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| author | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 02:38:12 -0700 |
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| committer | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 02:38:12 -0700 |
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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/28347-8.txt b/28347-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..16bbb3b --- /dev/null +++ b/28347-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2488 @@ +Project Gutenberg's Harper's Young People, February 10, 1880, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Harper's Young People, February 10, 1880 + An Illustrated Weekly + +Author: Various + +Release Date: March 17, 2009 [EBook #28347] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HARPER'S YOUNG PEOPLE, FEB 10, 1880 *** + + + + +Produced by Annie McGuire + + + + + + + + +[Illustration: HARPER'S + +YOUNG PEOPLE + +AN ILLUSTRATED WEEKLY.] + + + * * * * * + +VOL. I.--NO. 15. PUBLISHED BY HARPER & BROTHERS, NEW YORK. PRICE FOUR +CENTS. + +Tuesday, February 10, 1880. Copyright, 1880, by HARPER & BROTHERS. $1.50 +per Year, in Advance. + + * * * * * + + + + +[Illustration: A WINTER MORNING.] + + + + +OLD FATHER TIME. + + +"Professor," said May, turning on the sofa where she was lying, "Jack +has brought me a calendar that runs for ever so many years. You know the +doctor says I'll not be well for two whole years, or perhaps three. I +have been wondering what month among them all I shall be able to run +about in; and then I began to think who could have made the first +calendar, and what led him to do it." + +"That's very simple, May. Old Father Time just measured the days off +with his hour-glass in the first place, and marked them down with the +point of his scythe. The world has known all about it ever since." + +"Please don't, Jack. Let the Professor tell." + +"It would be hard, May, to tell who made the first calendar," answered +the Professor. "All nations seem to have had their methods of counting +the years and months long before they began writing histories, so that +there is no record of the origin of the custom. The Book of Genesis +mentions the lights in the heavens as being 'for signs and for seasons, +and for days and years.' And Moses uses the word _year_ so often that +we see that it must have been common to count the years among those who +lived before him." + +"The number 1880 means that it is so many years since the birth of +Christ, does it not?" asked Joe. + +"Yes," said the Professor, "it has been the custom among Christian +nations to reckon the years from that great event. They began to do this +about the year of our Lord 532." + +"Why did they wait so long?" asked Joe. + +"You know," he said, "that at first the Christians were very few and +weak; during the first three hundred years they had all they could do to +escape with their lives from their enemies. But after that they became +very numerous and powerful, and were able to establish their own +customs. So in 532 a monk named Dionysius Exiguus proposed that they +should abandon the old way of counting the years, and adopt the time of +the birth of Christ as a starting-point. He thought this would be a very +proper way of honoring the Saviour of the world. So he took great pains +to find out the exact time when Christ was born, and satisfied himself +that it was on the 25th day of December, in the 753d year from the +foundation of the city of Rome. The Roman Empire at one time included +most of the known world; and the Roman people, proud of their splendid +city, counted the years from the supposed time of its being founded. At +first the Christians did the same; but they were naturally pleased with +the idea of Dionysius." + +"Was he the first man who tried to find out what day Christmas came on?" +asked Joe. "I should think everybody would have been anxious to know all +about it." + +"Doubtless there was much interest on the subject. But you know the +early Christians had no newspapers, and very few books. Scarcely any of +them could even read. Besides, it was very difficult in those times to +travel or gain information; and it was dangerous to ask questions of the +heathen, or for a man to let them suspect that he was a Christian. And +then when we consider that the calendar was in confusion, because even +the wisest men did not know the exact length of the year, and there were +various ways of counting time, we need not be surprised that the +Christians disagreed and made mistakes as to the time when the Saviour +was born. In the fourth century, however, St. Cyril urged Pope Julius I. +to give orders for an investigation. The result was that the theologians +of the East and West agreed upon the 25th of December, though some of +them were not convinced. The chief grounds of the decision were the +tables in the public records of Rome. + +"But let us return to Dionysius. His idea of making the year begin on +the 25th of December was thought to be rather too inconvenient, and so +the old commencement on the first day of January was retained, as the +Romans had arranged it. But the plan of Dionysius was carried out with +regard to the numbers by which the years were to be named and called. +Thus the year which had been known as 754 became, under the new system, +the year 1. And the succession of years from that year 1 is called the +Christian era. To get the numbers of its years you have only to subtract +753 from the years in the Roman numbering." + +"If we add 753," said Joe, "to 1880, will we get the number of years +since old Rome was founded by Romulus and Remus?" + +"Yes," said the Professor; "the rule works both ways. There is, however, +some uncertainty as to whether the Romans themselves were correct in +regard to the age of their city. Very early dates are hard to settle." + +"Where did the months get their names?" asked May, "and how did months +come to be thought of at all?" + +"The months were suggested by the moon. In most languages the word +_month_ is very nearly like _moon_, as you see it is in ours. From new +moon around to new moon again is about twenty-nine days, which is nearly +the length of a month. The exact time between two new moons is a very +puzzling problem. It always involves a troublesome fraction of a day, +and is, in fact, never twice alike. So it was found convenient to divide +the year into twelve parts, nearly equal, and to call each one a month." + +"Why didn't they make them just equal?" asked Gus. + +"To do so would have made it necessary to split up some of the days, +which would have been awkward. If you divide the 365 days of the year by +twelve, there will be five remaining." + +"How was it found out that the year had 365 days in it?" asked Joe. + +"It took the astronomers to do that," said the Professor; "and until +nations became civilized enough to study astronomy accurately, they did +not know the number of days in the year. This, however, did not prevent +them from being able to count the years, because they could know that +every time summer or winter came, a year had passed since the last +summer or winter. But now the length of the year--that is, the time +occupied by the earth in going completely round the sun--is known within +a fraction of a second." + +"Was it worth while to go into it so precisely?" asked May. "Would it +not have been enough to know the number of the days?" + +"By no means," said the Professor. "For then the calendar could not have +been regulated so that the months and festivals would keep pace with the +seasons. If 365 days had been constantly taken for a year, Christmas, +instead of staying in the winter, would long since have moved back +through autumn into summer, and so on. In about 1400 years it would +travel through the entire circle of the seasons, as it would come some +six hours earlier every year than it did the last. In like manner the +Fourth of July would gradually fall back into spring, then into winter; +and the fire-works would have to be set off in the midst of a +snow-storm. The old Romans saw the difficulty; and, to prevent it, +Julius Cæsar added an extra day to every fourth year, which you see is +the same thing as adding one-fourth of a day to each year, only it is +much more convenient. This was done because the earth requires nearly +365-1/4 days to move round the sun. The year that receives the extra day +is called, as you know, leap-year. But even this did not keep the +calendar exactly right. In the course of time other changes had to be +made, the greatest of which was in 1582, when Pope Gregory XIII. decreed +that ten entire days should be dropped out of the month of October. This +was called the change from Old to New Style." + +"It was rather stupid," said Gus, "to shorten the pleasantest month in +the whole year. I would have clipped December or March." + +"Please don't forget to tell us," said May, "how the months got their +names." + +"The first six of them were called after the heathen deities, Janus, +Februus, Mars, Aphrodite, Maia, and Juno; July was named after Julius +Cæsar, the inventor of leap-year; August after Augustus the Emperor. The +names of the last four months simply mean seventh, eighth, ninth, and +tenth." + +"But," said Joe, "December is not the tenth month, nor is September the +seventh." + +"That is true," said the Professor; "but those names are supposed to +have been given by Romulus, who arranged a year of only ten months, and +made it begin with March. His year only had 304 days in it, and was soon +found to be much too short. So the months of January and February were +added, and instead of being placed at the end, they came in some way to +stand at the beginning." + +"Now please tell us about the names of the days of the week, and we will +not ask any more questions." + +"They were called after the sun, moon, and five planets known to the +ancients, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, and Saturn. You easily +recognize sun, moon, and Saturn, Tuesday, Thursday, and Friday are from +names given by some of the Northern tribes of Europe to Mars, Jupiter, +and Venus. Mercury's day seems scarcely at all connected with his name, +but comes from Wodin, who was imagined to be chief among the gods of +those barbarous tribes." + + + + +TOMMY'S VALENTINE. + +BY MRS. M. D. BRINE. + + + He was only a little street sweeper, you know, + Barefooted, and ragged as one could be; + But blue were his eyes as the far-off skies, + And a brave-hearted laddie was Tommy Magee. + But it chanced on the morning of Valentine's Day + Our little street sweeper felt lonely and sad; + "For there's _no fun_," thought he, "for a fellow like me, + And a valentine's something that _I_ never had." + + But he flourished his broom, and the crossing made clean + For the ladies and gentlemen passing his way; + And he gave them a smile, singing gayly the while, + In honor, of course, of St. Valentine's Day. + Now it happened a party of bright little girls, + All dainty and rosy, and brimming with glee, + Came over the crossing, a careless glance tossing + To poor little barefooted Tommy Magee. + + But all of a sudden then one of them turned, + And running to Tommy, thrust into his hand, + With a smile and a blush, and the whispered word "Hush," + A beautiful valentine. You'll understand + How Tommy stood gazing, with wondering eyes, + After the group of wee ladies so fine, + As with joy without measure he held his new treasure; + And this is how Tommy got _his_ valentine. + + + + +LOST IN THE SNOW. + + +Among the dangers of the winter in the Pass of St. Gothard is the +fearful snow-storm called the "guxeten" by the Germans, and the +tourmente or "tormenta" by the Swiss. The mountain snow differs in form, +as well as in thickness and specific gravity, from the star-shaped +snow-flakes on the lower heights and in the valleys. It is quite floury, +dry, and sandy, and therefore very light. When viewed though a +microscope it assumes at times the form of little prismatic needles, at +other times that of innumerable small six-sided pyramids, from which, as +from the morning star, little points jut out on all sides, and which, +driven by the wind, cut through the air with great speed. With this fine +ice-dust of the mountain snow, the wind drives its wild game through the +clefts of the high Alps and over the passes, particularly that of St. +Gothard. Suddenly it tears up a few hundred thousand cubic feet of this +snow, and whirls it up high into the air, leaving it to the mercy of the +upper current, to fall to the ground again in the form of the thickest +snow-storm, or to be dispersed at will like glittering ice-crystals. At +times the wind sweeps up large tracts of the dry ice-dust, and pours +them down upon a deep-lying valley amid the mountains, or on to the +summit of the passes, obliterating in a few seconds the laboriously +excavated mountain road, at which a whole company of rutners have toiled +for days. All these appearances resemble the avalanches of other Alps, +but can not be regarded in the same light as the true snow-storm, the +tormenta or guxeten. This is incomparably more severe, and hundreds on +hundreds of lives have fallen sacrifices to its fury. These have mostly +been travelling strangers, who either did not distinguish the signs of +the coming storm, or, in proud reliance on their own power, refused to +listen to well-meant warnings, and continued their route. Almost every +year adds a large number of victims to the list of those who have fallen +a prey to the snow-storm. + +History and the oral tradition of the mountains record many incidents of +accidents which have been occasioned by the fall of avalanches. During +the Bellinzona war, in 1478, as the confederates, with a force of 10,000 +men, were crossing the St. Gothard, the men of Zürich were preceding the +army as van-guard. They had just refreshed themselves with some wine, +and were marching up the wild gorge, shouting and singing, in spite of +the warnings of their guides. Then, in the heights above, an avalanche +was suddenly loosened, which rushed down upon the road, and in its +impetuous torrent buried sixty warriors far below in the Reuss, in full +sight of those following. + +On the 12th of March, 1848, in the so-called Planggen, above the tent of +shelter at the Mätelli, thirteen men who were conveying the post were +thrown by a violent avalanche into the bed of the Reuss, with their +horses and sledges. Three men, fathers of families, and nine horses were +killed; the others were saved by hastily summoned help. But one of their +deliverers, Joseph Müller, of Hospenthal, met a hero's death while +engaged in the rescue. He had hastened to help his neighbors, but in the +district called the "Harness" he and two others were overwhelmed by a +second violent avalanche, and lost their lives. In the same year the +post going up the mountain from Airola was overtaken by an avalanche +near the house of shelter at Ponte Tremola. A traveller from Bergamo was +killed; the rest escaped. + +History tells of a most striking rescue from an avalanche on the St. +Gothard. In the year 1628, Landamman Kaspar, of Brandenburg, the newly +chosen Governor of Bellenz, was riding over the St. Gothard from Zug, +accompanied by his servant and a faithful dog. At the top of the pass +the party was overtaken by an avalanche which descended from the +Lucendro. The dog alone shook himself free. His first care was to +extricate his master. But when he saw that he could not succeed in doing +this, he hastened back to the hospice, and there, by pitiful howling and +whining, announced that an accident had happened. The landlord and his +servants set out immediately with shovels and pickaxes, and followed the +dog, which ran quickly before them. They soon reached the place where +the avalanche had fallen. Here the faithful dog stopped suddenly, +plunged his face into the snow, and began to scratch it up, barking and +whining. The men set to work at once, and after a long and difficult +labor succeeded in rescuing the Landamman, and soon afterward his +servant. They were both alive, after spending thirty-six fearful hours +beneath the snow, oppressed by the most painful thoughts. They had heard +the howling and barking of the dog quite plainly; and had noticed his +sudden departure, and the arrival of their deliverers; they had heard +them talking and working, without being able to move or utter a sound. +The Landamman's will ordained that an image of the faithful dog should +be sculptured at his feet on his tomb. This monument was seen till +lately in St. Oswald's Church, at Zug. + + + + +THE STORY OF GRANDMA, LORENZO, AND THE MONKEY. + +BY MRS. A. M. DIAZ. + + +The children told the Family Story-Teller they did not believe he could +make a story about a grandma going to mill. "Especially," said the +children's mother, "a grandma troubled with rheumatism." + +Family Story-Teller smiled, as much as to say, "You shall see," took a +few minutes to think, and began: + + * * * * * + +In Grandma Stimpcett's trunk was a very small, leathery, beady bag, and +in this bag was a written recipe for the Sudden Remedy--a sure cure for +rheumatism, sprains, bruises, and all lamenesses. The bag and the recipe +were given her by an Indian woman. To make the Sudden Remedy, grandma +got roots, herbs, barks, twigs, leaves, mints, moss, and tree gum. These +were scraped, grated, or pounded; sifted, weighed, measured, stewed, +and stirred; and the juice simmered down with the oil of juniper, and +bumble-bees' wax, and various smarty, peppery, slippery things whose +names must be kept private for a particular reason. The Sudden Remedy +cured her instantly; and as meal was wanted, and no other person could +be spared from the place, she offered to go to mill. + +She went in the vehicle--an old chaise which had lost its top--taking +with her her bottle of the Sudden Remedy, in case, as Mr. Stimpcett +said, the rheumatism should return before she did. + +"Shall you be back by sunset?" asked Mr. Stimpcett, as he fastened the +bag underneath the vehicle. + +"Oh yes," said she; "I shall eat dinner at Debby's, and come away right +after dinner. You will see me back long before sunset." Her daughter +Debby lived at Mill Village. + +Mr. Stimpcett shook his head. "I don't know about that," said he. + +"If I am not back before sunset," said she, "I will give you--give you +five hundred dollars." + +The people laughed at this; for all the money grandma had was only about +twenty dollars, put away in case of need. + +Now when grandma had driven perhaps two miles on her way to mill, she +stopped at a farm-house to water her horse; and here something curious +happened. A woman came to the door of the house, and the next moment a +large boy, named Lorenzo, hopped out on one foot and two canes, and +began stumping about the yard at a furious rate, cackling, crowing, and +barking. + +"That's the way he does when he can't sit still any longer," said the +woman. "He has to sit still a great deal, on account of a lame knee, +which is a pity," said she, "for a spry fellow like him; a good, +true-spoken fellow he is, too." The woman then told how he lamed his +knee. + +Lorenzo said he wanted very much the use of his legs that day, because +there was to be a circus just beyond Mill Village. He said he wanted to +go to the circus so much he did not know what to do. He said he began +when he was four years old to go to circuses, and he had been to every +circus that had come around since. "Now this circus is only a little +more than two miles off," said he, "and here I am cooped up like a +hoppled horse." + +[Illustration: "THIS BOTTLE CONTAINS THE SUDDEN REMEDY."] + +Grandma smiled, and took out the bottle. "This bottle," said she, +"contains the Sudden Remedy--a quick cure for rheumatism, sprains, +bruises, and all lamenesses. Rub on with a flannel, and rub in briskly." + +Lorenzo rubbed on with a flannel, and rubbed in briskly, and then seated +himself upon a stone to hear the stories grandma and the woman were +telling of people who had been upset, or thrown from horses, or had +fallen over stone walls, into wells, or down from trees, rocks, +house-tops, or chamber windows. Lorenzo told some stories, and at last, +in acting out one, he thrust forward his lame leg, without thinking of +it, and found it was no longer lame. He tried it again; he sprang up; he +stepped; he walked; he leaped; he skipped; he ran; he hurrahed; he flung +his canes away. + +Grandma then invited Lorenzo to ride with her to Mill Village, near +which the circus was to be; and he quickly took a seat in the vehicle, +and having no time to put on his best clothes, he put on only his best +hat, tipping it one side in order to give himself a little of a +dressed-up look. + +When grandma and Lorenzo reached Mill Village, Lorenzo got out at a +pea-nut stand, and grandma drove on to her daughter Debby's. She had +just stepped from the vehicle when Lorenzo came running to beg that she +would bring her Sudden Remedy to the miller's house, for the miller had +been taken that morning with the darting rheumatism, and the mill was +not running, and people were waiting with their corn. + +Lorenzo drove grandma to the miller's house, and in two hours' time the +miller was in the mill, the wheel turning, and the corn +grinding--grandma's corn among the rest. + +Something which was very important to the circus will now be told. The +Chief Jumper--the one who was to do the six wonderful things--lamed his +foot the night before, and could not jump. Now when the man who owned +the circus was looking at the Chief Jumper's foot, a circus errand-boy +in uniform passed by. This errand-boy had been to the mill to get corn +for the circus horses, and he told the man who owned the circus that a +woman had just cured the miller of the darting rheumatism, and told the +name of the medicine. + +The circus owner took one of the circus riding wagons and the errand-boy +in uniform and set off immediately to find the woman who had the Sudden +Remedy, and found grandma at her daughter Debby's, just stepping into +the vehicle to go home. Lorenzo was there, fastening the bag of meal +securely under the vehicle. The circus owner offered grandma five +dollars if she would go and cure his Chief Jumper, and as there was time +to do that and reach home before sunset, she went, Lorenzo driving her +in the vehicle. The circus owner and the errand-boy in uniform kept just +in front of them, and some children who knew no better said that that +kind-looking old lady and the great boy belonged to the circus, and had +their circus clothes in the bag underneath. + +Grandma was taken into a tent which led out of the big tent, where she +saw the Chief Jumper in full jumping costume, and the Dwarf, and the Fat +Man, and the Clown, and the Flying Cherub; and the Remedy worked so well +that the Chief Jumper thought he might jump higher than ever before. + +[Illustration: THE LAME MONKEY.] + +The Clown led grandma to the cage where monkeys were kept, and asked her +if she would be willing to cure a poor suffering monkey whose leg had +been hurt by a stone thrown by a cruel boy. Grandma said, certainly, for +that she pitied even an animal that had to suffer pain. The Clown then +took the monkey, and held its paw while grandma patted its head and +stroked its back, and poured on the Remedy, the Flying Cherub standing +near by to see what was to be done. + +The circus owner invited grandma to stay to the circus; but as she had +not time, he paid her eight dollars, and led her to the vehicle. + +Now we are coming to the most wonderful part of my story. People going +home from mill had told the tale of the miller's cure, and on her way +back grandma was stopped by various people, who begged her to come into +their houses and cure rheumatism, sprains, bruises, and other +lamenesses. This took a great deal of time; but the kind-hearted old +lady was so anxious to ease pain that she forgot all about her promise +to Mr. Stimpcett, and when she reached home it was ten minutes past +sunset. + +Three buggies stood near Mr. Stimpcett's house. Grandma thought they +were doctors' buggies. "Oh dear!" she said to herself, "something +dreadful must be the matter!" She counted the children playing at the +door-step. They were all there--Moses, Obadiah, Deborah, and little +Cordelia. + +At this moment Mr. Stimpcett came forward and said to grandma that three +gentlemen had come, one after another, and had each asked to have a +private talk with her. There was a large fleshy man in the front room, a +chubby little man in the kitchen, and a sleek, long-faced man in the +spare chamber. + +Grandma talked with these, one at a time. They were all medicine +sellers. Each one wished to buy the recipe for making the Sudden Remedy, +and would pay a good price for it. For they knew that thousands and +thousands of barrels of this Remedy could be sold all over the United +States, Mexico, Canada, and Central America, and enormous sums of money +made by the sale. + +The summer boarder, Mr. St. Clair, said that the man who would pay the +most money for it ought to have the recipe. Grandma brought from her +trunk the small, leathery, beady bag which contained the recipe, and Mr. +St. Clair stood in the vehicle, held up the bag, and said: "Bid! +gentlemen, bid! How much do I have for it?" + +The bidding was interrupted by a Jumper. It was a circus Jumper, but not +the Chief Jumper. While the people were all looking at Mr. St. Clair, a +monkey sprang from the meal bag underneath the vehicle and jumped upon +grandma's shoulder, nearly knocking her over. It was the same one she +had cured. On account of his lameness, he had been loosely tied, and +from a feeling of thankfulness, no doubt, for being cured, he had run +away and followed grandma. + +The Stimpcett children--Moses, Obadiah, Deborah, and little +Cordelia--shouted and capered so that the selling of the recipe could +hardly go on; but at last it was sold, leathery, beady bag and all, to +the sleek, long-faced man, for nine hundred dollars, of which grandma +gave five hundred to Mr. Stimpcett, according to the promise she made +before going to mill. + +The circus people were written to, but as they did not send for Jacko, +he was kept for the children, to play with. Mrs. Stimpcett dressed him +in a pretty suit of clothes, with a cap and feather on his head. He +showed much affection for grandma, followed her about daytimes both +in-doors and out, and would sleep nowhere at night but at the foot of +her bed, where a bandbox was at last placed for him. The children loved +him dearly; but poor Jacko did so much mischief in trying to knit, and +to cook, and to weed the garden, that it was finally declared that +something must be done about that monkey; and grandma gave him to +Lorenzo, with money enough to buy a grand harmonica. + +Lorenzo came for the monkey toward the close of a calm summer's day, and +fed him with frosted cake, which caused him to feel pleased with +Lorenzo. There was a string fastened to his collar; Lorenzo took the +string in one hand, and some frosted cake in the other, and led Jacko +away. The children--Moses, and Obadiah, and Deborah, and little +Cordelia--following on for quite a distance, all weeping. + +[Illustration: THE TWO-CENT SIDE-SHOW.] + +Lorenzo went about for some time with a circus company. Evenings he +staid inside the big tent to see the doings, and daytimes he had a +two-cent side-show in a small tent of his own, where the monkey played +wonderful tricks, and marched to the music of the grand harmonica. + +At last he came to grandma, and told her that as for the Clown, he was a +kind-hearted, sensible man, but that the others were commonly either +drunk, or cross, or both, and that he had to travel nights, wet or dry, +and that he was sick of that kind of life. He sold the monkey to a +hand-organ man, and went back to live in his old home; and the last that +was known of Jacko he was seen in the streets of a town carrying round +the hand-organ man's hat for pennies. + +It was grandma and Mr. Stimpcett who saw him, as they were riding past +in the vehicle; and he saw them, and gave a bound, and broke his string, +and leaped into the vehicle, and clasped his paws round grandma's neck; +and the hand-organ man was obliged to place six maple-sugar cakes in a +row upon the sidewalk before Jacko would return to him. + +The sleek, long-faced man made his fortune by selling the Sudden Remedy, +but few of those who bought it and took it knew what old lady it was who +sold him the recipe for it. + + * * * * * + +The Family Story-Teller's next was a story of mistakes, and odd mistakes +they were. + + + + +THE CHILDREN'S WEDDING. + + +It very often happens that children of royal families are by their +parents or by wise statesmen engaged to marry each other almost as soon +as they are born, but the actual weddings do not generally take place +until the children are grown up. One of these weddings did, however, +actually take place, a great many years ago, between two children, and +the story of it is as follows: + +January 15, 1478, was the day appointed, when Richard, Duke of York, +second son of Edward IV., aged four years, and created already Duke of +Norfolk, Earl Warren and Surrey, and Earl Marshal of England, in right +of his intended wife, was to lead to the altar the little girl whose +tiny hand would bestow upon him the immense estates and riches of the +Norfolk inheritance. + +The little Lady Anne, who was, as an old book informs us, the richest +and most noble match of that time, appears to have been two years older +than her intended husband, and must have reached the advanced age of six +years! She does not appear to have objected to the match, but to have +been quite ready to act her part in the pageant, and no doubt the little +Duke was eager to receive the notice and applause of the courtly throng, +whilst both children looked with astonishment at the sumptuous +preparations, and the costly splendor of their own and the spectators' +dresses. + +The ceremony began by the high and mighty Princess, as the little bride +was called in the formal language of the day, being brought in great +state and in solemn procession to the King's great chamber at +Westminster Palace. This took place the day before the wedding, on the +14th of January. The bride, splendidly dressed, most probably in the +bridal robes of white cloth of gold, a mantle of the same bordered with +ermine, and with her hair streaming down her back, and confined to her +head by the coronet of a duchess, was led by the Earl of Rivers, the +bridegroom's uncle. She was followed, of course, by her mother, and by +the noblest of the court ladies of rank, and the gentlewomen of her +household, whilst behind came dukes, earls, and barons, all in +attendance on the little bride. + +As soon as she had arrived in the lofty hall of Westminster Palace she +was led to the dais, or place of estate, as it was called, where, under +a canopy, and seated on a chair of estate, or kind of throne, she kept +her estate, _i. e._, sat in royal pomp with the King, Queen, and their +children seated on either hand, whilst her procession of peers and +peeresses stood around and waited upon her. Refreshments were then +brought "according to the form and estate of the realm," which must have +been a very wearisome and formal ceremony for a little girl of six years +old, and which ended that day's ceremony. + +On the 15th the Princess came out of the Queen's rooms, where she had +slept, and led on one hand by the Earl of Lincoln, nephew to the King, +and on the other by the Earl of Rivers, she passed through the King's +great chamber in the palace into the White Hall, and from there to St. +Stephen's Chapel. She was followed by a long suite of ladies and +gentlewomen. Meanwhile the little bridegroom, the Queen, and a noble +procession of lords and gentlemen, had already entered the chapel and +taken up their places on the seats appointed for them, ready to receive +and welcome the bride. There were also present the King and the Prince +of Wales, the King's mother, and the three Princesses who acted as +bridemaids, Elizabeth, Mary, and Cecily. + +As soon as the bride drew near to the door, between her two noble +supporters, the Bishop of Norwich came forward and received her at the +chapel entrance, intending to lead her and the bridegroom to their +proper places and begin the service. Then the bishop asked who would +give the Princess away? In answer the King stood up and took her hand, +and gave it to the bishop, who placed it in the bridegroom's, and went +on to the rest of the service, concluding with high mass. When this part +was concluded, the Duke of Gloucester brought into the chapel basins of +gold filled with gold and silver pieces, which he threw amongst the +crowds of people who had pressed in to see the wedding, and who were +highly delighted with this part of it. + +Then followed the usual wine and spices, which were actually served out +to the royal party in the church itself. The bridal party then left the +chapel, the little bride and bridegroom, escorted by the Duke of +Gloucester and the Duke of Buckingham (Richard's two uncles) on either +side. They returned to St. Edward's Chamber in the palace, where a +splendid banquet was prepared, and their numbers were increased by the +bride's mother, who staid at home, strange to say, instead of +accompanying her daughter and the Duchess of Buckingham. Another guest +who now presided at a table on one side of the room with many ladies, +whilst the Earl of Dorset, the Queen's son by her first husband, sat +opposite at another side table, was the Earl of Richmond, afterward +Henry VII., who, wonderful to say, was present, and whom Edward IV. must +have invited to get him into his power. However, as soon as the +marriage feasts were over, he managed to escape abroad without being +stopped by the King. + +The banquet completed the festivities of the wedding day, and, tired and +wearied, the baby couple must have been glad to close their eyes in +sleep. + +No marriage, however, was complete without a tournament, and so on the +18th, when the children had recovered the fatigue of their wedding, a +grand tournament took place, when the bride became the "Princess of the +Feast," took up her place at the head of the first banqueting table, and +there, supported by the Dukes of Gloucester and Buckingham, gave her +largesse to the heralds, who proclaimed her name and title in due form. + +All the royal family were present, and the foreign ambassadors, and one +of the most distinguished spectators was "my lord of Richmond." The +coursers were running at each other with either spear or sword, and at +the close of the jousts, the Princess of the Feast, with all her ladies +and gentlewomen, withdrew to the King's great chamber at Westminster to +decide upon the prizes. First, however, the high and mighty Princess +called in her minstrels, and all the ladies and gentlewomen, lords and +knights, fell to dancing right merrily. Then came the king-at-arms to +announce to the Princess the names of those whose valor deserved the +rewards she was to give away, as the principal lady on whom the duty +devolved. But the little lady was both very young and bashful, and so to +help her the lovely Princess Elizabeth, then a girl of fourteen, was +appointed, and a council of ladies was held to consider the share each +should take. + +The prizes were golden letters, A, E, and M, the initials of Anne, +Elizabeth, and Mowbray, set in gems, and were delivered to Elizabeth by +the king-at-arms. The A was to be awarded to the best jouster, the E to +the best runner in harness, and the M for the best swordsman. The first +prize was then presented by the little bride, aided by Elizabeth, to +Thomas Fynes, on which the chief herald cried out, "Oh yes! oh yes! oh +yes! Sir William Truswell jousted well; William Say jousted well; Thomas +Fynes jousted best; for the which the Princess of the Feast awarded the +prize of the jousts royal, that is to say, the A of gold, to him," quoth +Clarencieux. + +Then the other prizes were given with the same ceremonies, the +king-at-arms, Clarencieux, proclaiming in a loud voice before each, +"Right high and excellent Princess, here is the prize which you shall +award unto the best jouster," which Elizabeth received and then handed +to her little sister-in-law, until all had been given, and the +tournament was over. And now the infant marriage, with its pretty +pageantry and joyous festivities, was concluded, and the children +returned to the daily routine of play and lessons, whilst the wonderful +wedding must have gradually faded from their memories. + + + + +A HUNTING ADVENTURE. + + +While travelling in India, an English officer once spent a night in a +small village, the inhabitants of which were much alarmed by a large +panther which lurked in the jungle just beyond their houses. They begged +the officer to kill it before he proceeded on his journey. He succeeded +in finding and wounding it the next morning, but before killing it, had +a terrible struggle, which he describes as follows: + +"Having warned the village shikaree to keep close behind me with the +heavy spear he had in his hand, I began to follow the wounded panther; +but had scarcely gone twenty-five yards, when one of the beaters, who +was on high ground, beckoned to me, and pointed a little below him, and +in front of