adjourned. On assembling the next day, they eulogized both
+by speech and resolution the illustrious dead; ordered that a marble
+monument, bearing the record of his great achievements, be erected at
+Washington; and appointed General Henry Lee to deliver a eulogy before
+both branches of Congress on the 26th. The Senate addressed an eloquent
+and pathetic letter to President Adams, in which it was said:
+
+"On this occasion it is manly to weep. To lose such a man, at such a
+crisis, is no common calamity to the world. Our country mourns a father.
+The Almighty Disposer of human events has taken from us our greatest
+benefactor and ornament. It becomes us to submit with reverence to Him,
+'who maketh darkness his pavilion.'... Thanks to God, his glory is
+consummated! Washington yet lives on earth, in his spotless example; his
+spirit is in Heaven.
+
+"Let his country consecrate the memory of the heroic general, the
+patriotic statesman, and the virtuous sage. Let them teach their
+children never to forget that the fruits of his labors and his example
+are their inheritance."
+
+The funeral ceremonies were performed at Mount Vernon on the 18th, under
+the direction of Rev. Mr. Davis, rector of the parish, assisted by other
+clergymen. The people came from many miles around to pay a grateful
+tribute of respect to the honored dead. Almost the entire population of
+Alexandria, nine miles distant, was there, including its military
+companies. Eleven pieces of cannon were sent from that city, and one of
+its leading citizens, Robert Morris, anchored a schooner in the Potomac,
+in front of the Mount Vernon residence, from which minute-guns were
+fired during the funeral exercises and the march of the long procession
+to the tomb.
+
+His remains were deposited in the old family vault, which was so
+dilapidated that the proprietor was thinking of building a new one. Only
+two or three days before he was taken sick, he called the attention of
+his nephew to the spot where he should build it, and, referring to other
+work demanding his attention, he added:
+
+"But the tomb must be built first, since I may need it first."
+
+It would be quite impossible to describe the scene of sorrow that
+pervaded the country when the death of Washington became known. Congress
+enacted that the 22d of February, Washington's birthday, should be
+observed for funeral services throughout the nation. Every method of
+expressing grief known to an afflicted people was called into
+requisition. Houses of worship, public halls, State capitals,
+schoolrooms, stores, and even dwellings were hung in mourning draperies
+on that day. Sermons, eulogies, and resolutions by public bodies were
+multiplied throughout the Union. The sorrow was universal.
+
+Irving says:
+
+"Public testimonials of grief and reverence were displayed in every
+part of the Union. Nor were these sentiments confined to the United
+States. When the news of Washington's death reached England, Lord
+Bridport, who had command of a British fleet of nearly sixty sail of the
+line, lying at Torbay, lowered his flag half-mast, every ship following
+the example; and Bonaparte, First Consul of France, on announcing his
+death to the army, ordered that black crape should be suspended from all
+the standards and flags throughout the public service for ten days."
+
+The great American orator of that day, Fisher Ames, delivered a eulogy
+before the Massachusetts Legislature, in which he said:
+
+"The fame he enjoyed is of the kind that will last forever; yet it was
+rather the effect than the motive of his conduct. Some future Plutarch
+will search for a parallel to his character. Epaminondas is perhaps the
+brightest name of all antiquity. Our Washington resembled him in his
+purity and the ardor of his patriotism; and like him, he first exalted
+the glory of his country."
+
+Lord Brougham said:
+
+"How grateful the relief which the friend of mankind, the lover of
+virtue, experiences, when, turning from the contemplation of such a
+character [Napoleon], his eye rests upon the greatest man of our own or
+of any age; the only one upon whom an epithet, so thoughtlessly lavished
+by men, may be innocently and justly bestowed!"
+
+Edward Everett, by whose efforts and influence "The Ladies' Mount Vernon
+Association of the Union" were enabled to purchase (twenty-five years
+ago) two hundred acres of the estate, including the mansion-house and
+tomb, for preservation and improvement, says, in his biography of
+Washington:
+
+"In the final contemplation of his character, we shall not hesitate to
+pronounce Washington, of all men that have ever lived, THE GREATEST OF
+GOOD MEN AND THE BEST OF GREAT MEN!"
+
+Posterity honors itself by calling him
+
+    "THE FATHER OF HIS COUNTRY!"
+
+
+
+
+XXV.
+
+EULOGY BY GENERAL HENRY LEE.
