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+Project Gutenberg's Mary Queen of Scots, Makers of History, by Jacob Abbott
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Mary Queen of Scots, Makers of History
+
+Author: Jacob Abbott
+
+Release Date: March 9, 2009 [EBook #28283]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by D Alexander and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Makers of History
+
+ Mary Queen of Scots
+
+ BY
+
+ JACOB ABBOTT
+
+ WITH ENGRAVINGS
+
+ NEW YORK AND LONDON
+
+ HARPER & BROTHERS PUBLISHERS
+
+ 1904
+
+
+
+
+ Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1848, by
+
+ HARPER & BROTHERS,
+
+ In the Clerk's Office of the Southern District of New York.
+
+ Copyright, 1876, by JACOB ABBOTT.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: DUMBARTON CASTLE, on the Clyde.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS.]
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+The history of the life of every individual who has, for any reason,
+attracted extensively the attention of mankind, has been written in a
+great variety of ways by a multitude of authors, and persons
+sometimes wonder why we should have so many different accounts of the
+same thing. The reason is, that each one of these accounts is
+intended for a different set of readers, who read with ideas and
+purposes widely dissimilar from each other. Among the twenty millions
+of people in the United States, there are perhaps two millions,
+between the ages of fifteen and twenty-five, who wish to become
+acquainted, in general, with the leading events in the history of the
+Old World, and of ancient times, but who, coming upon the stage in
+this land and at this period, have ideas and conceptions so widely
+different from those of other nations and of other times, that a
+mere republication of existing accounts is not what they require.
+The story must be told expressly for them. The things that are to be
+explained, the points that are to be brought out, the comparative
+degree of prominence to be given to the various particulars, will all
+be different, on account of the difference in the situation, the
+ideas, and the objects of these new readers, compared with those of
+the various other classes of readers which former authors have had in
+view. It is for this reason, and with this view, that the present
+series of historical narratives is presented to the public. The
+author, having had some opportunity to become acquainted with the
+position, the ideas, and the intellectual wants of those whom he
+addresses, presents the result of his labors to them, with the hope
+that it may be found successful in accomplishing its design.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+ Chapter                                                    Page
+
+    I. MARY'S CHILDHOOD                                      13
+
+   II. HER EDUCATION IN FRANCE                               37
+
+  III. THE GREAT WEDDING                                     56
+
+   IV. MISFORTUNES                                           76
+
+    V. RETURN TO SCOTLAND                                    99
+
+   VI. MARY AND LORD DARNLEY                                124
+
+  VII. RIZZIO                                               147
+
+ VIII. BOTHWELL                                             168
+
+   IX. THE FALL OF BOTHWELL                                 198
+
+    X. LOCH LEVEN CASTLE                                    218
+
+   XI. THE LONG CAPTIVITY                                   244
+
+  XII. THE END                                              260
+
+
+
+
+ENGRAVINGS.
+
+
+                                                            Page
+
+ DUMBARTON CASTLE, ON THE CLYDE                  _Frontispiece._
+
+ MAP OF THE CENTRAL PART OF SCOTLAND.
+
+ PLAN OF THE PALACE OF LINLITHGOW                            22
+
+ VIEW OF THE PALACE OF LINLITHGOW                            25
+
+ PORTRAIT OF QUEEN ELIZABETH                                 91
+
+ MARY'S EMBARKATION AT CALAIS                               105
+
+ VIEW OF THE PALACE OF HOLYROOD HOUSE                       114
+
+ VIEW OF WEMYS CASTLE                                       137
+
+ PLAN OF HOLYROOD HOUSE                                     160
+
+ PRINCE JAMES'S CRADLE                                      174
+
+ VIEW OF EDINBURGH                                          179
+
+ PLAN OF THE HOUSE AT THE KIRK O' FIELD                     182
+
+ VIEW OF DUNBAR CASTLE                                      193
+
+ PLAN OF LOCH LEVEN CASTLE                                  221
+
+ VIEW OF LOCH LEVEN CASTLE                                  236
+
+ RUINS OF LOCH LEVEN CASTLE                                 241
+
+ VIEW OF FOTHERINGAY                                        271
+
+ MARY'S TOMB IN WESTMINSTER ABBEY                           285
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: CENTRAL PARTS OF SCOTLAND.]
+
+
+
+
+MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+MARY'S CHILDHOOD.
+
+1542-1548
+
+Palace where Mary was born.--Its situation.--Ruins.--The
+room.--Visitors.--Mary's father in the wars.--His
+death.--Regency.--Catholic religion.--The Protestants.--England
+and France.--The Earl of Arran.--The regency.--Arran
+regent.--New plan.--End of the war.--King Henry VIII.--Janet
+Sinclair.--King Henry's demands.--Objections to them.--Plans for
+Mary.--Linlithgow.--Plan of the palace.--Fountain.--The lion's
+den.--Explanation of the engraving.--The coronation.--Stirling
+Castle.--Its situation.--Rocky hill.--The coronation scene.--Linlithgow
+and Stirling.--The Highlands and the Highlanders.--Religious
+disturbances.--Lake Menteith.--Mary's companions.--The four
+Maries.--Angry disputes.--Change of plan.--Henry's anger.--Henry's
+sickness and death.--War renewed.--Danger in Edinburgh.--Aid from
+France.--New plan.--Going to France.--Dumbarton Castle.--Rock of
+Dumbarton.--Journey to Dumbarton.--The four Maries.--Departure from
+Scotland.
+
+
+Travelers who go into Scotland take a great interest in visiting,
+among other places, a certain room in the ruins of an old palace,
+where Queen Mary was born. Queen Mary was very beautiful, but she was
+very unfortunate and unhappy. Every body takes a strong interest in
+her story, and this interest attaches, in some degree, to the room
+where her sad and sorrowful life was begun.
+
+The palace is near a little village called Linlithgow. The village
+has but one long street, which consists of ancient stone houses.
+North of it is a little lake, or rather pond: they call it, in
+Scotland, a _loch_. The palace is between the village and the loch;
+it is upon a beautiful swell of land which projects out into the
+water. There is a very small island in the middle of the loch and the
+shores are bordered with fertile fields. The palace, when entire,
+was square, with an open space or court in the center. There was a
+beautiful stone fountain in the center of this court, and an arched
+gateway through which horsemen and carriages could ride in. The doors
+of entrance into the palace were on the inside of the court.
+
+The palace is now in ruins. A troop of soldiers came to it one day in
+time of war, after Mary and her mother had left it, and spent the
+night there: they spread straw over the floors to sleep upon. In the
+morning, when they went away, they wantonly set the straw on fire,
+and left it burning, and thus the palace was destroyed. Some of the
+lower floors were of stone; but all the upper floors and the roof
+were burned, and all the wood-work of the rooms, and the doors and
+window-frames. Since then the palace has never been repaired, but
+remains a melancholy pile of ruins.
+
+The room where Mary was born had a stone floor. The rubbish which has
+fallen from above has covered it with a sort of soil, and grass and
+weeds grow up all over it. It is a very melancholy sight to see. The
+visitors who go into the room walk mournfully about, trying to
+imagine how Queen Mary looked, as an infant in her mother's arms,
+and reflecting on the recklessness of the soldiers in wantonly
+destroying so beautiful a palace. Then they go to the window, or,
+rather, to the crumbling opening in the wall where the window once
+was, and look out upon the loch, now so deserted and lonely; over
+their heads it is all open to the sky.
+
+Mary's father was King of Scotland. At the time that Mary was born,
+he was away from home engaged in war with the King of England, who
+had invaded Scotland. In the battles Mary's father was defeated, and
+he thought that the generals and nobles who commanded his army
+allowed the English to conquer them on purpose to betray him. This
+thought overwhelmed him with vexation and anguish. He pined away
+under the acuteness of his sufferings, and just after the news came
+to him that his daughter Mary was born, he died. Thus Mary became an
+orphan, and her troubles commenced, at the very beginning of her
+days. She never saw her father, and her father never saw her. Her
+mother was a French lady; her name was Mary of Guise. Her own name
+was Mary Stuart, but she is commonly called Mary Queen of Scots.
+
+As Mary was her father's only child, of course, when he died, she
+became Queen of Scotland, although she was only a few days old. It
+is customary, in such a case, to appoint some distinguished person to
+govern the kingdom, in the name of the young queen, until she grows
+up: such a person is called a _regent_. Mary's mother wished to be
+the regent until Mary became of age.
+
+It happened that in those days, as now, the government and people of
+France were of the Catholic religion. England, on the other hand, was
+Protestant. There is a great difference between the Catholic and the
+Protestant systems. The Catholic Church, though it extends nearly all
+over the world, is banded together, as the reader is aware, under one
+man--the pope--who is the great head of the Church, and who lives in
+state at Rome. The Catholics have, in all countries, many large and
+splendid churches, which are ornamented with paintings and images of
+the Virgin Mary and of Christ. They perform great ceremonies in these
+churches, the priests being dressed in magnificent costumes, and
+walking in processions, with censers of incense burning as they go.
+The Protestants, on the other hand, do not like these ceremonies;
+they regard such outward acts of worship as mere useless parade, and
+the images as idols. They themselves have smaller and plainer
+churches, and call the people together in them to hear sermons, and
+to offer up simple prayers.
+
+In the time of Mary, England was Protestant and France was Catholic,
+while Scotland was divided, though most of the people were
+Protestants. The two parties were very much excited against each
+other, and often persecuted each other with extreme cruelty.
+Sometimes the Protestants would break into the Catholic churches, and
+tear down and destroy the paintings and the images, and the other
+symbols of worship, all which the Catholics regarded with extreme
+veneration; this exasperated the Catholics, and when they became
+powerful in their turn, they would seize the Protestants and imprison
+them, and sometimes burn them to death, by tying them to a stake and
+piling fagots of wood about them, and then setting the heap on fire.
+
+Queen Mary's mother was a Catholic, and for that reason the people of
+Scotland were not willing that she should be regent. There were one
+or two other persons, moreover, who claimed the office. One was a
+certain nobleman called the Earl of Arran. He was a Protestant. The
+Earl of Arran was the next heir to the crown, so that if Mary had
+died in her infancy, he would have been king. He thought that this
+was a reason why _he_ should be regent, and govern the kingdom until
+Mary became old enough to govern it herself. Many other persons,
+however, considered this rather a reason why he should not be regent;
+for they thought he would be naturally interested in wishing that
+Mary should not live, since if she died he would himself become king,
+and that therefore he would not be a safe protector for her. However,
+as the Earl of Arran was a Protestant, and as Mary's mother was a
+Catholic, and as the Protestant interest was the strongest, it was at
+length decided that Arran should be the regent, and govern the
+country until Mary should be of age.
+
+It is a curious circumstance that Mary's birth put an end to the war
+between England and Scotland, and that in a very singular way. The
+King of England had been fighting against Mary's father, James, for a
+long time, in order to conquer the country and annex it to England;
+and now that James was dead, and Mary had become queen, with Arran
+for the regent, it devolved on Arran to carry on the war. But the
+King of England and his government, now that the young queen was
+born, conceived of a new plan. The king had a little son, named
+Edward, about four years old, who, of course, would become King of
+England in his place when he should himself die. Now he thought it
+would be best for him to conclude a peace with Scotland, and agree
+with the Scottish government that, as soon as Mary was old enough,
+she should become Edward's wife, and the two kingdoms be united in
+that way.
+
+The name of this King of England was Henry the Eighth. He was a very
+headstrong and determined man. This, his plan, might have been a very
+good one; it was certainly much better than an attempt to get
+possession of Scotland by fighting for it; but he was very far from
+being as moderate and just as he should have been in the execution of
+his design. The first thing was to ascertain whether Mary was a
+strong and healthy child; for if he should make a treaty of peace,
+and give up all his plans of conquest, and then if Mary, after living
+feebly a few years, should die, all his plans would fail. To satisfy
+him on this point, they actually had some of the infant's clothes
+removed in the presence of his embassador, in order that the
+embassador might see that her form was perfect, and her limbs
+vigorous and strong. The nurse did this with great pride and
+pleasure, Mary's mother standing by. The nurse's name was Janet
+Sinclair. The embassador wrote back to Henry, the King of England,
+that little Mary was "as goodly a child as he ever saw." So King
+Henry VIII. was confirmed in his design of having her for the wife of
+his son.
+
+King Henry VIII. accordingly changed all his plans. He made a peace
+with the Earl of Arran. He dismissed the prisoners that he had taken,
+and sent them home kindly. If he had been contented with kind and
+gentle measures like these, he might have succeeded in them, although
+there was, of course, a strong party in Scotland opposed to them.
+Mary's mother was opposed to them, for she was a Catholic and a
+French lady, and she wished to have her daughter become a Catholic as
+she grew up, and marry a French prince. All the Catholics in Scotland
+took her side. Still Henry's plans might have been accomplished,
+perhaps, if he had been moderate and conciliating in the efforts
+which he made to carry them into effect.
+
+But Henry VIII. was headstrong and obstinate. He demanded that Mary,
+since she was to be his son's wife, should be given up to him to be
+taken into England, and educated there, under the care of persons
+whom he should appoint. He also demanded that the Parliament of
+Scotland should let him have a large share in the government of
+Scotland, because he was going to be the father-in-law of the young
+queen. The Parliament would not agree to either of these plans; they
+were entirely unwilling to allow their little queen to be carried off
+to another country, and put under the charge of so rough and rude a
+man. Then they were unwilling, too, to give him any share of the
+government during Mary's minority. Both these measures were entirely
+inadmissible; they would, if adopted, have put both the infant Queen
+of Scotland and the kingdom itself completely in the power of one who
+had always been their greatest enemy.
+
+Henry, finding that he could not induce the Scotch government to
+accede to these plans, gave them up at last, and made a treaty of
+marriage between his son and Mary, with the agreement that she might
+remain in Scotland until she was ten years old, and that _then_ she
+should come to England and be under his care.
+
+All this time, while these grand negotiations were pending between
+two mighty nations about her marriage, little Mary was unconscious
+of it all, sometimes reposing quietly in Janet Sinclair's arms,
+sometimes looking out of the windows of the Castle of Linlithgow to
+see the swans swim upon the lake, and sometimes, perhaps, creeping
+about upon the palace floor, where the earls and barons who came to
+visit her mother, clad in armor of steel, looked upon her with pride
+and pleasure. The palace where she lived was beautifully situated, as
+has been before remarked, on the borders of a lake. It was arranged
+somewhat in the following manner:
+
+[Illustration: PLAN OF THE PALACE OF LINLITHGOW.
+
+_a._ Room where Mary was born. _b._ Entrance through great gates.
+_c._ Bow-window projecting toward the water. _d._ Den where they kept
+a lion. _t.t._ Trees.]
+
+There was a beautiful fountain in the center of the court-yard, where
+water spouted out from the mouths of carved images, and fell into
+marble basins below. The ruins of this fountain and of the images
+remain there still. The den at _d_ was a round pit, like a well,
+which you could look down into from above: it was about ten feet
+deep. They used to keep lions in such dens near the palaces and
+castles in those days. A lion in a den was a sort of plaything in
+former times, as a parrot or a pet lamb is now: this was in keeping
+with the fierce and warlike spirit of the age. If they had a lion
+there in Mary's time, Janet often, doubtless, took her little charge
+out to see it, and let her throw down food to it from above. The den
+is there now. You approach it upon the top of a broad embankment,
+which is as high as the depth of the den, so that the bottom of the
+den is level with the surface of the ground, which makes it always
+dry. There is a hole, too, at the bottom, through the wall, where
+they used to put the lion in.
+
+The foregoing plan of the buildings and grounds of Linlithgow is
+drawn as maps and plans usually are, the upper part toward the north.
+Of course the room _a_, where Mary was born, is on the western side.
+The adjoining engraving represents a view of the palace on this
+western side. The church is seen at the right; and the lawn, where
+Janet used to take Mary out to breathe the air, is in the
+fore-ground. The shore of the lake is very near, and winds
+beautifully around the margin of the promontory on which the palace
+stands. Of course the lion's den, and the ancient avenue of approach
+to the palace, are round upon the other side, and out of sight in
+this view. The approach to the palace, at the present day, is on the
+southern side, between the church and the trees on the right of the
+picture.
+
+[Illustration: PALACE OF LINLITHGOW--Queen Mary's Birth-place.]
+
+Mary remained here at Linlithgow for a year or two; but when she was
+about nine months old, they concluded to have the great ceremony of
+the coronation performed, as she was by that time old enough to bear
+the journey to Stirling Castle, where the Scottish kings and queens
+were generally crowned. The coronation of a queen is an event which
+always excites a very deep and universal interest among all persons in
+the realm; and there is a peculiar interest felt when, as was the case
+in this instance, the queen to be crowned is an infant just old enough
+to bear the journey. There was a very great interest felt in Mary's
+coronation. The different courts and monarchs of Europe sent
+embassadors to be present at the ceremony, and to pay their respects
+to the infant queen; and Stirling became, for the time being, the
+center of universal attraction.
+
+Stirling is in the very heart of Scotland. It is a castle, built upon
+a rock, or, rather, upon a rocky hill, which rises like an island out
+of the midst of a vast region of beautiful and fertile country, rich
+and verdant beyond description. Beyond the confines of this region of
+beauty, dark mountains rise on all sides; and wherever you are,
+whether riding along the roads in the plain, or climbing the
+declivities of the mountains, you see Stirling Castle, from every
+point, capping its rocky hill, the center and ornament of the broad
+expanse of beauty which surrounds it.
+
+Stirling Castle is north of Linlithgow, and is distant about fifteen
+or twenty miles from it. The road to it lies not far from the shores
+of the Frith of Forth, a broad and beautiful sheet of water. The
+castle, as has been before remarked, was on the summit of a rocky
+hill. There are precipitous crags on three sides of the hill, and a
+gradual approach by a long ascent on the fourth side. At the top of
+this ascent you enter the great gates of the castle, crossing a
+broad and deep ditch by means of a draw-bridge. You enter then a
+series of paved courts, with towers and walls around them, and
+finally come to the more interior edifices, where the private
+apartments are situated, and where the little queen was crowned.
+
+It was an occasion of great pomp and ceremony, though Mary, of
+course, was unconscious of the meaning of it all. She was surrounded
+by barons and earls, by embassadors and princes from foreign courts,
+and by the principal lords and ladies of the Scottish nobility, all
+dressed in magnificent costumes. They held little Mary up, and a
+cardinal, that is, a great dignitary of the Roman Catholic Church,
+placed the crown upon her head. Half pleased with the glittering
+show, and half frightened at the strange faces which she saw every
+where around her, she gazed unconsciously upon the scene, while her
+mother, who could better understand its import, was elated with pride
+and joy.
+
+Linlithgow and Stirling are in the open and cultivated part of
+Scotland. All the northern and western part of the country consists
+of vast masses of mountains, with dark and somber glens among them,
+which are occupied solely by shepherds and herdsmen with their
+flocks and herds. This mountainous region was called the Highlands,
+and the inhabitants of it were the Highlanders. They were a wild and
+warlike class of men, and their country was seldom visited by either
+friend or foe. At the present time there are beautiful roads all
+through the Highlands, and stage-coaches and private carriages roll
+over them every summer, to take tourists to see and admire the
+picturesque and beautiful scenery; but in the days of Mary the whole
+region was gloomy and desolate, and almost inaccessible.
+
+Mary remained in Linlithgow and Stirling for about two years, and
+then, as the country was becoming more and more disturbed by the
+struggles of the great contending parties--those who were in favor of
+the Catholic religion and alliance with France on the one hand, and
+of those in favor of the Protestant religion and alliance with
+England on the other hand--they concluded to send her into the
+Highlands for safety.
+
+It was not far into the country of the Highlands that they concluded
+to send her, but only into the _borders_ of it. There was a small
+lake on the southern margin of the wild and mountainous country,
+called the Lake of Menteith. In this lake was an island named
+Inchmahome, the word _inch_ being the name for island in the language
+spoken by the Highlanders. This island, which was situated in a very
+secluded and solitary region, was selected as Mary's place of
+residence. She was about four years old when they sent her to this
+place. Several persons went with her to take care of her, and to
+teach her. In fact, every thing was provided for her which could
+secure her improvement and happiness. Her mother did not forget that
+she would need playmates, and so she selected four little girls of
+about the same age with the little queen herself, and invited them to
+accompany her. They were daughters of the noblemen and high officers
+about the court. It is very singular that these girls were all named
+Mary. Their names in full were as follows:
+
+     Mary Beaton,
+     Mary Fleming,
+     Mary Livingstone,
+     Mary Seaton.
+
+These, with Mary Stuart, which was Queen Mary's name, made five girls
+of four or five years of age, all named Mary.
+
+Mary lived two years in this solitary island. She had, however, all
+the comforts and conveniences of life, and enjoyed herself with her
+four Maries very much. Of course she knew nothing, and thought
+nothing of the schemes and plans of the great governments for having
+her married, when she grew up, to the young English prince, who was
+then a little boy of about her own age, nor of the angry disputes in
+Scotland to which this subject gave rise. It did give rise to very
+serious disputes. Mary's mother did not like the plan at all. As she
+was herself a French lady and a Catholic, she did not wish to have
+her daughter marry a prince who was of the English royal family, and
+a Protestant. All the Catholics in Scotland took her side. At length
+the Earl of Arran, who was the regent, changed to that side; and
+finally the government, being thus brought over, gave notice to King
+Henry VIII. that the plan must be given up, as they had concluded, on
+the whole, that Mary should not marry his son.
+
+King Henry was very much incensed. He declared that Mary _should_
+marry his son, and he raised an army and sent it into Scotland to
+make war upon the Scotch again, and compel them to consent to the
+execution of the plan. He was at this time beginning to be sick, but
+his sickness, instead of softening his temper, only made him the more
+ferocious and cruel. He turned against his best friends. He grew
+worse, and was evidently about to die; but he was so irritable and
+angry that for a long time no one dared to tell him of his
+approaching dissolution, and he lay restless, and wretched, and
+agitated with political animosities upon his dying bed. At length
+some one ventured to tell him that his end was near. When he found
+that he must die, he resigned himself to his fate. He sent for an
+archbishop to come and see him, but he was speechless when the
+prelate came, and soon afterward expired.
+
+The English government, however, after his death, adhered to his plan
+of compelling the Scotch to make Mary the wife of his son. They sent
+an army into Scotland. A great battle was fought, and the Scotch were
+defeated. The battle was fought at a place not far from Edinburgh,
+and near the sea. It was so near the sea that the English fired upon
+the Scotch army from their ships, and thus assisted their troops upon
+the shore. The armies had remained several days near each other
+before coming to battle, and during all this time the city of
+Edinburgh was in a state of great anxiety and suspense, as they
+expected that their city would be attacked by the English if they
+should conquer in the battle. The English army did, in fact, advance
+toward Edinburgh after the battle was over, and would have got
+possession of it had it not been for the castle. There is a very
+strong castle in the very heart of Edinburgh, upon the summit of a
+rocky hill.[A]
+
+[Footnote A: See the view of Edinburgh, page 179.]
+
+These attempts of the English to force the Scotch government to
+consent to Mary's marriage only made them the more determined to
+prevent it. A great many who were not opposed to it before, became
+opposed to it now when they saw foreign armies in the country
+destroying the towns and murdering the people. They said they had no
+great objection to the match, but that they did not like the mode of
+wooing. They sent to France to ask the French king to send over an
+army to aid them, and promised him that if he would do so they would
+agree that Mary should marry _his_ son. His son's name was Francis.
+
+The French king was very much pleased with this plan. He sent an army
+of six thousand men into Scotland to assist the Scotch against their
+English enemies. It was arranged, also, as little Mary was now hardly
+safe among all these commotions, even in her retreat in the island of
+Inchmahome, to send her to France to be educated there, and to live
+there until she was old enough to be married. The same ships which
+brought the army from France to Scotland, were to carry Mary and her
+retinue from Scotland to France. The four Maries went with her.
+
+They bade their lonely island farewell, and traveled south till they
+came to a strong castle on a high, rocky hill, on the banks of the
+River Clyde. The name of this fortress is Dumbarton Castle. Almost
+all the castles of those times were built upon precipitous hills, to
+increase the difficulties of the enemies in approaching them. The
+Rock of Dumbarton is a very remarkable one. It stands close to the
+bank of the river. There are a great many ships and steam-boats
+continually passing up and down the Clyde, to and from the great city
+of Glasgow, and all the passengers on board gaze with great interest,
+as they sail by, on the Rock of Dumbarton, with the castle walls on
+the sides, and the towers and battlements crowning the summit. In
+Mary's time there was comparatively very little shipping on the
+river, but the French fleet was there, waiting opposite the castle to
+receive Mary and the numerous persons who were to go in her train.[B]
+
+[Footnote B: Travelers who visit Scotland from this country at the
+present day, usually land first, at the close of the voyage across
+the Atlantic, at Liverpool, and there take a Glasgow steamer.
+Glasgow, which is the great commercial city of Scotland, is on the
+River Clyde. This river flows northward to the sea. The steamer, in
+ascending the river, makes its way with difficulty along the narrow
+channel, which, besides being narrow and tortuous, is obstructed by
+boats, ships, steamers, and every other variety of water-craft, such
+as are always going to and fro in the neighborhood of any great
+commercial emporium.
+
+The tourists, who stand upon the deck gazing at this exciting scene
+of life and motion, have their attention strongly attracted, about
+half way up the river, by this Castle of Dumbarton, which crowns a
+rocky hill, rising abruptly from the water's edge, on the north side
+of the stream. It attracts sometimes the more attention from American
+travelers, on account of its being the first ancient castle they see.
+This it likely to be the case if they proceed to Scotland immediately
+on landing at Liverpool.]
+
+Mary was escorted from the island where she had been living, across
+the country to Dumbarton Castle, with a strong retinue. She was now
+between five and six years of age. She was, of course, too young to
+know any thing about the contentions and wars which had distracted
+her country on her account, or to feel much interest in the subject
+of her approaching departure from her native land. She enjoyed the
+novelty of the scenes through which she passed on her journey. She
+was pleased with the dresses and the arms of the soldiers who
+accompanied her, and with the ships which were floating in the river,
+beneath the walls of the Castle of Dumbarton, when she arrived there.
+She was pleased, too, to think that, wherever she was to go, her four
+Maries were to go with her. She bade her mother farewell, embarked on
+board the ship which was to receive her, and sailed away from her
+native land, not to return to it again for many years.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+HER EDUCATION IN FRANCE.
+
+1548-1556
+
+Departure.--Stormy voyage.--Journey to Paris.--Release of
+prisoners.--Barabbas.--St. Germain.--Celebrations.--The
+convent.--Character of the nuns.--Interest in Mary.--Leaving
+the convent.--Amusements.--Visit of Mary's mother.--Queen
+dowager.--Rouen.--A happy meeting.--Rejoicings.--A last
+farewell.--Visit to a mourner.--The queen dowager's return.--The
+regency.--A page of honor.--Sir James Melville.--Mary's
+character.--Her diligence.--Devices and mottoes.--Festivities.--Water
+parties.--Hunting.--An accident.--Restraint.--Queen Catharine.--Her
+character.--Embroidery.--Mary's admiration of Queen Catharine.--The
+latter suspicious.--Unguarded remark.--Catharine's mortification.--The
+dauphin.--Origin of the title.--Character of Francis.--Mary's
+beauty.--Torch-light procession.--An angel.--Mary a Catholic.--Her
+conscientiousness and fidelity.
+
+
+The departure of Mary from Scotland, little as she was, was a great
+event both for Scotland and for France. In those days kings and
+queens were even of greater relative importance than they are now,
+and all Scotland was interested in the young queen's going away from
+them, and all France in expecting her arrival. She sailed down the
+Clyde, and then passed along the seas and channels which lie between
+England and Ireland. These seas, though they look small upon the map,
+are really spacious and wide, and are often greatly agitated by winds
+and storms. This was the case at the time Mary made her voyage. The
+days and nights were tempestuous and wild, and the ships had
+difficulty in keeping in each other's company. There was danger of
+being blown upon the coasts, or upon the rocks or islands which lie
+in the way. Mary was too young to give much heed to these dangers,
+but the lords and commissioners, and the great ladies who went to
+attend her, were heartily glad when the voyage was over. It ended
+safely at last, after several days of tossing upon the stormy
+billows, by their arrival upon the northern coast of France. They
+landed at a town called Brest.
+
+The King of France had made great preparations for receiving the
+young queen immediately upon her landing. Carriages and horses had
+been provided to convey herself and the company of her attendants, by
+easy journeys, to Paris. They received her with great pomp and
+ceremony at every town which she passed through. One mark of respect
+which they showed her was very singular. The king ordered that every
+prison which she passed in her route should be thrown open, and the
+prisoners set free. This fact is a striking illustration of the
+different ideas which prevailed in those days, compared with those
+which are entertained now, in respect to crime and punishment. Crime
+is now considered as an offense against the _community_, and it would
+be considered no favor to the community, but the reverse, to let
+imprisoned criminals go free. In those days, on the other hand,
+crimes were considered rather as injuries committed _by_ the
+community, and against the king; so that, if the monarch wished to
+show the community a favor, he would do it by releasing such of them
+as had been imprisoned by his officers for their crimes. It was just
+so in the time of our Savior, when the Jews had a custom of having
+some criminal released to them once a year, at the Passover, by the
+Roman government, as an act of _favor_. That is, the government was
+accustomed to furnish, by way of contributing its share toward the
+general festivities of the occasion, the setting of a robber and a
+murderer at liberty!
+
+The King of France has several palaces in the neighborhood of Paris.
+Mary was taken to one of them, named St. Germain. This palace, which
+still stands, is about twelve miles from Paris, toward the northwest.
+It is a very magnificent residence, and has been for many centuries a
+favorite resort of the French kings. Many of them were born in it.
+There are extensive parks and gardens connected with it, and a great
+artificial forest, in which the trees were all planted and cultivated
+like the trees of an orchard. Mary was received at this palace with
+great pomp and parade; and many spectacles and festivities were
+arranged to amuse her and the four Maries who accompanied her, and
+to impress her strongly with an idea of the wealth, and power, and
+splendor of the great country to which she had come.
+
+She remained here but a short time, and then it was arranged for her
+to go to a _convent_ to be educated. Convents were in those days, as
+in fact they are now, quite famous as places of education. They were
+situated sometimes in large towns, and sometimes in secluded places
+in the country; but, whether in town or country, the inmates of them
+were shut up very strictly from all intercourse with the world. They
+were under the care of nuns who had devoted themselves for life to
+the service. These nuns were some of them unhappy persons, who were
+weary of the sorrows and sufferings of the world, and who were glad
+to retire from it to such a retreat as they fancied the convent would
+be. Others became nuns from conscientious principles of duty,
+thinking that they should commend themselves to the favor of God by
+devoting their lives to works of benevolence and to the exercises of
+religion. Of course there were all varieties of character among the
+nuns; some of them were selfish and disagreeable, others were
+benevolent and kind.
+
+At the convent where Mary was sent there were some nuns of very
+excellent and amiable character, and they took a great interest in
+Mary, both because she was a queen, and because she was beautiful,
+and of a kind and affectionate disposition. Mary became very strongly
+attached to these nuns, and began to entertain the idea of becoming a
+nun herself, and spending her life with them in the convent. It
+seemed pleasant to her to live there in such a peaceful seclusion, in
+company with those who loved her, and whom she herself loved, but the
+King of France, and the Scottish nobles who had come with her from
+Scotland, would, of course, be opposed to any such plan. They
+intended her to be married to the young prince, and to become one of
+the great ladies of the court, and to lead a life of magnificence and
+splendor. They became alarmed, therefore, when they found that she
+was imbibing a taste for the life of seclusion and solitude which is
+led by a nun. They decided to take her immediately away.
+
+Mary bade farewell to the convent and its inmates with much regret
+and many tears; but, notwithstanding her reluctance, she was obliged
+to submit. If she had not been a queen, she might, perhaps, have had
+her own way. As it was, however, she was obliged to leave the
+convent and the nuns whom she loved, and to go back to the palaces of
+the king, in which she afterward continued to live, sometimes in one
+and sometimes in another, for many years. Wherever she went, she was
+surrounded with scenes of great gayety and splendor. They wished to
+obliterate from her mind all recollections of the convent, and all
+love of solitude and seclusion. They did not neglect her studies, but
+they filled up the intervals of study with all possible schemes of
+enjoyment and pleasure, to amuse and occupy her mind and the minds of
+her companions. Her companions were her own four Maries, and the two
+daughters of the French king.
+
+When Mary was about seven years of age, that is, after she had been
+two years in France, her mother formed a plan to come from Scotland
+to see her. Her mother had remained behind when Mary left Scotland,
+as she had an important part to perform in public affairs, and in the
+administration of the government of Scotland while Mary was away. She
+wanted, however, to come and see her. France, too, was her own native
+land, and all her relations and friends resided there. She wished to
+see them as well as Mary, and to revisit once more the palaces and
+cities where her own early life had been spent. In speaking of Mary's
+mother we shall call her sometimes the queen dowager. The expression
+_queen dowager_ is the one usually applied to the widow of a king, as
+_queen consort_ is used to denote the _wife_ of a king.
+
+This visit of the queen dowager of Scotland to her little daughter in
+France was an event of great consequence, and all the arrangements
+for carrying it into effect were conducted with great pomp and
+ceremony. A large company attended her, with many of the Scottish
+lords and ladies among them. The King of France, too, went from Paris
+toward the French coast, to meet the party of visitors, taking little
+Mary and a large company of attendants with him. They went to Rouen,
+a large city not far from the coast, where they awaited the arrival
+of Mary's mother, and where they received her with great ceremonies
+of parade and rejoicing. The queen regent was very much delighted to
+see her little daughter again. She had grown two years older, and had
+improved greatly in every respect, and tears of joy came into her
+mother's eyes as she clasped her in her arms. The two parties
+journeyed in company to Paris and entered the city with great
+rejoicings. The two queens, mother and daughter, were the objects of
+universal interest and attention. Feasts and celebrations without end
+were arranged for them, and every possible means of amusement and
+rejoicing were contrived in the palaces of Paris, of St. Germain's,
+and of Fontainebleau. Mary's mother remained in France about a year.
+She then bade Mary farewell, leaving her at Fontainebleau. This
+proved to be a final farewell, for she never saw her again.
+
+After taking leave of her daughter, the queen dowager went, before
+leaving France, to see her own mother, who was a widow, and who was
+living at a considerable distance from Paris in seclusion, and in a
+state of austere and melancholy grief, on account of the loss of her
+husband. Instead of forgetting her sorrows, as she ought to have
+done, and returning calmly and peacefully to the duties and
+enjoyments of life, she had given herself up to inconsolable grief,
+and was doing all she could to perpetuate the mournful influence of
+her sorrows. She lived in an ancient and gloomy mansion, of vast
+size, and she had hung all the apartments in black, to make it still
+more desolate and gloomy, and to continue the influence of grief upon
+her mind. Here the queen dowager found her, spending her time in
+prayers and austerities of every kind, making herself and all her
+family perfectly miserable. Many persons, at the present day, act,
+under such circumstances, on the same principle and with the same
+spirit, though they do not do it perhaps in precisely the same way.
+
+One would suppose that Mary's mother would have preferred to remain
+in France with her daughter and her mother and all her family
+friends, instead of going back to Scotland, where she was, as it
+were, a foreigner and a stranger. The reason why she desired to go
+back was that she wished to be made _queen regent_, and thus have the
+government of Scotland in her own hands. She would rather be queen
+regent in Scotland than a simple queen _mother_ in France. While she
+was in France, she urged the king to use all his influence to have
+Arran resign his regency into her hands, and finally obtained
+writings from him and from Queen Mary to this effect. She then left
+France and went to Scotland, going through England on the way. The
+young King of England, to whom Mary had been engaged by the
+government when she was an infant in Janet Sinclair's arms, renewed
+his proposals to the queen dowager to let her daughter become his
+wife; but she told him that it was all settled that she was to be
+married to the French prince, and that it was now too late to change
+the plan.
+
+There was a young gentleman, about nineteen or twenty years of age,
+who came from Scotland also, not far from this time, to wait upon
+Mary as her page of honor. A page is an attendant above the rank of
+an ordinary servant, whose business it is to wait upon his mistress,
+to read to her, sometimes to convey her letters and notes, and to
+carry her commands to the other attendants who are beneath him in
+rank and whose business it is actually to perform the services which
+the lady requires. A page _of honor_ is a young gentleman who
+sustains this office in a nominal and temporary manner for a princess
+or a queen.
+
+The name of Mary's page of honor, who came to her now from Scotland,
+was Sir James Melville. The only reason for mentioning him thus
+particularly, rather than the many other officers and attendants by
+whom Mary was surrounded was, that the service which he thus
+commenced was continued in various ways through the whole period of
+Mary's life. We shall often hear of him in the subsequent parts of
+this narrative. He followed Mary to Scotland when she returned to
+that country, and became afterward her secretary, and also her
+embassador on many occasions. He was now quite young, and when he
+landed at Brest he traveled slowly to Paris in the care of two
+Scotchmen, to whose charge he had been intrusted. He was a young man
+of uncommon talents and of great accomplishments, and it was a mark
+of high distinction for him to be appointed page of honor to the
+queen, although he was about nineteen years of age and she was but
+seven.
+
+After the queen regent's return to Scotland, Mary went on improving
+in every respect more and more. She was diligent, industrious, and
+tractable. She took a great interest in her studies. She was not only
+beautiful in person, and amiable and affectionate in heart, but she
+possessed a very intelligent and active mind, and she entered with a
+sort of quiet but earnest enthusiasm into all the studies to which
+her attention was called. She paid a great deal of attention to
+music, to poetry, and to drawing. She used to invent little devices
+for seals, with French and Latin mottoes, and, after drawing them
+again and again with great care, until she was satisfied with the
+design, she would give them to the gem-engravers to be cut upon
+stone seals, so that she could seal her letters with them. These
+mottoes and devices can not well be represented in English, as the
+force and beauty of them depended generally upon a double meaning in
+some word of French or Latin, which can not be preserved in the
+translation. We shall, however, give one of these seals, which she
+made just before she left France, to return to Scotland, when we come
+to that period of her history.
+
+The King of France, and the lords and ladies who came with Mary from
+Scotland, contrived a great many festivals and celebrations in the
+parks, and forests, and palaces, to amuse the queen and the four
+Maries who were with her. The daughters of the French king joined,
+also, in these pleasures. They would have little balls, and parties,
+and pic-nics, sometimes in the open air, sometimes in the little
+summer-houses built upon the grounds attached to the palaces. The
+scenes of these festivities were in many cases made unusually joyous
+and gay by bon-fires and illuminations. They had water parties on the
+little lakes, and hunting parties through the parks and forests. Mary
+was a very graceful and beautiful rider, and full of courage.
+Sometimes she met with accidents which were attended with some
+danger. Once, while hunting the stag, and riding at full speed with a
+great company of ladies and gentlemen behind her and before her, her
+dress got caught by the bough of a tree, and she was pulled to the
+ground. The horse went on. Several other riders drove by her without
+seeing her, as she had too much composure and fortitude to attract
+their attention by outcries and lamentations. They saw her, however,
+at last, and came to her assistance. They brought back her horse,
+and, smoothing down her hair, which had fallen into confusion, she
+mounted again, and rode on after the stag as before.
+
+Notwithstanding all these means of enjoyment and diversion, Mary was
+subjected to a great deal of restraint. The rules of etiquette are
+very precise and very strictly enforced in royal households, and they
+were still more strict in those days than they are now. The king was
+very ceremonious in all his arrangements, and was surrounded by a
+multitude of officers who performed every thing by rule. As Mary grew
+older, she was subjected to greater and greater restraint. She used
+to spend a considerable portion of every day in the apartments of
+Queen Catharine, the wife of the King of France and the mother of the
+little Francis to whom she was to be married. Mary and Queen
+Catharine did not, however, like each other very well. Catharine was
+a woman of strong mind and of an imperious disposition; and it is
+supposed by some that she was jealous of Mary because she was more
+beautiful and accomplished and more generally beloved than her own
+daughters, the princesses of France. At any rate, she treated Mary in
+rather a stern and haughty manner, and it was thought that she would
+finally oppose her marriage to Francis her son.
+
+And yet Mary was at first very much pleased with Queen Catharine, and
+was accustomed to look up to her with great admiration, and to feel
+for her a very sincere regard. She often went into the queen's
+apartments, where they sat together and talked, or worked upon their
+embroidery, which was a famous amusement for ladies of exalted rank
+in those days. Mary herself at one time worked a large piece, which
+she sent as a present to the nuns in the convent where she had
+resided; and afterward, in Scotland, she worked a great many things,
+some of which still remain, and may be seen in her ancient rooms in
+the palace of Holyrood House. She learned this art by working with
+Queen Catharine in her apartments. When she first became acquainted
+with Catharine on these occasions, she used to love her society. She
+admired her talents and her conversational powers, and she liked very
+much to be in her room. She listened to all she said, watched her
+movements, and endeavored in all things to follow her example.
+
+Catharine, however, thought that this was all a pretense, and that
+Mary did not really like her, but only wished to make her believe
+that she did so in order to get favor, or to accomplish some other
+selfish end. One day she asked her why she seemed to prefer her
+society to that of her youthful and more suitable companions. Mary
+replied, in substance, "The reason was, that though with them she
+might enjoy much, she could learn nothing; while she always learned
+from Queen Catharine's conversation something which would be of use
+to her as a guide in future life." One would have thought that this
+answer would have pleased the queen, but it did not. She did not
+believe that it was sincere.
+
+On one occasion Mary seriously offended the queen by a remark which
+she made, and which was, at least, incautious. Kings and queens, and,
+in fact, all great people in Europe, pride themselves very much upon
+the antiquity of the line from which they have descended. Now the
+family of Queen Catharine had risen to rank and distinction within a
+moderate period; and though she was, as Queen of France, on the very
+pinnacle of human greatness, she would naturally be vexed at any
+remark which would remind her of the recentness of her elevation. Now
+Mary at one time said, in conversation in the presence of Queen
+Catharine, that she herself was the descendant of a hundred kings.
+This was perhaps true, but it brought her into direct comparison with
+Catharine in a point in which the latter was greatly her inferior,
+and it vexed and mortified Catharine very much to have such a thing
+said to her by such a child.
+
+Mary associated thus during all this time, not only with the queen
+and the princesses, but also with the little prince whom she was
+destined to marry. His name was Francis, but he was commonly called
+the _dauphin_, which was the name by which the oldest son of the King
+of France was then, and has been since designated. The origin of this
+custom was this. About a hundred years before the time of which we
+are speaking, a certain nobleman of high rank, who possessed estates
+in an ancient province of France called Dauphiny, lost his son and
+heir. He was overwhelmed with affliction at the loss, and finally
+bequeathed all his estates to the king and his successors, on
+condition that the oldest son should bear the title of Dauphin. The
+grant was accepted, and the oldest son was accordingly so styled from
+that time forward, from generation to generation.
+
+The dauphin, Francis, was a weak and feeble child, but he was amiable
+and gentle in his manners, and Mary liked him. She met him often in
+their walks and rides, and she danced with him at the balls and
+parties given for her amusement. She knew that he was to be her
+husband as soon as she was old enough to be married, and he knew that
+she was to be his wife. It was all decided, and nothing which either
+of them could say or do would have any influence on the result.
+Neither of them, however, seem to have had any desire to change the
+result. Mary pitied Francis on account of his feeble health, and
+liked his amiable and gentle disposition; and Francis could not help
+loving Mary, both on account of the traits of her character and her
+personal charms.
+
+As Mary advanced in years, she grew very beautiful. In some of the
+great processions and ceremonies, the ladies were accustomed to walk,
+magnificently dressed and carrying torches in their hands. In one of
+these processions Mary was moving along with the rest, through a
+crowd of spectators, and the light from her torch fell upon her
+features and upon her hair in such a manner as to make her appear
+more beautiful than usual. A woman, standing there, pressed up nearer
+to her to view her more closely, and, seeing how beautiful she was,
+asked her if she was not an _angel_. In those days, however, people
+believed in what is miraculous and supernatural more easily than now,
+so that it was not very surprising that one should think, in such a
+case, that an angel from Heaven had come down to join in the
+procession.
+
+Mary grew up a Catholic, of course: all were Catholics around her.
+The king and all the royal family were devoted to Catholic
+observances. The convent, the ceremonies, the daily religious
+observances enjoined upon her, the splendid churches which she
+frequented, all tended in their influence to lead her mind away from
+the Protestant religion which prevailed in her native land, and to
+make her a Catholic: she remained so throughout her life. There is no
+doubt that she was conscientious in her attachment to the forms and
+to the spirit of the Roman Church. At any rate, she was faithful to
+the ties which her early education imposed upon her, and this
+fidelity became afterward the source of some of her heaviest
+calamities and woes.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+THE GREAT WEDDING
+
+1558
+
+Hastening the wedding.--Reasons for it.--Attempt to poison
+Mary.--The Guises.--Catharine's jealousy.--Commissioners from
+Scotland.--Preliminaries.--Stipulations.--Plan of Henry to
+evade them.--Marriage settlement.--Secret papers.--Their
+contents.--Ceremonies.--The betrothal.--The Louvre.--Notre
+Dame.--View of the interior.--Amphitheater.--Covered gallery.--The
+procession.--Mary's dress.--Appearance of Mary.--Wedding
+ring.--Movement of the procession.--Largess.--Confusion.--The
+choir.--Mass.--Return of the procession.--Collation.--Ball.--Evening's
+entertainments.--A tournament.--Rank of the combatants.--Lances.--Rapid
+evolutions.--_Tourner._--Francis's feebleness.--Mary's love for
+him.--He retires to the country.--Rejoicings in Scotland.--Mons
+Meg.--Large ball.--Celebration of Mary's marriage.
+
+
+When Mary was about fifteen years of age, the King of France began to
+think that it was time for her to be married. It is true that she was
+still very young, but there were strong reasons for having the
+marriage take place at the earliest possible period, for fear that
+something might occur to prevent its consummation at all. In fact,
+there were very strong parties opposed to it altogether. The whole
+Protestant interest in Scotland were opposed to it, and were
+continually contriving plans to defeat it. They thought that if Mary
+married a French prince, who was, of course, a Catholic, she would
+become wedded to the Catholic interest hopelessly and forever. This
+made them feel a most bitter and determined opposition to the plan.
+
+In fact, so bitter and relentless were the animosities that grew out
+of this question, that an attempt was actually made to poison Mary.
+The man who committed this crime was an archer in the king's guard:
+he was a Scotch man, and his name was Stewart. His attempt was
+discovered in time to prevent the accomplishment of his purpose. He
+was tried and condemned. They made every effort to induce him to
+explain the reason which led him to such an act, or, if he was
+employed by others, to reveal their names; but he would reveal
+nothing. He was executed for his crime, leaving mankind to conjecture
+that his motive, or that of the persons who instigated him to the
+deed, was a desperate determination to save Scotland, at all hazards,
+from falling under the influence of papal power.
+
+Mary's mother, the queen dowager of Scotland, was of a celebrated
+French family, called the family of Guise. She is often, herself,
+called in history, Mary of Guise. There were other great families in
+France who were very jealous of the Guises, and envious of their
+influence and power. They opposed Queen Mary's marriage to the
+dauphin, and were ready to do all in their power to thwart and defeat
+it. Queen Catharine, too, who seemed to feel a greater and greater
+degree of envy and jealousy against Mary as she saw her increasing in
+grace, beauty, and influence with her advancing years, was supposed
+to be averse to the marriage. Mary was, in some sense, her rival,
+and she could not bear to have her become the wife of her son.
+
+King Henry, finding all these opposing influences at work, thought
+that the safest plan would be to have the marriage carried into
+effect at the earliest possible period. When, therefore, Mary was
+about fifteen years of age, which was in 1557, he sent to Scotland,
+asking the government there to appoint some commissioners to come to
+France to assent to the marriage contracts, and to witness the
+ceremonies of the betrothment and the wedding. The marriage
+contracts, in the case of the union of a queen of one country with a
+prince of another, are documents of very high importance. It is
+considered necessary not only to make very formal provision for the
+personal welfare and comfort of the wife during her married life, and
+during her widowhood in case of the death of her husband, but also to
+settle beforehand the questions of succession which might arise out
+of the marriage, and to define precisely the rights and powers both
+of the husband and the wife, in the two countries to which they
+respectively belong.
+
+The Parliament of Scotland appointed a number of commissioners, of
+the highest rank and station, to proceed to France, and to act there
+as the representatives of Scotland in every thing which pertained to
+the marriage. They charged them to guard well the rights and powers
+of Mary, to see that these rights and all the interests of Scotland
+were well protected in the marriage contracts, and to secure proper
+provision for the personal comfort and happiness of the queen. The
+number of these commissioners was eight. Their departure from
+Scotland was an event of great public importance. They were
+accompanied by a large number of attendants and followers, who were
+eager to be present in Paris at the marriage festivities. The whole
+company arrived safely at Paris, and were received with every
+possible mark of distinction and honor.
+
+The marriage contracts were drawn up, and executed with great
+formality. King Henry made no objection to any of the stipulations
+and provisions which the commissioners required, for he had a secret
+plan for evading them all. Very ample provision was made for Mary
+herself. She was to have a very large income. In case the dauphin
+died while he was dauphin, leaving Mary a widow, she was still to
+have a large income paid to her by the French government as long as
+she lived, whether she remained in France or went back to Scotland.
+If her husband outlived his father, so as to become King of France,
+and then died, leaving Mary his widow, her income for the rest of her
+life was to be double what it would have been if he had died while
+dauphin. Francis was, in the mean time, to share with her the
+government of Scotland. If they had a son, he was to be, after their
+deaths, King of France and of Scotland too. Thus the two crowns would
+have been united. If, on the other hand, they had only daughters, the
+oldest one was to be Queen of Scotland only, as the laws of France
+did not allow a female to inherit the throne. In case they had no
+children, the crown of Scotland was not to come into the French
+family at all, but to descend regularly to the next Scotch heir.
+
+Henry was not satisfied with this entirely, for he wanted to secure
+the union of the Scotch and French crowns at all events, whether Mary
+had children or not; and he persuaded Mary to sign some papers with
+him privately, which he thought would secure his purposes, charging
+her not to let the commissioners know that she had signed them. He
+thought it possible that he should never have occasion to produce
+them. One of these papers conveyed the crown of Scotland to the King
+of France absolutely and forever, in case Mary should die without
+children. Another provided that the Scotch government should repay
+him for the enormous sums he had expended upon Mary during her
+residence in France, for her education, her attendants, the
+celebrations and galas which he had provided for her, and all the
+splendid journeys, processions, and parades. His motive in all this
+expense had been to unite the crown of Scotland to that of France,
+and he wished to provide that if any thing should occur to prevent
+the execution of his plan, he could have all this money reimbursed to
+him again. He estimated the amount at a million of pieces of gold.
+This was an enormous sum: it shows on how magnificent a scale Mary's
+reception and entertainment in France were managed.
+
+These preliminary proceedings being settled, all Paris, and, in fact,
+all France, began to prepare for the marriage celebrations. There
+were to be two great ceremonies connected with the occasion. The
+first was the betrothment, the second was the marriage. At the
+betrothment Francis and Mary were to meet in a great public hall,
+and there, in the presence of a small and select assemblage of the
+lords and ladies of the court, and persons of distinction connected
+with the royal family, they were formally and solemnly to engage
+themselves to each other. Then, in about a week afterward, they were
+to be married, in the most public manner, in the great Cathedral
+Church of Notre Dame.
+
+The ceremony of the betrothal was celebrated in the palace. The
+palace then occupied by the royal family was the Louvre. It still
+stands, but is no longer a royal dwelling. Another palace, more
+modern in its structure, and called the Tuilleries, has since been
+built, a little farther from the heart of the city, and in a more
+pleasant situation. The Louvre is square, with an open court in the
+center. This open court or area is very large, and is paved like the
+streets. In fact, two great carriage ways pass through it, crossing
+each other at right angles in the center, and passing out under great
+arch-ways in the four sides of the building. There is a large hall
+within the palace, and in this hall the ceremony of the betrothal
+took place. Francis and Mary pledged their faith to each other with
+appropriate ceremonies. Only a select circle of relations and
+intimate friends were present on this occasion. The ceremony was
+concluded in the evening with a ball.
+
+In the mean time, all Paris was busy with preparations for the
+marriage. The Louvre is upon one side of the River Seine, its
+principal front being toward the river, with a broad street between.
+There are no buildings, but only a parapet wall on the river side of
+the street, so that there is a fine view of the river and of the
+bridges which cross it, from the palace windows. Nearly opposite the
+Louvre is an island, covered with edifices, and connected, by means
+of bridges, with either shore. The great church of Notre Dame, where
+the marriage ceremony was to be performed, is upon this island. It
+has two enormous square towers in front, which may be seen, rising
+above all the roofs of the city, at a great distance in every
+direction. Before the church is a large open area, where vast crowds
+assemble on any great occasion. The interior of the church impresses
+the mind with the sublimest emotions. Two rows of enormous columns
+rise to a great height on either hand, supporting the lofty arches of
+the roof. The floor is paved with great flat stones, and resounds
+continually with the footsteps of visitors, who walk to and fro, up
+and down the aisles, looking at the chapels, the monuments, the
+sculptures, the paintings, and the antique and grotesque images and
+carvings. Colored light streams through the stained glass of the
+enormous windows, and the tones of the organ, and the voices of the
+priests, chanting the service of the mass, are almost always
+resounding and echoing from the vaulted roof above.
+
+The words _Notre Dame_ mean Our Lady, an expression by which the
+Roman Catholics denote Mary, the mother of Jesus. The church of Notre
+Dame had been for many centuries the vast cathedral church of Paris,
+where all great ceremonies of state were performed. On this occasion
+they erected a great amphitheater in the area before the church,
+which would accommodate many thousands of the spectators who were to
+assemble, and enable them to see the procession. The bride and
+bridegroom, and their friends, were to assemble in the bishop's
+palace, which was near the Cathedral, and a covered gallery was
+erected, leading from this palace to the church, through which the
+bridal party were to enter. They lined this gallery throughout with
+purple velvet, and ornamented it in other ways, so as to make the
+approach to the church through it inconceivably splendid.
+
+Crowds began to collect in the great amphitheater early in the
+morning. The streets leading to Notre Dame were thronged. Every
+window in all the lofty buildings around, and every balcony, was
+full. From ten to twelve the military bands began to arrive, and the
+long procession was formed, the different parties being dressed in
+various picturesque costumes. The embassadors of various foreign
+potentates were present, each bearing their appropriate insignia. The
+legate of the pope, magnificently dressed, had an attendant bearing
+before him a cross of massive gold. The bridegroom, Francis the
+dauphin, followed this legate, and soon afterward came Mary,
+accompanied by the king. She was dressed in white. Her robe was
+embroidered with the figure of the lily, and it glittered with
+diamonds and ornaments of silver. As was the custom in those days,
+her dress formed a long train, which was borne by two young girls who
+walked behind her. She wore a diamond necklace, with a ring of
+immense value suspended from it, and upon her head was a golden
+coronet, enriched with diamonds and gems of inestimable value.