me. There was the large panther sitting out unconcealed +between two bushes a dozen yards before me. I could not, however, see +his head; and whilst I was thus delayed, he came out with a roar, +straight at me. I fired at his chest with a ball, and as he sprang upon +me, the shot barrel was aimed at his head. In the next moment he seized +my left arm, and the gun. Thus, not being able to use the gun as a club, +I forced it into his mouth. He bit the stock through in one place, and +whilst his upper fangs lacerated my arm and hand, the lower fangs went +into the gun. His hind claws pierced my left thigh. He tried very hard +to throw me over. In the mean while the shikaree had retreated some +paces to the left. He now, instead of spearing the panther, shouted out, +and struck him, using the spear as a club. In a moment the animal was +upon him, stripping him of my shikar-bag, his turban, my revolving +rifle, and the spear. The man passed by me, holding his wounded arm. The +panther quietly crouched five paces in front of me, with all my +despoiled property, stripped from the shikaree, around and under him. I +retreated step by step, my face toward the foe, till I got to my horse, +and to the beaters, who were all collected together some forty yards +from the fight. + +"I immediately loaded the gun with a charge of shot and a bullet, and +taking my revolver pistol out of the holster, and sticking it into my +belt, determined to carry on the affair to its issue, knowing how rarely +men recover from such wounds as mine. I was bleeding profusely from +large tooth wounds in the arm; the tendons of my left hand were torn +open, and I had five claw wounds in the thigh. The poor shikaree's arm +was somewhat clawed up, and if the panther was not killed, the +superstition of the natives would go far to kill this man. + +"I persuaded my horse-keeper to come with me, and taking the hog-spear +he had in his hand, we went to the spot where lay the weapons stripped +from the shikaree. A few yards beyond them crouched the huge panther +again. I could not see his head very distinctly, but fired deliberately +behind his shoulder. In one moment he was again upon me. I gave him the +charge of shot, as I supposed, in his face, but had no time to take aim. +In the next instant the panther got hold of my left foot in his teeth, +and threw me on my back. I struck at him with the empty gun, and he +seized the barrels in his mouth. This was his last effort. I sprang up, +and seizing the spear from the horse-keeper, drove it through his side, +and thus killed him." + + + + +EAGLES AND THEIR WAYS. + + +The great golden eagle is one of the most distinguished members of its +mighty family. It is found in many parts of the world, a kingly +inhabitant of mountainous regions, where it builds its nest on rocky +crags accessible only to the most daring hunter. + +This noble bird is of a rich blackish-brown tint on the greater part of +its body, its head and neck inclining to a reddish color. Its tail is +deep gray crossed with dark brown bars. Some large specimens which have +been captured have measured nearly four feet in length, while the +magnificent wings expanded from eight to nine feet. + +The golden eagle is no longer found in England, but is still plentiful +in the Scottish Highlands, where it makes its nest on some lofty ledge +of rock among the mountain solitudes. Swiss naturalists state that it +sometimes nests in the lofty crotch of some gigantic oak growing on the +lower mountain slopes, but Audubon and other eminent ornithologists +declare that an eagle's nest built in a tree has never come under their +observation. + +The nest of this inhabitant of the mountains is not neatly made, like +those of smaller birds, but is a huge mass of twigs, dried grasses, +brambles, and hair heaped together to form a bed for the little ones. +Here the mother bird lays three or four large white eggs speckled with +brown. The young birds are almost coal-black, and only assume the golden +and brownish tinge as they become full grown, which is not until about +the fourth year. Eaglets two or three years old are described in books +of natural history as ring-tailed eagles, and are sometimes taken for a +distinct species of the royal bird, while in reality they are the +children of the golden eagle tribe. + +Eagles rarely change their habitation, and, unless disturbed, a pair +will inhabit the same nest for years. It is very faithful to its mate, +and one pair have been observed living happily together through a long +life. Should one die, the bird left alone will fly away in search of +another mate, and soon return with it to its former home. Eagles live to +a great age; even in captivity in royal gardens specimens have been +known to live more than a hundred years. + +Eagles are very abundant in Switzerland. Although not so powerful as the +great vulture, which also inhabits the lofty mountains, they are bolder +and more enduring. For hours the golden eagle will soar in the air high +above the mountain-tops, and move in wide-sweeping circles with a +scarcely perceptible motion of its mighty wings. When on the hunt for +prey, it is very cunning and sharp-sighted. Its shrill scream rings +through the air, filling all the smaller birds with terror. When it +approaches its victim its scream changes to a quick kik-kak-kak, +resembling the barking of a dog, and gradually sinking until +sufficiently near, it darts in a straight line with the rapidity of +lightning upon its prey. None of the smaller birds and beasts are safe +from its clutches. Fawns, rabbits, and hares, young sheep and goats, +wild birds of all kinds, fall helpless victims, for neither the swiftest +running nor the most rapid flight can avail against this king of the +air. + +The strength of the eagle is such that it will bear heavy burdens in its +talons for miles until it reaches its nest, where the hungry little ones +are eagerly waiting the parent's return. Here, standing on the ledge of +rock, the eagle tears the food into morsels, which the eaglets eagerly +devour. It is a curious fact that near an eagle's nest there is usually +a storehouse or larder--some convenient ledge of rock--where the parent +birds lay up hoards of provisions. Hunters have found remains of lambs, +young pigs, rabbits, partridges, and other game heaped up ready for the +morning meal. + +[Illustration: EAGLES FIGHTING OVER A CHAMOIS.] + +Over its hunting ground the eagle is king. It fears neither bird nor +beast, its only enemy being man. In Switzerland, during the winter +season, when the mountains are snow-bound, the eagle will descend to the +plain in search of food. When driven by hunger, it will seize on +carrion, and even fight desperately with its own kind for the possession +of the desired food. Swiss hunters tell many stories of furious battles +between eagles over the dead body of some poor chamois or other mountain +game. + +Eagles are very affectionate and faithful to their little ones as long +as they need care; but once the young eaglets are able to take care of +themselves, the parent birds drive them from the nest, and even from the +hunting ground. The young birds are often taken from the nest by +hunters, who with skill and daring scale the rocky heights during the +absence of the parents, which return to find a desolate and empty nest. +But it goes hard with the hunter if the keen eyes of the old birds +discover him before he has made his safe descent with his booty. Darting +at him with terrible fury, they try their utmost to throw him from the +cliff; and unless he be well armed, and use his weapons with skill and +rapidity, his position is one of the utmost peril. + +The young birds are easily tamed; and the experiment has already been +tried with some success of using them as the falcon, to assist in +hunting game. + +The golden eagle is an inhabitant of the Rocky Mountains, but is very +seldom seen farther eastward. Audubon reports having noticed single +pairs in the Alleghanies, in Maine, and even in the valley of the +Hudson; but such examples are very rare, for this royal bird is truly a +creature of the mountains. It fears neither cold nor tempestuous winds +nor icy solitudes. + +The eagle's plume is an old and famous decoration of warriors and +chieftains, and is constantly alluded to, especially in Scottish legend +and song. The Northwestern Indians ornament their headdresses and their +weapons with the tail feathers of the eagle, and institute hunts for the +bird with the sole purpose of obtaining them. Indians prize these +feathers so highly that they will barter a valuable horse for the tail +of a single bird. + +Royal and noble in its bearing, the eagle has naturally been chosen as +the symbol of majesty and power. It served as one of the imperial +emblems of ancient Rome, and is employed at the present time for the +regal insignia of different countries. The bald eagle, the national bird +of the United States, belongs to the same great family as its golden +cousin, and is a sharer of its lordly characteristics. + + + + +[Illustration: Top Border (Snowflakes)] + +THE HIDDEN BEAUTIES OF THE SNOW + + +[Illustration: Left Side Border] + +[Illustration: Right Side Border] + +In the falling of the snow we have snow _showers_ and snow _storms_. In +the snow _shower_ the air is filled with light, fleecy flakes, which +descend gently and noiselessly through it, and either melt away and +disappear as fast as they alight, or else, when the temperature is below +the point of freezing, slowly accumulate upon every surface where they +can gain a lodgment, until the fields are everywhere covered with a +downy fleece of spotless purity, and every salient point--the tops of +the fences and posts, the branches of the trees, and the interminable +lines of telegraph wire--are adorned with a white and dazzling trimming. +In such a fall of snow as this the delicate process of crystallization +is not disturbed by any agitations in the air. The feathery needles from +each little nucleus extend themselves in every direction as far as they +will, and combining by gentle contacts with others floating near them, +form large and fleecy flakes, involving the nicest complications of +structure, and filling the air with a kind of beauty in which the +expression of softness and gracefulness is combined with that of +mathematical symmetry and precision. + +In a snow _storm_ the force of the wind and the intensity of the cold +usually change all this. The progress of the crystallization, which to +be perfect must take place slowly, and under the condition of perfect +repose, is at once hastened by the low temperature, and disturbed by the +commotion in the air. Across the broad expanse of open plains, along +mountain-sides, through groves of trees, and over the smooth surface of +frozen lakes and rivers, millions of misshapen and broken crystals are +driven by the wind, piled up in heaps, or accumulated in confused masses +under the lee of every obstruction, having been subjected on the way to +such violence of agitation and collision that the characteristic beauty +and symmetry of the material is entirely destroyed. + +If we examine attentively the falling flakes, whether of snow _showers_ +or of snow _storms_, at different times, under the varying circumstances +in which snow forms and descends, we shall be surprised at the number +and variety of the forms which they assume. They may be received and +examined upon any black surface--the crown of a hat, or a piece of black +cloth, for example--previously cooled below the freezing-point. At any +one time the crystallizations are usually alike, but different +snow-falls seem to have each its own special conformation. Sometimes, +however, a change takes place from one style of flake to another in the +course of the same storm or shower, and during the period of transition +both varieties fall together from the air. Persons interested in such +observations may easily make drawings with a pen of the different forms +that present themselves from time to time, and thus in the course of a +winter make a very curious and interesting collection. + +The number and variety of the forms which the snowy crystallizations +assume seem greatest in the polar regions, and the celebrated scientific +navigator Scoresby studied them there with great attention during his +various arctic voyages. He made drawings of ninety-six different forms, +and the number has been increased since, by more recent observers, to +several hundred. + +It will be observed that all the forms have a hexagonal character. They +consist of a star of six rays, or a plate of six angles. There is a +reason for this, or rather there is a well-known property of ice in +respect to the law of its crystallization which throws some light upon +the subject. The law is this: that whereas every crystallizable +substance has its own primitive crystalline form, that of ice is a +rhomboid with angles of 60° and 120°, and consequently all the secondary +forms which this substance assumes are controlled by these angles, and +derive from them their hexagonal character. + +The most striking of the methods adopted for the inspection of ice +crystals is one discovered by Professor Tyndall, and consists of melting +the ice from _within_. This is done by means of a lens, by which the +sun's rays are brought to a focus within the mass of ice, so as to +liquefy a portion of it in the interior without disturbing that at the +surface. + +[Illustration: Bottom Border] + + + + +NETTIE'S VALENTINE. + +BY AGNES CARR. + + +"They are all so lovely, I hardly know which to choose," said Nettie +Almer to herself, as she paused at the entrance of a large stationer's +shop to gaze in at the window, where was spread a tempting display of +valentines of all kinds and sizes, from the rich, expensive ones in +handsome embossed boxes to the cheap penny pictures strung on a line +across the entire casement. + +"I want them to be the prettiest ones there," continued Nettie to +herself, and she gave her little pocket-book a squeeze inside her muff +as she thought of the bright two dollar and a half gold piece which +Uncle John had given her that morning to spend all for valentines; for +Nettie was invited that evening to a large party, given by one of her +school-mates, and after supper a post-office was to be opened, through +which all her class were to send valentines to each other. Great fun was +anticipated, while at the same time there was considerable rivalry as to +who should send the handsomest missives, and at school nothing else had +been talked of amongst the scholars for a week. + +"Please, miss, buy just a little bunch." The words sounded close to +Nettie's ear, and she turned to encounter a pair of pleading blue eyes +gazing into hers, while the plaintive voice repeated, "Please buy a +little bunch of flowers; I haven't sold one to-day, and Minna wants an +orange so much." + +It was a pitiful little figure that stood there, with an old shawl over +her head, and her feet hardly protected from the icy pavement by a pair +of miserable ragged shoes, while the tiny hands, purple with cold, held +a small pine board on which were fastened small bouquets of rose-buds, +violets, and other flowers, which she tried to sell to the passers-by, +most of whom, however, pushed her rudely aside or passed indifferently +by. + +"Who is Minna?" asked Nettie, gently, after a moment's survey of the +little girl. + +"She is mine sister, and she is so bad, so very bad, with the fever. She +cried all last night with thirst, and begged me to bring her an orange +to cool her tongue. Please, miss, buy some of my flowers." + +Nettie's tender heart was touched, and her eyes filled with tears in +sympathy with the poor child, who was now crying bitterly. "Has she been +sick very long?" she asked. + +"Oh yes; and the Herr Doctor says she will die if she does not have wine +to strengthen her. But where could we get wine? The mother can hardly +pay the rent, and I sell flowers to buy bread; but I can only make two +or three cents on a bunch, and some bad days they fade before I can get +rid of them; so I'm afraid Minna must die. But please give me enough to +get her an orange." + +"An orange! of course I will," exclaimed Nettie; "and more than one. +Come with me;" and she caught the child eagerly by the hand, and drew +her toward the street. At this moment, however, her eye fell on the +valentines in the window, and she stopped, hesitating. Should she give +up the pretty gifts for her little friends, and lose half of the +evening's anticipated enjoyment, or should she let this poor girl--of +whose existence she was ignorant five minutes before--go home +empty-handed to her sick sister? There was an instant of sharp conflict +as she thought of how mean she should appear in her school-mates' eyes, +and then, with a resolute air, Nettie turned her back on the fascinating +window, and conducted the little flower girl to a fruit store near at +hand. + +A basket was supplied by the kind-hearted proprietor of the store, to +whom Nettie explained what she wanted, and this she filled with golden +Havana oranges and rich clusters of white grapes--a delicious basketful +for a feverish invalid. This, Nettie found, took nearly half the money, +and the remainder she gave to the grocer, begging him to get her a +bottle of the best sherry wine, which was quickly done, and added to the +basket. + +"Now," she said, turning to her poor companion, who had stood meanwhile, +hardly believing the evidence of her eyes, "take me home with you, and +we will carry these to Minna right away." + +"Oh, miss, thou art too heavenly kind! It will save Minna; she need not +die now." And with smiles chasing away the tears, the happy child took +hold of one side of the basket, while Nettie carried the other, and +together they wended their way to a poor tenement-house in a dark narrow +street, and climbed the rickety stairs to a back room on the fourth +floor. + +As they pushed open the door, a low moan was heard from within, and a +weak voice asked, "Gretel, is it thou? Hast thou brought the orange?" + +Gretel sprang to the bedside, and in an eager voice exclaimed: "Oh, +Minna, yes, yes, I have the oranges, and so much more! See this good +little lady, and what she has brought thee. Look! oranges--grapes--wine! +Oh, Minna, sweetheart, thou wilt soon be well now!" + +The pale child, reclining among the pillows, her golden hair brushed +back from a brow on which the blue veins showed painfully distinct, +stretched forth a thin little hand for the grapes, and said to Nettie, +"Oh, I have dreamed of fruit like this; thou art an angel to bring it to +me." + +Gently Nettie brushed back the fair hair of the little patient, and +pressed the cool grapes to her parched lips, while Gretel poured some of +the wine into a cracked tumbler, and administered it to the sick girl, +who, being too weak to talk much, soon sank into a quiet, refreshing +slumber, with one of Nettie's hands clasped tightly in both her own; and +as Nettie sat by the humble pallet she felt fully repaid for the loss of +her valentines. + +And Minna still slept when the German mother entered, who, after +listening to Gretel's whispered story, exclaimed, as Nettie rose to +depart, and stole softly from the room: "May Gott in Himmel bless thee, +young lady, for what thou hast done this day! It is weeks since my Minna +has slept like that." And throwing her apron over her head, the poor +woman burst into happy tears. + +It was with a light heart that Nettie tripped homeward, and she never +even glanced at the great window where the brilliant hearts and Cupids +gleamed as gayly as ever in the bright sunlight. + +"Well, Pussie, how many valentines have you bought?" asked Uncle John, +meeting Nettie in the hall as she entered the house. + +"Only one; but it was a very nice one, and you mustn't ask any +questions," answered Nettie, with a blush, as she ran up stairs to avoid +further questioning. + +It was rather trying, though, when evening came, and Nettie, dressed in +her white dress and blue ribbons, stood among the other girls in the +dressing-room, and they all crowded round inquiring how many valentines +she had for the post-office, to be obliged to confess that she had none, +and to hear the whispered comments of, "How mean!" "I didn't think that +of Nettie Almer." + +She kept her spirits up, however, by thinking of Minna, and the joy of +her mother and sister, and soon forgot the valentines entirely, while +dancing and joining in the merry games with which the first part of the +evening was passed. + +But after supper the mortification and almost regretful feelings +returned, when the other children drew forth mysterious packages, and +confided them to Mrs. Hope, the mother of the young hostess; and she was +becoming quite unhappy when a servant entered, saying some one wished to +see Miss Nettie Almer. + +Gladly she hastened from the room; but what was her surprise when a +messenger handed her a box addressed to "Nettie, from St. Valentine, in +return for the valentine she sent Minna and Gretel." + +On removing the lid, the box was found to contain a dozen small bouquets +of sweet, fragrant flowers, and a card saying they were intended as +valentines for her little friends. Nettie shrewdly suspected them to be +the same bouquets Gretel had tried so unavailingly to sell in the +morning; but she did not know that Uncle John had been an unobserved +spectator of the little episode in front of the stationer's, and that he +had made a later call at the humble tenement, and gladdened the poor +family a second time that day by buying all Gretel's flowers, and paying +a good price for them, too. + +It was with very much happier feelings that Nettie re-entered the +parlor, and handed in her contribution for the letter-box; and when the +office was opened in the back drawing-room, and Mr. Hope, disguised as +St. Valentine, distributed the mail, all said none of the valentines +could equal Nettie's, for in the centre of each bouquet was hidden a +tiny golden heart, inclosing a motto appropriate to the occasion. + +Nettie always said that that 14th of February was the happiest day she +had ever spent; and it was also a turning-point in the fortunes of the +German family, for Mrs. Almer having heard from Uncle John of her little +daughter's _protégés_, interested some of her friends in them, who gave +work to the mother, and when summer came, found a pleasant cottage on a +farm for them in the country; and with the mother now happy and hopeful, +Gretel well clad and rosy, and Minna quite restored to health, they were +sent away from the dark, dreary tenement to a happy home among "green +fields and pastures fair." And it all came about through Nettie's +valentine. + + + + +AUNT SUKEY'S FIRST SLEIGH-RIDE. + + +"Oh, Nan, look how the snow comes down! I thought it would never snow at +all this winter. Just look at it! Now that's what I call tip-top," said +Tom Chandler, gazing at the fast-whitening landscape, and drumming a +cheerful tattoo on the window-panes with his fingers. + +For some time the children stood in silence, watching the snow-flakes as +they whirled and danced and floated like so many feathers, only to fall +and pile up and cover the brown earth and the bare branches as with a +lovely mantle of swan's-down. + +Suddenly a thought seemed to have entered Tom's curly head, and he broke +the silence with an air of profound mystery, saying: "I say, Nan, can +you keep a secret? Well, look square in my face and say, 'Upon my word +and sacred honor, I'll never, never, never tell anybody what Tom's going +to tell me!' There! do you think you could keep it? It's the awfulest +jolliest thing you ever heard of." + +"Why, Tom," returned Nan, with dignity, "did I ever tell anybody +anything that is a secret when you told me not to? Now do tell me this +one." + +"Let me see, now; haven't you told lots of my secrets, madam? Who went +and told pa about my painting the white gobbler's feathers black, hey? +Who told about my putting the mouse into Aunt Sukey's soup? Who told +about my tying the clothes-line across the grass last summer? Who told +about my--" + +"That's real mean; you know I couldn't help it, ma was so vexed. You can +keep your old secret; I won't listen to it--there!" + +Seeing there was danger of one of Nan's showers, as Tom called her +sudden tears, that young gentleman lowering his voice said, soothingly, +"Never mind, old girl; just say, ''Pon honor' once more, and that you +will never tell if you are shot for it, and I'll tell you what it is." + +"That's what I call a solemn promise," exclaimed Tom, as Nanny concluded +the prescribed speech. "Well, here goes!" + +Just what was said in Nan's ear we may never know, but that it was +pleasing to both parties may be judged by what followed. The moment the +grand secret became the property of two, there was such a clapping of +hands, and whooping and laughing, and such a dancing up and down the +room as made the boards tremble, and brought old Aunt Susan from her +realms in the kitchen to the dining-room door. + +"Bress de Lor', chillun, what dose yer mean cuttin' up like dat! yous'll +bring de roof down, an' no mistake! Stop dat noise! I guess yese +disremember dere's comp'ny in de spare room yonder, gettin' ready fo' +tea." + +"Now you never mind the company, Aunt Sukey. Nan and I are only +practicing a war jig we've got to dance for Miss Almira to-night." + +"Drat your war jigs, an' 'have like 'spectable chillun! Ring de +tea-bell, and make you'selves useful; you's got younger bones dan dis +ole Susan, tank de Lor'!" + +"Remember!" said Tom, with a warning gesture to Nan, for he heard +footsteps coming. + +The next morning after breakfast Tom walked into the kitchen, where Aunt +Sukey was putting the finishing touches to a dozen or more pies, for it +was baking-day. + +"Look here, Aunt Susan," exclaimed the youngster, "I've heard you say +how much you would like to see 'Marse Linkum,' haven't I? Well, you've +never had a sleigh-ride since you come North, have you? And I was just +thinking last night that I'd take you for one when Nan and I go to +school this morning. There! it won't take more'n a few minutes. Get your +hood and shawl, and come along; it's only beyond Deacon Johnson's. Marse +Lincoln would like to see you first-rate." + +"Oh, bress de Lor', honey, who tole you dat? Has ole aunty libbed to lay +her eyes on de savior ob her people? Yous two dun wait for ole Aunt +Susan, and she'll be wid you in a jiffy." + +"Hurry up! Jocko's waiting," screamed Tom, as the old lady bustled off +to get her "fixin's." + +"But, Tom, what'll ma say? and she's got company, too," asked Nan, +uneasily. + +"Why, it's all the better for our fun. She'll have some one to help her. +Miss Almira can turn to and do up the pies and things, and make herself +useful as well as ornamental." + +The war of the great rebellion was nearly over, and the old woman, like +many of her people, had made her way North, and this was her first +winter; so Tom and Nan expected great sport over her new experience--a +sleigh-ride. With considerable trouble, for aunty was stout and +unwieldy, and the little cutter was narrow and high, she was at last +bundled in, Nan and Tom following, to the infinite satisfaction of +Jocko, the pony, which was pawing the snow and jingling his bells +impatiently. + +[Illustration: "AWAY THEY RUSHED DOWN THE LANE."] + +When the robes were all tucked in, Tom gave the word, and away they +rushed down the lane into the road. Speeding on, they turned a curve so +sharply that Aunt Sukey was wild with alarm; her eyes rolled, and her +teeth glistened from ear to ear, as, with mouth distended, she screamed, +"Oh, Marse Tommy, fo' de Lor's sake, hole in dat beast! I's done gone +an' bin a fool to trust my mutton to a hoss like dat! Oh, Marse Tommy, +Massa Tommy, yous'll be de deff of ole Aunt Susan! Oh, fo' de Lor's +sake, stop 'im!" + +"Hooray, Jocko! go it, old boy!" was Tommy's laughing response. + +"Oh, bress us an' save us! Missy Nanny, be a good chile, an' make Marse +Tom stop dat yere beast, or we'll be upsot, an' break ebbery bone in our +bodies!" + +"Don't mind, aunty. Jocko knows every step of the way, and _we_ won't +let you get hurt," cried Nan, with a patronizing air. + +"O Lor' hab mussy on a poor ole niggur, an' bring her safely to her +journey's end, for mussy dese chillun hab none!" ejaculated Aunt Susan, +as another sharp curve was so rapidly turned that the very trees and +fences seemed rushing madly away in an opposite direction. + +In less than twenty minutes, and the minutes seemed ages to affrighted +Susan, Jocko, with a snort and an extra jingle of his bells, stood +stock-still in front of the school-house. + +A score of eyes peeped from the windows as Tom, alighting, with mock +ceremony handed out Nan and Aunt Susan, exclaiming, "Ladies, we shall +soon be in the presence of 'Marse Linkum.'" + +"Oh, tank de Lor', dar's no bones broken! and we's really gwine to see +de blessed Marse Linkum, arter all!" + +"There, now, Nan, take Aunt Susan up on the stoop, till I blanket Jocko +and put him in the shed." + +"Now, Missy Nan," whispered Aunt Susan, when they found themselves alone +on the piazza, "does I look 'spectable nuff to see de President?" + +"You look awful nice, aunty," replied Nanny, turning away her head to +conceal her laughter. "Ah! here comes Tom." + +"Now, Aunt Susan," exclaimed that youngster, "when I introduce you, say +this: 'I hope I find your Excellency well, and all the people of color +in the South send you greeting.'" + +"Wa'al, now, what a genius dat chile is, to be shuah!" muttered Susan, +walking behind Tom and Nanny. + +"Mr. Lincoln," exclaimed Tom, advancing toward that gentleman, with a +merry twinkle in his roguish eyes, "allow me to present to you a new +pupil, Aunt Susan Whittingham; she has come all the way from Louisiana +to see you." + +"Oh, bress de Lor' dat hab given dis ole woman de privilege ob laying +her eyes on de gloriousness ob de man who hab saved all her people, an' +has strucken off de chains what held dem fast, an' made dem free +forebber and forebber! Hallelujah! hallelujah! amen! Oh, bress me, I's +done gone an' make a mistake arter all. Oh, your Presidency--no, your +Elegancy, I hopes I find you well. All de people ob color in de Souf +send you--send you--greetin'!" + +"Aunt Susan, I am very sorry; but that little rascal, Tom, has been +deceiving you all the time. I'm not the 'Marse Linkum' you take me for, +I'm sorry to tell you, for I am only plain James Lincoln, school-master +of the district. Tom, I say, how did you dare to treat Aunt Susan and +myself in this way? I have a mind to punish you." + +"Oh, de Lor' forgib Marse Tommy dat he fool a 'spectable ole body like +me; an' de Lor' save me! all my pies an' tings goin' to construction, +an' de missus all alone to hum wid comp'ny! It's too much--it's too much +fo' shuah!" + +"Come, aunty," cried Tom, soothingly, for he was beginning to be afraid +himself, "we'll drive home ever so slow. Come, now, forgive us, and +don't get us a whipping." + +"I's mos' ready to forgib yous now; but jes you disremember how de +chillun in de Bible war eaten up along o' de bars for sayin', 'Go up, +ole bal'-head!' an' don't you nebber, nebber agin fool ole Aunt Susan." + +Almira had "turned to," as Tom predicted, and was helping his mother +with the dinner, when that lady exclaimed: "This is another of that +boy's tricks; but boys are boys, and there's no help for it. I hope Aunt +Susan's enjoying the ride." + +Everything was in "apple-pie order" when the party returned, apparently +in fine spirits. Tom thought it mighty queer that nothing was said about +his escapade, and dying to tell it, he felt his way cautiously for an +opportunity, and it came. In the evening, when the family were +discussing nuts and cider around the glowing fire, he related the +morning's adventure with such gay good humor that Pa and Ma Chandler and +Augustus and Almira made the walls ring again with their laughter, +bringing old Aunt Susan to the sitting-room door, where, poking her head +in, she had courage to say, "'Pears to me yous folks is havin' great +sport over Aunt Susan's fust sleigh-ride." + + + + +[Illustration: RUINS OF TRINITY CHURCH, 1776.] + +NEW YORK'S FIRST GREAT FIRE. + + +The first great fire in New York happened in September, 1776, just after +Washington had been driven from the city. New York was then a small but +beautiful town; it reached only to the lower end of the Park, but +Broadway was lined with shade trees, and its fine houses stretched away +on both sides to the Battery. Trinity Church stood, as now, at the head +of Wall Street. St. Paul's--a building of great cost and beauty for the +times--almost bounded the upper end of Broadway. The British soldiers +marched into the pleasant but terrified city, the leading patriots fled +with Washington's army, and in the hot days of the autumn of 1776 New +York seemed to offer a pleasant home for the officers and men of the +invading forces. They took possession of the deserted country-seats of +the patriots at Bloomingdale or Murray Hill, and occupied the finest +houses on the best streets of the town. Here they hoped to pass a winter +of ease, and in the spring complete without difficulty the rout of the +disheartened Americans. + +But one night in September the cry of fire was heard, and the flames +began to spread from some low wooden buildings near Whitehall, where now +are the Produce Exchange and Staten Island ferries. In those days there +were no steam-engines nor hydrants, no Croton water nor well-organized +fire-companies. But as the flames continued to advance, the British +soldiers sprang from their beds and began to labor to check the fire +with all the means in their power. They used, no doubt, buckets of water +brought from the cisterns and the river. They found, it was said, +several persons setting houses on fire, and in their rage threw them +into the flames. But their labor was all in vain. All night the fire +spread over the finest quarter of New York. From Whitehall it passed up +Broadway on the eastern side, devouring everything, until it was stopped +by a large new brick house near Wall Street. It crossed to the western +side, and laid nearly the whole street in ruins. It fastened on the roof +and tower of Trinity Church, and soon, of all its graceful proportions, +only a few shattered fragments remained. Then the flames passed rapidly +up to the west of Broadway from Trinity as far as St. Paul's; houses and +shops crumbled before them; a long array of buildings seem to have fed +the raging fires, until at last they reached the walls of the great +church itself, and were about to envelop it in ruins. But here, it is +said, the zeal of the people checked their progress. They mounted the +roof of the church, covered it with streams of water, put out the sparks +that fell on it, until at last the building was saved, the flames died +out, and St. Paul's stands to-day almost as it stood in 1776, the +monument of the close of the great fire. + +It is not difficult to imagine the melancholy change wrought in the +appearance of the city. Broadway, once so beautiful, remained until the +end of the war in great part a street of ruins. From Wall Street to the +Battery, from St. Paul's Church to the Bowling Green, the miserable +waste was never repaired. Up its desolate track paraded each morning the +British officers and their followers, shining in red and gold, to the +sound of martial music; but they had no leisure nor wish to repair the +ravages of war. On the wasted district arose a collection of tents and +hovels, called "Canvas Town." Here lived the miserable poor, the +wretched, the vile; robbers who at night made the ruins unsafe, and +incendiaries who never ceased to terrify the unlucky city. The British +garrison was never suffered to remain long at ease. + +It was said that the great fire of 1776 was the work of the patriots, +who had resolved to burn New York, and drive the invaders from their +safe resting-place. The question of its origin has never been decided. +It may have been altogether accidental, or possibly the work of design. +But it was followed by a singular succession of other fires, during the +period of the British ascendency, that seem to show some settled plan to +annoy and discourage the invaders. The newspapers of the time are filled +with accounts of the misfortunes of the garrison and the royalists. + + + + +TO MY VALENTINE. + +BY M. M. + + + In love and hope + These blossoms fair + I lay at your dear feet! + +[Illustration] + + Deep-folded + In the rose's heart + You'll find my secret, sweet! + + + + +[Illustration] + +OUR POST-OFFICE BOX. + + + LOWELL, MASSACHUSETTS. + + I would like to know how old is the festival of St. Valentine's + Day. I have painted some little cards myself, and am going to send + them to my school-mates. I think that is better than buying them, + even if I can not make them quite so pretty. I am going to copy a + little verse on the back of each one. Mamma has chosen the verses + for me. + + S. F. W. + +There is no clear record of the origin of St. Valentine's Day. St. +Valentine himself was a priest of Rome who was martyred some time during +the third century, but he had nothing to do with the peculiar observance +of his day. In ancient Rome a great part of the month of February was +devoted to feasts in honor of Pan and Juno, during which the young men +drew by lot the name of their companion for the festivities. It is +supposed that this ancient custom changed gradually into the present +observance of the day. Many allusions to St. Valentine's Day are found +in English poetry of the earliest date, as the festival was much more +generally observed four centuries ago than now. + + * * * * * + + PEEKSKILL, NEW YORK. + + I am a little boy eight years old. I want to tell you that papa + heard a bluebird sing in a chestnut-tree on January 11. I have six + cats and three ducks. One of my cats died last week, and I buried + her. Poor Susie! + + S. B. H. + +The little bluebird must have left its winter-quarters in the Southern +States, and travelled with the warm wave which swept northward in +January. It is to be hoped it will escape being frozen to death, and +live to sing its sweet spring song at a more seasonable time. + + * * * * * + + SHELBYVILLE, TENNESSEE, _January 20_. + + I send you some flowers which grew in the front yard. The + buttercups and purple magnolias are blooming also, but I could not + press them to send them to you. I have seen some bluebirds and + redbirds. Many of our flowers are blooming. It is just like summer + out-doors. + + E. B. COOPER. + + * * * * * + + HUDSON, WISCONSIN. + + I have a little rabbit I like very much. It lives with the hens in + winter. Papa bought two in Chicago. They travelled to Washington in + a peach basket. When papa brought them home he gave one to me. The + other was drowned last summer in a hard storm. My rabbit likes + apples, potato skins, clover, grass, hay, and corn, and I must not + give it oats nor anything greasy. + + CARRIE E. SILLMAN. + + * * * * * + + PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA. + + I have a little dog named Fanny, who shakes rats, and cats too when + she gets a chance. She talks, and she shows her teeth when she + laughs, and sneezes when she is pleased. + + LAURA B. W. (eight years). + + * * * * * + + WELLSBURG, WEST VIRGINIA. + + As you have asked us to write about household pets, I thought I + would tell you about a pet fish we kept in a stone basin about + three feet square and two feet deep. We caught the fish in Cross + Creek, and brought it home in a bucket, and placed it in the basin. + It was a yellow bass about ten inches long and very pretty. It soon + got very tame, and would take a fishing-worm out of my fingers. It + committed suicide one night by jumping out on the floor and killing + itself. I have a sunfish in the basin now, but I don't expect it + will ever get so tame. There are four or five pretty redbirds + staying in our yard, and lots of snowbirds. + + SAMUEL J. + + * * * * * + + NEW YORK CITY. + + In YOUNG PEOPLE No. 11 there is an article on the Dead-letter + Office at Washington which mentions some curious things to go + through the mail. There are three more very queer things I would + like to mention. The first is two centipedes, which are on the + shelf with the snake; the second is an iron hitching post; and the + third is a live alligator about a foot and a half long. There is an + old record in the office of 1778, which lasted at that time eleven + years, but which, a clerk said, would last now about fifteen + minutes. + + K. P. + + * * * * * + +GEORGE B. WEBSTER.