+
+
+In obedience to your will, I rise, your humble organ, with the hope of
+executing a part of the system of public mourning which you have been
+pleased to adopt, commemorative of the death of the most illustrious and
+most beloved personage this country has ever produced; and which, while
+it transmits to posterity your sense of the awful event, faintly
+represents your knowledge of the consummate excellence you so cordially
+honor.
+
+Desperate, indeed, is any attempt on earth to meet correspondently this
+dispensation of Heaven; for while, with pious resignation, we submit to
+the will of an all-gracious Providence, we can never cease lamenting, in
+our finite view of Omnipotent Wisdom, the heart-rending privation for
+which our nation weeps. When the civilized world shakes to its centre;
+when every moment gives birth to strange and momentous changes; when our
+peaceful quarter of the globe, exempt, as it happily has been, from any
+share in the slaughter of the human race, may yet be compelled to
+abandon her pacific policy, and to risk the doleful casualties of war;
+what limit is there to the extent of our loss? None within the reach of
+my words to express; none which your feelings will not disavow.
+
+The founder of our federate republic, our bulwark in war, our guide in
+peace, is no more. Oh that this were but questionable! Hope, the
+comforter of the wretched, would pour into our agonizing hearts its
+balmy dew; but, alas! there is no hope for us. Our Washington is removed
+forever. Possessing the stoutest frame and purest mind, he had passed
+nearly to his sixty-eighth year in the enjoyment of high health, when,
+habituated by his care of us to neglect himself, a slight cold,
+disregarded, became inconvenient on Friday, oppressive on Saturday, and,
+defying every medical interposition, before the morning of Sunday, put
+an end to the best of men. An end did I say? His fame survives, bounded
+only by the limits of the earth and by the extent of the human mind. He
+survives in our hearts, in the growing knowledge of our children, in the
+affections of the good throughout the world; and when our monuments
+shall be done away, when nations now existing shall be no more, when
+even our young and far-spreading empire shall have perished, still will
+our Washington's glory unfaded shine, and die not, until love of virtue
+cease on earth, or earth itself sink into chaos.
+
+How, my fellow-citizens, shall I single to your grateful hearts his
+pre-eminent worth? Where shall I begin in opening to your view a
+character throughout sublime? Shall I speak of his warlike achievements,
+all springing from obedience to his country's will, all directed to his
+country's good?
+
+Will you go with me to the banks of the Monongahela to see your youthful
+Washington supporting, in the dismal hour of Indian victory, the
+ill-fated Braddock, and saving, by his judgment and by his valor, the
+remains of a defeated army, pressed by the conquering savage foe? Or
+when oppressed America, nobly resolving to risk her all in defence of
+her violated rights, he was elevated by the unanimous voice of Congress
+to the command of her armies, will you follow him to the high grounds of
+Boston, where, to an undisciplined, courageous, and virtuous yeomanry,
+his presence gave the stability of system, and infused the invincibility
+of love of country? Or shall I carry you to the painful scenes of Long
+Island, York Island, and New Jersey, when, combating superior and
+gallant armies, aided by powerful fleets, and led by chiefs high in the
+roll of fame, he stood the bulwark of our safety, undismayed by
+disaster, unchanged by change of fortune? Or will you view him in the
+precarious fields of Trenton, where deep glooms, unnerving every arm,
+reigned triumphant through our thinned, worn down, unaided ranks,
+himself unmoved? Dreadful was the night! It was about this time of
+winter. The storm raged; the Delaware, rolling furiously with floating
+ice, forbade the approach of man. Washington, self-collected, viewed the
+tremendous scene; his country called. Unappalled by surrounding dangers,
+he passed to the hostile shore; he fought, he conquered. The morning sun
+cheered the American world. Our country rose on the event, and her
+dauntless chief, pursuing his blow, completed on the lawns of Princeton
+what his vast soul had conceived on the shores of the Delaware.
+
+Thence to the strong grounds of Morristown he led his small but gallant
+band, and through an eventful winter, by the high efforts of his genius,
+whose matchless force was measurable only by the growth of difficulties,
+he held in check formidable hostile legions, conducted by a chief
+experienced in the art of war, and famed for his valor on the
+ever-memorable heights of Abraham, where fell Wolfe, Montcalm, and,
+since, our much lamented Montgomery, all covered with glory. In this
+fortunate interval, produced by his masterly conduct, our fathers,
+ourselves, animated by his resistless example, rallied around our
+country's standard, and continued to follow her beloved chief through
+the various and trying scenes to which the destinies of our Union led.