+
+But the dress and the diamonds which Mary wore were not the chief
+points of attraction to the spectators. All who were present on the
+occasion agree in saying that she looked inexpressibly beautiful, and
+that there was an indescribable grace and charm in all her movements
+and manner, which filled all who saw her with an intoxication of
+delight. She was artless and unaffected in her manners, and her
+countenance, the expression of which was generally placid and calm,
+was lighted up with the animation and interest of the occasion, so as
+to make every body envy the dauphin the possession of so beautiful a
+bride. Queen Catharine, and a long train of the ladies of the court,
+followed in the procession after Mary. Every body thought that _she_
+felt envious and ill at ease.
+
+The essential thing in the marriage ceremony was to be the putting of
+the wedding ring upon Mary's finger, and the pronouncing of the
+nuptial benediction which was immediately to follow it. This ceremony
+was to be performed by the Archbishop of Rouen, who was at that time
+the greatest ecclesiastical dignitary in France. In order that as
+many persons as possible might witness this, it was arranged that it
+should be performed at the great door of the church, so as to be in
+view of the immense throng which had assembled in the amphitheater
+erected in the area, and of the multitudes which had taken their
+positions at the windows and balconies, and on the house-tops around.
+The procession, accordingly, having entered the church through the
+covered gallery, moved along the aisles and came to the great door.
+Here a royal pavilion had been erected, where the bridal party could
+stand in view of the whole assembled multitude. King Henry had the
+ring. He gave it to the archbishop. The archbishop placed it upon
+Mary's finger, and pronounced the benediction in a loud voice. The
+usual congratulations followed, and Mary greeted her husband under
+the name of his majesty the King of Scotland. Then the whole mighty
+crowd rent the air with shouts and acclamations.
+
+It was the custom in those days, on such great public occasions as
+this, to scatter money among the crowd, that they might scramble for
+it. This was called the king's _largess_; and the largess was
+pompously proclaimed by heralds before the money was thrown. The
+throwing of the money among this immense throng produced a scene of
+indescribable confusion. The people precipitated themselves upon each
+other in their eagerness to seize the silver and the gold. Some were
+trampled under foot. Some were stripped of their hats and cloaks, or
+had their clothes torn from them. Some fainted, and were borne out of
+the scene with infinite difficulty and danger. At last the people
+clamorously begged the officers to desist from throwing any more
+money, for fear that the most serious and fatal consequences might
+ensue.
+
+In the mean time, the bridal procession returned into the church,
+and, advancing up the center between the lofty columns, they came to
+a place called the choir, which is in the heart of the church, and is
+inclosed by screens of carved and sculptured work. It is in the choir
+that congregations assemble to be present at mass and other religious
+ceremonies. Movable seats are placed here on ordinary occasions, but
+at the time of this wedding the place was fitted up with great
+splendor. Here mass was performed in the presence of the bridal
+party. Mass is a solemn ceremony conducted by the priests, in which
+they renew, or think they renew, the sacrifice of Christ, accompanied
+with offerings of incense, and other acts of adoration, and the
+chanting of solemn hymns of praise.
+
+At the close of these services the procession moved again down the
+church, and, issuing forth at the great entrance, it passed around
+upon a spacious platform, where it could be seen to advantage by all
+the spectators. Mary was the center to which all eyes were turned.
+She moved along, the very picture of grace and beauty, the two young
+girls who followed her bearing her train. The procession, after
+completing its circuit, returned to the church, and thence, through
+the covered gallery, it moved back to the bishop's palace. Here the
+company partook of a grand collation. After the collation there was a
+ball, but the ladies were too much embarrassed with their magnificent
+dresses to be able to dance, and at five o'clock the royal family
+returned to their home. Mary and Queen Catharine went together in a
+sort of palanquin, borne by men, high officers of state walking on
+each side. The king and the dauphin followed on horseback, with a
+large company in their train; but the streets were every where so
+crowded with eager spectators that it was with extreme difficulty
+that they were able to make their way.
+
+The palace to which the party went to spend the evening was fitted up
+and illuminated in the most splendid manner, and a variety of most
+curious entertainments had been contrived for the amusement of the
+company. There were twelve artificial horses, made to move by
+internal mechanism, and splendidly caparisoned. The children of the
+company, the little princes and dukes, mounted these horses and rode
+around the arena. Then came in a company of men dressed like
+pilgrims, each of whom recited a poem written in honor of the
+occasion. After this was an exhibition of galleys, or boats, upon a
+little sea. These boats were large enough to bear up two persons.
+There were two seats in each, one of which was occupied by a young
+gentleman. As the boats advanced, one by one, each gentleman leaped
+to the shore, or to what represented the shore, and, going among the
+company, selected a lady and bore her off to his boat, and then,
+seating her in the vacant chair, took his place by her side, and
+continued his voyage. Francis was in one of the boats, and he, on
+coming to the shore, took _Mary_ for his companion.
+
+The celebrations and festivities of this famous wedding continued for
+fifteen days. They closed with a grand tournament. A tournament was a
+very magnificent spectacle in those days. A field was inclosed, in
+which kings, and princes, and knights, fully armed, and mounted on
+war-horses, tilted against each other with lances and blunted swords.
+Ladies of high rank were present as spectators and judges, and one
+was appointed at each tournament to preside, and to distribute the
+honors and rewards to those who were most successful in the contests.
+The greatest possible degree of deference and honor was paid to the
+ladies by all the knights on these occasions. Once, at a tournament
+in London, arranged by a king of England, the knights and noblemen
+rode in a long procession to the field, each led by a lady by means
+of a silver chain. It was a great honor to be admitted to a share in
+these contests, as none but persons of the highest rank were allowed
+to take a part in them. Whenever one was to be held, invitations were
+sent to all the courts of Europe, and kings, queens, and sovereign
+princes came to witness the spectacle.
+
+The horsemen who contended on these occasions carried long lances,
+blunt, indeed, at the end, so that they could not penetrate the armor
+of the antagonist at which they were aimed, but yet of such weight
+that the momentum of the blow was sometimes sufficient to unhorse
+him. The great object of every combatant was, accordingly, to
+protect himself from this danger. He must turn his horse suddenly,
+and avoid the lance of his antagonist; or he must strike it with his
+own, and thus parry the blow; or if he must encounter it, he was to
+brace himself firmly in his saddle, and resist its impulse with all
+the strength that he could command. It required, therefore, great
+strength and great dexterity to excel in a tournament. In fact, the
+rapidity of the evolutions which it required gave origin to the name,
+the word tournament being formed from a French word[C] which
+signifies to turn.
+
+[Footnote C: Tourner.]
+
+The princes and noblemen who were present at the wedding all joined
+in the tournament except the poor bridegroom, who was too weak and
+feeble in body, and too timid in mind, for any such rough and warlike
+exercises. Francis was very plain and unprepossessing in countenance,
+and shy and awkward in his manners. His health had always been very
+infirm, and though his rank was very high, as he was the heir
+apparent to what was then the greatest throne in Europe, every body
+thought that in all other respects he was unfit to be the husband of
+such a beautiful and accomplished princess as Mary. He was timid,
+shy, and anxious and unhappy in disposition. He knew that the gay and
+warlike spirits around him could not look upon him with respect, and
+he felt a painful sense of his inferiority.
+
+Mary, however, loved him. It was a love, perhaps, mingled with pity.
+She did not assume an air of superiority over him, but endeavored to
+encourage him, to lead him forward, to inspire him with confidence
+and hope, and to make him feel his own strength and value. She was
+herself of a sedate and thoughtful character, and with all her
+intellectual superiority, she was characterized by that feminine
+gentleness of spirit, that disposition to follow and to yield rather
+than to govern, that desire to be led and to be loved rather than to
+lead and be admired, which constitute the highest charm of woman.
+
+Francis was glad when the celebrations, tournament and all, were well
+over. He set off from Paris with his young bride to one of his
+country residences, where he could live, for a while, in peace and
+quietness. Mary was released, in some degree, from the restraints,
+and formalities, and rules of etiquette of King Henry's court, and
+was, to some extent, her own mistress, though still surrounded with
+many attendants, and much parade and splendor. The young couple thus
+commenced the short period of their married life. They were certainly
+a very _young_ couple, being both of them under sixteen.
+
+The rejoicings on account of the marriage were not confined to Paris.
+All Scotland celebrated the event with much parade. The Catholic
+party there were pleased with the final consummation of the event,
+and all the people, in fact, joined, more or less, in commemorating
+the marriage of their queen. There is in the Castle of Edinburgh, on
+a lofty platform which overlooks a broad valley, a monstrous gun,
+several centuries old, which was formed of bars of iron secured by
+great iron hoops. The balls which this gun carried are more than a
+foot in diameter. The name of this enormous piece of ordnance is
+_Mons Meg_. It is now disabled, having been burst, many years ago,
+and injured beyond the possibility of repair. There were great
+rejoicings in Edinburgh at the time of Mary's marriage, and from some
+old accounts which still remain at the castle, it appears that ten
+shillings were paid to some men for moving up Mons Meg to the
+embrasure of the battery, and for finding and bringing back her shot
+after she was discharged; by which it appears that firing Mons Meg
+was a part of the celebration by which the people of Edinburgh
+honored the marriage of their queen.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+MISFORTUNES.
+
+1559-1561
+
+Mary's love for Francis.--How to cherish the passion.--Grand
+tournament.--Henry's pride.--An encounter.--The helmet.--The
+vizor.--King Henry wounded.--His death.--The mournful
+marriage.--The dauphin becomes king.--Catharine superseded.--Mary's
+gentleness.--Coronation of Francis.--Francis's health
+declines.--Superstition of the people.--Commotions in
+Scotland.--Sickness of the queen regent.--Death of Mary's
+mother.--Illness of Francis.--His last moments and death.--Mary a
+young widow.--Embassadors from Scotland.--Mary's unwillingness to
+leave France.--Mary in mourning.--She is called the White Queen.--A
+device.--Mary's employments.--Her beautiful hands.--Melancholy
+visit.--Mary returns to Paris.--Jealousy.--Queen Elizabeth.--Her
+character.--Henry VIII.--Elizabeth's claim to the throne.--Mary's
+claim.--The coat of arms.--Elizabeth offended and alarmed.--The
+Catholic party.--A device.--Treaty of Edinburgh.--The
+safe-conduct.--Elizabeth refuses the safe-conduct.--Mary's
+speech.--Mary's true nobility of soul.--Sympathy with her.--Mary's
+religious faith.--Her frankness and candor.
+
+
+It was said in the last chapter that Mary loved her husband, infirm
+and feeble as he was both in body and in mind. This love was probably
+the effect, quite as much as it was the cause, of the kindness which
+she showed him. As we are very apt to hate those whom we have
+injured, so we almost instinctively love those who have in any way
+become the objects of our kindness and care. If any wife, therefore,
+wishes for the pleasure of loving her husband, or which is, perhaps,
+a better supposition, if any husband desires the happiness of loving
+his wife, conscious that it is a pleasure which he does not now
+enjoy, let him commence by making her the object of his kind
+attentions and care, and love will spring up in the heart as a
+consequence of the kind of action of which it is more commonly the
+cause.
+
+About a year passed away, when at length another great celebration
+took place in Paris, to honor the marriages of some other members of
+King Henry's family. One of them was Francis's oldest sister. A
+grand tournament was arranged on this occasion too. The place for
+this tournament was where the great street of St. Antoine now lies,
+and which may be found on any map of Paris. A very large concourse of
+kings and nobles from all the courts of Europe were present. King
+Henry, magnificently dressed, and mounted on a superb war-horse, was
+a very prominent figure in all the parades of the occasion, though
+the actual contests and trials of skill which took place were between
+younger princes and knights, King Henry and the ladies being
+generally only spectators and judges. He, however, took a part
+himself on one or two occasions, and received great applause.
+
+At last, at the end of the third day, just as the tournament was to
+be closed, King Henry was riding around the field, greatly excited
+with the pride and pleasure which so magnificent a spectacle was
+calculated to awaken, when he saw two lances still remaining which
+had not been broken. The idea immediately seized him of making one
+more exhibition of his own power and dexterity in such contests. He
+took one of the lances, and, directing a high officer who was riding
+near him to take the other, he challenged him to a trial of skill.
+The name of this officer was Montgomery. Montgomery at first
+declined, being unwilling to contend with his king. The king
+insisted. Queen Catharine begged that he would not contend again.
+Accidents sometimes happened, she knew, in these rough encounters;
+and, at any rate, it terrified her to see her husband exposed to such
+dangers. The other lords and ladies, and Francis and Queen Mary
+particularly, joined in these expostulations. But Henry was
+inflexible. There was no danger, and, smiling at their fears, he
+commanded Montgomery to arm himself with his lance and take his
+position.
+
+The spectators looked on in breathless silence. The two horsemen rode
+toward each other, each pressing his horse forward to his utmost
+speed, and as they passed, each aimed his lance at the head and
+breast of the other. It was customary on such occasions to wear a
+helmet, with a part called a vizor in front, which could be raised on
+ordinary occasions, or let down in moments of danger like this, to
+cover and protect the eyes. Of course this part of the armor was
+weaker than the rest, and it happened that Montgomery's lance struck
+here--was shivered--and a splinter of it penetrated the vizor and
+inflicted a wound upon Henry, on the head, just over the eye. Henry's
+horse went on. The spectators observed that the rider reeled and
+trembled in his seat. The whole assembly were in consternation. The
+excitement of pride and pleasure was every where turned into extreme
+anxiety and alarm.
+
+They flocked about Henry's horse, and helped the king to dismount. He
+said it was nothing. They took off his helmet, and found large drops
+of blood issuing from the wound. They bore him to his palace. He had
+the magnanimity to say that Montgomery must not be blamed for this
+result, as he was himself responsible for it entirely. He lingered
+eleven days, and then died. This was in July, 1559.
+
+One of the marriages which this unfortunate tournament had been
+intended to celebrate, that of Elizabeth, the king's daughter, had
+already taken place, having been performed a day or two before the
+king was wounded; and it was decided, after Henry was wounded, that
+the other must proceed, as there were great reasons of state against
+any postponement of it. This second marriage was that of Margaret,
+his sister. The ceremony in her case was performed in a silent and
+private manner, at night, by torch-light, in the chapel of the
+palace, while her brother was dying. The services were interrupted by
+her sobs and tears.
+
+Notwithstanding the mental and bodily feebleness which seemed to
+characterize the dauphin, Mary's husband, who now, by the death of
+his father, became King of France, the event of his accession to the
+throne seemed to awaken his energies, and arouse him to animation and
+effort. He was sick himself, and in his bed, in a palace called the
+Tournelles, when some officers of state were ushered into his
+apartment, and, kneeling before him, saluted him as king. This was
+the first announcement of his father's death. He sprang from his bed,
+exclaiming at once that he was well. It is one of the sad
+consequences of hereditary greatness and power that a son must
+sometimes rejoice at the death of his father.
+
+It was Francis's duty to repair at once to the royal palace of the
+Louvre, with Mary, who was now Queen of France as well as of
+Scotland, to receive the homage of the various estates of the realm.
+Catharine was, of course, now queen dowager. Mary, the child whom she
+had so long looked upon with feelings of jealousy and envy was, from
+this time, to take her place as queen. It was very humiliating to
+Catharine to assume the position of a second and an inferior in the
+presence of one whom she had so long been accustomed to direct and to
+command. She yielded, however, with a good grace, though she seemed
+dejected and sad. As they were leaving the Tournelles, she stopped to
+let Mary go before her, saying, "Pass on, madame; it is your turn to
+take precedence now." Mary went before her, but she stopped in her
+turn, with a sweetness of disposition so characteristic of her, to
+let Queen Catharine enter first into the carriage which awaited them
+at the door.
+
+Francis, though only sixteen, was entitled to assume the government
+himself. He went to Rheims, a town northeast of Paris, where is an
+abbey, which is the ancient place of coronation for the kings of
+France. Here he was crowned. He appointed his ministers, and evinced,
+in his management and in his measures, more energy and decision than
+it was supposed he possessed. He himself and Mary were now, together,
+on the summit of earthly grandeur. They had many political troubles
+and cares which can not be related here, but Mary's life was
+comparatively peaceful and happy, the pleasures which she enjoyed
+being greatly enhanced by the mutual affection which existed between
+herself and her husband.
+
+Though he was small in stature, and very unprepossessing in
+appearance and manners, Francis still evinced in his government a
+considerable degree of good judgment and of energy. His health,
+however, gradually declined. He spent much of his time in traveling,
+and was often dejected and depressed. One circumstance made him feel
+very unhappy. The people of many of the villages through which he
+passed, being in those days very ignorant and superstitious, got a
+rumor into circulation that the king's malady was such that he could
+only be cured by being bathed in the blood of young children. They
+imagined that he was traveling to obtain such a bath; and, wherever
+he came, the people fled, mothers eagerly carrying off their children
+from this impending danger. The king did not understand the _cause_
+of his being thus shunned. They concealed it from him, knowing that
+it would give him pain. He knew only the _fact_, and it made him very
+sad to find himself the object of this mysterious and unaccountable
+aversion.
+
+In the mean time, while these occurrences had been taking place in
+France, Mary's mother, the queen dowager of Scotland, had been made
+queen regent of Scotland after her return from France; but she
+experienced infinite trouble and difficulty in managing the affairs
+of the country. The Protestant party became very strong, and took up
+arms against her government. The English sent them aid. She, on the
+other hand, with the Catholic interest to support her, defended her
+power as well as she could, and called for help from France to
+sustain her. And thus the country which she was so ambitious to
+govern, was involved by her management in the calamities and sorrows
+of civil war.
+
+In the midst of this contest she died. During her last sickness she
+sent for some of the leaders of the Protestant party, and did all
+that she could to soothe and conciliate their minds. She mourned the
+calamities and sufferings which the civil war had brought upon the
+country, and urged the Protestants to do all in their power, after
+her death, to heal these dissensions and restore peace. She also
+exhorted them to remember their obligations of loyalty and obedience
+to their absent queen, and to sustain and strengthen her government
+by every means in their power. She died, and after her death the war
+was brought to a close by a treaty of peace, in which the French and
+English governments joined with the government of Scotland to settle
+the points in dispute, and immediately afterward the troops of both
+these nations were withdrawn. The death of the queen regent was
+supposed to have been caused by the pressure of anxiety which the
+cares of her government imposed. Her body was carried home to France,
+and interred in the royal abbey at Rheims.
+
+The death of Mary's mother took place in the summer of 1560. The next
+December Mary was destined to meet with a much heavier affliction.
+Her husband, King Francis, in addition to other complaints, had been
+suffering for some time from pain and disease in the ear. One day,
+when he was preparing to go out hunting, he was suddenly seized with
+a fainting fit, and was soon found to be in great danger. He
+continued some days very ill. He was convinced himself that he could
+not recover, and began to make arrangements for his approaching end.
+As he drew near to the close of his life, he was more and more deeply
+impressed with a sense of Mary's kindness and love. He mourned very
+much his approaching separation from her. He sent for his mother,
+Queen Catharine, to come to his bedside, and begged that she would
+treat Mary kindly, for his sake, after he was gone.
+
+Mary was overwhelmed with grief at the approaching death of her
+husband. She knew at once what a great change it would make in her
+condition. She would lose immediately her rank and station. Queen
+Catharine would again come into power, as queen regent, during the
+minority of the next heir. All her friends of the family of Guise,
+would be removed from office, and she herself would become a mere
+guest and stranger in the land of which she had been the queen. But
+nothing could arrest the progress of the disease under which her
+husband was sinking. He died, leaving Mary a disconsolate widow of
+seventeen.
+
+The historians of those days say that Queen Catharine was much
+pleased at the death of Francis her son. It restored her to rank and
+power. Mary was again beneath her, and in some degree subject to her
+will. All Mary's friends were removed from their high stations, and
+others, hostile to her family, were put into their places. Mary soon
+found herself unhappy at court, and she accordingly removed to a
+castle at a considerable distance from Paris to the west, near the
+city of Orleans. The people of Scotland wished her to return to her
+native land. Both the great parties sent embassadors to her to ask
+her to return, each of them urging her to adopt such measures on her
+arrival in Scotland as should favor their cause. Queen Catharine,
+too, who was still jealous of Mary's influence, and of the admiration
+and love which her beauty and the loveliness of her character
+inspired, intimated to her that perhaps it would be better for her
+now to leave France and return to her own land.
+
+Mary was very unwilling to go. She loved France. She knew very little
+of Scotland. She was very young when she left it, and the few
+recollections which she had of the country were confined to the
+lonely island of Inchmahome and the Castle of Stirling. Scotland was
+in a cold and inhospitable climate, accessible only through stormy
+and dangerous seas, and it seemed to her that going there was going
+into exile. Besides, she dreaded to undertake personally to
+administer a government whose cares and anxieties had been so great
+as to carry her mother to the grave.
+
+Mary, however, found that it was in vain for her to resist the
+influences which pressed upon her the necessity of returning to her
+native land. She wandered about during the spring and summer after
+her husband's death, spending her time in various palaces and abbeys,
+and at length she began to prepare for her return to Scotland. The
+same gentleness and loveliness of character which she had exhibited
+in her prosperous fortunes, shone still more conspicuously now in her
+hours of sorrow. Sometimes she appeared in public, in certain
+ceremonies of state. She was then dressed in mourning--in
+white--according to the custom in royal families in those days, her
+dark hair covered by a delicate crape veil. Her beauty, softened and
+chastened by her sorrows, made a strong impression upon all who saw
+her.
+
+She appeared so frequently, and attracted so much attention in her
+white mourning, that she began to be known among the people as the
+White Queen. Every body wanted to see her. They admired her beauty;
+they were impressed with the romantic interest of her history; they
+pitied her sorrows. She mourned her husband's death with deep and
+unaffected grief. She invented a device and motto for a seal,
+appropriate to the occasion: it was a figure of the liquorice-tree,
+every part of which is useless except the root, which, of course,
+lies beneath the surface of the earth. Underneath was the
+inscription, in Latin, _My treasure is in the ground_. The expression
+is much more beautiful in the Latin than can be expressed in any
+English words.[D]
+
+[Footnote D: Dulce meum terra tegit.]
+
+Mary did not, however, give herself up to sullen and idle grief, but
+employed herself in various studies and pursuits, in order to soothe
+and solace her grief by useful occupation. She read Latin authors;
+she studied poetry; she composed. She paid much attention to music,
+and charmed those who were in her company by the sweet tones of her
+voice and her skillful performance upon an instrument. The historians
+even record a description of the fascinating effect produced by the
+graceful movements of her beautiful hand. Whatever she did or said
+seemed to carry with it an inexpressible charm.
+
+Before she set out on her return to Scotland she went to pay a visit
+to her grandmother, the same lady whom her mother had gone to see in
+her castle, ten years before, on her return to Scotland after her
+visit to Mary. During this ten years the unhappy mourner had made no
+change in respect to her symbols of grief. The apartments of her
+palace were still hung with black. Her countenance wore the same
+expression of austerity and woe. Her attendants were trained to pay
+to her every mark of the most profound deference in all their
+approaches to her. No sounds of gayety or pleasure were to be heard,
+but a profound stillness and solemnity reigned continually throughout
+the gloomy mansion.
+
+Not long before the arrangements were completed for Mary's return to
+Scotland, she revisited Paris, where she was received with great
+marks of attention and honor. She was now eighteen or nineteen years
+of age, in the bloom of her beauty, and the monarch of a powerful
+kingdom, to which she was about to return, and many of the young
+princes of Europe began to aspire to the honor of her hand. Through
+these and other influences, she was the object of much attention;
+while, on the other hand, Queen Catharine, and the party in power at
+the French court, were envious and jealous of her popularity, and did
+a great deal to mortify and vex her.
+
+The enemy, however, whom Mary had most to fear, was her cousin,
+Queen Elizabeth of England. Queen Elizabeth was a maiden lady, now
+nearly thirty years of age. She was in all respects extremely
+different from Mary. She was a zealous Protestant, and very
+suspicious and watchful in respect to Mary, on account of her
+Catholic connections and faith. She was very plain in person, and
+unprepossessing in manners. She was, however, intelligent and shrewd,
+and was governed by calculations and policy in all that she did. The
+people by whom she was surrounded admired her talents and feared her
+power, but nobody loved her. She had many good qualities as a
+monarch, but none considered as a woman.
+
+[Illustration: PORTRAIT OF QUEEN ELIZABETH.]
+
+Elizabeth was somewhat envious of her cousin Mary's beauty, and of her
+being such an object of interest and affection to all who knew her.
+But she had a far more serious and permanent cause of alienation from
+her than personal envy. It was this: Elizabeth's father, King Henry
+VIII., had, in succession, several wives, and there had been a
+question raised about the legality of his marriage with Elizabeth's
+mother. Parliament decided at one time that this marriage was not
+valid; at another time, subsequently, they decided that it was.
+This difference in the two decisions was not owing so much to a
+change of sentiment in the persons who voted, as to a change in the
+ascendency of the parties by which the decision was controlled. If the
+marriage were valid, then Elizabeth was entitled to the English crown.
+If it were not valid, then she was not entitled to it: it belonged to
+the next heir. Now it happened that Mary Queen of Scots was the next
+heir. Her grandmother on the father's side was an English princess,
+and through her Mary had a just title to the crown, if Queen
+Elizabeth's title was annulled.
+
+Now, while Mary was in France, during the lifetime of King Henry,
+Francis's father, he and the members of the family of Guise advanced
+Mary's claim to the British crown, and denied that of Elizabeth. They
+made a coat of arms, in which the arms of France, and Scotland, and
+England were combined, and had it engraved on Mary's silver plate. On
+one great occasion, they had this symbol displayed conspicuously over
+the gateway of a town where Mary was making a public entry. The
+English embassador, who was present, made this, and the other acts of
+the same kind, known to Elizabeth, and she was greatly incensed at
+them. She considered Mary as plotting treasonably against her power,
+and began to contrive plans to circumvent and thwart her.
+
+Nor was Elizabeth wholly unreasonable in this. Mary, though
+personally a gentle and peaceful woman, yet in her teens, was very
+formidable to Elizabeth as an opposing claimant of the crown. All the
+Catholics in France and in Scotland would naturally take Mary's side.
+Then, besides this, there was a large Catholic party in England, who
+would be strongly disposed to favor any plan which should give them a
+Catholic monarch. Elizabeth was, therefore, very justly alarmed at
+such a claim on the part of her cousin. It threatened not only to
+expose her to the aggressions of foreign foes, but also to internal
+commotions and dangers, in her own dominions.
+
+The chief responsibility for bringing forward this claim must rest
+undoubtedly, not on Mary herself, but on King Henry of France and the
+other French princes, who first put it forward. Mary, however,
+herself, was not entirely passive in the affair. She liked to
+consider herself as entitled to the English crown. She had a device
+for a seal, a very favorite one with her, which expressed this claim.
+It contained two crowns, with a motto in Latin below which meant,
+"_A third awaits me_." Elizabeth knew all these things, and she held
+Mary accountable for all the anxiety and alarm which this dangerous
+claim occasioned her.
+
+At the peace which was made in Scotland between the French and
+English forces and the Scotch, by the great treaty of Edinburgh which
+has been already described, it was agreed that Mary should relinquish
+all claim to the crown of England. This treaty was brought to France
+for Mary to ratify it, but she declined. Whatever rights she might
+have to the English crown, she refused to surrender them. Things
+remained in this state until the time arrived for her return to her
+native land, and then, fearing that perhaps Elizabeth might do
+something to intercept her passage, she applied to her for a
+safe-conduct; that is, a writing authorizing her to pass safely and
+without hinderance through the English dominions, whether land or
+sea. Queen Elizabeth returned word through her embassador in Paris,
+whose name was Throckmorton, that she could not give her any such
+safe-conduct, because she had refused to ratify the treaty of
+Edinburgh.
+
+When this answer was communicated to Mary, she felt deeply wounded
+by it. She sent all the attendants away, that she might express
+herself to Throckmorton without reserve. She told him that it seemed
+to her very hard that her cousin was disposed to prevent her return
+to her native land. As to her claim upon the English crown, she said
+that advancing it was not her plan, but that of her husband and his
+father; and that now she could not properly renounce it, whatever its
+validity might be, till she could have opportunity to return to
+Scotland and consult with her government there, since it affected not
+her personally alone, but the public interests of Scotland. "And
+now," she continued, in substance, "I am sorry that I asked such a
+favor of her. I have no need to ask it, for I am sure I have a right
+to return from France to my own country without asking permission of
+any one. You have often told me that the queen wished to be on
+friendly terms with me, and that it was your opinion that to be
+friends would be best for us both. But now I see that she is not of
+your mind, but is disposed to treat me in an unkind and unfriendly
+manner, while she knows that I am her equal in rank, though I do not
+pretend to be her equal in abilities and experience. Well she may do
+as she pleases. If my preparations were not so far advanced, perhaps
+I should give up the voyage. But I am resolved to go. I hope the
+winds will prove favorable, and carry me away from her shores. If
+they carry me upon them, and I fall into her hands, she may make what
+disposal of me she will. If I lose my life, I shall esteem it no
+great loss, for it is now little else than a burden."
+
+How strongly this speech expresses "that mixture of melancholy and
+dignity, of womanly softness and noble decision, which pervaded her
+character." There is a sort of gentleness even in her anger, and a
+certain indescribable womanly charm in the workings of her mind,
+which cause all who read her story, while they can not but think that
+Elizabeth was right, to sympathize wholly with Mary.
+
+Throckmorton, at one of his conversations with Mary, took occasion to
+ask her respecting her religious views, as Elizabeth wished to know
+how far she was fixed and committed in her attachment to the Catholic
+faith. Mary said that she was born and had been brought up a
+Catholic, and that she should remain so as long as she lived. She
+would not interfere, she said, with her subjects adopting such form
+of religion as they might prefer, but for herself she should not
+change. If she should change, she said, she should justly lose the
+confidence of her people; for, if they saw that she was light and
+fickle on that subject, they could not rely upon her in respect to
+any other. She did not profess to be able to argue, herself, the
+questions of difference, but she was not wholly uninformed in respect
+to them, as she had often heard the points discussed by learned men,
+and had found nothing to lead her to change her ground.
+
+It is impossible for any reader, whether Protestant or Catholic, not
+to admire the frankness and candor, the honest conscientiousness, the
+courage, and, at the same time, womanly modesty and propriety which
+characterize this reply.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+RETURN TO SCOTLAND.
+
+1561
+
+Calais.--Artificial piers and breakwaters.--Throckmorton.--Elizabeth's
+plans.--Throckmorton baffled.--Throckmorton's advice.--Queen Catharine's
+farewell.--Escort.--Embarkation.--Spectators.--Unfortunate
+accident.--Mary's farewell to France.--Her deep emotion.--Mary's first
+night on board.--Her reluctance to leave France.--Fog.--One vessel
+captured.--Narrow escape.--Mary's Adieu to France.--Attempts to
+translate it.--Translations of Mary's Adieu to France.--Arrival at
+Leith.--Palace of Holyrood.--Mary's arrival unexpected.--Mary's
+reception.--Contrasts.--The cavalcade.--Serenade.--Solitary
+home.--Favorable impression.--The Lord James.--Mary makes him one of
+her ministers.--The mass.--Transubstantiation.--Adoration of the
+host.--Protestant and Catholic worship.--Violence and persecution.--The
+mass in Mary's chapel.--Scene of excitement.--Lord James.--The reformer,
+John Knox.--His uncompromising character.--Knox's interview with
+Mary.--His sternness subdued.--The four Maries.--Queen Elizabeth's
+insincerity.
+
+
+Mary was to sail from the port of Calais. Calais is on the northern
+coast of France, opposite to Dover in England, these towns being on
+opposite sides of the Straits of Dover, where the channel between
+England and France is very narrow. Still, the distance is so great
+that the land on either side is ordinarily not visible on the other.
+There is no good natural harbor at Calais, nor, in fact, at any other
+point on the French coast. The French have had to supply the
+deficiency by artificial piers and breakwaters. There are several
+very capacious and excellent harbors on the English side. This may
+have been one cause, among others, of the great naval superiority
+which England has attained.
+
+When Queen Elizabeth found that Mary was going to persevere in her
+intention of returning to her native land, she feared that she might,
+after her arrival in Scotland, and after getting established in power
+there, form a scheme for making war upon _her_ dominions, and
+attempt to carry into effect her claim upon the English crown. She
+wished to prevent this. Would it be prudent to intercept Mary upon
+her passage? She reflected on this subject with the cautious
+calculation which formed so striking a part of her character, and
+felt in doubt. Her taking Mary a prisoner, and confining her a
+captive in her own land, might incense Queen Catharine, who was now
+regent of France, and also awaken a general resentment in Scotland,
+so as to bring upon her the hostility of those two countries, and
+thus, perhaps, make more mischief than the securing of Mary's person
+would prevent.
+
+She accordingly, as a previous step, sent to Throckmorton, her
+embassador in France, directing him to have an interview with Queen
+Catharine, and ascertain how far she would feel disposed to take
+Mary's part. Throckmorton did this. Queen Catharine gave no direct
+reply. She said that both herself and the young king wished well to
+Elizabeth, and to Mary too, that it was her desire that the two
+queens might be on good terms with each other; that she was a friend
+to them both, and should not take a part against either of them.
+
+This was all that Queen Elizabeth could expect, and she formed her
+plans for intercepting Mary on her passage. She sent to Throckmorton,
+asking him to find out, if he could, what port Queen Mary was to sail
+from, and to send her word. She then gave orders to her naval
+commanders to assemble as many ships as they could, and hold them in
+readiness to sail into the seas between England and France, for the
+purpose of _exterminating the pirates_, which she said had lately
+become very numerous there.
+
+Throckmorton took occasion, in a conversation which he had with Mary
+soon after this, to inquire from what port she intended to sail; but
+she did not give him the information. She suspected his motive, and
+merely said, in reply to his question, that she hoped the wind would
+prove favorable for carrying her away as far as possible from the
+English coast, whatever might be the point from which she should take
+her departure. Throckmorton then endeavored to find out the
+arrangements of the voyage by other means, but without much success.
+He wrote to Elizabeth that he thought Mary would sail either from
+Havre or Calais; that she would go eastward, along the shore of the
+Continent, by Flanders and Holland, till she had gained a
+considerable distance from the English coast, and then would sail
+north along the eastern shores of the German Ocean. He advised that
+Elizabeth should send spies to Calais and to Havre, and perhaps to
+other French ports, to watch there, and to let her know whenever they
+observed any appearances of preparations for Mary's departure.
+
+In the mean time, as the hour for Mary's farewell to Paris and all
+its scenes of luxury and splendor, drew near, those who had loved her
+were drawn more closely to her in heart than ever, and those who had
+been envious and jealous began to relent, and to look upon her with
+feelings of compassion and of kind regard. Queen Catharine treated
+her with extreme kindness during the last few days of her stay, and
+she accompanied her for some distance on her journey, with every
+manifestation of sincere affection and good will. She stopped, at
+length, at St. Germain, and there, with many tears, she bade her
+gentle daughter-in-law a long and last farewell.
+
+Many princes and nobles, especially of the family of Guise, Mary's
+relatives, accompanied her through the whole journey. They formed
+quite a long cavalcade, and attracted great attention in all the
+towns and districts through which they passed. They traveled slowly,
+but at length arrived at Calais, where they waited nearly a week to
+complete the arrangements for Mary's embarkation. At length the day
+arrived for her to set sail. A large concourse of spectators
+assembled to witness the scene. Four ships had been provided for the
+transportation of the party and their effects. Two of these were
+galleys. They were provided with banks of oars, and large crews of
+rowers, by means of which the vessels could be propelled when the
+wind failed. The two other vessels were merely vessels of burden, to
+carry the furniture and other effects of the passengers.
+
+Many of the queen's friends were to accompany her to Scotland. The
+four Maries were among them. She bade those that were to remain
+behind farewell, and prepared to embark on board the royal galley.
+Her heart was very sad. Just at this time, a vessel which was coming
+in struck against the pier, in consequence of a heavy sea which was
+rolling in, and of the distraction of the seamen occasioned by Mary's
+embarkation. The vessel which struck was so injured by the concussion
+that it filled immediately and sank. Most of the seamen on board
+were drowned. This accident produced great excitement and confusion.
+Mary looked upon the scene from the deck of her vessel, which was now
+slowly moving from the shore. It alarmed her, and impressed her mind
+with a sad and mournful sense of the dangers of the elements to whose
+mercy she was now to be committed for many days. "What an unhappy
+omen is this!" she exclaimed. She then went to the stern of the ship,
+looked back at the shore, then knelt down, and, covering her face
+with her hands, sobbed aloud. "Farewell, France!" she exclaimed: "I
+shall never, never see thee more." Presently, when her emotions for a
+moment subsided, she would raise her eyes, and take another view of
+the slowly-receding shore, and then exclaim again, "Farewell, my
+beloved France! farewell! farewell!"
+
+[Illustration: MARY'S EMBARKATION AT CALAIS.]
+
+She remained in this position, suffering this anguish, for five hours,
+when it began to grow dark, and she could no longer see the shore. She
+then rose, saying that her beloved country was gone from her sight
+forever. "The darkness, like a thick veil, hides thee from my sight,
+and I shall see thee no more. So farewell, beloved land! farewell
+forever!" She left her place at the stern, but she would not leave
+the deck. She made them bring up a bed, and place it for her there,
+near the stern. They tried to induce her to go into the cabin, or at
+least to take some supper; but she would not. She lay down upon her
+bed. She charged the helmsman to awaken her at the dawn, if the land
+was in sight when the dawn should appear. She then wept herself to
+sleep.
+
+During the night the air was calm, and the vessels in which Mary and
+her company had embarked made such small progress, being worked only
+by the oars, that the land came into view again with the gray light
+of the morning. The helmsman awoke Mary, and the sight of the shore
+renewed her anguish and tears. She said that she _could not_ go. She
+wished that Elizabeth's ships would come in sight, so as to compel
+her squadron to return. But no English fleet appeared. On the
+contrary, the breeze freshened. The sailors unfurled the sails, the
+oars were taken in, and the great crew of oarsmen rested from their
+toil. The ships began to make their way rapidly through the rippling
+water. The land soon became a faint, low cloud in the horizon, and in
+an hour all traces of it entirely disappeared.
+
+The voyage continued for ten days. They saw nothing of Elizabeth's
+cruisers. It was afterward ascertained, however, that these ships
+were at one time very near to them, and were only prevented from
+seeing and taking them by a dense fog, which at that time happened to
+cover the sea. One of the vessels of burden was seen and taken, and
+carried to England. It contained, however, only some of Mary's
+furniture and effects. She herself escaped the danger.
+
+The fog, which was thus Mary's protection at one time, was a source
+of great difficulty and danger at another; for, when they were
+drawing near to the place of their landing in Scotland, they were
+enveloped in a fog so dense that they could scarcely see from one end
+of the vessel to the other. They stopped the progress of their
+vessels, and kept continually sounding; and when at length the fog
+cleared away, they found themselves involved in a labyrinth of rocks
+and shoals of the most dangerous character. They made their escape at
+last, and went on safely toward the land. Mary said, however, that
+she felt, at the time, entirely indifferent as to the result. She was
+so disconsolate and wretched at having parted forever from all that
+was dear to her, that it seemed to her that she was equally willing
+to live or to die.
+
+Mary, who, among her other accomplishments, had a great deal of
+poetic talent, wrote some lines, called her Farewell to France, which
+have been celebrated from that day to this. They are as follows:
+
+               ADIEU.
+
+       Adieu, plaisant pays de France!
+               O ma patrie,
+               La plus cherie;
+       Qui a nourri ma jeune enfance.
+     Adieu, France! adieu, mes beaux jours!
+     La nef qui déjoint mes amours,
+     N'a cy de moi que la moitié;
+     Une parte te reste; elle est tienne;
+     Je la fie à ton amitié,
+     Pour que de l'autre il te souvienne.
+
+Many persons have attempted to translate these lines into English
+verse; but it is always extremely difficult to translate poetry from
+one language to another. We give here two of the best of these
+translations. The reader can judge, by observing how different they
+are from each other, how different they must both be from their
+common original.
+
+               ADIEU.
+
+     Farewell to thee, thou pleasant shore,
+       The loved, the cherished home to me
+     Of infant joy, a dream that's o'er,
+       Farewell, dear France! farewell to thee.
+
+     The sail that wafts me bears away
+       From thee but half my soul alone;
+     Its fellow half will fondly stay,
+       And back to thee has faithful flown.
+
+     I trust it to thy gentle care;
+       For all that here remains with me
+     Lives but to think of all that's there,
+       To love and to remember thee.
+
+The other translation is as follows:
+
+               ADIEU.
+
+      Adieu, thou pleasant land of France!
+        The dearest of all lands to me,
+      Where life was like a joyful dance,
+        The joyful dance of infancy.
+
+      Farewell my childhood's laughing wiles,
+        Farewell the joys of youth's bright day,
+      The bark that takes me from thy smiles,
+        Bears but my meaner half away.
+
+      The best is thine; my changeless heart
+        Is given, beloved France, to thee;
+      And let it sometimes, though we part,
+        Remind thee, with a sigh, of me.
+
+It was on the 19th of August, 1561, that the two galleys arrived at
+Leith. Leith is a small port on the shore of the Frith of Forth,
+about two miles from Edinburgh, which is situated somewhat inland.
+The royal palace, where Mary was to reside, was called the Palace of
+Holyrood. It was, and is still, a large square building, with an open
+court in the center, into which there is access for carriages through
+a large arched passage-way in the center of the principal front of
+the building. In the rear, but connected with the palace, there was a
+chapel in Mary's day, though it is now in ruins. The walls still
+remain, but the roof is gone. The people of Scotland were not
+expecting Mary so soon. Information was communicated from country to
+country, in those days, slowly and with great difficulty. Perhaps the
+time of Mary's departure from France was purposely concealed even
+from the Scotch, to avoid all possibility that the knowledge of it
+should get into Elizabeth's possession.
+
+At any rate, the first intelligence which the inhabitants of
+Edinburgh and the vicinity had of the arrival of their queen, was the
+approach of the galleys to the shore, and the firing of a royal
+salute from their guns. The Palace of Holyrood was not ready for
+Mary's reception, and she had to remain a day at Leith, awaiting the
+necessary preparations. In the mean time, the whole population began
+to assemble to welcome her arrival. Military bands were turned out;
+banners were prepared; civil and military officers in full costume
+assembled, and bon-fires and illuminations were provided for the
+evening and night. In a word, Mary's subjects in Scotland did all in
+their power to do honor to the occasion; but the preparations were so
+far beneath the pomp and pageantry which she had been accustomed to
+in France, that she felt the contrast very keenly, and realized, more
+forcibly than ever, how great was the change which the circumstances
+of her life were undergoing.
+
+[Illustration: PALACE OF HOLYROOD. With Salisbury Crags and Arthur's
+Seat in the Distance.]
+
+Horses were prepared for Mary and her large company of attendants, to
+ride from Leith to Edinburgh. The long cavalcade moved toward evening.
+The various professions and trades of Edinburgh were drawn up in lines
+on each side of the road, and thousands upon thousands of other
+spectators assembled to witness the scene. When she reached the Palace
+of Holyrood House, a band of music played for a time under her
+windows, and then the great throng quietly dispersed, leaving Mary to
+her repose. The adjoining engraving represents the Palace of Holyrood
+as it now appears. In Mary's day, the northern part only had been
+built--that is, the part on the left, in the view, where the ivy
+climbs about the windows--and the range extending back to the royal
+chapel, the ruins of which are seen in the rear.[E] Mary took up her
+abode in this dwelling, and was glad to rest from the fatigues and
+privations of her long voyage; but she found her new home a solitary
+and gloomy dwelling, compared with the magnificent palaces of the land
+she had left.
+
+[Footnote E: For the situation of this palace in respect to Edinburgh
+see the view of Edinburgh, page 179.]
+
+Mary made an extremely favorable impression upon her subjects in
+Scotland. To please them, she exchanged the white mourning of France,
+from which she had taken the name of the White Queen, for a black
+dress, more accordant with the ideas and customs of her native land.
+This gave her a more sedate and matronly character, and though the
+expression of her countenance and figure was somewhat changed by it,
+it was only a change to a new form of extreme and fascinating beauty.
+Her manners, too, so graceful and easy, and yet so simple and
+unaffected, charmed all who saw her.
+
+Mary had a half brother in Scotland, whose title was at this time the
+Lord James. He was afterward named the Earl of Murray, and is
+commonly known in history under this latter designation. The mother
+of Lord James was not legally married to Mary's father, and
+consequently he could not inherit any of his father's rights to the
+Scottish crown. The Lord James was, however, a man of very high rank
+and influence, and Mary immediately received him into her service,
+and made him one of her highest ministers of state. He was now about
+thirty years of age, prudent, cautious, and wise, of good person and
+manners, but somewhat reserved and austere.
+
+Lord James had the general direction of affairs on Mary's arrival,
+and things went on very smoothly for a week; but then, on the first
+Sunday after the landing, a very serious difficulty threatened to
+occur. The Catholics have a certain celebration, called the mass, to
+which they attach a very serious and solemn importance. When our
+Savior gave the bread and the wine to his disciples at the Last
+Supper he said of it, "This is my body, broken for you," and "This is
+my blood, shed for you." The Catholics understand that these words
+denote that the bread and wine did at that time, and that they do
+now, whenever the communion service is celebrated by a priest duly
+authorized, become, by a sort of miraculous transformation, the true
+body and blood of Christ, and that the priest, in breaking the one
+and pouring out the other, is really and truly renewing the great
+sacrifice for sin made by Jesus Christ at his crucifixion. The mass,
+therefore, in which the bread and the wine are so broken and poured
+out, becomes, in their view, not a mere service of prayer and praise
+to God, but a solemn _act_ of sacrifice. The spectators, or
+assistants, as they call them, meaning all who are present on the
+occasion, stand by, not merely to hear words of adoration, in which
+they mentally join, as is the case in most Protestant forms of
+worship, but to witness the _enactment of a deed_, and one of great
+binding force and validity: a real and true sacrifice of Christ, made
+anew, as an atonement for their sins. The bread, when consecrated,
+and as they suppose, transmuted to the body of Christ, is held up to
+view, or carried in a procession around the church, that all present
+may bow before it and adore it as really being, though in the form of
+bread, the wounded and broken body of the Lord.
+
+Of course the celebration of the mass is invested, in the minds of
+all conscientious Catholics, with the utmost solemnity and
+importance. They stand silently by, with the deepest feelings of
+reverence and awe, while the priest offers up for them, anew, the
+great sacrifice for sin. They regard all Protestant worship, which
+consists of mere exhortations to duty, hymns and prayers, as lifeless
+and void. That which is to them the soul, the essence, and substance
+of the whole, is wanting. On the other hand, the Protestants abhor
+the sacrifice of the mass as gross superstition. They think that the
+bread remains simply bread after the benediction as much as before;
+that for the priests to pretend that in breaking it they renew the
+sacrifice of Christ, is imposture; and that to bow before it in
+adoration and homage is the worst idolatry.
+
+Now it happened that during Mary's absence in France, the contest
+between the Catholics and the Protestants had been going fiercely
+on, and the result had been the almost complete defeat of the
+Catholic party, and the establishment of the Protestant interest
+throughout the realm. A great many deeds of violence accompanied this
+change. Churches and abbeys were sometimes sacked and destroyed. The
+images of saints, which the Catholics had put up, were pulled down
+and broken; and the people were sometimes worked up to phrensy
+against the principles of the Catholic faith and Catholic
+observances. They abhorred the mass, and were determined that it
+should not be introduced again into Scotland.
+
+Queen Mary, knowing this state of things determined, on her arrival
+in Scotland, not to interfere with her people in the exercise of
+their religion; but she resolved to remain a Catholic herself, and to
+continue, for the use of her own household, in the royal chapel at
+Holyrood, the same Catholic observances to which she had been
+accustomed in France. She accordingly gave orders that mass should be
+celebrated in her chapel on the first Sunday after her arrival. She
+was very willing to abstain from interfering with the religious
+usages of her subjects, but she was not willing to give up her own.
+
+The friends of the Reformation had a meeting, and resolved that mass
+should _not_ be celebrated. There was, however, no way of preventing
+it but by intimidation or violence. When Sunday came, crowds began to
+assemble about the palace and the chapel,[F] and to fill all the
+avenues leading to them. The Catholic families who were going to
+attend the service were treated rudely as they passed. The priests
+they threatened with death. One, who carried a candle which was to be
+used in the ceremonies, was extremely terrified at their threats and
+imprecations. The excitement was very great, and would probably have
+proceeded to violent extremities, had it not been for Lord James's
+energy and courage. He was a Protestant, but he took his station at
+the door of the chapel, and, without saying or doing any thing to
+irritate the crowd without, he kept them at bay, while the service
+proceeded. It went on to the close, though greatly interrupted by the
+confusion and uproar. Many of the French people who came with Mary
+were so terrified by this scene, that they declared they would not
+stay in such a country, and took the first opportunity of returning
+to France.
+
+[Footnote F: The ruins of the royal chapel are to be seen in the rear
+of the palace in the view on page 114.]
+
+One of the most powerful and influential of the leaders of the
+Protestant party at this time was the celebrated John Knox. He was a
+man of great powers of mind and of commanding eloquence; and he had
+exerted a vast influence in arousing the people of Scotland to a
+feeling of strong abhorrence of what they considered the abominations
+of popery. When Queen Mary of England was upon the throne, Knox had
+written a book against her, and against queens in general, women
+having, according to his views, no right to govern. Knox was a man of
+the most stern and uncompromising character, who feared nothing,
+respected nothing, and submitted to no restraints in the blunt and
+plain discharge of what he considered his duty. Mary dreaded his
+influence and power.
+
+Knox had an interview with Mary not long after her arrival, and it is
+one of the most striking instances of the strange ascendency which
+Mary's extraordinary beauty and grace, and the pensive charm of her
+demeanor, exercised over all that came within her influence, that
+even John Knox, whom nothing else could soften or subdue, found his
+rough and indomitable energy half forsaking him in the presence of
+his gentle queen. She expostulated with him. He half apologized.
+Nothing had ever drawn the least semblance of an apology from him
+before. He told her that his book was aimed solely against Queen Mary
+of England, and not against her; that she had no cause to fear its
+influence; that, in respect to the freedom with which he had advanced
+his opinions and theories on the subjects of government and religion,
+she need not be alarmed, for philosophers had always done this in
+every age, and yet had lived good citizens of the state, whose
+institutions they had, nevertheless, in some sense theoretically
+condemned. He told her, moreover, that he had no intention of
+troubling her reign; that she might be sure of this, since, if he had
+such a desire, he should have commenced his measures during her
+absence, and not have postponed them until her position on the throne
+was strengthened by her return. Thus he tried to soothe her fears,
+and to justify himself from the suspicion of having designed any
+injury to such a gentle and helpless queen. The interview was a very
+extraordinary spectacle. It was that of a lion laying aside his
+majestic sternness and strength to dispel the fears and quiet the
+apprehensions of a dove. The interview was, however, after all,
+painful and distressing to Mary. Some things which the stern reformer
+felt it his duty to say to her, brought tears into her eyes.
+
+Mary soon became settled in her new home, though many circumstances
+in her situation were well calculated to disquiet and disturb her.
+She lived in the palace at Holyrood. The four Maries continued with
+her for a time, and then two of them were married to nobles of high
+rank. Queen Elizabeth sent Mary a kind message, congratulating her on
+her safe arrival in Scotland, and assuring her that the story of her
+having attempted to intercept her was false. Mary, who had no means
+of proving Elizabeth's insincerity, sent her back a polite reply.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+MARY AND LORD DARNLEY.
+
+1562-1566
+
+Stormy scenes.--Lord James.--Acts of cruelty.--Mary's energy and
+decision.--Her popularity.--Story of Chatelard.--His love and
+infatuation.--Trial of Chatelard.--His execution and last
+words.--Mary and Elizabeth.--The English succession.--Claim of
+Lady Lennox.--Lord Darnley.--Offers of marriage.--Duplicity of
+Elizabeth.--Melville sent as embassador to Elizabeth.--His
+reception.--Conversation of Melville and Elizabeth.--Dudley, earl
+of Leicester.--The "long" lad.--Lord Darnley.--Elizabeth's
+management.--Darnley's visit to Scotland.--Mary's message to
+Elizabeth.--Elizabeth's duplicity.--Wemys Castle.--Mary's opinion
+of Darnley.--His interview with her.--The courtship.--Elizabeth in
+a rage.--Murray's opposition.--Mary hastens the marriage.--A
+dangerous plot.--Mary's narrow escape.--The marriage.--The mourner
+and the bride.--Darnley's contemptible character.--Darnley's
+imperiousness and pride.--Mary's cares.--Rebellion.--Elizabeth's
+treatment of the rebels.--Mary's generous conduct to Darnley.--The
+double throne.--Darnley's cruel ingratitude.
+
+
+During the three or four years which elapsed after Queen Mary's
+arrival in Scotland, she had to pass through many stormy scenes of
+anxiety and trouble. The great nobles of the land were continually
+quarreling, and all parties were earnest and eager in their efforts
+to get Mary's influence and power on their side. She had a great deal
+of trouble with the affairs of her brother, the Lord James. He wished
+to have the earldom of Murray conferred upon him. The castle and
+estates pertaining to this title were in the north of Scotland, in
+the neighborhood of Inverness. They were in possession of another
+family, who refused to give them up. Mary accompanied Lord James to
+the north with an army, to put him in possession. They took the
+castle, and hung the governor, who had refused to surrender at their
+summons. This, and some other acts of this expedition, have since
+been considered unjust and cruel; but posterity have been divided in
+opinion on the question how far Mary herself was personally
+responsible for them.
+
+Mary, at any rate, displayed a great degree of decision and energy in
+her management of public affairs, and in the personal exploits which
+she performed. She made excursions from castle to castle, and from
+town to town, all over Scotland. On these expeditions she traveled on
+horseback, sometimes with a royal escort, and sometimes at the head
+of an army of eighteen or twenty thousand men. These royal progresses
+were made sometimes among the great towns and cities on the eastern
+coast of Scotland, and also, at other times, among the gloomy and
+dangerous defiles of the Highlands. Occasionally she would pay visits
+to the nobles at their castles, to hunt in their parks, to review
+their Highland retainers, or to join them in celebrations and fêtes,
+and military parades.