--Coons are very fond of fish, and you might bait your +trap with salt cod-fish roasted to give it a strong smell. The sense of +smell of a coon is very acute, and it will rarely pass a trap baited +with any provender it can scent. + + * * * * * + +LOUIE E.--The song you require is not yet published, but will probably +be issued before long. + + * * * * * + +I. H. MIRKIL, JUN.--Any letters sent to the care of Harper & Brothers +will be forwarded. + + * * * * * + +M. AND E. N.--Early numbers of YOUNG PEOPLE can be obtained on +application to the publishers. + + * * * * * + +F. A. RIGGS AND ERNEST A. F.--You must inquire at your post-office for +missing numbers. They have all been mailed to your address. + + * * * * * + +CHARLES W. L.--The best way to understand the construction of certain +kinds of puzzles is to study the answers and puzzles together. You will +find some answers given in this number which will help you. + + * * * * * + +"GOLDEN," M. E. B., AND OTHERS.--We can not print puzzles unless +accompanied with full name and address, as guarantee that they are +original. Correspondents will please pay attention to this, as we have +been compelled to reject some very pretty puzzles because they came +without address. Never send old puzzles, as some have done, for they are +worthless. Be very careful to give a clear and correct definition of +words used in word squares, diamond puzzles, beheadings, acrostics, and +charades. One poor definition will spoil an otherwise excellent puzzle. +Do not take a name little known, like that of some Western town, to form +an enigma, for children in some other part of the country will find it +difficult to solve. + + * * * * * + +Favors are acknowledged from "Bessie," Canada; Mary A. Tucker, Nebraska; +H. Russell P., Homburg, Germany; Mary De Motte, Wisconsin; Hallie A. J., +Minnesota; A. S. K., Missouri; Florence May, Michigan; Ollie M., +Washington Territory. From Indiana--W. A. Burr, Allie W. F., H. I. Y. +From Illinois--Harry Atkins, Helen and Hattie. From Ohio--Hazie H. P., +Vincent J. Nolan, James W. R. From Pennsylvania--Fannie K., Amy F. From +New York--George J. B., U. Weiler, Hattie Wagner, Anna L. A., May +Thornton, Irvie Easton, Grace P., Charlie L.; M. A. T. and F. V. B., +Kentucky; Percy B. M., Massachusetts; Bertie, Washington, D. C.; Harry +Lovell, New Jersey. + +Correct answers to puzzles received from N. L. Collamer, Washington, +D. C.; Samuel J., West Virginia; Florence Dickson, Delaware; Sallie +Teal, Oregon; Ernest B. Cooper, Tennessee; Arthur P. S., Wisconsin; +Dorsey Coate, Indiana; Albert W. J., Illinois; E. S. C., Michigan. +From Ohio--Belle M., Nellie B., Fannie Barnett, B. M. E. From +Pennsylvania--"Little Marie," Laura B. W., Eddie H. K., "Spot," Charles +H. C., Minnie and Florence M., Charles W. Lisk, Clarissa H. H. From New +York--Frank H. Dodd, F. W. P., O. G. Boyle, V. O., Allie D. D., George +K. MacN., W. E. Baker, Pauline G., Gus A. S., Bertie Reid, J. E. +Hardenbergh, Nena Crommelin, Rosie Macdonald; Alonzo Stagg, New Jersey; +Daisy B. H., Maine. From Rhode Island--Ella W., F. H. Vaughn, M. W. Dam, +Annie Baker. From Connecticut--William H. H., "Golden." From +Massachusetts--Ida G. Rust, E. A. Abbot, Frank M. Richards, E. Allen +Cushing. + + * * * * * + +PUZZLES FROM YOUNG CONTRIBUTORS. + + +No. 1. + +ENIGMA. + + My first is in good, but not in bad. + My second is in funny, but not in sad. + My third is in sit, but not in stand. + My fourth is in tune, but not in band. + My fifth is in pan, but not in pot. + My sixth is in clear, but not in blot. + My whole is a musical instrument. + + SPOT. + + * * * * * + +No. 2. + +DIAMOND PUZZLE. + +A consonant. A vegetable. A South African animal. Cunning. A vowel. + + SPOT (twelve years). + + * * * * * + +No. 3. + +ENIGMA. + + My first is in feel, but not in see. + My second is in run, but not in flee. + My third is in wasp, but not in bee. + My fourth is in friend, but not in foe. + My fifth is in seek, but not in go. + My sixth is in flour, but not in dough. + My seventh is in tin, but not in can. + My eighth is in grain, and also in bran. + My whole was the name of an eminent man. + + E. S. C. (twelve years). + + * * * * * + +No. 4. + +NUMERICAL CHARADE. + + I am composed of 19 letters. + My 4, 9, 6 is a school-boy's game. + My 14, 9, 8, 11, 13 is something most children like. + My 17, 9, 18, 12 comes from the clouds. + My 19, 15, 3, 1 is part of a church organ. + My 2, 5, 4 is not cold. + My 10, 16, 11 is a boy's name. + My 13, 7, 9, 19, 15 is used in making bread. + My whole is the name of an interesting story for children. + + NELLIE B. (seven years). + + * * * * * + +No. 5. + +DOUBLE ACROSTIC. + +To seize. To regret. A tune. Close to. To endeavor. Answer--two great +military commanders. + + N. L. COLLAMER. + + * * * * * + +No. 6. + +WORD SQUARE. + +First, a crack. Second, a rope. Third, soon. Fourth, departed. + + N. L. COLLAMER. + + * * * * * + +Answers to Puzzles in No. 11. + +No. 1. + + W A R. + A D A. + R A W. + +No. 2. + + Street. + +No. 3. + + Washington. + +No. 4. + + Athens. + +No. 5. + + Candle. + +No. 6. + + N or A. + E l L. + W e B. + A nn A. + R u N. + K e Y. + + Newark, Albany. + +No. 7. + + No, I thank you. + +No. 8. + + HARPER'S YOUNG PEOPLE. + + + + +ADVERTISEMENTS. + + + + +HARPER'S YOUNG PEOPLE. + +HARPER'S YOUNG PEOPLE will be issued every Tuesday, and may be had at +the following rates--_payable in advance, postage free_: + + SINGLE COPIES $0.04 + ONE SUBSCRIPTION, _one year_ 1.50 + FIVE SUBSCRIPTIONS, _one year_ 7.00 + +Subscriptions may begin with any Number. When no time is specified, it +will be understood that the subscriber desires to commence with the +Number issued after the receipt of order. + +Remittances should be made by POST-OFFICE MONEY ORDER or DRAFT, to avoid +risk of loss. + +ADVERTISING. + +The extent and character of the circulation of HARPER'S YOUNG PEOPLE +will render it a first-class medium for advertising. A limited number of +approved advertisements will be inserted on two inside pages at 75 cents +per line. + + Address + HARPER & BROTHERS, + Franklin Square, N. Y. + + + + +A LIBERAL OFFER FOR 1880 ONLY. + +HARPER'S YOUNG PEOPLE _and_ HARPER'S WEEKLY _will be sent to any address +for one year, commencing with the first Number of_ HARPER'S WEEKLY _for +January, 1880, on receipt of $5.00 for the two Periodicals_. + + + + +CANDY + +Send one, two, three, or five dollars for a sample box, by express, of +the best Candies in America, put up elegantly and strictly pure. Refers +to all Chicago. Address + + C. F. GUNTHER, + Confectioner, + 78 MADISON STREET, CHICAGO. + + + + +WOODEN WEDDING PRESENTS + +Ready-made and to order. + +SCROLL SAWS, DESIGNS, AND WOOD, + +At LITTLE'S TOOL STORE, 59 Fulton St., N. Y. City. + +Circulars free by mail. + + + + +6 months for 10 cents, on trial. + +_Depuy's Monthly Miscellany_, a large 8 page newspaper. Sample free. +C. G. DEPUY, Syracuse, N. Y. + + + + +Old Books for Young Readers. + + * * * * * + +Arabian Nights' Entertainments. + + The Thousand and One Nights; or, The Arabian Nights' + Entertainments. Translated and Arranged for Family Reading, with + Explanatory Notes, by E. W. LANE. 600 Illustrations by Harvey. 2 + vols., 12mo, Cloth, $3.50. + +Robinson Crusoe. + + The Life and Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, of York, + Mariner. By DANIEL DEFOE. With a Biographical Account of Defoe. + Illustrated by Adams. Complete Edition. 12mo, Cloth, $1.50. + +The Swiss Family Robinson. + + The Swiss Family Robinson; or, Adventures of a Father and Mother + and Four Sons on a Desert Island. Illustrated. 2 vols., 18mo, + Cloth, $1.50. + + The Swiss Family Robinson--Continued: being a Sequel to the + Foregoing. 2 vols., 18mo, Cloth, $1.50. + +Sandford and Merton. + + The History of Sandford and Merton. By THOMAS DAY. 18mo, Half + Bound, 75 cents. + + * * * * * + +Published by HARPER & BROTHERS, New York. + +_Sent by mail, postage prepaid, to any part of the United States, on +receipt of the price._ + + + + +MRS. MORTIMER'S + +BOOKS FOR THE NURSERY. + + * * * * * + +Lines Left Out. + + Lines Left Out; or, Some of the Histories Left Out in "Line upon + Line." The First Part relates Events in the Times of the Patriarchs + and the Judges. Illustrated. By Mrs. ELIZABETH MORTIMER. 16mo, + Cloth, 75 cents. + +The volume is an attractive juvenile book, handsomely brought out, +rendering Scripture incidents into pleasant paraphrases.--_Northwestern +Christian Advocate_, Chicago. + + * * * * * + +More about Jesus. + + More about Jesus. Illustrations and a Map. By Mrs. ELIZABETH + MORTIMER. 16mo, Cloth, 75 cents. + +It consists of a series of stories, embracing the whole of the events in +the life of our Blessed Lord, told in a plain, simple style, suited to +the capacities of children of seven or eight years of age. But better +still, all good children's books are good for adults; and this will be +found equally useful to put into the hands of very ignorant grown-up +people, who may from this learn the story of man's redemption in an +intelligent manner. Many of the lessons are illustrated with pictures of +the places mentioned. + + * * * * * + +Streaks of Light. + + Streaks of Light; or, Fifty-two Facts from the Bible for Fifty-two + Sundays of the Year. Illustrated. By Mrs. ELIZABETH MORTIMER. 16mo, + Cloth, 75 cents. + +"This little work," says the author, "has received the distinguished +honor of being appointed to be one of the class-books of the Samoan +Collegians, and has been made to subserve the highest of all +purposes--the preaching of the Gospel. To that purpose it is adapted +when the hearers are untaught, untrained, and unreflecting. Each lesson +can be understood by those who have no previous knowledge, and each is +calculated to be the first address to one who has never before heard of +God or his Christ." + + * * * * * + +Reading without Tears. + + Reading without Tears; or, A Pleasant Mode of Learning to Read. + Illustrated. Small 4to, Cloth. By Mrs. ELIZABETH MORTIMER. Two + Parts. Part I., 49 cents; Part II., 62 cents; complete in One + Volume, $1.03. + +An easy, simple, and pleasant book for the tiny scholars of the +nursery-room. It contains a picture for every word of spelling capable +of pictorial explanation. The reading-lessons have been carefully +selected, being composed of the preceding spelling-lessons, by which +means, together with the picture meanings, the words are easily +impressed on the memory of a very young child.--_Athenæum_, London. + + * * * * * + +Published by HARPER & BROTHERS, New York. + +HARPER & BROTHERS _will send any of the above works by mail, postage +prepaid, to any part of the United States, on receipt of the price_. + + + + +DU CHAILLU'S STORIES + +OF + +ADVENTURE IN AFRICA. + + * * * * * + +Stories of the Gorilla Country. + + By PAUL B. DU CHAILLU. Illustrated. 12mo, Cloth, $1.50. + +It is a capital book for boys. * * * The stories it contains are +full of the kind of novelty, peril, and adventure which are so +fascinating.--_Spectator_, London. + +These stories are entertaining and are well told, and they are +calculated to impart much knowledge of natural history to youthful +readers.--_Boston Traveller._ + + * * * * * + +Wild Life under the Equator. + + By PAUL B. DU CHAILLU. Illustrated. 12mo, Cloth, $1.50. + +The amount of enjoyment that was afforded to the children by the +previous work of this author, "Stories of the Gorilla Country," is +beyond computation. * * * We have read every word of "Wild Life under +the Equator" with the liveliest interest and satisfaction. No ingenious +youth of twelve in the land will find it more "awfully jolly" than did +we.--_N. Y. Evening Post._ + + * * * * * + +Lost in the Jungle. + + By PAUL B. DU CHAILLU. Illustrated. 12mo, Cloth, $1.50. + +Full of adventures with savage men and wild beasts; shows how these +strange people live, what they eat and drink, how they build, and what +they worship; and will instruct as well as amuse.--_Boston Journal._ + +A whole granary of information, dressed up in such a form as to make it +nutritious for young minds, as well as attractive for youthful +appetites.--_Philadelphia Ledger._ + + * * * * * + +My Apingi Kingdom: + + With Life in the Great Sahara, and Sketches of the Chase of the + Ostrich, Hyena, &c. By PAUL B. DU CHAILLU. Illustrated. 12mo, + Cloth, $1.50. + +In this book Mr. Du Chaillu relates the story of his sojourn in Apingi +Land, of which he was elected king by the kind-hearted and hospitable +natives. * * * We assure the reader that it is full of stirring +incidents and exciting adventures. Many chapters are exceedingly +humorous, and others are quite instructive. The chapter, for instance, +on the habits of the white and tree ants contains an interesting +contribution to natural history.--_N. Y. Herald._ + + * * * * * + +The Country of the Dwarfs. + + By PAUL B. DU CHAILLU. Illustrated. 12mo, Cloth, $1.50. + +Hail to thee, Paul! thou hero of single-handed combats with gorillas and +every imaginable beast that ever howled through the deserts, from the +elephant to the kangaroo; thou unscathed survivor of a thousand-and-one +vicissitudes by fire, field, and flood; thou glowing historian of thine +own superlatively glorious deeds: thou writer of books that make the +hairs of the children stand on every available end; thou proud king of +the Apingi savages of the equator; hail! we say.--_Utica Herald._ + + * * * * * + +Published by HARPER & BROTHERS, N. Y. + +_Sent by mail, postage prepaid, to any part of the +United States, on receipt of the price._ + + + + +[Illustration] + +WIGGLES. + + +Here are some of the answers to the Wiggle published in No. 10 of +HARPER'S YOUNG PEOPLE. So many were sent in that it was impossible to +publish them all, and so our artist selected those that he considered +the best. Those that he used were sent in by J. R. S., J. B. G., M. E., +A. T. Jones, Paul, D. C. Gilmore, H. and B., and Bert W. S., several of +whom sent a number of different figures. + +Others, and some of them very good, were sent in by W. B. B., Ethel M., +S. A. W., Jun., John Peddle, C. F., Nettie S. H., Willie H. S., Mabel +M., E. H. S., Hetty, M. Ward, Philip M., Amenio E. A., Willy H., +H. W. P., J. L., Mary P., Archie H. L., C. B. F., R. S. M., W. A. Burr, +Percy B. M., Paul. B. T., E. S., C. F. C., Gracie C., Eva M., and Anita +R. N. Figure No. 8 is what our artist made of the Wiggle; and Figure No. +9 is a new Wiggle in two parts, which must be combined in one drawing, +though they must retain their relative positions. + + + + +THE LONG-EARED BAT. + + + A long-eared bat + Went to buy a hat. + Said the hatter, "I've none that will do, + Unless with the shears + I shorten your ears, + Which might be unpleasant to you." + + The long-eared bat + Was so mad at that + He flew over lands and seas, + Till in Paris (renowned + For its fashions) he found + A hat that he wore with great ease. + + * * * * * + +=Another Sagacious Dog.=--In No. 11 of HARPER'S YOUNG PEOPLE a story was +told of a sagacious newspaper dog. Having read this, a Western editor +sends the following story of his dog, in which he says: "My dog is a +beautiful Gordon setter, and has been so well trained that while the +carrier is delivering papers on one side of the street, Bob, the dog, +delivers on the other. He receives his papers folded, half a dozen at a +time, and going to the first place, lays the whole bundle down, and then +picks it up, all but one, and so on till they are all gone." + + + + +[Illustration] + +HIS FIRST VALENTINE. + +CHORUS OR ENVIOUS RIVALS. "Oho! Jimmy Dobbs is in Love!" + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Harper's Young People, February 10, +1880, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HARPER'S YOUNG PEOPLE, FEB 10, 1880 *** + +***** This file should be named 28347-8.txt or 28347-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/8/3/4/28347/ + +Produced by Annie McGuire + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Harper's Young People, February 10, 1880 + An Illustrated Weekly + +Author: Various + +Release Date: March 17, 2009 [EBook #28347] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HARPER'S YOUNG PEOPLE, FEB 10, 1880 *** + + + + +Produced by Annie McGuire + + + + + +</pre> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#OLD_FATHER_TIME"><b>OLD FATHER TIME.</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#TOMMYS_VALENTINE"><b>TOMMY'S VALENTINE.</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#LOST_IN_THE_SNOW"><b>LOST IN THE SNOW.</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#THE_STORY_OF_GRANDMA_LORENZO_AND_THE_MONKEY"><b>THE STORY OF GRANDMA, LORENZO, AND THE MONKEY.</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#THE_CHILDRENS_WEDDING"><b>THE CHILDREN'S WEDDING.</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#A_HUNTING_ADVENTURE"><b>A HUNTING ADVENTURE.</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#EAGLES_AND_THEIR_WAYS"><b>EAGLES AND THEIR WAYS.</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#THE_HIDDEN_BEAUTIES_OF_THE_SNOW"><b>THE HIDDEN BEAUTIES OF THE SNOW</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#NETTIES_VALENTINE"><b>NETTIE'S VALENTINE.</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#AUNT_SUKEYS_FIRST_SLEIGH-RIDE"><b>AUNT SUKEY'S FIRST SLEIGH-RIDE.</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#NEW_YORKS_FIRST_GREAT_FIRE"><b>NEW YORK'S FIRST GREAT FIRE.</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#TO_MY_VALENTINE"><b>TO MY VALENTINE.</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#OUR_POST-OFFICE_BOX"><b>OUR POST-OFFICE BOX.</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#WIGGLES"><b>WIGGLES.</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#THE_LONG-EARED_BAT"><b>THE LONG-EARED BAT.</b></a></td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 1000px;"> +<img src="images/ill_001.jpg" width="1000" height="385" alt="Banner: Harper's Young People" /> +</div> + +<hr style='width: 100%;' /> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=""> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Vol</span>. I.—<span class="smcap">No</span>. 15.</td><td align='center'><span class="smcap">Published by HARPER & BROTHERS, New York</span>.</td><td align='right'><span class="smcap">Price Four Cents</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tuesday, February 10, 1880.</td><td align='center'>Copyright, 1880, by <span class="smcap">Harper & Brothers</span>.</td><td align='right'>$1.50 per Year, in Advance.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<hr style='width: 100%;' /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 528px;"> +<img src="images/ill_002.jpg" width="528" height="600" alt="A WINTER MORNING." title="" /> +<span class="caption">A WINTER MORNING.</span> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="OLD_FATHER_TIME" id="OLD_FATHER_TIME"></a>OLD FATHER TIME.</h2> + +<p>"Professor," said May, turning on the sofa where she was lying, "Jack +has brought me a calendar that runs for ever so many years. You know the +doctor says I'll not be well for two whole years, or perhaps three. I +have been wondering what month among them all I shall be able to run +about in; and then I began to think who could have made the first +calendar, and what led him to do it."</p> + +<p>"That's very simple, May. Old Father Time just measured the days off +with his hour-glass in the first place, and marked them down with the +point of his scythe. The world has known all about it ever since."</p> + +<p>"Please don't, Jack. Let the Professor tell."</p> + +<p>"It would be hard, May, to tell who made the first calendar," answered +the Professor. "All nations seem to have had their methods of counting +the years and months long before they began writing histories, so that +there is no record of the origin of the custom. The Book of Genesis +mentions the lights in the heavens as being 'for signs and for seasons, +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span>and for days and years.' And Moses uses the word <i>year</i> so often that +we see that it must have been common to count the years among those who +lived before him."</p> + +<p>"The number 1880 means that it is so many years since the birth of +Christ, does it not?" asked Joe.</p> + +<p>"Yes," said the Professor, "it has been the custom among Christian +nations to reckon the years from that great event. They began to do this +about the year of our Lord 532."</p> + +<p>"Why did they wait so long?" asked Joe.</p> + +<p>"You know," he said, "that at first the Christians were very few and +weak; during the first three hundred years they had all they could do to +escape with their lives from their enemies. But after that they became +very numerous and powerful, and were able to establish their own +customs. So in 532 a monk named Dionysius Exiguus proposed that they +should abandon the old way of counting the years, and adopt the time of +the birth of Christ as a starting-point. He thought this would be a very +proper way of honoring the Saviour of the world. So he took great pains +to find out the exact time when Christ was born, and satisfied himself +that it was on the 25th day of December, in the 753d year from the +foundation of the city of Rome. The Roman Empire at one time included +most of the known world; and the Roman people, proud of their splendid +city, counted the years from the supposed time of its being founded. At +first the Christians did the same; but they were naturally pleased with +the idea of Dionysius."</p> + +<p>"Was he the first man who tried to find out what day Christmas came on?" +asked Joe. "I should think everybody would have been anxious to know all +about it."</p> + +<p>"Doubtless there was much interest on the subject. But you know the +early Christians had no newspapers, and very few books. Scarcely any of +them could even read. Besides, it was very difficult in those times to +travel or gain information; and it was dangerous to ask questions of the +heathen, or for a man to let them suspect that he was a Christian. And +then when we consider that the calendar was in confusion, because even +the wisest men did not know the exact length of the year, and there were +various ways of counting time, we need not be surprised that the +Christians disagreed and made mistakes as to the time when the Saviour +was born. In the fourth century, however, St. Cyril urged Pope Julius I. +to give orders for an investigation. The result was that the theologians +of the East and West agreed upon the 25th of December, though some of +them were not convinced. The chief grounds of the decision were the +tables in the public records of Rome.</p> + +<p>"But let us return to Dionysius. His idea of making the year begin on +the 25th of December was thought to be rather too inconvenient, and so +the old commencement on the first day of January was retained, as the +Romans had arranged it. But the plan of Dionysius was carried out with +regard to the numbers by which the years were to be named and called. +Thus the year which had been known as 754 became, under the new system, +the year 1. And the succession of years from that year 1 is called the +Christian era. To get the numbers of its years you have only to subtract +753 from the years in the Roman numbering."</p> + +<p>"If we add 753," said Joe, "to 1880, will we get the number of years +since old Rome was founded by Romulus and Remus?"</p> + +<p>"Yes," said the Professor; "the rule works both ways. There is, however, +some uncertainty as to whether the Romans themselves were correct in +regard to the age of their city. Very early dates are hard to settle."</p> + +<p>"Where did the months get their names?" asked May, "and how did months +come to be thought of at all?"</p> + +<p>"The months were suggested by the moon. In most languages the word +<i>month</i> is very nearly like <i>moon</i>, as you see it is in ours. From new +moon around to new moon again is about twenty-nine days, which is nearly +the length of a month. The exact time between two new moons is a very +puzzling problem. It always involves a troublesome fraction of a day, +and is, in fact, never twice alike. So it was found convenient to divide +the year into twelve parts, nearly equal, and to call each one a month."</p> + +<p>"Why didn't they make them just equal?" asked Gus.</p> + +<p>"To do so would have made it necessary to split up some of the days, +which would have been awkward. If you divide the 365 days of the year by +twelve, there will be five remaining."</p> + +<p>"How was it found out that the year had 365 days in it?" asked Joe.</p> + +<p>"It took the astronomers to do that," said the Professor; "and until +nations became civilized enough to study astronomy accurately, they did +not know the number of days in the year. This, however, did not prevent +them from being able to count the years, because they could know that +every time summer or winter came, a year had passed since the last +summer or winter. But now the length of the year—that is, the time +occupied by the earth in going completely round the sun—is known within +a fraction of a second."</p> + +<p>"Was it worth while to go into it so precisely?" asked May. "Would it +not have been enough to know the number of the days?"</p> + +<p>"By no means," said the Professor. "For then the calendar could not have +been regulated so that the months and festivals would keep pace with the +seasons. If 365 days had been constantly taken for a year, Christmas, +instead of staying in the winter, would long since have moved back +through autumn into summer, and so on. In about 1400 years it would +travel through the entire circle of the seasons, as it would come some +six hours earlier every year than it did the last. In like manner the +Fourth of July would gradually fall back into spring, then into winter; +and the fire-works would have to be set off in the midst of a +snow-storm. The old Romans saw the difficulty; and, to prevent it, +Julius Cæsar added an extra day to every fourth year, which you see is +the same thing as adding one-fourth of a day to each year, only it is +much more convenient. This was done because the earth requires nearly +365¼ days to move round the sun. The year that receives the extra day +is called, as you know, leap-year. But even this did not keep the +calendar exactly right. In the course of time other changes had to be +made, the greatest of which was in 1582, when Pope Gregory XIII. decreed +that ten entire days should be dropped out of the month of October. This +was called the change from Old to New Style."</p> + +<p>"It was rather stupid," said Gus, "to shorten the pleasantest month in +the whole year. I would have clipped December or March."</p> + +<p>"Please don't forget to tell us," said May, "how the months got their +names."</p> + +<p>"The first six of them were called after the heathen deities, Janus, +Februus, Mars, Aphrodite, Maia, and Juno; July was named after Julius +Cæsar, the inventor of leap-year; August after Augustus the Emperor. The +names of the last four months simply mean seventh, eighth, ninth, and +tenth."</p> + +<p>"But," said Joe, "December is not the tenth month, nor is September the +seventh."</p> + +<p>"That is true," said the Professor; "but those names are supposed to +have been given by Romulus, who arranged a year of only ten months, and +made it begin with March. His year only had 304 days in it, and was soon +found to be much too short. So the months of January and February were +added, and instead of being placed at the end, they came in some way to +stand at the beginning."</p> + +<p>"Now please tell us about the names of the days of the week, and we will +not ask any more questions."</p> + +<p>"They were called after the sun, moon, and five planets known to the +ancients, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, and Saturn. You easily +recognize sun, moon, and Saturn,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span> Tuesday, Thursday, and Friday are from +names given by some of the Northern tribes of Europe to Mars, Jupiter, +and Venus. Mercury's day seems scarcely at all connected with his name, +but comes from Wodin, who was imagined to be chief among the gods of +those barbarous tribes."</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="TOMMYS_VALENTINE" id="TOMMYS_VALENTINE"></a>TOMMY'S VALENTINE.</h2> + +<h3>BY MRS. M. D. BRINE.</h3> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 22em;">He was only a little street sweeper, you know,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 23em;">Barefooted, and ragged as one could be;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 22em;">But blue were his eyes as the far-off skies,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 23em;">And a brave-hearted laddie was Tommy Magee.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 22em;">But it chanced on the morning of Valentine's Day</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 23em;">Our little street sweeper felt lonely and sad;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 22em;">"For there's <i>no fun</i>," thought he, "for a fellow like me,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 23em;">And a valentine's something that <i>I</i> never had."</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 22em;">But he flourished his broom, and the crossing made clean</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 23em;">For the ladies and gentlemen passing his way;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 22em;">And he gave them a smile, singing gayly the while,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 23em;">In honor, of course, of St. Valentine's Day.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 22em;">Now it happened a party of bright little girls,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 23em;">All dainty and rosy, and brimming with glee,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 22em;">Came over the crossing, a careless glance tossing</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 23em;">To poor little barefooted Tommy Magee.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 22em;">But all of a sudden then one of them turned,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 23em;">And running to Tommy, thrust into his hand,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 22em;">With a smile and a blush, and the whispered word "Hush,"</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 23em;">A beautiful valentine. You'll understand</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 22em;">How Tommy stood gazing, with wondering eyes,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 23em;">After the group of wee ladies so fine,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 22em;">As with joy without measure he held his new treasure;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 23em;">And this is how Tommy got <i>his</i> valentine.</span><br /> +</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="LOST_IN_THE_SNOW" id="LOST_IN_THE_SNOW"></a>LOST IN THE SNOW.</h2> + +<p>Among the dangers of the winter in the Pass of St. Gothard is the +fearful snow-storm called the "guxeten" by the Germans, and the +tourmente or "tormenta" by the Swiss. The mountain snow differs in form, +as well as in thickness and specific gravity, from the star-shaped +snow-flakes on the lower heights and in the valleys. It is quite floury, +dry, and sandy, and therefore very light. When viewed though a +microscope it assumes at times the form of little prismatic needles, at +other times that of innumerable small six-sided pyramids, from which, as +from the morning star, little points jut out on all sides, and which, +driven by the wind, cut through the air with great speed. With this fine +ice-dust of the mountain snow, the wind drives its wild game through the +clefts of the high Alps and over the passes, particularly that of St. +Gothard. Suddenly it tears up a few hundred thousand cubic feet of this +snow, and whirls it up high into the air, leaving it to the mercy of the +upper current, to fall to the ground again in the form of the thickest +snow-storm, or to be dispersed at will like glittering ice-crystals. At +times the wind sweeps up large tracts of the dry ice-dust, and pours +them down upon a deep-lying valley amid the mountains, or on to the +summit of the passes, obliterating in a few seconds the laboriously +excavated mountain road, at which a whole company of rutners have toiled +for days. All these appearances resemble the avalanches of other Alps, +but can not be regarded in the same light as the true snow-storm, the +tormenta or guxeten. This is incomparably more severe, and hundreds on +hundreds of lives have fallen sacrifices to its fury. These have mostly +been travelling strangers, who either did not distinguish the signs of +the coming storm, or, in proud reliance on their own power, refused to +listen to well-meant warnings, and continued their route. Almost every +year adds a large number of victims to the list of those who have fallen +a prey to the snow-storm.</p> + +<p>History and the oral tradition of the mountains record many incidents of +accidents which have been occasioned by the fall of avalanches. During +the Bellinzona war, in 1478, as the confederates, with a force of 10,000 +men, were crossing the St. Gothard, the men of Zürich were preceding the +army as van-guard. They had just refreshed themselves with some wine, +and were marching up the wild gorge, shouting and singing, in spite of +the warnings of their guides. Then, in the heights above, an avalanche +was suddenly loosened, which rushed down upon the road, and in its +impetuous torrent buried sixty warriors far below in the Reuss, in full +sight of those following.</p> + +<p>On the 12th of March, 1848, in the so-called Planggen, above the tent of +shelter at the Mätelli, thirteen men who were conveying the post were +thrown by a violent avalanche into the bed of the Reuss, with their +horses and sledges. Three men, fathers of families, and nine horses were +killed; the others were saved by hastily summoned help. But one of their +deliverers, Joseph Müller, of Hospenthal, met a hero's death while +engaged in the rescue. He had hastened to help his neighbors, but in the +district called the "Harness" he and two others were overwhelmed by a +second violent avalanche, and lost their lives. In the same year the +post going up the mountain from Airola was overtaken by an avalanche +near the house of shelter at Ponte Tremola. A traveller from Bergamo was +killed; the rest escaped.