+
+Who is there that has forgotten the vales of Brandywine, the fields of
+Germantown, or the plains of Monmouth? Everywhere present, wants of
+every kind obstructing, numerous and valiant armies encountering,
+himself a host, he assuaged our sufferings, limited our privations, and
+upheld our tottering republic. Shall I display to you the spread of the
+fire of his soul by rehearsing the praises of the hero of Saratoga and
+his much loved compeer of the Carolina? No: our Washington wears not
+borrowed glory. To Gates, to Greene, he gave, without reserve, the
+applause due to their eminent merit; and long may the chiefs of Saratoga
+and of Eutaws receive the grateful respect of a grateful people.
+
+Moving in his own orbit, he imparted heat and light to his most distant
+satellites; and, combining the physical and moral force of all within
+his sphere, with irresistible weight he took his course, commiserating
+folly, disdaining vice, dismaying treason, and invigorating despondency,
+until the auspicious hour arrived when, united with the intrepid forces
+of a potent magnanimous ally, he brought to submission the since
+conqueror of India; thus finishing his long career of military glory
+with a lustre corresponding with his great name, and in this, his last
+act of war, affixing the seal of fate to our nation's birth.
+
+To the horrid din of war sweet peace succeeded; and our virtuous chief,
+mindful only of the public good, in a moment tempting personal
+aggrandizement, hushed the discontents of growing sedition, and,
+surrendering his power into the hands from which he had received it,
+converted his sword into a plough-share, teaching an admiring world that
+to be truly great you must be truly good.
+
+Were I to stop here, the picture would be incomplete and the task
+imposed unfinished. Great as was our Washington in war, and much as did
+that greatness contribute to produce the American republic, it is not in
+war alone his pre-eminence stands conspicuous; his various talents,
+combining all the capacities of a statesman with those of a soldier,
+fitted him alike to guide the councils and the armies of our nation.
+Scarcely had he rested from his martial toils, while his invaluable
+parental advice was still sounding in our ears, when he who had been our
+shield and our sword was called forth to act a less splendid but more
+important part.
+
+Possessing a clear and penetrating mind, a strong and sound judgment,
+calmness and temper for deliberation, with invincible firmness and
+perseverance in resolutions maturely formed, drawing information from
+all, acting from himself with incorruptible integrity and unvarying
+patriotism, his own superiority and the public confidence alike marked
+him as the man designed by Heaven to lead in the great political, as
+well as military, events, which have distinguished the area of his life.
+
+The finger of an overruling Providence pointing at Washington was
+neither mistaken nor unobserved, when, to realize the vast hopes to
+which our Revolution had given birth, a change of political system
+became indispensable.
+
+How novel, how grand, the spectacle! independent States stretched over
+an immense territory, and known only by common difficulty, clinging to
+their Union as the rock of their safety, deciding, by frank comparison
+of their relative condition, to rear on that rock, under the guidance of
+reason, a common government, through whose commanding protection liberty
+and order, with their long train of blessings, should be safe to
+themselves and the sure inheritance of their posterity!
+
+This arduous task devolved on citizens selected by the people, from a
+knowledge of their wisdom and confidence in their virtue. In this august
+assembly of sages and of patriots, Washington of course was found; and,
+as if acknowledged to be most wise where all were wise, with one voice
+he was declared their chief. How well he merited this rare distinction,
+how faithful were the labors of himself and his compatriots, the work of
+their hands, and our union, strength, and prosperity, the fruits of that
+work best attest.