+
+During all this time, her personal influence and ascendency over all
+who knew her was constantly increasing; and the people of Scotland,
+notwithstanding the disagreement on the subject of religion, became
+more and more devoted to their queen. The attachment which those who
+were in immediate attendance upon her felt to her person and
+character, was in many cases extreme. In one instance, this
+attachment led to a very sad result. There was a young Frenchman,
+named Chatelard, who came in Mary's train from France. He was a
+scholar and a poet. He began by writing verses in Mary's praise,
+which Mary read, and seemed to be pleased with. This increased his
+interest in her, and led him to imagine that he was himself the
+object of her kind regard. Finally, the love which he felt for her
+came to be a perfect infatuation. He concealed himself one night in
+Mary's bed-chamber, armed, as if to resist any attack which the
+attendants might make upon him. He was discovered by the female
+attendants, and taken away, and they, for fear of alarming Mary, did
+not tell her of the circumstance till the next morning.
+
+Mary was very much displeased, or, at least, professed to be so. John
+Knox thought that this displeasure was only a pretense. She, however,
+forbid Chatelard to come any more into her sight. A day or two after
+this, Mary set out on a journey to the north. Chatelard followed. He
+either believed that Mary really loved him, or else he was led on by
+that strange and incontrollable infatuation which so often, in such
+cases, renders even the wisest men utterly reckless and blind to the
+consequences of what they say or do. He watched his opportunity, and
+one night, when Mary retired to her bed-room, he followed her
+directly in. Mary called for help. The attendants came in, and
+immediately sent for the Earl of Murray, who was in the palace.
+Chatelard protested that all he wanted was to explain and apologize
+for his coming into Mary's room before, and to ask her to forgive
+him. Mary, however, would not listen. She was very much incensed.
+When Murray came in, she directed him to run his dagger through the
+man. Murray, however, instead of doing this, had the offender seized
+and sent to prison. In a few days he was tried, and condemned to be
+beheaded. The excitement and enthusiasm of his love continued to the
+last. He stood firm and undaunted on the scaffold, and, just before
+he laid his head on the block, he turned toward the place where Mary
+was then lodging, and said, "Farewell! loveliest and most cruel
+princess that the world contains!"
+
+In the mean time, Mary and Queen Elizabeth continued ostensibly on
+good terms. They sent embassadors to each other's courts. They
+communicated letters and messages to each other, and entered into
+various negotiations respecting the affairs of their respective
+kingdoms. The truth was, each was afraid of the other, and neither
+dared to come to an open rupture. Elizabeth was uneasy on account of
+Mary's claim to her crown, and was very anxious to avoid driving her
+to extremities, since she knew that, in that case, there would be
+great danger of her attempting openly to enforce it. Mary, on the
+other hand, thought that there was more probability of her obtaining
+the succession to the English crown by keeping peace with Elizabeth
+than by a quarrel. Elizabeth was not married, and was likely to live
+and die single. Mary would then be the next heir, without much
+question. She wished Elizabeth to acknowledge this, and to have the
+English Parliament enact it. If Elizabeth would take this course,
+Mary was willing to waive her claims during Elizabeth's life.
+Elizabeth, however, was not willing to do this decidedly. She wished
+to reserve the right to herself of marrying if she chose. She also
+wished to keep Mary dependent upon her as long as she could. Hence,
+while she would not absolutely refuse to comply with Mary's
+proposition, she would not really accede to it, but kept the whole
+matter in suspense by endless procrastination, difficulties, and
+delays.
+
+I have said that, after Elizabeth, Mary's claim to the British crown
+was almost unquestioned. There was another lady about as nearly
+related to the English royal line as Mary. Her name was Margaret
+Stuart. Her title was Lady Lennox. She had a son named Henry Stuart,
+whose title was Lord Darnley. It was a question whether Mary or
+Margaret were best entitled to consider herself the heir to the
+British crown after Elizabeth. Mary, therefore, had two obstacles in
+the way of the accomplishment of her wishes to be Queen of England:
+one was the claim of Elizabeth, who was already in possession of the
+throne, and the other the claims of Lady Lennox, and, after her, of
+her son Darnley. There was a plan of disposing of this last
+difficulty in a very simple manner. It was, to have Mary marry Lord
+Darnley, and thus unite these two claims. This plan had been
+proposed, but there had been no decision in respect to it. There was
+one objection: that Darnley being Mary's cousin, their marriage was
+forbidden by the laws of the Catholic Church. There was no way of
+obviating this difficulty but by applying to the pope to grant them a
+special dispensation.
+
+In the mean time, a great many other plans were formed for Mary's
+marriage. Several of the princes and potentates of Europe applied for
+her hand. They were allured somewhat, no doubt, by her youth and
+beauty, and still more, very probably, by the desire to annex her
+kingdom to their dominions. Mary, wishing to please Elizabeth,
+communicated often with her, to ask her advice and counsel in regard
+to her marriage. Elizabeth's policy was to embarrass and perplex the
+whole subject by making difficulties in respect to every plan
+proposed. Finally, she recommended a gentleman of her own court to
+Mary--Robert Dudley, whom she afterward made Earl of Leicester--one
+of her special favorites. The position of Dudley, and the
+circumstances of the case, were such that mankind have generally
+supposed that Elizabeth did not seriously imagine that such a plan
+could be adopted, but that she proposed it, as perverse and
+intriguing people often do, as a means of increasing the difficulty.
+Such minds often attempt to prevent doing what _can_ be done by
+proposing and urging what they know is impossible.
+
+In the course of these negotiations, Queen Mary once sent Melville,
+her former page of honor in France, as a special embassador to Queen
+Elizabeth, to ascertain more perfectly her views. Melville had
+followed Mary to Scotland, and had entered her service there as a
+confidential secretary; and as she had great confidence in his
+prudence and in his fidelity, she thought him the most suitable
+person to undertake this mission. Melville afterward lived to an
+advanced age, and in the latter part of his life he wrote a narrative
+of his various adventures, and recorded, in quaint and ancient
+language, many of his conversations and interviews with the two
+queens. His mission to England was of course a very important event
+in his life, and one of the most curious and entertaining passages in
+his memoirs is his narrative of his interviews with the English
+queen. He was, at the time, about thirty-four years of age. Mary was
+about twenty-two.
+
+Sir James Melville was received with many marks of attention and
+honor by Queen Elizabeth. His first interview with her was in a
+garden near the palace. She first asked him about a letter which Mary
+had recently written to her, and which, she said, had greatly
+displeased her; and she took out a reply from her pocket, written in
+very sharp and severe language, though she said she had not sent it
+because it was not severe enough, and she was going to write another.
+Melville asked to see the letter from Mary which had given Elizabeth
+so much offense; and on reading it, he explained it, and disavowed,
+on Mary's part, any intention to give offense, and thus finally
+succeeded in appeasing Elizabeth's displeasure, and at length induced
+her to tear up her angry reply.
+
+Elizabeth then wanted to know what Mary thought of her proposal of
+Dudley for her husband. Melville told her that she had not given the
+subject much reflection, but that she was going to appoint two
+commissioners, and she wished Elizabeth to appoint two others, and
+then that the four should meet on the borders of the two countries,
+and consider the whole subject of the marriage. Elizabeth said that
+she perceived that Mary did not think much of this proposed match.
+She said, however, that Dudley stood extremely high in _her_ regard,
+that she was going to make him an earl, and that she should marry him
+herself were it not that she was fully resolved to live and die a
+single woman. She said she wished very much to have Dudley become
+Mary's husband both on account of her attachment to him, and also on
+account of his attachment to her, which she was sure would prevent
+his allowing her, that is, Elizabeth, to have any trouble out of
+Mary's claim to her crown as long as she lived.
+
+Elizabeth also asked Melville to wait in Westminster until the day
+appointed for making Dudley an earl. This was done, a short time
+afterward, with great ceremony. Lord Darnley, then a very tall and
+slender youth of about nineteen, was present on the occasion. His
+father and mother had been banished from Scotland, on account of some
+political offenses, twenty years before, and he had thus himself been
+brought up in England. As he was a near relative of the queen, and a
+sort of heir-presumptive to the crown, he had a high position at the
+court, and his office was, on this occasion, to bear the sword of
+honor before the queen. Dudley kneeled before Elizabeth while she put
+upon him the badges of his new dignity. Afterward she asked Melville
+what he thought of him. Melville was polite enough to speak warmly in
+his favor. "And yet," said the queen, "I suppose you prefer yonder
+_long_ lad," pointing to Darnley. She knew something of Mary's
+half-formed design of making Darnley her husband. Melville, who did
+not wish her to suppose that Mary had any serious intention of
+choosing Darnley, said that "no woman of spirit would choose such a
+person as he was, for he was handsome, beardless, and lady-faced; in
+fact, he looked more like a woman than a man."
+
+Melville was not very honest in this, for he had secret instructions
+at this very time to apply to Lady Lennox, Darnley's mother, to send
+her son into Scotland, in order that Mary might see him, and be
+assisted to decide the question of becoming his wife, by ascertaining
+how she was going to like him personally. Queen Elizabeth, in the
+mean time, pressed upon Melville the importance of Mary's deciding
+soon in favor of the marriage with Leicester. As to declaring in
+favor of Mary's right to inherit the crown after her, she said the
+question was in the hands of the great lawyers and commissioners to
+whom she had referred it, and that she heartily wished that they
+might come to a conclusion in favor of Mary's claim. She should urge
+the business forward as fast as she could; but the result would
+depend very much upon the disposition which Mary showed to comply
+with her wishes in respect to the marriage. She said she should
+never marry herself unless she was compelled to it on account of
+Mary's giving her trouble by her claims upon the crown, and forcing
+her to desire that it should go to her direct descendants. If Mary
+would act wisely, and as she ought, and follow _her_ counsel, she
+would, in due time, have all her desire.
+
+Some time more elapsed in negotiations and delays. There was a good
+deal of trouble in getting leave for Darnley to go to Scotland. From
+his position, and from the state of the laws and customs of the two
+realms, he could not go without Elizabeth's permission. Finally, Mary
+sent word to Elizabeth that she would marry Leicester according to
+her wish, if she would have her claim to the English crown, _after_
+Elizabeth, acknowledged and established by the English government, so
+as to have that question definitely and finally settled. Elizabeth
+sent back for answer to this proposal, that if Mary married
+Leicester, she would advance him to great honors and dignities, but
+that she could not do any thing at present about the succession. She
+also, at the same time, gave permission to Darnley to go to Scotland.
+
+It is thought that Elizabeth never seriously intended that Mary
+should marry Leicester, and that she did not suppose Mary herself
+would consent to it on any terms. Accordingly, when she found Mary
+was acceding to the plan, she wanted to retreat from it herself, and
+hoped that Darnley's going to Scotland, and appearing there as a new
+competitor in the field, would tend to complicate and embarrass the
+question in Mary's mind, and help to prevent the Leicester
+negotiation from going any further. At any rate, Lord Darnley--then a
+very tall and handsome young man of nineteen--obtained suddenly
+permission to go to Scotland. Mary went to Wemys Castle, and made
+arrangements to have Darnley come and visit her there.
+
+[Illustration: WEMY'S CASTLE--The Scene of Mary's first Interview
+with Darnley.]
+
+Wemys Castle is situated in a most romantic and beautiful spot on the
+sea-shore, on the northern side of the Frith of Forth. Edinburgh is
+upon the southern side of the Frith, and is in full view from the
+windows of the castle, with Salisbury Crags and Arthur's Seat on the
+left of the city. Wemys Castle was, at this time, the residence of
+Murray, Mary's brother. Mary's visit to it was an event which
+attracted a great deal of attention. The people flocked into the
+neighborhood and provisions and accommodations of every kind rose
+enormously in price. Every one was eager to get a glimpse of the
+beautiful queen. Besides, they knew that Lord Darnley was expected,
+and the rumor that he was seriously thought of as her future husband
+had been widely circulated, and had awakened, of course, a universal
+desire to see him.
+
+Mary was very much pleased with Darnley. She told Melville, after
+their first interview, that he was the handsomest and best
+proportioned "long man" she had ever seen. Darnley was, in fact, very
+tall, and as he was straight and slender, he appeared even taller
+than he really was. He was, however, though young, very easy and
+graceful in his manners, and highly accomplished. Mary was very much
+pleased with him. She had almost decided to make him her husband
+before she saw him, merely from political considerations, on account
+of her wish to combine his claim with hers in respect to the English
+crown. Elizabeth's final answer, refusing the terms on which Mary had
+consented to marry Leicester, which came about this time, vexed her,
+and determined her to abandon that plan. And now, just in such a
+crisis, to find Darnley possessed of such strong personal
+attractions, seemed to decide the question. In a few days her
+imagination was full of pictures of joy and pleasure, in
+anticipations of union with such a husband.
+
+The thing took the usual course of such affairs. Darnley asked Mary
+to be his wife. She said no, and was offended with him for asking it.
+He offered her a present of a ring. She refused to accept it. But the
+no meant yes, and the rejection of the ring was only the prelude to
+the acceptance of something far more important, of which a ring is
+the symbol. Mary's first interview with Darnley was in February. In
+April, Queen Elizabeth's embassador sent her word that he was
+satisfied that Mary's marriage with Darnley was all arranged and
+settled.
+
+Queen Elizabeth was, or pretended to be, in a great rage. She sent
+the most urgent remonstrances to Mary against the execution of the
+plan. She forwarded, also, very decisive orders to Darnley, and to
+the Earl of Lennox his father, to return immediately to England.
+Lennox replied that he could not return, for "he did not think the
+climate would agree with him!" Darnley sent back word that he had
+entered the service of the Queen of Scots, and henceforth should
+obey her orders alone. Elizabeth, however, was not the only one who
+opposed this marriage. The Earl of Murray, Mary's brother, who had
+been thus far the great manager of the government under Mary, took at
+once a most decided stand against it. He enlisted a great number of
+Protestant nobles with him, and they held deliberations, in which
+they formed plans for resisting it by force. But Mary, who, with all
+her gentleness and loveliness of spirit, had, like other women, some
+decision and energy when an object in which the heart is concerned is
+at stake, had made up her mind. She sent to France to get the consent
+of her friends there. She dispatched a commissioner to Rome to obtain
+the pope's dispensation; she obtained the sanction of her own
+Parliament; and, in fact, in every way hastened the preparations for
+the marriage.
+
+Murray, on the other hand, and his confederate lords, were determined
+to prevent it. They formed a plan to rise in rebellion against Mary,
+to waylay and seize her, to imprison her, and to send Darnley and his
+father to England, having made arrangements with Elizabeth's
+ministers to receive them at the borders. The plan was all well
+matured, and would probably have been carried into effect, had not
+Mary, in some way or other, obtained information of the design. She
+was then at Stirling, and they were to waylay her on the usual route
+to Edinburgh. She made a sudden journey, at an unexpected time, and
+by a new and unusual road, and thus evaded her enemies. The violence
+of this opposition only stimulated her determination to carry the
+marriage into effect without delay. Her escape from her rebellious
+nobles took place in June, and she was married in July. This was six
+months after her first interview with Darnley. The ceremony was
+performed in the royal chapel at Holyrood. They show, to this day,
+the place where she is said to have stood, in the now roofless
+interior.
+
+Mary was conducted into the chapel by Lennox and another nobleman, in
+the midst of a large company of lords and ladies of the court, and of
+strangers of distinction, who had come to Edinburgh to witness the
+ceremony. A vast throng had collected also around the palace. Mary was
+led to the altar, and then Lord Darnley was conducted in. The marriage
+ceremony was performed according to the Catholic ritual. Three rings,
+one of them a diamond ring of great value, were put upon her finger.
+After the ceremony, largess was proclaimed, and money distributed
+among the crowd, as had been done in Paris at Mary's former marriage,
+five years before. Mary then remained to attend the celebration of
+mass, Darnley, who was not a Catholic, retiring. After the mass, Mary
+returned to the palace, and changed the mourning dress which she had
+continued to wear from the time of her first husband's death to that
+hour, for one more becoming a bride. The evening was spent in
+festivities of every kind.
+
+We have said that Darnley was personally attractive in respect both
+to his countenance and his manners; and, unfortunately, this is all
+that can be said in his favor. He was weak-minded, and yet
+self-conceited and vain. The sudden elevation which his marriage with
+a queen gave him, made him proud, and he soon began to treat all
+around him in a very haughty and imperious manner. He seems to have
+been entirely unaccustomed to exercise any self-command, or to submit
+to any restraints in the gratification of his passions. Mary paid him
+a great many attentions, and took great pleasure in conferring upon
+him, as her queenly power enabled her to do, distinctions and honors;
+but, instead of being grateful for them, he received them as matters
+of course, and was continually demanding more. There was one title
+which he wanted, and which, for some good reason, it was necessary to
+postpone conferring upon him. A nobleman came to him one day and
+informed him of the necessity of this delay. He broke into a fit of
+passion, drew his dagger, rushed toward the nobleman, and attempted
+to stab him. He commenced his imperious and haughty course of
+procedure even before his marriage, and continued it afterward,
+growing more and more violent as his ambition increased with an
+increase of power. Mary felt these cruel acts of selfishness and
+pride very keenly, but, womanlike, she palliated and excused them,
+and loved him still.
+
+She had, however, other trials and cares pressing upon her
+immediately. Murray and his confederates organized a formal and open
+rebellion. Mary raised an army and took the field against them. The
+country generally took her side. A terrible and somewhat protracted
+civil war ensued, but the rebels were finally defeated and driven out
+of the country. They went to England and claimed Elizabeth's
+protection, saying that she had incited them to the revolt, and
+promised them her aid. Elizabeth told them that it would not do for
+her to be supposed to have abetted a rebellion in her cousin Mary's
+dominions, and that, unless they would, in the presence of the
+foreign embassadors at her court, disavow her having done so, she
+could not help them or countenance them in any way. The miserable
+men, being reduced to a hard extremity, made this disavowal.
+Elizabeth then said to them, "Now you have told the truth. Neither I,
+nor any one else in my name, incited you against your queen; and your
+abominable treason _may_ set an example to my own subjects to rebel
+against me. So get you gone out of my presence, miserable traitors as
+you are."
+
+Thus Mary triumphed over all the obstacles to her marriage with the
+man she loved; but, alas! before the triumph was fully accomplished,
+the love was gone. Darnley was selfish, unfeeling, and incapable of
+requiting affection like Mary's. He treated her with the most
+heartless indifference, though she had done every thing to awaken his
+gratitude and win his love. She bestowed upon him every honor which
+it was in her power to grant. She gave him the title of king. She
+admitted him to share with her the powers and prerogatives of the
+crown. There is to this day, in Mary's apartments at Holyrood House,
+a double throne which she had made for herself and her husband, with
+their initials worked together in the embroidered covering, and each
+seat surmounted by a crown. Mankind have always felt a strong
+sentiment of indignation at the ingratitude which could requite such
+love with such selfishness and cruelty.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+RIZZIO.
+
+1561-1566
+
+David Rizzio.--Embassadors.--Rizzio's position.--Rizzio French
+secretary.--Displeasure of the Scotch nobles.--They treat Rizzio
+with scorn and contempt.--He consults Melville.--Melville's
+counsel.--Melville and the queen.--Rizzio's religion.--His services
+to Mary.--Rizzio's power and influence.--His intimacy with
+Mary.--Rizzio's exertion in favor of the marriage.--Rizzio and
+Darnley.--Darnley greatly disliked.--His unreasonable wishes.--The
+crown matrimonial.--Darnley's ambition.--Darnley's
+brutality.--Signatures.--Coins.--Rizzio sides with Mary.--Darnley and
+Ruthven.--A combination.--The secretary and his queen.--Nature of
+Mary's attachment.--Plot to assassinate Rizzio.--Plan of Holyrood
+House.--Description.--Apartments.--Morton and Ruthven.--Mary at
+supper.--Arrangement of the conspirators.--The little upper
+room.--Murder of Rizzio.--Conversation.--Violence of the
+conspirators.--Mary a prisoner.--Darnley's usurpation.--Melville.--Mary
+appeals to the provost.--Mary defeats the conspirators.--Birth of her
+son.
+
+
+Mary had a secretary named David Rizzio. He was from Savoy, a country
+among the Alps. It was the custom then, as it is now, for the various
+governments of Europe to have embassadors at the courts of other
+governments, to attend to any negotiations, or to the transaction of
+any other business which might arise between their respective
+sovereigns. These embassadors generally traveled with pomp and
+parade, taking sometimes many attendants with them. The embassador
+from Savoy happened to bring with him to Scotland, in his train, this
+young man, Rizzio, in 1561, that is, just about the time that Mary
+herself returned to Scotland. He was a handsome and agreeable young
+man, but his rank and position were such that, for some years, he
+attracted no attention.
+
+He was, however, quite a singer, and they used to bring him in
+sometimes to sing in Mary's presence with three other singers. His
+voice, being a good bass, made up the quartette. Mary saw him in this
+way, and as he was a good French and Italian scholar, and was amiable
+and intelligent, she gradually became somewhat interested in him.
+Mary had, at this time, among her other officers, a French secretary,
+who wrote for her, and transacted such other business as required a
+knowledge of the French language. This French secretary went home,
+and Mary appointed Rizzio to take his place.
+
+The native Scotchmen in Mary's court were naturally very jealous of
+the influence of these foreigners. They looked down with special
+contempt on Rizzio, considering him of mean rank and position, and
+wholly destitute of all claim to the office of confidential secretary
+to the queen. Rizzio increased the difficulty by not acting with the
+reserve and prudence which his delicate situation required. The
+nobles, proud of their own rank and importance, were very much
+displeased at the degree of intimacy and confidence to which Mary
+admitted him. They called him an intruder and an upstart. When they
+came in and found him in conversation with the queen, or whenever he
+accosted her freely, as he was wont to do, in their presence, they
+were irritated and vexed. They did not dare to remonstrate with Mary,
+but they took care to express their feelings of resentment and scorn
+to the subject of them in every possible way. They scowled upon him.
+They directed to him looks of contempt. They turned their backs upon
+him, and jostled him in a rude and insulting manner. All this was a
+year or two before Mary's marriage.
+
+Rizzio consulted Melville, asking his judgment as to what he had
+better do. He said that, being Mary's French secretary, he was
+necessarily a good deal in her company, and the nobles seemed
+displeased with it; but he did not see what he could do to diminish
+or avoid the difficulty. Melville replied that the nobles had an
+opinion that he not only performed the duties of French secretary,
+but that he was fast acquiring a great ascendency in respect to all
+other affairs. Melville further advised him to be much more cautious
+in his bearing than he had been, to give place to the nobles when
+they were with him in the presence of the queen, to speak less
+freely, and in a more unassuming manner, and to explain the whole
+case to the queen herself, that she might co-operate with him in
+pursuing a course which would soothe and conciliate the irritated and
+angry feelings of the nobles. Melville said, moreover, that he had
+himself, at one time, at a court on the Continent, been placed in a
+very similar situation to Rizzio's, and had been involved in the same
+difficulties, but had escaped the dangers which threatened him by
+pursuing himself the course which he now recommended.
+
+Rizzio seemed to approve of this counsel, and promised to follow it;
+but he afterward told Melville that he had spoken to the queen on the
+subject, and that she would not consent to any change, but wished
+every thing to go on as it had done. Now the queen, having great
+confidence in Melville, had previously requested him, that if he saw
+any thing in her deportment, or management, or measures, which he
+thought was wrong, frankly to let her know it, that she might be
+warned in season, and amend. He thought that this was an occasion
+which required this friendly interposition, and he took an
+opportunity to converse with her on the subject in a frank and plain,
+but still very respectful manner. He made but little impression. Mary
+said that Rizzio was only her private French secretary; that he had
+nothing to do with the affairs of the government; that, consequently,
+his appointment and his office were her own private concern alone,
+and she should continue to act according to her own pleasure in
+managing her own affairs, no matter who was displeased by it.
+
+It is probable that the real ground of offense which the nobles had
+against Rizzio was jealousy of his superior influence with the queen.
+They, however, made his religion a great ground of complaint against
+him. He was a Catholic, and had come from a strong Catholic country,
+having been born in the northern part of Italy. The Italian language
+was his mother tongue. They professed to believe that he was a secret
+emissary of the pope, and was plotting with Mary to bring Scotland
+back under the papal dominion.
+
+In the mean time, Rizzio devoted himself with untiring zeal and
+fidelity to the service of the queen. He was indefatigable in his
+efforts to please her, and he made himself extremely useful to her in
+a thousand different ways. In fact, his being the object of so much
+dislike and aversion on the part of others, made him more and more
+exclusively devoted to the queen, who seemed to be almost his only
+friend. She, too, was urged, by what she considered the unreasonable
+and bitter hostility of which her favorite was the object, to bestow
+upon him greater and greater favors. In process of time, one after
+another of those about the court, finding that Rizzio's influence and
+power were great and were increasing, began to treat him with
+respect, and to ask for his assistance in gaining their ends. Thus
+Rizzio found his position becoming stronger, and the probability
+began to increase that he would at length triumph over the enemies
+who had set their faces so strongly against him.
+
+Though he had been at first inclined to follow Melville's advice, yet
+he afterward fell in cordially with the policy of the queen, which
+was, to press boldly forward, and put down with a strong hand the
+hostility which had been excited against him. Instead, therefore, of
+attempting to conceal the degree of favor which he enjoyed with the
+queen, he boasted of and displayed it. He would converse often and
+familiarly with her in public. He dressed magnificently, like persons
+of the highest rank, and had many attendants. In a word, he assumed
+all the airs and manners of a person of high distinction and
+commanding influence. The external signs of hostility to him were
+thus put down, but the fires of hatred burned none the less fiercely
+below, and only wanted an opportunity to burst into an explosion.
+
+Things were in this state at the time of the negotiations in respect
+to Darnley's marriage; for, in order to take up the story of Rizzio
+from the beginning, we have been obliged to go back in our narrative.
+Rizzio exerted all his influence in favor of the marriage, and thus
+both strengthened his influence with Mary and made Darnley his
+friend. He did all in his power to diminish the opposition to it,
+from whatever quarter it might come, and rendered essential service
+in the correspondence with France, and in the negotiations with the
+pope for obtaining the necessary dispensation. In a word, he did a
+great deal to promote the marriage, and to facilitate all the
+arrangements for carrying it into effect.
+
+Darnley relied, therefore, upon Rizzio's friendship and devotion to
+his service, forgetting that, in all these past efforts, Rizzio was
+acting out of regard to Mary's wishes, and not to his own. As long,
+therefore, as Mary and Darnley continued to pursue the same objects
+and aims, Rizzio was the common friend and ally of both. The enemies
+of the marriage, however, disliked Rizzio more than ever.
+
+As Darnley's character developed itself gradually after his marriage,
+every body began to dislike him also. He was unprincipled and
+vicious, as well as imperious and proud. His friendship for Rizzio
+was another ground of dislike to him. The ancient nobles, who had
+been accustomed to exercise the whole control in the public affairs
+of Scotland, found themselves supplanted by this young Italian
+singer, and an English boy not yet out of his teens. They were
+exasperated beyond all bounds, but yet they contrived, for a while,
+to conceal and dissemble their anger.
+
+It was not very long after the marriage of Mary and Darnley before
+they began to become alienated from each other. Mary did every thing
+for her husband which it was reasonable for him to expect her to do.
+She did, in fact, all that was in her power. But he was not
+satisfied. She made him the sharer of her throne. He wanted her to
+give up _her_ place to him, and thus make him the sole possessor of
+it. He wanted what was called the _crown matrimonial_. The _crown
+matrimonial_ denoted power with which, according to the old Scottish
+law, the husband of a queen could be invested, enabling him to
+exercise the royal prerogative in his own name, both during the life
+of the queen and also after her death, during the continuance of his
+own life. This made him, in fact, a king for life, exalting him above
+his wife, the real sovereign, through whom alone he derived his
+powers.
+
+Now Darnley was very urgent to have the crown matrimonial conferred
+upon him. He insisted upon it. He would not submit to any delay. Mary
+told him that this was something entirely beyond her power to grant.
+The crown matrimonial could only be bestowed by a solemn enactment of
+the Scottish Parliament. But Darnley, impatient and reckless, like a
+boy as he was, would not listen to any excuse, but teased and
+tormented Mary about the crown matrimonial continually.
+
+Besides the legal difficulties in the way of Mary's conferring these
+powers upon Darnley by her own act, there were other difficulties,
+doubtless, in her mind, arising from the character of Darnley, and
+his unfitness, which was every day becoming more manifest, to be
+intrusted with such power. Only four months after his marriage, his
+rough and cruel treatment of Mary became intolerable. One day, at a
+house in Edinburgh, where the king and queen, and other persons of
+distinction had been invited to a banquet, Darnley, as was his
+custom, was beginning to drink very freely, and was trying to urge
+other persons there to drink to excess. Mary expostulated with him,
+endeavoring to dissuade him from such a course. Darnley resented
+these kind cautions, and retorted upon her in so violent and brutal a
+manner as to cause her to leave the room and the company in tears.
+
+When they were first married, Mary had caused her husband to be
+proclaimed king, and had taken some other similar steps to invest him
+with a share of her own power. But she soon found that in doing this
+she had gone to the extreme of propriety, and that, for the future,
+she must retreat rather than advance. Accordingly, although he was
+associated with her in the supreme power, she thought it best to keep
+precedence for her own _name_ before his, in the exercise of power.
+On the coins which were struck, the inscription was, "In the name of
+the _Queen_ and _King_ of Scotland." In signing public documents, she
+insisted on having her name recorded first. These things irritated
+and provoked Darnley more and more. He was not contented to be
+admitted to a share of the sovereign power which the queen possessed
+in her own right alone. He wished to supplant her in it entirely.
+
+Rizzio, of course, took Queen Mary's part in these questions. He
+opposed the grant of the crown matrimonial. He opposed all other
+plans for increasing or extending in any way Darnley's power. Darnley
+was very much incensed against him, and earnestly desired to find
+some way to effect his destruction. He communicated these feelings to
+a certain fierce and fearless nobleman named Ruthven, and asked his
+assistance to contrive some way to take vengeance upon Rizzio.
+
+Ruthven was very much pleased to hear this. He belonged to a party of
+the lords of the court who also hated Rizzio, though they had hated
+Darnley besides so much that they had not communicated to him their
+hostility to the other. Ruthven and his friends had not joined Murray
+and the other rebels in opposing the marriage of Darnley. They had
+chosen to acquiesce in it, hoping to maintain an ascendency over
+Darnley, regarding him, as they did, as a mere boy, and thus retain
+their power. When they found, however, that he was so headstrong and
+unmanageable, and that they could do nothing with him, they exerted
+all their influence to have Murray and the other exiled lords
+pardoned and allowed to return, hoping to combine with them after
+their return, and then together to make their power superior to that
+of Darnley and Rizzio. They considered Darnley and Rizzio both as
+their rivals and enemies. When they found, therefore, that Darnley
+was plotting Rizzio's destruction, they felt a very strong as well as
+a very unexpected pleasure.
+
+Thus, among all the jealousies, and rivalries, and bitter animosities
+of which the court was at this time the scene, the only true and
+honest attachment of one heart to another seems to have been that of
+Mary to Rizzio. The secretary was faithful and devoted to the queen,
+and the queen was grateful and kind to the secretary. There has been
+some question whether this attachment was an innocent or a guilty
+one. A painting, still hanging in the private rooms which belonged to
+Mary in the palace at Holyrood, represents Rizzio as young and very
+handsome; on the other hand, some of the historians of the day, to
+disprove the possibility of any guilty attachment, say that he was
+rather old and ugly. We may ourselves, perhaps, safely infer, that
+unless there were something specially repulsive in his appearance and
+manner, such a heart as Mary's, repelled so roughly from the one whom
+it was her duty to love, could not well have resisted the temptation
+to seek a retreat and a refuge in the kind devotedness of such a
+friend as Rizzio proved himself to be to her.
+
+However this may be, Ruthven made such suggestions to Darnley as
+goaded him to madness, and a scheme was soon formed for putting
+Rizzio to death. The plan, after being deliberately matured in all
+its arrangements, was carried into effect in the following manner.
+The event occurred early in the spring of 1566, less than a year
+after Mary's marriage.
+
+Morton, who was one of the accomplices, assembled a large force of
+his followers, consisting, it is said, of five hundred men, which he
+posted in the evening near the palace, and when it was dark he moved
+them silently into the central court of the palace, through the
+entrance _E_, as marked upon the following plan.
+
+[Illustration: PLAN OF THAT PART OF HOLYROOD HOUSE WHICH WAS THE
+SCENE OF RIZZIO'S MURDER.
+
+E. Principal entrance. Co. Court of the palace. PP. Piazza around it.
+AA. Various apartments built in modern times. H. Great hall, used now
+as a gallery of portraits. T. Stair-case. o. Entrance to Mary's
+apartments, second floor. R. Ante-room. B. Mary's bed-room. D.
+Dressing-room in one of the towers. C. Cabinet, or small room in the
+other tower. SS. Stair-cases in the wall. d. Small entrance under the
+tapestry. Ch. Royal chapel. m. Place where Mary and Darnley stood at
+the marriage ceremony. Pa. Passage-way leading to the chapel.]
+
+Mary was, at the time of these occurrences in the little room marked
+_C_, which was built within one of the round towers which form a part
+of the front of the building, and which are very conspicuous in any
+view of the palace of Holyrood.[G] This room was on the third floor,
+and it opened into Mary's bed-room, marked _B._ Darnley had a room of
+his own immediately below Mary's. There was a little door, _d_,
+leading from Mary's bed-room to a private stair-case built in the
+wall. This stair-case led down into Darnley's room; and there was
+also a communication from this place down through the whole length of
+the castle to the royal chapel, marked _Ch_, the building which is
+now in ruins. Behind Mary's bed-room was an ante-room, _R_, with a
+door, _o_, leading to the public stair-case by which her apartments
+were approached. All these apartments still remain, and are explored
+annually by thousands of visitors.
+
+[Footnote G: See view of Holyrood House, page 114 and compare it with
+this plan.]
+
+It was about seven o'clock in the evening that the conspirators were
+to execute their purpose. Morton remained below in the court with his
+troops, to prevent any interruption. He held a high office under the
+queen, which authorized him to bring a force into the court of the
+palace, and his doing so did not alarm the inmates. Ruthven was to
+head the party which was to commit the crime. He was confined to his
+bed with sickness at the time, but he was so eager to have a share
+in the pleasure of destroying Rizzio, that he left his bed, put on a
+suit of armor, and came forth to the work. The armor is preserved in
+the little apartment which was the scene of the tragedy to this day.
+
+Mary was at supper. Two near relatives and friends of hers--a
+gentleman and a lady--and Rizzio, were with her. The room is scarcely
+large enough to contain a greater number. There were, however, two or
+three servants in attendance at a side-table. Darnley came up, about
+eight o'clock, to make observations. The other conspirators were
+concealed in his room below, and it was agreed that if Darnley found
+any cause for not proceeding with the plan, he was to return
+immediately and give them notice. If, therefore, he should not
+return, after the lapse of a reasonable time, they were to follow him
+up the private stair-case, prepared to act at once and decidedly as
+soon as they should enter the room. They were to come up by this
+private stair-case, in order to avoid being intercepted or delayed by
+the domestics in attendance in the ante-room, _R_, of which there
+would have been danger if they had ascended by the public stair-case
+at _T_.
+
+Finding that Darnley did not return, Ruthven with his party ascended
+the stairs, entered the bed-chamber through the little door at _d_,
+and thence advanced to the door of the cabinet, his heavy iron armor
+clanking as he came. The queen, alarmed, demanded the meaning of this
+intrusion. Ruthven, whose countenance was grim and ghastly from the
+conjoined influence of ferocious passion and disease, said that they
+meant no harm to her, but they only wanted the villain who stood near
+her. Rizzio perceived that his hour was come. The attendants flocked
+in to the assistance of the queen and Rizzio. Ruthven's confederates
+advanced to join in the attack, and there ensued one of those scenes
+of confusion and terror, of which those who witness it have no
+distinct recollection on looking back upon it when it is over. Rizzio
+cried out in an agony of fear, and sought refuge behind the queen;
+the queen herself fainted; the table was overturned; and Rizzio,
+having received one wound from a dagger, was seized and dragged out
+through the bed-chamber, _B_, and through the ante-room, _R_, to the
+door, _o_, where he fell down, and was stabbed by the murderers again
+and again, till he ceased to breathe.
+
+After this scene was over, Darnley and Ruthven came coolly back into
+Mary's chamber, and, as soon as Mary recovered her senses, began to
+talk of and to justify their act of violence, without, however,
+telling her that Rizzio had been killed. Mary was filled with
+emotions of resentment and grief. She bitterly reproached Darnley for
+such an act of cruelty as breaking into her apartment with armed men,
+and seizing and carrying off her friend. She told him that she had
+raised him from his comparatively humble position to make him her
+husband, and now this was his return. Darnley replied that Rizzio had
+supplanted him in her confidence, and thwarted all his plans, and
+that Mary had shown herself utterly regardless of his wishes, under
+the influence of Rizzio. He said that, since Mary had made herself
+his wife, she ought to have obeyed him, and not put herself in such a
+way under the direction of another. Mary learned Rizzio's fate the
+next day.
+
+The violence of the conspirators did not stop with the destruction of
+Rizzio. Some of Mary's high officers of government, who were in the
+palace at the time, were obliged to make their escape from the
+windows to avoid being seized by Morton and his soldiers in the
+court. Among them was the Earl Bothwell, who tried at first to drive
+Morton out, but in the end was obliged himself to flee. Some of these
+men let themselves down by ropes from the outer windows. When the
+uproar and confusion caused by this struggle was over, they found
+that Mary, overcome with agitation and terror, was showing symptoms
+of fainting again, and they concluded to leave her. They informed her
+that she must consider herself a prisoner, and, setting a guard at
+the door of her apartment, they went away, leaving her to spend the
+night in an agony of resentment, anxiety, and fear.
+
+Lord Darnley took the government at once entirely into his own hands.
+He prorogued Parliament, which was then just commencing a session, in
+his own name alone. He organized an administration, Mary's officers
+having fled. In saying that _he_ did these things, we mean, of
+course, that the conspirators did them in his name. He was still but
+a boy, scarcely out of his teens, and incapable of any other action
+in such an emergency but a blind compliance with the wishes of the
+crafty men who had got him into their power by gratifying his
+feelings of revenge. They took possession of the government in his
+name, and kept Mary a close prisoner.
+
+The murder was committed on Saturday night. The next morning, of
+course, was Sunday. Melville was going out of the palace about ten
+o'clock. As he passed along under the window where Mary was confined,
+she called out to him for help. He asked her what he could do for
+her. She told him to go to the provost of Edinburgh, the officer
+corresponding to the mayor of a city in this country, and ask him to
+call out the city guard, and come and release her from her captivity.
+"Go quick," said she, "or the guards will see you and stop you." Just
+then the guards came up and challenged Melville. He told them he was
+going to the city to attend church; so they let him pass on. He went
+to the provost, and delivered Mary's message. The provost said he
+dared not, and could not interfere.
+
+So Mary remained a prisoner. Her captivity, however, was of short
+duration. In two days Darnley came to see her. He persuaded her that
+he himself had had nothing to do with the murder of Rizzio. Mary, on
+the other hand, persuaded him that it was better for them to be
+friends to each other than to live thus in a perpetual quarrel. She
+convinced him that Ruthven and his confederates were not, and could
+not be, his friends. They would only make him the instrument of
+obtaining the objects of their ambition. Darnley saw this. He felt
+that he as well as Mary were in the rebels' power. They formed a plan
+to escape together. They succeeded. They fled to a distant castle,
+and collected a large army, the people every where flocking to the
+assistance of the queen. They returned to Edinburgh in a short time
+in triumph. The conspirators fled. Mary then decided to pardon and
+recall the old rebels, and expend her anger henceforth on the new;
+and thus the Earl Murray, her brother, was brought back, and once
+more restored to favor.
+
+After settling all these troubles, Mary retired to Edinburgh Castle,
+where it was supposed she could be best protected, and in the month
+of July following the murder of Rizzio, she gave birth to a son. In
+this son was afterward accomplished all her fondest wishes, for he
+inherited in the end both the English and Scottish crowns.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+BOTHWELL.
+
+1566-1567
+
+Earl of Bothwell.--His desperate character.--Castle of Dunbar.--The
+border country.--Scenes of violence and blood.--Birth of James.--Its
+political importance.--Darnley's conduct.--Darnley's hypocrisy.--Mary's
+dejection.--A divorce proposed.--Mary's love for her child.--Baptism
+of the infant.--James's titles.--The prince's cradle.--Bothwell and
+Murray.--Mary's visit to Bothwell.--Its probable motive.--Plot for
+Darnley's destruction.--Bothwell's intrigues.--Desperate schemes
+attributed to Darnley.--His illness.--Mary's visit.--Return
+to Edinburgh.--Situation of Darnley's residence.--Kirk of
+Field.--Description of Darnley's residence.--Plan of Darnley's
+house.--Its accommodations.--French Paris.--The gunpowder.--A
+wedding.--Details of the plot.--The powder placed in Mary's room.--The
+big cask.--Bothwell's effrontery.--Mary's leave of Darnley.--Was Mary
+privy to the plot?--Anecdotes of Mary.--Return to Holyrood.--French
+Paris falters.--The convent gardens.--Laying the train.--Suspense.--The
+explosion.--Flight of the criminals.--Mary's indignation.--Bothwell
+arrested, tried, and acquitted.--Bothwell's challenge.--His plan to
+marry Mary.--The abduction.--Mary's confinement at Dunbar.--Her account
+of it.--Bothwell entreats Mary to marry him.--She consents.--Bothwell's
+pardon.--The marriage.--Doubts in respect to Mary.--Influence of beauty
+and misfortune.
+
+
+The Earl of Bothwell was a man of great energy of character, fearless
+and decided in all that he undertook, and sometimes perfectly
+reckless and uncontrollable. He was in Scotland at the time of Mary's
+return from France, but he was so turbulent and unmanageable that he
+was at one time sent into banishment. He was, however, afterward
+recalled, and again intrusted with power. He entered ardently into
+Mary's service in her contest with the murderers of Rizzio. He
+assisted her in raising an army after her flight, and in conquering
+Morton, Ruthven, and the rest, and driving them out of the country.
+Mary soon began to look upon him as, notwithstanding his roughness,
+her best and most efficient friend. As a reward for these services,
+she granted him a castle, situated in a romantic position on the
+eastern coast of Scotland. It was called the Castle of Dunbar. It was
+on a stormy promontory, overlooking the German Ocean: a very
+appropriate retreat and fastness for such a man of iron as he.
+
+In those days, the border country between England and Scotland was
+the resort of robbers, freebooters, and outlaws from both lands. If
+pursued by one government, they could retreat across the line and be
+safe. Incursions, too, were continually made across this frontier by
+the people of either side, to plunder or to destroy whatever property
+was within reach. Thus the country became a region of violence and
+bloodshed which all men of peace and quietness were glad to shun.
+They left it to the possession of men who could find pleasure in such
+scenes of violence and blood. When Queen Mary had got quietly settled
+in her government, after the overthrow of the murderers of Rizzio, as
+she thus no longer needed Bothwell's immediate aid, she sent him to
+this border country to see if he could enforce some sort of order
+among its lawless population.
+
+The birth of Mary's son was an event of the greatest importance, not
+only to her personally, but in respect to the political prospects of
+the two great kingdoms, for in this infant were combined the claims
+of succession to both the Scotch and English crowns. The whole world
+knew that if Elizabeth should die without leaving a direct heir,
+this child would become the monarch both of England and Scotland,
+and, as such, one of the greatest personages in Europe. His birth,
+therefore, was a great event, and it was celebrated in Scotland with
+universal rejoicings. The tidings of it spread, as news of great
+public interest, all over Europe. Even Elizabeth pretended to be
+pleased, and sent messages of congratulation to Mary. But every one
+thought that they could see in her air and manner, when she received
+the intelligence, obvious traces of mortification and chagrin.
+
+Mary's heart was filled, at first, with maternal pride and joy; but
+her happiness was soon sadly alloyed by Darnley's continued
+unkindness. She traveled about during the autumn, from castle to
+castle, anxious and ill at ease. Sometimes Darnley followed her, and
+sometimes he amused himself with hunting, and with various vicious
+indulgences, at different towns and castles at a distance from her.
+He wanted her to dismiss her ministry and put him into power, and he
+took every possible means to importune or tease her into compliance
+with this plan. At one time he said he had resolved to leave
+Scotland, and go and reside in France, and he pretended to make his
+preparations, and to be about to take his leave. He seems to have
+thought that Mary, though he knew that she no longer loved him, would
+be distressed at the idea of being abandoned by one who was, after
+all, her husband. Mary was, in fact, distressed at this proposal, and
+urged him not to go. He seemed determined, and took his leave.
+Instead of going to France, however, he only went to Stirling Castle.
+
+Darnley, finding that he could not accomplish his aims by such
+methods as these, wrote, it is said, to the Catholic governments of
+Europe, proposing that, if they would co-operate in putting him into
+power in Scotland, he would adopt efficient measures for changing the
+religion of the country from the Protestant to the Catholic faith. He
+made, too, every effort to organize a party in his favor in Scotland,
+and tried to defeat and counteract the influence of Mary's government
+by every means in his power. These things, and other trials and
+difficulties connected with them, weighed very heavily upon Mary's
+mind. She sunk gradually into a state of great dejection and
+despondency. She spent many hours in sighing and in tears, and often
+wished that she was in her grave.
+
+So deeply, in fact, was Mary plunged into distress and trouble by the
+state of things existing between herself and Darnley, that some of
+her officers of government began to conceive of a plan of having her
+divorced from him. After looking at this subject in all its bearings,
+and consulting about it with each other, they ventured, at last, to
+propose it to Mary. She would not listen to any such plan. She did
+not think a divorce could be legally accomplished. And then, if it
+were to be done, it would, she feared, in some way or other, affect
+the position and rights of the darling son who was now to her more
+than all the world besides. She would rather endure to the end of her
+days the tyranny and torment she experienced from her brutal husband,
+than hazard in the least degree the future greatness and glory of the
+infant who was lying in his cradle before her, equally unconscious of
+the grandeur which awaited him in future years, and of the strength
+of the maternal love which was smiling upon him from amid such sorrow
+and tears, and extending over him such gentle, but determined and
+effectual protection.
+
+The sad and sorrowful feelings which Mary endured were interrupted
+for a little time by the splendid pageant of the baptism of the
+child. Embassadors came from all the important courts of the
+Continent to do honor to the occasion. Elizabeth sent the Earl of
+Bedford as her embassador, with a present of a baptismal font of
+gold, which had cost a sum equal to five thousand dollars. The
+baptism took place at Stirling, in December, with every possible
+accompaniment of pomp and parade, and was followed by many days of
+festivities and rejoicing. The whole country were interested in the
+event except Darnley, who declared sullenly, while the preparations
+were making, that he should not remain to witness the ceremony, but
+should go off a day or two before the appointed time.
+
+The ceremony was performed in the chapel. The child was baptized
+under the names of "Charles James, James Charles, Prince and Steward
+of Scotland, Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick, Lord of the Isles,
+and Baron of Renfrew." His subsequent designation in history was
+James Sixth of Scotland and First of England. A great many
+appointments of attendants and officers, to be attached to the
+service of the young prince, were made immediately, most of them, of
+course, mere matters of parade. Among the rest, five ladies of
+distinction were constituted "rockers of his cradle." The form of
+the young prince's cradle has come down to us in an ancient drawing.
+
+[Illustration: PRINCE JAMES'S CRADLE.]
+
+In due time after the coronation, the various embassadors and
+delegates returned to their respective courts, carrying back glowing
+accounts of the ceremonies and festivities attendant upon the
+christening, and of the grace, and beauty, and loveliness of the
+queen.
+
+In the mean time, Bothwell and Murray were competitors for the
+confidence and regard of the queen, and it began to seem probable
+that Bothwell would win the day. Mary, in one of her excursions, was
+traveling in the southern part of the country, when she heard that he
+had been wounded in an encounter with a party of desperadoes near the
+border. Moved partly, perhaps, by compassion, and partly by
+gratitude for his services, Mary made an expedition across the
+country to pay him a visit. Some say that she was animated by a more
+powerful motive than either of these. In fact this, as well as almost
+all the other acts of Mary's life, are presented in very different
+lights by her friends and her enemies. The former say that this visit
+to her lieutenant in his confinement from a wound received in her
+service was perfectly proper, both in the design itself, and in all
+the circumstances of its execution. The latter represent it as an
+instance of highly indecorous eagerness on the part of a married lady
+to express to another man a sympathy and kind regard which she had
+ceased to feel for her husband.
+
+Bothwell himself was married as well as Mary. He had been married but
+a few months to a beautiful lady a few years younger than the queen.
+The question, however, whether Mary did right or wrong in paying this
+visit to him, is not, after all, a very important one. There is no
+doubt that she and Bothwell loved each other before they ought to
+have done so, and it is of comparatively little consequence when the
+attachment began. The end of it is certain. Bothwell resolved to
+kill Darnley, to get divorced from his own wife, and to marry the
+queen. The world has never yet settled the question whether she was
+herself his accomplice or not in the measures he adopted for
+effecting these plans, or whether she only submitted to the result
+when Bothwell, by his own unaided efforts, reached it. Each reader
+must judge of this question for himself from the facts about to be
+narrated.
+
+Bothwell first communicated with the nobles about the court, to get
+their consent and approbation to the destruction of the king. They
+all appeared to be very willing to have the thing done, but were a
+little cautious about involving themselves in the responsibility of
+doing it. Darnley was thoroughly hated, despised, and shunned by them
+all. Still they were afraid of the consequences of taking his life.
+One of them, Morton, asked Bothwell what the queen would think of the
+plan. Bothwell said that the queen approved of it. Morton replied,
+that if Bothwell would show him an expression of the queen's approval
+of the plot, in her own hand-writing, he would join it, otherwise
+not. Bothwell failed to furnish this evidence, saying that the queen
+was really privy to, and in favor of the plan, but that it was not
+to be expected that she would commit herself to it in writing. Was
+this all true, or was the pretense only a desperate measure of
+Bothwell's to induce Morton to join him?
+
+Most of the leading men about the court, however, either joined the
+plot, or so far gave it their countenance and encouragement as to
+induce Bothwell to proceed. There were many and strange rumors about
+Darnley. One was, that he was actually going to leave the country,
+and that a ship was ready for him in the Clyde. Another was, that he
+had a plan for seizing the young prince, dethroning Mary, and
+reigning himself in her stead, in the prince's name. Other strange
+and desperate schemes were attributed to him. In the midst of them,
+news came to Mary at Holyrood that he was taken suddenly and
+dangerously sick at Glasgow, where he was then residing, and she
+immediately went to see him. Was her motive a desire to make one more
+attempt to win his confidence and love, and to divert him from the
+desperate measures which she feared he was contemplating, or was she
+acting as an accomplice with Bothwell, to draw him into the snare in
+which he was afterward taken and destroyed?
+
+The result of Mary's visit to her husband, after some time spent with
+him in Glasgow, was a proposal that he should return with her to
+Edinburgh, where she could watch over him during his convalescence
+with greater care. This plan was adopted. He was conveyed on a sort
+of litter, by very slow and easy stages, toward Edinburgh. He was on
+such terms with the nobles and lords in attendance upon Mary that he
+was not willing to go to Holyrood House. Besides, his disorder was
+contagious: it is supposed to have been the small-pox; and though he
+was nearly recovered, there was still some possibility that the royal
+babe might take the infection if the patient came within the same
+walls with him. So Mary sent forward to Edinburgh to have a house
+provided for him.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF EDINBURGH.]
+
+The situation of this house is seen near the city wall on the left, in
+the accompanying view of Edinburgh. Holyrood House is the large square
+edifice in the fore-ground, and the castle crowns the hill in the
+distance. There is now, as there was in the days of Mary, a famous
+street extending from Holyrood House to the castle, called the Cannon
+Gate at the lower end, and the High Street above. This street, with
+the castle at one extremity and Holyrood House at the other, were
+the scenes of many of the most remarkable events described in this
+narrative.
+
+The residence selected was a house of four rooms, close upon the city
+wall. The place was called the Kirk of Field, from a _kirk_, or
+church, which formerly stood near there, in the fields.
+
+This house had two rooms upon the lower floor, with a passage-way
+between them. One of these rooms was a kitchen; the other was
+appropriated to Mary's use, whenever she was able to be at the place
+in attendance upon her husband. Over the kitchen was a room used as a
+wardrobe and for servants; and over Mary's room was the apartment for
+Darnley. There was an opening through the city wall in the rear of
+this dwelling, by which there was access to the kitchen. These
+premises were fitted up for Darnley in the most thorough manner. A
+bath was arranged for him in his apartment, and every thing was done
+which could conduce to his comfort, according to the ideas which then
+prevailed. Darnley was brought to Edinburgh, conveyed to this house,
+and quietly established there.
+
+The following is a plan of the house in which Darnley was lodged:
+
+[Illustration: PLAN OF THE HOUSE AT THE KIRK O' FIELD.
+
+M. Mary's room, below Darnley's. K. Kitchen; servants'
+room above. O. Passage through the city wall into the kitchen. S.
+Stair-case leading to the second story. P. Passage-way.]
+
+The accommodations in this house do not seem to have been very
+sumptuous, after all, for a royal guest; but royal dwellings in
+Scotland, in those days, were not what they are now in Westminster
+and at St. Cloud.
+
+The day for the execution of the plan, which was to blow up the house
+where the sick Darnley was lying with gunpowder, approached.
+Bothwell selected a number of desperate characters to aid him in the
+actual work to be done. One of these was a Frenchman, who had been
+for a long time in his service, and who went commonly by the name of
+French Paris. Bothwell contrived to get French Paris taken into
+Mary's service a few days before the murder of Darnley, and, through
+him, he got possession of some of the keys of the house which Darnley
+was occupying, and thus had duplicates of them made, so that he had
+access to every part of the house. The gunpowder was brought from
+Bothwell's castle at Dunbar, and all was ready.
+
+Mary spent much of her time at Darnley's house, and often slept in
+the room beneath his, which had been allotted to her as her
+apartment. One Sunday there was to be a wedding at Holyrood. The
+bride and bridegroom were favorite servants of Mary's, and she was
+intending to be present at the celebration of the nuptials. She was
+to leave Darnley's early in the evening for this purpose. Her enemies
+say that this was all a concerted arrangement between her and
+Bothwell to give him the opportunity to execute his plan. Her
+friends, on the other hand, insist that she knew nothing about it,
+and that Bothwell had to watch and wait for such an opportunity of
+blowing up the house without injuring Mary. Be this as it may, the
+Sunday of this wedding was fixed upon for the consummation of the
+deed.