</p> + +<p>History tells of a most striking rescue from an avalanche on the St. +Gothard. In the year 1628, Landamman Kaspar, of Brandenburg, the newly +chosen Governor of Bellenz, was riding over the St. Gothard from Zug, +accompanied by his servant and a faithful dog. At the top of the pass +the party was overtaken by an avalanche which descended from the +Lucendro. The dog alone shook himself free. His first care was to +extricate his master. But when he saw that he could not succeed in doing +this, he hastened back to the hospice, and there, by pitiful howling and +whining, announced that an accident had happened. The landlord and his +servants set out immediately with shovels and pickaxes, and followed the +dog, which ran quickly before them. They soon reached the place where +the avalanche had fallen. Here the faithful dog stopped suddenly, +plunged his face into the snow, and began to scratch it up, barking and +whining. The men set to work at once, and after a long and difficult +labor succeeded in rescuing the Landamman, and soon afterward his +servant. They were both alive, after spending thirty-six fearful hours +beneath the snow, oppressed by the most painful thoughts. They had heard +the howling and barking of the dog quite plainly; and had noticed his +sudden departure, and the arrival of their deliverers; they had heard +them talking and working, without being able to move or utter a sound. +The Landamman's will ordained that an image of the faithful dog should +be sculptured at his feet on his tomb. This monument was seen till +lately in St. Oswald's Church, at Zug.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="THE_STORY_OF_GRANDMA_LORENZO_AND_THE_MONKEY" id="THE_STORY_OF_GRANDMA_LORENZO_AND_THE_MONKEY"></a>THE STORY OF GRANDMA, LORENZO, AND THE MONKEY.</h2> + +<h3>BY MRS. A. M. DIAZ.</h3> + +<p>The children told the Family Story-Teller they did not believe he could +make a story about a grandma going to mill. "Especially," said the +children's mother, "a grandma troubled with rheumatism."</p> + +<p>Family Story-Teller smiled, as much as to say, "You shall see," took a +few minutes to think, and began:</p> + +<hr style='width: 25%;' /> + +<p>In Grandma Stimpcett's trunk was a very small, leathery, beady bag, and +in this bag was a written recipe for the Sudden Remedy—a sure cure for +rheumatism, sprains, bruises, and all lamenesses. The bag and the recipe +were given her by an Indian woman. To make the Sudden Remedy, grandma +got roots, herbs, barks, twigs, leaves, mints, moss, and tree gum. These +were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span> scraped, grated, or pounded; sifted, weighed, measured, stewed, +and stirred; and the juice simmered down with the oil of juniper, and +bumble-bees' wax, and various smarty, peppery, slippery things whose +names must be kept private for a particular reason. The Sudden Remedy +cured her instantly; and as meal was wanted, and no other person could +be spared from the place, she offered to go to mill.</p> + +<p>She went in the vehicle—an old chaise which had lost its top—taking +with her her bottle of the Sudden Remedy, in case, as Mr. Stimpcett +said, the rheumatism should return before she did.</p> + +<p>"Shall you be back by sunset?" asked Mr. Stimpcett, as he fastened the +bag underneath the vehicle.</p> + +<p>"Oh yes," said she; "I shall eat dinner at Debby's, and come away right +after dinner. You will see me back long before sunset." Her daughter +Debby lived at Mill Village.</p> + +<p>Mr. Stimpcett shook his head. "I don't know about that," said he.</p> + +<p>"If I am not back before sunset," said she, "I will give you—give you +five hundred dollars."</p> + +<p>The people laughed at this; for all the money grandma had was only about +twenty dollars, put away in case of need.</p> + +<p>Now when grandma had driven perhaps two miles on her way to mill, she +stopped at a farm-house to water her horse; and here something curious +happened. A woman came to the door of the house, and the next moment a +large boy, named Lorenzo, hopped out on one foot and two canes, and +began stumping about the yard at a furious rate, cackling, crowing, and +barking.</p> + +<p>"That's the way he does when he can't sit still any longer," said the +woman. "He has to sit still a great deal, on account of a lame knee, +which is a pity," said she, "for a spry fellow like him; a good, +true-spoken fellow he is, too." The woman then told how he lamed his +knee.</p> + +<p>Lorenzo said he wanted very much the use of his legs that day, because +there was to be a circus just beyond Mill Village. He said he wanted to +go to the circus so much he did not know what to do. He said he began +when he was four years old to go to circuses, and he had been to every +circus that had come around since. "Now this circus is only a little +more than two miles off," said he, "and here I am cooped up like a +hoppled horse."</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 289px;"> +<img src="images/ill_003.jpg" width="289" height="400" alt=""THIS BOTTLE CONTAINS THE SUDDEN REMEDY."" title="" /> +<span class="caption">"THIS BOTTLE CONTAINS THE SUDDEN REMEDY."</span> +</div> + +<p>Grandma smiled, and took out the bottle. "This bottle," said she, +"contains the Sudden Remedy—a quick cure for rheumatism, sprains, +bruises, and all lamenesses. Rub on with a flannel, and rub in briskly."</p> + +<p>Lorenzo rubbed on with a flannel, and rubbed in briskly, and then seated +himself upon a stone to hear the stories grandma and the woman were +telling of people who had been upset, or thrown from horses, or had +fallen over stone walls, into wells, or down from trees, rocks, +house-tops, or chamber windows. Lorenzo told some stories, and at last, +in acting out one, he thrust forward his lame leg, without thinking of +it, and found it was no longer lame. He tried it again; he sprang up; he +stepped; he walked; he leaped; he skipped; he ran; he hurrahed; he flung +his canes away.</p> + +<p>Grandma then invited Lorenzo to ride with her to Mill<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span> Village, near +which the circus was to be; and he quickly took a seat in the vehicle, +and having no time to put on his best clothes, he put on only his best +hat, tipping it one side in order to give himself a little of a +dressed-up look.</p> + +<p>When grandma and Lorenzo reached Mill Village, Lorenzo got out at a +pea-nut stand, and grandma drove on to her daughter Debby's. She had +just stepped from the vehicle when Lorenzo came running to beg that she +would bring her Sudden Remedy to the miller's house, for the miller had +been taken that morning with the darting rheumatism, and the mill was +not running, and people were waiting with their corn.</p> + +<p>Lorenzo drove grandma to the miller's house, and in two hours' time the +miller was in the mill, the wheel turning, and the corn +grinding—grandma's corn among the rest.</p> + +<p>Something which was very important to the circus will now be told. The +Chief Jumper—the one who was to do the six wonderful things—lamed his +foot the night before, and could not jump. Now when the man who owned +the circus was looking at the Chief Jumper's foot, a circus errand-boy +in uniform passed by. This errand-boy had been to the mill to get corn +for the circus horses, and he told the man who owned the circus that a +woman had just cured the miller of the darting rheumatism, and told the +name of the medicine.</p> + +<p>The circus owner took one of the circus riding wagons and the errand-boy +in uniform and set off immediately to find the woman who had the Sudden +Remedy, and found grandma at her daughter Debby's, just stepping into +the vehicle to go home. Lorenzo was there, fastening the bag of meal +securely under the vehicle. The circus owner offered grandma five +dollars if she would go and cure his Chief Jumper, and as there was time +to do that and reach home before sunset, she went, Lorenzo driving her +in the vehicle. The circus owner and the errand-boy in uniform kept just +in front of them, and some children who knew no better said that that +kind-looking old lady and the great boy belonged to the circus, and had +their circus clothes in the bag underneath.</p> + +<p>Grandma was taken into a tent which led out of the big tent, where she +saw the Chief Jumper in full jumping costume, and the Dwarf, and the Fat +Man, and the Clown, and the Flying Cherub; and the Remedy worked so well +that the Chief Jumper thought he might jump higher than ever before.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 273px;"> +<img src="images/ill_004.jpg" width="273" height="400" alt="THE LAME MONKEY." title="" /> +<span class="caption">THE LAME MONKEY.</span> +</div> + +<p>The Clown led grandma to the cage where monkeys were kept, and asked her +if she would be willing to cure a poor suffering monkey whose leg had +been hurt by a stone thrown by a cruel boy. Grandma said, certainly, for +that she pitied even an animal that had to suffer pain. The Clown then +took the monkey, and held its paw while grandma patted its head and +stroked its back, and poured on the Remedy, the Flying Cherub standing +near by to see what was to be done.</p> + +<p>The circus owner invited grandma to stay to the circus; but as she had +not time, he paid her eight dollars, and led her to the vehicle.</p> + +<p>Now we are coming to the most wonderful part of my story. People going +home from mill had told the tale of the miller's cure, and on her way +back grandma was stopped by various people, who begged her to come into +their houses and cure rheumatism, sprains, bruises, and other +lamenesses. This took a great deal of time; but the kind-hearted old +lady was so anxious to ease pain that she forgot all about her promise +to Mr. Stimpcett, and when she reached home it was ten minutes past +sunset.</p> + +<p>Three buggies stood near Mr. Stimpcett's house. Grandma thought they +were doctors' buggies. "Oh dear!" she said to herself, "something +dreadful must be the matter!" She counted the children playing at the +door-step. They were all there—Moses, Obadiah, Deborah, and little +Cordelia.</p> + +<p>At this moment Mr. Stimpcett came forward and said to grandma that three +gentlemen had come, one after another, and had each asked to have a +private talk with her. There was a large fleshy man in the front room, a +chubby little man in the kitchen, and a sleek, long-faced man in the +spare chamber.</p> + +<p>Grandma talked with these, one at a time. They were all medicine +sellers. Each one wished to buy the recipe for making the Sudden Remedy, +and would pay a good price for it. For they knew that thousands and +thousands of barrels of this Remedy could be sold all over the United +States, Mexico, Canada, and Central America, and enormous sums of money +made by the sale.</p> + +<p>The summer boarder, Mr. St. Clair, said that the man who would pay the +most money for it ought to have the recipe. Grandma brought from her +trunk the small, leathery, beady bag which contained the recipe, and Mr. +St. Clair stood in the vehicle, held up the bag, and said: "Bid! +gentlemen, bid! How much do I have for it?"</p> + +<p>The bidding was interrupted by a Jumper. It was a circus Jumper, but not +the Chief Jumper. While the people were all looking at Mr. St. Clair, a +monkey sprang from the meal bag underneath the vehicle and jumped upon +grandma's shoulder, nearly knocking her over. It was the same one she +had cured. On account of his lameness, he had been loosely tied, and +from a feeling of thankfulness, no doubt, for being cured, he had run +away and followed grandma.</p> + +<p>The Stimpcett children—Moses, Obadiah, Deborah, and little +Cordelia—shouted and capered so that the selling of the recipe could +hardly go on; but at last it was sold, leathery, beady bag and all, to +the sleek, long-faced man, for nine hundred dollars, of which grandma +gave five hundred to Mr. Stimpcett, according to the promise she made +before going to mill.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 284px;"> +<img src="images/ill_005.jpg" width="284" height="400" alt="THE TWO-CENT SIDE-SHOW." title="" /> +<span class="caption">THE TWO-CENT SIDE-SHOW.</span> +</div> + +<p>The circus people were written to, but as they did not<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span> send for Jacko, +he was kept for the children, to play with. Mrs. Stimpcett dressed him +in a pretty suit of clothes, with a cap and feather on his head. He +showed much affection for grandma, followed her about daytimes both +in-doors and out, and would sleep nowhere at night but at the foot of +her bed, where a bandbox was at last placed for him. The children loved +him dearly; but poor Jacko did so much mischief in trying to knit, and +to cook, and to weed the garden, that it was finally declared that +something must be done about that monkey; and grandma gave him to +Lorenzo, with money enough to buy a grand harmonica.</p> + +<p>Lorenzo came for the monkey toward the close of a calm summer's day, and +fed him with frosted cake, which caused him to feel pleased with +Lorenzo. There was a string fastened to his collar; Lorenzo took the +string in one hand, and some frosted cake in the other, and led Jacko +away. The children—Moses, and Obadiah, and Deborah, and little +Cordelia—following on for quite a distance, all weeping.</p> + +<p>Lorenzo went about for some time with a circus company. Evenings he +staid inside the big tent to see the doings, and daytimes he had a +two-cent side-show in a small tent of his own, where the monkey played +wonderful tricks, and marched to the music of the grand harmonica.</p> + +<p>At last he came to grandma, and told her that as for the Clown, he was a +kind-hearted, sensible man, but that the others were commonly either +drunk, or cross, or both, and that he had to travel nights, wet or dry, +and that he was sick of that kind of life. He sold the monkey to a +hand-organ man, and went back to live in his old home; and the last that +was known of Jacko he was seen in the streets of a town carrying round +the hand-organ man's hat for pennies.</p> + +<p>It was grandma and Mr. Stimpcett who saw him, as they were riding past +in the vehicle; and he saw them, and gave a bound, and broke his string, +and leaped into the vehicle, and clasped his paws round grandma's neck; +and the hand-organ man was obliged to place six maple-sugar cakes in a +row upon the sidewalk before Jacko would return to him.</p> + +<p>The sleek, long-faced man made his fortune by selling the Sudden Remedy, +but few of those who bought it and took it knew what old lady it was who +sold him the recipe for it.</p> + +<hr style='width: 25%;' /> + +<p>The Family Story-Teller's next was a story of mistakes, and odd mistakes +they were.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="THE_CHILDRENS_WEDDING" id="THE_CHILDRENS_WEDDING"></a>THE CHILDREN'S WEDDING.</h2> + +<p>It very often happens that children of royal families are by their +parents or by wise statesmen engaged to marry each other almost as soon +as they are born, but the actual weddings do not generally take place +until the children are grown up. One of these weddings did, however, +actually take place, a great many years ago, between two children, and +the story of it is as follows:</p> + +<p>January 15, 1478, was the day appointed, when Richard, Duke of York, +second son of Edward IV., aged four years, and created already Duke of +Norfolk, Earl Warren and Surrey, and Earl Marshal of England, in right +of his intended wife, was to lead to the altar the little girl whose +tiny hand would bestow upon him the immense estates and riches of the +Norfolk inheritance.</p> + +<p>The little Lady Anne, who was, as an old book informs us, the richest +and most noble match of that time, appears to have been two years older +than her intended husband, and must have reached the advanced age of six +years! She does not appear to have objected to the match, but to have +been quite ready to act her part in the pageant, and no doubt the little +Duke was eager to receive the notice and applause of the courtly throng, +whilst both children looked with astonishment at the sumptuous +preparations, and the costly splendor of their own and the spectators' +dresses.</p> + +<p>The ceremony began by the high and mighty Princess, as the little bride +was called in the formal language of the day, being brought in great +state and in solemn procession to the King's great chamber at +Westminster Palace. This took place the day before the wedding, on the +14th of January. The bride, splendidly dressed, most probably in the +bridal robes of white cloth of gold, a mantle of the same bordered with +ermine, and with her hair streaming down her back, and confined to her +head by the coronet of a duchess, was led by the Earl of Rivers, the +bridegroom's uncle. She was followed, of course, by her mother, and by +the noblest of the court ladies of rank, and the gentlewomen of her +household, whilst behind came dukes, earls, and barons, all in +attendance on the little bride.</p> + +<p>As soon as she had arrived in the lofty hall of Westminster Palace she +was led to the dais, or place of estate, as it was called, where, under +a canopy, and seated on a chair of estate, or kind of throne, she kept +her estate, <i>i. e.</i>, sat in royal pomp with the King, Queen, and their +children seated on either hand, whilst her procession of peers and +peeresses stood around and waited upon her. Refreshments were then +brought "according to the form and estate of the realm," which must have +been a very wearisome and formal ceremony for a little girl of six years +old, and which ended that day's ceremony.</p> + +<p>On the 15th the Princess came out of the Queen's rooms, where she had +slept, and led on one hand by the Earl of Lincoln, nephew to the King, +and on the other by the Earl of Rivers, she passed through the King's +great chamber in the palace into the White Hall, and from there to St. +Stephen's Chapel. She was followed by a long suite of ladies and +gentlewomen. Meanwhile the little bridegroom, the Queen, and a noble +procession of lords and gentlemen, had already entered the chapel and +taken up their places on the seats appointed for them, ready to receive +and welcome the bride. There were also present the King and the Prince +of Wales, the King's mother, and the three Princesses who acted as +bridemaids, Elizabeth, Mary, and Cecily.</p> + +<p>As soon as the bride drew near to the door, between her two noble +supporters, the Bishop of Norwich came forward and received her at the +chapel entrance, intending to lead her and the bridegroom to their +proper places and begin the service. Then the bishop asked who would +give the Princess away? In answer the King stood up and took her hand, +and gave it to the bishop, who placed it in the bridegroom's, and went +on to the rest of the service, concluding with high mass. When this part +was concluded, the Duke of Gloucester brought into the chapel basins of +gold filled with gold and silver pieces, which he threw amongst the +crowds of people who had pressed in to see the wedding, and who were +highly delighted with this part of it.</p> + +<p>Then followed the usual wine and spices, which were actually served out +to the royal party in the church itself. The bridal party then left the +chapel, the little bride and bridegroom, escorted by the Duke of +Gloucester and the Duke of Buckingham (Richard's two uncles) on either +side. They returned to St. Edward's Chamber in the palace, where a +splendid banquet was prepared, and their numbers were increased by the +bride's mother, who staid at home, strange to say, instead of +accompanying her daughter and the Duchess of Buckingham. Another guest +who now presided at a table on one side of the room with many ladies, +whilst the Earl of Dorset, the Queen's son by her first husband, sat +opposite at another side table, was the Earl of Richmond, afterward +Henry VII., who, wonderful to say, was present, and whom Edward IV. must +have invited to get him into his power. However,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span> as soon as the +marriage feasts were over, he managed to escape abroad without being +stopped by the King.</p> + +<p>The banquet completed the festivities of the wedding day, and, tired and +wearied, the baby couple must have been glad to close their eyes in +sleep.</p> + +<p>No marriage, however, was complete without a tournament, and so on the +18th, when the children had recovered the fatigue of their wedding, a +grand tournament took place, when the bride became the "Princess of the +Feast," took up her place at the head of the first banqueting table, and +there, supported by the Dukes of Gloucester and Buckingham, gave her +largesse to the heralds, who proclaimed her name and title in due form.</p> + +<p>All the royal family were present, and the foreign ambassadors, and one +of the most distinguished spectators was "my lord of Richmond." The +coursers were running at each other with either spear or sword, and at +the close of the jousts, the Princess of the Feast, with all her ladies +and gentlewomen, withdrew to the King's great chamber at Westminster to +decide upon the prizes. First, however, the high and mighty Princess +called in her minstrels, and all the ladies and gentlewomen, lords and +knights, fell to dancing right merrily. Then came the king-at-arms to +announce to the Princess the names of those whose valor deserved the +rewards she was to give away, as the principal lady on whom the duty +devolved. But the little lady was both very young and bashful, and so to +help her the lovely Princess Elizabeth, then a girl of fourteen, was +appointed, and a council of ladies was held to consider the share each +should take.</p> + +<p>The prizes were golden letters, A, E, and M, the initials of Anne, +Elizabeth, and Mowbray, set in gems, and were delivered to Elizabeth by +the king-at-arms. The A was to be awarded to the best jouster, the E to +the best runner in harness, and the M for the best swordsman. The first +prize was then presented by the little bride, aided by Elizabeth, to +Thomas Fynes, on which the chief herald cried out, "Oh yes! oh yes! oh +yes! Sir William Truswell jousted well; William Say jousted well; Thomas +Fynes jousted best; for the which the Princess of the Feast awarded the +prize of the jousts royal, that is to say, the A of gold, to him," quoth +Clarencieux.</p> + +<p>Then the other prizes were given with the same ceremonies, the +king-at-arms, Clarencieux, proclaiming in a loud voice before each, +"Right high and excellent Princess, here is the prize which you shall +award unto the best jouster," which Elizabeth received and then handed +to her little sister-in-law, until all had been given, and the +tournament was over. And now the infant marriage, with its pretty +pageantry and joyous festivities, was concluded, and the children +returned to the daily routine of play and lessons, whilst the wonderful +wedding must have gradually faded from their memories.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="A_HUNTING_ADVENTURE" id="A_HUNTING_ADVENTURE"></a>A HUNTING ADVENTURE.</h2> + +<p>While travelling in India, an English officer once spent a night in a +small village, the inhabitants of which were much alarmed by a large +panther which lurked in the jungle just beyond their houses. They begged +the officer to kill it before he proceeded on his journey. He succeeded +in finding and wounding it the next morning, but before killing it, had +a terrible struggle, which he describes as follows:</p> + +<p>"Having warned the village shikaree to keep close behind me with the +heavy spear he had in his hand, I began to follow the wounded panther; +but had scarcely gone twenty-five yards, when one of the beaters, who +was on high ground, beckoned to me, and pointed a little below him, and +in front of me. There was the large panther sitting out unconcealed +between two bushes a dozen yards before me. I could not, however, see +his head; and whilst I was thus delayed, he came out with a roar, +straight at me. I fired at his chest with a ball, and as he sprang upon +me, the shot barrel was aimed at his head. In the next moment he seized +my left arm, and the gun. Thus, not being able to use the gun as a club, +I forced it into his mouth. He bit the stock through in one place, and +whilst his upper fangs lacerated my arm and hand, the lower fangs went +into the gun. His hind claws pierced my left thigh. He tried very hard +to throw me over. In the mean while the shikaree had retreated some +paces to the left. He now, instead of spearing the panther, shouted out, +and struck him, using the spear as a club. In a moment the animal was +upon him, stripping him of my shikar-bag, his turban, my revolving +rifle, and the spear. The man passed by me, holding his wounded arm. The +panther quietly crouched five paces in front of me, with all my +despoiled property, stripped from the shikaree, around and under him. I +retreated step by step, my face toward the foe, till I got to my horse, +and to the beaters, who were all collected together some forty yards +from the fight.</p> + +<p>"I immediately loaded the gun with a charge of shot and a bullet, and +taking my revolver pistol out of the holster, and sticking it into my +belt, determined to carry on the affair to its issue, knowing how rarely +men recover from such wounds as mine. I was bleeding profusely from +large tooth wounds in the arm; the tendons of my left hand were torn +open, and I had five claw wounds in the thigh. The poor shikaree's arm +was somewhat clawed up, and if the panther was not killed, the +superstition of the natives would go far to kill this man.</p> + +<p>"I persuaded my horse-keeper to come with me, and taking the hog-spear +he had in his hand, we went to the spot where lay the weapons stripped +from the shikaree. A few yards beyond them crouched the huge panther +again. I could not see his head very distinctly, but fired deliberately +behind his shoulder. In one moment he was again upon me. I gave him the +charge of shot, as I supposed, in his face, but had no time to take aim. +In the next instant the panther got hold of my left foot in his teeth, +and threw me on my back. I struck at him with the empty gun, and he +seized the barrels in his mouth. This was his last effort. I sprang up, +and seizing the spear from the horse-keeper, drove it through his side, +and thus killed him."</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="EAGLES_AND_THEIR_WAYS" id="EAGLES_AND_THEIR_WAYS"></a>EAGLES AND THEIR WAYS.</h2> + +<p>The great golden eagle is one of the most distinguished members of its +mighty family. It is found in many parts of the world, a kingly +inhabitant of mountainous regions, where it builds its nest on rocky +crags accessible only to the most daring hunter.</p> + +<p>This noble bird is of a rich blackish-brown tint on the greater part of +its body, its head and neck inclining to a reddish color. Its tail is +deep gray crossed with dark brown bars. Some large specimens which have +been captured have measured nearly four feet in length, while the +magnificent wings expanded from eight to nine feet.</p> + +<p>The golden eagle is no longer found in England, but is still plentiful +in the Scottish Highlands, where it makes its nest on some lofty ledge +of rock among the mountain solitudes. Swiss naturalists state that it +sometimes nests in the lofty crotch of some gigantic oak growing on the +lower mountain slopes, but Audubon and other eminent ornithologists +declare that an eagle's nest built in a tree has never come under their +observation.</p> + +<p>The nest of this inhabitant of the mountains is not neatly made, like +those of smaller birds, but is a huge mass of twigs, dried grasses, +brambles, and hair heaped together to form a bed for the little ones. +Here the mother bird lays three or four large white eggs speckled with +brown. The young birds are almost coal-black, and only assume the golden +and brownish tinge as they become full grown, which is not until about +the fourth year. Eaglets two or three years old are described in books +of natural history<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span> as ring-tailed eagles, and are sometimes taken for a +distinct species of the royal bird, while in reality they are the +children of the golden eagle tribe.</p> + +<p>Eagles rarely change their habitation, and, unless disturbed, a pair +will inhabit the same nest for years. It is very faithful to its mate, +and one pair have been observed living happily together through a long +life. Should one die, the bird left alone will fly away in search of +another mate, and soon return with it to its former home. Eagles live to +a great age; even in captivity in royal gardens specimens have been +known to live more than a hundred years.</p> + +<p>Eagles are very abundant in Switzerland. Although not so powerful as the +great vulture, which also inhabits the lofty mountains, they are bolder +and more enduring. For hours the golden eagle will soar in the air high +above the mountain-tops, and move in wide-sweeping circles with a +scarcely perceptible motion of its mighty wings. When on the hunt for +prey, it is very cunning and sharp-sighted. Its shrill scream rings +through the air, filling all the smaller birds with terror. When it +approaches its victim its scream changes to a quick kik-kak-kak, +resembling the barking of a dog, and gradually sinking until +sufficiently near, it darts in a straight line with the rapidity of +lightning upon its prey. None of the smaller birds and beasts are safe +from its clutches. Fawns, rabbits, and hares, young sheep and goats, +wild birds of all kinds, fall helpless victims, for neither the swiftest +running nor the most rapid flight can avail against this king of the +air.</p> + +<p>The strength of the eagle is such that it will bear heavy burdens in its +talons for miles until it reaches its nest, where the hungry little ones +are eagerly waiting the parent's return. Here, standing on the ledge of +rock, the eagle tears the food into morsels, which the eaglets eagerly +devour. It is a curious fact that near an eagle's nest there is usually +a storehouse or larder—some convenient ledge of rock—where the parent +birds lay up hoards of provisions. Hunters have found remains of lambs, +young pigs, rabbits, partridges, and other game heaped up ready for the +morning meal.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 283px;"> +<img src="images/ill_006.jpg" width="283" height="400" alt="EAGLES FIGHTING OVER A CHAMOIS." title="" /> +<span class="caption">EAGLES FIGHTING OVER A CHAMOIS.</span> +</div> + +<p>Over its hunting ground the eagle is king. It fears neither bird nor +beast, its only enemy being man. In Switzerland, during the winter +season, when the mountains are snow-bound, the eagle will descend to the +plain in search of food. When driven by hunger, it will seize on +carrion, and even fight desperately with its own kind for the possession +of the desired food. Swiss hunters tell many stories of furious battles +between eagles over the dead body of some poor chamois or other mountain +game.</p> + +<p>Eagles are very affectionate and faithful to their little ones as long +as they need care; but once the young eaglets are able to take care of +themselves, the parent birds drive them from the nest, and even from the +hunting ground. The young birds are often taken from the nest by +hunters, who with skill and daring scale the rocky heights during the +absence of the parents, which return to find a desolate and empty nest. +But it goes hard with the hunter if the keen eyes of the old birds +discover him before he has made his safe descent with his booty. Darting +at him with terrible fury, they try their utmost to throw him from the +cliff; and unless he be well armed, and use his weapons with skill and +rapidity, his position is one of the utmost peril.</p> + +<p>The young birds are easily tamed; and the experiment has already been +tried with some success of using them as the falcon, to assist in +hunting game.</p> + +<p>The golden eagle is an inhabitant of the Rocky Mountains, but is very +seldom seen farther eastward. Audubon reports having noticed single +pairs in the Alleghanies, in Maine, and even in the valley of the +Hudson; but such examples are very rare, for this royal bird is truly a +creature of the mountains. It fears neither cold nor tempestuous winds +nor icy solitudes.</p> + +<p>The eagle's plume is an old and famous decoration of warriors and +chieftains, and is constantly alluded to, especially in Scottish legend +and song. The Northwestern Indians ornament their headdresses and their +weapons with the tail feathers of the eagle, and institute hunts for the +bird with the sole purpose of obtaining them. Indians prize these +feathers so highly that they will barter a valuable horse for the tail +of a single bird.</p> + +<p>Royal and noble in its bearing, the eagle has naturally been chosen as +the symbol of majesty and power. It served as one of the imperial +emblems of ancient Rome, and is employed at the present time for the +regal insignia of different countries. The bald eagle, the national bird +of the United States, belongs to the same great family as its golden +cousin, and is a sharer of its lordly characteristics.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 1100px;"><a name="THE_HIDDEN_BEAUTIES_OF_THE_SNOW" id="THE_HIDDEN_BEAUTIES_OF_THE_SNOW"></a> +<img src="images/ill_007.jpg" width="1100" height="253" alt="" title="" /> +</div> + +<h2>THE HIDDEN BEAUTIES OF THE SNOW</h2> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 99px;"> +<img src="images/ill_008.jpg" width="99" height="800" alt="" title="" /> +</div> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 111px;"> +<img src="images/ill_009.jpg" width="111" height="800" alt="" title="" /> +</div> + +<p>In the falling of the snow we have snow <i>showers</i> and snow <i>storms</i>. In +the snow <i>shower</i> the air is filled with light, fleecy flakes, which +descend gently and noiselessly through it, and either melt away and +disappear as fast as they alight, or else, when the temperature is below +the point of freezing, slowly accumulate upon every surface where they +can gain a lodgment, until the fields are everywhere covered with a +downy fleece of spotless purity, and every salient point—the tops of +the fences and posts, the branches of the trees, and the interminable +lines of telegraph wire—are adorned with a white and dazzling trimming. +In such a fall of snow as this the delicate process of crystallization +is not disturbed by any agitations in the air. The feathery needles from +each little nucleus extend themselves in every direction as far as they +will, and combining by gentle contacts with others floating near them, +form large and fleecy flakes, involving the nicest complications of +structure, and filling the air with a kind of beauty in which the +expression of softness and gracefulness is combined with that of +mathematical symmetry and precision.</p> + +<p>In a snow <i>storm</i> the force of the wind and the intensity of the cold +usually change all this. The progress of the crystallization, which to +be perfect must take place slowly, and under the condition of perfect +repose, is at once hastened by the low temperature, and disturbed by the +commotion in the air. Across the broad expanse of open plains, along +mountain-sides, through groves of trees, and over the smooth surface of +frozen lakes and rivers, millions of misshapen and broken crystals are +driven by the wind, piled up in heaps, or accumulated in confused masses +under the lee of every obstruction, having been subjected on the way to +such violence of agitation and collision that the characteristic beauty +and symmetry of the material is entirely destroyed.</p> + +<p>If we examine attentively the falling flakes, whether of snow <i>showers</i> +or of snow <i>storms</i>, at different times, under the varying circumstances +in which snow forms and descends, we shall be surprised at the number +and variety of the forms which they assume. They may be received and +examined upon any black surface—the crown of a hat, or a piece of black +cloth, for example—previously cooled below the freezing-point. At any +one time the crystallizations are usually alike, but different +snow-falls seem to have each its own special conformation. Sometimes, +however, a change takes place from one style of flake to another in the +course of the same storm or shower, and during the period of transition +both varieties fall together from the air. Persons interested in such +observations may easily make drawings with a pen of the different forms +that present themselves from time to time, and thus in the course of a +winter make a very curious and interesting collection.