+
+But to have essentially aided in presenting to his country this
+consummation of her hopes, neither satisfied the claims of his
+fellow-citizens on his talents, nor those duties which the possession of
+those talents imposed. Heaven had not infused into his mind such an
+uncommon share of its ethereal spirit to remain unemployed, nor bestowed
+on him his genius unaccompanied by the corresponding duty of devoting it
+to the common good. To have framed a constitution, was showing only,
+without realizing, the general happiness. This great work remained to be
+done; and America, steadfast in her preference, with one voice summoned
+her beloved Washington, unpractised as he was in the duties of civil
+administration, to execute this last act in the completion of the
+national felicity. Obedient to her call, he assumed the high office with
+that self-distrust peculiar to his innate modesty, the constant
+attendant of pre-eminent virtue. What was the burst of joy through our
+anxious land on this exhilarating event is known to us all. The aged,
+the young, the brave, the fair rivalled each other in demonstrations of
+their gratitude; and this high-wrought, delightful scene was heightened
+in its effect by the singular contest between the zeal of the bestowers
+and the avoidance of the receiver of the honors bestowed. Commencing his
+administration, what heart is not charmed with the recollection of the
+pure and wise principles announced by himself as the basis of his
+political life? He best understood the indissoluble union between virtue
+and happiness, between duty and advantage, between the genuine maxims of
+an honest and magnanimous policy, and the solid rewards of public
+prosperity and individual felicity. Watching with an equal and
+comprehensive eye over this great assemblage of communities and
+interests, he laid the foundations of our national policy in the
+unerring, immutable principles of morality, based on religion,
+exemplifying the pre-eminence of free government by all the attributes
+which win the affections, of its citizens, or command the respect of the
+world.
+
+    "O fortunatos dimium sua si bona norint!"
+
+Leading through the complicated difficulties produced by previous
+obligations and conflicting interests, seconded by succeeding houses of
+Congress, enlightened and patriotic, he surmounted all original
+obstructions and brightened the path of our national felicity.
+
+The presidential term expiring, his solicitude to exchange exaltation
+for humility returned with a force increased with increase of age; and
+he had prepared his farewell address to his countrymen, proclaiming his
+intention, when the united interposition of all around him, enforced by
+the eventful prospects of the epoch, produced a further sacrifice of
+inclination to duty. The election of president followed, and Washington,
+by the unanimous vote of the nation, was called to resume the chief
+magistracy. What a wonderful fixture of confidence! Which attracts most
+our admiration: a people so correct or a citizen combining an assemblage
+of talents forbidding rivalry, and stifling even envy itself? Such a
+nation deserves to be happy; such a chief must be forever revered.
+
+War, long menaced by the Indian tribes, now broke out; and the terrible
+conflict, deluging Europe with blood, began to shed its baneful
+influence over our happy land. To the first outstretching his invincible
+arm, under the orders of the gallant Wayne, the American eagle soared
+triumphant through distant forests. Peace followed victory, and the
+melioration of the condition of the enemy followed peace. God-like
+virtue, which uplifts even the subdued savage!
+
+To the second he opposed himself. New and delicate was the conjuncture,
+and great was the stake. Soon did his penetrating mind discern and seize
+the only course continuing to us all the blessings enjoyed. He issued
+his proclamation of neutrality. This index to his whole subsequent
+conduct was sanctioned by the approbation of both houses of Congress,
+and by the approving voice of the people.
+
+To this sublime policy he invariably adhered, unmoved by foreign
+intrusion, unshaken by domestic turbulence.
+
+    "Justum et tenacem propositi virum,
+     Non civium ardor prava jubentium,
+     Non vultus instantis tyranny
+     Mente quatit solida."
+
+Maintaining his pacific system at the expense of no duty, America,
+faithful to herself and unstained in her honor, continued to enjoy the
+delights of peace, while afflicted Europe mourns in every quarter, under
+the accumulated miseries of an unexampled war, miseries in which our
+happy country must have shared had not our pre-eminent Washington been
+as firm in council as he was brave in the field.
+
+Pursuing steadfastly his course, he held safe the public happiness,
+preventing foreign war and quelling internal disorder, till the
+revolving period of a third election approached, when he executed his
+interrupted but inextinguishable desire of returning to the humble walks
+of private life.
+
+The promulgation of his fixed resolution stopped the anxious wishes of
+an affectionate people from adding a third unanimous testimonial of
+their unabated confidence in the man so long enthroned in their hearts.
+When before was affection like this exhibited on earth? Turn over the
+records of Greece, review the annals of mighty Rome, examine the volumes
+of modern Europe, you search in vain. America and her Washington only
+afford the dignified exemplification.
+
+The illustrious personage, called by the national voice in succession to
+the arduous office of guiding a free people, had no difficulties to
+encounter. The amicable effort of settling our difficulties with France,
+begun by Washington and pursued by his successor in virtue, as in
+station, proving abortive, America took measures of self-defence. No
+sooner was the public mind roused by a prospect of danger than every eye
+was turned to the friend of all, though secluded from public view and
+gray in public service. The virtuous veteran, following his plough,[D]
+received the unexpected summons with mingled emotions of indignation at
+the unmerited ill-treatment of his country, and of a determination once
+more to risk his all in her defence.