+
+The gunpowder had been secreted in Bothwell's rooms at the palace. On
+Sunday evening, as soon as it was dark, Bothwell set the men at work
+to transport the gunpowder. They brought it out in bags from the
+palace, and then employed a horse to transport it to the wall of some
+gardens which were in the rear of Darnley's house. They had to go
+twice with the horse in order to convey all the gunpowder that they
+had provided. While this was going on, Bothwell, who kept out of
+sight, was walking to and fro in an adjoining street, to receive
+intelligence, from time to time, of the progress of the affair, and
+to issue orders. The gunpowder was conveyed across the gardens to the
+rear of the house, taken in at a back door, and deposited in the room
+marked _M_ in the plan, which was the room belonging to Mary. Mary
+was all this time directly over head, in Darnley's chamber.
+
+The plan of the conspirators was to put the bags of gunpowder into a
+cask which they had provided for the occasion, to keep the mass
+together, and increase the force of the explosion. The cask had been
+provided, and placed in the gardens behind the house; but, on
+attempting to take it into the house, they found it too big to pass
+through the back door. This caused considerable delay; and Bothwell,
+growing impatient, came, with his characteristic impetuosity, to
+ascertain the cause. By his presence and his energy, he soon remedied
+the difficulty in some way or other, and completed the arrangements.
+The gunpowder was all deposited; the men were dismissed, except two
+who were left to watch, and who were locked up with the gunpowder in
+Mary's room; and then, all things being ready for the explosion as
+soon as Mary should be gone, Bothwell walked up to Darnley's room
+above, and joined the party who were supping there. The cool
+effrontery of this proceeding has scarcely a parallel in the annals
+of crime.
+
+At eleven o'clock Mary rose to go, saying she must return to the
+palace to take part, as she had promised to do, in the celebration of
+her servants' wedding. Mary took leave of her husband in a very
+affectionate manner, and went away in company with Bothwell and the
+other nobles. Her enemies maintain that she was privy to all the
+arrangements which had been made, and that she did not go into her
+own apartment below, knowing very well what was there. But even if we
+imagine that Mary was aware of the general plan of destroying her
+husband, and was secretly pleased with it, as almost any royal
+personage that ever lived, under such circumstances, would be, we
+need not admit that she was acquainted with the details of the mode
+by which the plan was to be put in execution. The most that we can
+suppose such a man as Bothwell would have communicated to her, would
+be some dark and obscure intimations of his design, made in order to
+satisfy himself that she would not really oppose it. To ask her,
+woman as she was, to take any part in such a deed, or to communicate
+to her beforehand any of the details of the arrangement, would have
+been an act of littleness and meanness which such magnanimous
+monsters as Bothwell are seldom guilty of.
+
+Besides, Mary remarked that evening, in Darnley's room, in the course
+of conversation, that it was just about a year since Rizzio's death.
+On entering her palace, too, at Holyrood, that night, she met one of
+Bothwell's servants who had been carrying the bags, and, perceiving
+the smell of gunpowder, she asked him what it meant. Now Mary was
+not the brazen-faced sort of woman to speak of such things at such a
+time if she was really in the councils of the conspirators. The only
+question seems to be, therefore, not whether she was a party to the
+actual deed of murder, but only whether she was aware of, and
+consenting to, the general design.
+
+In the mean time, Mary and Bothwell went together into the hall where
+the servants were rejoicing and making merry at the wedding. French
+Paris was there, but his heart began to fail him in respect to the
+deed in which he had been engaged. He stood apart, with a countenance
+expressive of anxiety and distress. Bothwell went to him, and told
+him that if he carried such a melancholy face as that any longer in
+the presence of the queen, he would make him suffer for it. The poor
+conscience-stricken man begged Bothwell to release him from any
+further part in the transaction. He was sick, really sick, he said,
+and he wanted to go home to his bed. Bothwell made no reply but to
+order him to follow _him_. Bothwell went to his own rooms, changed
+the silken court dress in which he had appeared in company for one
+suitable to the night and to the deed, directed his men to follow
+him, and passed from the palace toward the gates of the city. The
+gates were shut, for it was midnight. The sentinels challenged them.
+The party said they were friends to my Lord Bothwell, and were
+allowed to pass on.
+
+They advanced to the convent gardens. Here they left a part of their
+number, while Bothwell and French Paris passed over the wall, and
+crept softly into the house. They unlocked the room where they had
+left the two watchmen with the gunpowder, and found all safe. Men
+locked up under such circumstances, and on the eve of the
+perpetration of such a deed, were not likely to sleep at their posts.
+All things being now ready, they made a slow match of lint, long
+enough to burn for some little time, and inserting one end of it into
+the gunpowder, they lighted the other end, and crept stealthily out
+of the apartment. They passed over the wall into the convent gardens,
+where they rejoined their companions and awaited the result.
+
+Men choose midnight often for the perpetration of crime, from the
+facilities afforded by its silence and solitude. This advantage is,
+however, sometimes well-nigh balanced by the stimulus which its
+mysterious solemnity brings to the stings of remorse and terror.
+Bothwell himself felt anxious and agitated. They waited and waited,
+but it seemed as if their dreadful suspense would never end. Bothwell
+became desperate. He wanted to get over the wall again and look in at
+the window, to see if the slow match had not gone out. The rest
+restrained him. At length the explosion came like a clap of thunder.
+The flash brightened for an instant over the whole sky, and the
+report roused the sleeping inhabitants of Edinburgh from their
+slumbers, throwing the whole city into sudden consternation.
+
+The perpetrators of the deed, finding that their work was done, fled
+immediately. They tried various plans to avoid the sentinels at the
+gates of the city, as well as the persons who were beginning to come
+toward the scene of the explosion. When they reached the palace of
+Holyrood, they were challenged by the sentinel on duty there. They
+said that they were friends of Earl Bothwell, bringing dispatches to
+him from the country. The sentinel asked them if they knew what was
+the cause of that loud explosion. They said they did not, and passed
+on.
+
+Bothwell went to his room, called for a drink, undressed himself, and
+went to bed. Half an hour afterward, messengers came to awaken him,
+and inform him that the king's house had been blown up with
+gunpowder, and the king himself killed by the explosion. He rose with
+an appearance of great astonishment and indignation, and, after
+conferring with some of the other nobles, concluded to go and
+communicate the event to the queen. The queen was overwhelmed with
+astonishment and indignation too.
+
+The destruction of Darnley in such a manner as this, of course
+produced a vast sensation all over Scotland. Every body was on the
+alert to discover the authors of the crime. Rewards were offered;
+proclamations were made. Rumors began to circulate that Bothwell was
+the criminal. He was accused by anonymous placards put up at night in
+Edinburgh. Lennox, Darnley's father, demanded his trial; and a trial
+was ordered. The circumstances of the trial were such, however, and
+Bothwell's power and desperate recklessness were so great, that
+Lennox, when the time came, did not appear. He said he had not _force
+enough_ at his command to come safely into court. There being no
+testimony offered, Bothwell was acquitted; and he immediately
+afterward issued his proclamation, offering to fight any man who
+should intimate, in any way, that he was concerned in the murder of
+the king. Thus Bothwell established his innocence; at least, no man
+dared to gainsay it.
+
+Darnley was murdered in February. Bothwell was tried and acquitted in
+April. Immediately afterward, he took measures for privately making
+known to the leading nobles that it was his design to marry the
+queen, and for securing their concurrence in the plan. They
+concurred; or at least, perhaps for fear of displeasing such a
+desperado, said what he understood to mean that they concurred. The
+queen heard the reports of such a design, and said, as ladies often
+do in similar cases, that she did not know what people meant by such
+reports; there was no foundation for them whatever.
+
+Toward the end of April, Mary was about returning from the castle of
+Stirling to Edinburgh with a small escort of troops and attendants.
+Melville was in her train. Bothwell set out at the head of a force of
+more than five hundred men to intercept her. Mary lodged one night,
+on her way, at Linlithgow, the palace where she was born, and the
+next morning was quietly pursuing her journey, when Bothwell came up
+at the head of his troops. Resistance was vain. Bothwell advanced to
+Mary's horse, and, taking the bridle, led her away. A few of her
+principal followers were taken prisoners too, and the rest were
+dismissed. Bothwell took his captive across the country by a rapid
+flight to his castle of Dunbar. The attendants who were taken with
+her were released, and she remained in the Castle of Dunbar for ten
+days, entirely in Bothwell's power.
+
+[Illustration: DUNBAR CASTLE--The Residence of Earl Bothwell.]
+
+According to the account which Mary herself gives of what took place
+during this captivity, she at first reproached Bothwell bitterly for
+the ungrateful and cruel return he was making for all her kindness to
+him, by such a deed of violence and wrong, and begged and entreated
+him to let her go. Bothwell replied that he knew that it was wrong for
+him to treat his sovereign so rudely, but that he was impelled to it
+by the circumstances of the case, and by love which he felt for her,
+which was too strong for him to control. He then entreated her to
+become his wife; he complained of the bitter hostility which he had
+always been subject to from his enemies, and that he could have no
+safeguard from this hostility in time to come but in her favor; and
+he could not depend upon any assurance of her favor less than her
+making him her husband. He protested that, if she would do so, he
+would never ask to share her power, but would be content to be her
+faithful and devoted servant, as he had always been. It was love, not
+ambition, he said, that animated him, and he could not and would not
+be refused. Mary says that she was distressed and agitated beyond
+measure by the appeals and threats with which Bothwell accompanied his
+urgent entreaties. She tried every way to plan some mode of escape.
+Nobody came to her rescue. She was entirely alone, and in Bothwell's
+power. Bothwell assured her that the leading nobles of her court were
+in favor of the marriage, and showed her a written agreement signed by
+them to this effect. At length, wearied and exhausted, she was finally
+overcome by his urgency, and yielding partly to his persuasions, and
+partly, as she says, to force, gave herself up to his power.
+
+Mary remained at Dunbar about ten days, during which time Bothwell
+sued out and obtained a divorce from his wife. His wife, feeling,
+perhaps, resentment more than grief, sued, at the same time, for a
+divorce from him. Bothwell then sallied forth from his fastness at
+Dunbar, and, taking Mary with him, went to Edinburgh, and took up his
+abode in the castle there, as that fortress was then under his power.
+Mary soon after appeared in public and stated that she was now
+entirely free, and that, although Bothwell had done wrong in carrying
+her away by violence, still he had treated her since in so respectful
+a manner, that she had pardoned him, and had received him into favor
+again. A short time after this they were married. The ceremony was
+performed in a very private and unostentatious manner, and took place
+in May, about three months after the murder of Darnley.
+
+By some persons Mary's account of the transactions at Dunbar is
+believed. Others think that the whole affair was all a preconcerted
+plan, and that the appearance of resistance on her part was only for
+show, to justify, in some degree, in the eyes of the world, so
+imprudent and inexcusable a marriage. A great many volumes have been
+written on the question without making any progress toward a
+settlement of it. It is one of those cases where, the evidence being
+complicated, conflicting, and incomplete, the mind is swayed by the
+feelings, and the readers of the story decide more or less favorably
+for the unhappy queen, according to the warmth of the interest
+awakened in their hearts by beauty and misfortune.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+THE FALL OF BOTHWELL.
+
+1567
+
+Mary's infatuation.--Excuses for her.--Mary's deep
+depression.--Interposition of the King of France.--Bothwell at Edinburgh
+Castle.--He is hated by the people.--The opposing parties.--How far
+Mary was responsible.--Melrose.--Ruins of the abbey.--Mary's
+proclamation.--The prince's lords.--Bothwell alarmed.--Borthwick
+Castle.--Bothwell's retreat.--He is besieged.--Makes his
+escape.--Bothwell at Dunbar.--Proclamation.--Approaching
+contest.--Mary's appeal.--Approach of the prince's lords.--Carberry
+Hill.--Efforts of Le Croc to effect an accommodation.--Bothwell's
+challenge.--Morton.--Mary sends for Grange.--Proposition of
+Grange.--Dismissal of Bothwell.--Question of Mary's guilt.--The
+supposition against her.--The supposition in her
+favor.--Uncertainty.--The box of love letters.--Their genuineness
+suspected.--Disposal of Mary.--Return to Edinburgh.--The
+banner.--Rudeness of the populace.--Bothwell's retreat.--He is
+pursued.--Bothwell's narrow escape.--He turns pirate.--Bothwell
+in prison.--His miserable end.
+
+
+The course which Mary pursued after her liberation from Dunbar in
+yielding to Bothwell's wishes, pardoning his violence, receiving him
+again into favor, and becoming his wife, is one of the most
+extraordinary instances of the infatuation produced by love that has
+ever occurred. If the story had been fiction instead of truth, it
+would have been pronounced extravagant and impossible. As it was, the
+whole country was astonished and confounded at such a rapid
+succession of desperate and unaccountable crimes. Mary herself seems
+to have been hurried through these terrible scenes in a sort of
+delirium of excitement, produced by the strange circumstances of the
+case, and the wild and uncontrollable agitations to which they gave
+rise.
+
+Such was, however, at the time, and such continues to be still, the
+feeling of interest in Mary's character and misfortunes, that but few
+open and direct censures of her conduct were then, or have been
+since, expressed. People execrated Bothwell, but they were silent in
+respect to Mary. It was soon plain, however, that she had greatly
+sunk in their regard, and that the more they reflected upon the
+circumstances of the case, the deeper she was sinking. When the
+excitement, too, began to pass away from her own mind, it left behind
+it a gnawing inquietude and sense of guilt, which grew gradually more
+and more intense, until, at length, she sunk under the stings of
+remorse and despair.
+
+Her sufferings were increased by the evidences which were continually
+coming to her mind of the strong degree of disapprobation with which
+her conduct began soon every where to be regarded. Wherever Scotchmen
+traveled, they found themselves reproached with the deeds of violence
+and crime of which their country had been the scene. Mary's relatives
+and friends in France wrote to her, expressing their surprise and
+grief at such proceedings. The King of France had sent, a short time
+before, a special embassador for the purpose of doing something, if
+possible, to discover and punish the murderers of Darnley. His name
+was Le Croc. He was an aged and venerable man, of great prudence and
+discretion, well qualified to discover and pursue the way of escape
+from the difficulties in which Mary had involved herself, if any such
+way could be found. He arrived before the day of Mary's marriage, but
+he refused to take any part, or even to be present, at the ceremony.
+
+In the mean time, Bothwell continued in Edinburgh Castle for a while,
+under the protection of a strong guard. People considered this guard
+as intended to prevent Mary's escape, and many thought that she was
+detained, after all, against her will, and that her admissions that
+she was free were only made at the instigation of Bothwell, and from
+fear of his terrible power. The other nobles and the people of
+Scotland began to grow more and more uneasy. The fear of Bothwell
+began to be changed into hatred, and the more powerful nobles
+commenced forming plans for combining together, and rescuing, as they
+said, Mary out of his power.
+
+Bothwell made no attempts to conciliate them. He assumed an air and
+tone of defiance. He increased his forces. He conceived the plan of
+going to Stirling Castle to seize the young prince, who was residing
+there under the charge of persons to whom his education had been
+intrusted. He said to his followers that James should never do any
+thing to avenge his father's death, if he could once get him into his
+hands. The other nobles formed a league to counteract these designs.
+They began to assemble their forces, and every thing threatened an
+outbreak of civil war.
+
+The marriage took place about the middle of May, and within a
+fortnight from that time the lines began to be pretty definitely
+drawn between the two great parties, the queen and Bothwell on one
+side, and the insurgent nobles on the other, each party claiming to
+be friends of the queen. Whatever was done on Bothwell's side was, of
+course, in the queen's name, though it is very doubtful how far she
+was responsible for what was done, or how far, on the other hand, she
+merely aided, under the influence of a species of compulsion, in
+carrying into execution Bothwell's measures. We must say, in
+narrating the history, that the queen did this and that, and must
+leave the reader to judge whether it was herself, or Bothwell acting
+through her, who was the real agent in the transactions described.
+
+Stirling Castle, where the young prince was residing, is northwest of
+Edinburgh. The confederate lords were assembling in that vicinity.
+The border country between England and Scotland is of course south.
+In the midst of this border country is the ancient town of Melrose,
+where there was, in former days, a very rich and magnificent abbey,
+the ruins of which, to this day, form one of the most attractive
+objects of interest in the whole island of Great Britain. The region
+is now the abode of peace, and quietness, and plenty, though in
+Mary's day it was the scene of continual turmoil and war. It is now
+the favorite retreat of poets and philosophers, who seek their
+residences there on account of its stillness and peace. Sir Walter
+Scott's Abbotsford is a few miles from Melrose.
+
+About a fortnight after Mary's marriage, she issued a proclamation
+ordering the military chiefs in her kingdom to assemble at Melrose,
+with their followers, to accompany her on an expedition through the
+border country, to suppress some disorders there. The nobles
+considered this as only a scheme of Bothwell's to draw them away from
+the neighborhood of Stirling, so that he might go and get possession
+of the young prince. Rumors of this spread around the country, and
+the forces, instead of proceeding to Melrose, began to assemble in
+the neighborhood of Stirling, for the protection of the prince. The
+lords under whose banners they gathered assumed the name of _the
+prince's_ lords, and they called upon the people to take up arms in
+defense of young James's person and rights. The prince's lords soon
+began to concentrate their forces about Edinburgh, and Bothwell was
+alarmed for his safety. He had reason to fear that the governor of
+Edinburgh Castle was on their side, and that he might suddenly sally
+forth with a body of his forces down the High Street to Holyrood, and
+take him prisoner. He accordingly began to think it necessary to
+retreat.
+
+Now Bothwell had, among his other possessions, a certain castle
+called Borthwick Castle, a few miles south of Edinburgh. It was
+situated on a little swell of land in a beautiful valley. It was
+surrounded with groves of trees, and from the windows and walls of
+the castle there was an extended view over the beautiful and fertile
+fields of the valley. This castle was extensive and strong. It
+consisted of one great square tower, surrounded and protected by
+walls and bastions, and was approached by a draw-bridge. In the
+sudden emergency in which Bothwell found himself placed, this
+fortress seemed to be the most convenient and the surest retreat. On
+the 6th of June, he accordingly left Edinburgh with as large a force
+as he had at command, and rode rapidly across the country with the
+queen, and established himself at Borthwick.
+
+The prince's lords, taking fresh courage from the evidence of
+Bothwell's weakness and fear, immediately marched from Stirling,
+passed by Edinburgh, and almost immediately after Bothwell and the
+queen had got safely, as they imagined, established in the place of
+their retreat, they found their castle surrounded and hemmed in on
+all sides by hostile forces, which filled the whole valley. The
+castle was strong, but not strong enough to withstand a siege from
+such an army. Bothwell accordingly determined to retreat to his
+castle of Dunbar, which, being on a rocky promontory, jutting into
+the sea, and more remote from the heart of the country, was less
+accessible, and more safe than Borthwick. He contrived, though with
+great difficulty, to make his escape with the queen, through the
+ranks of his enemies. It is said that the queen was disguised in male
+attire. At any rate, they made their escape, they reached Dunbar,
+and Mary, or Bothwell in her name, immediately issued a proclamation,
+calling upon all her faithful subjects to assemble in arms, to
+deliver her from her dangers. At the same time, the prince's lords
+issued _their_ proclamation, calling upon all faithful subjects to
+assemble with them, to aid them in delivering the queen from the
+tyrant who held her captive.
+
+The faithful subjects were at a loss which proclamation to obey. By
+far the greater number joined the insurgents. Some thousands,
+however, went to Dunbar. With this force the queen and Bothwell
+sallied forth, about the middle of June, to meet the prince's lords,
+or the insurgents, as they called them, to settle the question at
+issue by the kind of ballot with which such questions were generally
+settled in those days.
+
+Mary had a proclamation read at the head of her army, now that she
+supposed she was on the eve of battle, in which she explained the
+causes of the quarrel. The proclamation stated that the marriage was
+Mary's free act, and that, although it was in some respects an
+extraordinary one, still the circumstances were such that she could
+not do otherwise than she had done. For ten days she had been in
+Bothwell's power in his castle at Dunbar, and not an arm had been
+raised for her deliverance. Her subjects ought to have interposed
+then, if they were intending really to rescue her from Bothwell's
+power. They had done nothing then, but now, when she had been
+compelled, by the cruel circumstances of her condition, to marry
+Bothwell--when the act was done, and could no longer be recalled,
+they had taken up arms against her, and compelled her to take the
+field in her own defense.
+
+The army of the prince's lords, with Mary's most determined enemies
+at their head, advanced to meet the queen's forces. The queen finally
+took her post on an elevated piece of ground called Carberry Hill.
+Carberry is an old Scotch name for gooseberry. Carberry Hill is a few
+miles to the eastward of Edinburgh, near Dalkeith. Here the two
+armies were drawn up, opposite to each other, in hostile array.
+
+Le Croc, the aged and venerable French embassador, made a great
+effort to effect an accommodation and prevent a battle. He first went
+to the queen and obtained authority from her to offer terms of peace,
+and then went to the camp of the prince's lords and proposed that
+they should lay down their arms and submit to the queen's authority,
+and that she would forgive and forget what they had done. They
+replied that they had done no wrong, and asked for no pardon; that
+they were not in arms against the queen's authority, but in favor of
+it. They sought only to deliver her from the durance in which she was
+held, and to bring to punishment the murderers of her husband,
+whoever they might be. Le Croc went back and forth several times,
+vainly endeavoring to effect an accommodation, and finally, giving up
+in despair, he returned to Edinburgh, leaving the contending parties
+to settle the contest in their own way.
+
+Bothwell now sent a herald to the camp of his enemies, challenging
+any one of them to meet him, and settle the question of his guilt or
+innocence by single combat. This proposition was not quite so absurd
+in those days as it would be now, for it was not an uncommon thing,
+in the Middle Ages, to try in this way questions of crime. Many
+negotiations ensued on Bothwell's proposal. One or two persons
+expressed themselves ready to accept the challenge. Bothwell objected
+to them on account of their rank being inferior to his, but said he
+would fight Morton, if Morton would accept his challenge. Morton had
+been his accomplice in the murder of Darnley, but had afterward
+joined the party of Bothwell's foes. It would have been a singular
+spectacle to see one of these confederates in the commission of a
+crime contending desperately in single combat to settle the question
+of the guilt or innocence of the other.
+
+The combat, however, did not take place. After many negotiations on
+the subject, the plan was abandoned, each party charging the other
+with declining the contest. The queen and Bothwell, in the mean time,
+found such evidences of strength on the part of their enemies, and
+felt probably, in their own hearts, so much of that faintness and
+misgiving under which human energy almost always sinks when the tide
+begins to turn against it, after the commission of wrong, that they
+began to feel disheartened and discouraged. The queen sent to the
+opposite camp with a request that a certain personage, the Laird of
+Grange, in whom all parties had great confidence, should come to her,
+that she might make one more effort at reconciliation. Grange, after
+consulting with the prince's lords, made a proposition to Mary, which
+she finally concluded to accept. It was as follows:
+
+They proposed that Mary should come over to their camp, not saying
+very distinctly whether she was to come as their captive or as their
+queen. The event showed that it was in the former capacity that they
+intended to receive her, though they were probably willing that she
+should understand that it was in the latter. At all events, the
+proposition itself did not make it very clear what her position would
+be; and the poor queen, distracted by the difficulties which
+surrounded her, and overwhelmed with agitation and fear, could not
+press very strongly for precise stipulations. In respect to Bothwell,
+they compromised the question by agreeing that, as he was under
+suspicion in respect to the murder of Darnley, he should not
+accompany the queen, but should be dismissed upon the field; that is,
+allowed to depart, without molestation, wherever he should choose to
+go. This plan was finally adopted. The queen bade Bothwell farewell,
+and he went away reluctantly and in great apparent displeasure. He
+had, in fact, with his characteristic ferocity, attempted to shoot
+Grange pending the negotiation. He mounted his horse, and, with a few
+attendants, rode off and sought a retreat once more upon his rock at
+Dunbar.
+
+From all the evidence which has come down to us, it seems impossible
+to ascertain whether Mary desired to be released from Bothwell's
+power, and was glad when the release came, or whether she still loved
+him, and was planning a reunion, so soon as a reunion should be
+possible. One party at that time maintained, and a large class of
+writers and readers since have concurred in the opinion, that Mary
+was in love with Bothwell before Darnley's death; that she connived
+with him in the plan for Darnley's murder; that she was a consenting
+party to the abduction, and the spending of the ten days at Dunbar
+Castle, in his power; that the marriage was the end at which she
+herself, as well as Bothwell, had been all the time aiming; and then,
+when at last she surrendered herself to the prince's lords at
+Carberry Hill, it was only yielding unwillingly to the necessity of a
+temporary separation from her lawless husband, with a view of
+reinstating him in favor and power at the earliest opportunity.
+
+Another party, both among her people at the time and among the
+writers and readers who have since paid attention to her story, think
+that she never loved Bothwell, and that, though she valued his
+services as a bold and energetic soldier, she had no collusion with
+him whatever in respect to Darnley's murder. They think that, though
+she must have felt in some sense relieved of a burden by Darnley's
+death, she did not in any degree aid in or justify the crime, and
+that she had no reason for supposing that Bothwell had any share in
+the commission of it. They think, also, that her consenting to marry
+Bothwell is to be accounted for by her natural desire to seek
+shelter, under some wing or other, from the terrible storms which
+were raging around her; and being deserted, as she thought, by every
+body else, and moved by his passionate love and devotion, she
+imprudently gave herself to him; that she lamented the act as soon as
+it was done, but that it was then too late to retrieve the step; and
+that, harassed and in despair, she knew not what to do, but that she
+hailed the rising of her nobles as affording the only promise of
+deliverance, and came forth from Dunbar to meet them with the secret
+purpose of delivering herself into their hands.
+
+The question which of these two suppositions is the correct one has
+been discussed a great deal, without the possibility of arriving at
+any satisfactory conclusion. A parcel of letters were produced by
+Mary's enemies, some time after this, which they said were Mary's
+letters to Bothwell before her husband Darnley's death. They say they
+took the letters from a man named Dalgleish, one of Bothwell's
+servants, who was carrying them from Holyrood to Dunbar Castle, just
+after Mary and Bothwell fled to Borthwick. They were contained in a
+small gilded box or coffer, with the letter F upon it, under a crown;
+which mark naturally suggests to our minds Mary's first husband,
+Francis, the king of France. Dalgleish said that Bothwell sent him
+for this box, charging him to convey it with all care to Dunbar
+Castle. The letters purport to be from Mary to Bothwell, and to have
+been written before Darnley's death. They evince a strong affection
+for the person to whom they are addressed, and seem conclusively to
+prove the unlawful attachment between the parties, provided that
+their genuineness is acknowledged. But this genuineness is denied.
+Mary's friends maintain that they are forgeries, prepared by her
+enemies to justify their own wrong. Many volumes have been written on
+the question of the genuineness of these love letters, as they are
+called, and there is perhaps now no probability that the question
+will ever be settled.
+
+Whatever doubt there may be about these things, there is none about
+the events which followed. After Mary had surrendered herself to her
+nobles they took her to the camp, she herself riding on horseback,
+and Grange walking by her side. As she advanced to meet the nobles
+who had combined against her, she said to them that she had concluded
+to come over to them, not from fear, or from doubt what the issue
+would have been if she had fought the battle, but only because she
+wanted to spare the effusion of Christian blood, especially the blood
+of her own subjects. She had therefore decided to submit herself to
+their counsels, trusting that they would treat her as their rightful
+queen. The nobles made little reply to this address, but prepared to
+return to Edinburgh with their prize.
+
+The people of Edinburgh, who had heard what turn the affair had
+taken, flocked out upon the roads to see the queen return. They lined
+the waysides to gaze upon the great cavalcade as it passed. The
+nobles who conducted Mary thus back toward her capital had a banner
+prepared, or allowed one to be prepared, on which was a painting
+representing the dead body of Darnley, and the young prince James
+kneeling near him, and calling on God to avenge his cause. Mary came
+on, in the procession, after this symbol. They might perhaps say that
+it was not intended to wound her feelings, and was not of a nature to
+do it, unless she considered herself as taking sides with the
+murderers of her husband. She, however, knew very well that she was
+so regarded by great numbers of the populace assembled, and that the
+effect of such an effigy carried before her was to hold her up to
+public obloquy. The populace did, in fact, taunt and reproach her as
+she proceeded, and she rode into Edinburgh, evincing all the way
+extreme mental suffering by her agitation and her tears.
+
+She expected that they were at least to take her to Holyrood; but no,
+they turned at the gate to enter the city. Mary protested earnestly
+against this, and called, half frantic, on all who heard her to come
+to her rescue. But no one interfered. They took her to the provost's
+house, and lodged her there for the night, and the crowd which had
+assembled to observe these proceedings gradually dispersed. There
+seemed, however, in a day or two, to be some symptoms of a reaction
+in favor of the fallen queen; and, to guard against the possibility
+of a rescue, the lords took Mary to Holyrood again, and began
+immediately to make arrangements for some more safe place of
+confinement still.
+
+In the mean time, Bothwell went from Carberry Hill to his castle at
+Dunbar, revolving moodily in his mind his altered fortunes. After
+some time he found himself not safe in this place of refuge, and so
+he retreated to the north, to some estates he had there, in the
+remote Highlands. A detachment of forces was sent in pursuit of him.
+Now there are, north of Scotland, some groups of dismal islands, the
+summits of submerged mountains and rocks, rising in dark and sublime,
+but gloomy grandeur, from the midst of cold and tempestuous seas.
+Bothwell, finding himself pursued, undertook to escape by ship to
+these islands. His pursuers, headed by Grange, who had negotiated at
+Carberry for the surrender of the queen, embarked in other vessels,
+and pressed on after him. At one time they almost overtook him, and
+would have captured him and all his company were it not that they got
+entangled among some shoals. Grange's sailors said they must not
+proceed. Grange, eager to seize his prey, insisted on their making
+sail and pressing forward. The consequence was, they ran the vessels
+aground, and Bothwell escaped in a small boat. As it was, however,
+they seized some of his accomplices, and brought them back to
+Edinburgh. These men were afterward tried, and some of them were
+executed; and it was at their trial, and through the confessions they
+made, that the facts were brought to light which have been related in
+this narrative.
+
+Bothwell, now a fugitive and an exile, but still retaining his
+desperate and lawless character, became a pirate, and attempted to
+live by robbing the commerce of the German Ocean. Rumor is the only
+historian, in ordinary cases, to record the events in the life of a
+pirate; and she, in this case, sent word, from time to time, to
+Scotland, of the robberies and murders that the desperado committed;
+of an expedition fitted out against him by the King of Denmark, of
+his being taken and carried into a Danish port; of his being held in
+imprisonment for a long period there, in a gloomy dungeon; of his
+restless spirit chafing itself in useless struggles against his
+fate, and sinking gradually, at last under the burdens of remorse for
+past crimes, and despair of any earthly deliverance; of his insanity,
+and, finally, of his miserable end.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+LOCH LEVEN CASTLE.
+
+1567-1568
+
+Grange of Kircaldy.--Mary's letter.--Removal of Mary.--A ride at
+night.--Loch Leven Castle.--The square tower.--Plan of Loch Leven
+Castle.--Lady Douglas.--Lady Douglas Mary's enemy.--Parties for and
+against Mary.--The Hamilton lords.--Plans of Mary's enemies.--Mary's
+tower.--Ruins.--The scale turns against Mary.--Proposals made to
+Mary.--The commissioners.--Melville unsuccessful.--Lindsay
+called in.--Lindsay's brutality.--Abdication.--Coronation of
+James.--Ceremonies.--Return of Murray.--Murray's interview with
+Mary.--Affecting scene.--Murray assumes the government.--His
+warnings.--The young Douglases.--Their interest in Mary.--Plan for Mary's
+escape.--The laundress.--The disguise.--Escape.--Discovery.--Mary's
+return.--Banishment of George Douglas.--Secret communications.--New
+plan of escape.--The postern gate.--Liberation of Mary.--Jane
+Kennedy.--The escape.--Mary's joy.--Popular feeling.--Mary's
+proclamation.--Ruins of Loch Leven Castle.--The octagonal
+tower.--Visitors.
+
+
+Grange, or, as he is sometimes called, Kircaldy, his title in full
+being Grange of Kircaldy, was a man of integrity and honor, and he,
+having been the negotiator through whose intervention Mary gave
+herself up, felt himself bound to see that the stipulations on the
+part of the nobles should be honorably fulfilled. He did all in his
+power to protect Mary from insult on the journey, and he struck with
+his sword and drove away some of the populace who were addressing her
+with taunts and reproaches. When he found that the nobles were
+confining her, and treating her so much more like a captive than like
+a queen, he remonstrated with them. They silenced him by showing him
+a letter, which they said they had intercepted on its way from Mary
+to Bothwell. It was written, they said, on the night of Mary's
+arrival at Edinburgh. It assured Bothwell that she retained an
+unaltered affection for him; that her consenting to be separated
+from him at Carberry Hill was a matter of mere necessity, and that
+she should rejoin him as soon as it was in her power to do so. This
+letter showed, they said, that, after all, Mary was not, as they had
+supposed, Bothwell's captive and victim, but that she was his
+accomplice and friend; and that, now that they had discovered their
+mistake, they must treat Mary, as well as Bothwell, as an enemy, and
+take effectual means to protect themselves from the one as well as
+from the other. Mary's friends maintain that this letter was a
+forgery.
+
+They accordingly took Mary, as has been already stated, from the
+provost's house in Edinburgh down to Holyrood House, which was just
+without the city. This, however, was only a temporary change. That
+night they came into the palace, and directed Mary to rise and put on
+a traveling dress which they brought her. They did not tell her where
+she was to go, but simply ordered her to follow them. It was
+midnight. They took her forth from the palace, mounted her upon a
+horse, and, with Ruthven and Lindsay, two of the murderers of Rizzio,
+for an escort, they rode away. They traveled all night, crossed the
+River Forth and arrived in the morning at the Castle of Loch Leven.
+
+The Castle of Loch Leven is on a small island in the middle of the
+loch. It is nearly north from Edinburgh. The castle buildings covered
+at that time about one half of the island, the water coming up to the
+walls on three sides. On the other side was a little land, which was
+cultivated as a garden. The buildings inclosed a considerable area.
+There was a great square tower, marked on the plan below, which was
+the residence of the family. It consisted of four or five rooms, one
+over the other. The cellar, or, rather, what would be the cellar in
+other cases, was a dungeon for such prisoners as were to be kept in
+close confinement. The only entrance to this building was through a
+window in the second story, by means of a ladder which was raised and
+let down by a chain. This was over the point marked _e_ on the plan.
+The chain was worked at a window in the story above. There were
+various other apartments and structures about the square, and among
+them there was a small octagonal tower in the corner at _m_ which
+consisted within of one room over another for three stories, and a
+flat roof with battlements above. In the second story there was a
+window, _w_, looking upon the water. This was the only window having
+an external aspect in the whole fortress, all the other openings in
+the exterior walls being mere loop-holes and embrasures.
+
+The following is a general plan of Loch Leven Castle:[H]
+
+[Illustration: PLAN OF LOCH LEVEN CASTLE.]
+
+[Footnote H: Compare this plan with the view of the castle, page
+236.]
+
+This castle was in possession of a certain personage styled the Lady
+Douglas. She was the mother of the Lord James, afterward the Earl of
+Murray, who has figured so conspicuously in this history as Mary's
+half brother, and at first her friend and counselor, though afterward
+her foe. Lady Douglas was commonly called the Lady of Loch Leven. She
+maintained that she had been lawfully married to James V., Mary's
+father, and that consequently her son, and not Mary, was the rightful
+heir to the crown. Of course she was Mary's natural enemy. They
+selected her castle as the place of Mary's confinement partly on this
+account, and partly on account of its inaccessible position in the
+midst of the waters of the lake. They delivered the captive queen,
+accordingly, to the Lady Douglas and her husband, charging them to
+keep her safely. The Lady Douglas received her, and locked her up in
+the octagonal tower with the window looking out upon the water.
+
+In the mean time, all Scotland took sides for or against the queen.
+The strongest party were against her; and the Church was against her,
+on account of their hostility to the Catholic religion. A sort of
+provisional government was instituted, which assumed the management
+of public affairs. Mary had, however, some friends, and they soon
+began to assemble in order to see what could be done for her cause.
+Their rendezvous was at the palace of Hamilton. This palace was
+situated on a plain in the midst of a beautiful park, near the River
+Clyde, a few miles from Glasgow. The Duke of Hamilton was prominent
+among the supporters of the queen, and made his house their
+head-quarters. They were often called, from this circumstance, the
+Hamilton lords.
+
+On the other hand, the party opposed to Mary made the castle of
+Stirling their head-quarters, because the young prince was there, in
+whose name they were proposing soon to assume the government. Their
+plan was to depose Mary, or induce her to abdicate the throne, and
+then to make Murray regent, to govern the country in the name of the
+prince until the prince should become of age. During all this time
+Murray had been absent in France, but they now sent urgent messages
+to him to return. He obeyed the summons, and turned his face toward
+Scotland.
+
+In the mean time, Mary continued in confinement in her little tower.
+She was not treated like a common prisoner, but had, in some degree,
+the attentions due to her rank. There were five or six female, and
+about as many male attendants; though, if the rooms which are
+exhibited to visitors at the present day as the apartments which she
+occupied are really such, her quarters were very contracted. They
+consist of small apartments of an octagonal form, one over the other,
+with tortuous and narrow stair-cases in the solid wall to ascend from
+one to the other. The roof and the floors of the tower are now gone,
+but the stair-ways, the capacious fire-places, the loop-holes, and
+the one window remain, enabling the visitor to reconstruct the
+dwelling in imagination, and even to fancy Mary herself there again,
+seated on the stone seat by the window, looking over the water at the
+distant hills, and sighing to be free.
+
+The Hamilton lords were not strong enough to attempt her rescue. The
+weight of influence and power throughout the country went gradually
+and irresistibly into the other scale. There were great debates among
+the authorities of government as to what should be done. The Hamilton
+lords made proposals in behalf of Mary which the government could not
+accede to. Other proposals were made by different parties in the
+councils of the insurgent nobles, some more and some less hard for
+the captive queen. The conclusion, however, finally was, to urge
+Mary to resign her crown in favor of her son, and to appoint Murray,
+when he should return, to act as regent till the prince should be of
+age.
+
+They accordingly sent commissioners to Loch Leven to propose these
+measures to the queen. There were three instruments of abdication
+prepared for her to sign. By one she resigned the crown in favor of
+her son. By the second she appointed Murray to be regent as soon as
+he should return from France. By the third she appointed
+commissioners to govern the country until Murray should return. They
+knew that Mary would be extremely unwilling to sign these papers, and
+yet that they must contrive, in some way, to obtain her signature
+without any open violence; for the signature, to be of legal force,
+must be, in some sense, her voluntary act.
+
+The two commissioners whom they sent to her were Melville and
+Lindsay. Melville was a thoughtful and a reasonable man, who had long
+been in Mary's service, and who possessed a great share of her
+confidence and good will. Lindsay was, on the other hand, of an
+overbearing and violent temper, of very rude speech and demeanor, and
+was known to be unfriendly to the queen. They hoped that Mary would
+be induced to sign the papers by Melville's gentle persuasions; if
+not, Lindsay was to see what he could do by denunciations and
+threats.
+
+When the two commissioners arrived at the castle, Melville alone went
+first into the presence of the queen. He opened the subject to her in
+a gentle and respectful manner. He laid before her the distracted
+state of Scotland, the uncertain and vague suspicions floating in the
+public mind on the subject of Darnley's murder, and the irretrievable
+shade which had been thrown over her position by the unhappy marriage
+with Bothwell; and he urged her to consent to the proposed measures,
+as the only way now left to restore peace to the land. Mary heard him
+patiently, but replied that she could not consent to his proposal. By
+doing so she should not only sacrifice her own rights, and degrade
+herself from the position she was entitled to occupy, but she should,
+in some sense, acknowledge herself guilty of the charges brought
+against her, and justify her enemies.
+
+Melville, finding that his efforts were vain, called Lindsay in. He
+entered with a fierce and determined air. Mary was reminded of the
+terrible night when he and Ruthven broke into her little supper-room
+at Holyrood in quest of Rizzio. She was agitated and alarmed. Lindsay
+assailed her with denunciations and threats of the most violent
+character. There ensued a scene of the most rough and ferocious
+passion on the one side, and of anguish, terror, and despair on the
+other, which is said to have made this day the most wretched of all
+the wretched days of Mary's life. Sometimes she sat pale, motionless,
+and almost stupefied. At others, she was overwhelmed with sorrow and
+tears. She finally yielded; and, taking the pen, she signed the
+papers. Lindsay and Melville took them, left the castle gate, entered
+their boat, and were rowed away to the shore.
+
+This was on the 25th of July, 1567, and four days afterward the young
+prince was crowned at Stirling. His title was James VI. Lindsay made
+oath at the coronation that he was a witness of Mary's abdication of
+the crown in favor of her son, and that it was her own free and
+voluntary act. James was about one year old. The coronation took
+place in the chapel where Mary had been crowned in her infancy, about
+twenty-five years before. Mary herself, though unconscious of her own
+coronation, mourned bitterly over that of her son. Unhappy mother!
+how little was she aware, when her heart was filled with joy and
+gladness at his birth, that in one short year his mere existence
+would furnish to her enemies the means of consummating and sealing
+her ruin.
+
+On returning from the chapel to the state apartments of the castle,
+after the coronation, the noblemen by whom the infant had been
+crowned walked in solemn procession, bearing the badges and insignia
+of the newly-invested royalty. One carried the crown. Morton, who was
+to exercise the government until Murray should return, followed with
+the scepter, and a third bore the infant king, who gazed about
+unconsciously upon the scene, regardless alike of his mother's lonely
+wretchedness and of his own new scepter and crown.
+
+In the mean time, Murray was drawing near toward the confines of
+Scotland. He was somewhat uncertain how to act. Having been absent
+for some time in France and on the Continent, he was not certain how
+far the people of Scotland were really and cordially in favor of the
+revolution which had been effected. Mary's friends might claim that
+her acts of abdication, having been obtained while she was under
+duress, were null and void, and if they were strong enough they
+might attempt to reinstate her upon the throne. In this case, it
+would be better for him not to have acted with the insurgent
+government at all. To gain information on these points, Murray sent
+to Melville to come and meet him on the border. Melville came. The
+result of their conferences was, that Murray resolved to visit Mary
+in her tower before he adopted any decisive course.
+
+Murray accordingly journeyed northward to Loch Leven, and, embarking
+in the boat which plied between the castle and the shore, he crossed
+the sheet of water, and was admitted into the fortress. He had a long
+interview with Mary alone. At the sight of her long-absent brother,
+who had been her friend and guide in her early days of prosperity and
+happiness, and who had accompanied her through so many changing
+scenes, and who now returned, after his long separation from her, to
+find her a lonely and wretched captive, involved in irretrievable
+ruin, if not in acknowledged guilt, she was entirely overcome by her
+emotions. She burst into tears and could not speak. What further
+passed at this interview was never precisely known. They parted
+tolerably good friends, however, and yet Murray immediately assumed
+the government, by which it is supposed that he succeeded in
+persuading Mary that such a step was now best for her sake as well as
+for that of all others concerned.
+
+Murray, however, did not fail to warn her, as he himself states, in a
+very serious manner, against any attempt to change her situation.
+"Madam," said he, "I will plainly declare to you what the sources of
+danger are from which I think you have most to apprehend. First, any
+attempt, of whatever kind, that you may make to create disturbance in
+the country, through friends that may still adhere to your cause, and
+to interfere with the government of your son; secondly, devising or
+attempting any plan of escape from this island; thirdly, taking any
+measures for inducing the Queen of England or the French king to come
+to your aid; and, lastly, persisting in your attachment to Earl
+Bothwell." He warned Mary solemnly against any and all of these, and
+then took his leave. He was soon after proclaimed regent. A
+Parliament was assembled to sanction all the proceedings, and the new
+government was established, apparently upon a firm foundation.
+
+Mary remained, during the winter, in captivity, earnestly desiring,
+however, notwithstanding Murray's warning, to find some way of
+escape. She knew that there must be many who had remained friends to
+her cause. She thought that if she could once make her escape from
+her prison, these friends would rally around her, and that she could
+thus, perhaps, regain her throne again. But strictly watched as she
+was, and in a prison which was surrounded by the waters of a lake,
+all hope of escape seemed to be taken away.
+
+Now there were, in the family of the Lord Douglas at the castle, two
+young men, George and William Douglas. The oldest, George, was about
+twenty-five years of age, and the youngest was seventeen. George was
+the son of Lord and Lady Douglas who kept the castle. William was an
+orphan boy, a relative, who, having no home, had been received into
+the family. These young men soon began to feel a strong interest in
+the beautiful captive confined in their father's castle, and, before
+many months, this interest became so strong that they began to feel
+willing to incur the dangers and responsibilities of aiding her in
+effecting her escape. They had secret conferences with Mary on the
+subject. They went to the shore on various pretexts, and contrived
+to make their plans known to Mary's friends, that they might be ready
+to receive her in case they should succeed.
+
+The plan at length was ripe for execution. It was arranged thus. The
+castle not being large, there was not space within its walls for all
+the accommodations required for its inmates; much was done on the
+shore, where there was quite a little village of attendants and
+dependents pertaining to the castle. This little village has since
+grown into a flourishing manufacturing town, where a great variety of
+plaids, and tartans, and other Scotch fabrics are made. Its name is
+Kinross. Communication with this part of the shore was then, as now,
+kept up by boats, which generally then belonged to the castle, though
+now to the town.
+
+On the day when Mary was to attempt her escape, a servant woman was
+brought by one of the castle boats from the shore with a bundle of
+clothes for Mary. Mary, whose health and strength had been impaired
+by her confinement and sufferings, was often in her bed. She was so
+at this time, though perhaps she was feigning now more feebleness
+than she really felt. The servant woman came into her apartment and
+undressed herself, while Mary rose, took the dress which she laid
+aside, and put it on as a disguise. The woman took Mary's place in
+bed. Mary covered her face with a muffler, and, taking another bundle
+in her hand to assist in her disguise, she passed across the court,
+issued from the castle gate, went to the landing stairs, and stepped
+into the boat for the men to row her to the shore.
+
+The oarsmen, who belonged to the castle, supposing that all was
+right, pushed off, and began to row toward the land. As they were
+crossing the water, however, they observed that their passenger was
+very particular to keep her face covered, and attempted to pull away
+the muffler, saying, "Let us see what kind of a looking damsel this
+is." Mary, in alarm, put up her hands to her face to hold the muffler
+there. The smooth, white, and delicate fingers revealed to the men at
+once that they were carrying away a lady in disguise. Mary, finding
+that concealment was no longer possible, dropped her muffler, looked
+upon the men with composure and dignity, told them that she was their
+queen, that they were bound by their allegiance to her to obey her
+commands, and she commanded them to go on and row her to the shore.
+
+The men decided, however, that their allegiance was due to the lord
+of the castle rather than to the helpless captive trying to escape
+from it. They told her that they must return. Mary was not only
+disappointed at the failure of her plans, but she was now anxious
+lest her friends, the young Douglases, should be implicated in the
+attempt, and should suffer in consequence of it. The men, however,
+solemnly promised her, that if she would quietly return, they would
+not make the circumstances known. The secret, however, was too great
+a secret to be kept. In a few days it all came to light. Lord and
+Lady Douglas were very angry with their son, and banished him,
+together with two of Mary's servants, from the castle. Whatever share
+young William Douglas had in the scheme was not found out, and he was
+suffered to remain. George Douglas went only to Kinross. He remained
+there watching for another opportunity to help Mary to her freedom.
+
+[Illustration: LOCH LEVEN CASTLE--The Place of Mary's Imprisonment.]
+
+In the mean time, the watch and ward held over Mary was more strict
+and rigorous than ever, her keepers being resolved to double their
+vigilance, while George and William, on the other hand, resolved to
+redouble their exertions to find some means to circumvent it.
+William, who was only a boy of seventeen, and who remained within
+the castle, acted his part in a very sagacious and admirable manner.
+He was silent, and assumed a thoughtless and unconcerned manner in his
+general deportment, which put every one off their guard in respect to
+him. George, who was at Kinross, held frequent communications with the
+Hamilton lords, encouraging them to hope for Mary's escape, and
+leading them to continue in combination, and to be ready to act at a
+moment's warning. They communicated with each other, too, by secret
+means, across the lake, and with Mary in her solitary tower. It is
+said that George, wishing to make Mary understand that their plans for
+rescuing her were not abandoned, and not having the opportunity to do
+so directly, sent her a picture of the mouse liberating the lion from
+his snares, hoping that she would draw from the picture the inference
+which he intended.
+
+At length the time arrived for another attempt. It was about the
+first of May. By looking at the engraving of Loch Leven Castle, it
+will be seen that there was a window in Mary's tower looking out over
+the water. George Douglas's plan was to bring a boat up to this
+window in the night, and take Mary down the wall into it. The place
+of egress by which Mary escaped is called in some of the accounts a
+postern gate, and yet tradition at the castle says that it was
+through this window. It is not improbable that this window might have
+been intended to be used sometimes as a postern gate, and that the
+iron grating with which it was guarded was made to open and shut, the
+key being kept with the other keys of the castle.
+
+The time for the attempt was fixed upon for Sunday night, on the 2d
+of May. George Douglas was ready with the boat early in the evening.
+When it was dark, he rowed cautiously across the water, and took his
+position under Mary's window. William Douglas was in the mean time at
+supper in the great square tower with his father and mother. The keys
+were lying upon the table. He contrived to get them into his
+possession, and then cautiously stole away. He locked the tower as he
+came out, went across the court to Mary's room, liberated her through
+the postern window, and descended with her into the boat. One of her
+maids, whose name was Jane Kennedy, was to have accompanied her, but,
+in their eagerness to make sure of Mary, they forgot or neglected
+her, and she had to leap down after them, which feat she
+accomplished without any serious injury. The boat pushed off
+immediately, and the Douglases began to pull hard for the shore. They
+threw the keys of the castle into the lake, as if the impossibility
+of recovering them, in that case, made the imprisonment of the family
+more secure. The whole party were, of course, in the highest state of
+excitement and agitation. Jane Kennedy helped to row, and it is said
+that even Mary applied her strength to one of the oars.
+
+They landed safely on the south side of the loch, far from Kinross.
+Several of the Hamilton lords were ready there to receive the
+fugitive. They mounted her on horseback, and galloped away. There was
+a strong party to escort her. They rode hard all night, and the next
+morning they arrived safely at Hamilton. "Now," said Mary, "I am once
+more a queen."
+
+It was true. She was again a queen. Popular feeling ebbs and flows
+with prodigious force, and the change from one state to the other
+depends, sometimes, on very accidental causes. The news of Mary's
+escape spread rapidly over the land. Her friends were encouraged and
+emboldened. Sympathies, long dormant and inert, were awakened in her
+favor. She issued a proclamation, declaring that her abdication had
+been forced upon her, and, as such, was null and void. She summoned
+Murray to surrender his powers as regent, and to come and receive
+orders from her. She called upon all her faithful subjects to take up
+arms and gather around her standard. Murray refused to obey, but
+large masses of the people gave in their adhesion to their liberated
+queen, and flocked to Hamilton to enter into her service. In a week
+Mary found herself at the head of an army of six thousand men.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Illustration: RUINS OF LOCH LEVEN CASTLE.]
+
+The Castle of Loch Leven is now a solitary ruin. The waters of the
+loch have been lowered by means of an excavation of the outlet, and a
+portion of land has been left bare around the walls, which the
+proprietor has planted with trees. Visitors are taken from Kinross in
+a boat to view the scene. The square tower, though roofless and
+desolate, still stands. The window in the second story, which served
+as the entrance, and the one above, where the chain was worked, with
+the deep furrows in the sill cut by its friction, are shown by the
+guide. The court-yard is overgrown with weeds, and encumbered with
+fallen stones and old foundations. The chapel is gone, though its
+outline may be still traced in the ruins of its walls. The octagonal
+tower which Mary occupied remains, and the visitors, climbing up by
+the narrow stone stairs in the wall, look out at the window over the
+waters of the loch and the distant hills, and try to recreate in
+imagination the scene which the apartment presented when the unhappy
+captive was there.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+THE LONG CAPTIVITY.
+
+1568-1570
+
+Dumbarton Castle.--The situation and aspect.--Attempt to
+retreat to Dumbarton.--Mary's forces defeated.--Mary's
+flight.--Dundrennan.--Consultations.--Carlisle Castle.--Mary's
+message to the governor.--Lowther.--Mary's reception at the
+castle.--Is Mary a guest or a prisoner?--Precautions for
+guarding her.--Elizabeth's hypocrisy.--Dishonorable
+proposal.--Removal.--Separation from friends.--Proposed
+trial.--Opening of the court.--Adjourned to London.--Failure
+of the trial.--Mary's indignant pride.--Elizabeth's negotiations
+with Murray.--Their failure.--Cruel treatment of Lady
+Hamilton.--Hamilton resolves on revenge.--Hamilton's plans.--Death
+of Murray.--Hamilton's flight.--Mary's grief.--Duke of Norfolk
+beheaded.--Mary's unhappy situation.--Mary almost forgotten in
+her captivity.
+
+
+Hamilton, which had been thus far the queen's place of rendezvous,
+was a palace rather than a castle, and therefore not a place of
+defense. It was situated, as has been already stated, on the River
+Clyde, _above_ Glasgow; that is, toward the southeast of it, the
+River Clyde flowing toward the northwest. The Castle of Dumbarton,
+which has already been mentioned as the place from which Mary
+embarked for France in her early childhood, was below Glasgow, on the
+northern shore of the river. It stands there still in good repair,
+and is well garrisoned; it crowns a rock which rises abruptly from
+the midst of a comparatively level country, smiling with villages and
+cultivated fields, and frowns sternly upon the peaceful steamers and
+merchant ships which are continually gliding along under its guns, up
+and down the Clyde.
+
+Queen Mary concluded to move forward to Dumbarton, it being a place
+of greater safety than Hamilton. Murray gathered his forces to
+intercept her march. The two armies met near Glasgow, as the queen
+was moving westward, down the river. There was a piece of rising
+ground between them, which each party was eager to ascend before the
+other should reach it. The leader of the forces on Murray's side
+ordered every horseman to take up a foot-soldier behind him, and ride
+with all speed to the top of the hill. By this means the great body
+of Murray's troops were put in possession of the vantage ground. The
+queen's forces took post on another rising ground, less favorable, at
+a little distance. The place was called Langside. A cannonading was
+soon commenced, and a general battle ensued. Mary watched the
+progress of it with intense emotions. Her forces began soon to give
+way, and before many hours they were retreating in all directions,
+the whole country being soon covered with the awful spectacles which
+are afforded by one terrified and panic-stricken army flying before
+the furious and triumphant rage of another. Mary gazed on the scene
+in an agony of grief and despair.
+
+A few faithful friends kept near her side, and told her that she must
+hurry away. They turned to the southward, and rode away from the
+ground. They pressed on as rapidly as possible toward the southern
+coast, thinking that the only safety for Mary now was for her to make
+her escape from the country altogether, and go either to England or
+to France, in hopes of obtaining foreign aid to enable her to recover
+her throne. They at length reached the sea-coast. Mary was received
+into an abbey called Dundrennan, not far from the English frontier.