</p> + +<p>The number and variety of the forms which the snowy crystallizations +assume seem greatest in the polar regions, and the celebrated scientific +navigator Scoresby studied them there with great attention during his +various arctic voyages. He made drawings of ninety-six different forms, +and the number has been increased since, by more recent observers, to +several hundred.</p> + +<p>It will be observed that all the forms have a hexagonal character. They +consist of a star of six rays, or a plate of six angles. There is a +reason for this, or rather there is a well-known property of ice in +respect to the law of its crystallization which throws some light upon +the subject. The law is this: that whereas every crystallizable +substance has its own primitive crystalline form, that of ice is a +rhomboid with angles of 60° and 120°, and consequently all the secondary +forms which this substance assumes are controlled by these angles, and +derive from them their hexagonal character.</p> + +<p>The most striking of the methods adopted for the inspection of ice +crystals is one discovered by Professor Tyndall, and consists of melting +the ice from <i>within</i>. This is done by means of a lens, by which the +sun's rays are brought to a focus within the mass of ice, so as to +liquefy a portion of it in the interior without disturbing that at the +surface.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 1100px;"> +<img src="images/ill_010.jpg" width="1100" height="157" alt="" title="" /> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="NETTIES_VALENTINE" id="NETTIES_VALENTINE"></a>NETTIE'S VALENTINE.</h2> + +<h3>BY AGNES CARR.</h3> + +<p>"They are all so lovely, I hardly know which to choose," said Nettie +Almer to herself, as she paused at the entrance of a large stationer's +shop to gaze in at the window, where was spread a tempting display of +valentines of all kinds and sizes, from the rich, expensive ones in +handsome embossed boxes to the cheap penny pictures strung on a line +across the entire casement.</p> + +<p>"I want them to be the prettiest ones there," continued Nettie to +herself, and she gave her little pocket-book a squeeze inside her muff +as she thought of the bright two dollar and a half gold piece which +Uncle John had given her that morning to spend all for valentines; for +Nettie was invited that evening to a large party, given by one of her +school-mates, and after supper a post-office was to be opened, through +which all her class were to send valentines to each other. Great fun was +anticipated, while at the same time there was considerable rivalry as to +who should send the handsomest missives, and at school nothing else had +been talked of amongst the scholars for a week.</p> + +<p>"Please, miss, buy just a little bunch." The words sounded close to +Nettie's ear, and she turned to encounter a pair of pleading blue eyes +gazing into hers, while the plaintive voice repeated, "Please buy a +little bunch of flowers; I haven't sold one to-day, and Minna wants an +orange so much."</p> + +<p>It was a pitiful little figure that stood there, with an old shawl over +her head, and her feet hardly protected from the icy pavement by a pair +of miserable ragged shoes, while the tiny hands, purple with cold, held +a small pine board on which were fastened small bouquets of rose-buds, +violets, and other flowers, which she tried to sell to the passers-by, +most of whom, however, pushed her rudely aside or passed indifferently +by.</p> + +<p>"Who is Minna?" asked Nettie, gently, after a moment's survey of the +little girl.</p> + +<p>"She is mine sister, and she is so bad, so very bad, with the fever. She +cried all last night with thirst, and begged me to bring her an orange +to cool her tongue. Please, miss, buy some of my flowers."</p> + +<p>Nettie's tender heart was touched, and her eyes filled with tears in +sympathy with the poor child, who was now crying bitterly. "Has she been +sick very long?" she asked.</p> + +<p>"Oh yes; and the Herr Doctor says she will die if she does not have wine +to strengthen her. But where could we get wine? The mother can hardly +pay the rent, and I sell flowers to buy bread; but I can only make two +or three cents on a bunch, and some bad days they fade before I can get +rid of them; so I'm afraid Minna must die. But please give me enough to +get her an orange."</p> + +<p>"An orange! of course I will," exclaimed Nettie; "and more than one. +Come with me;" and she caught the child eagerly by the hand, and drew +her toward the street. At this moment, however, her eye fell on the +valentines in the window, and she stopped, hesitating. Should she give +up the pretty gifts for her little friends, and lose half of the +evening's anticipated enjoyment, or should she let this poor girl—of +whose existence she was ignorant five minutes before—go home +empty-handed to her sick sister? There was an instant of sharp conflict +as she thought of how mean she should appear in her school-mates' eyes, +and then, with a resolute air, Nettie turned her back on the fascinating +window, and conducted the little flower girl to a fruit store near at +hand.</p> + +<p>A basket was supplied by the kind-hearted proprietor of the store, to +whom Nettie explained what she wanted, and this she filled with golden +Havana oranges and rich clusters of white grapes—a delicious basketful +for a feverish invalid. This, Nettie found, took nearly half the money, +and the remainder she gave to the grocer, begging him to get her a +bottle of the best sherry wine, which was quickly done, and added to the +basket.</p> + +<p>"Now," she said, turning to her poor companion, who had stood meanwhile, +hardly believing the evidence of her eyes, "take me home with you, and +we will carry these to Minna right away."</p> + +<p>"Oh, miss, thou art too heavenly kind! It will save Minna; she need not +die now." And with smiles chasing away the tears, the happy child took +hold of one side of the basket, while Nettie carried the other, and +together they wended their way to a poor tenement-house in a dark narrow +street, and climbed the rickety stairs to a back room on the fourth +floor.</p> + +<p>As they pushed open the door, a low moan was heard from within, and a +weak voice asked, "Gretel, is it thou? Hast thou brought the orange?"</p> + +<p>Gretel sprang to the bedside, and in an eager voice exclaimed: "Oh, +Minna, yes, yes, I have the oranges, and so much more! See this good +little lady, and what she has brought thee. Look! oranges—grapes—wine! +Oh, Minna, sweetheart, thou wilt soon be well now!"</p> + +<p>The pale child, reclining among the pillows, her golden hair brushed +back from a brow on which the blue veins showed painfully distinct, +stretched forth a thin little hand for the grapes, and said to Nettie, +"Oh, I have dreamed of fruit like this; thou art an angel to bring it to +me."</p> + +<p>Gently Nettie brushed back the fair hair of the little patient, and +pressed the cool grapes to her parched lips, while Gretel poured some of +the wine into a cracked tumbler, and administered it to the sick girl, +who, being too weak to talk much, soon sank into a quiet, refreshing +slumber, with one of Nettie's hands clasped tightly in both her own; and +as Nettie sat by the humble pallet she felt fully repaid for the loss of +her valentines.</p> + +<p>And Minna still slept when the German mother entered, who, after +listening to Gretel's whispered story, exclaimed, as Nettie rose to +depart, and stole softly from the room: "May Gott in Himmel bless thee, +young lady, for what thou hast done this day! It is weeks since my Minna +has slept like that." And throwing her apron over her head, the poor +woman burst into happy tears.</p> + +<p>It was with a light heart that Nettie tripped homeward, and she never +even glanced at the great window where the brilliant hearts and Cupids +gleamed as gayly as ever in the bright sunlight.</p> + +<p>"Well, Pussie, how many valentines have you bought?" asked Uncle John, +meeting Nettie in the hall as she entered the house.</p> + +<p>"Only one; but it was a very nice one, and you mustn't ask any +questions," answered Nettie, with a blush, as she ran up stairs to avoid +further questioning.</p> + +<p>It was rather trying, though, when evening came, and Nettie, dressed in +her white dress and blue ribbons, stood among the other girls in the +dressing-room, and they all crowded round inquiring how many valentines +she had for the post-office, to be obliged to confess that she had none, +and to hear the whispered comments of, "How mean!" "I didn't think that +of Nettie Almer."</p> + +<p>She kept her spirits up, however, by thinking of Minna, and the joy of +her mother and sister, and soon forgot the valentines entirely, while +dancing and joining in the merry games with which the first part of the +evening was passed.</p> + +<p>But after supper the mortification and almost regretful feelings +returned, when the other children drew forth mysterious packages, and +confided them to Mrs. Hope, the mother of the young hostess; and she was +becoming quite unhappy when a servant entered, saying some one wished to +see Miss Nettie Almer.</p> + +<p>Gladly she hastened from the room; but what was her surprise when a +messenger handed her a box addressed to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span> "Nettie, from St. Valentine, in +return for the valentine she sent Minna and Gretel."</p> + +<p>On removing the lid, the box was found to contain a dozen small bouquets +of sweet, fragrant flowers, and a card saying they were intended as +valentines for her little friends. Nettie shrewdly suspected them to be +the same bouquets Gretel had tried so unavailingly to sell in the +morning; but she did not know that Uncle John had been an unobserved +spectator of the little episode in front of the stationer's, and that he +had made a later call at the humble tenement, and gladdened the poor +family a second time that day by buying all Gretel's flowers, and paying +a good price for them, too.</p> + +<p>It was with very much happier feelings that Nettie re-entered the +parlor, and handed in her contribution for the letter-box; and when the +office was opened in the back drawing-room, and Mr. Hope, disguised as +St. Valentine, distributed the mail, all said none of the valentines +could equal Nettie's, for in the centre of each bouquet was hidden a +tiny golden heart, inclosing a motto appropriate to the occasion.</p> + +<p>Nettie always said that that 14th of February was the happiest day she +had ever spent; and it was also a turning-point in the fortunes of the +German family, for Mrs. Almer having heard from Uncle John of her little +daughter's <i>protégés</i>, interested some of her friends in them, who gave +work to the mother, and when summer came, found a pleasant cottage on a +farm for them in the country; and with the mother now happy and hopeful, +Gretel well clad and rosy, and Minna quite restored to health, they were +sent away from the dark, dreary tenement to a happy home among "green +fields and pastures fair." And it all came about through Nettie's +valentine.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="AUNT_SUKEYS_FIRST_SLEIGH-RIDE" id="AUNT_SUKEYS_FIRST_SLEIGH-RIDE"></a>AUNT SUKEY'S FIRST SLEIGH-RIDE.</h2> + +<p>"Oh, Nan, look how the snow comes down! I thought it would never snow at +all this winter. Just look at it! Now that's what I call tip-top," said +Tom Chandler, gazing at the fast-whitening landscape, and drumming a +cheerful tattoo on the window-panes with his fingers.</p> + +<p>For some time the children stood in silence, watching the snow-flakes as +they whirled and danced and floated like so many feathers, only to fall +and pile up and cover the brown earth and the bare branches as with a +lovely mantle of swan's-down.</p> + +<p>Suddenly a thought seemed to have entered Tom's curly head, and he broke +the silence with an air of profound mystery, saying: "I say, Nan, can +you keep a secret? Well, look square in my face and say, 'Upon my word +and sacred honor, I'll never, never, never tell anybody what Tom's going +to tell me!' There! do you think you could keep it? It's the awfulest +jolliest thing you ever heard of."</p> + +<p>"Why, Tom," returned Nan, with dignity, "did I ever tell anybody +anything that is a secret when you told me not to? Now do tell me this +one."</p> + +<p>"Let me see, now; haven't you told lots of my secrets, madam? Who went +and told pa about my painting the white gobbler's feathers black, hey? +Who told about my putting the mouse into Aunt Sukey's soup? Who told +about my tying the clothes-line across the grass last summer? Who told +about my—"</p> + +<p>"That's real mean; you know I couldn't help it, ma was so vexed. You can +keep your old secret; I won't listen to it—there!"</p> + +<p>Seeing there was danger of one of Nan's showers, as Tom called her +sudden tears, that young gentleman lowering his voice said, soothingly, +"Never mind, old girl; just say, ''Pon honor' once more, and that you +will never tell if you are shot for it, and I'll tell you what it is."</p> + +<p>"That's what I call a solemn promise," exclaimed Tom, as Nanny concluded +the prescribed speech. "Well, here goes!"</p> + +<p>Just what was said in Nan's ear we may never know, but that it was +pleasing to both parties may be judged by what followed. The moment the +grand secret became the property of two, there was such a clapping of +hands, and whooping and laughing, and such a dancing up and down the +room as made the boards tremble, and brought old Aunt Susan from her +realms in the kitchen to the dining-room door.</p> + +<p>"Bress de Lor', chillun, what dose yer mean cuttin' up like dat! yous'll +bring de roof down, an' no mistake! Stop dat noise! I guess yese +disremember dere's comp'ny in de spare room yonder, gettin' ready fo' +tea."</p> + +<p>"Now you never mind the company, Aunt Sukey. Nan and I are only +practicing a war jig we've got to dance for Miss Almira to-night."</p> + +<p>"Drat your war jigs, an' 'have like 'spectable chillun! Ring de +tea-bell, and make you'selves useful; you's got younger bones dan dis +ole Susan, tank de Lor'!"</p> + +<p>"Remember!" said Tom, with a warning gesture to Nan, for he heard +footsteps coming.</p> + +<p>The next morning after breakfast Tom walked into the kitchen, where Aunt +Sukey was putting the finishing touches to a dozen or more pies, for it +was baking-day.</p> + +<p>"Look here, Aunt Susan," exclaimed the youngster, "I've heard you say +how much you would like to see 'Marse Linkum,' haven't I? Well, you've +never had a sleigh-ride since you come North, have you? And I was just +thinking last night that I'd take you for one when Nan and I go to +school this morning. There! it won't take more'n a few minutes. Get your +hood and shawl, and come along; it's only beyond Deacon Johnson's. Marse +Lincoln would like to see you first-rate."</p> + +<p>"Oh, bress de Lor', honey, who tole you dat? Has ole aunty libbed to lay +her eyes on de savior ob her people? Yous two dun wait for ole Aunt +Susan, and she'll be wid you in a jiffy."</p> + +<p>"Hurry up! Jocko's waiting," screamed Tom, as the old lady bustled off +to get her "fixin's."</p> + +<p>"But, Tom, what'll ma say? and she's got company, too," asked Nan, +uneasily.</p> + +<p>"Why, it's all the better for our fun. She'll have some one to help her. +Miss Almira can turn to and do up the pies and things, and make herself +useful as well as ornamental."</p> + +<p>The war of the great rebellion was nearly over, and the old woman, like +many of her people, had made her way North, and this was her first +winter; so Tom and Nan expected great sport over her new experience—a +sleigh-ride. With considerable trouble, for aunty was stout and +unwieldy, and the little cutter was narrow and high, she was at last +bundled in, Nan and Tom following, to the infinite satisfaction of +Jocko, the pony, which was pawing the snow and jingling his bells +impatiently.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> +<img src="images/ill_011.jpg" width="700" height="496" alt=""AWAY THEY RUSHED DOWN THE LANE."" title="" /> +<span class="caption">"AWAY THEY RUSHED DOWN THE LANE."</span> +</div> + +<p>When the robes were all tucked in, Tom gave the word, and away they +rushed down the lane into the road. Speeding on, they turned a curve so +sharply that Aunt Sukey was wild with alarm; her eyes rolled, and her +teeth glistened from ear to ear, as, with mouth distended, she screamed, +"Oh, Marse Tommy, fo' de Lor's sake, hole in dat beast! I's done gone +an' bin a fool to trust my mutton to a hoss like dat! Oh, Marse Tommy, +Massa Tommy, yous'll be de deff of ole Aunt Susan! Oh, fo' de Lor's +sake, stop 'im!"</p> + +<p>"Hooray, Jocko! go it, old boy!" was Tommy's laughing response.</p> + +<p>"Oh, bress us an' save us! Missy Nanny, be a good chile, an' make Marse +Tom stop dat yere beast, or we'll be upsot, an' break ebbery bone in our +bodies!"</p> + +<p>"Don't mind, aunty. Jocko knows every step of the way, and <i>we</i> won't +let you get hurt," cried Nan, with a patronizing air.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span></p> + +<p>"O Lor' hab mussy on a poor ole niggur, an' bring her safely to her +journey's end, for mussy dese chillun hab none!" ejaculated Aunt Susan, +as another sharp curve was so rapidly turned that the very trees and +fences seemed rushing madly away in an opposite direction.</p> + +<p>In less than twenty minutes, and the minutes seemed ages to affrighted +Susan, Jocko, with a snort and an extra jingle of his bells, stood +stock-still in front of the school-house.</p> + +<p>A score of eyes peeped from the windows as Tom, alighting, with mock +ceremony handed out Nan and Aunt Susan, exclaiming, "Ladies, we shall +soon be in the presence of 'Marse Linkum.'"</p> + +<p>"Oh, tank de Lor', dar's no bones broken! and we's really gwine to see +de blessed Marse Linkum, arter all!"</p> + +<p>"There, now, Nan, take Aunt Susan up on the stoop, till I blanket Jocko +and put him in the shed."</p> + +<p>"Now, Missy Nan," whispered Aunt Susan, when they found themselves alone +on the piazza, "does I look 'spectable nuff to see de President?"</p> + +<p>"You look awful nice, aunty," replied Nanny, turning away her head to +conceal her laughter. "Ah! here comes Tom."</p> + +<p>"Now, Aunt Susan," exclaimed that youngster, "when I introduce you, say +this: 'I hope I find your Excellency well, and all the people of color +in the South send you greeting.'"</p> + +<p>"Wa'al, now, what a genius dat chile is, to be shuah!" muttered Susan, +walking behind Tom and Nanny.</p> + +<p>"Mr. Lincoln," exclaimed Tom, advancing toward that gentleman, with a +merry twinkle in his roguish eyes, "allow me to present to you a new +pupil, Aunt Susan Whittingham; she has come all the way from Louisiana +to see you."</p> + +<p>"Oh, bress de Lor' dat hab given dis ole woman de privilege ob laying +her eyes on de gloriousness ob de man who hab saved all her people, an' +has strucken off de chains what held dem fast, an' made dem free +forebber and forebber! Hallelujah! hallelujah! amen! Oh, bress me, I's +done gone an' make a mistake arter all. Oh, your Presidency—no, your +Elegancy, I hopes I find you well. All de people ob color in de Souf +send you—send you—greetin'!"</p> + +<p>"Aunt Susan, I am very sorry; but that little rascal, Tom, has been +deceiving you all the time. I'm not the 'Marse Linkum' you take me for, +I'm sorry to tell you, for I am only plain James Lincoln, school-master +of the district. Tom, I say, how did you dare to treat Aunt Susan and +myself in this way? I have a mind to punish you."</p> + +<p>"Oh, de Lor' forgib Marse Tommy dat he fool a 'spectable ole body like +me; an' de Lor' save me! all my pies an' tings goin' to construction, +an' de missus all alone to hum wid comp'ny! It's too much—it's too much +fo' shuah!"</p> + +<p>"Come, aunty," cried Tom, soothingly, for he was beginning to be afraid +himself, "we'll drive home ever so slow. Come, now, forgive us, and +don't get us a whipping."</p> + +<p>"I's mos' ready to forgib yous now; but jes you disremember how de +chillun in de Bible war eaten up along o' de bars for sayin', 'Go up, +ole bal'-head!' an' don't you nebber, nebber agin fool ole Aunt Susan."</p> + +<p>Almira had "turned to," as Tom predicted, and was helping his mother +with the dinner, when that lady exclaimed: "This is another of that +boy's tricks; but boys are boys, and there's no help for it. I hope Aunt +Susan's enjoying the ride."</p> + +<p>Everything was in "apple-pie order" when the party returned, apparently +in fine spirits. Tom thought it mighty queer that nothing was said about +his escapade, and dying to tell it, he felt his way cautiously for an +opportunity, and it came. In the evening, when the family were +discussing nuts and cider around the glowing fire, he related the +morning's adventure with such gay good humor that Pa and Ma Chandler and +Augustus and Almira<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span> made the walls ring again with their laughter, +bringing old Aunt Susan to the sitting-room door, where, poking her head +in, she had courage to say, "'Pears to me yous folks is havin' great +sport over Aunt Susan's fust sleigh-ride."</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="NEW_YORKS_FIRST_GREAT_FIRE" id="NEW_YORKS_FIRST_GREAT_FIRE"></a> +<img src="images/ill_012.jpg" width="600" height="309" alt="RUINS OF TRINITY CHURCH, 1776." title="" /> +<span class="caption">RUINS OF TRINITY CHURCH, 1776.</span> +</div> + +<h2>NEW YORK'S FIRST GREAT FIRE.</h2> + +<p>The first great fire in New York happened in September, 1776, just after +Washington had been driven from the city. New York was then a small but +beautiful town; it reached only to the lower end of the Park, but +Broadway was lined with shade trees, and its fine houses stretched away +on both sides to the Battery. Trinity Church stood, as now, at the head +of Wall Street. St. Paul's—a building of great cost and beauty for the +times—almost bounded the upper end of Broadway. The British soldiers +marched into the pleasant but terrified city, the leading patriots fled +with Washington's army, and in the hot days of the autumn of 1776 New +York seemed to offer a pleasant home for the officers and men of the +invading forces. They took possession of the deserted country-seats of +the patriots at Bloomingdale or Murray Hill, and occupied the finest +houses on the best streets of the town. Here they hoped to pass a winter +of ease, and in the spring complete without difficulty the rout of the +disheartened Americans.</p> + +<p>But one night in September the cry of fire was heard, and the flames +began to spread from some low wooden buildings near Whitehall, where now +are the Produce Exchange and Staten Island ferries. In those days there +were no steam-engines nor hydrants, no Croton water nor well-organized +fire-companies. But as the flames continued to advance, the British +soldiers sprang from their beds and began to labor to check the fire +with all the means in their power. They used, no doubt, buckets of water +brought from the cisterns and the river. They found, it was said, +several persons setting houses on fire, and in their rage threw them +into the flames. But their labor was all in vain. All night the fire +spread over the finest quarter of New York. From Whitehall it passed up +Broadway on the eastern side, devouring everything, until it was stopped +by a large new brick house near Wall Street. It crossed to the western +side, and laid nearly the whole street in ruins. It fastened on the roof +and tower of Trinity Church, and soon, of all its graceful proportions, +only a few shattered fragments remained. Then the flames passed rapidly +up to the west of Broadway from Trinity as far as St. Paul's; houses and +shops crumbled before them; a long array of buildings seem to have fed +the raging fires, until at last they reached the walls of the great +church itself, and were about to envelop it in ruins. But here, it is +said, the zeal of the people checked their progress. They mounted the +roof of the church, covered it with streams of water, put out the sparks +that fell on it, until at last the building was saved, the flames died +out, and St. Paul's stands to-day almost as it stood in 1776, the +monument of the close of the great fire.</p> + +<p>It is not difficult to imagine the melancholy change wrought in the +appearance of the city. Broadway, once so beautiful, remained until the +end of the war in great part a street of ruins. From Wall Street to the +Battery, from St. Paul's Church to the Bowling Green, the miserable +waste was never repaired. Up its desolate track paraded each morning the +British officers and their followers, shining in red and gold, to the +sound of martial music; but they had no leisure nor wish to repair the +ravages of war. On the wasted district arose a collection of tents and +hovels, called "Canvas Town." Here lived the miserable poor, the +wretched, the vile; robbers who at night made the ruins unsafe, and +incendiaries who never ceased to terrify the unlucky city. The British +garrison was never suffered to remain long at ease.</p> + +<p>It was said that the great fire of 1776 was the work of the patriots, +who had resolved to burn New York, and drive the invaders from their +safe resting-place. The question of its origin has never been decided. +It may have been altogether accidental, or possibly the work of design. +But it was followed by a singular succession of other fires, during the +period of the British ascendency, that seem to show some settled plan to +annoy and discourage the invaders. The newspapers of the time are filled +with accounts of the misfortunes of the garrison and the royalists.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="TO_MY_VALENTINE" id="TO_MY_VALENTINE"></a>TO MY VALENTINE.</h2> + +<h3>BY M. M.</h3> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 30em;">In love and hope</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 28em;">These blossoms fair</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 28em;">I lay at your dear feet!</span><br /> +</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 258px;"> +<img src="images/ill_013.jpg" width="258" height="300" alt="" title="" /> +</div> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 30em;">Deep-folded</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 28em;">In the rose's heart</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 28em;">You'll find my secret, sweet!</span><br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"><a name="OUR_POST-OFFICE_BOX" id="OUR_POST-OFFICE_BOX"></a> +<img src="images/ill_014.jpg" width="400" height="394" alt="" title="" /> +</div> + +<h2>OUR POST-OFFICE BOX.</h2> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 34em;"><span class="smcap">Lowell, Massachusetts</span>.</span><br /> +</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I would like to know how old is the festival of St. Valentine's +Day. I have painted some little cards myself, and am going to send +them to my school-mates. I think that is better than buying them, +even if I can not make them quite so pretty. I am going to copy a +little verse on the back of each one. Mamma has chosen the verses +for me.</p></div> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 42em;"><span class="smcap">S. F. W.</span></span><br /> +</p> + +<p>There is no clear record of the origin of St. Valentine's Day. St. +Valentine himself was a priest of Rome who was martyred some time during +the third century, but he had nothing to do with the peculiar observance +of his day. In ancient Rome a great part of the month of February was +devoted to feasts in honor of Pan and Juno, during which the young men +drew by lot the name of their companion for the festivities. It is +supposed that this ancient custom changed gradually into the present +observance of the day. Many allusions to St. Valentine's Day are found +in English poetry of the earliest date, as the festival was much more +generally observed four centuries ago than now.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 34em;"><span class="smcap">Peekskill, New York</span>.</span><br /> +</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I am a little boy eight years old. I want to tell you that papa +heard a bluebird sing in a chestnut-tree on January 11. I have six +cats and three ducks. One of my cats died last week, and I buried +her. Poor Susie!</p></div> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 42em;"><span class="smcap">S. B. H.</span></span><br /> +</p> + +<p>The little bluebird must have left its winter-quarters in the Southern +States, and travelled with the warm wave which swept northward in +January. It is to be hoped it will escape being frozen to death, and +live to sing its sweet spring song at a more seasonable time.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 34em;"><span class="smcap">Shelbyville, Tennessee</span>, <i>January 20</i>.</span><br /> +</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I send you some flowers which grew in the front yard. The +buttercups and purple magnolias are blooming also, but I could not +press them to send them to you. I have seen some bluebirds and +redbirds. Many of our flowers are blooming. It is just like summer +out-doors.</p></div> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 42em;"><span class="smcap">E. B. Cooper</span>.</span><br /> +</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 34em;"><span class="smcap">Hudson, Wisconsin</span>.</span><br /> +</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I have a little rabbit I like very much. It lives with the hens in +winter. Papa bought two in Chicago. They travelled to Washington in +a peach basket. When papa brought them home he gave one to me. The +other was drowned last summer in a hard storm. My rabbit likes +apples, potato skins, clover, grass, hay, and corn, and I must not +give it oats nor anything greasy.</p></div> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 42em;"><span class="smcap">Carrie E. Sillman</span>.</span><br /> +</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 34em;"><span class="smcap">Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</span>.</span><br /> +</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I have a little dog named Fanny, who shakes rats, and cats too when +she gets a chance. She talks, and she shows her teeth when she +laughs, and sneezes when she is pleased.</p></div> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 42em;"><span class="smcap">Laura B. W.</span> (eight years).</span><br /> +</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 34em;"><span class="smcap">Wellsburg, West Virginia</span>.</span><br /> +</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>As you have asked us to write about household pets, I thought I +would tell you about a pet fish we kept in a stone basin about +three feet square and two feet deep. We caught the fish in Cross +Creek, and brought it home in a bucket, and placed it in the basin. +It was a yellow bass about ten inches long and very pretty. It soon +got very tame, and would take a fishing-worm out of my fingers. It +committed suicide one night by jumping out on the floor and killing +itself. I have a sunfish in the basin now, but I don't expect it +will ever get so tame. There are four or five pretty redbirds +staying in our yard, and lots of snowbirds.</p></div> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 42em;"><span class="smcap">Samuel J.</span></span><br /> +</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 34em;"><span class="smcap">New York City</span>.</span><br /> +</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>In <span class="smcap">Young People</span> No. 11 there is an article on the Dead-letter +Office at Washington which mentions some curious things to go +through the mail. There are three more very queer things I would +like to mention. The first is two centipedes, which are on the +shelf with the snake; the second is an iron hitching post; and the +third is a live alligator about a foot and a half long. There is an +old record in the office of 1778, which lasted at that time eleven +years, but which, a clerk said, would last now about fifteen +minutes.</p></div> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 42em;"><span class="smcap">K. P.</span></span><br /> +</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p><span class="smcap">George B. Webster</span>.—Coons are very fond of fish, and you might bait your +trap with salt cod-fish roasted to give it a strong smell. The sense of +smell of a coon is very acute, and it will rarely pass a trap baited +with any provender it can scent.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p><span class="smcap">Louie E.</span>—The song you require is not yet published, but will probably +be issued before long.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p><span class="smcap">I. H. Mirkil, Jun.</span>—Any letters sent to the care of Harper & Brothers +will be forwarded.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p><span class="smcap">M. and E. N.</span>—Early numbers of <span class="smcap">Young People</span> can be obtained on +application to the publishers.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p><span class="smcap">F. A. Riggs and Ernest A. F.</span>—You must inquire at your post-office for +missing numbers. They have all been mailed to your address.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p><span class="smcap">Charles W. L.</span>—The best way to understand the construction of certain +kinds of puzzles is to study the answers and puzzles together. You will +find some answers given in this number which will help you.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p><span class="smcap">"Golden," M. E. B., and Others</span>.—We can not print puzzles unless +accompanied with full name and address, as guarantee that they are +original. Correspondents will please pay attention to this, as we have +been compelled to reject some very pretty puzzles because they came +without address. Never send old puzzles, as some have done, for they are +worthless. Be very careful to give a clear and correct definition of +words used in word squares, diamond puzzles, beheadings, acrostics, and +charades. One poor definition will spoil an otherwise excellent puzzle. +Do not take a name little known, like that of some Western town, to form +an enigma, for children in some other part of the country will find it +difficult to solve.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>Favors are acknowledged from "Bessie," Canada; Mary A. Tucker, Nebraska; +H. Russell P., Homburg, Germany; Mary De Motte, Wisconsin; Hallie A. J., +Minnesota; A. S. K., Missouri; Florence May, Michigan; Ollie M., +Washington Territory. From Indiana—W. A. Burr, Allie W. F., H. I. Y. +From Illinois—Harry Atkins, Helen and Hattie. From Ohio—Hazie H. P., +Vincent J. Nolan, James W. R. From Pennsylvania—Fannie K., Amy F. From +New York—George J. B., U. Weiler, Hattie Wagner, Anna L. A., May +Thornton, Irvie Easton, Grace P., Charlie L.; M. A. T. and F. V. B., +Kentucky; Percy B. M., Massachusetts; Bertie, Washington, D. C.; Harry +Lovell, New Jersey.</p> + +<p>Correct answers to puzzles received from N. L. Collamer, Washington, D. C.; +Samuel J., West Virginia; Florence Dickson, Delaware; Sallie Teal, +Oregon; Ernest B. Cooper, Tennessee; Arthur P. S., Wisconsin; Dorsey +Coate, Indiana; Albert W. J., Illinois; E. S. C., Michigan. From +Ohio—Belle M., Nellie B., Fannie Barnett, B. M. E. From +Pennsylvania—"Little Marie," Laura B. W., Eddie H. K., "Spot," Charles +H. C., Minnie and Florence M., Charles W. Lisk, Clarissa H. H. From New +York—Frank H. Dodd, F. W. P., O. G. Boyle, V. O., Allie D. D., George +K. MacN., W. E. Baker, Pauline G., Gus A. S., Bertie Reid, J. E. +Hardenbergh, Nena Crommelin, Rosie Macdonald; Alonzo Stagg, New Jersey; +Daisy B. H., Maine. From Rhode Island—Ella W., F. H. Vaughn, M. W. Dam, +Annie Baker. From Connecticut—William H. H., "Golden." From +Massachusetts—Ida G. Rust, E. A. Abbot, Frank M. Richards, E. Allen +Cushing.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> +<h2>PUZZLES FROM YOUNG CONTRIBUTORS.</h2> + +<h3>No. 1.</h3> + +<h3>ENIGMA.</h3> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 25em;">My first is in good, but not in bad.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 25em;">My second is in funny, but not in sad.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 25em;">My third is in sit, but not in stand.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 25em;">My fourth is in tune, but not in band.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 25em;">My fifth is in pan, but not in pot.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 25em;">My sixth is in clear, but not in blot.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 25em;">My whole is a musical instrument.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 42em;"><span class="smcap">Spot</span>.</span><br /> +</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<h3>No. 2.</h3> + +<h3>DIAMOND PUZZLE.</h3> + +<p class="center">A consonant. A vegetable. A South African animal. Cunning. A vowel.</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 42em;"><span class="smcap">Spot</span> (twelve years).</span><br /> +</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<h3>No. 3.</h3> + +<h3>ENIGMA.</h3> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 25em;">My first is in feel, but not in see.