+
+    [D]: General Washington, though opulent, gave much of his time
+         and attention to physical agriculture.
+
+The annunciation of these feelings in his affecting letter to the
+president, accepting the command of the army, concludes his official
+conduct.
+
+_First in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his
+countrymen_, he was second to none in the humble and endearing scenes of
+private life; uniform, dignified, and commanding, his example was as
+edifying to all around him as were the effects of that example lasting.
+
+To his equals he was condescending; to his inferiors, kind; and to the
+dear object of his affections, exemplarily tender; correct throughout,
+vice shuddered in his presence, and virtue always felt his fostering
+hand; the purity of his private character gave effulgence to his public
+virtues.
+
+His last scene comported with the whole tenor of his life. Although in
+extreme pain, not a sigh, not a groan escaped him; and with undisturbed
+serenity he closed his well-spent life. Such was the man America has
+lost; such was the man for whom our nation mourns.
+
+Methinks I see his august image, and hear falling from his venerable
+lips these deep-sinking words:
+
+"Cease, sons of America, lamenting our separation. Go on and confirm,
+by your wisdom, the fruits of our joint councils, joint efforts, and
+common dangers; reverence religion; diffuse knowledge throughout your
+lands; patronize the arts and sciences; let liberty and order be
+inseparable companions. Control party spirit, the bane of free
+government; observe good faith to, and cultivate peace with, all
+nations; shut up every avenue to foreign influence; contract rather than
+extend national connections; rely on yourselves only; be Americans in
+thought, word, and deed. Thus will you give immortality to that union
+which was the constant object of my terrestrial labors; thus will you
+preserve undisturbed, to the latest posterity, the felicity of a people
+to me most dear; and thus will you supply (if my happiness is now aught
+to you) the only vacancy in the round of pure bliss high Heaven
+bestows."
+
+
+
+
+Log Cabin to White House Series
+
+[Illustration: Book Cover]
+
+A famous series of books, formerly sold at $2.00 per copy, are now
+popularized by reducing the price less than half. The lives of these
+famous Americans are worthy of a place in any library. A new book by
+Edward S. Ellis--"From Ranch to White House"--is a life of Theodore
+Roosevelt, while the author of the others, William M. Thayer, is a
+celebrated biographer.
+
+FROM RANCH TO WHITE HOUSE; Life of Theodore Roosevelt.
+
+FROM BOYHOOD TO MANHOOD; Life of Benjamin Franklin.
+
+FROM FARM HOUSE TO WHITE HOUSE; Life of Georg
+
+FROM LOG CABIN TO WHITE HOUSE; Life of James A. Garfield.
+
+FROM PIONEER HOME TO WHITE HOUSE; Life of Abraham Lincoln.
+
+FROM TANNERY TO WHITE HOUSE; Life of Ulysses S. Grant.
+
+SUCCESS AND ITS ACHIEVERS.
+
+TACT, PUSH AND PRINCIPLE.
+
+These titles, though by different authors, also belong to this series of
+books:
+
+FROM COTTAGE TO CASTLE; The Story of Gutenberg, Inventor of Printing. By
+Mrs. E. C. Pearson.
+
+CAPITAL FOR WORKING BOYS. By Mrs. Julia E. M'Conaughy.
+
+Price, postpaid, for any of the above ten books, 75c.
+
+A complete catalogue sent for the asking.
+
+HURST & CO. PUBLISHERS, NEW YORK
+
+
+
+
+BOY INVENTORS SERIES
+
+STORIES OF SKILL AND INGENUITY By RICHARD BONNER
+
+Cloth Bound. Illustrated. Price, 50c. per vol., postpaid
+
+[Illustration: Book Cover]
+
+THE BOY INVENTORS' WIRELESS TELEGRAPH.
+
+Blest with natural curiosity,--sometimes called the instinct of
+investigation,--favored with golden opportunity, and gifted with
+creative ability, the Boy Inventors meet emergencies and contrive
+mechanical wonders that interest and convince the reader because they
+always "work" when put to the test.
+
+THE BOY INVENTORS' VANISHING GUN.
+
+As thought, a belief, an experiment; discouragement, hope, effort and
+final success--this is the history of many an invention; a history in
+which excitement, competition, danger, despair and persistence figure.