+Here she remained, with a few nobles and a small body of attendants,
+for two days, spending the time in anxious consultations to determine
+what should be done. Mary herself was in favor of going to England,
+and appealing to Elizabeth for protection and help. Her friends and
+advisers, knowing Elizabeth perhaps better than Mary did, recommended
+that she should sail for France, in hopes of awakening sympathy
+there. But Mary, as we might naturally have expected, considering the
+circumstances under which she left that country, found herself
+extremely unwilling to go there as a fugitive and a suppliant. It was
+decided, finally, to go to England.
+
+The nearest stronghold in England was Carlisle Castle, which was not
+very far from the frontier. The boundary between the two kingdoms is
+formed here by the Solway Frith, a broad arm of the sea. Dundrennan
+Abbey, to which Mary had retreated, was near the town of
+Kirkcudbright, which is, of course, on the northern side of the
+Frith; it is also near the sea. Carlisle is further up the Frith,
+near where the River Solway empties into it, and is twenty or thirty
+miles from the shore.
+
+Mary sent a messenger to the governor of the castle at Carlisle to
+inquire whether he would receive and protect her. She could not,
+however, wait for an answer to this message, as the country was all
+in commotion, and she was exposed to an attack at any time from
+Murray's forces, in which case, even if they should not succeed in
+taking her captive, they might effectually cut off her retreat from
+Scottish ground. She accordingly determined to proceed immediately,
+and receive the answer from the governor of the castle on the way.
+She set out on the 16th of May. Eighteen or twenty persons
+constituted her train. This was all that remained to her of her army
+of six thousand men. She proceeded to the shore. They provided a
+fishing-boat for the voyage, furnishing it as comfortably for her as
+circumstances would admit. She embarked, and sailed along the coast,
+eastward, up the Frith, for about eighteen miles, gazing mournfully
+upon the receding shore of her native land--receding, in fact, now
+from her view forever. They landed at the most convenient port for
+reaching Carlisle, intending to take the remainder of the journey by
+land.
+
+In the mean time, the messenger, on his arrival at Carlisle, found
+that the governor had gone to London. His second in rank, whom he had
+left in command, immediately sent off an express after him to inform
+him of the event. The name of this lieutenant-governor was Lowther.
+Lowther did all in Mary's favor that it was in his power to do. He
+directed the messenger to inform her that he had sent to London for
+instructions from Elizabeth, but that, in the mean time, she would be
+a welcome guest in his castle, and that he would defend her there
+from all her enemies. He then sent around to all the nobles and men
+of distinction in the neighborhood, informing them of the arrival of
+the distinguished visitor, and having assembled them, they proceeded
+together toward the coast to meet and receive the unhappy fugitive
+with the honors becoming her rank, though such honors must have
+seemed little else than a mockery in her present condition.
+
+Mary was received at the castle as an honored guest. It is, however,
+a curious circumstance, that, in respect to the reception of princes
+and queens in royal castles, there is little or no distinction
+between the ceremonies which mark the honored guest and those which
+attend the helpless captive. Mary had a great many friends at first,
+who came out of Scotland to visit her. The authorities ordered
+repairs to be commenced upon the castle, to fit it more suitably for
+so distinguished an inmate, and, in consequence of the making of
+these repairs, they found it inconvenient to admit visitors. Of
+course, Mary, being a mere guest, could not complain. She wanted to
+take a walk beyond the limits of the castle, upon a green to which
+there was access through a postern gate. Certainly: the governor made
+no objection to such a walk, but sent twenty or thirty armed men to
+accompany her. They might be considered either as an honorary escort,
+or as a guard to watch her movements, to prevent her escape, and to
+secure her return. At one time she proposed to go a-hunting. They
+allowed her to go, _properly attended_. On her return, however, the
+officer reported to his superior that she was so admirable in her
+horsemanship, and could ride with so much fearlessness and speed,
+that he thought it might be possible for a body of her friends to
+come and carry her off, on some such occasion, back across the
+frontier. So they determined to tell Mary, when she wished to hunt
+again, that they thought it not safe for her to go out on such
+excursions, as her _enemies_ might make a sudden invasion and carry
+her away. The precautions would be just the same to protect Mary from
+her enemies as to keep her from her friends.
+
+Elizabeth sent her captive cousin very kind and condoling messages,
+dispatching, however, by the same messenger stringent orders to the
+commander of the castle to be sure and keep her safely. Mary asked
+for an interview with Elizabeth. Elizabeth's officers replied that
+she could not properly admit Mary to a personal interview until she
+had been, in some way or other, cleared of the suspicion which
+attached to her in respect to the murder of Darnley. They proposed,
+moreover, that Mary should consent to have that question examined
+before some sort of court which Elizabeth might constitute for this
+purpose. Now it is a special point of honor among all sovereign
+kings and queens, throughout the civilized world, that they can,
+technically, do no wrong; that they can not in any way be brought to
+trial; and especially that they can not be, by any means or in any
+way, amenable to each other. Mary refused to acknowledge any English
+jurisdiction whatever in respect to any charges brought against her,
+a sovereign queen of Scotland.
+
+Elizabeth removed her prisoner to another castle further from the
+frontier than Carlisle, in order to place her in a situation where
+she would be more safe _from her enemies_. It was not convenient to
+lodge so many of her attendants at these new quarters as in the other
+fortress, and several were dismissed. Additional obstructions were
+thrown in the way of her seeing friends and visitors from Scotland.
+Mary found her situation growing every day more and more helpless and
+desolate. Elizabeth urged continually upon her the necessity of
+having the points at issue between herself and Murray examined by a
+commissioner, artfully putting it on the ground, not of a trial of
+Mary, but a calling of Murray to account, by Mary, for his
+usurpation. At last, harassed and worn down, and finding no ray of
+hope coming to her from any quarter, she consented. Elizabeth
+constituted such a court, which was to meet at York, a large and
+ancient city in the north of England. Murray was to appear there in
+person, with other lords associated with him. Mary appointed
+commissioners to appear for her; and the two parties went into court,
+each thinking that it was the other which was accused and on trial.
+
+The court assembled, and, after being opened with great parade and
+ceremony, commenced the investigation of the questions at issue,
+which led, of course, to endless criminations and recriminations, the
+ground covering the whole history of Mary's career in Scotland. They
+went on for some weeks in this hopeless labyrinth, until, at length,
+Murray produced the famous letters alleged to have been written by
+Mary to Bothwell before Darnley's murder, as a part of the evidence,
+and charged Mary, on the strength of this evidence, with having been
+an abettor in the murder. Elizabeth, finding that the affair was
+becoming, as in fact she wished it to become, more and more involved,
+and wishing to get Mary more and more entangled in it, and to draw
+her still further into her power, ordered the conference, as the
+court was called, to be adjourned to London. Here things took such a
+turn that Mary complained that she was herself treated in so unjust a
+manner, and Murray and his cause were allowed so many unfair
+advantages, that she could not allow the discussion on her part to
+continue. The conference was accordingly broken up, each party
+charging the other with being the cause of the interruption.
+
+Murray returned to Scotland to resume his government there. Mary was
+held a closer captive than ever. She sent to Elizabeth asking her to
+remove these restraints, and allow her to depart either to her own
+country or to France. Elizabeth replied that she could not,
+considering all the circumstances of the case, allow her to leave
+England; but that, if she would give up all claims to the government
+of Scotland to her son, the young prince, she might remain in peace
+_in_ England. Mary replied that she would suffer death a thousand
+times rather than dishonor herself in the eyes of the world by
+abandoning, in such a way, her rights as a sovereign. The last words
+which she should speak, she said, should be those of the Queen of
+Scotland.
+
+Elizabeth therefore considered that she had no alternative left but
+to keep Mary a prisoner. She accordingly retained her for some time
+in confinement, but she soon found that such a charge was a serious
+incumbrance to her, and one not unattended with danger. The
+disaffected in her own realm were beginning to form plots, and to
+consider whether they could not, in some way or other, make use of
+Mary's claims to the English crown to aid them. Finally, Elizabeth
+came to the conclusion, when she had become a little satiated with
+the feeling, at first so delightful, of having Mary in her power,
+that, after all, it would be quite as convenient to have her
+imprisoned in Scotland, and she opened a negotiation with Murray for
+delivering Mary into his hands. He was, on his part, to agree to save
+her life, and to keep her a close prisoner, and he was to deliver
+hostages to Elizabeth as security for the fulfillment of these
+obligations.
+
+Various difficulties, however, occurred in the way of the
+accomplishment of these plans, and before the arrangement was finally
+completed, it was cut suddenly short by Murray's miserable end. One
+of the Hamiltons, who had been with Mary at Langside, was taken
+prisoner after the battle. Murray, who, of course, as the legally
+constituted regent in the name of James, considered himself as
+representing the royal authority of the kingdom, regarded these
+prisoners as rebels taken in the act of insurrection against their
+sovereign. They were condemned to death, but finally were pardoned at
+the place of execution. Their estates were, however, confiscated, and
+given to the followers and favorites of Murray.
+
+One of these men, in taking possession of the house of Hamilton, with
+a cruel brutality characteristic of the times, turned Hamilton's
+family out abruptly in a cold night--perhaps exasperated by
+resistance which he may have encountered. The wife of Hamilton, it is
+said, was sent out naked; but the expression means, probably, very
+insufficiently clothed for such an exposure. At any rate, the unhappy
+outcast wandered about, half frantic with anger and terror, until,
+before morning, she was wholly frantic and insane. To have such a
+calamity brought upon him in consequence merely of his fidelity to
+his queen, was, as the bereaved and wretched husband thought, an
+injury not to be borne. He considered Murray the responsible author
+of these miseries, and silently and calmly resolved on a terrible
+revenge.
+
+Murray was making a progress through the country, traveling in state
+with a great retinue, and was to pass through Linlithgow. There is a
+town of that name close by the palace. Hamilton provided himself with
+a room in one of the houses on the principal street, through which he
+knew that Murray must pass. He had a fleet horse ready for him at the
+back door. The front door was barricaded. There was a sort of balcony
+or gallery projecting toward the street, with a window in it. He
+stationed himself here, having carefully taken every precaution to
+prevent his being seen from the street, or overheard in his
+movements. Murray lodged in the town during the night, and Hamilton
+posted himself in his ambuscade the next morning, armed with a gun.
+
+The town was thronged, and Murray, on issuing from his lodging,
+escorted by his cavalcade, found the streets crowded with spectators.
+He made his way slowly, on account of the throng. When he arrived at
+the proper point, Hamilton took his aim in a cool and deliberate
+manner, screened from observation by black cloths with which he had
+darkened his hiding-place. He fired. The ball passed through the body
+of the regent, and thence, descending as it went, killed a horse on
+the other side of him. Murray fell. There was a universal outcry of
+surprise and fear. They made an onset upon the house from which the
+shot had been fired. The door was strongly barricaded. Before they
+could get the means to force an entrance, Hamilton was on his horse
+and far away. The regent was carried to his lodgings, and died that
+night.
+
+Murray was Queen Mary's half brother, and the connection of his
+fortunes with hers, considered in respect to its intimacy and the
+length of its duration, was, on the whole, greater than that of any
+other individual. He may be said to have governed Scotland, in
+reality, during the whole of Mary's nominal reign, first as her
+minister and friend, and afterward as her competitor and foe. He was,
+at any rate, during most of her life, her nearest relative and her
+most constant companion, and Mary mourned his death with many tears.
+
+There was a great nobleman in England, named the Duke of Norfolk, who
+had vast estates, and was regarded as the greatest subject in the
+realm. He was a Catholic. Among the other countless schemes and plots
+to which Mary's presence in England gave rise, he formed a plan of
+marrying her, and, through her claim to the crown and by the help of
+the Catholics, to overturn the government of Elizabeth. He entered
+into negotiations with Mary, and she consented to become his wife,
+without, however, as she says, being a party to his political
+schemes. His plots were discovered; he was imprisoned, tried, and
+beheaded. Mary was accused of sharing the guilt of his treason. She
+denied this. She was not very vigorously proceeded against, but she
+suffered in the event of the affair another sad disappointment of her
+hopes of liberty, and her confinement became more strict and absolute
+than ever.
+
+Still she had quite a numerous retinue of attendants. Many of her
+former friends were allowed to continue with her. Jane Kennedy, who
+had escaped with her from Loch Leven, remained in her service. She
+was removed from castle to castle, at Elizabeth's orders, to diminish
+the probability of the forming and maturing of plans of escape. She
+amused herself sometimes in embroidery and similar pursuits, and
+sometimes she pined and languished under the pressure of her sorrows
+and woes. Sixteen or eighteen years passed away in this manner. She
+was almost forgotten. Very exciting public events were taking place
+in England and in Scotland, and the name of the poor captive queen
+at length seemed to pass from men's minds, except so far as it was
+whispered secretly in plots and intrigues.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+THE END.
+
+1586-1587
+
+Plots and intrigues.--How far Mary was involved.--Babington's
+conspiracy.--Secret correspondence.--Seizure of Mary's papers.--Her
+son James.--Elizabeth resolves to bring Mary to trial.--Fotheringay
+Castle.--Great interest in the trial.--Preparations for it.--The
+throne.--Mary refuses to plead.--The commission.--The great
+hall.--Mary pronounced guilty.--Elizabeth's pretended sorrow.--Signing
+the warrant.--Shuffling of Elizabeth.--Mary's letter to
+Elizabeth.--Interposition of Mary's friends.--Elizabeth signs the
+warrant.--It is read to Mary.--Mary hears the sentence with
+composure.--Protests her innocence.--Mary refused a priest.--Mary
+alone with her friends.--Affecting scene.--Supper.--Mary's farewell
+to her attendants.--Mary's last letters.--Her directions as to the
+disposal of her body.--Arrangements for the execution.--The
+scaffold.--Proceeding to the hall.--Interview with Melville.--Mary's
+last message.--She desires the presence of her attendants.--Mary's
+dress and appearance.--Symbols of religion.--Mary's firmness in her
+faith.--Her last prayer.--The execution.--Heart-rending
+scene.--Disposition of the body.--Elizabeth's affected surprise.--Her
+conduct.--The end of Mary's ambition realized.--Accession of James
+I.--Tomb of Mary at Westminster Abbey.--Mary's love and ambition.--She
+triumphs in the end.
+
+
+Mary did not always discourage the plots and intrigues with which her
+name was connected. She, of course, longed for deliverance from the
+thraldom in which Elizabeth held her, and was ready to embrace any
+opportunity which promised release. She thus seems to have listened
+from time to time to the overtures which were made to her, and
+involved herself, in Elizabeth's opinion, more or less, in the
+responsibility which attached to them. Elizabeth did not, however, in
+such cases, do any thing more than to increase somewhat the rigors of
+her imprisonment. She was afraid to proceed to extremities with her,
+partly, perhaps, for fear that she might, by doing so, awaken the
+hostility of France, whose king was Mary's cousin, or of Scotland,
+whose monarch was her son.
+
+At length, however, in the year 1586, about eighteen years from the
+commencement of Mary's captivity, a plot was formed in which she
+became so seriously involved as to subject herself to the charge of
+aiding and abetting in the high treason of which the leaders of the
+plot were proved to be guilty. This plot is known in history by the
+name of Babington's conspiracy. Babington was a young gentleman of
+fortune, who lived in the heart of England. He was inspired with a
+strong degree of interest in Mary's fate, and wished to rescue her
+from her captivity. He joined himself with a large party of
+influential individuals of the Catholic faith. The conspirators
+opened negotiations with the courts of France and Spain for aid. They
+planned an insurrection, the assassination of Elizabeth, the rescue
+of Mary, and a general revolution. They maintained a correspondence
+with Mary. This correspondence was managed very secretly, the letters
+being placed by a confidential messenger in a certain hole in the
+castle wall where Queen Mary was confined.
+
+One day, when Mary was going out to ride, just as she was entering
+her carriage, officers suddenly arrived from London. They told her
+that the plot in which she had been engaged had been discovered; that
+fourteen of the principal conspirators had been hung, seven on each
+of two successive days, and that they had come to arrest some of her
+attendants and to seize her papers. They accordingly went into her
+apartments, opened all her desks, trunks, and cabinets, seized her
+papers, and took them to London. Mary sat down in the scene of
+desolation and disorder which they left, and wept bitterly.
+
+The papers which were seized were taken to London, and Elizabeth's
+government began seriously to agitate the question of bringing Mary
+herself to trial. One would have thought that, in her forlorn and
+desolate condition, she would have looked to her son for sympathy and
+aid. But rival claimants to a crown can have little kind feeling to
+each other, even if they are mother and son. James, as he gradually
+approached toward maturity, took sides against his mother. In fact,
+all Scotland was divided, and was for many years in a state of civil
+war: those who advocated Mary's right to the crown on one side, and
+James's adherents on the other. They were called king's men and
+queen's men. James was, of course, brought up in hostility to his
+mother, and he wrote to her, about a year before Babington's
+conspiracy, in terms so hostile and so devoid of filial love, that
+his ingratitude stung her to the heart. "Was it for this," she said,
+"that I made so many sacrifices, and endured so many trials on his
+account in his early years? I have made it the whole business of my
+life to protect and secure his rights, and to open before him a
+prospect of future power and glory: and this is the return."
+
+The English government, under Elizabeth's direction, concluded to
+bring Mary to a public trial. They removed her, accordingly, to the
+Castle of Fotheringay. Fotheringay is in Northamptonshire, which is
+in the very heart of England, Northampton, the shire town, being
+about sixty miles northwest of London. Fotheringay Castle was on the
+banks of the River Nen, or Avon, which flows northeast from
+Northampton to the sea. A few miles below the castle is the ancient
+town of Peterborough, where there was a monastery and a great
+cathedral church. The monastery had been built a thousand years
+before.
+
+They removed Mary to Fotheringay Castle for her trial, and lawyers,
+counselors, commissioners, and officers of state began to assemble
+there from all quarters. The castle was a spacious structure. It was
+surrounded with two moats, and with double walls, and was strongly
+fortified. It contained numerous and spacious apartments, and it had
+especially one large hall which was well adapted to the purposes of
+this great trial. The preparations for the solemn ordeal through
+which Mary was now to pass, brought her forth from the obscurity in
+which she had so long been lost to the eyes of mankind, and made her
+the universal object of interest and attention in England, Scotland,
+and France. The people of all these nations looked on with great
+interest at the spectacle of one queen tried solemnly on a charge of
+high treason against another. The stories of her beauty, her graces,
+her misfortunes, which had slumbered for eighteen years, were all now
+revived, and every body felt a warm interest in the poor captive,
+worn down by long confinement, and trembling in the hands of what
+they feared would be a merciless and terrible power.
+
+Mary was removed to the Castle of Fotheringay toward the end of
+September, 1586. The preparations for the trial proceeded slowly.
+Every thing in which kings and queens, or affairs of state were
+concerned in those days, was conducted with great pomp and ceremony.
+The arrangements of the hall were minutely prescribed. At the head
+of it a sort of throne was placed, with a royal canopy over it, for
+the Queen of England. This, though it was vacant, impressed the court
+and the spectators as a symbol of royalty, and denoted that the
+sovereignty of Elizabeth was the power before which Mary was
+arraigned.
+
+When the preparations were made, Mary refused to acknowledge the
+jurisdiction of the court. She denied that they had any right to
+arraign or to try her. "I am no subject of Elizabeth's," said she. "I
+am an independent and sovereign queen as well as she, and I will not
+consent to any thing inconsistent with this my true position. I owe
+no allegiance to England, and I am not, in any sense, subject to her
+laws. I came into the realm only to ask assistance from a sister
+queen, and I have been made a captive, and detained many years in an
+unjust and cruel imprisonment; and though now worn down both in body
+and mind by my protracted sufferings, I am not yet so enfeebled as to
+forget what is due to myself, my ancestors, and my country."
+
+This refusal of Mary's to plead, or to acknowledge the jurisdiction
+of the court, caused a new delay. They urged her to abandon her
+resolution. They told her that if she refused to plead, the trial
+would proceed without her action, and, by pursuing such a course, she
+would only deprive herself of the means of defense, without at all
+impeding the course of her fate. At length Mary yielded. It would
+have been better for her to have adhered to her first intention.
+
+The commission by which Mary was to be tried consisted of earls,
+barons, and other persons of rank, twenty or thirty in number. They
+were seated on each side of the room, the throne being at the head.
+In the center was a table, where the lawyers, by whom the trial was
+to be conducted, were seated. Below this table was a chair for Mary.
+Behind Mary's chair was a rail, dividing off the lower end of the
+hall from the court; and this formed an outer space, to which some
+spectators were admitted.
+
+Mary took her place in the seat assigned her, and the trial
+proceeded. They adduced the evidence against her, and then asked for
+her defense. She said substantially that she had a right to make an
+effort to recover her liberty; that, after being confined a captive
+so long, and having lost forever her youth, her health, and her
+happiness, it was not wonderful that she wished to be free; but
+that, in endeavoring to obtain her freedom, she had formed no plans
+to injure Elizabeth, or to interfere in any way with her rights or
+prerogatives as queen. The commissioners, after devoting some days to
+hearing evidence, and listening to the defense, sent Mary back to her
+apartments, and went to London. There they had a final consultation,
+and unanimously agreed in the following decision: "That Mary,
+commonly called Queen of Scots and dowager of France, had been an
+accessory to Babington's conspiracy, and had compassed the death of
+Elizabeth, queen of England."
+
+Elizabeth pretended to be very much concerned at this result. She
+laid the proceedings before Parliament. It was supposed then, and has
+always been supposed since, that she wished Mary to be beheaded, but
+desired not to take the responsibility of it herself; and that she
+wanted to appear unwilling, and to be impelled, greatly against her
+own inclinations, by the urgency of others, to carry the sentence
+into execution. At any rate, Parliament, and all the members of the
+government, approved and confirmed the verdict, and wished to have it
+carried into effect.
+
+It has always been the custom, in modern times, to require the
+solemn act of the supreme magistrate of any state to confirm a
+decision of a tribunal which condemns a person to death, by signing
+what is called a warrant for the execution. This is done by the king
+or queen in England, and by the governor in one of the United States.
+This warrant is an order, very formally written, and sealed with the
+great seal, authorizing the executioner to proceed, and carry the
+sentence into effect. Of course, Queen Mary could not be executed
+unless Elizabeth should first sign the warrant. Elizabeth would
+herself, probably, have been better pleased to have been excused from
+all direct agency in the affair. But this could not be. She, however,
+made much delay, and affected great unwillingness to proceed. She
+sent messengers to Mary, telling her what the sentence had been, how
+sorry she was to hear it, and how much she desired to save her life,
+if it were possible. At the same time, she told her that she feared
+it might not be in her power, and she advised Mary to prepare her
+mind for the execution of the sentence.
+
+Mary wrote a letter to Elizabeth in reply. She said in this letter
+that she was glad to hear that they had pronounced sentence of death
+against her, for she was weary of life, and had no hope of relief or
+rest from her miseries but in the grave. She wrote, therefore, not to
+ask any change in the decision, but to make three requests. First,
+that, after her execution, her body might be removed to France, and
+be deposited at Rheims, where the ashes of her mother were reposing.
+Secondly, that her execution should not be in secret, but that her
+personal friends might be present, to attest to the world that she
+met her fate with resignation and fortitude; and, thirdly, that her
+attendants and friends, who had, through their faithful love for her,
+shared her captivity so long, might be permitted to retire wherever
+they pleased, after her death, without any molestation. "I hope,"
+said she, in conclusion, "you will not refuse me these my dying
+requests, but that you will assure me by a letter under your own hand
+that you will comply with them, and then I shall die as I have lived,
+your affectionate sister and prisoner, Mary Queen of Scots."
+
+The King of France, and James, Mary's son in Scotland, made somewhat
+vigorous efforts to arrest the execution of the sentence which had
+been pronounced against Mary. From these and other causes, the
+signing of the warrant was delayed for some months, but at length
+Elizabeth yielded to the solicitations of her ministers. She affixed
+her signature to the instrument. The chancellor put upon it the great
+seal, and the commissioners who were appointed by it to superintend
+the execution went to Fotheringay. They arrived there on the 7th of
+February, 1587.
+
+After resting, and refreshing themselves for a short time from their
+journey, the commissioners sent word to Mary that they wished for an
+interview with her. Mary had retired. They said that their business
+was very important. She rose, and prepared to receive them. She
+assembled all her attendants, fourteen or fifteen in number, in order
+to receive the commissioners in a manner comporting, so far as
+circumstances allowed, with her rank and station. The commissioners
+were at length ushered into the apartment. They stood respectfully
+before her, with their heads uncovered. The foremost then, in
+language as forbearing and gentle as was consistent with the nature
+of his message, informed her that it had been decided to carry the
+sentence which had been pronounced against her into effect, and then
+he requested another of the number to read the warrant for her
+execution.
+
+[Illustration: FOTHERINGAY, IN ITS PRESENT STATE.]
+
+Mary listened to it calmly and patiently. Her attendants, one after
+another, were overcome by the mournful and awful solemnity of the
+scene, and melted into tears. Mary, however, was calm. When the
+reading of the warrant was ended, she said that she was sorry that
+her cousin Elizabeth should set the example of taking the life of a
+sovereign queen; but for herself, she was willing to die. Life had
+long ceased to afford her any peace or happiness, and she was ready
+to exchange it for the prospect of immortality. She then laid her
+hand upon the New Testament, which was near her, of course a Catholic
+version, and called God to witness that she had never plotted
+herself, or joined in plots with others, for the death of Elizabeth.
+One of the commissioners remarked that her oath being upon a Catholic
+version of the Bible, they should not consider it valid. She rejoined
+that it ought to be considered the more sacred and solemn on that
+account, as that was the version which she regarded as the only one
+which was authoritative and true.
+
+Mary then asked the commissioners several questions, as whether her
+son James had not expressed any interest in her fate, and whether no
+foreign princes had interposed to save her. The commissioners
+answered these and other inquiries, and Mary learned from their
+answers that her fate was sealed. She then asked them what time was
+appointed for the execution. They replied that it was to take place
+at eight o'clock the following morning.
+
+Mary had not expected so early an hour to be named. She said it was
+sudden; and she seemed agitated and distressed. She, however, soon
+recovered her composure, and asked to have a Catholic priest allowed
+to visit her. The commissioners replied that that could not be
+permitted. They, however, proposed to send the Dean of Peterborough
+to visit her. A dean is the ecclesiastical functionary presiding over
+a cathedral church; and, of course, the Dean of Peterborough was the
+clergyman of the highest rank in that vicinity. He was, however, a
+Protestant, and Mary did not wish to see him.
+
+The commissioners withdrew, and left Mary with her friends, when
+there ensued one of those scenes of anguish and suffering which those
+who witness them never forget, but carry the gloomy remembrance of
+them, like a dark shadow in the soul, to the end of their days. Mary
+was quiet, and appeared calm. It may however, have been the calm of
+hopeless and absolute despair. Her attendants were overwhelmed with
+agitation and grief, the expression of which they could not even
+attempt to control. At last they became more composed, and Mary asked
+them to kneel with her in prayer; and she prayed for some time
+fervently and earnestly in the midst of them.
+
+She then directed supper to be prepared as usual, and, until it was
+ready, she spent her time in dividing the money which she had on hand
+into separate parcels for her attendants, marking each parcel with
+the name. She sat down at the table when supper was served, and
+though she ate but little, she conversed as usual, in a cheerful
+manner, and with smiles. Her friends were silent and sad, struggling
+continually to keep back their tears. At the close of the supper Mary
+called for a cup of wine, and drank to the health of each one of
+them, and then asked them to drink to her. They took the cup, and,
+kneeling before her, complied with her request, though, as they did
+it, the tears would come to their eyes. Mary then told them that she
+willingly forgave them for all that they had ever done to displease
+her, and she thanked them for their long-continued fidelity and
+love. She also asked that they would forgive her for any thing she
+might ever have done in respect to them which was inconsistent with
+her duty. They answered the request only with a renewal of their
+tears.
+
+Mary spent the evening in writing two letters to her nearest
+relatives in France, and in making her will. The principal object of
+these letters was to recommend her servants to the attention and care
+of those to whom they were addressed, after she should be gone. She
+went to bed shortly after midnight, and it is said she slept. This
+would be incredible, if any thing were incredible in respect to the
+workings of the human soul in a time of awful trial like this, which
+so transcends all the ordinary conditions of its existence.
+
+At any rate, whether Mary slept or not, the morning soon came. Her
+friends were around her as soon as she rose. She gave them minute
+directions about the disposition of her body. She wished to have it
+taken to France to be interred, as she had requested of Elizabeth,
+either at Rheims, in the same tomb with the body of her mother, or
+else at St. Denis, an ancient abbey a little north of Paris, where
+the ashes of a long line of French monarchs repose. She begged her
+servants, if possible, not to leave her body till it should reach its
+final home in one of these places of sepulture.
+
+In the mean time, arrangements had been made for the last act in this
+dreadful tragedy, in the same great hall where she had been tried.
+They raised a platform upon the stone floor of the hall large enough
+to contain those who were to take part in the closing scene. On this
+platform was a block, a cushion, and a chair. All these things, as
+well as the platform itself, were covered with black cloth, giving to
+the whole scene a most solemn and funereal expression. The part of
+the hall containing this scaffold was railed off from the rest. The
+governor of the castle, and a body of guards, came in and took their
+station at the sides of the room. Two executioners, one holding the
+axe, stood upon the scaffold on one side of the block. Two of the
+commissioners stood upon the other side. The remaining commissioners
+and several gentlemen of the neighborhood took their places as
+spectators without the rail. The number of persons thus assembled was
+about two hundred. Strange that any one should have come in,
+voluntarily, to witness such a scene!
+
+When all was ready, the sheriff, carrying his white wand of office,
+and attended by some of the commissioners, went for Mary. She was at
+her devotions, and she asked a little delay that she might conclude
+them: perhaps the shrinking spirit clung at the last moment to life,
+and wished to linger a few minutes longer before taking the final
+farewell. The request was granted. In a short time Mary signified
+that she was ready, and they began to move toward the hall of
+execution. Her attendants were going to accompany her. The sheriff
+said this could not be allowed. She accordingly bade them farewell,
+and they filled the castle with the sound of their shrieks and
+lamentations.
+
+Mary went on, descending the stair-case, at the foot of which she was
+joined by one of her attendants, from whom she had been separated for
+some time. His name was Sir Andrew Melville, and he was the master of
+her household. The name of her secretary Melville was James. Sir
+Andrew kneeled before her, kissed her hand, and said that this was
+the saddest hour of his life. Mary began to give him some last
+commissions and requests. "Say," said she, "that I died firm in the
+faith; that I forgive my enemies; that I feel that I have never
+disgraced Scotland, my native country, and that I have been always
+true to France, the land of my happiest years. Tell my son--" Here
+her voice faltered and ceased to be heard, and she burst into tears.
+
+She struggled to regain her composure. "Tell my son," said she, "that
+I thought of him in my last moments, and that I have never yielded,
+either by word or deed, to any thing whatever that might lead to his
+prejudice. Tell him to cherish the memory of his mother, and say that
+I sincerely hope his life may be happier than mine has been."
+
+Mary then turned to the commissioners who stood by, and renewed her
+request that her attendants, who had just been separated from her,
+might come down and see her die. The commissioners objected. They
+said that if these attendants were admitted, their anguish and
+lamentations would only add to her own distress, and make the whole
+scene more painful. Mary, however, urged the request. She said they
+had been devotedly attached to her all her days; they had shared her
+captivity, and loved and served her faithfully to the end, and it was
+enough if she herself, and they, desired that they should be present.
+The commissioners at last yielded, and allowed her to name six, who
+should be summoned to attend her. She did so, and the six came down.
+
+The sad procession then proceeded to the hall. Mary was in full court
+dress, and walked into the apartment with the air and composure of a
+reigning queen. She leaned on the arm of her physician. Sir Andrew
+Melville followed, bearing the train of her robe. Her dress is
+described as a gown of black silk, bordered with crimson velvet, over
+which was a satin mantle. A long veil of white crape, edged with rich
+lace, hung down almost to the ground. Around her neck was an ivory
+crucifix--that is, an image of Christ upon the cross, which the
+Catholics use as a memorial of our Savior's sufferings--and a rosary,
+which is a string of beads of peculiar arrangement, often employed by
+them as an aid in their devotions. Mary meant, doubtless, by these
+symbols, to show to her enemies and to the world, that though she
+submitted to her fate without resistance, yet, so far as the contest
+of her life had been one of religious faith, she had no intention of
+yielding.
+
+Mary ascended the platform and took her seat in the chair provided
+for her. With the exception of stifled sobs here and there to be
+heard, the room was still. An officer then advanced and read the
+warrant of execution, which the executioners listened to as their
+authority for doing the dreadful work which they were about to
+perform. The Dean of Peterborough, the Protestant ecclesiastic whom
+Mary had refused to see, then came forward to the foot of the
+platform, and most absurdly commenced an address to her, with a view
+to convert her to the Protestant faith. Mary interrupted him, saying
+that she had been born and had lived a Catholic, and she was resolved
+so to die; and she asked him to spare her his useless reasonings. The
+dean persisted in going on. Mary turned away from him, kneeled down,
+and began to offer a Latin prayer. The dean soon brought his
+ministrations to a close, and then Mary prayed for some time, in a
+distinct and fervent voice, in English, the large company listening
+with breathless attention. She prayed for her own soul, and that she
+might have comfort from heaven in the agony of death. She implored
+God's blessing upon France; upon Scotland; upon England; upon Queen
+Elizabeth; and, more than all, upon her son. During this time she
+held the ivory crucifix in her hand, clasping it and raising it from
+time to time toward heaven.
+
+When her prayer was ended, she rose, and, with the assistance of her
+attendants, took off her veil, and such other parts of her dress as
+it was necessary to remove in order to leave the neck bare, and then
+she kneeled forward and laid her head upon the block. The agitation
+of the assembly became extreme. Some turned away from the scene faint
+and sick at heart; some looked more eagerly and intensely at the
+group upon the scaffold; some wept and sobbed aloud. The assistant
+executioner put Mary's two hands together and held them; the other
+raised his axe, and, after the horrid sound of two or three
+successive blows, the assistant held up the dissevered head, saying,
+"So perish all Queen Elizabeth's enemies."
+
+The assembly dispersed. The body was taken into an adjoining
+apartment, and prepared for interment. Mary's attendants wished to
+have it delivered to them, that they might comply with her dying
+request to convey it to France; but they were told that they could
+not be allowed to do so. The body was interred with great pomp and
+ceremony in the Cathedral at Peterborough, where it remained in
+peace for many years.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Now that the deed was done, the great problem with Elizabeth was, of
+course, to avert the consequences of the terrible displeasure and
+thirst for revenge which she might naturally suppose it would awaken
+in Scotland and in France. She succeeded very well in accomplishing
+this. As soon as she heard of the execution of Mary, she expressed
+the utmost surprise, grief, and indignation. She said that she had,
+indeed, signed the death warrant, but it was not her intention at all
+to have it executed; and that, when she delivered it to the officer,
+she charged him not to let it go out of his possession. This the
+officer denied. Elizabeth insisted, and punished the officer by a
+long imprisonment, and perpetual disgrace, for his pretended offense.
+She sent a messenger to James, explaining the terrible accident, as
+she termed it, which had occurred, and deprecating his displeasure.
+James, though at first filled with indignation, and determined to
+avenge his mother's death, allowed himself to be appeased.
+
+About twenty years after this, Elizabeth died, and the great object
+of Mary's ambition throughout her whole life was attained by the
+union of the Scotch and English crowns on the head of her son. As
+soon as Elizabeth ceased to breathe, James the Sixth of Scotland was
+proclaimed James the First of England. He was at that time nearly
+forty years of age. He was married, and had several young children.
+The circumstances of King James's journey to London, when he went to
+take possession of his new kingdom, are related in the History of
+Charles I., belonging to this series. Though James thus became
+monarch of both England and Scotland, it must not be supposed that
+the two _kingdoms_ were combined. They remained separate for many
+years--two independent kingdoms governed by one king.
+
+When James succeeded to the English throne, his mother had been dead
+many years, and whatever feelings of affection may have bound his
+heart to her in early life, they were now well-nigh obliterated by
+the lapse of time, and by the new ties by which he was connected with
+his wife and his children. As soon as he was seated on his new
+throne, however, he ordered the Castle of Fotheringay, which had been
+the scene of his mother's trial and death, to be leveled with the
+ground, and he transferred her remains to Westminster Abbey, where
+they still repose.
+
+[Illustration: MARY'S TOMB AT WESTMINSTER ABBEY.]
+
+If the lifeless dust had retained its consciousness when it was thus
+transferred, with what intense emotions of pride and pleasure would
+the mother's heart have been filled, in being thus brought to her
+final home in that ancient sepulcher of the English kings, by her son,
+now, at last, safely established, where she had so long toiled and
+suffered to instate him, in his place in the line. Ambition was the
+great, paramount, ruling principle of Mary's life. Love was, with her,
+an occasional, though perfectly uncontrollable impulse, which came
+suddenly to interrupt her plans and divert her from her course,
+leaving her to get back to it again, after devious wanderings, with
+great difficulty and through many tears. The love, with the
+consequences which followed from it, destroyed _her_; while the
+ambition, recovering itself after every contest with its rival, and
+holding out perseveringly to the last, saved _her son_; so that, in
+the long contest in which her life was spent, though she suffered all
+the way, and at last sacrificed herself, she triumphed in the end.
+
+                         THE END.
+
+
+
+
+TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES:
+
+1. Minor changes have been made to correct typesetters' errors, and to
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+of each chapter for the reader's convenience.
+
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+page from the first edition of this book; this reference has been
+removed as that page does not occur in this e-text.
+
+
+
+
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+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Mary Queen of Scots, Makers of History, by 
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+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of  Mary Queen of Scots, Makers Of History, by Jacob Abbott.
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+
+Project Gutenberg's Mary Queen of Scots, Makers of History, by Jacob Abbott
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Mary Queen of Scots, Makers of History
+
+Author: Jacob Abbott
+
+Release Date: March 9, 2009 [EBook #28283]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by D Alexander and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive)
+
+
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+
+
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+</pre>
+
+
+<h2> Makers of History</h2>
+
+<h1> Mary Queen of Scots</h1>
+
+<h3> BY</h3>
+
+<h2> JACOB ABBOTT</h2>
+
+<p class="center"> WITH ENGRAVINGS</p>
+
+<p class="gap">&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 124px;">
+<img src="images/i001.jpg" width="124" height="150" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="smallgap">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"> NEW YORK AND LONDON</p>
+
+<p class="center"> HARPER &amp; BROTHERS PUBLISHERS</p>
+
+<p class="center"> 1904</p>
+
+<hr class="large" />
+
+<p class="center">Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1848, by</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Harper &amp; Brothers</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="center">In the Clerk's Office of the Southern District of New York.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Copyright, 1876, by <span class="smcap">Jacob Abbott</span>.</p>
+
+<hr class="large" />
+<p><a name="Frontispiece" id="Frontispiece"></a></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/i003.jpg" class="jpg smallgap" width="500" height="290" alt="Dumbarton Castle, on the Clyde." title="" />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Dumbarton Castle</span>, on the Clyde.</span>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="large" />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 360px;">
+<img src="images/i005.jpg" class="smallgap" width="360" height="500" alt="MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS." title="" />
+<span class="caption">MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS.</span>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="large" />
+<h2><a name="PREFACE" id="PREFACE"></a>PREFACE.</h2>
+
+<p>The history of the life of every individual who has, for any reason,
+attracted extensively the attention of mankind, has been written in a
+great variety of ways by a multitude of authors, and persons
+sometimes wonder why we should have so many different accounts of the
+same thing. The reason is, that each one of these accounts is
+intended for a different set of readers, who read with ideas and
+purposes widely dissimilar from each other. Among the twenty millions
+of people in the United States, there are perhaps two millions,
+between the ages of fifteen and twenty-five, who wish to become
+acquainted, in general, with the leading events in the history of the
+Old World, and of ancient times, but who, coming upon the stage in
+this land and at this period, have ideas and conceptions so widely
+different from those of other nations and of other times, that a
+mere republication of existing accounts is not what they require.
+The story must be told expressly for them. The things that are to be
+explained, the points that are to be brought out, the comparative
+degree of prominence to be given to the various particulars, will all
+be different, on account of the difference in the situation, the
+ideas, and the objects of these new readers, compared with those of
+the various other classes of readers which former authors have had in
+view. It is for this reason, and with this view, that the present
+series of historical narratives is presented to the public. The
+author, having had some opportunity to become acquainted with the
+position, the ideas, and the intellectual wants of those whom he
+addresses, presents the result of his labors to them, with the hope
+that it may be found successful in accomplishing its design.</p>
+
+<hr class="large" />
+<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS.</h2>
+
+<div class="centered">
+<table border="0" width="70%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1" summary="CONTENTS">
+
+<tr>
+<td align="right">Chapter</td>
+<td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="right">Page</td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="right">I.</td>
+<td align="left">MARY'S CHILDHOOD</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#MARY_QUEEN_OF_SCOTS">13</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="right">II.</td>
+<td align="left">HER EDUCATION IN FRANCE</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Chapter_II">37</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="right">III.</td>
+<td align="left">THE GREAT WEDDING</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Chapter_III">56</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="right">IV.</td>
+<td align="left">MISFORTUNES</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Chapter_IV">76</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="right">V.</td>
+<td align="left">RETURN TO SCOTLAND</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Chapter_V">99</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="right">VI.</td>
+<td align="left">MARY AND LORD DARNLEY</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Chapter_VI">124</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="right">VII.</td>
+<td align="left">RIZZIO</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Chapter_VII">147</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="right">VIII.</td>
+<td align="left">BOTHWELL</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Chapter_VIII">168</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="right">IX.</td>
+<td align="left">THE FALL OF BOTHWELL</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Chapter_IX">198</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="right">X.</td>
+<td align="left">LOCH LEVEN CASTLE</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Chapter_X">218</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="right">XI.</td>
+<td align="left">THE LONG CAPTIVITY</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Chapter_XI">244</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="right">XII.</td>
+<td align="left">THE END</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Chapter_XII">260</a></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<hr class="large" />
+<h2><a name="ENGRAVINGS" id="ENGRAVINGS"></a>ENGRAVINGS.</h2>
+
+<div class="centered">
+<table border="0" width="70%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1" summary="ENGRAVINGS">
+
+<tr>
+<td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="right">Page</td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="left">DUMBARTON CASTLE, ON THE CLYDE</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Frontispiece"><i>Frontispiece.</i></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="left">MAP OF THE CENTRAL PART OF SCOTLAND.</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Map">Map</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="left">PLAN OF THE PALACE OF LINLITHGOW</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Plan1">22</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="left">VIEW OF THE PALACE OF LINLITHGOW</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="left">PORTRAIT OF QUEEN ELIZABETH</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_91">91</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="left">MARY'S EMBARKATION AT CALAIS</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="left">VIEW OF THE PALACE OF HOLYROOD HOUSE</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_114">114</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="left">VIEW OF WEMYS CASTLE</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="left">PLAN OF HOLYROOD HOUSE</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Plan2">160</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="left">PRINCE JAMES'S CRADLE</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#cradle">174</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="left">VIEW OF EDINBURGH</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="left">PLAN OF THE HOUSE AT THE KIRK O' FIELD</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_182">182</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="left">VIEW OF DUNBAR CASTLE</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_193">193</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="left">PLAN OF LOCH LEVEN CASTLE</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_221">221</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="left">VIEW OF LOCH LEVEN CASTLE</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_236">236</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="left">RUINS OF LOCH LEVEN CASTLE</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_241">241</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="left">VIEW OF FOTHERINGAY</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_271">271</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="left">MARY'S TOMB IN WESTMINSTER ABBEY</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_285">285</a></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<hr class="large" />
+
+<p><a name="Map" id="Map"></a></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 662px;">
+<img src="images/imap.jpg" class="smallgap jpg2" width="662" height="484" alt="CENTRAL PARTS OF SCOTLAND." title="" />
+</div>
+
+<hr class="large" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="MARY_QUEEN_OF_SCOTS" id="MARY_QUEEN_OF_SCOTS"></a>MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS</h2>
+
+<h2><a name="Chapter_I" id="Chapter_I"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter I.</span></h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">Mary's Childhood.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="center">1542-1548</p>
+
+<p class="n"><span style="float:left;font-size:50px;line-height:32px;padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:1px;">T</span><span style="margin-left:0%;">ravelers</span> who go into Scotland take a great interest in visiting,
+among other places, a certain room in the ruins of an old palace,
+where Queen Mary was born. Queen Mary was very beautiful, but she was
+very unfortunate and unhappy. Every body takes a strong interest in
+her story, and this interest attaches, in some degree, to the room
+where her sad and sorrowful life was begun.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Palace where Mary was born.<br />Its situation.</div>
+
+<p>The palace is near a little village called Linlithgow. The village
+has but one long street, which consists of ancient stone houses.
+North of it is a little lake, or rather pond: they call it, in
+Scotland, a <i>loch</i>. The palace is between the village and the loch;
+it is upon a beautiful swell of land which projects out into the
+water. There is a very small island in the middle of the loch and the
+shores are bordered with fertile fields. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span>The palace, when entire,
+was square, with an open space or court in the center. There was a
+beautiful stone fountain in the center of this court, and an arched
+gateway through which horsemen and carriages could ride in. The doors
+of entrance into the palace were on the inside of the court.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Ruins.</div>
+
+<p>The palace is now in ruins. A troop of soldiers came to it one day in
+time of war, after Mary and her mother had left it, and spent the
+night there: they spread straw over the floors to sleep upon. In the
+morning, when they went away, they wantonly set the straw on fire,
+and left it burning, and thus the palace was destroyed. Some of the
+lower floors were of stone; but all the upper floors and the roof
+were burned, and all the wood-work of the rooms, and the doors and
+window-frames. Since then the palace has never been repaired, but
+remains a melancholy pile of ruins.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The room.<br />Visitors.</div>
+
+<p>The room where Mary was born had a stone floor. The rubbish which has
+fallen from above has covered it with a sort of soil, and grass and
+weeds grow up all over it. It is a very melancholy sight to see. The
+visitors who go into the room walk mournfully about, trying to
+imagine how Queen Mary looked, as an infant in her <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span>mother's arms,
+and reflecting on the recklessness of the soldiers in wantonly
+destroying so beautiful a palace. Then they go to the window, or,
+rather, to the crumbling opening in the wall where the window once
+was, and look out upon the loch, now so deserted and lonely; over
+their heads it is all open to the sky.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Mary's father in the wars.<br />His death.</div>
+
+<p>Mary's father was King of Scotland. At the time that Mary was born,
+he was away from home engaged in war with the King of England, who
+had invaded Scotland. In the battles Mary's father was defeated, and
+he thought that the generals and nobles who commanded his army
+allowed the English to conquer them on purpose to betray him. This
+thought overwhelmed him with vexation and anguish. He pined away
+under the acuteness of his sufferings, and just after the news came
+to him that his daughter Mary was born, he died. Thus Mary became an
+orphan, and her troubles commenced, at the very beginning of her
+days. She never saw her father, and her father never saw her. Her
+mother was a French lady; her name was Mary of Guise. Her own name
+was Mary Stuart, but she is commonly called Mary Queen of Scots.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Regency.</div>
+
+<p>As Mary was her father's only child, of course, when he died, she
+became Queen of Scotland, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span>although she was only a few days old. It
+is customary, in such a case, to appoint some distinguished person to
+govern the kingdom, in the name of the young queen, until she grows
+up: such a person is called a <i>regent</i>. Mary's mother wished to be
+the regent until Mary became of age.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Catholic religion.<br />The Protestants.</div>
+
+<p>It happened that in those days, as now, the government and people of
+France were of the Catholic religion. England, on the other hand, was
+Protestant. There is a great difference between the Catholic and the
+Protestant systems. The Catholic Church, though it extends nearly all
+over the world, is banded together, as the reader is aware, under one
+man&mdash;the pope&mdash;who is the great head of the Church, and who lives in
+state at Rome. The Catholics have, in all countries, many large and
+splendid churches, which are ornamented with paintings and images of
+the Virgin Mary and of Christ. They perform great ceremonies in these
+churches, the priests being dressed in magnificent costumes, and
+walking in processions, with censers of incense burning as they go.
+The Protestants, on the other hand, do not like these ceremonies;
+they regard such outward acts of worship as mere useless parade, and
+the images <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span>as idols. They themselves have smaller and plainer
+churches, and call the people together in them to hear sermons, and
+to offer up simple prayers.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">England and France.</div>
+
+<p>In the time of Mary, England was Protestant and France was Catholic,
+while Scotland was divided, though most of the people were
+Protestants. The two parties were very much excited against each
+other, and often persecuted each other with extreme cruelty.
+Sometimes the Protestants would break into the Catholic churches, and
+tear down and destroy the paintings and the images, and the other
+symbols of worship, all which the Catholics regarded with extreme
+veneration; this exasperated the Catholics, and when they became
+powerful in their turn, they would seize the Protestants and imprison
+them, and sometimes burn them to death, by tying them to a stake and
+piling fagots of wood about them, and then setting the heap on fire.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The Earl of Arran.<br />The regency.<br />Arran regent.</div>
+
+<p>Queen Mary's mother was a Catholic, and for that reason the people of
+Scotland were not willing that she should be regent. There were one
+or two other persons, moreover, who claimed the office. One was a
+certain nobleman called the Earl of Arran. He was a Protestant. The
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span>Earl of Arran was the next heir to the crown, so that if Mary had
+died in her infancy, he would have been king. He thought that this
+was a reason why <i>he</i> should be regent, and govern the kingdom until
+Mary became old enough to govern it herself. Many other persons,
+however, considered this rather a reason why he should not be regent;
+for they thought he would be naturally interested in wishing that
+Mary should not live, since if she died he would himself become king,
+and that therefore he would not be a safe protector for her. However,
+as the Earl of Arran was a Protestant, and as Mary's mother was a
+Catholic, and as the Protestant interest was the strongest, it was at
+length decided that Arran should be the regent, and govern the
+country until Mary should be of age.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">New plan.<br />End of the war.</div>
+
+<p>It is a curious circumstance that Mary's birth put an end to the war
+between England and Scotland, and that in a very singular way. The
+King of England had been fighting against Mary's father, James, for a
+long time, in order to conquer the country and annex it to England;
+and now that James was dead, and Mary had become queen, with Arran
+for the regent, it devolved on Arran to carry on the war. But the
+King of England and his government, now that <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span>the young queen was
+born, conceived of a new plan. The king had a little son, named
+Edward, about four years old, who, of course, would become King of
+England in his place when he should himself die. Now he thought it
+would be best for him to conclude a peace with Scotland, and agree
+with the Scottish government that, as soon as Mary was old enough,
+she should become Edward's wife, and the two kingdoms be united in
+that way.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">King Henry VIII.<br />Janet Sinclair.</div>
+
+<p>The name of this King of England was Henry the Eighth. He was a very
+headstrong and determined man. This, his plan, might have been a very
+good one; it was certainly much better than an attempt to get
+possession of Scotland by fighting for it; but he was very far from
+being as moderate and just as he should have been in the execution of
+his design. The first thing was to ascertain whether Mary was a
+strong and healthy child; for if he should make a treaty of peace,
+and give up all his plans of conquest, and then if Mary, after living
+feebly a few years, should die, all his plans would fail. To satisfy
+him on this point, they actually had some of the infant's clothes
+removed in the presence of his embassador, in order that the
+embassador might see that her form <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span>was perfect, and her limbs
+vigorous and strong. The nurse did this with great pride and
+pleasure, Mary's mother standing by. The nurse's name was Janet
+Sinclair. The embassador wrote back to Henry, the King of England,
+that little Mary was "as goodly a child as he ever saw." So King
+Henry VIII. was confirmed in his design of having her for the wife of
+his son.</p>
+
+<p>King Henry VIII. accordingly changed all his plans. He made a peace
+with the Earl of Arran. He dismissed the prisoners that he had taken,
+and sent them home kindly. If he had been contented with kind and
+gentle measures like these, he might have succeeded in them, although
+there was, of course, a strong party in Scotland opposed to them.
+Mary's mother was opposed to them, for she was a Catholic and a
+French lady, and she wished to have her daughter become a Catholic as
+she grew up, and marry a French prince. All the Catholics in Scotland
+took her side. Still Henry's plans might have been accomplished,
+perhaps, if he had been moderate and conciliating in the efforts
+which he made to carry them into effect.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">King Henry's demands.<br />Objections to them.</div>
+
+<p>But Henry VIII. was headstrong and obstinate. He demanded that Mary,
+since she was to be his son's wife, should be given up to him <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span>to be
+taken into England, and educated there, under the care of persons
+whom he should appoint. He also demanded that the Parliament of
+Scotland should let him have a large share in the government of
+Scotland, because he was going to be the father-in-law of the young
+queen. The Parliament would not agree to either of these plans; they
+were entirely unwilling to allow their little queen to be carried off
+to another country, and put under the charge of so rough and rude a
+man. Then they were unwilling, too, to give him any share of the
+government during Mary's minority. Both these measures were entirely
+inadmissible; they would, if adopted, have put both the infant Queen
+of Scotland and the kingdom itself completely in the power of one who
+had always been their greatest enemy.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Plans for Mary.</div>
+
+<p>Henry, finding that he could not induce the Scotch government to
+accede to these plans, gave them up at last, and made a treaty of
+marriage between his son and Mary, with the agreement that she might
+remain in Scotland until she was ten years old, and that <i>then</i> she
+should come to England and be under his care.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Linlithgow.<br />Plan of the palace.</div>
+
+<p>All this time, while these grand negotiations were pending between
+two mighty nations about <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span>her marriage, little Mary was unconscious
+of it all, sometimes reposing quietly in Janet Sinclair's arms,
+sometimes looking out of the windows of the Castle of Linlithgow to
+see the swans swim upon the lake, and sometimes, perhaps, creeping
+about upon the palace floor, where the earls and barons who came to
+visit her mother, clad in armor of steel, looked upon her with pride
+and pleasure. The palace where she lived was beautifully situated, as
+has been before remarked, on the borders of a lake. It was arranged
+somewhat in the following manner:</p>
+
+<p class="smallgap">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><a name="Plan1" id="Plan1"></a><span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Plan of the Palace of Linlithgow.</span></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 412px;">
+<img src="images/i022.jpg" width="412" height="300" alt="Plan of the Palace of Linlithgow" title="" /></div>
+
+<div class="centerbox bbox">
+a. Room where Mary was born. b. Entrance through great gates.