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 25em;">My second is in run, but not in flee.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 25em;">My third is in wasp, but not in bee.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 25em;">My fourth is in friend, but not in foe.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 25em;">My fifth is in seek, but not in go.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 25em;">My sixth is in flour, but not in dough.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 25em;">My seventh is in tin, but not in can.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 25em;">My eighth is in grain, and also in bran.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 25em;">My whole was the name of an eminent man.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 42em;"><span class="smcap">E. S. C.</span> (twelve years).</span><br /> +</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<h3>No. 4.</h3> + +<h3>NUMERICAL CHARADE.</h3> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 23em;">I am composed of 19 letters.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 23em;">My 4, 9, 6 is a school-boy's game.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 23em;">My 14, 9, 8, 11, 13 is something most children like.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 23em;">My 17, 9, 18, 12 comes from the clouds.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 23em;">My 19, 15, 3, 1 is part of a church organ.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 23em;">My 2, 5, 4 is not cold.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 23em;">My 10, 16, 11 is a boy's name.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 23em;">My 13, 7, 9, 19, 15 is used in making bread.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 23em;">My whole is the name of an interesting story for children.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 42em;"><span class="smcap">Nellie B.</span> (seven years).</span><br /> +</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<h3>No. 5.</h3> + +<h3>DOUBLE ACROSTIC.</h3> + +<p class="center">To seize. To regret. A tune. Close to. To endeavor. Answer—two great +military commanders.</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 42em;"><span class="smcap">N. L. Collamer</span>.</span><br /> +</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<h3>No. 6.</h3> + +<h3>WORD SQUARE.</h3> + +<p class="center">First, a crack. Second, a rope. Third, soon. Fourth, departed.</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 42em;"><span class="smcap">N. L. Collamer</span>.</span><br /> +</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<h3>Answers to Puzzles in No. 11.</h3> + +<h4>No. 1.</h4> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width="10%" summary=""> +<tr><td align='left'>W</td><td align='left'>A</td><td align='left'>R.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>A</td><td align='left'>D</td><td align='left'>A.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>R</td><td align='left'>A</td><td align='left'>W.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<h4>No. 2.</h4> + +<p class="center">Street.</p> + +<h4>No. 3.</h4> + +<p class="center">Washington.</p> + +<h4>No. 4.</h4> + +<p class="center">Athens.</p> + +<h4>No. 5.</h4> + +<p class="center">Candle.</p> + +<h4>No. 6.</h4> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width="10%" summary=""> +<tr><td align='left'>N</td><td align='left'>or</td><td align='left'>A.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>E</td><td align='left'>l</td><td align='left'>L.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>W</td><td align='left'>e</td><td align='left'>B.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>A</td><td align='left'>nn</td><td align='left'>A.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>R</td><td align='left'>u</td><td align='left'>N.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>K</td><td align='left'>e</td><td align='left'>Y.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p class="center">Newark, Albany.</p> + +<h4>No. 7.</h4> + +<p class="center">No, I thank you.</p> + +<h4>No. 8.</h4> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Harper's Young People</span>.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>ADVERTISEMENTS.</h2> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>HARPER'S YOUNG PEOPLE.</h2> + +<p><span class="smcap">Harper's Young People</span> will be issued every Tuesday, and may be had at +the following rates—<i>payable in advance, postage free</i>:</p> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Single Copies</span></td><td align='right'>$0.04</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">One Subscription</span>, <i>one year</i></td><td align='right'>1.50</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Five Subscriptions</span>, <i>one year</i></td><td align='right'>7.00</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Subscriptions may begin with any Number. When no time is specified, it +will be understood that the subscriber desires to commence with the +Number issued after the receipt of order.</p> + +<p>Remittances should be made by POST-OFFICE MONEY ORDER or DRAFT, to avoid +risk of loss.</p> + +<h3>ADVERTISING.</h3> + +<p>The extent and character of the circulation of <span class="smcap">Harper's Young People</span> +will render it a first-class medium for advertising. A limited number of +approved advertisements will be inserted on two inside pages at 75 cents +per line.</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 25em;">Address</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 30em;">HARPER & BROTHERS,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 35em;">Franklin Square, N. Y.</span><br /> +</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>A LIBERAL OFFER FOR 1880 ONLY.</h2> + +<p>☞ <span class="smcap">Harper's Young People</span> <i>and</i> <span class="smcap">Harper's Weekly</span> <i>will be +sent to any address for one year, commencing with the first Number of</i> +<span class="smcap">Harper's Weekly</span> <i>for January, 1880, on receipt of $5.00 for the two +Periodicals</i>.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h1>CANDY</h1> + +<p>Send one, two, three, or five dollars for a sample box, by express, of +the best Candies in America, put up elegantly and strictly pure. Refers +to all Chicago. Address</p> + +<h3>C. F. GUNTHER,</h3> + +<h4>Confectioner,</h4> + +<h4>78 MADISON STREET, CHICAGO.</h4> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>WOODEN WEDDING PRESENTS</h2> + +<h4>Ready-made and to order.</h4> + +<h3>SCROLL SAWS, DESIGNS, AND WOOD,</h3> + +<h3>At LITTLE'S TOOL STORE, 59 Fulton St., N. Y. City.</h3> + +<h4>Circulars free by mail.</h4> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>6 months for 10 cents, on trial.</h2> + +<p class="center"><i>Depuy's Monthly Miscellany</i>, a large 8 page newspaper. Sample free. <span class="smcap">C. G. +Depuy</span>, Syracuse, N. Y.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>Old Books for Young Readers.</h2> + +<hr style='width: 25%;' /> + +<h3>Arabian Nights' Entertainments.</h3> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The Thousand and One Nights; or, The Arabian Nights' +Entertainments. Translated and Arranged for Family Reading, with +Explanatory Notes, by <span class="smcap">E. W. Lane</span>. 600 Illustrations by Harvey. 2 +vols., 12mo, Cloth, $3.50.</p></div> + +<h3>Robinson Crusoe.</h3> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The Life and Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, of York, +Mariner. By <span class="smcap">Daniel Defoe</span>. With a Biographical Account of Defoe. +Illustrated by Adams. Complete Edition. 12mo, Cloth, $1.50.</p></div> + +<h3>The Swiss Family Robinson.</h3> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The Swiss Family Robinson; or, Adventures of a Father and Mother +and Four Sons on a Desert Island. Illustrated. 2 vols., 18mo, +Cloth, $1.50.</p> + +<p>The Swiss Family Robinson—Continued: being a Sequel to the +Foregoing. 2 vols., 18mo, Cloth, $1.50.</p></div> + +<h3>Sandford and Merton.</h3> + +<p class="center">The History of Sandford and Merton. By <span class="smcap">Thomas Day</span>. 18mo, Half +Bound, 75 cents.</p> + +<hr style='width: 25%;' /> + +<h3>Published by HARPER & BROTHERS, New York.</h3> + +<h4>☞ <i>Sent by mail, postage prepaid, to any part of the +United States, on receipt of the price.</i></h4> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>MRS. MORTIMER'S</h2> + +<h2>BOOKS FOR THE NURSERY.</h2> + +<hr style='width: 25%;' /> + +<h3>Lines Left Out.</h3> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Lines Left Out; or, Some of the Histories Left Out in "Line upon +Line." The First Part relates Events in the Times of the Patriarchs +and the Judges. Illustrated. By Mrs. <span class="smcap">Elizabeth Mortimer</span>. 16mo, +Cloth, 75 cents.</p></div> + +<p>The volume is an attractive juvenile book, handsomely brought out, +rendering Scripture incidents into pleasant paraphrases.—<i>Northwestern +Christian Advocate</i>, Chicago.</p> + +<hr style='width: 25%;' /> + +<h3>More about Jesus.</h3> + +<p class="center">More about Jesus. Illustrations and a Map. By Mrs. <span class="smcap">Elizabeth +Mortimer</span>. 16mo, Cloth, 75 cents.</p> + +<p>It consists of a series of stories, embracing the whole of the events in +the life of our Blessed Lord, told in a plain, simple style, suited to +the capacities of children of seven or eight years of age. But better +still, all good children's books are good for adults; and this will be +found equally useful to put into the hands of very ignorant grown-up +people, who may from this learn the story of man's redemption in an +intelligent manner. Many of the lessons are illustrated with pictures of +the places mentioned.</p> + +<hr style='width: 25%;' /> + +<h3>Streaks of Light.</h3> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Streaks of Light; or, Fifty-two Facts from the Bible for Fifty-two +Sundays of the Year. Illustrated. By Mrs. <span class="smcap">Elizabeth Mortimer</span>. 16mo, +Cloth, 75 cents.</p></div> + +<p>"This little work," says the author, "has received the distinguished +honor of being appointed to be one of the class-books of the Samoan +Collegians, and has been made to subserve the highest of all +purposes—the preaching of the Gospel. To that purpose it is adapted +when the hearers are untaught, untrained, and unreflecting. Each lesson +can be understood by those who have no previous knowledge, and each is +calculated to be the first address to one who has never before heard of +God or his Christ."</p> + +<hr style='width: 25%;' /> + +<h3>Reading without Tears.</h3> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Reading without Tears; or, A Pleasant Mode of Learning to Read. +Illustrated. Small 4to, Cloth. By Mrs. <span class="smcap">Elizabeth Mortimer</span>. Two +Parts. Part I., 49 cents; Part II., 62 cents; complete in One +Volume, $1.03.</p></div> + +<p>An easy, simple, and pleasant book for the tiny scholars of the +nursery-room. It contains a picture for every word of spelling capable +of pictorial explanation. The reading-lessons have been carefully +selected, being composed of the preceding spelling-lessons, by which +means, together with the picture meanings, the words are easily +impressed on the memory of a very young child.—<i>Athenæum</i>, London.</p> + +<hr style='width: 25%;' /> + +<h3>Published by HARPER & BROTHERS, New York.</h3> + +<p>☞ <span class="smcap">Harper & Brothers</span> <i>will send any of the above works by +mail, postage prepaid, to any part of the United States, on receipt of +the price</i>.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>DU CHAILLU'S STORIES</h2> + +<h2>OF</h2> + +<h2>ADVENTURE IN AFRICA.</h2> + +<hr style='width: 25%;' /> + +<h3>Stories of the Gorilla Country.</h3> + +<p class="center">By <span class="smcap">Paul B. Du Chaillu</span>. Illustrated. 12mo, Cloth, $1.50.</p> + +<p>It is a capital book for boys. * * * The stories it contains are +full of the kind of novelty, peril, and adventure which are so +fascinating.—<i>Spectator</i>, London.</p> + +<p>These stories are entertaining and are well told, and they are +calculated to impart much knowledge of natural history to youthful +readers.—<i>Boston Traveller.</i></p> + +<hr style='width: 25%;' /> + +<h3>Wild Life under the Equator.</h3> + +<p class="center">By <span class="smcap">Paul B. Du Chaillu</span>. Illustrated. 12mo, Cloth, $1.50.</p> + +<p>The amount of enjoyment that was afforded to the children by the +previous work of this author, "Stories of the Gorilla Country," is +beyond computation. * * * We have read every word of "Wild Life under +the Equator" with the liveliest interest and satisfaction. No ingenious +youth of twelve in the land will find it more "awfully jolly" than did +we.—<i>N. Y. Evening Post.</i></p> + +<hr style='width: 25%;' /> + +<h3>Lost in the Jungle.</h3> + +<p class="center">By <span class="smcap">Paul B. Du Chaillu</span>. Illustrated. 12mo, Cloth, $1.50.</p> + +<p>Full of adventures with savage men and wild beasts; shows how these +strange people live, what they eat and drink, how they build, and what +they worship; and will instruct as well as amuse.—<i>Boston Journal.</i></p> + +<p>A whole granary of information, dressed up in such a form as to make it +nutritious for young minds, as well as attractive for youthful +appetites.—<i>Philadelphia Ledger.</i></p> + +<hr style='width: 25%;' /> + +<h3>My Apingi Kingdom:</h3> + +<p class="center">With Life in the Great Sahara, and Sketches of the Chase of the +Ostrich, Hyena, &c. By <span class="smcap">Paul B. Du Chaillu</span>. Illustrated. 12mo, +Cloth, $1.50.</p> + +<p>In this book Mr. Du Chaillu relates the story of his sojourn in Apingi +Land, of which he was elected king by the kind-hearted and hospitable +natives. * * * We assure the reader that it is full of stirring +incidents and exciting adventures. Many chapters are exceedingly +humorous, and others are quite instructive. The chapter, for instance, +on the habits of the white and tree ants contains an interesting +contribution to natural history.—<i>N. Y. Herald.</i></p> + +<hr style='width: 25%;' /> + +<h3>The Country of the Dwarfs.</h3> + +<p class="center">By <span class="smcap">Paul B. Du Chaillu</span>. Illustrated. 12mo, Cloth, $1.50.</p> + +<p>Hail to thee, Paul! thou hero of single-handed combats with gorillas and +every imaginable beast that ever howled through the deserts, from the +elephant to the kangaroo; thou unscathed survivor of a thousand-and-one +vicissitudes by fire, field, and flood; thou glowing historian of thine +own superlatively glorious deeds: thou writer of books that make the +hairs of the children stand on every available end; thou proud king of +the Apingi savages of the equator; hail! we say.—<i>Utica Herald.</i></p> + +<hr style='width: 25%;' /> + +<h3>Published by HARPER & BROTHERS, N. Y.</h3> + +<h4>☞ <i>Sent by mail, postage prepaid, to any part of the +United States, on receipt of the price.</i></h4> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a name="WIGGLES" id="WIGGLES"></a> +<img src="images/ill_015.jpg" width="600" height="416" alt="" title="" /> +</div> + +<h2>WIGGLES.</h2> + +<p>Here are some of the answers to the Wiggle published in No. 10 of +<span class="smcap">Harper's Young People</span>. So many were sent in that it was impossible to +publish them all, and so our artist selected those that he considered +the best. Those that he used were sent in by J. R. S., J. B. G., M. E., +A. T. Jones, Paul, D. C. Gilmore, H. and B., and Bert W. S., several of +whom sent a number of different figures.</p> + +<p>Others, and some of them very good, were sent in by W. B. B., Ethel M., +S. A. W., Jun., John Peddle, C. F., Nettie S. H., Willie H. S., Mabel +M., E. H. S., Hetty, M. Ward, Philip M., Amenio E. A., Willy H., H. W. P., +J. L., Mary P., Archie H. L., C. B. F., R. S. M., W. A. Burr, Percy +B. M., Paul. B. T., E. S., C. F. C., Gracie C., Eva M., and Anita R. N. +Figure No. 8 is what our artist made of the Wiggle; and Figure No. 9 is +a new Wiggle in two parts, which must be combined in one drawing, though +they must retain their relative positions.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="THE_LONG-EARED_BAT" id="THE_LONG-EARED_BAT"></a>THE LONG-EARED BAT.</h2> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 27em;">A long-eared bat</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 27em;">Went to buy a hat.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 25em;">Said the hatter, "I've none that will do,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 27em;">Unless with the shears</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 27em;">I shorten your ears,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 25em;">Which might be unpleasant to you."</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 27em;">The long-eared bat</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 27em;">Was so mad at that</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 25em;">He flew over lands and seas,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 27em;">Till in Paris (renowned</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 27em;">For its fashions) he found</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 25em;">A hat that he wore with great ease.</span><br /> +</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p><b>Another Sagacious Dog.</b>—In No. 11 of <span class="smcap">Harper's Young People</span> a story was +told of a sagacious newspaper dog. Having read this, a Western editor +sends the following story of his dog, in which he says: "My dog is a +beautiful Gordon setter, and has been so well trained that while the +carrier is delivering papers on one side of the street, Bob, the dog, +delivers on the other. He receives his papers folded, half a dozen at a +time, and going to the first place, lays the whole bundle down, and then +picks it up, all but one, and so on till they are all gone."</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> +<img src="images/ill_016.jpg" width="700" height="370" alt="" title="" /> +</div> + +<h3>HIS FIRST VALENTINE.</h3> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Chorus or Envious Rivals</span>. "Oho! Jimmy Dobbs is in Love!"</p> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Harper's Young People, February 10, +1880, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HARPER'S YOUNG PEOPLE, FEB 10, 1880 *** + +***** This file should be named 28347-h.htm or 28347-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/8/3/4/28347/ + +Produced by Annie McGuire + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Harper's Young People, February 10, 1880 + An Illustrated Weekly + +Author: Various + +Release Date: March 17, 2009 [EBook #28347] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HARPER'S YOUNG PEOPLE, FEB 10, 1880 *** + + + + +Produced by Annie McGuire + + + + + + + + +[Illustration: HARPER'S + +YOUNG PEOPLE + +AN ILLUSTRATED WEEKLY.] + + + * * * * * + +VOL. I.--NO. 15. PUBLISHED BY HARPER & BROTHERS, NEW YORK. PRICE FOUR +CENTS. + +Tuesday, February 10, 1880. Copyright, 1880, by HARPER & BROTHERS. $1.50 +per Year, in Advance. + + * * * * * + + + + +[Illustration: A WINTER MORNING.] + + + + +OLD FATHER TIME. + + +"Professor," said May, turning on the sofa where she was lying, "Jack +has brought me a calendar that runs for ever so many years. You know the +doctor says I'll not be well for two whole years, or perhaps three. I +have been wondering what month among them all I shall be able to run +about in; and then I began to think who could have made the first +calendar, and what led him to do it." + +"That's very simple, May. Old Father Time just measured the days off +with his hour-glass in the first place, and marked them down with the +point of his scythe. The world has known all about it ever since." + +"Please don't, Jack. Let the Professor tell." + +"It would be hard, May, to tell who made the first calendar," answered +the Professor. "All nations seem to have had their methods of counting +the years and months long before they began writing histories, so that +there is no record of the origin of the custom. The Book of Genesis +mentions the lights in the heavens as being 'for signs and for seasons, +and for days and years.' And Moses uses the word _year_ so often that +we see that it must have been common to count the years among those who +lived before him." + +"The number 1880 means that it is so many years since the birth of +Christ, does it not?" asked Joe. + +"Yes," said the Professor, "it has been the custom among Christian +nations to reckon the years from that great event. They began to do this +about the year of our Lord 532." + +"Why did they wait so long?" asked Joe. + +"You know," he said, "that at first the Christians were very few and +weak; during the first three hundred years they had all they could do to +escape with their lives from their enemies. But after that they became +very numerous and powerful, and were able to establish their own +customs. So in 532 a monk named Dionysius Exiguus proposed that they +should abandon the old way of counting the years, and adopt the time of +the birth of Christ as a starting-point. He thought this would be a very +proper way of honoring the Saviour of the world. So he took great pains +to find out the exact time when Christ was born, and satisfied himself +that it was on the 25th day of December, in the 753d year from the +foundation of the city of Rome. The Roman Empire at one time included +most of the known world; and the Roman people, proud of their splendid +city, counted the years from the supposed time of its being founded. At +first the Christians did the same; but they were naturally pleased with +the idea of Dionysius." + +"Was he the first man who tried to find out what day Christmas came on?" +asked Joe. "I should think everybody would have been anxious to know all +about it." + +"Doubtless there was much interest on the subject. But you know the +early Christians had no newspapers, and very few books. Scarcely any of +them could even read. Besides, it was very difficult in those times to +travel or gain information; and it was dangerous to ask questions of the +heathen, or for a man to let them suspect that he was a Christian. And +then when we consider that the calendar was in confusion, because even +the wisest men did not know the exact length of the year, and there were +various ways of counting time, we need not be surprised that the +Christians disagreed and made mistakes as to the time when the Saviour +was born. In the fourth century, however, St. Cyril urged Pope Julius I. +to give orders for an investigation. The result was that the theologians +of the East and West agreed upon the 25th of December, though some of +them were not convinced. The chief grounds of the decision were the +tables in the public records of Rome. + +"But let us return to Dionysius. His idea of making the year begin on +the 25th of December was thought to be rather too inconvenient, and so +the old commencement on the first day of January was retained, as the +Romans had arranged it. But the plan of Dionysius was carried out with +regard to the numbers by which the years were to be named and called. +Thus the year which had been known as 754 became, under the new system, +the year 1. And the succession of years from that year 1 is called the +Christian era. To get the numbers of its years you have only to subtract +753 from the years in the Roman numbering." + +"If we add 753," said Joe, "to 1880, will we get the number of years +since old Rome was founded by Romulus and Remus?" + +"Yes," said the Professor; "the rule works both ways. There is, however, +some uncertainty as to whether the Romans themselves were correct in +regard to the age of their city. Very early dates are hard to settle." + +"Where did the months get their names?" asked May, "and how did months +come to be thought of at all?" + +"The months were suggested by the moon. In most languages the word +_month_ is very nearly like _moon_, as you see it is in ours. From new +moon around to new moon again is about twenty-nine days, which is nearly +the length of a month. The exact time between two new moons is a very +puzzling problem. It always involves a troublesome fraction of a day, +and is, in fact, never twice alike. So it was found convenient to divide +the year into twelve parts, nearly equal, and to call each one a month." + +"Why didn't they make them just equal?" asked Gus. + +"To do so would have made it necessary to split up some of the days, +which would have been awkward. If you divide the 365 days of the year by +twelve, there will be five remaining." + +"How was it found out that the year had 365 days in it?" asked Joe. + +"It took the astronomers to do that," said the Professor; "and until +nations became civilized enough to study astronomy accurately, they did +not know the number of days in the year. This, however, did not prevent +them from being able to count the years, because they could know that +every time summer or winter came, a year had passed since the last +summer or winter. But now the length of the year--that is, the time +occupied by the earth in going completely round the sun--is known within +a fraction of a second." + +"Was it worth while to go into it so precisely?" asked May. "Would it +not have been enough to know the number of the days?" + +"By no means," said the Professor. "For then the calendar could not have +been regulated so that the months and festivals would keep pace with the +seasons. If 365 days had been constantly taken for a year, Christmas, +instead of staying in the winter, would long since have moved back +through autumn into summer, and so on. In about 1400 years it would +travel through the entire circle of the seasons, as it would come some +six hours earlier every year than it did the last. In like manner the +Fourth of July would gradually fall back into spring, then into winter; +and the fire-works would have to be set off in the midst of a +snow-storm. The old Romans saw the difficulty; and, to prevent it, +Julius Caesar added an extra day to every fourth year, which you see is +the same thing as adding one-fourth of a day to each year, only it is +much more convenient. This was done because the earth requires nearly +365-1/4 days to move round the sun. The year that receives the extra day +is called, as you know, leap-year. But even this did not keep the +calendar exactly right. In the course of time other changes had to be +made, the greatest of which was in 1582, when Pope Gregory XIII. decreed +that ten entire days should be dropped out of the month of October. This +was called the change from Old to New Style." + +"It was rather stupid," said Gus, "to shorten the pleasantest month in +the whole year. I would have clipped December or March." + +"Please don't forget to tell us," said May, "how the months got their +names." + +"The first six of them were called after the heathen deities, Janus, +Februus, Mars, Aphrodite, Maia, and Juno; July was named after Julius +Caesar, the inventor of leap-year; August after Augustus the Emperor. The +names of the last four months simply mean seventh, eighth, ninth, and +tenth." + +"But," said Joe, "December is not the tenth month, nor is September the +seventh." + +"That is true," said the Professor; "but those names are supposed to +have been given by Romulus, who arranged a year of only ten months, and +made it begin with March. His year only had 304 days in it, and was soon +found to be much too short. So the months of January and February were +added, and instead of being placed at the end, they came in some way to +stand at the beginning." + +"Now please tell us about the names of the days of the week, and we will +not ask any more questions." + +"They were called after the sun, moon, and five planets known to the +ancients, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, and Saturn. You easily +recognize sun, moon, and Saturn, Tuesday, Thursday, and Friday are from +names given by some of the Northern tribes of Europe to Mars, Jupiter, +and Venus. Mercury's day seems scarcely at all connected with his name, +but comes from Wodin, who was imagined to be chief among the gods of +those barbarous tribes." + + + + +TOMMY'S VALENTINE. + +BY MRS. M. D. BRINE. + + + He was only a little street sweeper, you know, + Barefooted, and ragged as one could be; + But blue were his eyes as the far-off skies, + And a brave-hearted laddie was Tommy Magee. + But it chanced on the morning of Valentine's Day + Our little street sweeper felt lonely and sad; + "For there's _no fun_," thought he, "for a fellow like me, + And a valentine's something that _I_ never had." + + But he flourished his broom, and the crossing made clean + For the ladies and gentlemen passing his way; + And he gave them a smile, singing gayly the while, + In honor, of course, of St. Valentine's Day. + Now it happened a party of bright little girls, + All dainty and rosy, and brimming with glee, + Came over the crossing, a careless glance tossing + To poor little barefooted Tommy Magee. + + But all of a sudden then one of them turned, + And running to Tommy, thrust into his hand, + With a smile and a blush, and the whispered word "Hush," + A beautiful valentine. You'll understand + How Tommy stood gazing, with wondering eyes, + After the group of wee ladies so fine, + As with joy without measure he held his new treasure; + And this is how Tommy got _his_ valentine. + + + + +LOST IN THE SNOW. + + +Among the dangers of the winter in the Pass of St. Gothard is the +fearful snow-storm called the "guxeten" by the Germans, and the +tourmente or "tormenta" by the Swiss. The mountain snow differs in form, +as well as in thickness and specific gravity, from the star-shaped +snow-flakes on the lower heights and in the valleys. It is quite floury, +dry, and sandy, and therefore very light. When viewed though a +microscope it assumes at times the form of little prismatic needles, at +other times that of innumerable small six-sided pyramids, from which, as +from the morning star, little points jut out on all sides, and which, +driven by the wind, cut through the air with great speed. With this fine +ice-dust of the mountain snow, the wind drives its wild game through the +clefts of the high Alps and over the passes, particularly that of St. +Gothard. Suddenly it tears up a few hundred thousand cubic feet of this +snow, and whirls it up high into the air, leaving it to the mercy of the +upper current, to fall to the ground again in the form of the thickest +snow-storm, or to be dispersed at will like glittering ice-crystals. At +times the wind sweeps up large tracts of the dry ice-dust, and pours +them down upon a deep-lying valley amid the mountains, or on to the +summit of the passes, obliterating in a few seconds the laboriously +excavated mountain road, at which a whole company of rutners have toiled +for days. All these appearances resemble the avalanches of other Alps, +but can not be regarded in the same light as the true snow-storm, the +tormenta or guxeten. This is incomparably more severe, and hundreds on +hundreds of lives have fallen sacrifices to its fury. These have mostly +been travelling strangers, who either did not distinguish the signs of +the coming storm, or, in proud reliance on their own power, refused to +listen to well-meant warnings, and continued their route. Almost every +year adds a large number of victims to the list of those who have fallen +a prey to the snow-storm. + +History and the oral tradition of the mountains record many incidents of +accidents which have been occasioned by the fall of avalanches. During +the Bellinzona war, in 1478, as the confederates, with a force of 10,000 +men, were crossing the St. Gothard, the men of Zuerich were preceding the +army as van-guard. They had just refreshed themselves with some wine, +and were marching up the wild gorge, shouting and singing, in spite of +the warnings of their guides. Then, in the heights above, an avalanche +was suddenly loosened, which rushed down upon the road, and in its +impetuous torrent buried sixty warriors far below in the Reuss, in full +sight of those following. + +On the 12th of March, 1848, in the so-called Planggen, above the tent of +shelter at the Maetelli, thirteen men who were conveying the post were +thrown by a violent avalanche into the bed of the Reuss, with their +horses and sledges. Three men, fathers of families, and nine horses were +killed; the others were saved by hastily summoned help. But one of their +deliverers, Joseph Mueller, of Hospenthal, met a hero's death while +engaged in the rescue. He had hastened to help his neighbors, but in the +district called the "Harness" he and two others were overwhelmed by a +second violent avalanche, and lost their lives. In the same year the +post going up the mountain from Airola was overtaken by an avalanche +near the house of shelter at Ponte Tremola. A traveller from Bergamo was +killed; the rest escaped. + +History tells of a most striking rescue from an avalanche on the St. +Gothard. In the year 1628, Landamman Kaspar, of Brandenburg, the newly +chosen Governor of Bellenz, was riding over the St. Gothard from Zug, +accompanied by his servant and a faithful dog. At the top of the pass +the party was overtaken by an avalanche which descended from the +Lucendro. The dog alone shook himself free. His first care was to +extricate his master. But when he saw that he could not succeed in doing +this, he hastened back to the hospice, and there, by pitiful howling and +whining, announced that an accident had happened. The landlord and his +servants set out immediately with shovels and pickaxes, and followed the +dog, which ran quickly before them. They soon reached the place where +the avalanche had fallen. Here the faithful dog stopped suddenly, +plunged his face into the snow, and began to scratch it up, barking and +whining. The men set to work at once, and after a long and difficult +labor succeeded in rescuing the Landamman, and soon afterward his +servant. They were both alive, after spending thirty-six fearful hours +beneath the snow, oppressed by the most painful thoughts. They had heard +the howling and barking of the dog quite plainly; and had noticed his +sudden departure, and the arrival of their deliverers; they had heard +them talking and working, without being able to move or utter a sound. +The Landamman's will ordained that an image of the faithful dog should +be sculptured at his feet on his tomb. This monument was seen till +lately in St. Oswald's Church, at Zug. + + + + +THE STORY OF GRANDMA, LORENZO, AND THE MONKEY. + +BY MRS. A. M. DIAZ. + + +The children told the Family Story-Teller they did not believe he could +make a story about a grandma going to mill. "Especially," said the +children's mother, "a grandma troubled with rheumatism." + +Family Story-Teller smiled, as much as to say, "You shall see," took a +few minutes to think, and began: + + * * * * * + +In Grandma Stimpcett's trunk was a very small, leathery, beady bag, and +in this bag was a written recipe for the Sudden Remedy--a sure cure for +rheumatism, sprains, bruises, and all lamenesses. The bag and the recipe +were given her by an Indian woman. To make the Sudden Remedy, grandma +got roots, herbs, barks, twigs, leaves, mints, moss, and tree gum. These +were scraped, grated, or pounded; sifted, weighed, measured, stewed, +and stirred; and the juice simmered down with the oil of juniper, and +bumble-bees' wax, and various smarty, peppery, slippery things whose +names must be kept private for a particular reason. The Sudden Remedy +cured her instantly; and as meal was wanted, and no other person could +be spared from the place, she offered to go to mill. + +She went in the vehicle--an old chaise which had lost its top--taking +with her her bottle of the Sudden Remedy, in case, as Mr. Stimpcett +said, the rheumatism should return before she did. + +"Shall you be back by sunset?" asked Mr. Stimpcett, as he fastened the +bag underneath the vehicle. + +"Oh yes," said she; "I shall eat dinner at Debby's, and come away right +after dinner. You will see me back long before sunset." Her daughter +Debby lived at Mill Village. + +Mr. Stimpcett shook his head. "I don't know about that," said he. + +"If I am not back before sunset," said she, "I will give you--give you +five hundred dollars." + +The people laughed at this; for all the money grandma had was only about +twenty dollars, put away in case of need. + +Now when grandma had driven perhaps two miles on her way to mill, she +stopped at a farm-house to water her horse; and here something curious +happened. A woman came to the door of the house, and the next moment a +large boy, named Lorenzo, hopped out on one foot and two canes, and +began stumping about the yard at a furious rate, cackling, crowing, and +barking. + +"That's the way he does when he can't sit still any longer," said the +woman. "He has to sit still a great deal, on account of a lame knee, +which is a pity," said she, "for a spry fellow like him; a good, +true-spoken fellow he is, too." The woman then told how he lamed his +knee. + +Lorenzo said he wanted very much the use of his legs that