+This merely suggests the circumstances which draw the daring Boy
+Inventors into strange experiences and startling adventures and which
+demonstrate the practical use of their vanishing gun.
+
+THE BOY INVENTORS' DIVING TORPEDO BOAT.
+
+As in the previous stories of the Boy Inventors, new and interesting
+triumphs of mechanism are produced which become immediately valuable,
+and the stage for their proving and testing is again the water. On the
+surface and below it, the boys have jolly, contagious fun, and the story
+of their serious, purposeful inventions challenge the reader's deepest
+attention.
+
+Any volume sent postpaid upon receipt of price.
+
+HURST & COMPANY--PUBLISHERS--NEW YORK
+
+
+
+
+BORDER BOYS SERIES
+
+Mexican and Canadian Frontier Series
+
+By FREMONT B. DEERING.
+
+Cloth Bound. Illustrated. Price, 50c. per vol., postpaid
+
+[Illustration: Book Cover]
+
+THE BORDER BOYS ON THE TRAIL.
+
+What it meant to make an enemy of Black Ramon De Barios--that is the
+problem that Jack Merrill and his friends, including Coyote Pete, face
+in this exciting tale.
+
+THE BORDER BOYS ACROSS THE FRONTIER.
+
+Read of the Haunted Mesa and its mysteries, of the Subterranean River
+and its strange uses, of the value of gasolene and steam "in running
+the gauntlet," and you will feel that not even the ancient splendors of
+the Old World can furnish a better setting for romantic action than the
+Border of the New.
+
+THE BORDER BOYS WITH THE MEXICAN RANGERS.
+
+As every day is making history--faster, it is said, than ever before--so
+books that keep pace with the changes are full of rapid action and
+accurate facts. This book deals with lively times on the Mexican border.
+
+THE BORDER BOYS WITH THE TEXAS RANGERS.
+
+The Border Boys have already had much excitement and adventure in their
+lives, but all this has served to prepare them for the experiences
+related in this volume. They are stronger, braver and more resourceful
+than ever, and the exigencies of their life in connection with the Texas
+Rangers demand all their trained ability.
+
+Any volume sent postpaid upon receipt of price.
+
+HURST & COMPANY--PUBLISHERS--NEW YORK
+
+
+
+
+BUNGALOW BOYS SERIES
+
+LIVE STORIES OF OUTDOOR LIFE
+
+By DEXTER J. FORRESTER.
+
+Cloth Bound. Illustrated. Price, 50c. per vol., postpaid
+
+[Illustration: Book Cover]
+
+THE BUNGALOW BOYS.
+
+How the Bungalow Boys received their title and how they retained the
+right to it in spite of much opposition makes a lively narrative for
+lively boys.
+
+THE BUNGALOW BOYS MAROONED IN THE TROPICS.
+
+A real treasure hunt of the most thrilling kind, with a sunken Spanish
+galleon as its object, makes a subject of intense interest at any time,
+but add to that a band of desperate men, a dark plot and a devil fish,
+and you have the combination that brings strange adventures into the
+lives of the Bungalow Boys.
+
+THE BUNGALOW BOYS IN THE GREAT NORTH WEST.
+
+The clever assistance of a young detective saves the boys from the
+clutches of Chinese smugglers, of whose nefarious trade they know too
+much. How the Professor's invention relieves a critical situation is
+also an exciting incident of this book.
+
+THE BUNGALOW BOYS ON THE GREAT LAKES.
+
+The Bungalow Boys start out for a quiet cruise on the Great Lakes and a
+visit to an island. A storm and a band of wreckers interfere with the
+serenity of their trip, and a submarine adds zest and adventure to it.
+
+Any volume sent postpaid upon receipt of price.
+
+HURST & COMPANY--Publishers--NEW YORK
+
+
+
+
+
+MOTOR RANGERS SERIES
+
+HIGH SPEED MOTOR STORIES
+
+By MARVIN WEST.
+
+Cloth Bound. Illustrated. Price, 50c. per vol., postpaid
+
+[Illustration: Book Cover]
+
+THE MOTOR RANGERS' LOST MINE.
+
+This is an absorbing story of the continuous adventures of a motor car
+in the hands of Nat Trevor and his friends. It does seemingly impossible
+"stunts," and yet everything happens "in the nick of time."
+
+THE MOTOR RANGERS THROUGH THE SIERRAS.