+c. Bow-window projecting toward the water. d. Den where they kept
+a lion. t.t. Trees.</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">Fountain.<br />The lion's den.</div>
+
+<p>There was a beautiful fountain in the center of the court-yard, where
+water spouted out from the mouths of carved images, and fell into
+marble basins below. The ruins of this fountain and of the images
+remain there still. The den at <i>d</i> was a round pit, like a well,
+which you could look down into from above: it was about ten feet
+deep. They used to keep lions in such dens near the palaces and
+castles in those days. A lion in a den was a sort of plaything in
+former times, as a parrot or a pet lamb is now: this was in keeping
+with the fierce and warlike spirit of the age. If they had a lion
+there in Mary's time, Janet often, doubtless, took her little charge
+out to see it, and let her throw down food to it from above. The den
+is there now. You approach it upon the top of a broad embankment,
+which is as high as the depth of the den, so that the bottom of the
+den is level with the surface of the ground, which makes it always
+dry. There is a hole, too, at the bottom, through the wall, where
+they used to put the lion in.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Explanation of the engraving.</div>
+
+<p>The foregoing plan of the buildings and grounds of Linlithgow is
+drawn as maps and plans usually are, the upper part toward the north.
+Of course the room <i>a</i>, where Mary was born, is on the western side.
+The adjoining <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span>engraving represents a view of the palace on this
+western side. The church is seen at the right; and the lawn, where
+Janet used to take Mary out to breathe the air, is in the
+fore-ground. The shore of the lake is very near, and winds
+beautifully around the margin of the promontory on which the palace
+stands. Of course the lion's den, and the ancient avenue of approach
+to the palace, are round upon the other side, and out of sight in
+this view. The approach to the palace, at the present day, is on the
+southern side, between the church and the trees on the right of the
+picture.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25-6]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/i025.jpg" width="500" class="jpg smallgap" height="288" alt="Palace of Linlithgow&mdash;Queen Mary&#39;s Birth-place" title="" />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Palace of Linlithgow</span>&mdash;Queen Mary&#39;s Birth-place.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote2">The coronation.</div>
+
+<p>Mary remained here at Linlithgow for a year or two; but when she was
+about nine months old, they concluded to have the great ceremony of
+the coronation performed, as she was by that time old enough to bear
+the journey to Stirling Castle, where the Scottish kings and queens
+were generally crowned. The coronation of a queen is an event which
+always excites a very deep and universal interest among all persons
+in the realm; and there is a peculiar interest felt when, as was the
+case in this instance, the queen to be crowned is an infant just old
+enough to bear the journey. There was a very great interest felt in
+Mary's coronation. The different <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span>courts and monarchs of Europe sent embassadors to be present at the
+ceremony, and to pay their respects to the infant queen; and Stirling
+became, for the time being, the center of universal attraction.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Stirling Castle.<br />Its situation.<br />Rocky hill.</div>
+
+<p>Stirling is in the very heart of Scotland. It is a castle, built upon
+a rock, or, rather, upon a rocky hill, which rises like an island out
+of the midst of a vast region of beautiful and fertile country, rich
+and verdant beyond description. Beyond the confines of this region of
+beauty, dark mountains rise on all sides; and wherever you are,
+whether riding along the roads in the plain, or climbing the
+declivities of the mountains, you see Stirling Castle, from every
+point, capping its rocky hill, the center and ornament of the broad
+expanse of beauty which surrounds it.</p>
+
+<p>Stirling Castle is north of Linlithgow, and is distant about fifteen
+or twenty miles from it. The road to it lies not far from the shores
+of the Frith of Forth, a broad and beautiful sheet of water. The
+castle, as has been before remarked, was on the summit of a rocky
+hill. There are precipitous crags on three sides of the hill, and a
+gradual approach by a long ascent on the fourth side. At the top of
+this ascent you enter the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span>great gates of the castle, crossing a
+broad and deep ditch by means of a draw-bridge. You enter then a
+series of paved courts, with towers and walls around them, and
+finally come to the more interior edifices, where the private
+apartments are situated, and where the little queen was crowned.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The coronation scene.</div>
+
+<p>It was an occasion of great pomp and ceremony, though Mary, of
+course, was unconscious of the meaning of it all. She was surrounded
+by barons and earls, by embassadors and princes from foreign courts,
+and by the principal lords and ladies of the Scottish nobility, all
+dressed in magnificent costumes. They held little Mary up, and a
+cardinal, that is, a great dignitary of the Roman Catholic Church,
+placed the crown upon her head. Half pleased with the glittering
+show, and half frightened at the strange faces which she saw every
+where around her, she gazed unconsciously upon the scene, while her
+mother, who could better understand its import, was elated with pride
+and joy.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Linlithgow and Stirling.<br />The Highlands and the Highlanders.</div>
+
+<p>Linlithgow and Stirling are in the open and cultivated part of
+Scotland. All the northern and western part of the country consists
+of vast masses of mountains, with dark and somber glens among them,
+which are occupied solely <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span>by shepherds and herdsmen with their
+flocks and herds. This mountainous region was called the Highlands,
+and the inhabitants of it were the Highlanders. They were a wild and
+warlike class of men, and their country was seldom visited by either
+friend or foe. At the present time there are beautiful roads all
+through the Highlands, and stage-coaches and private carriages roll
+over them every summer, to take tourists to see and admire the
+picturesque and beautiful scenery; but in the days of Mary the whole
+region was gloomy and desolate, and almost inaccessible.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Religious disturbances.</div>
+
+<p>Mary remained in Linlithgow and Stirling for about two years, and
+then, as the country was becoming more and more disturbed by the
+struggles of the great contending parties&mdash;those who were in favor of
+the Catholic religion and alliance with France on the one hand, and
+of those in favor of the Protestant religion and alliance with
+England on the other hand&mdash;they concluded to send her into the
+Highlands for safety.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Lake Menteith.<br />Mary's companions.<br />The four Maries.</div>
+
+<p>It was not far into the country of the Highlands that they concluded
+to send her, but only into the <i>borders</i> of it. There was a small
+lake on the southern margin of the wild and mountainous <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span>country,
+called the Lake of Menteith. In this lake was an island named
+Inchmahome, the word <i>inch</i> being the name for island in the language
+spoken by the Highlanders. This island, which was situated in a very
+secluded and solitary region, was selected as Mary's place of
+residence. She was about four years old when they sent her to this
+place. Several persons went with her to take care of her, and to
+teach her. In fact, every thing was provided for her which could
+secure her improvement and happiness. Her mother did not forget that
+she would need playmates, and so she selected four little girls of
+about the same age with the little queen herself, and invited them to
+accompany her. They were daughters of the noblemen and high officers
+about the court. It is very singular that these girls were all named
+Mary. Their names in full were as follows:</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+Mary Beaton,<br />
+Mary Fleming,<br />
+Mary Livingstone,<br />
+Mary Seaton.</p>
+
+<p>These, with Mary Stuart, which was Queen Mary's name, made five girls
+of four or five years of age, all named Mary.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Angry disputes.<br />Change of plan.</div>
+
+<p>Mary lived two years in this solitary island. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span>She had, however, all
+the comforts and conveniences of life, and enjoyed herself with her
+four Maries very much. Of course she knew nothing, and thought
+nothing of the schemes and plans of the great governments for having
+her married, when she grew up, to the young English prince, who was
+then a little boy of about her own age, nor of the angry disputes in
+Scotland to which this subject gave rise. It did give rise to very
+serious disputes. Mary's mother did not like the plan at all. As she
+was herself a French lady and a Catholic, she did not wish to have
+her daughter marry a prince who was of the English royal family, and
+a Protestant. All the Catholics in Scotland took her side. At length
+the Earl of Arran, who was the regent, changed to that side; and
+finally the government, being thus brought over, gave notice to King
+Henry VIII. that the plan must be given up, as they had concluded, on
+the whole, that Mary should not marry his son.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Henry's anger.<br />Henry's sickness and death.</div>
+
+<p>King Henry was very much incensed. He declared that Mary <i>should</i>
+marry his son, and he raised an army and sent it into Scotland to
+make war upon the Scotch again, and compel them to consent to the
+execution of the plan. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span>He was at this time beginning to be sick, but
+his sickness, instead of softening his temper, only made him the more
+ferocious and cruel. He turned against his best friends. He grew
+worse, and was evidently about to die; but he was so irritable and
+angry that for a long time no one dared to tell him of his
+approaching dissolution, and he lay restless, and wretched, and
+agitated with political animosities upon his dying bed. At length
+some one ventured to tell him that his end was near. When he found
+that he must die, he resigned himself to his fate. He sent for an
+archbishop to come and see him, but he was speechless when the
+prelate came, and soon afterward expired.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">War renewed.<br />Danger in Edinburgh.</div>
+
+<p>The English government, however, after his death, adhered to his plan
+of compelling the Scotch to make Mary the wife of his son. They sent
+an army into Scotland. A great battle was fought, and the Scotch were
+defeated. The battle was fought at a place not far from Edinburgh,
+and near the sea. It was so near the sea that the English fired upon
+the Scotch army from their ships, and thus assisted their troops upon
+the shore. The armies had remained several days near each other
+before coming to battle, and during all this time the city of
+Edinburgh <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span>was in a state of great anxiety and suspense, as they
+expected that their city would be attacked by the English if they
+should conquer in the battle. The English army did, in fact, advance
+toward Edinburgh after the battle was over, and would have got
+possession of it had it not been for the castle. There is a very
+strong castle in the very heart of Edinburgh, upon the summit of a
+rocky hill.<a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Aid from France.<br />New plan.</div>
+
+<p>These attempts of the English to force the Scotch government to
+consent to Mary's marriage only made them the more determined to
+prevent it. A great many who were not opposed to it before, became
+opposed to it now when they saw foreign armies in the country
+destroying the towns and murdering the people. They said they had no
+great objection to the match, but that they did not like the mode of
+wooing. They sent to France to ask the French king to send over an
+army to aid them, and promised him that if he would do so they would
+agree that Mary should marry <i>his</i> son. His son's name was Francis.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Going to France.</div>
+
+<p>The French king was very much pleased with this plan. He sent an army
+of six thousand men into Scotland to assist the Scotch <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span>against their
+English enemies. It was arranged, also, as little Mary was now hardly
+safe among all these commotions, even in her retreat in the island of
+Inchmahome, to send her to France to be educated there, and to live
+there until she was old enough to be married. The same ships which
+brought the army from France to Scotland, were to carry Mary and her
+retinue from Scotland to France. The four Maries went with her.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Dumbarton Castle.<br />Rock of Dumbarton.</div>
+
+<p>They bade their lonely island farewell, and traveled south till they
+came to a strong castle on a high, rocky hill, on the banks of the
+River Clyde. The name of this fortress is Dumbarton Castle. Almost
+all the castles of those times were built upon precipitous hills, to
+increase the difficulties of the enemies in approaching them. The
+Rock of Dumbarton is a very remarkable one. It stands close to the
+bank of the river. There are a great many ships and steam-boats
+continually passing up and down the Clyde, to and from the great city
+of Glasgow, and all the passengers on board gaze with great interest,
+as they sail by, on the Rock of Dumbarton, with the castle walls on
+the sides, and the towers and battlements crowning the summit. In
+Mary's time there was <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span>comparatively very little shipping on the
+river, but the French fleet was there, waiting opposite the castle to
+receive Mary and the numerous persons who were to go in her train.<a name="FNanchor_B_2" id="FNanchor_B_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_B_2" class="fnanchor">[B]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Journey to Dumbarton.<br />The four Maries.<br />Departure from Scotland.</div>
+
+<p>Mary was escorted from the island where she had been living, across
+the country to Dumbarton Castle, with a strong retinue. She was now
+between five and six years of age. She was, of course, too young to
+know any thing about the contentions and wars which had distracted
+her country on her account, or to feel <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span>much interest in the subject
+of her approaching departure from her native land. She enjoyed the
+novelty of the scenes through which she passed on her journey. She
+was pleased with the dresses and the arms of the soldiers who
+accompanied her, and with the ships which were floating in the river,
+beneath the walls of the Castle of Dumbarton, when she arrived there.
+She was pleased, too, to think that, wherever she was to go, her four
+Maries were to go with her. She bade her mother farewell, embarked on
+board the ship which was to receive her, and sailed away from her
+native land, not to return to it again for many years.</p>
+
+<hr class="large" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Chapter_II" id="Chapter_II"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter II.</span></h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">Her Education in France.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="center">1548-1556</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Departure.<br />Stormy voyage.</div>
+
+<p class="n"><span style="float:left;font-size:50px;line-height:32px;padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:1px;">T</span><span style="margin-left:0%;">he</span> departure of Mary from Scotland, little as she was, was a great
+event both for Scotland and for France. In those days kings and
+queens were even of greater relative importance than they are now,
+and all Scotland was interested in the young queen's going away from
+them, and all France in expecting her arrival. She sailed down the
+Clyde, and then passed along the seas and channels which lie between
+England and Ireland. These seas, though they look small upon the map,
+are really spacious and wide, and are often greatly agitated by winds
+and storms. This was the case at the time Mary made her voyage. The
+days and nights were tempestuous and wild, and the ships had
+difficulty in keeping in each other's company. There was danger of
+being blown upon the coasts, or upon the rocks or islands which lie
+in the way. Mary was too young to give much heed to these dangers,
+but the lords and commissioners, and the great ladies who <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span>went to
+attend her, were heartily glad when the voyage was over. It ended
+safely at last, after several days of tossing upon the stormy
+billows, by their arrival upon the northern coast of France. They
+landed at a town called Brest.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Journey to Paris.<br />Release of prisoners.<br />Barabbas.</div>
+
+<p>The King of France had made great preparations for receiving the
+young queen immediately upon her landing. Carriages and horses had
+been provided to convey herself and the company of her attendants, by
+easy journeys, to Paris. They received her with great pomp and
+ceremony at every town which she passed through. One mark of respect
+which they showed her was very singular. The king ordered that every
+prison which she passed in her route should be thrown open, and the
+prisoners set free. This fact is a striking illustration of the
+different ideas which prevailed in those days, compared with those
+which are entertained now, in respect to crime and punishment. Crime
+is now considered as an offense against the <i>community</i>, and it would
+be considered no favor to the community, but the reverse, to let
+imprisoned criminals go free. In those days, on the other hand,
+crimes were considered rather as injuries committed <i>by</i> the
+community, and against the king; so that, if <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span>the monarch wished to
+show the community a favor, he would do it by releasing such of them
+as had been imprisoned by his officers for their crimes. It was just
+so in the time of our Savior, when the Jews had a custom of having
+some criminal released to them once a year, at the Passover, by the
+Roman government, as an act of <i>favor</i>. That is, the government was
+accustomed to furnish, by way of contributing its share toward the
+general festivities of the occasion, the setting of a robber and a
+murderer at liberty!</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">St. Germain.<br />Celebrations.</div>
+
+<p>The King of France has several palaces in the neighborhood of Paris.
+Mary was taken to one of them, named St. Germain. This palace, which
+still stands, is about twelve miles from Paris, toward the northwest.
+It is a very magnificent residence, and has been for many centuries a
+favorite resort of the French kings. Many of them were born in it.
+There are extensive parks and gardens connected with it, and a great
+artificial forest, in which the trees were all planted and cultivated
+like the trees of an orchard. Mary was received at this palace with
+great pomp and parade; and many spectacles and festivities were
+arranged to amuse her and the four Maries who accompanied her, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span>and
+to impress her strongly with an idea of the wealth, and power, and
+splendor of the great country to which she had come.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The convent.</div>
+
+<p>She remained here but a short time, and then it was arranged for her
+to go to a <i>convent</i> to be educated. Convents were in those days, as
+in fact they are now, quite famous as places of education. They were
+situated sometimes in large towns, and sometimes in secluded places
+in the country; but, whether in town or country, the inmates of them
+were shut up very strictly from all intercourse with the world. They
+were under the care of nuns who had devoted themselves for life to
+the service. These nuns were some of them unhappy persons, who were
+weary of the sorrows and sufferings of the world, and who were glad
+to retire from it to such a retreat as they fancied the convent would
+be. Others became nuns from conscientious principles of duty,
+thinking that they should commend themselves to the favor of God by
+devoting their lives to works of benevolence and to the exercises of
+religion. Of course there were all varieties of character among the
+nuns; some of them were selfish and disagreeable, others were
+benevolent and kind.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Character of the nuns.<br />Interest in Mary.</div>
+
+<p>At the convent where Mary was sent there <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span>were some nuns of very
+excellent and amiable character, and they took a great interest in
+Mary, both because she was a queen, and because she was beautiful,
+and of a kind and affectionate disposition. Mary became very strongly
+attached to these nuns, and began to entertain the idea of becoming a
+nun herself, and spending her life with them in the convent. It
+seemed pleasant to her to live there in such a peaceful seclusion, in
+company with those who loved her, and whom she herself loved, but the
+King of France, and the Scottish nobles who had come with her from
+Scotland, would, of course, be opposed to any such plan. They
+intended her to be married to the young prince, and to become one of
+the great ladies of the court, and to lead a life of magnificence and
+splendor. They became alarmed, therefore, when they found that she
+was imbibing a taste for the life of seclusion and solitude which is
+led by a nun. They decided to take her immediately away.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Leaving the convent.<br />Amusements.</div>
+
+<p>Mary bade farewell to the convent and its inmates with much regret
+and many tears; but, notwithstanding her reluctance, she was obliged
+to submit. If she had not been a queen, she might, perhaps, have had
+her own way. As it <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span>was, however, she was obliged to leave the
+convent and the nuns whom she loved, and to go back to the palaces of
+the king, in which she afterward continued to live, sometimes in one
+and sometimes in another, for many years. Wherever she went, she was
+surrounded with scenes of great gayety and splendor. They wished to
+obliterate from her mind all recollections of the convent, and all
+love of solitude and seclusion. They did not neglect her studies, but
+they filled up the intervals of study with all possible schemes of
+enjoyment and pleasure, to amuse and occupy her mind and the minds of
+her companions. Her companions were her own four Maries, and the two
+daughters of the French king.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Visit of Mary's mother.<br />Queen dowager.</div>
+
+<p>When Mary was about seven years of age, that is, after she had been
+two years in France, her mother formed a plan to come from Scotland
+to see her. Her mother had remained behind when Mary left Scotland,
+as she had an important part to perform in public affairs, and in the
+administration of the government of Scotland while Mary was away. She
+wanted, however, to come and see her. France, too, was her own native
+land, and all her relations and friends resided there. She wished to
+see them <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span>as well as Mary, and to revisit once more the palaces and
+cities where her own early life had been spent. In speaking of Mary's
+mother we shall call her sometimes the queen dowager. The expression
+<i>queen dowager</i> is the one usually applied to the widow of a king, as
+<i>queen consort</i> is used to denote the <i>wife</i> of a king.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Rouen.<br />A happy meeting.<br />Rejoicings.</div>
+
+<p>This visit of the queen dowager of Scotland to her little daughter in
+France was an event of great consequence, and all the arrangements
+for carrying it into effect were conducted with great pomp and
+ceremony. A large company attended her, with many of the Scottish
+lords and ladies among them. The King of France, too, went from Paris
+toward the French coast, to meet the party of visitors, taking little
+Mary and a large company of attendants with him. They went to Rouen,
+a large city not far from the coast, where they awaited the arrival
+of Mary's mother, and where they received her with great ceremonies
+of parade and rejoicing. The queen regent was very much delighted to
+see her little daughter again. She had grown two years older, and had
+improved greatly in every respect, and tears of joy came into her
+mother's eyes as she clasped her in her arms. The two parties
+journeyed in company to Paris <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span>and entered the city with great
+rejoicings. The two queens, mother and daughter, were the objects of
+universal interest and attention. Feasts and celebrations without end
+were arranged for them, and every possible means of amusement and
+rejoicing were contrived in the palaces of Paris, of St. Germain's,
+and of Fontainebleau. Mary's mother remained in France about a year.
+She then bade Mary farewell, leaving her at Fontainebleau. This
+proved to be a final farewell, for she never saw her again.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">A last farewell.<br />Visit to a mourner.</div>
+
+<p>After taking leave of her daughter, the queen dowager went, before
+leaving France, to see her own mother, who was a widow, and who was
+living at a considerable distance from Paris in seclusion, and in a
+state of austere and melancholy grief, on account of the loss of her
+husband. Instead of forgetting her sorrows, as she ought to have
+done, and returning calmly and peacefully to the duties and
+enjoyments of life, she had given herself up to inconsolable grief,
+and was doing all she could to perpetuate the mournful influence of
+her sorrows. She lived in an ancient and gloomy mansion, of vast
+size, and she had hung all the apartments in black, to make it still
+more desolate and gloomy, and to continue the influence of grief upon
+her mind. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span>Here the queen dowager found her, spending her time in
+prayers and austerities of every kind, making herself and all her
+family perfectly miserable. Many persons, at the present day, act,
+under such circumstances, on the same principle and with the same
+spirit, though they do not do it perhaps in precisely the same way.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The queen dowager's return.<br />The regency.</div>
+
+<p>One would suppose that Mary's mother would have preferred to remain
+in France with her daughter and her mother and all her family
+friends, instead of going back to Scotland, where she was, as it
+were, a foreigner and a stranger. The reason why she desired to go
+back was that she wished to be made <i>queen regent</i>, and thus have the
+government of Scotland in her own hands. She would rather be queen
+regent in Scotland than a simple queen <i>mother</i> in France. While she
+was in France, she urged the king to use all his influence to have
+Arran resign his regency into her hands, and finally obtained
+writings from him and from Queen Mary to this effect. She then left
+France and went to Scotland, going through England on the way. The
+young King of England, to whom Mary had been engaged by the
+government when she was an infant in Janet Sinclair's arms, renewed
+his proposals to the queen <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span>dowager to let her daughter become his
+wife; but she told him that it was all settled that she was to be
+married to the French prince, and that it was now too late to change
+the plan.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">A page of honor.</div>
+
+<p>There was a young gentleman, about nineteen or twenty years of age,
+who came from Scotland also, not far from this time, to wait upon
+Mary as her page of honor. A page is an attendant above the rank of
+an ordinary servant, whose business it is to wait upon his mistress,
+to read to her, sometimes to convey her letters and notes, and to
+carry her commands to the other attendants who are beneath him in
+rank and whose business it is actually to perform the services which
+the lady requires. A page <i>of honor</i> is a young gentleman who
+sustains this office in a nominal and temporary manner for a princess
+or a queen.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Sir James Melville.</div>
+
+<p>The name of Mary's page of honor, who came to her now from Scotland,
+was Sir James Melville. The only reason for mentioning him thus
+particularly, rather than the many other officers and attendants by
+whom Mary was surrounded was, that the service which he thus
+commenced was continued in various ways through the whole period of
+Mary's life. We shall often hear of him in the subsequent parts of
+this narrative. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span>He followed Mary to Scotland when she returned to
+that country, and became afterward her secretary, and also her
+embassador on many occasions. He was now quite young, and when he
+landed at Brest he traveled slowly to Paris in the care of two
+Scotchmen, to whose charge he had been intrusted. He was a young man
+of uncommon talents and of great accomplishments, and it was a mark
+of high distinction for him to be appointed page of honor to the
+queen, although he was about nineteen years of age and she was but
+seven.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Mary's character.<br />Her diligence.<br />Devices and mottoes.</div>
+
+<p>After the queen regent's return to Scotland, Mary went on improving
+in every respect more and more. She was diligent, industrious, and
+tractable. She took a great interest in her studies. She was not only
+beautiful in person, and amiable and affectionate in heart, but she
+possessed a very intelligent and active mind, and she entered with a
+sort of quiet but earnest enthusiasm into all the studies to which
+her attention was called. She paid a great deal of attention to
+music, to poetry, and to drawing. She used to invent little devices
+for seals, with French and Latin mottoes, and, after drawing them
+again and again with great care, until she was satisfied with the
+design, she would give <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span>them to the gem-engravers to be cut upon
+stone seals, so that she could seal her letters with them. These
+mottoes and devices can not well be represented in English, as the
+force and beauty of them depended generally upon a double meaning in
+some word of French or Latin, which can not be preserved in the
+translation. We shall, however, give one of these seals, which she
+made just before she left France, to return to Scotland, when we come
+to that period of her history.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Festivities.<br />Water parties.<br />Hunting.<br />An accident.</div>
+
+<p>The King of France, and the lords and ladies who came with Mary from
+Scotland, contrived a great many festivals and celebrations in the
+parks, and forests, and palaces, to amuse the queen and the four
+Maries who were with her. The daughters of the French king joined,
+also, in these pleasures. They would have little balls, and parties,
+and pic-nics, sometimes in the open air, sometimes in the little
+summer-houses built upon the grounds attached to the palaces. The
+scenes of these festivities were in many cases made unusually joyous
+and gay by bon-fires and illuminations. They had water parties on the
+little lakes, and hunting parties through the parks and forests. Mary
+was a very graceful and beautiful rider, and full of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span>courage.
+Sometimes she met with accidents which were attended with some
+danger. Once, while hunting the stag, and riding at full speed with a
+great company of ladies and gentlemen behind her and before her, her
+dress got caught by the bough of a tree, and she was pulled to the
+ground. The horse went on. Several other riders drove by her without
+seeing her, as she had too much composure and fortitude to attract
+their attention by outcries and lamentations. They saw her, however,
+at last, and came to her assistance. They brought back her horse,
+and, smoothing down her hair, which had fallen into confusion, she
+mounted again, and rode on after the stag as before.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Restraint.<br />Queen Catharine.<br />Her character.</div>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding all these means of enjoyment and diversion, Mary was
+subjected to a great deal of restraint. The rules of etiquette are
+very precise and very strictly enforced in royal households, and they
+were still more strict in those days than they are now. The king was
+very ceremonious in all his arrangements, and was surrounded by a
+multitude of officers who performed every thing by rule. As Mary grew
+older, she was subjected to greater and greater restraint. She used
+to spend a considerable portion of every day in the apartments <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span>of
+Queen Catharine, the wife of the King of France and the mother of the
+little Francis to whom she was to be married. Mary and Queen
+Catharine did not, however, like each other very well. Catharine was
+a woman of strong mind and of an imperious disposition; and it is
+supposed by some that she was jealous of Mary because she was more
+beautiful and accomplished and more generally beloved than her own
+daughters, the princesses of France. At any rate, she treated Mary in
+rather a stern and haughty manner, and it was thought that she would
+finally oppose her marriage to Francis her son.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Embroidery.<br />Mary's admiration of Queen Catharine.</div>
+
+<p>And yet Mary was at first very much pleased with Queen Catharine, and
+was accustomed to look up to her with great admiration, and to feel
+for her a very sincere regard. She often went into the queen's
+apartments, where they sat together and talked, or worked upon their
+embroidery, which was a famous amusement for ladies of exalted rank
+in those days. Mary herself at one time worked a large piece, which
+she sent as a present to the nuns in the convent where she had
+resided; and afterward, in Scotland, she worked a great many things,
+some of which still remain, and may be seen in <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span>her ancient rooms in
+the palace of Holyrood House. She learned this art by working with
+Queen Catharine in her apartments. When she first became acquainted
+with Catharine on these occasions, she used to love her society. She
+admired her talents and her conversational powers, and she liked very
+much to be in her room. She listened to all she said, watched her
+movements, and endeavored in all things to follow her example.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The latter suspicious.</div>
+
+<p>Catharine, however, thought that this was all a pretense, and that
+Mary did not really like her, but only wished to make her believe
+that she did so in order to get favor, or to accomplish some other
+selfish end. One day she asked her why she seemed to prefer her
+society to that of her youthful and more suitable companions. Mary
+replied, in substance, "The reason was, that though with them she
+might enjoy much, she could learn nothing; while she always learned
+from Queen Catharine's conversation something which would be of use
+to her as a guide in future life." One would have thought that this
+answer would have pleased the queen, but it did not. She did not
+believe that it was sincere.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Unguarded remark<br />Catharine's mortification.</div>
+
+<p>On one occasion Mary seriously offended the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span>queen by a remark which
+she made, and which was, at least, incautious. Kings and queens, and,
+in fact, all great people in Europe, pride themselves very much upon
+the antiquity of the line from which they have descended. Now the
+family of Queen Catharine had risen to rank and distinction within a
+moderate period; and though she was, as Queen of France, on the very
+pinnacle of human greatness, she would naturally be vexed at any
+remark which would remind her of the recentness of her elevation. Now
+Mary at one time said, in conversation in the presence of Queen
+Catharine, that she herself was the descendant of a hundred kings.
+This was perhaps true, but it brought her into direct comparison with
+Catharine in a point in which the latter was greatly her inferior,
+and it vexed and mortified Catharine very much to have such a thing
+said to her by such a child.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The dauphin.<br />Origin of the title.</div>
+
+<p>Mary associated thus during all this time, not only with the queen
+and the princesses, but also with the little prince whom she was
+destined to marry. His name was Francis, but he was commonly called
+the <i>dauphin</i>, which was the name by which the oldest son of the King
+of France was then, and has been since designated. The origin of this
+custom was this. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span>About a hundred years before the time of which we
+are speaking, a certain nobleman of high rank, who possessed estates
+in an ancient province of France called Dauphiny, lost his son and
+heir. He was overwhelmed with affliction at the loss, and finally
+bequeathed all his estates to the king and his successors, on
+condition that the oldest son should bear the title of Dauphin. The
+grant was accepted, and the oldest son was accordingly so styled from
+that time forward, from generation to generation.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Character of Francis.</div>
+
+<p>The dauphin, Francis, was a weak and feeble child, but he was amiable
+and gentle in his manners, and Mary liked him. She met him often in
+their walks and rides, and she danced with him at the balls and
+parties given for her amusement. She knew that he was to be her
+husband as soon as she was old enough to be married, and he knew that
+she was to be his wife. It was all decided, and nothing which either
+of them could say or do would have any influence on the result.
+Neither of them, however, seem to have had any desire to change the
+result. Mary pitied Francis on account of his feeble health, and
+liked his amiable and gentle disposition; and Francis could not help
+loving <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span>Mary, both on account of the traits of her character and her
+personal charms.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Mary's beauty.<br />Torch-light procession.<br />An angel.</div>
+
+<p>As Mary advanced in years, she grew very beautiful. In some of the
+great processions and ceremonies, the ladies were accustomed to walk,
+magnificently dressed and carrying torches in their hands. In one of
+these processions Mary was moving along with the rest, through a
+crowd of spectators, and the light from her torch fell upon her
+features and upon her hair in such a manner as to make her appear
+more beautiful than usual. A woman, standing there, pressed up nearer
+to her to view her more closely, and, seeing how beautiful she was,
+asked her if she was not an <i>angel</i>. In those days, however, people
+believed in what is miraculous and supernatural more easily than now,
+so that it was not very surprising that one should think, in such a
+case, that an angel from Heaven had come down to join in the
+procession.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Mary a Catholic.<br />Her conscientiousness and fidelity.</div>
+
+<p>Mary grew up a Catholic, of course: all were Catholics around her.
+The king and all the royal family were devoted to Catholic
+observances. The convent, the ceremonies, the daily religious
+observances enjoined upon her, the splendid churches which she
+frequented, all tended in their influence to lead her mind away <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span>from
+the Protestant religion which prevailed in her native land, and to
+make her a Catholic: she remained so throughout her life. There is no
+doubt that she was conscientious in her attachment to the forms and
+to the spirit of the Roman Church. At any rate, she was faithful to
+the ties which her early education imposed upon her, and this
+fidelity became afterward the source of some of her heaviest
+calamities and woes.</p>
+
+<hr class="large" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Chapter_III" id="Chapter_III"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter III</span></h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">The Great Wedding</span></h2>
+
+<p class="center">1558</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Hastening the wedding.<br />Reasons for it.</div>
+
+<p class="n"><span style="float:left;font-size:50px;line-height:32px;padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:1px;">W</span><span style="margin-left:0%;">hen</span> Mary was about fifteen years of age, the King of France began to
+think that it was time for her to be married. It is true that she was
+still very young, but there were strong reasons for having the
+marriage take place at the earliest possible period, for fear that
+something might occur to prevent its consummation at all. In fact,
+there were very strong parties opposed to it altogether. The whole
+Protestant interest in Scotland were opposed to it, and were
+continually contriving plans to defeat it. They thought that if Mary
+married a French prince, who was, of course, a Catholic, she would
+become wedded to the Catholic interest hopelessly and forever. This
+made them feel a most bitter and determined opposition to the plan.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Attempt to poison Mary.</div>
+
+<p>In fact, so bitter and relentless were the animosities that grew out
+of this question, that an attempt was actually made to poison Mary.
+The man who committed this crime was an archer in the king's guard:
+he was a Scotch <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span>man, and his name was Stewart. His attempt was
+discovered in time to prevent the accomplishment of his purpose. He
+was tried and condemned. They made every effort to induce him to
+explain the reason which led him to such an act, or, if he was
+employed by others, to reveal their names; but he would reveal
+nothing. He was executed for his crime, leaving mankind to conjecture
+that his motive, or that of the persons who instigated him to the
+deed, was a desperate determination to save Scotland, at all hazards,
+from falling under the influence of papal power.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The Guises.<br />Catharine's jealousy.</div>
+
+<p>Mary's mother, the queen dowager of Scotland, was of a celebrated
+French family, called the family of Guise. She is often, herself,
+called in history, Mary of Guise. There were other great families in
+France who were very jealous of the Guises, and envious of their
+influence and power. They opposed Queen Mary's marriage to the
+dauphin, and were ready to do all in their power to thwart and defeat
+it. Queen Catharine, too, who seemed to feel a greater and greater
+degree of envy and jealousy against Mary as she saw her increasing in
+grace, beauty, and influence with her advancing years, was supposed
+to be averse to the marriage. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span>Mary was, in some sense, her rival,
+and she could not bear to have her become the wife of her son.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Commissioners from Scotland.<br />Preliminaries.</div>
+
+<p>King Henry, finding all these opposing influences at work, thought
+that the safest plan would be to have the marriage carried into
+effect at the earliest possible period. When, therefore, Mary was
+about fifteen years of age, which was in 1557, he sent to Scotland,
+asking the government there to appoint some commissioners to come to
+France to assent to the marriage contracts, and to witness the
+ceremonies of the betrothment and the wedding. The marriage
+contracts, in the case of the union of a queen of one country with a
+prince of another, are documents of very high importance. It is
+considered necessary not only to make very formal provision for the
+personal welfare and comfort of the wife during her married life, and
+during her widowhood in case of the death of her husband, but also to
+settle beforehand the questions of succession which might arise out
+of the marriage, and to define precisely the rights and powers both
+of the husband and the wife, in the two countries to which they
+respectively belong.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Stipulations.</div>
+
+<p>The Parliament of Scotland appointed a number <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span>of commissioners, of
+the highest rank and station, to proceed to France, and to act there
+as the representatives of Scotland in every thing which pertained to
+the marriage. They charged them to guard well the rights and powers
+of Mary, to see that these rights and all the interests of Scotland
+were well protected in the marriage contracts, and to secure proper
+provision for the personal comfort and happiness of the queen. The
+number of these commissioners was eight. Their departure from
+Scotland was an event of great public importance. They were
+accompanied by a large number of attendants and followers, who were
+eager to be present in Paris at the marriage festivities. The whole
+company arrived safely at Paris, and were received with every
+possible mark of distinction and honor.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Plan of Henry to evade them.<br />Marriage settlement.</div>
+
+<p>The marriage contracts were drawn up, and executed with great
+formality. King Henry made no objection to any of the stipulations
+and provisions which the commissioners required, for he had a secret
+plan for evading them all. Very ample provision was made for Mary
+herself. She was to have a very large income. In case the dauphin
+died while he was dauphin, leaving Mary a widow, she was still to
+have a large income <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span>paid to her by the French government as long as
+she lived, whether she remained in France or went back to Scotland.
+If her husband outlived his father, so as to become King of France,
+and then died, leaving Mary his widow, her income for the rest of her
+life was to be double what it would have been if he had died while
+dauphin. Francis was, in the mean time, to share with her the
+government of Scotland. If they had a son, he was to be, after their
+deaths, King of France and of Scotland too. Thus the two crowns would
+have been united. If, on the other hand, they had only daughters, the
+oldest one was to be Queen of Scotland only, as the laws of France
+did not allow a female to inherit the throne. In case they had no
+children, the crown of Scotland was not to come into the French
+family at all, but to descend regularly to the next Scotch heir.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Secret papers.<br />Their contents.</div>
+
+<p>Henry was not satisfied with this entirely, for he wanted to secure
+the union of the Scotch and French crowns at all events, whether Mary
+had children or not; and he persuaded Mary to sign some papers with
+him privately, which he thought would secure his purposes, charging
+her not to let the commissioners know that she had signed them. He
+thought it possible that <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span>he should never have occasion to produce
+them. One of these papers conveyed the crown of Scotland to the King
+of France absolutely and forever, in case Mary should die without
+children. Another provided that the Scotch government should repay
+him for the enormous sums he had expended upon Mary during her
+residence in France, for her education, her attendants, the
+celebrations and galas which he had provided for her, and all the
+splendid journeys, processions, and parades. His motive in all this
+expense had been to unite the crown of Scotland to that of France,
+and he wished to provide that if any thing should occur to prevent
+the execution of his plan, he could have all this money reimbursed to
+him again. He estimated the amount at a million of pieces of gold.
+This was an enormous sum: it shows on how magnificent a scale Mary's
+reception and entertainment in France were managed.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Ceremonies.</div>
+
+<p>These preliminary proceedings being settled, all Paris, and, in fact,
+all France, began to prepare for the marriage celebrations. There
+were to be two great ceremonies connected with the occasion. The
+first was the betrothment, the second was the marriage. At the
+betrothment Francis and Mary were to meet in a great public <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span>hall,
+and there, in the presence of a small and select assemblage of the
+lords and ladies of the court, and persons of distinction connected
+with the royal family, they were formally and solemnly to engage
+themselves to each other. Then, in about a week afterward, they were
+to be married, in the most public manner, in the great Cathedral
+Church of Notre Dame.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The betrothal.<br />The Louvre.</div>
+
+<p>The ceremony of the betrothal was celebrated in the palace. The
+palace then occupied by the royal family was the Louvre. It still
+stands, but is no longer a royal dwelling. Another palace, more
+modern in its structure, and called the Tuilleries, has since been
+built, a little farther from the heart of the city, and in a more
+pleasant situation. The Louvre is square, with an open court in the
+center. This open court or area is very large, and is paved like the
+streets. In fact, two great carriage ways pass through it, crossing
+each other at right angles in the center, and passing out under great
+arch-ways in the four sides of the building. There is a large hall
+within the palace, and in this hall the ceremony of the betrothal
+took place. Francis and Mary pledged their faith to each other with
+appropriate ceremonies. Only a select circle of relations and
+intimate <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span>friends were present on this occasion. The ceremony was
+concluded in the evening with a ball.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Notre Dame.<br />View of the interior.</div>
+
+<p>In the mean time, all Paris was busy with preparations for the
+marriage. The Louvre is upon one side of the River Seine, its
+principal front being toward the river, with a broad street between.
+There are no buildings, but only a parapet wall on the river side of
+the street, so that there is a fine view of the river and of the
+bridges which cross it, from the palace windows. Nearly opposite the
+Louvre is an island, covered with edifices, and connected, by means
+of bridges, with either shore. The great church of Notre Dame, where
+the marriage ceremony was to be performed, is upon this island. It
+has two enormous square towers in front, which may be seen, rising
+above all the roofs of the city, at a great distance in every
+direction. Before the church is a large open area, where vast crowds
+assemble on any great occasion. The interior of the church impresses
+the mind with the sublimest emotions. Two rows of enormous columns
+rise to a great height on either hand, supporting the lofty arches of
+the roof. The floor is paved with great flat stones, and resounds
+continually with the footsteps of visitors, who walk to and fro, up
+and down the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span>aisles, looking at the chapels, the monuments, the
+sculptures, the paintings, and the antique and grotesque images and
+carvings. Colored light streams through the stained glass of the
+enormous windows, and the tones of the organ, and the voices of the
+priests, chanting the service of the mass, are almost always
+resounding and echoing from the vaulted roof above.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Amphitheater.<br />Covered gallery.</div>
+
+<p>The words <i>Notre Dame</i> mean Our Lady, an expression by which the
+Roman Catholics denote Mary, the mother of Jesus. The church of Notre
+Dame had been for many centuries the vast cathedral church of Paris,
+where all great ceremonies of state were performed. On this occasion
+they erected a great amphitheater in the area before the church,
+which would accommodate many thousands of the spectators who were to
+assemble, and enable them to see the procession. The bride and
+bridegroom, and their friends, were to assemble in the bishop's
+palace, which was near the Cathedral, and a covered gallery was
+erected, leading from this palace to the church, through which the
+bridal party were to enter. They lined this gallery throughout with
+purple velvet, and ornamented it in other ways, so as to make the
+approach to the church through it inconceivably splendid.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">The procession.<br />Mary's dress.</div>
+
+<p>Crowds began to collect in the great amphitheater early in the
+morning. The streets leading to Notre Dame were thronged. Every
+window in all the lofty buildings around, and every balcony, was
+full. From ten to twelve the military bands began to arrive, and the
+long procession was formed, the different parties being dressed in
+various picturesque costumes. The embassadors of various foreign
+potentates were present, each bearing their appropriate insignia. The
+legate of the pope, magnificently dressed, had an attendant bearing
+before him a cross of massive gold. The bridegroom, Francis the
+dauphin, followed this legate, and soon afterward came Mary,
+accompanied by the king. She was dressed in white. Her robe was
+embroidered with the figure of the lily, and it glittered with
+diamonds and ornaments of silver. As was the custom in those days,
+her dress formed a long train, which was borne by two young girls who
+walked behind her. She wore a diamond necklace, with a ring of
+immense value suspended from it, and upon her head was a golden
+coronet, enriched with diamonds and gems of inestimable value.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Appearance of Mary.</div>
+
+<p>But the dress and the diamonds which Mary wore were not the chief
+points of attraction to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span>the spectators. All who were present on the
+occasion agree in saying that she looked inexpressibly beautiful, and
+that there was an indescribable grace and charm in all her movements
+and manner, which filled all who saw her with an intoxication of
+delight. She was artless and unaffected in her manners, and her
+countenance, the expression of which was generally placid and calm,
+was lighted up with the animation and interest of the occasion, so as
+to make every body envy the dauphin the possession of so beautiful a
+bride. Queen Catharine, and a long train of the ladies of the court,
+followed in the procession after Mary. Every body thought that <i>she</i>
+felt envious and ill at ease.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Wedding ring.<br />Movement of the procession.</div>
+
+<p>The essential thing in the marriage ceremony was to be the putting of
+the wedding ring upon Mary's finger, and the pronouncing of the
+nuptial benediction which was immediately to follow it. This ceremony
+was to be performed by the Archbishop of Rouen, who was at that time
+the greatest ecclesiastical dignitary in France. In order that as
+many persons as possible might witness this, it was arranged that it
+should be performed at the great door of the church, so as to be in
+view of the immense throng which had <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span>assembled in the amphitheater
+erected in the area, and of the multitudes which had taken their
+positions at the windows and balconies, and on the house-tops around.
+The procession, accordingly, having entered the church through the
+covered gallery, moved along the aisles and came to the great door.
+Here a royal pavilion had been erected, where the bridal party could
+stand in view of the whole assembled multitude. King Henry had the
+ring. He gave it to the archbishop. The archbishop placed it upon
+Mary's finger, and pronounced the benediction in a loud voice. The
+usual congratulations followed, and Mary greeted her husband under
+the name of his majesty the King of Scotland. Then the whole mighty
+crowd rent the air with shouts and acclamations.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Largess.<br />Confusion.</div>
+
+<p>It was the custom in those days, on such great public occasions as
+this, to scatter money among the crowd, that they might scramble for
+it. This was called the king's <i>largess</i>; and the largess was
+pompously proclaimed by heralds before the money was thrown. The
+throwing of the money among this immense throng produced a scene of
+indescribable confusion. The people precipitated themselves upon each
+other in their eagerness to seize the silver and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span>the gold. Some were
+trampled under foot. Some were stripped of their hats and cloaks, or
+had their clothes torn from them. Some fainted, and were borne out of
+the scene with infinite difficulty and danger. At last the people
+clamorously begged the officers to desist from throwing any more
+money, for fear that the most serious and fatal consequences might
+ensue.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The choir.<br />Mass.</div>
+
+<p>In the mean time, the bridal procession returned into the church,
+and, advancing up the center between the lofty columns, they came to
+a place called the choir, which is in the heart of the church, and is
+inclosed by screens of carved and sculptured work. It is in the choir
+that congregations assemble to be present at mass and other religious
+ceremonies. Movable seats are placed here on ordinary occasions, but
+at the time of this wedding the place was fitted up with great
+splendor. Here mass was performed in the presence of the bridal
+party. Mass is a solemn ceremony conducted by the priests, in which
+they renew, or think they renew, the sacrifice of Christ, accompanied
+with offerings of incense, and other acts of adoration, and the
+chanting of solemn hymns of praise.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Return of the procession.<br />Collation.<br />Ball.</div>
+
+<p>At the close of these services the procession <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span>moved again down the
+church, and, issuing forth at the great entrance, it passed around
+upon a spacious platform, where it could be seen to advantage by all
+the spectators. Mary was the center to which all eyes were turned.
+She moved along, the very picture of grace and beauty, the two young
+girls who followed her bearing her train. The procession, after
+completing its circuit, returned to the church, and thence, through
+the covered gallery, it moved back to the bishop's palace. Here the
+company partook of a grand collation. After the collation there was a
+ball, but the ladies were too much embarrassed with their magnificent
+dresses to be able to dance, and at five o'clock the royal family
+returned to their home. Mary and Queen Catharine went together in a
+sort of palanquin, borne by men, high officers of state walking on
+each side. The king and the dauphin followed on horseback, with a
+large company in their train; but the streets were every where so
+crowded with eager spectators that it was with extreme difficulty
+that they were able to make their way.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Evening's entertainments.</div>
+
+<p>The palace to which the party went to spend the evening was fitted up
+and illuminated in the most splendid manner, and a variety of most
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span>curious entertainments had been contrived for the amusement of the
+company. There were twelve artificial horses, made to move by
+internal mechanism, and splendidly caparisoned. The children of the
+company, the little princes and dukes, mounted these horses and rode
+around the arena. Then came in a company of men dressed like
+pilgrims, each of whom recited a poem written in honor of the
+occasion. After this was an exhibition of galleys, or boats, upon a
+little sea. These boats were large enough to bear up two persons.
+There were two seats in each, one of which was occupied by a young
+gentleman. As the boats advanced, one by one, each gentleman leaped
+to the shore, or to what represented the shore, and, going among the
+company, selected a lady and bore her off to his boat, and then,
+seating her in the vacant chair, took his place by her side, and
+continued his voyage. Francis was in one of the boats, and he, on
+coming to the shore, took <i>Mary</i> for his companion.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">A tournament.<br />Rank of the combatants.</div>
+
+<p>The celebrations and festivities of this famous wedding continued for
+fifteen days. They closed with a grand tournament. A tournament was a
+very magnificent spectacle in those days. A field was inclosed, in
+which kings, and princes, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span>and knights, fully armed, and mounted on
+war-horses, tilted against each other with lances and blunted swords.
+Ladies of high rank were present as spectators and judges, and one
+was appointed at each tournament to preside, and to distribute the
+honors and rewards to those who were most successful in the contests.
+The greatest possible degree of deference and honor was paid to the
+ladies by all the knights on these occasions. Once, at a tournament
+in London, arranged by a king of England, the knights and noblemen
+rode in a long procession to the field, each led by a lady by means
+of a silver chain. It was a great honor to be admitted to a share in
+these contests, as none but persons of the highest rank were allowed
+to take a part in them. Whenever one was to be held, invitations were
+sent to all the courts of Europe, and kings, queens, and sovereign
+princes came to witness the spectacle.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Lances.<br />Rapid evolutions.<br /><i>Tourner.</i></div>
+
+<p>The horsemen who contended on these occasions carried long lances,
+blunt, indeed, at the end, so that they could not penetrate the armor
+of the antagonist at which they were aimed, but yet of such weight
+that the momentum of the blow was sometimes sufficient to unhorse
+him. The great object of every combatant was, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span>accordingly, to
+protect himself from this danger. He must turn his horse suddenly,
+and avoid the lance of his antagonist; or he must strike it with his
+own, and thus parry the blow; or if he must encounter it, he was to
+brace himself firmly in his saddle, and resist its impulse with all
+the strength that he could command. It required, therefore, great
+strength and great dexterity to excel in a tournament. In fact, the
+rapidity of the evolutions which it required gave origin to the name,
+the word tournament being formed from a French word<a name="FNanchor_C_3" id="FNanchor_C_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_C_3" class="fnanchor">[C]</a> which
+signifies to turn.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Francis's feebleness.</div>
+
+<p>The princes and noblemen who were present at the wedding all joined
+in the tournament except the poor bridegroom, who was too weak and
+feeble in body, and too timid in mind, for any such rough and warlike
+exercises. Francis was very plain and unprepossessing in countenance,
+and shy and awkward in his manners. His health had always been very
+infirm, and though his rank was very high, as he was the heir
+apparent to what was then the greatest throne in Europe, every body
+thought that in all other respects he was unfit to be the husband <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span>of
+such a beautiful and accomplished princess as Mary. He was timid,
+shy, and anxious and unhappy in disposition. He knew that the gay and
+warlike spirits around him could not look upon him with respect, and
+he felt a painful sense of his inferiority.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Mary's love for him.</div>
+
+<p>Mary, however, loved him. It was a love, perhaps, mingled with pity.
+She did not assume an air of superiority over him, but endeavored to
+encourage him, to lead him forward, to inspire him with confidence
+and hope, and to make him feel his own strength and value. She was
+herself of a sedate and thoughtful character, and with all her
+intellectual superiority, she was characterized by that feminine
+gentleness of spirit, that disposition to follow and to yield rather
+than to govern, that desire to be led and to be loved rather than to
+lead and be admired, which constitute the highest charm of woman.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">He retires to the country.</div>
+
+<p>Francis was glad when the celebrations, tournament and all, were well
+over. He set off from Paris with his young bride to one of his
+country residences, where he could live, for a while, in peace and
+quietness. Mary was released, in some degree, from the restraints,
+and formalities, and rules of etiquette of King Henry's <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span>court, and
+was, to some extent, her own mistress, though still surrounded with
+many attendants, and much parade and splendor. The young couple thus
+commenced the short period of their married life. They were certainly
+a very <i>young</i> couple, being both of them under sixteen.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Rejoicings in Scotland.<br />Mons Meg.<br />Large ball.<br />Celebration of Mary's marriage.</div>
+
+<p>The rejoicings on account of the marriage were not confined to Paris.
+All Scotland celebrated the event with much parade. The Catholic
+party there were pleased with the final consummation of the event,
+and all the people, in fact, joined, more or less, in commemorating
+the marriage of their queen. There is in the Castle of Edinburgh, on
+a lofty platform which overlooks a broad valley, a monstrous gun,
+several centuries old, which was formed of bars of iron secured by
+great iron hoops. The balls which this gun carried are more than a
+foot in diameter. The name of this enormous piece of ordnance is
+<i>Mons Meg</i>. It is now disabled, having been burst, many years ago,
+and injured beyond the possibility of repair. There were great
+rejoicings in Edinburgh at the time of Mary's marriage, and from some
+old accounts which still remain at the castle, it appears that ten
+shillings were paid to some men for moving <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span>up Mons Meg to the
+embrasure of the battery, and for finding and bringing back her shot
+after she was discharged; by which it appears that firing Mons Meg
+was a part of the celebration by which the people of Edinburgh
+honored the marriage of their queen.</p>
+
+<hr class="large" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Chapter_IV" id="Chapter_IV"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter IV.</span></h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">Misfortunes.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="center">1559-1561</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Mary's love for Francis.<br />How to cherish the passion.</div>
+
+<p class="n"><span style="float:left;font-size:50px;line-height:32px;padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:1px;">I</span><span style="margin-left:0%;">t</span> was said in the last chapter that Mary loved her husband, infirm
+and feeble as he was both in body and in mind. This love was probably
+the effect, quite as much as it was the cause, of the kindness which
+she showed him. As we are very apt to hate those whom we have
+injured, so we almost instinctively love those who have in any way
+become the objects of our kindness and care. If any wife, therefore,
+wishes for the pleasure of loving her husband, or which is, perhaps,
+a better supposition, if any husband desires the happiness of loving
+his wife, conscious that it is a pleasure which he does not now
+enjoy, let him commence by making her the object of his kind
+attentions and care, and love will spring up in the heart as a
+consequence of the kind of action of which it is more commonly the
+cause.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Grand tournament.</div>
+
+<p>About a year passed away, when at length another great celebration
+took place in Paris, to honor the marriages of some other members of
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span>King Henry's family. One of them was Francis's oldest sister. A
+grand tournament was arranged on this occasion too. The place for
+this tournament was where the great street of St. Antoine now lies,
+and which may be found on any map of Paris. A very large concourse of
+kings and nobles from all the courts of Europe were present. King
+Henry, magnificently dressed, and mounted on a superb war-horse, was
+a very prominent figure in all the parades of the occasion, though
+the actual contests and trials of skill which took place were between
+younger princes and knights, King Henry and the ladies being
+generally only spectators and judges. He, however, took a part
+himself on one or two occasions, and received great applause.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Henry's pride.</div>
+
+<p>At last, at the end of the third day, just as the tournament was to
+be closed, King Henry was riding around the field, greatly excited
+with the pride and pleasure which so magnificent a spectacle was
+calculated to awaken, when he saw two lances still remaining which
+had not been broken. The idea immediately seized him of making one
+more exhibition of his own power and dexterity in such contests. He
+took one of the lances, and, directing a high officer who was <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span>riding
+near him to take the other, he challenged him to a trial of skill.
+The name of this officer was Montgomery. Montgomery at first
+declined, being unwilling to contend with his king. The king
+insisted. Queen Catharine begged that he would not contend again.