day, because +there was to be a circus just beyond Mill Village. He said he wanted to +go to the circus so much he did not know what to do. He said he began +when he was four years old to go to circuses, and he had been to every +circus that had come around since. "Now this circus is only a little +more than two miles off," said he, "and here I am cooped up like a +hoppled horse." + +[Illustration: "THIS BOTTLE CONTAINS THE SUDDEN REMEDY."] + +Grandma smiled, and took out the bottle. "This bottle," said she, +"contains the Sudden Remedy--a quick cure for rheumatism, sprains, +bruises, and all lamenesses. Rub on with a flannel, and rub in briskly." + +Lorenzo rubbed on with a flannel, and rubbed in briskly, and then seated +himself upon a stone to hear the stories grandma and the woman were +telling of people who had been upset, or thrown from horses, or had +fallen over stone walls, into wells, or down from trees, rocks, +house-tops, or chamber windows. Lorenzo told some stories, and at last, +in acting out one, he thrust forward his lame leg, without thinking of +it, and found it was no longer lame. He tried it again; he sprang up; he +stepped; he walked; he leaped; he skipped; he ran; he hurrahed; he flung +his canes away. + +Grandma then invited Lorenzo to ride with her to Mill Village, near +which the circus was to be; and he quickly took a seat in the vehicle, +and having no time to put on his best clothes, he put on only his best +hat, tipping it one side in order to give himself a little of a +dressed-up look. + +When grandma and Lorenzo reached Mill Village, Lorenzo got out at a +pea-nut stand, and grandma drove on to her daughter Debby's. She had +just stepped from the vehicle when Lorenzo came running to beg that she +would bring her Sudden Remedy to the miller's house, for the miller had +been taken that morning with the darting rheumatism, and the mill was +not running, and people were waiting with their corn. + +Lorenzo drove grandma to the miller's house, and in two hours' time the +miller was in the mill, the wheel turning, and the corn +grinding--grandma's corn among the rest. + +Something which was very important to the circus will now be told. The +Chief Jumper--the one who was to do the six wonderful things--lamed his +foot the night before, and could not jump. Now when the man who owned +the circus was looking at the Chief Jumper's foot, a circus errand-boy +in uniform passed by. This errand-boy had been to the mill to get corn +for the circus horses, and he told the man who owned the circus that a +woman had just cured the miller of the darting rheumatism, and told the +name of the medicine. + +The circus owner took one of the circus riding wagons and the errand-boy +in uniform and set off immediately to find the woman who had the Sudden +Remedy, and found grandma at her daughter Debby's, just stepping into +the vehicle to go home. Lorenzo was there, fastening the bag of meal +securely under the vehicle. The circus owner offered grandma five +dollars if she would go and cure his Chief Jumper, and as there was time +to do that and reach home before sunset, she went, Lorenzo driving her +in the vehicle. The circus owner and the errand-boy in uniform kept just +in front of them, and some children who knew no better said that that +kind-looking old lady and the great boy belonged to the circus, and had +their circus clothes in the bag underneath. + +Grandma was taken into a tent which led out of the big tent, where she +saw the Chief Jumper in full jumping costume, and the Dwarf, and the Fat +Man, and the Clown, and the Flying Cherub; and the Remedy worked so well +that the Chief Jumper thought he might jump higher than ever before. + +[Illustration: THE LAME MONKEY.] + +The Clown led grandma to the cage where monkeys were kept, and asked her +if she would be willing to cure a poor suffering monkey whose leg had +been hurt by a stone thrown by a cruel boy. Grandma said, certainly, for +that she pitied even an animal that had to suffer pain. The Clown then +took the monkey, and held its paw while grandma patted its head and +stroked its back, and poured on the Remedy, the Flying Cherub standing +near by to see what was to be done. + +The circus owner invited grandma to stay to the circus; but as she had +not time, he paid her eight dollars, and led her to the vehicle. + +Now we are coming to the most wonderful part of my story. People going +home from mill had told the tale of the miller's cure, and on her way +back grandma was stopped by various people, who begged her to come into +their houses and cure rheumatism, sprains, bruises, and other +lamenesses. This took a great deal of time; but the kind-hearted old +lady was so anxious to ease pain that she forgot all about her promise +to Mr. Stimpcett, and when she reached home it was ten minutes past +sunset. + +Three buggies stood near Mr. Stimpcett's house. Grandma thought they +were doctors' buggies. "Oh dear!" she said to herself, "something +dreadful must be the matter!" She counted the children playing at the +door-step. They were all there--Moses, Obadiah, Deborah, and little +Cordelia. + +At this moment Mr. Stimpcett came forward and said to grandma that three +gentlemen had come, one after another, and had each asked to have a +private talk with her. There was a large fleshy man in the front room, a +chubby little man in the kitchen, and a sleek, long-faced man in the +spare chamber. + +Grandma talked with these, one at a time. They were all medicine +sellers. Each one wished to buy the recipe for making the Sudden Remedy, +and would pay a good price for it. For they knew that thousands and +thousands of barrels of this Remedy could be sold all over the United +States, Mexico, Canada, and Central America, and enormous sums of money +made by the sale. + +The summer boarder, Mr. St. Clair, said that the man who would pay the +most money for it ought to have the recipe. Grandma brought from her +trunk the small, leathery, beady bag which contained the recipe, and Mr. +St. Clair stood in the vehicle, held up the bag, and said: "Bid! +gentlemen, bid! How much do I have for it?" + +The bidding was interrupted by a Jumper. It was a circus Jumper, but not +the Chief Jumper. While the people were all looking at Mr. St. Clair, a +monkey sprang from the meal bag underneath the vehicle and jumped upon +grandma's shoulder, nearly knocking her over. It was the same one she +had cured. On account of his lameness, he had been loosely tied, and +from a feeling of thankfulness, no doubt, for being cured, he had run +away and followed grandma. + +The Stimpcett children--Moses, Obadiah, Deborah, and little +Cordelia--shouted and capered so that the selling of the recipe could +hardly go on; but at last it was sold, leathery, beady bag and all, to +the sleek, long-faced man, for nine hundred dollars, of which grandma +gave five hundred to Mr. Stimpcett, according to the promise she made +before going to mill. + +The circus people were written to, but as they did not send for Jacko, +he was kept for the children, to play with. Mrs. Stimpcett dressed him +in a pretty suit of clothes, with a cap and feather on his head. He +showed much affection for grandma, followed her about daytimes both +in-doors and out, and would sleep nowhere at night but at the foot of +her bed, where a bandbox was at last placed for him. The children loved +him dearly; but poor Jacko did so much mischief in trying to knit, and +to cook, and to weed the garden, that it was finally declared that +something must be done about that monkey; and grandma gave him to +Lorenzo, with money enough to buy a grand harmonica. + +Lorenzo came for the monkey toward the close of a calm summer's day, and +fed him with frosted cake, which caused him to feel pleased with +Lorenzo. There was a string fastened to his collar; Lorenzo took the +string in one hand, and some frosted cake in the other, and led Jacko +away. The children--Moses, and Obadiah, and Deborah, and little +Cordelia--following on for quite a distance, all weeping. + +[Illustration: THE TWO-CENT SIDE-SHOW.] + +Lorenzo went about for some time with a circus company. Evenings he +staid inside the big tent to see the doings, and daytimes he had a +two-cent side-show in a small tent of his own, where the monkey played +wonderful tricks, and marched to the music of the grand harmonica. + +At last he came to grandma, and told her that as for the Clown, he was a +kind-hearted, sensible man, but that the others were commonly either +drunk, or cross, or both, and that he had to travel nights, wet or dry, +and that he was sick of that kind of life. He sold the monkey to a +hand-organ man, and went back to live in his old home; and the last that +was known of Jacko he was seen in the streets of a town carrying round +the hand-organ man's hat for pennies. + +It was grandma and Mr. Stimpcett who saw him, as they were riding past +in the vehicle; and he saw them, and gave a bound, and broke his string, +and leaped into the vehicle, and clasped his paws round grandma's neck; +and the hand-organ man was obliged to place six maple-sugar cakes in a +row upon the sidewalk before Jacko would return to him. + +The sleek, long-faced man made his fortune by selling the Sudden Remedy, +but few of those who bought it and took it knew what old lady it was who +sold him the recipe for it. + + * * * * * + +The Family Story-Teller's next was a story of mistakes, and odd mistakes +they were. + + + + +THE CHILDREN'S WEDDING. + + +It very often happens that children of royal families are by their +parents or by wise statesmen engaged to marry each other almost as soon +as they are born, but the actual weddings do not generally take place +until the children are grown up. One of these weddings did, however, +actually take place, a great many years ago, between two children, and +the story of it is as follows: + +January 15, 1478, was the day appointed, when Richard, Duke of York, +second son of Edward IV., aged four years, and created already Duke of +Norfolk, Earl Warren and Surrey, and Earl Marshal of England, in right +of his intended wife, was to lead to the altar the little girl whose +tiny hand would bestow upon him the immense estates and riches of the +Norfolk inheritance. + +The little Lady Anne, who was, as an old book informs us, the richest +and most noble match of that time, appears to have been two years older +than her intended husband, and must have reached the advanced age of six +years! She does not appear to have objected to the match, but to have +been quite ready to act her part in the pageant, and no doubt the little +Duke was eager to receive the notice and applause of the courtly throng, +whilst both children looked with astonishment at the sumptuous +preparations, and the costly splendor of their own and the spectators' +dresses. + +The ceremony began by the high and mighty Princess, as the little bride +was called in the formal language of the day, being brought in great +state and in solemn procession to the King's great chamber at +Westminster Palace. This took place the day before the wedding, on the +14th of January. The bride, splendidly dressed, most probably in the +bridal robes of white cloth of gold, a mantle of the same bordered with +ermine, and with her hair streaming down her back, and confined to her +head by the coronet of a duchess, was led by the Earl of Rivers, the +bridegroom's uncle. She was followed, of course, by her mother, and by +the noblest of the court ladies of rank, and the gentlewomen of her +household, whilst behind came dukes, earls, and barons, all in +attendance on the little bride. + +As soon as she had arrived in the lofty hall of Westminster Palace she +was led to the dais, or place of estate, as it was called, where, under +a canopy, and seated on a chair of estate, or kind of throne, she kept +her estate, _i. e._, sat in royal pomp with the King, Queen, and their +children seated on either hand, whilst her procession of peers and +peeresses stood around and waited upon her. Refreshments were then +brought "according to the form and estate of the realm," which must have +been a very wearisome and formal ceremony for a little girl of six years +old, and which ended that day's ceremony. + +On the 15th the Princess came out of the Queen's rooms, where she had +slept, and led on one hand by the Earl of Lincoln, nephew to the King, +and on the other by the Earl of Rivers, she passed through the King's +great chamber in the palace into the White Hall, and from there to St. +Stephen's Chapel. She was followed by a long suite of ladies and +gentlewomen. Meanwhile the little bridegroom, the Queen, and a noble +procession of lords and gentlemen, had already entered the chapel and +taken up their places on the seats appointed for them, ready to receive +and welcome the bride. There were also present the King and the Prince +of Wales, the King's mother, and the three Princesses who acted as +bridemaids, Elizabeth, Mary, and Cecily. + +As soon as the bride drew near to the door, between her two noble +supporters, the Bishop of Norwich came forward and received her at the +chapel entrance, intending to lead her and the bridegroom to their +proper places and begin the service. Then the bishop asked who would +give the Princess away? In answer the King stood up and took her hand, +and gave it to the bishop, who placed it in the bridegroom's, and went +on to the rest of the service, concluding with high mass. When this part +was concluded, the Duke of Gloucester brought into the chapel basins of +gold filled with gold and silver pieces, which he threw amongst the +crowds of people who had pressed in to see the wedding, and who were +highly delighted with this part of it. + +Then followed the usual wine and spices, which were actually served out +to the royal party in the church itself. The bridal party then left the +chapel, the little bride and bridegroom, escorted by the Duke of +Gloucester and the Duke of Buckingham (Richard's two uncles) on either +side. They returned to St. Edward's Chamber in the palace, where a +splendid banquet was prepared, and their numbers were increased by the +bride's mother, who staid at home, strange to say, instead of +accompanying her daughter and the Duchess of Buckingham. Another guest +who now presided at a table on one side of the room with many ladies, +whilst the Earl of Dorset, the Queen's son by her first husband, sat +opposite at another side table, was the Earl of Richmond, afterward +Henry VII., who, wonderful to say, was present, and whom Edward IV. must +have invited to get him into his power. However, as soon as the +marriage feasts were over, he managed to escape abroad without being +stopped by the King. + +The banquet completed the festivities of the wedding day, and, tired and +wearied, the baby couple must have been glad to close their eyes in +sleep. + +No marriage, however, was complete without a tournament, and so on the +18th, when the children had recovered the fatigue of their wedding, a +grand tournament took place, when the bride became the "Princess of the +Feast," took up her place at the head of the first banqueting table, and +there, supported by the Dukes of Gloucester and Buckingham, gave her +largesse to the heralds, who proclaimed her name and title in due form. + +All the royal family were present, and the foreign ambassadors, and one +of the most distinguished spectators was "my lord of Richmond." The +coursers were running at each other with either spear or sword, and at +the close of the jousts, the Princess of the Feast, with all her ladies +and gentlewomen, withdrew to the King's great chamber at Westminster to +decide upon the prizes. First, however, the high and mighty Princess +called in her minstrels, and all the ladies and gentlewomen, lords and +knights, fell to dancing right merrily. Then came the king-at-arms to +announce to the Princess the names of those whose valor deserved the +rewards she was to give away, as the principal lady on whom the duty +devolved. But the little lady was both very young and bashful, and so to +help her the lovely Princess Elizabeth, then a girl of fourteen, was +appointed, and a council of ladies was held to consider the share each +should take. + +The prizes were golden letters, A, E, and M, the initials of Anne, +Elizabeth, and Mowbray, set in gems, and were delivered to Elizabeth by +the king-at-arms. The A was to be awarded to the best jouster, the E to +the best runner in harness, and the M for the best swordsman. The first +prize was then presented by the little bride, aided by Elizabeth, to +Thomas Fynes, on which the chief herald cried out, "Oh yes! oh yes! oh +yes! Sir William Truswell jousted well; William Say jousted well; Thomas +Fynes jousted best; for the which the Princess of the Feast awarded the +prize of the jousts royal, that is to say, the A of gold, to him," quoth +Clarencieux. + +Then the other prizes were given with the same ceremonies, the +king-at-arms, Clarencieux, proclaiming in a loud voice before each, +"Right high and excellent Princess, here is the prize which you shall +award unto the best jouster," which Elizabeth received and then handed +to her little sister-in-law, until all had been given, and the +tournament was over. And now the infant marriage, with its pretty +pageantry and joyous festivities, was concluded, and the children +returned to the daily routine of play and lessons, whilst the wonderful +wedding must have gradually faded from their memories. + + + + +A HUNTING ADVENTURE. + + +While travelling in India, an English officer once spent a night in a +small village, the inhabitants of which were much alarmed by a large +panther which lurked in the jungle just beyond their houses. They begged +the officer to kill it before he proceeded on his journey. He succeeded +in finding and wounding it the next morning, but before killing it, had +a terrible struggle, which he describes as follows: + +"Having warned the village shikaree to keep close behind me with the +heavy spear he had in his hand, I began to follow the wounded panther; +but had scarcely gone twenty-five yards, when one of the beaters, who +was on high ground, beckoned to me, and pointed a little below him, and +in front of me. There was the large panther sitting out unconcealed +between two bushes a dozen yards before me. I could not, however, see +his head; and whilst I was thus delayed, he came out with a roar, +straight at me. I fired at his chest with a ball, and as he sprang upon +me, the shot barrel was aimed at his head. In the next moment he seized +my left arm, and the gun. Thus, not being able to use the gun as a club, +I forced it into his mouth. He bit the stock through in one place, and +whilst his upper fangs lacerated my arm and hand, the lower fangs went +into the gun. His hind claws pierced my left thigh. He tried very hard +to throw me over. In the mean while the shikaree had retreated some +paces to the left. He now, instead of spearing the panther, shouted out, +and struck him, using the spear as a club. In a moment the animal was +upon him, stripping him of my shikar-bag, his turban, my revolving +rifle, and the spear. The man passed by me, holding his wounded arm. The +panther quietly crouched five paces in front of me, with all my +despoiled property, stripped from the shikaree, around and under him. I +retreated step by step, my face toward the foe, till I got to my horse, +and to the beaters, who were all collected together some forty yards +from the fight. + +"I immediately loaded the gun with a charge of shot and a bullet, and +taking my revolver pistol out of the holster, and sticking it into my +belt, determined to carry on the affair to its issue, knowing how rarely +men recover from such wounds as mine. I was bleeding profusely from +large tooth wounds in the arm; the tendons of my left hand were torn +open, and I had five claw wounds in the thigh. The poor shikaree's arm +was somewhat clawed up, and if the panther was not killed, the +superstition of the natives would go far to kill this man. + +"I persuaded my horse-keeper to come with me, and taking the hog-spear +he had in his hand, we went to the spot where lay the weapons stripped +from the shikaree. A few yards beyond them crouched the huge panther +again. I could not see his head very distinctly, but fired deliberately +behind his shoulder. In one moment he was again upon me. I gave him the +charge of shot, as I supposed, in his face, but had no time to take aim. +In the next instant the panther got hold of my left foot in his teeth, +and threw me on my back. I struck at him with the empty gun, and he +seized the barrels in his mouth. This was his last effort. I sprang up, +and seizing the spear from the horse-keeper, drove it through his side, +and thus killed him." + + + + +EAGLES AND THEIR WAYS. + + +The great golden eagle is one of the most distinguished members of its +mighty family. It is found in many parts of the world, a kingly +inhabitant of mountainous regions, where it builds its nest on rocky +crags accessible only to the most daring hunter. + +This noble bird is of a rich blackish-brown tint on the greater part of +its body, its head and neck inclining to a reddish color. Its tail is +deep gray crossed with dark brown bars. Some large specimens which have +been captured have measured nearly four feet in length, while the +magnificent wings expanded from eight to nine feet. + +The golden eagle is no longer found in England, but is still plentiful +in the Scottish Highlands, where it makes its nest on some lofty ledge +of rock among the mountain solitudes. Swiss naturalists state that it +sometimes nests in the lofty crotch of some gigantic oak growing on the +lower mountain slopes, but Audubon and other eminent ornithologists +declare that an eagle's nest built in a tree has never come under their +observation. + +The nest of this inhabitant of the mountains is not neatly made, like +those of smaller birds, but is a huge mass of twigs, dried grasses, +brambles, and hair heaped together to form a bed for the little ones. +Here the mother bird lays three or four large white eggs speckled with +brown. The young birds are almost coal-black, and only assume the golden +and brownish tinge as they become full grown, which is not until about +the fourth year. Eaglets two or three years old are described in books +of natural history as ring-tailed eagles, and are sometimes taken for a +distinct species of the royal bird, while in reality they are the +children of the golden eagle tribe. + +Eagles rarely change their habitation, and, unless disturbed, a pair +will inhabit the same nest for years. It is very faithful to its mate, +and one pair have been observed living happily together through a long +life. Should one die, the bird left alone will fly away in search of +another mate, and soon return with it to its former home. Eagles live to +a great age; even in captivity in royal gardens specimens have been +known to live more than a hundred years. + +Eagles are very abundant in Switzerland. Although not so powerful as the +great vulture, which also inhabits the lofty mountains, they are bolder +and more enduring. For hours the golden eagle will soar in the air high +above the mountain-tops, and move in wide-sweeping circles with a +scarcely perceptible motion of its mighty wings. When on the hunt for +prey, it is very cunning and sharp-sighted. Its shrill scream rings +through the air, filling all the smaller birds with terror. When it +approaches its victim its scream changes to a quick kik-kak-kak, +resembling the barking of a dog, and gradually sinking until +sufficiently near, it darts in a straight line with the rapidity of +lightning upon its prey. None of the smaller birds and beasts are safe +from its clutches. Fawns, rabbits, and hares, young sheep and goats, +wild birds of all kinds, fall helpless victims, for neither the swiftest +running nor the most rapid flight can avail against this king of the +air. + +The strength of the eagle is such that it will bear heavy burdens in its +talons for miles until it reaches its nest, where the hungry little ones +are eagerly waiting the parent's return. Here, standing on the ledge of +rock, the eagle tears the food into morsels, which the eaglets eagerly +devour. It is a curious fact that near an eagle's nest there is usually +a storehouse or larder--some convenient ledge of rock--where the parent +birds lay up hoards of provisions. Hunters have found remains of lambs, +young pigs, rabbits, partridges, and other game heaped up ready for the +morning meal. + +[Illustration: EAGLES FIGHTING OVER A CHAMOIS.] + +Over its hunting ground the eagle is king. It fears neither bird nor +beast, its only enemy being man. In Switzerland, during the winter +season, when the mountains are snow-bound, the eagle will descend to the +plain in search of food. When driven by hunger, it will seize on +carrion, and even fight desperately with its own kind for the possession +of the desired food. Swiss hunters tell many stories of furious battles +between eagles over the dead body of some poor chamois or other mountain +game. + +Eagles are very affectionate and faithful to their little ones as long +as they need care; but once the young eaglets are able to take care of +themselves, the parent birds drive them from the nest, and even from the +hunting ground. The young birds are often taken from the nest by +hunters, who with skill and daring scale the rocky heights during the +absence of the parents, which return to find a desolate and empty nest. +But it goes hard with the hunter if the keen eyes of the old birds +discover him before he has made his safe descent with his booty. Darting +at him with terrible fury, they try their utmost to throw him from the +cliff; and unless he be well armed, and use his weapons with skill and +rapidity, his position is one of the utmost peril. + +The young birds are easily tamed; and the experiment has already been +tried with some success of using them as the falcon, to assist in +hunting game. + +The golden eagle is an inhabitant of the Rocky Mountains, but is very +seldom seen farther eastward. Audubon reports having noticed single +pairs in the Alleghanies, in Maine, and even in the valley of the +Hudson; but such examples are very rare, for this royal bird is truly a +creature of the mountains. It fears neither cold nor tempestuous winds +nor icy solitudes. + +The eagle's plume is an old and famous decoration of warriors and +chieftains, and is constantly alluded to, especially in Scottish legend +and song. The Northwestern Indians ornament their headdresses and their +weapons with the tail feathers of the eagle, and institute hunts for the +bird with the sole purpose of obtaining them. Indians prize these +feathers so highly that they will barter a valuable horse for the tail +of a single bird. + +Royal and noble in its bearing, the eagle has naturally been chosen as +the symbol of majesty and power. It served as one of the imperial +emblems of ancient Rome, and is employed at the present time for the +regal insignia of different countries. The bald eagle, the national bird +of the United States, belongs to the same great family as its golden +cousin, and is a sharer of its lordly characteristics. + + + + +[Illustration: Top Border (Snowflakes)] + +THE HIDDEN BEAUTIES OF THE SNOW + + +[Illustration: Left Side Border] + +[Illustration: Right Side Border] + +In the falling of the snow we have snow _showers_ and snow _storms_. In +the snow _shower_ the air is filled with light, fleecy flakes, which +descend gently and noiselessly through it, and either melt away and +disappear as fast as they alight, or else, when the temperature is below +the point of freezing, slowly accumulate upon every surface where they +can gain a lodgment, until the fields are everywhere covered with a +downy fleece of spotless purity, and every salient point--the tops of +the fences and posts, the branches of the trees, and the interminable +lines of telegraph wire--are adorned with a white and dazzling trimming. +In such a fall of snow as this the delicate process of crystallization +is not disturbed by any agitations in the air. The feathery needles from +each little nucleus extend themselves in every direction as far as they +will, and combining by gentle contacts with others floating near them, +form large and fleecy flakes, involving the nicest complications of +structure, and filling the air with a kind of beauty in which the +expression of softness and gracefulness is combined with that of +mathematical symmetry and precision. + +In a snow _storm_ the force of the wind and the intensity of the cold +usually change all this. The progress of the crystallization, which to +be perfect must take place slowly, and under the condition of perfect +repose, is at once hastened by the low temperature, and disturbed by the +commotion in the air. Across the broad expanse of open plains, along +mountain-sides, through groves of trees, and over the smooth surface of +frozen lakes and rivers, millions of misshapen and broken crystals are +driven by the wind, piled up in heaps, or accumulated in confused masses +under the lee of every obstruction, having been subjected on the way to +such violence of agitation and collision that the characteristic beauty +and symmetry of the material is entirely destroyed. + +If we examine attentively the falling flakes, whether of snow _showers_ +or of snow _storms_, at different times, under the varying circumstances +in which snow forms and descends, we shall be surprised at the number +and variety of the forms which they assume. They may be received and +examined upon any black surface--the crown of a hat, or a piece of black +cloth, for example--previously cooled below the freezing-point. At any +one time the crystallizations are usually alike, but different +snow-falls seem to have each its own special conformation. Sometimes, +however, a change takes place from one style of flake to another in the +course of the same storm or shower, and during the period of transition +both varieties fall together from the air. Persons interested in such +observations may easily make drawings with a pen of the different forms +that present themselves from time to time, and thus in the course of a +winter make a very curious and interesting collection. + +The number and variety of the forms which the snowy crystallizations +assume seem greatest in the polar regions, and the celebrated scientific +navigator Scoresby studied them there with great attention during his +various arctic voyages. He made drawings of ninety-six different forms, +and the number has been increased since, by more recent observers, to +several hundred. + +It will be observed that all the forms have a hexagonal character. They +consist of a star of six rays, or a plate of six angles. There is a +reason for this, or rather there is a well-known property of ice in +respect to the law of its crystallization which throws some light upon +the subject. The law is this: that whereas every crystallizable +substance has its own primitive crystalline form, that of ice is a +rhomboid with angles of 60 deg. and 120 deg., and consequently all the +secondary forms which this substance assumes are controlled by these +angles, and derive from them their hexagonal character. + +The most striking of the methods adopted for the inspection of ice +crystals is one discovered by Professor Tyndall, and consists of melting +the ice from _within_. This is done by means of a lens, by which the +sun's rays are brought to a focus within the mass of ice, so as to +liquefy a portion of it in the interior without disturbing that at the +surface. + +[Illustration: Bottom Border] + + + + +NETTIE'S VALENTINE. + +BY AGNES CARR. + + +"They are all so lovely, I hardly know which to choose," said Nettie +Almer to herself, as she paused at the entrance of a large stationer's +shop to gaze in at the window, where was spread a tempting display of +valentines of all kinds and sizes, from the rich, expensive ones in +handsome embossed boxes to the cheap penny pictures strung on a line +across the entire casement. + +"I want them to be the prettiest ones there," continued Nettie to +herself, and she gave her little pocket-book a squeeze inside her muff +as she thought of the bright two dollar and a half gold piece which +Uncle John had given her that morning to spend all for valentines; for +Nettie was invited that evening to a large party, given by one of her +school-mates, and after supper a post-office was to be opened, through +which all her class were to send valentines to each other. Great fun was +anticipated, while at the same time there was considerable rivalry as to +who should send the handsomest missives, and at school nothing else had +been talked of amongst the scholars for a week. + +"Please, miss, buy just a little bunch." The words sounded close to +Nettie's ear, and she turned to encounter a pair of pleading blue eyes +gazing into hers, while the plaintive voice repeated, "Please buy a +little bunch of flowers; I haven't sold one to-day, and Minna wants an +orange so much." + +It was a pitiful little figure that stood there, with an old shawl over +her head, and her feet hardly protected from the icy pavement by a pair +of miserable ragged shoes, while the tiny hands, purple with cold, held +a small pine board on which were fastened small bouquets of rose-buds, +violets, and other flowers, which she tried to sell to the passers-by, +most of whom, however, pushed her rudely aside or passed indifferently +by. + +"Who is Minna?" asked Nettie, gently, after a moment's survey of the +little girl. + +"She is mine sister, and she is so bad, so very bad, with the fever. She +cried all last night with thirst, and begged me to bring her an orange +to cool her tongue. Please, miss, buy some of my flowers." + +Nettie's tender heart was touched, and her eyes filled with tears in +sympathy with the poor child, who was now crying bitterly. "Has she been +sick very long?" she asked. + +"Oh yes; and the Herr Doctor says she will die if she does not have wine +to strengthen her. But where could we get wine? The mother can hardly +pay the rent, and I sell flowers to buy bread; but I can only make two +or three cents on a bunch, and some bad days they fade before I can get +rid of them; so I'm afraid Minna must die. But please give me enough to +get her an orange." + +"An orange! of course I will," exclaimed Nettie; "and more than one. +Come with me;" and she caught the child eagerly by the hand, and drew +her toward the street. At this moment, however, her eye fell on the +valentines in the window, and she stopped, hesitating. Should she give +up the pretty gifts for her little friends, and lose half of the +evening's anticipated enjoyment, or should she let this poor girl--of +whose existence she was ignorant five minutes before--go home +empty-handed to her sick sister? There was an instant of sharp conflict +as she thought of how mean she should appear in her school-mates' eyes, +and then, with a resolute air, Nettie turned her back on the fascinating +window, and conducted the little flower girl to a fruit store near at +hand. + +A basket was supplied by the kind-hearted proprietor of the store, to +whom Nettie explained what she wanted, and this she filled with golden +Havana oranges and rich clusters of white grapes--a delicious basketful +for a feverish invalid. This, Nettie found, took nearly half the money, +and the remainder she gave to the grocer, begging him to get her a +bottle of the best sherry wine, which was quickly done, and added to the +basket. + +"Now," she said, turning to her poor companion, who had stood meanwhile, +hardly believing the evidence of her eyes, "take me home with you, and +we will carry these to Minna right away." + +"Oh, miss, thou art too heavenly kind! It will save Minna; she need not +die now." And with smiles chasing away the tears, the happy child took +hold of one side of the basket, while Nettie carried the other, and +together they wended their way to a poor tenement-house in a dark narrow +street, and climbed the rickety stairs to a back room on the fourth +floor. + +As they pushed open the door, a low moan was heard from within, and a +weak voice asked, "Gretel, is it thou? Hast thou brought the orange?" + +Gretel sprang to the bedside, and in an eager voice exclaimed: "Oh, +Minna, yes, yes, I have the oranges, and so much more! See this good +little lady, and what she has brought thee. Look! oranges--grapes--wine! +Oh, Minna, sweetheart, thou wilt soon be well now!" + +The pale child, reclining among the pillows, her golden hair brushed +back from a brow on which the blue veins showed painfully distinct, +stretched forth a thin little hand for the grapes, and said to Nettie, +"Oh, I have dreamed of fruit like this; thou art an angel to bring it to +me." + +Gently Nettie brushed back the fair hair of the little patient, and +pressed the cool grapes to her parched lips, while Gretel poured some of +the wine into a cracked tumbler, and administered it to the sick girl, +who, being too weak to talk much, soon sank into a quiet, refreshing +slumber, with one of Nettie's hands clasped tightly in both her own; and +as Nettie sat by the humble pallet she felt fully repaid for the loss of +her valentines. + +And Minna still slept when the German mother entered, who, after +listening to Gretel's whispered story, exclaimed, as Nettie rose to +depart, and stole softly