+
+Enemies in ambush, the peril of fire, and the guarding of treasure make
+exciting times for the Motor Rangers--yet there is a strong flavor of
+fun and freedom, with a typical Western mountaineer for spice.
+
+THE MOTOR RANGERS ON BLUE WATER; or, The Secret of the Derelict.
+
+The strange adventures of the sturdy craft "Nomad" and the stranger
+experiences of the Rangers themselves with Morello's schooner and a
+mysterious derelict form the basis of this well-spun yarn of the sea.
+
+THE MOTOR RANGERS' CLOUD CRUISER.
+
+From the "Nomad" to the "Discoverer," from the sea to the sky, the scene
+changes in which the Motor Rangers figure. They have experiences "that
+never were on land or sea," in heat and cold and storm, over mountain
+peak and lost city, with savages and reptiles; their ship of the air is
+attacked by huge birds of the air; they survive explosion and
+earthquake; they even live to tell the tale!
+
+Any volume sent postpaid upon receipt of price.
+
+HURST & COMPANY--Publishers--NEW YORK
+
+
+
+DREADNOUGHT BOYS SERIES
+
+Tales of the New Navy
+
+By CAPT. WILBUR LAWTON
+
+Author of "BOY AVIATORS SERIES."
+
+Cloth Bound. Illustrated. Price, 50c. per vol., postpaid
+
+[Illustration: Book Cover]
+
+THE DREADNOUGHT BOYS ON BATTLE PRACTICE.
+
+Especially interesting and timely is this book which introduces the
+reader with its heroes, Ned and Herc, to the great ships of modern
+warfare and to the intimate life and surprising adventures of Uncle
+Sam's sailors.
+
+THE DREADNOUGHT BOYS ABOARD A DESTROYER.
+
+In this story real dangers threaten and the boys' patriotism is tested
+in a peculiar international tangle. The scene is laid on the South
+American coast.
+
+THE DREADNOUGHT BOYS ON A SUBMARINE.
+
+To the inventive genius--trade-school boy or mechanic--this story has
+special charm, perhaps, but to every reader its mystery and clever
+action are fascinating.
+
+THE DREADNOUGHT BOYS ON AERO SERVICE.
+
+Among the volunteers accepted for Aero Service are Ned and Herc. Their
+perilous adventures are not confined to the air, however, although they
+make daring and notable flights in the name of the Government; nor are
+they always able to fly beyond the reach of their old "enemies," who are
+also airmen.
+
+Any volume sent postpaid upon receipt of price.
+
+HURST & COMPANY--Publishers--NEW YORK
+
+
+
+
+MOTOR MAIDS SERIES
+
+Wholesome Stories of Adventure
+
+By KATHERINE STOKES.
+
+Cloth Bound. Illustrated. Price, 50c. per vol., postpaid
+
+[Illustration: Book Cover]
+
+THE MOTOR MAIDS' SCHOOL DAYS.
+
+Billie Campbell was just the type of a straightforward, athletic girl
+to be successful as a practical Motor Maid. She took her car, as she did
+her class-mates, to her heart, and many a grand good time did they have
+all together. The road over which she ran her red machine had many an
+unexpected turning,--now it led her into peculiar danger; now into
+contact with strange travelers; and again into experiences by fire and
+water. But, best of all, "The Comet" never failed its brave girl owner.
+
+THE MOTOR MAIDS BY PALM AND PINE.
+
+Wherever the Motor Maids went there were lively times, for these were
+companionable girls who looked upon the world as a vastly interesting
+place full of unique adventures--and so, of course, they found them.
+
+THE MOTOR MAIDS ACROSS THE CONTINENT.
+
+It is always interesting to travel, and it is wonderfully entertaining
+to see old scenes through fresh eyes. It is that privilege, therefore,
+that makes it worth while to join the Motor Maids in their first
+'cross-country run.
+
+THE MOTOR MAIDS BY ROSE, SHAMROCK AND HEATHER.
+
+South and West had the Motor Maids motored, nor could their education by
+travel have been more wisely begun. But now a speaking acquaintance with
+their own country enriched their anticipation of an introduction to the
+British Isles. How they made their polite American bow and how they were
+received on the other side is a tale of interest and inspiration.
+
+Any volume sent postpaid upon receipt of price.
+
+HURST & COMPANY--Publishers--NEW YORK
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of From Farm House to the White House, by
+William M. Thayer
+
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