+Accidents sometimes happened, she knew, in these rough encounters;
+and, at any rate, it terrified her to see her husband exposed to such
+dangers. The other lords and ladies, and Francis and Queen Mary
+particularly, joined in these expostulations. But Henry was
+inflexible. There was no danger, and, smiling at their fears, he
+commanded Montgomery to arm himself with his lance and take his
+position.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">An encounter.<br />The helmet.<br />The vizor.<br />King Henry wounded.</div>
+
+<p>The spectators looked on in breathless silence. The two horsemen rode
+toward each other, each pressing his horse forward to his utmost
+speed, and as they passed, each aimed his lance at the head and
+breast of the other. It was customary on such occasions to wear a
+helmet, with a part called a vizor in front, which could be raised on
+ordinary occasions, or let down in moments of danger like this, to
+cover and protect the eyes. Of course this part of the armor was
+weaker than the rest, and it happened that Montgomery's lance struck
+here&mdash;was <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span>shivered&mdash;and a splinter of it penetrated the vizor and
+inflicted a wound upon Henry, on the head, just over the eye. Henry's
+horse went on. The spectators observed that the rider reeled and
+trembled in his seat. The whole assembly were in consternation. The
+excitement of pride and pleasure was every where turned into extreme
+anxiety and alarm.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">His death.</div>
+
+<p>They flocked about Henry's horse, and helped the king to dismount. He
+said it was nothing. They took off his helmet, and found large drops
+of blood issuing from the wound. They bore him to his palace. He had
+the magnanimity to say that Montgomery must not be blamed for this
+result, as he was himself responsible for it entirely. He lingered
+eleven days, and then died. This was in July, 1559.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The mournful marriage.</div>
+
+<p>One of the marriages which this unfortunate tournament had been
+intended to celebrate, that of Elizabeth, the king's daughter, had
+already taken place, having been performed a day or two before the
+king was wounded; and it was decided, after Henry was wounded, that
+the other must proceed, as there were great reasons of state against
+any postponement of it. This second marriage was that of Margaret,
+his sister. The ceremony in her case was performed in a <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span>silent and
+private manner, at night, by torch-light, in the chapel of the
+palace, while her brother was dying. The services were interrupted by
+her sobs and tears.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The dauphin becomes king.</div>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding the mental and bodily feebleness which seemed to
+characterize the dauphin, Mary's husband, who now, by the death of
+his father, became King of France, the event of his accession to the
+throne seemed to awaken his energies, and arouse him to animation and
+effort. He was sick himself, and in his bed, in a palace called the
+Tournelles, when some officers of state were ushered into his
+apartment, and, kneeling before him, saluted him as king. This was
+the first announcement of his father's death. He sprang from his bed,
+exclaiming at once that he was well. It is one of the sad
+consequences of hereditary greatness and power that a son must
+sometimes rejoice at the death of his father.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Catharine superseded.<br />Mary's gentleness.</div>
+
+<p>It was Francis's duty to repair at once to the royal palace of the
+Louvre, with Mary, who was now Queen of France as well as of
+Scotland, to receive the homage of the various estates of the realm.
+Catharine was, of course, now queen dowager. Mary, the child whom she
+had so long looked upon with feelings of jealousy <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span>and envy was, from
+this time, to take her place as queen. It was very humiliating to
+Catharine to assume the position of a second and an inferior in the
+presence of one whom she had so long been accustomed to direct and to
+command. She yielded, however, with a good grace, though she seemed
+dejected and sad. As they were leaving the Tournelles, she stopped to
+let Mary go before her, saying, "Pass on, madame; it is your turn to
+take precedence now." Mary went before her, but she stopped in her
+turn, with a sweetness of disposition so characteristic of her, to
+let Queen Catharine enter first into the carriage which awaited them
+at the door.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Coronation of Francis.</div>
+
+<p>Francis, though only sixteen, was entitled to assume the government
+himself. He went to Rheims, a town northeast of Paris, where is an
+abbey, which is the ancient place of coronation for the kings of
+France. Here he was crowned. He appointed his ministers, and evinced,
+in his management and in his measures, more energy and decision than
+it was supposed he possessed. He himself and Mary were now, together,
+on the summit of earthly grandeur. They had many political troubles
+and cares which can not be related here, but Mary's life was
+comparatively <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span>peaceful and happy, the pleasures which she enjoyed
+being greatly enhanced by the mutual affection which existed between
+herself and her husband.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Francis's health declines.<br />Superstition of the people.</div>
+
+<p>Though he was small in stature, and very unprepossessing in
+appearance and manners, Francis still evinced in his government a
+considerable degree of good judgment and of energy. His health,
+however, gradually declined. He spent much of his time in traveling,
+and was often dejected and depressed. One circumstance made him feel
+very unhappy. The people of many of the villages through which he
+passed, being in those days very ignorant and superstitious, got a
+rumor into circulation that the king's malady was such that he could
+only be cured by being bathed in the blood of young children. They
+imagined that he was traveling to obtain such a bath; and, wherever
+he came, the people fled, mothers eagerly carrying off their children
+from this impending danger. The king did not understand the <i>cause</i>
+of his being thus shunned. They concealed it from him, knowing that
+it would give him pain. He knew only the <i>fact</i>, and it made him very
+sad to find himself the object of this mysterious and unaccountable
+aversion.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">Commotions in Scotland.</div>
+
+<p>In the mean time, while these occurrences had been taking place in
+France, Mary's mother, the queen dowager of Scotland, had been made
+queen regent of Scotland after her return from France; but she
+experienced infinite trouble and difficulty in managing the affairs
+of the country. The Protestant party became very strong, and took up
+arms against her government. The English sent them aid. She, on the
+other hand, with the Catholic interest to support her, defended her
+power as well as she could, and called for help from France to
+sustain her. And thus the country which she was so ambitious to
+govern, was involved by her management in the calamities and sorrows
+of civil war.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Sickness of the queen regent.<br />Death of Mary's mother.</div>
+
+<p>In the midst of this contest she died. During her last sickness she
+sent for some of the leaders of the Protestant party, and did all
+that she could to soothe and conciliate their minds. She mourned the
+calamities and sufferings which the civil war had brought upon the
+country, and urged the Protestants to do all in their power, after
+her death, to heal these dissensions and restore peace. She also
+exhorted them to remember their obligations of loyalty and obedience
+to their absent queen, and to sustain <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span>and strengthen her government
+by every means in their power. She died, and after her death the war
+was brought to a close by a treaty of peace, in which the French and
+English governments joined with the government of Scotland to settle
+the points in dispute, and immediately afterward the troops of both
+these nations were withdrawn. The death of the queen regent was
+supposed to have been caused by the pressure of anxiety which the
+cares of her government imposed. Her body was carried home to France,
+and interred in the royal abbey at Rheims.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Illness of Francis.</div>
+
+<p>The death of Mary's mother took place in the summer of 1560. The next
+December Mary was destined to meet with a much heavier affliction.
+Her husband, King Francis, in addition to other complaints, had been
+suffering for some time from pain and disease in the ear. One day,
+when he was preparing to go out hunting, he was suddenly seized with
+a fainting fit, and was soon found to be in great danger. He
+continued some days very ill. He was convinced himself that he could
+not recover, and began to make arrangements for his approaching end.
+As he drew near to the close of his life, he was more and more deeply
+impressed <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span>with a sense of Mary's kindness and love. He mourned very
+much his approaching separation from her. He sent for his mother,
+Queen Catharine, to come to his bedside, and begged that she would
+treat Mary kindly, for his sake, after he was gone.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">His last moments and death.</div>
+
+<p>Mary was overwhelmed with grief at the approaching death of her
+husband. She knew at once what a great change it would make in her
+condition. She would lose immediately her rank and station. Queen
+Catharine would again come into power, as queen regent, during the
+minority of the next heir. All her friends of the family of Guise,
+would be removed from office, and she herself would become a mere
+guest and stranger in the land of which she had been the queen. But
+nothing could arrest the progress of the disease under which her
+husband was sinking. He died, leaving Mary a disconsolate widow of
+seventeen.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Mary a young widow.<br />Embassadors from Scotland.</div>
+
+<p>The historians of those days say that Queen Catharine was much
+pleased at the death of Francis her son. It restored her to rank and
+power. Mary was again beneath her, and in some degree subject to her
+will. All Mary's friends were removed from their high stations, and
+others, hostile to her family, were put into <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span>their places. Mary soon
+found herself unhappy at court, and she accordingly removed to a
+castle at a considerable distance from Paris to the west, near the
+city of Orleans. The people of Scotland wished her to return to her
+native land. Both the great parties sent embassadors to her to ask
+her to return, each of them urging her to adopt such measures on her
+arrival in Scotland as should favor their cause. Queen Catharine,
+too, who was still jealous of Mary's influence, and of the admiration
+and love which her beauty and the loveliness of her character
+inspired, intimated to her that perhaps it would be better for her
+now to leave France and return to her own land.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Mary's unwillingness to leave France.</div>
+
+<p>Mary was very unwilling to go. She loved France. She knew very little
+of Scotland. She was very young when she left it, and the few
+recollections which she had of the country were confined to the
+lonely island of Inchmahome and the Castle of Stirling. Scotland was
+in a cold and inhospitable climate, accessible only through stormy
+and dangerous seas, and it seemed to her that going there was going
+into exile. Besides, she dreaded to undertake personally to
+administer a government whose cares and anxieties had been so great
+as to carry her mother to the grave.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">Mary in mourning.</div>
+
+<p>Mary, however, found that it was in vain for her to resist the
+influences which pressed upon her the necessity of returning to her
+native land. She wandered about during the spring and summer after
+her husband's death, spending her time in various palaces and abbeys,
+and at length she began to prepare for her return to Scotland. The
+same gentleness and loveliness of character which she had exhibited
+in her prosperous fortunes, shone still more conspicuously now in her
+hours of sorrow. Sometimes she appeared in public, in certain
+ceremonies of state. She was then dressed in mourning&mdash;in
+white&mdash;according to the custom in royal families in those days, her
+dark hair covered by a delicate crape veil. Her beauty, softened and
+chastened by her sorrows, made a strong impression upon all who saw
+her.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">She is called the White Queen.<br />A device.</div>
+
+<p>She appeared so frequently, and attracted so much attention in her
+white mourning, that she began to be known among the people as the
+White Queen. Every body wanted to see her. They admired her beauty;
+they were impressed with the romantic interest of her history; they
+pitied her sorrows. She mourned her husband's death with deep and
+unaffected grief. She invented a device and motto for a seal,
+appropriate <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span>to the occasion: it was a figure of the liquorice-tree,
+every part of which is useless except the root, which, of course,
+lies beneath the surface of the earth. Underneath was the
+inscription, in Latin, <i>My treasure is in the ground</i>. The expression
+is much more beautiful in the Latin than can be expressed in any
+English words.<a name="FNanchor_D_4" id="FNanchor_D_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_D_4" class="fnanchor">[D]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Mary's employments.<br />Her beautiful hands.</div>
+
+<p>Mary did not, however, give herself up to sullen and idle grief, but
+employed herself in various studies and pursuits, in order to soothe
+and solace her grief by useful occupation. She read Latin authors;
+she studied poetry; she composed. She paid much attention to music,
+and charmed those who were in her company by the sweet tones of her
+voice and her skillful performance upon an instrument. The historians
+even record a description of the fascinating effect produced by the
+graceful movements of her beautiful hand. Whatever she did or said
+seemed to carry with it an inexpressible charm.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Melancholy visit.</div>
+
+<p>Before she set out on her return to Scotland she went to pay a visit
+to her grandmother, the same lady whom her mother had gone to see in
+her castle, ten years before, on her return to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span>Scotland after her
+visit to Mary. During this ten years the unhappy mourner had made no
+change in respect to her symbols of grief. The apartments of her
+palace were still hung with black. Her countenance wore the same
+expression of austerity and woe. Her attendants were trained to pay
+to her every mark of the most profound deference in all their
+approaches to her. No sounds of gayety or pleasure were to be heard,
+but a profound stillness and solemnity reigned continually throughout
+the gloomy mansion.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Mary returns to Paris.<br />Jealousy.</div>
+
+<p>Not long before the arrangements were completed for Mary's return to
+Scotland, she revisited Paris, where she was received with great
+marks of attention and honor. She was now eighteen or nineteen years
+of age, in the bloom of her beauty, and the monarch of a powerful
+kingdom, to which she was about to return, and many of the young
+princes of Europe began to aspire to the honor of her hand. Through
+these and other influences, she was the object of much attention;
+while, on the other hand, Queen Catharine, and the party in power at
+the French court, were envious and jealous of her popularity, and did
+a great deal to mortify and vex her.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Queen Elizabeth.<br />Her character.</div>
+
+<p>The enemy, however, whom Mary had most <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span>to fear, was her cousin,
+Queen Elizabeth of England. Queen Elizabeth was a maiden lady, now
+nearly thirty years of age. She was in all respects extremely
+different from Mary. She was a zealous Protestant, and very
+suspicious and watchful in respect to Mary, on account of her
+Catholic connections and faith. She was very plain in person, and
+unprepossessing in manners. She was, however, intelligent and shrewd,
+and was governed by calculations and policy in all that she did. The
+people by whom she was surrounded admired her talents and feared her
+power, but nobody loved her. She had many good qualities as a
+monarch, but none considered as a woman.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91-2]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 372px;">
+<img src="images/i091.jpg" width="372" class="smallgap" height="500" alt="Portrait of Queen Elizabeth." title="" />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Portrait of Queen Elizabeth.</span></span></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote2">Henry VIII.<br />Elizabeth's claim to the throne.<br />Mary's claim.</div>
+
+<p>Elizabeth was somewhat envious of her cousin Mary's beauty, and of
+her being such an object of interest and affection to all who knew
+her. But she had a far more serious and permanent cause of alienation
+from her than personal envy. It was this: Elizabeth's father, King
+Henry VIII., had, in succession, several wives, and there had been a
+question raised about the legality of his marriage with Elizabeth's
+mother. Parliament decided at one time that this marriage was not
+valid; at another time, subsequently, they decided that it was.
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> This difference in the two decisions was not owing so much to a
+change of sentiment in the persons who voted, as to a change in the
+ascendency of the parties by which the decision was controlled. If
+the marriage were valid, then Elizabeth was entitled to the English
+crown. If it were not valid, then she was not entitled to it: it
+belonged to the next heir. Now it happened that Mary Queen of Scots
+was the next heir. Her grandmother on the father's side was an
+English princess, and through her Mary had a just title to the crown,
+if Queen Elizabeth's title was annulled.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The coat of arms.</div>
+
+<p>Now, while Mary was in France, during the lifetime of King Henry,
+Francis's father, he and the members of the family of Guise advanced
+Mary's claim to the British crown, and denied that of Elizabeth. They
+made a coat of arms, in which the arms of France, and Scotland, and
+England were combined, and had it engraved on Mary's silver plate. On
+one great occasion, they had this symbol displayed conspicuously over
+the gateway of a town where Mary was making a public entry. The
+English embassador, who was present, made this, and the other acts of
+the same kind, known to Elizabeth, and she was greatly incensed at
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span>them. She considered Mary as plotting treasonably against her power,
+and began to contrive plans to circumvent and thwart her.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Elizabeth offended and alarmed.<br />The Catholic party.</div>
+
+<p>Nor was Elizabeth wholly unreasonable in this. Mary, though
+personally a gentle and peaceful woman, yet in her teens, was very
+formidable to Elizabeth as an opposing claimant of the crown. All the
+Catholics in France and in Scotland would naturally take Mary's side.
+Then, besides this, there was a large Catholic party in England, who
+would be strongly disposed to favor any plan which should give them a
+Catholic monarch. Elizabeth was, therefore, very justly alarmed at
+such a claim on the part of her cousin. It threatened not only to
+expose her to the aggressions of foreign foes, but also to internal
+commotions and dangers, in her own dominions.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">A device.</div>
+
+<p>The chief responsibility for bringing forward this claim must rest
+undoubtedly, not on Mary herself, but on King Henry of France and the
+other French princes, who first put it forward. Mary, however,
+herself, was not entirely passive in the affair. She liked to
+consider herself as entitled to the English crown. She had a device
+for a seal, a very favorite one with her, which expressed this claim.
+It contained two <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span>crowns, with a motto in Latin below which meant,
+"<i>A third awaits me</i>." Elizabeth knew all these things, and she held
+Mary accountable for all the anxiety and alarm which this dangerous
+claim occasioned her.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Treaty of Edinburgh.<br />The safe-conduct.</div>
+
+<p>At the peace which was made in Scotland between the French and
+English forces and the Scotch, by the great treaty of Edinburgh which
+has been already described, it was agreed that Mary should relinquish
+all claim to the crown of England. This treaty was brought to France
+for Mary to ratify it, but she declined. Whatever rights she might
+have to the English crown, she refused to surrender them. Things
+remained in this state until the time arrived for her return to her
+native land, and then, fearing that perhaps Elizabeth might do
+something to intercept her passage, she applied to her for a
+safe-conduct; that is, a writing authorizing her to pass safely and
+without hinderance through the English dominions, whether land or
+sea. Queen Elizabeth returned word through her embassador in Paris,
+whose name was Throckmorton, that she could not give her any such
+safe-conduct, because she had refused to ratify the treaty of
+Edinburgh.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Elizabeth refuses the safe-conduct.<br />Mary's speech.</div>
+
+<p>When this answer was communicated to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span>Mary, she felt deeply wounded
+by it. She sent all the attendants away, that she might express
+herself to Throckmorton without reserve. She told him that it seemed
+to her very hard that her cousin was disposed to prevent her return
+to her native land. As to her claim upon the English crown, she said
+that advancing it was not her plan, but that of her husband and his
+father; and that now she could not properly renounce it, whatever its
+validity might be, till she could have opportunity to return to
+Scotland and consult with her government there, since it affected not
+her personally alone, but the public interests of Scotland. "And
+now," she continued, in substance, "I am sorry that I asked such a
+favor of her. I have no need to ask it, for I am sure I have a right
+to return from France to my own country without asking permission of
+any one. You have often told me that the queen wished to be on
+friendly terms with me, and that it was your opinion that to be
+friends would be best for us both. But now I see that she is not of
+your mind, but is disposed to treat me in an unkind and unfriendly
+manner, while she knows that I am her equal in rank, though I do not
+pretend to be her equal in abilities and experience. Well <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span>she may do
+as she pleases. If my preparations were not so far advanced, perhaps
+I should give up the voyage. But I am resolved to go. I hope the
+winds will prove favorable, and carry me away from her shores. If
+they carry me upon them, and I fall into her hands, she may make what
+disposal of me she will. If I lose my life, I shall esteem it no
+great loss, for it is now little else than a burden."</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Mary's true nobility of soul.<br />Sympathy with her.</div>
+
+<p>How strongly this speech expresses "that mixture of melancholy and
+dignity, of womanly softness and noble decision, which pervaded her
+character." There is a sort of gentleness even in her anger, and a
+certain indescribable womanly charm in the workings of her mind,
+which cause all who read her story, while they can not but think that
+Elizabeth was right, to sympathize wholly with Mary.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Mary's religious faith.</div>
+
+<p>Throckmorton, at one of his conversations with Mary, took occasion to
+ask her respecting her religious views, as Elizabeth wished to know
+how far she was fixed and committed in her attachment to the Catholic
+faith. Mary said that she was born and had been brought up a
+Catholic, and that she should remain so as long as she lived. She
+would not interfere, she said, with her subjects adopting such form
+of religion <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span>as they might prefer, but for herself she should not
+change. If she should change, she said, she should justly lose the
+confidence of her people; for, if they saw that she was light and
+fickle on that subject, they could not rely upon her in respect to
+any other. She did not profess to be able to argue, herself, the
+questions of difference, but she was not wholly uninformed in respect
+to them, as she had often heard the points discussed by learned men,
+and had found nothing to lead her to change her ground.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Her frankness and candor.</div>
+
+<p>It is impossible for any reader, whether Protestant or Catholic, not
+to admire the frankness and candor, the honest conscientiousness, the
+courage, and, at the same time, womanly modesty and propriety which
+characterize this reply.</p>
+
+<hr class="large" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Chapter_V" id="Chapter_V"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter V.</span></h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">Return To Scotland.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="center">1561</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Calais.<br />Artificial piers and breakwaters.</div>
+
+<p class="n"><span style="float:left;font-size:50px;line-height:32px;padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:1px;">M</span><span style="margin-left:0%;">ary</span> was to sail from the port of Calais. Calais is on the northern
+coast of France, opposite to Dover in England, these towns being on
+opposite sides of the Straits of Dover, where the channel between
+England and France is very narrow. Still, the distance is so great
+that the land on either side is ordinarily not visible on the other.
+There is no good natural harbor at Calais, nor, in fact, at any other
+point on the French coast. The French have had to supply the
+deficiency by artificial piers and breakwaters. There are several
+very capacious and excellent harbors on the English side. This may
+have been one cause, among others, of the great naval superiority
+which England has attained.</p>
+
+<p>When Queen Elizabeth found that Mary was going to persevere in her
+intention of returning to her native land, she feared that she might,
+after her arrival in Scotland, and after getting established in power
+there, form a scheme <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span>for making war upon <i>her</i> dominions, and
+attempt to carry into effect her claim upon the English crown. She
+wished to prevent this. Would it be prudent to intercept Mary upon
+her passage? She reflected on this subject with the cautious
+calculation which formed so striking a part of her character, and
+felt in doubt. Her taking Mary a prisoner, and confining her a
+captive in her own land, might incense Queen Catharine, who was now
+regent of France, and also awaken a general resentment in Scotland,
+so as to bring upon her the hostility of those two countries, and
+thus, perhaps, make more mischief than the securing of Mary's person
+would prevent.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Throckmorton.</div>
+
+<p>She accordingly, as a previous step, sent to Throckmorton, her
+embassador in France, directing him to have an interview with Queen
+Catharine, and ascertain how far she would feel disposed to take
+Mary's part. Throckmorton did this. Queen Catharine gave no direct
+reply. She said that both herself and the young king wished well to
+Elizabeth, and to Mary too, that it was her desire that the two
+queens might be on good terms with each other; that she was a friend
+to them both, and should not take a part against either of them.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">Elizabeth's plans.</div>
+
+<p>This was all that Queen Elizabeth could expect, and she formed her
+plans for intercepting Mary on her passage. She sent to Throckmorton,
+asking him to find out, if he could, what port Queen Mary was to sail
+from, and to send her word. She then gave orders to her naval
+commanders to assemble as many ships as they could, and hold them in
+readiness to sail into the seas between England and France, for the
+purpose of <i>exterminating the pirates</i>, which she said had lately
+become very numerous there.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Throckmorton baffled.<br />Throckmorton's advice.</div>
+
+<p>Throckmorton took occasion, in a conversation which he had with Mary
+soon after this, to inquire from what port she intended to sail; but
+she did not give him the information. She suspected his motive, and
+merely said, in reply to his question, that she hoped the wind would
+prove favorable for carrying her away as far as possible from the
+English coast, whatever might be the point from which she should take
+her departure. Throckmorton then endeavored to find out the
+arrangements of the voyage by other means, but without much success.
+He wrote to Elizabeth that he thought Mary would sail either from
+Havre or Calais; that she would go eastward, along the shore of the
+Continent, by Flanders and Holland, till she had gained a
+considerable <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span>distance from the English coast, and then would sail
+north along the eastern shores of the German Ocean. He advised that
+Elizabeth should send spies to Calais and to Havre, and perhaps to
+other French ports, to watch there, and to let her know whenever they
+observed any appearances of preparations for Mary's departure.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Queen Catharine's farewell.</div>
+
+<p>In the mean time, as the hour for Mary's farewell to Paris and all
+its scenes of luxury and splendor, drew near, those who had loved her
+were drawn more closely to her in heart than ever, and those who had
+been envious and jealous began to relent, and to look upon her with
+feelings of compassion and of kind regard. Queen Catharine treated
+her with extreme kindness during the last few days of her stay, and
+she accompanied her for some distance on her journey, with every
+manifestation of sincere affection and good will. She stopped, at
+length, at St. Germain, and there, with many tears, she bade her
+gentle daughter-in-law a long and last farewell.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Escort.<br />Embarkation.<br />Spectators.</div>
+
+<p>Many princes and nobles, especially of the family of Guise, Mary's
+relatives, accompanied her through the whole journey. They formed
+quite a long cavalcade, and attracted great attention <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span>in all the
+towns and districts through which they passed. They traveled slowly,
+but at length arrived at Calais, where they waited nearly a week to
+complete the arrangements for Mary's embarkation. At length the day
+arrived for her to set sail. A large concourse of spectators
+assembled to witness the scene. Four ships had been provided for the
+transportation of the party and their effects. Two of these were
+galleys. They were provided with banks of oars, and large crews of
+rowers, by means of which the vessels could be propelled when the
+wind failed. The two other vessels were merely vessels of burden, to
+carry the furniture and other effects of the passengers.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Unfortunate accident.<br />Mary's farewell to France.</div>
+
+<p>Many of the queen's friends were to accompany her to Scotland. The
+four Maries were among them. She bade those that were to remain
+behind farewell, and prepared to embark on board the royal galley.
+Her heart was very sad. Just at this time, a vessel which was coming
+in struck against the pier, in consequence of a heavy sea which was
+rolling in, and of the distraction of the seamen occasioned by Mary's
+embarkation. The vessel which struck was so injured by the concussion
+that it filled immediately and sank. Most of the seamen on board
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span>were drowned. This accident produced great excitement and confusion.
+Mary looked upon the scene from the deck of her vessel, which was now
+slowly moving from the shore. It alarmed her, and impressed her mind
+with a sad and mournful sense of the dangers of the elements to whose
+mercy she was now to be committed for many days. "What an unhappy
+omen is this!" she exclaimed. She then went to the stern of the ship,
+looked back at the shore, then knelt down, and, covering her face
+with her hands, sobbed aloud. "Farewell, France!" she exclaimed: "I
+shall never, never see thee more." Presently, when her emotions for a
+moment subsided, she would raise her eyes, and take another view of
+the slowly-receding shore, and then exclaim again, "Farewell, my
+beloved France! farewell! farewell!"</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105-6]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/i105.jpg" class="smallgap" width="500" height="273" alt="Mary&#39;s Embarkation at Calais." title="" />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Mary&#39;s Embarkation at Calais.</span></span></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote2">Her deep emotion.</div>
+
+<p>She remained in this position, suffering this anguish, for five
+hours, when it began to grow dark, and she could no longer see the
+shore. She then rose, saying that her beloved country was gone from
+her sight forever. "The darkness, like a thick veil, hides thee from
+my sight, and I shall see thee no more. So farewell, beloved land!
+farewell forever!" She left her place at the stern, but she would not
+leave the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span>deck. She made them bring up a bed, and place it for her there, near
+the stern. They tried to induce her to go into the cabin, or at least
+to take some supper; but she would not. She lay down upon her bed.
+She charged the helmsman to awaken her at the dawn, if the land was
+in sight when the dawn should appear. She then wept herself to sleep.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Mary's first night on board.<br />Her reluctance to leave France.</div>
+
+<p>During the night the air was calm, and the vessels in which Mary and
+her company had embarked made such small progress, being worked only
+by the oars, that the land came into view again with the gray light
+of the morning. The helmsman awoke Mary, and the sight of the shore
+renewed her anguish and tears. She said that she <i>could not</i> go. She
+wished that Elizabeth's ships would come in sight, so as to compel
+her squadron to return. But no English fleet appeared. On the
+contrary, the breeze freshened. The sailors unfurled the sails, the
+oars were taken in, and the great crew of oarsmen rested from their
+toil. The ships began to make their way rapidly through the rippling
+water. The land soon became a faint, low cloud in the horizon, and in
+an hour all traces of it entirely disappeared.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Fog.<br />One vessel captured.</div>
+
+<p>The voyage continued for ten days. They <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span>saw nothing of Elizabeth's
+cruisers. It was afterward ascertained, however, that these ships
+were at one time very near to them, and were only prevented from
+seeing and taking them by a dense fog, which at that time happened to
+cover the sea. One of the vessels of burden was seen and taken, and
+carried to England. It contained, however, only some of Mary's
+furniture and effects. She herself escaped the danger.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Narrow escape.</div>
+
+<p>The fog, which was thus Mary's protection at one time, was a source
+of great difficulty and danger at another; for, when they were
+drawing near to the place of their landing in Scotland, they were
+enveloped in a fog so dense that they could scarcely see from one end
+of the vessel to the other. They stopped the progress of their
+vessels, and kept continually sounding; and when at length the fog
+cleared away, they found themselves involved in a labyrinth of rocks
+and shoals of the most dangerous character. They made their escape at
+last, and went on safely toward the land. Mary said, however, that
+she felt, at the time, entirely indifferent as to the result. She was
+so disconsolate and wretched at having parted forever from all that
+was dear to her, that it seemed to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span>her that she was equally willing
+to live or to die.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Mary's Adieu to France.</div>
+
+<p>Mary, who, among her other accomplishments, had a great deal of
+poetic talent, wrote some lines, called her Farewell to France, which
+have been celebrated from that day to this. They are as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="centerbox2 bbox">
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Adieu.</span></p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2">Adieu, plaisant pays de France!<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">O ma patrie,<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">La plus cherie;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Qui a nourri ma jeune enfance.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Adieu, France! adieu, mes beaux jours!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">La nef qui d&eacute;joint mes amours,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">N'a cy de moi que la moiti&eacute;;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Une parte te reste; elle est tienne;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Je la fie &agrave; ton amiti&eacute;,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Pour que de l'autre il te souvienne.<br /></span>
+</div></div></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Attempts to translate it<br />Translations of Mary's Adieu to France..</div>
+
+<p>Many persons have attempted to translate these lines into English
+verse; but it is always extremely difficult to translate poetry from
+one language to another. We give here two of the best of these
+translations. The reader can judge, by observing how different they
+are from each other, how different they must both be from their
+common original.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="centerbox2 bbox">
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Adieu.</span></p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Farewell to thee, thou pleasant shore,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The loved, the cherished home to me<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of infant joy, a dream that's o'er,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Farewell, dear France! farewell to thee.<br /></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The sail that wafts me bears away<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">From thee but half my soul alone;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Its fellow half will fondly stay,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And back to thee has faithful flown.<br /></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">I trust it to thy gentle care;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For all that here remains with me<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Lives but to think of all that's there,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To love and to remember thee.<br /></span></div></div></div>
+
+<p>The other translation is as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="centerbox2 bbox">
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Adieu.</span></p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Adieu, thou pleasant land of France!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The dearest of all lands to me,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Where life was like a joyful dance,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The joyful dance of infancy.<br /></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Farewell my childhood's laughing wiles,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Farewell the joys of youth's bright day,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The bark that takes me from thy smiles,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Bears but my meaner half away.<br /></span></div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span><span class="i0">The best is thine; my changeless heart<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Is given, beloved France, to thee;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And let it sometimes, though we part,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Remind thee, with a sigh, of me.<br /></span>
+</div></div></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote2">Arrival at Leith.<br />Palace of Holyrood.<br />Mary's arrival unexpected.</div>
+
+<p>It was on the 19th of August, 1561, that the two galleys arrived at
+Leith. Leith is a small port on the shore of the Frith of Forth,
+about two miles from Edinburgh, which is situated somewhat inland.
+The royal palace, where Mary was to reside, was called the Palace of
+Holyrood. It was, and is still, a large square building, with an open
+court in the center, into which there is access for carriages through
+a large arched passage-way in the center of the principal front of
+the building. In the rear, but connected with the palace, there was a
+chapel in Mary's day, though it is now in ruins. The walls still
+remain, but the roof is gone. The people of Scotland were not
+expecting Mary so soon. Information was communicated from country to
+country, in those days, slowly and with great difficulty. Perhaps the
+time of Mary's departure from France was purposely concealed even
+from the Scotch, to avoid all possibility that the knowledge of it
+should get into Elizabeth's possession.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">Mary's reception.<br />Contrasts.</div>
+
+<p>At any rate, the first intelligence which the inhabitants of
+Edinburgh and the vicinity had of the arrival of their queen, was the
+approach of the galleys to the shore, and the firing of a royal
+salute from their guns. The Palace of Holyrood was not ready for
+Mary's reception, and she had to remain a day at Leith, awaiting the
+necessary preparations. In the mean time, the whole population began
+to assemble to welcome her arrival. Military bands were turned out;
+banners were prepared; civil and military officers in full costume
+assembled, and bon-fires and illuminations were provided for the
+evening and night. In a word, Mary's subjects in Scotland did all in
+their power to do honor to the occasion; but the preparations were so
+far beneath the pomp and pageantry which she had been accustomed to
+in France, that she felt the contrast very keenly, and realized, more
+forcibly than ever, how great was the change which the circumstances
+of her life were undergoing.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 113-4]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/i114.jpg" class="smallgap" width="500" height="277" alt="Palace of Holyrood. With Salisbury Crags and Arthur&#39;s
+Seat in the Distance" title="" />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Palace of Holyrood.</span><br /> With Salisbury Crags and Arthur&#39;s
+Seat in the Distance.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote2">The cavalcade.<br />Serenade.<br />Solitary home.</div>
+
+<p>Horses were prepared for Mary and her large company of attendants, to
+ride from Leith to Edinburgh. The long cavalcade moved toward
+evening. The various professions and trades of Edinburgh were drawn
+up in lines on each side of the road, and thousands upon thousands <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span>of other spectators assembled to witness the scene. When she reached
+the Palace of Holyrood House, a band of music played for a time under
+her windows, and then the great throng quietly dispersed, leaving
+Mary to her repose. The adjoining engraving represents the Palace of
+Holyrood as it now appears. In Mary's day, the northern part only had
+been built&mdash;that is, the part on the left, in the view, where the ivy
+climbs about the windows&mdash;and the range extending back to the royal
+chapel, the ruins of which are seen in the rear.<a name="FNanchor_E_5" id="FNanchor_E_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_E_5" class="fnanchor">[E]</a> Mary took up her
+abode in this dwelling, and was glad to rest from the fatigues and
+privations of her long voyage; but she found her new home a solitary
+and gloomy dwelling, compared with the magnificent palaces of the
+land she had left.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Favorable impression.</div>
+
+<p>Mary made an extremely favorable impression upon her subjects in
+Scotland. To please them, she exchanged the white mourning of France,
+from which she had taken the name of the White Queen, for a black
+dress, more accordant with the ideas and customs of her native land.
+This gave her a more sedate and matronly character, and though the
+expression <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span>of her countenance and figure was somewhat changed by it,
+it was only a change to a new form of extreme and fascinating beauty.
+Her manners, too, so graceful and easy, and yet so simple and
+unaffected, charmed all who saw her.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The Lord James.<br />Mary makes him one of her ministers.</div>
+
+<p>Mary had a half brother in Scotland, whose title was at this time the
+Lord James. He was afterward named the Earl of Murray, and is
+commonly known in history under this latter designation. The mother
+of Lord James was not legally married to Mary's father, and
+consequently he could not inherit any of his father's rights to the
+Scottish crown. The Lord James was, however, a man of very high rank
+and influence, and Mary immediately received him into her service,
+and made him one of her highest ministers of state. He was now about
+thirty years of age, prudent, cautious, and wise, of good person and
+manners, but somewhat reserved and austere.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The mass.<br />Transubstantiation.<br />Adoration of the host.</div>
+
+<p>Lord James had the general direction of affairs on Mary's arrival,
+and things went on very smoothly for a week; but then, on the first
+Sunday after the landing, a very serious difficulty threatened to
+occur. The Catholics have a certain celebration, called the mass, to
+which they attach a very serious and solemn <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span>importance. When our
+Savior gave the bread and the wine to his disciples at the Last
+Supper he said of it, "This is my body, broken for you," and "This is
+my blood, shed for you." The Catholics understand that these words
+denote that the bread and wine did at that time, and that they do
+now, whenever the communion service is celebrated by a priest duly
+authorized, become, by a sort of miraculous transformation, the true
+body and blood of Christ, and that the priest, in breaking the one
+and pouring out the other, is really and truly renewing the great
+sacrifice for sin made by Jesus Christ at his crucifixion. The mass,
+therefore, in which the bread and the wine are so broken and poured
+out, becomes, in their view, not a mere service of prayer and praise
+to God, but a solemn <i>act</i> of sacrifice. The spectators, or
+assistants, as they call them, meaning all who are present on the
+occasion, stand by, not merely to hear words of adoration, in which
+they mentally join, as is the case in most Protestant forms of
+worship, but to witness the <i>enactment of a deed</i>, and one of great
+binding force and validity: a real and true sacrifice of Christ, made
+anew, as an atonement for their sins. The bread, when consecrated,
+and as they suppose, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span>transmuted to the body of Christ, is held up to
+view, or carried in a procession around the church, that all present
+may bow before it and adore it as really being, though in the form of
+bread, the wounded and broken body of the Lord.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Protestant and Catholic worship.</div>
+
+<p>Of course the celebration of the mass is invested, in the minds of
+all conscientious Catholics, with the utmost solemnity and
+importance. They stand silently by, with the deepest feelings of
+reverence and awe, while the priest offers up for them, anew, the
+great sacrifice for sin. They regard all Protestant worship, which
+consists of mere exhortations to duty, hymns and prayers, as lifeless
+and void. That which is to them the soul, the essence, and substance
+of the whole, is wanting. On the other hand, the Protestants abhor
+the sacrifice of the mass as gross superstition. They think that the
+bread remains simply bread after the benediction as much as before;
+that for the priests to pretend that in breaking it they renew the
+sacrifice of Christ, is imposture; and that to bow before it in
+adoration and homage is the worst idolatry.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Violence and persecution.</div>
+
+<p>Now it happened that during Mary's absence in France, the contest
+between the Catholics <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span>and the Protestants had been going fiercely
+on, and the result had been the almost complete defeat of the
+Catholic party, and the establishment of the Protestant interest
+throughout the realm. A great many deeds of violence accompanied this
+change. Churches and abbeys were sometimes sacked and destroyed. The
+images of saints, which the Catholics had put up, were pulled down
+and broken; and the people were sometimes worked up to phrensy
+against the principles of the Catholic faith and Catholic
+observances. They abhorred the mass, and were determined that it
+should not be introduced again into Scotland.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The mass in Mary's chapel.</div>
+
+<p>Queen Mary, knowing this state of things determined, on her arrival
+in Scotland, not to interfere with her people in the exercise of
+their religion; but she resolved to remain a Catholic herself, and to
+continue, for the use of her own household, in the royal chapel at
+Holyrood, the same Catholic observances to which she had been
+accustomed in France. She accordingly gave orders that mass should be
+celebrated in her chapel on the first Sunday after her arrival. She
+was very willing to abstain from interfering with the religious
+usages of her subjects, but she was not willing to give up her own.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">Scene of excitement.<br />Lord James.</div>
+
+<p>The friends of the Reformation had a meeting, and resolved that mass
+should <i>not</i> be celebrated. There was, however, no way of preventing
+it but by intimidation or violence. When Sunday came, crowds began to
+assemble about the palace and the chapel,<a name="FNanchor_F_6" id="FNanchor_F_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_F_6" class="fnanchor">[F]</a> and to fill all the
+avenues leading to them. The Catholic families who were going to
+attend the service were treated rudely as they passed. The priests
+they threatened with death. One, who carried a candle which was to be
+used in the ceremonies, was extremely terrified at their threats and
+imprecations. The excitement was very great, and would probably have
+proceeded to violent extremities, had it not been for Lord James's
+energy and courage. He was a Protestant, but he took his station at
+the door of the chapel, and, without saying or doing any thing to
+irritate the crowd without, he kept them at bay, while the service
+proceeded. It went on to the close, though greatly interrupted by the
+confusion and uproar. Many of the French people who came with Mary
+were so terrified by this scene, that they declared they <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span>would not
+stay in such a country, and took the first opportunity of returning
+to France.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The reformer, John Knox.<br />His uncompromising character.</div>
+
+<p>One of the most powerful and influential of the leaders of the
+Protestant party at this time was the celebrated John Knox. He was a
+man of great powers of mind and of commanding eloquence; and he had
+exerted a vast influence in arousing the people of Scotland to a
+feeling of strong abhorrence of what they considered the abominations
+of popery. When Queen Mary of England was upon the throne, Knox had
+written a book against her, and against queens in general, women
+having, according to his views, no right to govern. Knox was a man of
+the most stern and uncompromising character, who feared nothing,
+respected nothing, and submitted to no restraints in the blunt and
+plain discharge of what he considered his duty. Mary dreaded his
+influence and power.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Knox's interview with Mary.<br />His sternness subdued.</div>
+
+<p>Knox had an interview with Mary not long after her arrival, and it is
+one of the most striking instances of the strange ascendency which
+Mary's extraordinary beauty and grace, and the pensive charm of her
+demeanor, exercised over all that came within her influence, that
+even John Knox, whom nothing else could soften or subdue, found his
+rough and indomitable <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span>energy half forsaking him in the presence of
+his gentle queen. She expostulated with him. He half apologized.
+Nothing had ever drawn the least semblance of an apology from him
+before. He told her that his book was aimed solely against Queen Mary
+of England, and not against her; that she had no cause to fear its
+influence; that, in respect to the freedom with which he had advanced
+his opinions and theories on the subjects of government and religion,
+she need not be alarmed, for philosophers had always done this in
+every age, and yet had lived good citizens of the state, whose
+institutions they had, nevertheless, in some sense theoretically
+condemned. He told her, moreover, that he had no intention of
+troubling her reign; that she might be sure of this, since, if he had
+such a desire, he should have commenced his measures during her
+absence, and not have postponed them until her position on the throne
+was strengthened by her return. Thus he tried to soothe her fears,
+and to justify himself from the suspicion of having designed any
+injury to such a gentle and helpless queen. The interview was a very
+extraordinary spectacle. It was that of a lion laying aside his
+majestic sternness and strength to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span>dispel the fears and quiet the
+apprehensions of a dove. The interview was, however, after all,
+painful and distressing to Mary. Some things which the stern reformer
+felt it his duty to say to her, brought tears into her eyes.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The four Maries.<br />Queen Elizabeth's insincerity.</div>
+
+<p>Mary soon became settled in her new home, though many circumstances
+in her situation were well calculated to disquiet and disturb her.
+She lived in the palace at Holyrood. The four Maries continued with
+her for a time, and then two of them were married to nobles of high
+rank. Queen Elizabeth sent Mary a kind message, congratulating her on
+her safe arrival in Scotland, and assuring her that the story of her
+having attempted to intercept her was false. Mary, who had no means
+of proving Elizabeth's insincerity, sent her back a polite reply.</p>
+
+<hr class="large" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Chapter_VI" id="Chapter_VI"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter VI.</span></h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">Mary and Lord Darnley.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="center">1562-1566</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Stormy scenes.<br />Lord James.<br />Acts of cruelty.</div>
+
+<p class="n"><span style="float:left;font-size:50px;line-height:32px;padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:1px;">D</span><span style="margin-left:0%;">uring</span> the three or four years which elapsed after Queen Mary's
+arrival in Scotland, she had to pass through many stormy scenes of
+anxiety and trouble. The great nobles of the land were continually
+quarreling, and all parties were earnest and eager in their efforts
+to get Mary's influence and power on their side. She had a great deal
+of trouble with the affairs of her brother, the Lord James. He wished
+to have the earldom of Murray conferred upon him. The castle and
+estates pertaining to this title were in the north of Scotland, in
+the neighborhood of Inverness. They were in possession of another
+family, who refused to give them up. Mary accompanied Lord James to
+the north with an army, to put him in possession. They took the
+castle, and hung the governor, who had refused to surrender at their
+summons. This, and some other acts of this expedition, have since
+been considered unjust and cruel; but posterity have been <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span>divided in
+opinion on the question how far Mary herself was personally
+responsible for them.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Mary's energy and decision.</div>
+
+<p>Mary, at any rate, displayed a great degree of decision and energy in
+her management of public affairs, and in the personal exploits which
+she performed. She made excursions from castle to castle, and from
+town to town, all over Scotland. On these expeditions she traveled on
+horseback, sometimes with a royal escort, and sometimes at the head
+of an army of eighteen or twenty thousand men. These royal progresses
+were made sometimes among the great towns and cities on the eastern
+coast of Scotland, and also, at other times, among the gloomy and
+dangerous defiles of the Highlands. Occasionally she would pay visits
+to the nobles at their castles, to hunt in their parks, to review
+their Highland retainers, or to join them in celebrations and f&ecirc;tes,
+and military parades.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Her popularity.<br />Story of Chatelard.<br />His love and infatuation.</div>
+
+<p>During all this time, her personal influence and ascendency over all
+who knew her was constantly increasing; and the people of Scotland,
+notwithstanding the disagreement on the subject of religion, became
+more and more devoted to their queen. The attachment which those who
+were in immediate attendance upon her felt to her person and
+character, was in many <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span>cases extreme. In one instance, this
+attachment led to a very sad result. There was a young Frenchman,
+named Chatelard, who came in Mary's train from France. He was a
+scholar and a poet. He began by writing verses in Mary's praise,
+which Mary read, and seemed to be pleased with. This increased his
+interest in her, and led him to imagine that he was himself the
+object of her kind regard. Finally, the love which he felt for her
+came to be a perfect infatuation. He concealed himself one night in
+Mary's bed-chamber, armed, as if to resist any attack which the
+attendants might make upon him. He was discovered by the female
+attendants, and taken away, and they, for fear of alarming Mary, did
+not tell her of the circumstance till the next morning.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Trial of Chatelard.<br />His execution and last words.</div>
+
+<p>Mary was very much displeased, or, at least, professed to be so. John
+Knox thought that this displeasure was only a pretense. She, however,
+forbid Chatelard to come any more into her sight. A day or two after
+this, Mary set out on a journey to the north. Chatelard followed. He
+either believed that Mary really loved him, or else he was led on by
+that strange and incontrollable infatuation which so often, in such
+cases, renders even the wisest men utterly <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span>reckless and blind to the
+consequences of what they say or do. He watched his opportunity, and
+one night, when Mary retired to her bed-room, he followed her
+directly in. Mary called for help. The attendants came in, and
+immediately sent for the Earl of Murray, who was in the palace.
+Chatelard protested that all he wanted was to explain and apologize
+for his coming into Mary's room before, and to ask her to forgive
+him. Mary, however, would not listen. She was very much incensed.
+When Murray came in, she directed him to run his dagger through the
+man. Murray, however, instead of doing this, had the offender seized
+and sent to prison. In a few days he was tried, and condemned to be
+beheaded. The excitement and enthusiasm of his love continued to the
+last. He stood firm and undaunted on the scaffold, and, just before
+he laid his head on the block, he turned toward the place where Mary
+was then lodging, and said, "Farewell! loveliest and most cruel
+princess that the world contains!"</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Mary and Elizabeth.<br />The English succession.</div>
+
+<p>In the mean time, Mary and Queen Elizabeth continued ostensibly on
+good terms. They sent embassadors to each other's courts. They
+communicated letters and messages to each other, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span>and entered into
+various negotiations respecting the affairs of their respective
+kingdoms. The truth was, each was afraid of the other, and neither
+dared to come to an open rupture. Elizabeth was uneasy on account of
+Mary's claim to her crown, and was very anxious to avoid driving her
+to extremities, since she knew that, in that case, there would be
+great danger of her attempting openly to enforce it. Mary, on the
+other hand, thought that there was more probability of her obtaining
+the succession to the English crown by keeping peace with Elizabeth
+than by a quarrel. Elizabeth was not married, and was likely to live
+and die single. Mary would then be the next heir, without much
+question. She wished Elizabeth to acknowledge this, and to have the
+English Parliament enact it. If Elizabeth would take this course,
+Mary was willing to waive her claims during Elizabeth's life.
+Elizabeth, however, was not willing to do this decidedly. She wished
+to reserve the right to herself of marrying if she chose. She also
+wished to keep Mary dependent upon her as long as she could. Hence,
+while she would not absolutely refuse to comply with Mary's
+proposition, she would not really accede to it, but kept the whole
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span>matter in suspense by endless procrastination, difficulties, and
+delays.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Claim of Lady Lennox.<br />Lord Darnley.</div>
+
+<p>I have said that, after Elizabeth, Mary's claim to the British crown
+was almost unquestioned. There was another lady about as nearly
+related to the English royal line as Mary. Her name was Margaret
+Stuart. Her title was Lady Lennox. She had a son named Henry Stuart,
+whose title was Lord Darnley. It was a question whether Mary or
+Margaret were best entitled to consider herself the heir to the
+British crown after Elizabeth. Mary, therefore, had two obstacles in
+the way of the accomplishment of her wishes to be Queen of England:
+one was the claim of Elizabeth, who was already in possession of the
+throne, and the other the claims of Lady Lennox, and, after her, of
+her son Darnley. There was a plan of disposing of this last
+difficulty in a very simple manner. It was, to have Mary marry Lord
+Darnley, and thus unite these two claims. This plan had been
+proposed, but there had been no decision in respect to it. There was
+one objection: that Darnley being Mary's cousin, their marriage was
+forbidden by the laws of the Catholic Church. There was no way of
+obviating this difficulty but by applying to the pope to grant them a
+special dispensation.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">Offers of marriage.<br />Duplicity of Elizabeth.</div>
+
+<p>In the mean time, a great many other plans were formed for Mary's
+marriage. Several of the princes and potentates of Europe applied for
+her hand. They were allured somewhat, no doubt, by her youth and
+beauty, and still more, very probably, by the desire to annex her
+kingdom to their dominions. Mary, wishing to please Elizabeth,
+communicated often with her, to ask her advice and counsel in regard
+to her marriage. Elizabeth's policy was to embarrass and perplex the
+whole subject by making difficulties in respect to every plan
+proposed. Finally, she recommended a gentleman of her own court to
+Mary&mdash;Robert Dudley, whom she afterward made Earl of Leicester&mdash;one
+of her special favorites. The position of Dudley, and the
+circumstances of the case, were such that mankind have generally
+supposed that Elizabeth did not seriously imagine that such a plan
+could be adopted, but that she proposed it, as perverse and
+intriguing people often do, as a means of increasing the difficulty.
+Such minds often attempt to prevent doing what <i>can</i> be done by
+proposing and urging what they know is impossible.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Melville sent as embassador to Elizabeth.</div>
+
+<p>In the course of these negotiations, Queen Mary once sent Melville,
+her former page of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span>honor in France, as a special embassador to Queen
+Elizabeth, to ascertain more perfectly her views. Melville had
+followed Mary to Scotland, and had entered her service there as a
+confidential secretary; and as she had great confidence in his
+prudence and in his fidelity, she thought him the most suitable
+person to undertake this mission. Melville afterward lived to an
+advanced age, and in the latter part of his life he wrote a narrative
+of his various adventures, and recorded, in quaint and ancient
+language, many of his conversations and interviews with the two
+queens. His mission to England was of course a very important event
+in his life, and one of the most curious and entertaining passages in
+his memoirs is his narrative of his interviews with the English
+queen. He was, at the time, about thirty-four years of age. Mary was
+about twenty-two.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">His reception.<br />Conversation of Melville and Elizabeth.</div>
+
+<p>Sir James Melville was received with many marks of attention and
+honor by Queen Elizabeth. His first interview with her was in a
+garden near the palace. She first asked him about a letter which Mary
+had recently written to her, and which, she said, had greatly
+displeased her; and she took out a reply from her pocket, written in
+very sharp and severe language, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span>though she said she had not sent it
+because it was not severe enough, and she was going to write another.
+Melville asked to see the letter from Mary which had given Elizabeth
+so much offense; and on reading it, he explained it, and disavowed,
+on Mary's part, any intention to give offense, and thus finally
+succeeded in appeasing Elizabeth's displeasure, and at length induced
+her to tear up her angry reply.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Dudley.</div>
+
+<p>Elizabeth then wanted to know what Mary thought of her proposal of
+Dudley for her husband. Melville told her that she had not given the
+subject much reflection, but that she was going to appoint two
+commissioners, and she wished Elizabeth to appoint two others, and
+then that the four should meet on the borders of the two countries,
+and consider the whole subject of the marriage. Elizabeth said that
+she perceived that Mary did not think much of this proposed match.
+She said, however, that Dudley stood extremely high in <i>her</i> regard,
+that she was going to make him an earl, and that she should marry him
+herself were it not that she was fully resolved to live and die a
+single woman. She said she wished very much to have Dudley become
+Mary's husband both <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span>on account of her attachment to him, and also on
+account of his attachment to her, which she was sure would prevent
+his allowing her, that is, Elizabeth, to have any trouble out of
+Mary's claim to her crown as long as she lived.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Dudley, earl of Leicester.<br />The "long" lad.</div>
+
+<p>Elizabeth also asked Melville to wait in Westminster until the day
+appointed for making Dudley an earl. This was done, a short time
+afterward, with great ceremony. Lord Darnley, then a very tall and
+slender youth of about nineteen, was present on the occasion. His
+father and mother had been banished from Scotland, on account of some
+political offenses, twenty years before, and he had thus himself been
+brought up in England. As he was a near relative of the queen, and a
+sort of heir-presumptive to the crown, he had a high position at the
+court, and his office was, on this occasion, to bear the sword of
+honor before the queen. Dudley kneeled before Elizabeth while she put
+upon him the badges of his new dignity. Afterward she asked Melville
+what he thought of him. Melville was polite enough to speak warmly in
+his favor. "And yet," said the queen, "I suppose you prefer yonder
+<i>long</i> lad," pointing to Darnley. She knew something of Mary's
+half-formed design of making <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span>Darnley her husband. Melville, who did
+not wish her to suppose that Mary had any serious intention of
+choosing Darnley, said that "no woman of spirit would choose such a
+person as he was, for he was handsome, beardless, and lady-faced; in
+fact, he looked more like a woman than a man."</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Lord Darnley.<br />Elizabeth's management.</div>
+
+<p>Melville was not very honest in this, for he had secret instructions
+at this very time to apply to Lady Lennox, Darnley's mother, to send
+her son into Scotland, in order that Mary might see him, and be
+assisted to decide the question of becoming his wife, by ascertaining
+how she was going to like him personally. Queen Elizabeth, in the
+mean time, pressed upon Melville the importance of Mary's deciding
+soon in favor of the marriage with Leicester. As to declaring in
+favor of Mary's right to inherit the crown after her, she said the
+question was in the hands of the great lawyers and commissioners to
+whom she had referred it, and that she heartily wished that they
+might come to a conclusion in favor of Mary's claim. She should urge
+the business forward as fast as she could; but the result would
+depend very much upon the disposition which Mary showed to comply
+with her wishes in respect to the marriage. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span>She said she should
+never marry herself unless she was compelled to it on account of
+Mary's giving her trouble by her claims upon the crown, and forcing
+her to desire that it should go to her direct descendants. If Mary
+would act wisely, and as she ought, and follow <i>her</i> counsel, she
+would, in due time, have all her desire.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Darnley's visit to Scotland.<br />Mary's message to Elizabeth.</div>
+
+<p>Some time more elapsed in negotiations and delays. There was a good
+deal of trouble in getting leave for Darnley to go to Scotland. From
+his position, and from the state of the laws and customs of the two
+realms, he could not go without Elizabeth's permission. Finally, Mary
+sent word to Elizabeth that she would marry Leicester according to
+her wish, if she would have her claim to the English crown, <i>after</i>
+Elizabeth, acknowledged and established by the English government, so
+as to have that question definitely and finally settled. Elizabeth
+sent back for answer to this proposal, that if Mary married
+Leicester, she would advance him to great honors and dignities, but
+that she could not do any thing at present about the succession. She
+also, at the same time, gave permission to Darnley to go to Scotland.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Elizabeth's duplicity.</div>
+
+<p>It is thought that Elizabeth never seriously <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span>intended that Mary
+should marry Leicester, and that she did not suppose Mary herself
+would consent to it on any terms. Accordingly, when she found Mary
+was acceding to the plan, she wanted to retreat from it herself, and
+hoped that Darnley's going to Scotland, and appearing there as a new
+competitor in the field, would tend to complicate and embarrass the
+question in Mary's mind, and help to prevent the Leicester
+negotiation from going any further. At any rate, Lord Darnley&mdash;then a
+very tall and handsome young man of nineteen&mdash;obtained suddenly
+permission to go to Scotland. Mary went to Wemys Castle, and made
+arrangements to have Darnley come and visit her there.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137-8]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/i137.jpg" class="smallgap jpg" width="500" height="283" alt="Wemy&#39;s Castle&mdash;The Scene of Mary&#39;s first Interview
+with Darnley." title="" />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Wemy&#39;s Castle</span>&mdash;The Scene of Mary&#39;s first Interview
+with Darnley.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote2">Wemys Castle.</div>
+
+<p>Wemys Castle is situated in a most romantic and beautiful spot on the
+sea-shore, on the northern side of the Frith of Forth. Edinburgh is
+upon the southern side of the Frith, and is in full view from the
+windows of the castle, with Salisbury Crags and Arthur's Seat on the
+left of the city. Wemys Castle was, at this time, the residence of
+Murray, Mary's brother. Mary's visit to it was an event which
+attracted a great deal of attention. The people flocked into the
+neighborhood and provisions <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span>and accommodations of every kind rose enormously in price. Every one
+was eager to get a glimpse of the beautiful queen. Besides, they knew
+that Lord Darnley was expected, and the rumor that he was seriously
+thought of as her future husband had been widely circulated, and had
+awakened, of course, a universal desire to see him.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Mary's opinion of Darnley.<br />His interview with her.</div>
+
+<p>Mary was very much pleased with Darnley. She told Melville, after
+their first interview, that he was the handsomest and best
+proportioned "long man" she had ever seen. Darnley was, in fact, very
+tall, and as he was straight and slender, he appeared even taller
+than he really was. He was, however, though young, very easy and
+graceful in his manners, and highly accomplished. Mary was very much
+pleased with him. She had almost decided to make him her husband
+before she saw him, merely from political considerations, on account
+of her wish to combine his claim with hers in respect to the English
+crown. Elizabeth's final answer, refusing the terms on which Mary had
+consented to marry Leicester, which came about this time, vexed her,
+and determined her to abandon that plan. And now, just in such a
+crisis, to find Darnley possessed of such strong <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span>personal
+attractions, seemed to decide the question. In a few days her
+imagination was full of pictures of joy and pleasure, in
+anticipations of union with such a husband.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The courtship.</div>
+
+<p>The thing took the usual course of such affairs. Darnley asked Mary
+to be his wife. She said no, and was offended with him for asking it.