from the room: "May Gott in Himmel bless thee, +young lady, for what thou hast done this day! It is weeks since my Minna +has slept like that." And throwing her apron over her head, the poor +woman burst into happy tears. + +It was with a light heart that Nettie tripped homeward, and she never +even glanced at the great window where the brilliant hearts and Cupids +gleamed as gayly as ever in the bright sunlight. + +"Well, Pussie, how many valentines have you bought?" asked Uncle John, +meeting Nettie in the hall as she entered the house. + +"Only one; but it was a very nice one, and you mustn't ask any +questions," answered Nettie, with a blush, as she ran up stairs to avoid +further questioning. + +It was rather trying, though, when evening came, and Nettie, dressed in +her white dress and blue ribbons, stood among the other girls in the +dressing-room, and they all crowded round inquiring how many valentines +she had for the post-office, to be obliged to confess that she had none, +and to hear the whispered comments of, "How mean!" "I didn't think that +of Nettie Almer." + +She kept her spirits up, however, by thinking of Minna, and the joy of +her mother and sister, and soon forgot the valentines entirely, while +dancing and joining in the merry games with which the first part of the +evening was passed. + +But after supper the mortification and almost regretful feelings +returned, when the other children drew forth mysterious packages, and +confided them to Mrs. Hope, the mother of the young hostess; and she was +becoming quite unhappy when a servant entered, saying some one wished to +see Miss Nettie Almer. + +Gladly she hastened from the room; but what was her surprise when a +messenger handed her a box addressed to "Nettie, from St. Valentine, in +return for the valentine she sent Minna and Gretel." + +On removing the lid, the box was found to contain a dozen small bouquets +of sweet, fragrant flowers, and a card saying they were intended as +valentines for her little friends. Nettie shrewdly suspected them to be +the same bouquets Gretel had tried so unavailingly to sell in the +morning; but she did not know that Uncle John had been an unobserved +spectator of the little episode in front of the stationer's, and that he +had made a later call at the humble tenement, and gladdened the poor +family a second time that day by buying all Gretel's flowers, and paying +a good price for them, too. + +It was with very much happier feelings that Nettie re-entered the +parlor, and handed in her contribution for the letter-box; and when the +office was opened in the back drawing-room, and Mr. Hope, disguised as +St. Valentine, distributed the mail, all said none of the valentines +could equal Nettie's, for in the centre of each bouquet was hidden a +tiny golden heart, inclosing a motto appropriate to the occasion. + +Nettie always said that that 14th of February was the happiest day she +had ever spent; and it was also a turning-point in the fortunes of the +German family, for Mrs. Almer having heard from Uncle John of her little +daughter's _proteges_, interested some of her friends in them, who gave +work to the mother, and when summer came, found a pleasant cottage on a +farm for them in the country; and with the mother now happy and hopeful, +Gretel well clad and rosy, and Minna quite restored to health, they were +sent away from the dark, dreary tenement to a happy home among "green +fields and pastures fair." And it all came about through Nettie's +valentine. + + + + +AUNT SUKEY'S FIRST SLEIGH-RIDE. + + +"Oh, Nan, look how the snow comes down! I thought it would never snow at +all this winter. Just look at it! Now that's what I call tip-top," said +Tom Chandler, gazing at the fast-whitening landscape, and drumming a +cheerful tattoo on the window-panes with his fingers. + +For some time the children stood in silence, watching the snow-flakes as +they whirled and danced and floated like so many feathers, only to fall +and pile up and cover the brown earth and the bare branches as with a +lovely mantle of swan's-down. + +Suddenly a thought seemed to have entered Tom's curly head, and he broke +the silence with an air of profound mystery, saying: "I say, Nan, can +you keep a secret? Well, look square in my face and say, 'Upon my word +and sacred honor, I'll never, never, never tell anybody what Tom's going +to tell me!' There! do you think you could keep it? It's the awfulest +jolliest thing you ever heard of." + +"Why, Tom," returned Nan, with dignity, "did I ever tell anybody +anything that is a secret when you told me not to? Now do tell me this +one." + +"Let me see, now; haven't you told lots of my secrets, madam? Who went +and told pa about my painting the white gobbler's feathers black, hey? +Who told about my putting the mouse into Aunt Sukey's soup? Who told +about my tying the clothes-line across the grass last summer? Who told +about my--" + +"That's real mean; you know I couldn't help it, ma was so vexed. You can +keep your old secret; I won't listen to it--there!" + +Seeing there was danger of one of Nan's showers, as Tom called her +sudden tears, that young gentleman lowering his voice said, soothingly, +"Never mind, old girl; just say, ''Pon honor' once more, and that you +will never tell if you are shot for it, and I'll tell you what it is." + +"That's what I call a solemn promise," exclaimed Tom, as Nanny concluded +the prescribed speech. "Well, here goes!" + +Just what was said in Nan's ear we may never know, but that it was +pleasing to both parties may be judged by what followed. The moment the +grand secret became the property of two, there was such a clapping of +hands, and whooping and laughing, and such a dancing up and down the +room as made the boards tremble, and brought old Aunt Susan from her +realms in the kitchen to the dining-room door. + +"Bress de Lor', chillun, what dose yer mean cuttin' up like dat! yous'll +bring de roof down, an' no mistake! Stop dat noise! I guess yese +disremember dere's comp'ny in de spare room yonder, gettin' ready fo' +tea." + +"Now you never mind the company, Aunt Sukey. Nan and I are only +practicing a war jig we've got to dance for Miss Almira to-night." + +"Drat your war jigs, an' 'have like 'spectable chillun! Ring de +tea-bell, and make you'selves useful; you's got younger bones dan dis +ole Susan, tank de Lor'!" + +"Remember!" said Tom, with a warning gesture to Nan, for he heard +footsteps coming. + +The next morning after breakfast Tom walked into the kitchen, where Aunt +Sukey was putting the finishing touches to a dozen or more pies, for it +was baking-day. + +"Look here, Aunt Susan," exclaimed the youngster, "I've heard you say +how much you would like to see 'Marse Linkum,' haven't I? Well, you've +never had a sleigh-ride since you come North, have you? And I was just +thinking last night that I'd take you for one when Nan and I go to +school this morning. There! it won't take more'n a few minutes. Get your +hood and shawl, and come along; it's only beyond Deacon Johnson's. Marse +Lincoln would like to see you first-rate." + +"Oh, bress de Lor', honey, who tole you dat? Has ole aunty libbed to lay +her eyes on de savior ob her people? Yous two dun wait for ole Aunt +Susan, and she'll be wid you in a jiffy." + +"Hurry up! Jocko's waiting," screamed Tom, as the old lady bustled off +to get her "fixin's." + +"But, Tom, what'll ma say? and she's got company, too," asked Nan, +uneasily. + +"Why, it's all the better for our fun. She'll have some one to help her. +Miss Almira can turn to and do up the pies and things, and make herself +useful as well as ornamental." + +The war of the great rebellion was nearly over, and the old woman, like +many of her people, had made her way North, and this was her first +winter; so Tom and Nan expected great sport over her new experience--a +sleigh-ride. With considerable trouble, for aunty was stout and +unwieldy, and the little cutter was narrow and high, she was at last +bundled in, Nan and Tom following, to the infinite satisfaction of +Jocko, the pony, which was pawing the snow and jingling his bells +impatiently. + +[Illustration: "AWAY THEY RUSHED DOWN THE LANE."] + +When the robes were all tucked in, Tom gave the word, and away they +rushed down the lane into the road. Speeding on, they turned a curve so +sharply that Aunt Sukey was wild with alarm; her eyes rolled, and her +teeth glistened from ear to ear, as, with mouth distended, she screamed, +"Oh, Marse Tommy, fo' de Lor's sake, hole in dat beast! I's done gone +an' bin a fool to trust my mutton to a hoss like dat! Oh, Marse Tommy, +Massa Tommy, yous'll be de deff of ole Aunt Susan! Oh, fo' de Lor's +sake, stop 'im!" + +"Hooray, Jocko! go it, old boy!" was Tommy's laughing response. + +"Oh, bress us an' save us! Missy Nanny, be a good chile, an' make Marse +Tom stop dat yere beast, or we'll be upsot, an' break ebbery bone in our +bodies!" + +"Don't mind, aunty. Jocko knows every step of the way, and _we_ won't +let you get hurt," cried Nan, with a patronizing air. + +"O Lor' hab mussy on a poor ole niggur, an' bring her safely to her +journey's end, for mussy dese chillun hab none!" ejaculated Aunt Susan, +as another sharp curve was so rapidly turned that the very trees and +fences seemed rushing madly away in an opposite direction. + +In less than twenty minutes, and the minutes seemed ages to affrighted +Susan, Jocko, with a snort and an extra jingle of his bells, stood +stock-still in front of the school-house. + +A score of eyes peeped from the windows as Tom, alighting, with mock +ceremony handed out Nan and Aunt Susan, exclaiming, "Ladies, we shall +soon be in the presence of 'Marse Linkum.'" + +"Oh, tank de Lor', dar's no bones broken! and we's really gwine to see +de blessed Marse Linkum, arter all!" + +"There, now, Nan, take Aunt Susan up on the stoop, till I blanket Jocko +and put him in the shed." + +"Now, Missy Nan," whispered Aunt Susan, when they found themselves alone +on the piazza, "does I look 'spectable nuff to see de President?" + +"You look awful nice, aunty," replied Nanny, turning away her head to +conceal her laughter. "Ah! here comes Tom." + +"Now, Aunt Susan," exclaimed that youngster, "when I introduce you, say +this: 'I hope I find your Excellency well, and all the people of color +in the South send you greeting.'" + +"Wa'al, now, what a genius dat chile is, to be shuah!" muttered Susan, +walking behind Tom and Nanny. + +"Mr. Lincoln," exclaimed Tom, advancing toward that gentleman, with a +merry twinkle in his roguish eyes, "allow me to present to you a new +pupil, Aunt Susan Whittingham; she has come all the way from Louisiana +to see you." + +"Oh, bress de Lor' dat hab given dis ole woman de privilege ob laying +her eyes on de gloriousness ob de man who hab saved all her people, an' +has strucken off de chains what held dem fast, an' made dem free +forebber and forebber! Hallelujah! hallelujah! amen! Oh, bress me, I's +done gone an' make a mistake arter all. Oh, your Presidency--no, your +Elegancy, I hopes I find you well. All de people ob color in de Souf +send you--send you--greetin'!" + +"Aunt Susan, I am very sorry; but that little rascal, Tom, has been +deceiving you all the time. I'm not the 'Marse Linkum' you take me for, +I'm sorry to tell you, for I am only plain James Lincoln, school-master +of the district. Tom, I say, how did you dare to treat Aunt Susan and +myself in this way? I have a mind to punish you." + +"Oh, de Lor' forgib Marse Tommy dat he fool a 'spectable ole body like +me; an' de Lor' save me! all my pies an' tings goin' to construction, +an' de missus all alone to hum wid comp'ny! It's too much--it's too much +fo' shuah!" + +"Come, aunty," cried Tom, soothingly, for he was beginning to be afraid +himself, "we'll drive home ever so slow. Come, now, forgive us, and +don't get us a whipping." + +"I's mos' ready to forgib yous now; but jes you disremember how de +chillun in de Bible war eaten up along o' de bars for sayin', 'Go up, +ole bal'-head!' an' don't you nebber, nebber agin fool ole Aunt Susan." + +Almira had "turned to," as Tom predicted, and was helping his mother +with the dinner, when that lady exclaimed: "This is another of that +boy's tricks; but boys are boys, and there's no help for it. I hope Aunt +Susan's enjoying the ride." + +Everything was in "apple-pie order" when the party returned, apparently +in fine spirits. Tom thought it mighty queer that nothing was said about +his escapade, and dying to tell it, he felt his way cautiously for an +opportunity, and it came. In the evening, when the family were +discussing nuts and cider around the glowing fire, he related the +morning's adventure with such gay good humor that Pa and Ma Chandler and +Augustus and Almira made the walls ring again with their laughter, +bringing old Aunt Susan to the sitting-room door, where, poking her head +in, she had courage to say, "'Pears to me yous folks is havin' great +sport over Aunt Susan's fust sleigh-ride." + + + + +[Illustration: RUINS OF TRINITY CHURCH, 1776.] + +NEW YORK'S FIRST GREAT FIRE. + + +The first great fire in New York happened in September, 1776, just after +Washington had been driven from the city. New York was then a small but +beautiful town; it reached only to the lower end of the Park, but +Broadway was lined with shade trees, and its fine houses stretched away +on both sides to the Battery. Trinity Church stood, as now, at the head +of Wall Street. St. Paul's--a building of great cost and beauty for the +times--almost bounded the upper end of Broadway. The British soldiers +marched into the pleasant but terrified city, the leading patriots fled +with Washington's army, and in the hot days of the autumn of 1776 New +York seemed to offer a pleasant home for the officers and men of the +invading forces. They took possession of the deserted country-seats of +the patriots at Bloomingdale or Murray Hill, and occupied the finest +houses on the best streets of the town. Here they hoped to pass a winter +of ease, and in the spring complete without difficulty the rout of the +disheartened Americans. + +But one night in September the cry of fire was heard, and the flames +began to spread from some low wooden buildings near Whitehall, where now +are the Produce Exchange and Staten Island ferries. In those days there +were no steam-engines nor hydrants, no Croton water nor well-organized +fire-companies. But as the flames continued to advance, the British +soldiers sprang from their beds and began to labor to check the fire +with all the means in their power. They used, no doubt, buckets of water +brought from the cisterns and the river. They found, it was said, +several persons setting houses on fire, and in their rage threw them +into the flames. But their labor was all in vain. All night the fire +spread over the finest quarter of New York. From Whitehall it passed up +Broadway on the eastern side, devouring everything, until it was stopped +by a large new brick house near Wall Street. It crossed to the western +side, and laid nearly the whole street in ruins. It fastened on the roof +and tower of Trinity Church, and soon, of all its graceful proportions, +only a few shattered fragments remained. Then the flames passed rapidly +up to the west of Broadway from Trinity as far as St. Paul's; houses and +shops crumbled before them; a long array of buildings seem to have fed +the raging fires, until at last they reached the walls of the great +church itself, and were about to envelop it in ruins. But here, it is +said, the zeal of the people checked their progress. They mounted the +roof of the church, covered it with streams of water, put out the sparks +that fell on it, until at last the building was saved, the flames died +out, and St. Paul's stands to-day almost as it stood in 1776, the +monument of the close of the great fire. + +It is not difficult to imagine the melancholy change wrought in the +appearance of the city. Broadway, once so beautiful, remained until the +end of the war in great part a street of ruins. From Wall Street to the +Battery, from St. Paul's Church to the Bowling Green, the miserable +waste was never repaired. Up its desolate track paraded each morning the +British officers and their followers, shining in red and gold, to the +sound of martial music; but they had no leisure nor wish to repair the +ravages of war. On the wasted district arose a collection of tents and +hovels, called "Canvas Town." Here lived the miserable poor, the +wretched, the vile; robbers who at night made the ruins unsafe, and +incendiaries who never ceased to terrify the unlucky city. The British +garrison was never suffered to remain long at ease. + +It was said that the great fire of 1776 was the work of the patriots, +who had resolved to burn New York, and drive the invaders from their +safe resting-place. The question of its origin has never been decided. +It may have been altogether accidental, or possibly the work of design. +But it was followed by a singular succession of other fires, during the +period of the British ascendency, that seem to show some settled plan to +annoy and discourage the invaders. The newspapers of the time are filled +with accounts of the misfortunes of the garrison and the royalists. + + + + +TO MY VALENTINE. + +BY M. M. + + + In love and hope + These blossoms fair + I lay at your dear feet! + +[Illustration] + + Deep-folded + In the rose's heart + You'll find my secret, sweet! + + + + +[Illustration] + +OUR POST-OFFICE BOX. + + + LOWELL, MASSACHUSETTS. + + I would like to know how old is the festival of St. Valentine's + Day. I have painted some little cards myself, and am going to send + them to my school-mates. I think that is better than buying them, + even if I can not make them quite so pretty. I am going to copy a + little verse on the back of each one. Mamma has chosen the verses + for me. + + S. F. W. + +There is no clear record of the origin of St. Valentine's Day. St. +Valentine himself was a priest of Rome who was martyred some time during +the third century, but he had nothing to do with the peculiar observance +of his day. In ancient Rome a great part of the month of February was +devoted to feasts in honor of Pan and Juno, during which the young men +drew by lot the name of their companion for the festivities. It is +supposed that this ancient custom changed gradually into the present +observance of the day. Many allusions to St. Valentine's Day are found +in English poetry of the earliest date, as the festival was much more +generally observed four centuries ago than now. + + * * * * * + + PEEKSKILL, NEW YORK. + + I am a little boy eight years old. I want to tell you that papa + heard a bluebird sing in a chestnut-tree on January 11. I have six + cats and three ducks. One of my cats died last week, and I buried + her. Poor Susie! + + S. B. H. + +The little bluebird must have left its winter-quarters in the Southern +States, and travelled with the warm wave which swept northward in +January. It is to be hoped it will escape being frozen to death, and +live to sing its sweet spring song at a more seasonable time. + + * * * * * + + SHELBYVILLE, TENNESSEE, _January 20_. + + I send you some flowers which grew in the front yard. The + buttercups and purple magnolias are blooming also, but I could not + press them to send them to you. I have seen some bluebirds and + redbirds. Many of our flowers are blooming. It is just like summer + out-doors. + + E. B. COOPER. + + * * * * * + + HUDSON, WISCONSIN. + + I have a little rabbit I like very much. It lives with the hens in + winter. Papa bought two in Chicago. They travelled to Washington in + a peach basket. When papa brought them home he gave one to me. The + other was drowned last summer in a hard storm. My rabbit likes + apples, potato skins, clover, grass, hay, and corn, and I must not + give it oats nor anything greasy. + + CARRIE E. SILLMAN. + + * * * * * + + PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA. + + I have a little dog named Fanny, who shakes rats, and cats too when + she gets a chance. She talks, and she shows her teeth when she + laughs, and sneezes when she is pleased. + + LAURA B. W. (eight years). + + * * * * * + + WELLSBURG, WEST VIRGINIA. + + As you have asked us to write about household pets, I thought I + would tell you about a pet fish we kept in a stone basin about + three feet square and two feet deep. We caught the fish in Cross + Creek, and brought it home in a bucket, and placed it in the basin. + It was a yellow bass about ten inches long and very pretty. It soon + got very tame, and would take a fishing-worm out of my fingers. It + committed suicide one night by jumping out on the floor and killing + itself. I have a sunfish in the basin now, but I don't expect it + will ever get so tame. There are four or five pretty redbirds + staying in our yard, and lots of snowbirds. + + SAMUEL J. + + * * * * * + + NEW YORK CITY. + + In YOUNG PEOPLE No. 11 there is an article on the Dead-letter + Office at Washington which mentions some curious things to go + through the mail. There are three more very queer things I would + like to mention. The first is two centipedes, which are on the + shelf with the snake; the second is an iron hitching post; and the + third is a live alligator about a foot and a half long. There is an + old record in the office of 1778, which lasted at that time eleven + years, but which, a clerk said, would last now about fifteen + minutes. + + K. P. + + * * * * * + +GEORGE B. WEBSTER.--Coons are very fond of fish, and you might bait your +trap with salt cod-fish roasted to give it a strong smell. The sense of +smell of a coon is very acute, and it will rarely pass a trap baited +with any provender it can scent. + + * * * * * + +LOUIE E.--The song you require is not yet published, but will probably +be issued before long. + + * * * * * + +I. H. MIRKIL, JUN.--Any letters sent to the care of Harper & Brothers +will be forwarded. + + * * * * * + +M. AND E. N.--Early numbers of YOUNG PEOPLE can be obtained on +application to the publishers. + + * * * * * + +F. A. RIGGS AND ERNEST A. F.--You must inquire at your post-office for +missing numbers. They have all been mailed to your address. + + * * * * * + +CHARLES W. L.--The best way to understand the construction of certain +kinds of puzzles is to study the answers and puzzles together. You will +find some answers given in this number which will help you. + + * * * * * + +"GOLDEN," M. E. B., AND OTHERS.--We can not print puzzles unless +accompanied with full name and address, as guarantee that they are +original. Correspondents will please pay attention to this, as we have +been compelled to reject some very pretty puzzles because they came +without address. Never send old puzzles, as some have done, for they are +worthless. Be very careful to give a clear and correct definition of +words used in word squares, diamond puzzles, beheadings, acrostics, and +charades. One poor definition will spoil an otherwise excellent puzzle. +Do not take a name little known, like that of some Western town, to form +an enigma, for children in some other part of the country will find it +difficult to solve. + + * * * * * + +Favors are acknowledged from "Bessie," Canada; Mary A. Tucker, Nebraska; +H. Russell P., Homburg, Germany; Mary De Motte, Wisconsin; Hallie A. J., +Minnesota; A. S. K., Missouri; Florence May, Michigan; Ollie M., +Washington Territory. From Indiana--W. A. Burr, Allie W. F., H. I. Y. +From Illinois--Harry Atkins, Helen and Hattie. From Ohio--Hazie H. P., +Vincent J. Nolan, James W. R. From Pennsylvania--Fannie K., Amy F. From +New York--George J. B., U. Weiler, Hattie Wagner, Anna L. A., May +Thornton, Irvie Easton, Grace P., Charlie L.; M. A. T. and F. V. B., +Kentucky; Percy B. M., Massachusetts; Bertie, Washington, D. C.; Harry +Lovell, New Jersey. + +Correct answers to puzzles received from N. L. Collamer, Washington, +D. C.; Samuel J., West Virginia; Florence Dickson, Delaware; Sallie +Teal, Oregon; Ernest B. Cooper, Tennessee; Arthur P. S., Wisconsin; +Dorsey Coate, Indiana; Albert W. J., Illinois; E. S. C., Michigan. +From Ohio--Belle M., Nellie B., Fannie Barnett, B. M. E. From +Pennsylvania--"Little Marie," Laura B. W., Eddie H. K., "Spot," Charles +H. C., Minnie and Florence M., Charles W. Lisk, Clarissa H. H. From New +York--Frank H. Dodd, F. W. P., O. G. Boyle, V. O., Allie D. D., George +K. MacN., W. E. Baker, Pauline G., Gus A. S., Bertie Reid, J. E. +Hardenbergh, Nena Crommelin, Rosie Macdonald; Alonzo Stagg, New Jersey; +Daisy B. H., Maine. From Rhode Island--Ella W., F. H. Vaughn, M. W. Dam, +Annie Baker. From Connecticut--William H. H., "Golden." From +Massachusetts--Ida G. Rust, E. A. Abbot, Frank M. Richards, E. Allen +Cushing. + + * * * * * + +PUZZLES FROM YOUNG CONTRIBUTORS. + + +No. 1. + +ENIGMA. + + My first is in good, but not in bad. + My second is in funny, but not in sad. + My third is in sit, but not in stand. + My fourth is in tune, but not in band. + My fifth is in pan, but not in pot. + My sixth is in clear, but not in blot. + My whole is a musical instrument. + + SPOT. + + * * * * * + +No. 2. + +DIAMOND PUZZLE. + +A consonant. A vegetable. A South African animal. Cunning. A vowel. + + SPOT (twelve years). + + * * * * * + +No. 3. + +ENIGMA. + + My first is in feel, but not in see. + My second is in run, but not in flee. + My third is in wasp, but not in bee. + My fourth is in friend, but not in foe. + My fifth is in seek, but not in go. + My sixth is in flour, but not in dough. + My seventh is in tin, but not in can. + My eighth is in grain, and also in bran. + My whole was the name of an eminent man. + + E. S. C. (twelve years). + + * * * * * + +No. 4. + +NUMERICAL CHARADE. + + I am composed of 19 letters. + My 4, 9, 6 is a school-boy's game. + My 14, 9, 8, 11, 13 is something most children like. + My 17, 9, 18, 12 comes from the clouds. + My 19, 15, 3, 1 is part of a church organ. + My 2, 5, 4 is not cold. + My 10, 16, 11 is a boy's name. + My 13, 7, 9, 19, 15 is used in making bread. + My whole is the name of an interesting story for children. + + NELLIE B. (seven years). + + * * * * * + +No. 5. + +DOUBLE ACROSTIC. + +To seize. To regret. A tune. Close to. To endeavor. Answer--two great +military commanders. + + N. L. COLLAMER. + + * * * * * + +No. 6. + +WORD SQUARE. + +First, a crack. Second, a rope. Third, soon. Fourth, departed. + + N. L. COLLAMER. + + * * * * * + +Answers to Puzzles in No. 11. + +No. 1. + + W A R. + A D A. + R A W. + +No. 2. + + Street. + +No. 3. + + Washington. + +No. 4. + + Athens. + +No. 5. + + Candle. + +No. 6. + + N or A. + E l L. + W e B. + A nn A. + R u N. + K e Y. + + Newark, Albany. + +No. 7. + + No, I thank you. + +No. 8. + + HARPER'S YOUNG PEOPLE. + + + + +ADVERTISEMENTS. + + + + +HARPER'S YOUNG PEOPLE. + +HARPER'S YOUNG PEOPLE will be issued every Tuesday, and may be had at +the following rates--_payable in advance, postage free_: + + SINGLE COPIES $0.04 + ONE SUBSCRIPTION, _one year_ 1.50 + FIVE SUBSCRIPTIONS, _one year_ 7.00 + +Subscriptions may begin with any Number. When no time is specified, it +will be understood that the subscriber desires to commence with the +Number issued after the receipt of order. + +Remittances should be made by POST-OFFICE MONEY ORDER or DRAFT, to avoid +risk of loss. + +ADVERTISING. + +The extent and character of the circulation of HARPER'S YOUNG PEOPLE +will render it a first-class medium for advertising. A limited number of +approved advertisements will be inserted on two inside pages at 75 cents +per line. + + Address + HARPER & BROTHERS, + Franklin Square, N. Y. + + + + +A LIBERAL OFFER FOR 1880 ONLY. + +HARPER'S YOUNG PEOPLE _and_ HARPER'S WEEKLY _will be sent to any address +for one year, commencing with the first Number of_ HARPER'S WEEKLY _for +January, 1880, on receipt of $5.00 for the two Periodicals_. + + + + +CANDY + +Send one, two, three, or five dollars for a sample box, by express, of +the best Candies in America, put up elegantly and strictly pure. Refers +to all Chicago. Address + + C. F. GUNTHER, + Confectioner, + 78 MADISON STREET, CHICAGO. + + + + +WOODEN WEDDING PRESENTS + +Ready-made and to order. + +SCROLL SAWS, DESIGNS, AND WOOD, + +At LITTLE'S TOOL STORE, 59 Fulton St., N. Y. City. + +Circulars free by mail. + + + + +6 months for 10 cents, on trial. + +_Depuy's Monthly Miscellany_, a large 8 page newspaper. Sample free. +C. G. DEPUY, Syracuse, N. Y. + + + + +Old Books for Young Readers. + + * * * * * + +Arabian Nights' Entertainments. + + The Thousand and One Nights; or, The Arabian Nights' + Entertainments. Translated and Arranged for Family Reading, with + Explanatory Notes, by E. W. LANE. 600 Illustrations by Harvey. 2 + vols., 12mo, Cloth, $3.50. + +Robinson Crusoe. + + The Life and Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, of York, + Mariner. By DANIEL DEFOE. With a Biographical Account of Defoe. + Illustrated by Adams. Complete Edition. 12mo, Cloth, $1.50. + +The Swiss Family Robinson. + + The Swiss Family Robinson; or, Adventures of a Father and Mother + and Four Sons on a Desert Island. Illustrated. 2 vols., 18mo, + Cloth, $1.50. + + The Swiss Family Robinson--Continued: being a Sequel to the + Foregoing. 2 vols., 18mo, Cloth, $1.50. + +Sandford and Merton. + + The History of Sandford and Merton. By THOMAS DAY. 18mo, Half + Bound, 75 cents. + + * * * * * + +Published by HARPER & BROTHERS, New York. + +_Sent by mail, postage prepaid, to any part of the United States, on +receipt of the price._ + + + + +MRS. MORTIMER'S + +BOOKS FOR THE NURSERY. + + * * * * * + +Lines Left Out. + + Lines Left Out; or, Some of the Histories Left Out in "Line upon + Line." The First Part relates Events in the Times of the Patriarchs + and the Judges. Illustrated. By Mrs. ELIZABETH MORTIMER. 16mo, + Cloth, 75 cents. + +The volume is an attractive juvenile book, handsomely brought out, +rendering Scripture incidents into pleasant paraphrases.--_Northwestern +Christian Advocate_, Chicago. + + * * * * * + +More about Jesus. + + More about Jesus. Illustrations and a Map. By Mrs. ELIZABETH + MORTIMER. 16mo, Cloth, 75 cents. + +It consists of a series of stories, embracing the whole of the events in +the life of our Blessed Lord, told in a plain, simple style, suited to +the capacities of children of seven or eight years of age. But better +still, all good children's books are good for adults; and this will be +found equally useful to put into the hands of very ignorant grown-up +people, who may from this learn the story of man's redemption in an +intelligent manner. Many of the lessons are illustrated with pictures of +the places mentioned. + + * * * * * + +Streaks of Light. + + Streaks of Light; or, Fifty-two Facts from the Bible for Fifty-two + Sundays of the Year. Illustrated. By Mrs. ELIZABETH MORTIMER. 16mo, + Cloth, 75 cents. + +"This little work," says the author, "has received the distinguished +honor of being appointed to be one of the class-books of the Samoan +Collegians, and has been made to subserve the highest of all +purposes--the preaching of the Gospel. To that purpose it is adapted +when the hearers are untaught, untrained, and unreflecting. Each lesson +can be understood by those who have no previous knowledge, and each is +calculated to be the first address to one who has never before heard of +God or his Christ." + + * * * * * + +Reading without Tears. + + Reading without Tears; or, A Pleasant Mode of Learning to Read. + Illustrated. Small 4to, Cloth. By Mrs. ELIZABETH MORTIMER. Two + Parts. Part I., 49 cents; Part II., 62 cents; complete in One + Volume, $1.03. + +An easy, simple, and pleasant book for the tiny scholars of the +nursery-room. It contains a picture for every word of spelling capable +of pictorial explanation. The reading-lessons have been carefully +selected, being composed of the preceding spelling-lessons, by which +means, together with the picture meanings, the words are easily +impressed on the memory of a very young child.--_Athenaeum_, London. + + * * * * * + +Published by HARPER & BROTHERS, New York. + +HARPER & BROTHERS _will send any of the above works by mail, postage +prepaid, to any part of the United States, on receipt of the price_. + + + + +DU CHAILLU'S STORIES + +OF + +ADVENTURE IN AFRICA. + + * * * * * + +Stories of the Gorilla Country. + + By PAUL B. DU CHAILLU. Illustrated. 12mo, Cloth, $1.50. + +It is a capital book for boys. * * * The stories it contains are +full of the kind of novelty, peril, and adventure which are so +fascinating.--_Spectator_, London. + +These stories are entertaining and are well told, and they are +calculated to impart much knowledge of natural history to youthful +readers.--_Boston Traveller._ + + * * * * * + +Wild Life under the Equator. + + By PAUL B. DU CHAILLU. Illustrated. 12mo, Cloth, $1.50. + +The amount of enjoyment that was afforded to the children by the +previous work of this author, "Stories of the Gorilla Country," is +beyond computation. * * * We have read every word of "Wild Life under +the Equator" with the liveliest interest and satisfaction. No ingenious +youth of twelve in the land will find it more "awfully jolly" than did +we.--_N. Y. Evening Post._ + + * * * * * + +Lost in the Jungle. + + By PAUL B. DU CHAILLU. Illustrated. 12mo, Cloth, $1.50. + +Full of adventures with savage men and wild beasts; shows how these +strange people live, what they eat and drink, how they build, and what +they worship; and will instruct as well as amuse.--_Boston Journal._ + +A whole granary of information, dressed up in such a form as to make it +nutritious for young minds, as well as attractive for youthful +appetites.--_Philadelphia Ledger._ + + * * * * * + +My Apingi Kingdom: + + With Life in the Great Sahara, and Sketches of the Chase of the + Ostrich, Hyena, &c. By PAUL B. DU CHAILLU. Illustrated. 12mo, + Cloth, $1.50. + +In this book Mr. Du Chaillu relates the story of his sojourn in Apingi +Land, of which he was elected king by the kind-hearted and hospitable +natives. * * * We assure the reader that it is full of stirring +incidents and exciting adventures. Many chapters are exceedingly +humorous, and others are quite instructive. The chapter, for instance, +on the habits of the white and tree ants contains an interesting +contribution to natural history.--_N. Y. Herald._ + + * * * * * + +The Country of the Dwarfs. + + By PAUL B. DU CHAILLU. Illustrated. 12mo, Cloth, $1.50. + +Hail to thee, Paul! thou hero of single-handed combats with gorillas and +every imaginable beast that ever howled through the deserts, from the +elephant to the kangaroo; thou unscathed survivor of a thousand-and-one +vicissitudes by fire, field, and flood; thou glowing historian of thine +own superlatively glorious deeds: thou writer of books that make the +hairs of the children stand on every available end; thou proud king of +the Apingi savages of the equator; hail! we say.--_Utica Herald._ + + * * * * * + +Published by HARPER & BROTHERS, N. Y. + +_Sent by mail, postage prepaid, to any part of the +United States, on receipt of the price._ + + + + +[Illustration] + +WIGGLES. + + +Here are some of the answers to the Wiggle published in No. 10 of +HARPER'S YOUNG PEOPLE. So many were sent in that it was impossible to +publish them all, and so our artist selected those that he considered +the best. Those that he used were sent in by J. R. S., J. B. G., M. E., +A. T. Jones, Paul, D. C. Gilmore, H. and B., and Bert W. S., several of +whom sent a number of different figures. + +Others, and some of them very good, were sent in by W. B. B., Ethel M., +S. A. W., Jun., John Peddle, C. F., Nettie S. H., Willie H. S., Mabel +M., E. H. S., Hetty, M. Ward, Philip M., Amenio E. A., Willy H., +H. W. P., J. L., Mary P., Archie H. L., C. B. F., R. S. M., W. A. Burr, +Percy B. M., Paul. B. T., E. S., C. F. C., Gracie C., Eva M., and Anita +R. N. Figure No. 8 is what our artist made of the Wiggle; and Figure No. +9 is a new Wiggle in two parts, which must be combined in one drawing, +though they must retain their relative positions. + + + + +THE LONG-EARED BAT. + + + A long-eared bat + Went to buy a hat. + Said the hatter, "I've none that will do, + Unless with the shears + I shorten your ears, + Which might be unpleasant to you." + + The long-eared bat + Was so mad at that + He flew over lands and seas, + Till in Paris (renowned + For its fashions) he found + A hat that he wore with great ease. + + * * * * * + +=Another Sagacious Dog.=--In No. 11 of HARPER'S YOUNG PEOPLE a story was +told of a sagacious newspaper dog. Having read this, a Western editor +sends the following story of his dog, in which he says: "My dog is a +beautiful Gordon setter, and has been so well trained that while the +carrier is delivering papers on one side of the street, Bob, the dog, +delivers on the other. He receives his papers folded, half a dozen at a +time, and going to the first place, lays the whole bundle down, and then +picks it up, all but one, and so on till they are all gone." + + + + +[Illustration] + +HIS FIRST VALENTINE. + +CHORUS OR ENVIOUS RIVALS. "Oho! Jimmy Dobbs is in Love!" + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Harper's Young People, February 10, +1880, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HARPER'S YOUNG PEOPLE, FEB 10, 1880 *** + +***** This file should be named 28347.txt or 28347.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/8/3/4/28347/ + +Produced by Annie McGuire + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. 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