+He offered her a present of a ring. She refused to accept it. But the
+no meant yes, and the rejection of the ring was only the prelude to
+the acceptance of something far more important, of which a ring is
+the symbol. Mary's first interview with Darnley was in February. In
+April, Queen Elizabeth's embassador sent her word that he was
+satisfied that Mary's marriage with Darnley was all arranged and
+settled.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Elizabeth in a rage.<br />Murray's opposition.<br />Mary hastens the marriage.</div>
+
+<p>Queen Elizabeth was, or pretended to be, in a great rage. She sent
+the most urgent remonstrances to Mary against the execution of the
+plan. She forwarded, also, very decisive orders to Darnley, and to
+the Earl of Lennox his father, to return immediately to England.
+Lennox replied that he could not return, for "he did not think the
+climate would agree with him!" Darnley sent back word that he had
+entered the service of the Queen of Scots, and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span>henceforth should
+obey her orders alone. Elizabeth, however, was not the only one who
+opposed this marriage. The Earl of Murray, Mary's brother, who had
+been thus far the great manager of the government under Mary, took at
+once a most decided stand against it. He enlisted a great number of
+Protestant nobles with him, and they held deliberations, in which
+they formed plans for resisting it by force. But Mary, who, with all
+her gentleness and loveliness of spirit, had, like other women, some
+decision and energy when an object in which the heart is concerned is
+at stake, had made up her mind. She sent to France to get the consent
+of her friends there. She dispatched a commissioner to Rome to obtain
+the pope's dispensation; she obtained the sanction of her own
+Parliament; and, in fact, in every way hastened the preparations for
+the marriage.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">A dangerous plot.<br />Mary's narrow escape.</div>
+
+<p>Murray, on the other hand, and his confederate lords, were determined
+to prevent it. They formed a plan to rise in rebellion against Mary,
+to waylay and seize her, to imprison her, and to send Darnley and his
+father to England, having made arrangements with Elizabeth's
+ministers to receive them at the borders. The plan was all well
+matured, and would probably have <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span>been carried into effect, had not
+Mary, in some way or other, obtained information of the design. She
+was then at Stirling, and they were to waylay her on the usual route
+to Edinburgh. She made a sudden journey, at an unexpected time, and
+by a new and unusual road, and thus evaded her enemies. The violence
+of this opposition only stimulated her determination to carry the
+marriage into effect without delay. Her escape from her rebellious
+nobles took place in June, and she was married in July. This was six
+months after her first interview with Darnley. The ceremony was
+performed in the royal chapel at Holyrood. They show, to this day,
+the place where she is said to have stood, in the now roofless
+interior.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The marriage.<br />The mourner and the bride.</div>
+
+<p>Mary was conducted into the chapel by Lennox and another
+nobleman, in the midst of a large company of lords and ladies of the
+court, and of strangers of distinction, who had come to Edinburgh to
+witness the ceremony. A vast throng had collected also around the
+palace. Mary was led to the altar, and then Lord Darnley was
+conducted in. The marriage ceremony was performed according to the
+Catholic ritual. Three rings, one of them a diamond ring of great
+value, were put upon her finger. After <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span>the ceremony, largess was
+proclaimed, and money distributed among the crowd, as had been done
+in Paris at Mary's former marriage, five years before. Mary then
+remained to attend the celebration of mass, Darnley, who was not a
+Catholic, retiring. After the mass, Mary returned to the palace, and
+changed the mourning dress which she had continued to wear from the
+time of her first husband's death to that hour, for one more becoming
+a bride. The evening was spent in festivities of every kind.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Darnley's contemptible character.<br />Darnley's imperiousness and pride.</div>
+
+<p>We have said that Darnley was personally attractive in respect both
+to his countenance and his manners; and, unfortunately, this is all
+that can be said in his favor. He was weak-minded, and yet
+self-conceited and vain. The sudden elevation which his marriage with
+a queen gave him, made him proud, and he soon began to treat all
+around him in a very haughty and imperious manner. He seems to have
+been entirely unaccustomed to exercise any self-command, or to submit
+to any restraints in the gratification of his passions. Mary paid him
+a great many attentions, and took great pleasure in conferring upon
+him, as her queenly power enabled her to do, distinctions and honors;
+but, instead of being grateful for them, he received them as <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span>matters
+of course, and was continually demanding more. There was one title
+which he wanted, and which, for some good reason, it was necessary to
+postpone conferring upon him. A nobleman came to him one day and
+informed him of the necessity of this delay. He broke into a fit of
+passion, drew his dagger, rushed toward the nobleman, and attempted
+to stab him. He commenced his imperious and haughty course of
+procedure even before his marriage, and continued it afterward,
+growing more and more violent as his ambition increased with an
+increase of power. Mary felt these cruel acts of selfishness and
+pride very keenly, but, womanlike, she palliated and excused them,
+and loved him still.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Mary's cares.<br />Rebellion.<br />Elizabeth's treatment of the rebels.</div>
+
+<p>She had, however, other trials and cares pressing upon her
+immediately. Murray and his confederates organized a formal and open
+rebellion. Mary raised an army and took the field against them. The
+country generally took her side. A terrible and somewhat protracted
+civil war ensued, but the rebels were finally defeated and driven out
+of the country. They went to England and claimed Elizabeth's
+protection, saying that she had incited them to the revolt, and
+promised them her aid. Elizabeth <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span>told them that it would not do for
+her to be supposed to have abetted a rebellion in her cousin Mary's
+dominions, and that, unless they would, in the presence of the
+foreign embassadors at her court, disavow her having done so, she
+could not help them or countenance them in any way. The miserable
+men, being reduced to a hard extremity, made this disavowal.
+Elizabeth then said to them, "Now you have told the truth. Neither I,
+nor any one else in my name, incited you against your queen; and your
+abominable treason <i>may</i> set an example to my own subjects to rebel
+against me. So get you gone out of my presence, miserable traitors as
+you are."</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Mary's generous conduct to Darnley.<br />The double throne.<br />Darnley's cruel ingratitude.</div>
+
+<p>Thus Mary triumphed over all the obstacles to her marriage with the
+man she loved; but, alas! before the triumph was fully accomplished,
+the love was gone. Darnley was selfish, unfeeling, and incapable of
+requiting affection like Mary's. He treated her with the most
+heartless indifference, though she had done every thing to awaken his
+gratitude and win his love. She bestowed upon him every honor which
+it was in her power to grant. She gave him the title of king. She
+admitted him to share with her the powers and prerogatives of the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span>crown. There is to this day, in Mary's apartments at Holyrood House,
+a double throne which she had made for herself and her husband, with
+their initials worked together in the embroidered covering, and each
+seat surmounted by a crown. Mankind have always felt a strong
+sentiment of indignation at the ingratitude which could requite such
+love with such selfishness and cruelty.</p>
+
+<hr class="large" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Chapter_VII" id="Chapter_VII"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter VII.</span></h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">Rizzio.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="center">1561-1566</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">David Rizzio.<br />Embassadors.</div>
+
+<p class="n"><span style="float:left;font-size:50px;line-height:32px;padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:1px;">M</span><span style="margin-left:0%;">ary</span> had a secretary named David Rizzio. He was from Savoy, a country
+among the Alps. It was the custom then, as it is now, for the various
+governments of Europe to have embassadors at the courts of other
+governments, to attend to any negotiations, or to the transaction of
+any other business which might arise between their respective
+sovereigns. These embassadors generally traveled with pomp and
+parade, taking sometimes many attendants with them. The embassador
+from Savoy happened to bring with him to Scotland, in his train, this
+young man, Rizzio, in 1561, that is, just about the time that Mary
+herself returned to Scotland. He was a handsome and agreeable young
+man, but his rank and position were such that, for some years, he
+attracted no attention.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Rizzio's position.<br />Rizzio French secretary.</div>
+
+<p>He was, however, quite a singer, and they used to bring him in
+sometimes to sing in <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span>Mary's presence with three other singers. His
+voice, being a good bass, made up the quartette. Mary saw him in this
+way, and as he was a good French and Italian scholar, and was amiable
+and intelligent, she gradually became somewhat interested in him.
+Mary had, at this time, among her other officers, a French secretary,
+who wrote for her, and transacted such other business as required a
+knowledge of the French language. This French secretary went home,
+and Mary appointed Rizzio to take his place.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Displeasure of the Scotch nobles.<br />They treat Rizzio with scorn and contempt.</div>
+
+<p>The native Scotchmen in Mary's court were naturally very jealous of
+the influence of these foreigners. They looked down with special
+contempt on Rizzio, considering him of mean rank and position, and
+wholly destitute of all claim to the office of confidential secretary
+to the queen. Rizzio increased the difficulty by not acting with the
+reserve and prudence which his delicate situation required. The
+nobles, proud of their own rank and importance, were very much
+displeased at the degree of intimacy and confidence to which Mary
+admitted him. They called him an intruder and an upstart. When they
+came in and found him in conversation with the queen, or whenever he
+accosted <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span>her freely, as he was wont to do, in their presence, they
+were irritated and vexed. They did not dare to remonstrate with Mary,
+but they took care to express their feelings of resentment and scorn
+to the subject of them in every possible way. They scowled upon him.
+They directed to him looks of contempt. They turned their backs upon
+him, and jostled him in a rude and insulting manner. All this was a
+year or two before Mary's marriage.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">He consults Melville.<br />Melville's counsel.</div>
+
+<p>Rizzio consulted Melville, asking his judgment as to what he had
+better do. He said that, being Mary's French secretary, he was
+necessarily a good deal in her company, and the nobles seemed
+displeased with it; but he did not see what he could do to diminish
+or avoid the difficulty. Melville replied that the nobles had an
+opinion that he not only performed the duties of French secretary,
+but that he was fast acquiring a great ascendency in respect to all
+other affairs. Melville further advised him to be much more cautious
+in his bearing than he had been, to give place to the nobles when
+they were with him in the presence of the queen, to speak less
+freely, and in a more unassuming manner, and to explain the whole
+case to the queen herself, that she might co-operate <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span>with him in
+pursuing a course which would soothe and conciliate the irritated and
+angry feelings of the nobles. Melville said, moreover, that he had
+himself, at one time, at a court on the Continent, been placed in a
+very similar situation to Rizzio's, and had been involved in the same
+difficulties, but had escaped the dangers which threatened him by
+pursuing himself the course which he now recommended.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Melville and the queen.</div>
+
+<p>Rizzio seemed to approve of this counsel, and promised to follow it;
+but he afterward told Melville that he had spoken to the queen on the
+subject, and that she would not consent to any change, but wished
+every thing to go on as it had done. Now the queen, having great
+confidence in Melville, had previously requested him, that if he saw
+any thing in her deportment, or management, or measures, which he
+thought was wrong, frankly to let her know it, that she might be
+warned in season, and amend. He thought that this was an occasion
+which required this friendly interposition, and he took an
+opportunity to converse with her on the subject in a frank and plain,
+but still very respectful manner. He made but little impression. Mary
+said that Rizzio was only her private <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span>French secretary; that he had
+nothing to do with the affairs of the government; that, consequently,
+his appointment and his office were her own private concern alone,
+and she should continue to act according to her own pleasure in
+managing her own affairs, no matter who was displeased by it.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Rizzio's religion.</div>
+
+<p>It is probable that the real ground of offense which the nobles had
+against Rizzio was jealousy of his superior influence with the queen.
+They, however, made his religion a great ground of complaint against
+him. He was a Catholic, and had come from a strong Catholic country,
+having been born in the northern part of Italy. The Italian language
+was his mother tongue. They professed to believe that he was a secret
+emissary of the pope, and was plotting with Mary to bring Scotland
+back under the papal dominion.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">His services to Mary.<br />Rizzio's power and influence.</div>
+
+<p>In the mean time, Rizzio devoted himself with untiring zeal and
+fidelity to the service of the queen. He was indefatigable in his
+efforts to please her, and he made himself extremely useful to her in
+a thousand different ways. In fact, his being the object of so much
+dislike and aversion on the part of others, made him more and more
+exclusively devoted to the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span>queen, who seemed to be almost his only
+friend. She, too, was urged, by what she considered the unreasonable
+and bitter hostility of which her favorite was the object, to bestow
+upon him greater and greater favors. In process of time, one after
+another of those about the court, finding that Rizzio's influence and
+power were great and were increasing, began to treat him with
+respect, and to ask for his assistance in gaining their ends. Thus
+Rizzio found his position becoming stronger, and the probability
+began to increase that he would at length triumph over the enemies
+who had set their faces so strongly against him.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">His intimacy with Mary.</div>
+
+<p>Though he had been at first inclined to follow Melville's advice, yet
+he afterward fell in cordially with the policy of the queen, which
+was, to press boldly forward, and put down with a strong hand the
+hostility which had been excited against him. Instead, therefore, of
+attempting to conceal the degree of favor which he enjoyed with the
+queen, he boasted of and displayed it. He would converse often and
+familiarly with her in public. He dressed magnificently, like persons
+of the highest rank, and had many attendants. In a word, he assumed
+all the airs and manners of a person of high distinction <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span>and
+commanding influence. The external signs of hostility to him were
+thus put down, but the fires of hatred burned none the less fiercely
+below, and only wanted an opportunity to burst into an explosion.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Rizzio's exertion in favor of the marriage.</div>
+
+<p>Things were in this state at the time of the negotiations in respect
+to Darnley's marriage; for, in order to take up the story of Rizzio
+from the beginning, we have been obliged to go back in our narrative.
+Rizzio exerted all his influence in favor of the marriage, and thus
+both strengthened his influence with Mary and made Darnley his
+friend. He did all in his power to diminish the opposition to it,
+from whatever quarter it might come, and rendered essential service
+in the correspondence with France, and in the negotiations with the
+pope for obtaining the necessary dispensation. In a word, he did a
+great deal to promote the marriage, and to facilitate all the
+arrangements for carrying it into effect.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Rizzio and Darnley.</div>
+
+<p>Darnley relied, therefore, upon Rizzio's friendship and devotion to
+his service, forgetting that, in all these past efforts, Rizzio was
+acting out of regard to Mary's wishes, and not to his own. As long,
+therefore, as Mary and Darnley continued to pursue the same objects
+and aims, Rizzio <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span>was the common friend and ally of both. The enemies
+of the marriage, however, disliked Rizzio more than ever.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Darnley greatly disliked.</div>
+
+<p>As Darnley's character developed itself gradually after his marriage,
+every body began to dislike him also. He was unprincipled and
+vicious, as well as imperious and proud. His friendship for Rizzio
+was another ground of dislike to him. The ancient nobles, who had
+been accustomed to exercise the whole control in the public affairs
+of Scotland, found themselves supplanted by this young Italian
+singer, and an English boy not yet out of his teens. They were
+exasperated beyond all bounds, but yet they contrived, for a while,
+to conceal and dissemble their anger.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">His unreasonable wishes.<br />The crown matrimonial.</div>
+
+<p>It was not very long after the marriage of Mary and Darnley before
+they began to become alienated from each other. Mary did every thing
+for her husband which it was reasonable for him to expect her to do.
+She did, in fact, all that was in her power. But he was not
+satisfied. She made him the sharer of her throne. He wanted her to
+give up <i>her</i> place to him, and thus make him the sole possessor of
+it. He wanted what was called the <i>crown matrimonial</i>. The <i>crown
+matrimonial</i> denoted power with <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span>which, according to the old Scottish
+law, the husband of a queen could be invested, enabling him to
+exercise the royal prerogative in his own name, both during the life
+of the queen and also after her death, during the continuance of his
+own life. This made him, in fact, a king for life, exalting him above
+his wife, the real sovereign, through whom alone he derived his
+powers.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Darnley's ambition.</div>
+
+<p>Now Darnley was very urgent to have the crown matrimonial conferred
+upon him. He insisted upon it. He would not submit to any delay. Mary
+told him that this was something entirely beyond her power to grant.
+The crown matrimonial could only be bestowed by a solemn enactment of
+the Scottish Parliament. But Darnley, impatient and reckless, like a
+boy as he was, would not listen to any excuse, but teased and
+tormented Mary about the crown matrimonial continually.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Darnley's brutality.</div>
+
+<p>Besides the legal difficulties in the way of Mary's conferring these
+powers upon Darnley by her own act, there were other difficulties,
+doubtless, in her mind, arising from the character of Darnley, and
+his unfitness, which was every day becoming more manifest, to be
+intrusted with such power. Only four months <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span>after his marriage, his
+rough and cruel treatment of Mary became intolerable. One day, at a
+house in Edinburgh, where the king and queen, and other persons of
+distinction had been invited to a banquet, Darnley, as was his
+custom, was beginning to drink very freely, and was trying to urge
+other persons there to drink to excess. Mary expostulated with him,
+endeavoring to dissuade him from such a course. Darnley resented
+these kind cautions, and retorted upon her in so violent and brutal a
+manner as to cause her to leave the room and the company in tears.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Signatures.<br />Coins.</div>
+
+<p>When they were first married, Mary had caused her husband to be
+proclaimed king, and had taken some other similar steps to invest him
+with a share of her own power. But she soon found that in doing this
+she had gone to the extreme of propriety, and that, for the future,
+she must retreat rather than advance. Accordingly, although he was
+associated with her in the supreme power, she thought it best to keep
+precedence for her own <i>name</i> before his, in the exercise of power.
+On the coins which were struck, the inscription was, "In the name of
+the <i>Queen</i> and <i>King</i> of Scotland." In signing public documents, she
+insisted on having her <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span>name recorded first. These things irritated
+and provoked Darnley more and more. He was not contented to be
+admitted to a share of the sovereign power which the queen possessed
+in her own right alone. He wished to supplant her in it entirely.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Rizzio sides with Mary.</div>
+
+<p>Rizzio, of course, took Queen Mary's part in these questions. He
+opposed the grant of the crown matrimonial. He opposed all other
+plans for increasing or extending in any way Darnley's power. Darnley
+was very much incensed against him, and earnestly desired to find
+some way to effect his destruction. He communicated these feelings to
+a certain fierce and fearless nobleman named Ruthven, and asked his
+assistance to contrive some way to take vengeance upon Rizzio.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Darnley and Ruthven.<br />A combination.</div>
+
+<p>Ruthven was very much pleased to hear this. He belonged to a party of
+the lords of the court who also hated Rizzio, though they had hated
+Darnley besides so much that they had not communicated to him their
+hostility to the other. Ruthven and his friends had not joined Murray
+and the other rebels in opposing the marriage of Darnley. They had
+chosen to acquiesce in it, hoping to maintain an ascendency over
+Darnley, regarding him, as they did, as a <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span>mere boy, and thus retain
+their power. When they found, however, that he was so headstrong and
+unmanageable, and that they could do nothing with him, they exerted
+all their influence to have Murray and the other exiled lords
+pardoned and allowed to return, hoping to combine with them after
+their return, and then together to make their power superior to that
+of Darnley and Rizzio. They considered Darnley and Rizzio both as
+their rivals and enemies. When they found, therefore, that Darnley
+was plotting Rizzio's destruction, they felt a very strong as well as
+a very unexpected pleasure.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The secretary and his queen.<br />Nature of Mary's attachment.</div>
+
+<p>Thus, among all the jealousies, and rivalries, and bitter animosities
+of which the court was at this time the scene, the only true and
+honest attachment of one heart to another seems to have been that of
+Mary to Rizzio. The secretary was faithful and devoted to the queen,
+and the queen was grateful and kind to the secretary. There has been
+some question whether this attachment was an innocent or a guilty
+one. A painting, still hanging in the private rooms which belonged to
+Mary in the palace at Holyrood, represents Rizzio as young and very
+handsome; on the other hand, some of the historians <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span>of the day, to
+disprove the possibility of any guilty attachment, say that he was
+rather old and ugly. We may ourselves, perhaps, safely infer, that
+unless there were something specially repulsive in his appearance and
+manner, such a heart as Mary's, repelled so roughly from the one whom
+it was her duty to love, could not well have resisted the temptation
+to seek a retreat and a refuge in the kind devotedness of such a
+friend as Rizzio proved himself to be to her.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Plot to assassinate Rizzio.</div>
+
+<p>However this may be, Ruthven made such suggestions to Darnley as
+goaded him to madness, and a scheme was soon formed for putting
+Rizzio to death. The plan, after being deliberately matured in all
+its arrangements, was carried into effect in the following manner.
+The event occurred early in the spring of 1566, less than a year
+after Mary's marriage.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Plan of Holyrood House.</div>
+
+<p>Morton, who was one of the accomplices, assembled a large force of
+his followers, consisting, it is said, of five hundred men, which he
+posted in the evening near the palace, and when it was dark he moved
+them silently into the central court of the palace, through the
+entrance <i>E</i>, as marked upon the following plan.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><a name="Plan2" id="Plan2"></a><span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Plan of that part of Holyrood House which<br />
+was the scene of Rizzio&#39;s murder.</span></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 312px;">
+<img src="images/i160.jpg" class="smallgap" width="312" height="300" alt="Plan of that part of Holyrood House which was the
+scene of Rizzio&#39;s murder." title="" /></div>
+
+<div class="centerbox bbox"><p>E. Principal entrance. Co. Court of the palace. PP. Piazza around it.
+AA. Various apartments built in modern times. H. Great hall, used now
+as a gallery of portraits. T. Stair-case. o. Entrance to Mary&#39;s
+apartments, second floor. R. Ante-room. B. Mary&#39;s bed-room. D.
+Dressing-room in one of the towers. C. Cabinet, or small room in the
+other tower. SS. Stair-cases in the wall. d. Small entrance under the
+tapestry. Ch. Royal chapel. m. Place where Mary and Darnley stood at
+the marriage ceremony. Pa. Passage-way leading to the chapel.</p></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote2">Description.<br />Apartments.</div>
+
+<p>Mary was, at the time of these occurrences in the little room marked
+<i>C</i>, which was built within one of the round towers which form a part
+of the front of the building, and which are very conspicuous in any
+view of the palace of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span>Holyrood.<a name="FNanchor_G_7" id="FNanchor_G_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_G_7" class="fnanchor">[G]</a> This room was on the third floor,
+and it opened into Mary's bed-room, marked <i>B.</i> Darnley had a room of
+his own immediately below Mary's. There was a little door, <i>d</i>,
+leading from Mary's bed-room to a private stair-case built in the
+wall. This stair-case led down into Darnley's room; and there was
+also a communication from this place down through the whole length of
+the castle to the royal chapel, marked <i>Ch</i>, the building which is
+now in ruins. Behind Mary's bed-room was an ante-room, <i>R</i>, with a
+door, <i>o</i>, leading to the public stair-case by which her apartments
+were approached. All these apartments still remain, and are explored
+annually by thousands of visitors.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Morton and Ruthven.</div>
+
+<p>It was about seven o'clock in the evening that the conspirators were
+to execute their purpose. Morton remained below in the court with his
+troops, to prevent any interruption. He held a high office under the
+queen, which authorized him to bring a force into the court of the
+palace, and his doing so did not alarm the inmates. Ruthven was to
+head the party which was to commit the crime. He was confined to his
+bed with sickness at the time, but <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span>he was so eager to have a share
+in the pleasure of destroying Rizzio, that he left his bed, put on a
+suit of armor, and came forth to the work. The armor is preserved in
+the little apartment which was the scene of the tragedy to this day.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Mary at supper.<br />Arrangement of the conspirators.</div>
+
+<p>Mary was at supper. Two near relatives and friends of hers&mdash;a
+gentleman and a lady&mdash;and Rizzio, were with her. The room is scarcely
+large enough to contain a greater number. There were, however, two or
+three servants in attendance at a side-table. Darnley came up, about
+eight o'clock, to make observations. The other conspirators were
+concealed in his room below, and it was agreed that if Darnley found
+any cause for not proceeding with the plan, he was to return
+immediately and give them notice. If, therefore, he should not
+return, after the lapse of a reasonable time, they were to follow him
+up the private stair-case, prepared to act at once and decidedly as
+soon as they should enter the room. They were to come up by this
+private stair-case, in order to avoid being intercepted or delayed by
+the domestics in attendance in the ante-room, <i>R</i>, of which there
+would have been danger if they had ascended by the public stair-case
+at <i>T</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The little upper room.<br />Murder of Rizzio.</div>
+
+<p>Finding that Darnley did not return, Ruthven <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span>with his party ascended
+the stairs, entered the bed-chamber through the little door at <i>d</i>,
+and thence advanced to the door of the cabinet, his heavy iron armor
+clanking as he came. The queen, alarmed, demanded the meaning of this
+intrusion. Ruthven, whose countenance was grim and ghastly from the
+conjoined influence of ferocious passion and disease, said that they
+meant no harm to her, but they only wanted the villain who stood near
+her. Rizzio perceived that his hour was come. The attendants flocked
+in to the assistance of the queen and Rizzio. Ruthven's confederates
+advanced to join in the attack, and there ensued one of those scenes
+of confusion and terror, of which those who witness it have no
+distinct recollection on looking back upon it when it is over. Rizzio
+cried out in an agony of fear, and sought refuge behind the queen;
+the queen herself fainted; the table was overturned; and Rizzio,
+having received one wound from a dagger, was seized and dragged out
+through the bed-chamber, <i>B</i>, and through the ante-room, <i>R</i>, to the
+door, <i>o</i>, where he fell down, and was stabbed by the murderers again
+and again, till he ceased to breathe.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Conversation.</div>
+
+<p>After this scene was over, Darnley and Ruthven <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span>came coolly back into
+Mary's chamber, and, as soon as Mary recovered her senses, began to
+talk of and to justify their act of violence, without, however,
+telling her that Rizzio had been killed. Mary was filled with
+emotions of resentment and grief. She bitterly reproached Darnley for
+such an act of cruelty as breaking into her apartment with armed men,
+and seizing and carrying off her friend. She told him that she had
+raised him from his comparatively humble position to make him her
+husband, and now this was his return. Darnley replied that Rizzio had
+supplanted him in her confidence, and thwarted all his plans, and
+that Mary had shown herself utterly regardless of his wishes, under
+the influence of Rizzio. He said that, since Mary had made herself
+his wife, she ought to have obeyed him, and not put herself in such a
+way under the direction of another. Mary learned Rizzio's fate the
+next day.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Violence of the conspirators.<br />Mary a prisoner.</div>
+
+<p>The violence of the conspirators did not stop with the destruction of
+Rizzio. Some of Mary's high officers of government, who were in the
+palace at the time, were obliged to make their escape from the
+windows to avoid being seized by Morton and his soldiers in the
+court. Among <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span>them was the Earl Bothwell, who tried at first to drive
+Morton out, but in the end was obliged himself to flee. Some of these
+men let themselves down by ropes from the outer windows. When the
+uproar and confusion caused by this struggle was over, they found
+that Mary, overcome with agitation and terror, was showing symptoms
+of fainting again, and they concluded to leave her. They informed her
+that she must consider herself a prisoner, and, setting a guard at
+the door of her apartment, they went away, leaving her to spend the
+night in an agony of resentment, anxiety, and fear.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Darnley's usurpation.</div>
+
+<p>Lord Darnley took the government at once entirely into his own hands.
+He prorogued Parliament, which was then just commencing a session, in
+his own name alone. He organized an administration, Mary's officers
+having fled. In saying that <i>he</i> did these things, we mean, of
+course, that the conspirators did them in his name. He was still but
+a boy, scarcely out of his teens, and incapable of any other action
+in such an emergency but a blind compliance with the wishes of the
+crafty men who had got him into their power by gratifying his
+feelings of revenge. They took possession of the government in his
+name, and kept Mary a close prisoner.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">Melville.<br />Mary appeals to the provost.</div>
+
+<p>The murder was committed on Saturday night. The next morning, of
+course, was Sunday. Melville was going out of the palace about ten
+o'clock. As he passed along under the window where Mary was confined,
+she called out to him for help. He asked her what he could do for
+her. She told him to go to the provost of Edinburgh, the officer
+corresponding to the mayor of a city in this country, and ask him to
+call out the city guard, and come and release her from her captivity.
+"Go quick," said she, "or the guards will see you and stop you." Just
+then the guards came up and challenged Melville. He told them he was
+going to the city to attend church; so they let him pass on. He went
+to the provost, and delivered Mary's message. The provost said he
+dared not, and could not interfere.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Mary defeats the conspirators.</div>
+
+<p>So Mary remained a prisoner. Her captivity, however, was of short
+duration. In two days Darnley came to see her. He persuaded her that
+he himself had had nothing to do with the murder of Rizzio. Mary, on
+the other hand, persuaded him that it was better for them to be
+friends to each other than to live thus in a perpetual quarrel. She
+convinced him that Ruthven and his confederates were not, and could
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span>not be, his friends. They would only make him the instrument of
+obtaining the objects of their ambition. Darnley saw this. He felt
+that he as well as Mary were in the rebels' power. They formed a plan
+to escape together. They succeeded. They fled to a distant castle,
+and collected a large army, the people every where flocking to the
+assistance of the queen. They returned to Edinburgh in a short time
+in triumph. The conspirators fled. Mary then decided to pardon and
+recall the old rebels, and expend her anger henceforth on the new;
+and thus the Earl Murray, her brother, was brought back, and once
+more restored to favor.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Birth of her son.</div>
+
+<p>After settling all these troubles, Mary retired to Edinburgh Castle,
+where it was supposed she could be best protected, and in the month
+of July following the murder of Rizzio, she gave birth to a son. In
+this son was afterward accomplished all her fondest wishes, for he
+inherited in the end both the English and Scottish crowns.</p>
+
+<hr class="large" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Chapter_VIII" id="Chapter_VIII"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter VIII.</span></h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">Bothwell.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="center">1566-1567</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Earl of Bothwell.<br />His desperate character.<br />Castle of Dunbar.</div>
+
+<p class="n"><span style="float:left;font-size:50px;line-height:32px;padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:1px;">T</span><span style="margin-left:0%;">he</span> Earl of Bothwell was a man of great energy of character, fearless
+and decided in all that he undertook, and sometimes perfectly
+reckless and uncontrollable. He was in Scotland at the time of Mary's
+return from France, but he was so turbulent and unmanageable that he
+was at one time sent into banishment. He was, however, afterward
+recalled, and again intrusted with power. He entered ardently into
+Mary's service in her contest with the murderers of Rizzio. He
+assisted her in raising an army after her flight, and in conquering
+Morton, Ruthven, and the rest, and driving them out of the country.
+Mary soon began to look upon him as, notwithstanding his roughness,
+her best and most efficient friend. As a reward for these services,
+she granted him a castle, situated in a romantic position on the
+eastern coast of Scotland. It was called the Castle of Dunbar. It was
+on a stormy promontory, overlooking the German Ocean: a very
+appropriate <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span>retreat and fastness for such a man of iron as he.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The border country.<br />Scenes of violence and blood.</div>
+
+<p>In those days, the border country between England and Scotland was
+the resort of robbers, freebooters, and outlaws from both lands. If
+pursued by one government, they could retreat across the line and be
+safe. Incursions, too, were continually made across this frontier by
+the people of either side, to plunder or to destroy whatever property
+was within reach. Thus the country became a region of violence and
+bloodshed which all men of peace and quietness were glad to shun.
+They left it to the possession of men who could find pleasure in such
+scenes of violence and blood. When Queen Mary had got quietly settled
+in her government, after the overthrow of the murderers of Rizzio, as
+she thus no longer needed Bothwell's immediate aid, she sent him to
+this border country to see if he could enforce some sort of order
+among its lawless population.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Birth of James.<br />Its political importance.</div>
+
+<p>The birth of Mary's son was an event of the greatest importance, not
+only to her personally, but in respect to the political prospects of
+the two great kingdoms, for in this infant were combined the claims
+of succession to both the Scotch and English crowns. The whole world
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span>knew that if Elizabeth should die without leaving a direct heir,
+this child would become the monarch both of England and Scotland,
+and, as such, one of the greatest personages in Europe. His birth,
+therefore, was a great event, and it was celebrated in Scotland with
+universal rejoicings. The tidings of it spread, as news of great
+public interest, all over Europe. Even Elizabeth pretended to be
+pleased, and sent messages of congratulation to Mary. But every one
+thought that they could see in her air and manner, when she received
+the intelligence, obvious traces of mortification and chagrin.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Darnley's conduct.</div>
+
+<p>Mary's heart was filled, at first, with maternal pride and joy; but
+her happiness was soon sadly alloyed by Darnley's continued
+unkindness. She traveled about during the autumn, from castle to
+castle, anxious and ill at ease. Sometimes Darnley followed her, and
+sometimes he amused himself with hunting, and with various vicious
+indulgences, at different towns and castles at a distance from her.
+He wanted her to dismiss her ministry and put him into power, and he
+took every possible means to importune or tease her into compliance
+with this plan. At one time he said he had resolved to leave
+Scotland, and go and reside in France, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span>and he pretended to make his
+preparations, and to be about to take his leave. He seems to have
+thought that Mary, though he knew that she no longer loved him, would
+be distressed at the idea of being abandoned by one who was, after
+all, her husband. Mary was, in fact, distressed at this proposal, and
+urged him not to go. He seemed determined, and took his leave.
+Instead of going to France, however, he only went to Stirling Castle.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Darnley's hypocrisy.<br />Mary's dejection.</div>
+
+<p>Darnley, finding that he could not accomplish his aims by such
+methods as these, wrote, it is said, to the Catholic governments of
+Europe, proposing that, if they would co-operate in putting him into
+power in Scotland, he would adopt efficient measures for changing the
+religion of the country from the Protestant to the Catholic faith. He
+made, too, every effort to organize a party in his favor in Scotland,
+and tried to defeat and counteract the influence of Mary's government
+by every means in his power. These things, and other trials and
+difficulties connected with them, weighed very heavily upon Mary's
+mind. She sunk gradually into a state of great dejection and
+despondency. She spent many hours in sighing and in tears, and often
+wished that she was in her grave.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">A divorce proposed.<br />Mary's love for her child.</div>
+
+<p>So deeply, in fact, was Mary plunged into distress and trouble by the
+state of things existing between herself and Darnley, that some of
+her officers of government began to conceive of a plan of having her
+divorced from him. After looking at this subject in all its bearings,
+and consulting about it with each other, they ventured, at last, to
+propose it to Mary. She would not listen to any such plan. She did
+not think a divorce could be legally accomplished. And then, if it
+were to be done, it would, she feared, in some way or other, affect
+the position and rights of the darling son who was now to her more
+than all the world besides. She would rather endure to the end of her
+days the tyranny and torment she experienced from her brutal husband,
+than hazard in the least degree the future greatness and glory of the
+infant who was lying in his cradle before her, equally unconscious of
+the grandeur which awaited him in future years, and of the strength
+of the maternal love which was smiling upon him from amid such sorrow
+and tears, and extending over him such gentle, but determined and
+effectual protection.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Baptism of the infant.</div>
+
+<p>The sad and sorrowful feelings which Mary endured were interrupted
+for a little time by <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span>the splendid pageant of the baptism of the
+child. Embassadors came from all the important courts of the
+Continent to do honor to the occasion. Elizabeth sent the Earl of
+Bedford as her embassador, with a present of a baptismal font of
+gold, which had cost a sum equal to five thousand dollars. The
+baptism took place at Stirling, in December, with every possible
+accompaniment of pomp and parade, and was followed by many days of
+festivities and rejoicing. The whole country were interested in the
+event except Darnley, who declared sullenly, while the preparations
+were making, that he should not remain to witness the ceremony, but
+should go off a day or two before the appointed time.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">James's titles.<br />The prince's cradle.</div>
+
+<p>The ceremony was performed in the chapel. The child was baptized
+under the names of "Charles James, James Charles, Prince and Steward
+of Scotland, Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick, Lord of the Isles,
+and Baron of Renfrew." His subsequent designation in history was
+James Sixth of Scotland and First of England. A great many
+appointments of attendants and officers, to be attached to the
+service of the young prince, were made immediately, most of them, of
+course, mere matters of parade. Among the rest, five ladies of
+distinction <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span>were constituted "rockers of his cradle." The form of
+the young prince's cradle has come down to us in an ancient drawing.</p>
+
+<p><a name="cradle" id="cradle"></a></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/i174.jpg" class="smallgap" width="300" height="189" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>In due time after the coronation, the various embassadors and
+delegates returned to their respective courts, carrying back glowing
+accounts of the ceremonies and festivities attendant upon the
+christening, and of the grace, and beauty, and loveliness of the
+queen.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Bothwell and Murray.<br />Mary's visit to Bothwell.<br />Its probable motive.</div>
+
+<p>In the mean time, Bothwell and Murray were competitors for the
+confidence and regard of the queen, and it began to seem probable
+that Bothwell would win the day. Mary, in one of her excursions, was
+traveling in the southern part of the country, when she heard that he
+had been wounded in an encounter with a party of desperadoes near the
+border. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span>Moved partly, perhaps, by compassion, and partly by
+gratitude for his services, Mary made an expedition across the
+country to pay him a visit. Some say that she was animated by a more
+powerful motive than either of these. In fact this, as well as almost
+all the other acts of Mary's life, are presented in very different
+lights by her friends and her enemies. The former say that this visit
+to her lieutenant in his confinement from a wound received in her
+service was perfectly proper, both in the design itself, and in all
+the circumstances of its execution. The latter represent it as an
+instance of highly indecorous eagerness on the part of a married lady
+to express to another man a sympathy and kind regard which she had
+ceased to feel for her husband.</p>
+
+<p>Bothwell himself was married as well as Mary. He had been married but
+a few months to a beautiful lady a few years younger than the queen.
+The question, however, whether Mary did right or wrong in paying this
+visit to him, is not, after all, a very important one. There is no
+doubt that she and Bothwell loved each other before they ought to
+have done so, and it is of comparatively little consequence when the
+attachment began. The end of it is <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span>certain. Bothwell resolved to
+kill Darnley, to get divorced from his own wife, and to marry the
+queen. The world has never yet settled the question whether she was
+herself his accomplice or not in the measures he adopted for
+effecting these plans, or whether she only submitted to the result
+when Bothwell, by his own unaided efforts, reached it. Each reader
+must judge of this question for himself from the facts about to be
+narrated.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Plot for Darnley's destruction.<br />Bothwell's intrigues.</div>
+
+<p>Bothwell first communicated with the nobles about the court, to get
+their consent and approbation to the destruction of the king. They
+all appeared to be very willing to have the thing done, but were a
+little cautious about involving themselves in the responsibility of
+doing it. Darnley was thoroughly hated, despised, and shunned by them
+all. Still they were afraid of the consequences of taking his life.
+One of them, Morton, asked Bothwell what the queen would think of the
+plan. Bothwell said that the queen approved of it. Morton replied,
+that if Bothwell would show him an expression of the queen's approval
+of the plot, in her own hand-writing, he would join it, otherwise
+not. Bothwell failed to furnish this evidence, saying that the queen
+was really privy to, and in favor <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span>of the plan, but that it was not
+to be expected that she would commit herself to it in writing. Was
+this all true, or was the pretense only a desperate measure of
+Bothwell's to induce Morton to join him?</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Desperate schemes attributed to Darnley.<br />His illness.<br />Mary's visit.</div>
+
+<p>Most of the leading men about the court, however, either joined the
+plot, or so far gave it their countenance and encouragement as to
+induce Bothwell to proceed. There were many and strange rumors about
+Darnley. One was, that he was actually going to leave the country,
+and that a ship was ready for him in the Clyde. Another was, that he
+had a plan for seizing the young prince, dethroning Mary, and
+reigning himself in her stead, in the prince's name. Other strange
+and desperate schemes were attributed to him. In the midst of them,
+news came to Mary at Holyrood that he was taken suddenly and
+dangerously sick at Glasgow, where he was then residing, and she
+immediately went to see him. Was her motive a desire to make one more
+attempt to win his confidence and love, and to divert him from the
+desperate measures which she feared he was contemplating, or was she
+acting as an accomplice with Bothwell, to draw him into the snare in
+which he was afterward taken and destroyed?</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">Return to Edinburgh.</div>
+
+<p>The result of Mary's visit to her husband, after some time spent with
+him in Glasgow, was a proposal that he should return with her to
+Edinburgh, where she could watch over him during his convalescence
+with greater care. This plan was adopted. He was conveyed on a sort
+of litter, by very slow and easy stages, toward Edinburgh. He was on
+such terms with the nobles and lords in attendance upon Mary that he
+was not willing to go to Holyrood House. Besides, his disorder was
+contagious: it is supposed to have been the small-pox; and though he
+was nearly recovered, there was still some possibility that the royal
+babe might take the infection if the patient came within the same
+walls with him. So Mary sent forward to Edinburgh to have a house
+provided for him.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179-80]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/i179.jpg" class="smallgap jpg" width="500" height="282" alt="View of Edinburgh." title="" />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">View of Edinburgh.</span></span></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote2">Situation of Darnley's residence.<br />Kirk of Field.</div>
+
+<p>The situation of this house is seen near the city wall on the left,
+in the accompanying view of Edinburgh. Holyrood House is the large
+square edifice in the fore-ground, and the castle crowns the hill in
+the distance. There is now, as there was in the days of Mary, a
+famous street extending from Holyrood House to the castle, called the
+Cannon Gate at the lower end, and the High Street above. This street,
+with the castle <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span>at one extremity and Holyrood House at the other, were the scenes of
+many of the most remarkable events described in this narrative.</p>
+
+<p>The residence selected was a house of four rooms, close upon the city
+wall. The place was called the Kirk of Field, from a <i>kirk</i>, or
+church, which formerly stood near there, in the fields.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Description of Darnley's residence.<br />Plan of Darnley's house.</div>
+
+<p>This house had two rooms upon the lower floor, with a passage-way
+between them. One of these rooms was a kitchen; the other was
+appropriated to Mary's use, whenever she was able to be at the place
+in attendance upon her husband. Over the kitchen was a room used as a
+wardrobe and for servants; and over Mary's room was the apartment for
+Darnley. There was an opening through the city wall in the rear of
+this dwelling, by which there was access to the kitchen. These
+premises were fitted up for Darnley in the most thorough manner. A
+bath was arranged for him in his apartment, and every thing was done
+which could conduce to his comfort, according to the ideas which then
+prevailed. Darnley was brought to Edinburgh, conveyed to this house,
+and quietly established there.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The following is a plan of the house in which Darnley was lodged:</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 318px;">
+<img src="images/i182.jpg" class="smallgap" width="318" height="300" alt="M. Mary&#39;s room, below Darnley&#39;s. K. Kitchen; servants&#39;
+room above. O. Passage through the city wall into the kitchen. S.
+Stair-case leading to the second story. P. Passage-way." title="" /></div>
+
+<div class="centerbox bbox">M. Mary&#39;s room, below Darnley&#39;s. K. Kitchen; servants&#39;
+room above. O. Passage through the city wall into the kitchen. S.
+Stair-case leading to the second story. P. Passage-way.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote2">Its accommodations.</div>
+
+<p>The accommodations in this house do not seem to have been very
+sumptuous, after all, for a royal guest; but royal dwellings in
+Scotland, in those days, were not what they are now in Westminster
+and at St. Cloud.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">French Paris.<br />The gunpowder.</div>
+
+<p>The day for the execution of the plan, which was to blow up the house
+where the sick Darnley was lying with gunpowder, approached.
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span>Bothwell selected a number of desperate characters to aid him in the
+actual work to be done. One of these was a Frenchman, who had been
+for a long time in his service, and who went commonly by the name of
+French Paris. Bothwell contrived to get French Paris taken into
+Mary's service a few days before the murder of Darnley, and, through
+him, he got possession of some of the keys of the house which Darnley
+was occupying, and thus had duplicates of them made, so that he had
+access to every part of the house. The gunpowder was brought from
+Bothwell's castle at Dunbar, and all was ready.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">A wedding.</div>
+
+<p>Mary spent much of her time at Darnley's house, and often slept in
+the room beneath his, which had been allotted to her as her
+apartment. One Sunday there was to be a wedding at Holyrood. The
+bride and bridegroom were favorite servants of Mary's, and she was
+intending to be present at the celebration of the nuptials. She was
+to leave Darnley's early in the evening for this purpose. Her enemies
+say that this was all a concerted arrangement between her and
+Bothwell to give him the opportunity to execute his plan. Her
+friends, on the other hand, insist that she knew nothing about it,
+and that Bothwell had to watch and wait for <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span>such an opportunity of
+blowing up the house without injuring Mary. Be this as it may, the
+Sunday of this wedding was fixed upon for the consummation of the
+deed.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Details of the plot.<br />The powder placed in Mary's room.</div>
+
+<p>The gunpowder had been secreted in Bothwell's rooms at the palace. On
+Sunday evening, as soon as it was dark, Bothwell set the men at work
+to transport the gunpowder. They brought it out in bags from the
+palace, and then employed a horse to transport it to the wall of some
+gardens which were in the rear of Darnley's house. They had to go
+twice with the horse in order to convey all the gunpowder that they
+had provided. While this was going on, Bothwell, who kept out of
+sight, was walking to and fro in an adjoining street, to receive
+intelligence, from time to time, of the progress of the affair, and
+to issue orders. The gunpowder was conveyed across the gardens to the
+rear of the house, taken in at a back door, and deposited in the room
+marked <i>M</i> in the plan, which was the room belonging to Mary. Mary
+was all this time directly over head, in Darnley's chamber.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The big cask.<br />Bothwell's effrontery.</div>
+
+<p>The plan of the conspirators was to put the bags of gunpowder into a
+cask which they had provided for the occasion, to keep the mass
+together, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span>and increase the force of the explosion. The cask had been
+provided, and placed in the gardens behind the house; but, on
+attempting to take it into the house, they found it too big to pass
+through the back door. This caused considerable delay; and Bothwell,
+growing impatient, came, with his characteristic impetuosity, to
+ascertain the cause. By his presence and his energy, he soon remedied
+the difficulty in some way or other, and completed the arrangements.
+The gunpowder was all deposited; the men were dismissed, except two
+who were left to watch, and who were locked up with the gunpowder in
+Mary's room; and then, all things being ready for the explosion as
+soon as Mary should be gone, Bothwell walked up to Darnley's room
+above, and joined the party who were supping there. The cool
+effrontery of this proceeding has scarcely a parallel in the annals
+of crime.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Mary's leave of Darnley.<br />Was Mary privy to the plot?</div>
+
+<p>At eleven o'clock Mary rose to go, saying she must return to the
+palace to take part, as she had promised to do, in the celebration of
+her servants' wedding. Mary took leave of her husband in a very
+affectionate manner, and went away in company with Bothwell and the
+other nobles. Her enemies maintain that she was <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span>privy to all the
+arrangements which had been made, and that she did not go into her
+own apartment below, knowing very well what was there. But even if we
+imagine that Mary was aware of the general plan of destroying her
+husband, and was secretly pleased with it, as almost any royal
+personage that ever lived, under such circumstances, would be, we
+need not admit that she was acquainted with the details of the mode
+by which the plan was to be put in execution. The most that we can
+suppose such a man as Bothwell would have communicated to her, would
+be some dark and obscure intimations of his design, made in order to
+satisfy himself that she would not really oppose it. To ask her,
+woman as she was, to take any part in such a deed, or to communicate
+to her beforehand any of the details of the arrangement, would have
+been an act of littleness and meanness which such magnanimous
+monsters as Bothwell are seldom guilty of.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Anecdotes of Mary.<br />Return to Holyrood.</div>
+
+<p>Besides, Mary remarked that evening, in Darnley's room, in the course
+of conversation, that it was just about a year since Rizzio's death.
+On entering her palace, too, at Holyrood, that night, she met one of
+Bothwell's servants who had been carrying the bags, and, perceiving
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span>the smell of gunpowder, she asked him what it meant. Now Mary was
+not the brazen-faced sort of woman to speak of such things at such a
+time if she was really in the councils of the conspirators. The only
+question seems to be, therefore, not whether she was a party to the
+actual deed of murder, but only whether she was aware of, and
+consenting to, the general design.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">French Paris falters.</div>
+
+<p>In the mean time, Mary and Bothwell went together into the hall where
+the servants were rejoicing and making merry at the wedding. French
+Paris was there, but his heart began to fail him in respect to the
+deed in which he had been engaged. He stood apart, with a countenance
+expressive of anxiety and distress. Bothwell went to him, and told
+him that if he carried such a melancholy face as that any longer in
+the presence of the queen, he would make him suffer for it. The poor
+conscience-stricken man begged Bothwell to release him from any
+further part in the transaction. He was sick, really sick, he said,
+and he wanted to go home to his bed. Bothwell made no reply but to
+order him to follow <i>him</i>. Bothwell went to his own rooms, changed
+the silken court dress in which he had appeared in company for one
+suitable <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span>to the night and to the deed, directed his men to follow
+him, and passed from the palace toward the gates of the city. The
+gates were shut, for it was midnight. The sentinels challenged them.
+The party said they were friends to my Lord Bothwell, and were
+allowed to pass on.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The convent gardens.<br />Laying the train.</div>
+
+<p>They advanced to the convent gardens. Here they left a part of their
+number, while Bothwell and French Paris passed over the wall, and
+crept softly into the house. They unlocked the room where they had
+left the two watchmen with the gunpowder, and found all safe. Men
+locked up under such circumstances, and on the eve of the
+perpetration of such a deed, were not likely to sleep at their posts.
+All things being now ready, they made a slow match of lint, long
+enough to burn for some little time, and inserting one end of it into
+the gunpowder, they lighted the other end, and crept stealthily out
+of the apartment. They passed over the wall into the convent gardens,
+where they rejoined their companions and awaited the result.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Suspense.<br />The explosion.</div>
+
+<p>Men choose midnight often for the perpetration of crime, from the
+facilities afforded by its silence and solitude. This advantage is,
+however, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span>sometimes well-nigh balanced by the stimulus which its
+mysterious solemnity brings to the stings of remorse and terror.
+Bothwell himself felt anxious and agitated. They waited and waited,
+but it seemed as if their dreadful suspense would never end. Bothwell
+became desperate. He wanted to get over the wall again and look in at
+the window, to see if the slow match had not gone out. The rest
+restrained him. At length the explosion came like a clap of thunder.
+The flash brightened for an instant over the whole sky, and the
+report roused the sleeping inhabitants of Edinburgh from their
+slumbers, throwing the whole city into sudden consternation.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Flight of the criminals.</div>
+
+<p>The perpetrators of the deed, finding that their work was done, fled
+immediately. They tried various plans to avoid the sentinels at the
+gates of the city, as well as the persons who were beginning to come
+toward the scene of the explosion. When they reached the palace of
+Holyrood, they were challenged by the sentinel on duty there. They
+said that they were friends of Earl Bothwell, bringing dispatches to
+him from the country. The sentinel asked them if they knew what was
+the cause of that loud explosion. They said they did not, and passed
+on.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">Mary's indignation.</div>
+
+<p>Bothwell went to his room, called for a drink, undressed himself, and
+went to bed. Half an hour afterward, messengers came to awaken him,
+and inform him that the king's house had been blown up with
+gunpowder, and the king himself killed by the explosion. He rose with
+an appearance of great astonishment and indignation, and, after
+conferring with some of the other nobles, concluded to go and
+communicate the event to the queen. The queen was overwhelmed with
+astonishment and indignation too.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Bothwell arrested, tried, and acquitted.<br />Bothwell's challenge.</div>
+
+<p>The destruction of Darnley in such a manner as this, of course
+produced a vast sensation all over Scotland. Every body was on the
+alert to discover the authors of the crime. Rewards were offered;
+proclamations were made. Rumors began to circulate that Bothwell was
+the criminal. He was accused by anonymous placards put up at night in
+Edinburgh. Lennox, Darnley's father, demanded his trial; and a trial
+was ordered. The circumstances of the trial were such, however, and
+Bothwell's power and desperate recklessness were so great, that
+Lennox, when the time came, did not appear. He said he had not <i>force
+enough</i> at his command to come safely into court. There being no
+testimony offered, Bothwell was acquitted; <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span>and he immediately
+afterward issued his proclamation, offering to fight any man who
+should intimate, in any way, that he was concerned in the murder of
+the king. Thus Bothwell established his innocence; at least, no man
+dared to gainsay it.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">His plan to marry Mary.</div>
+
+<p>Darnley was murdered in February. Bothwell was tried and acquitted in
+April. Immediately afterward, he took measures for privately making
+known to the leading nobles that it was his design to marry the
+queen, and for securing their concurrence in the plan. They
+concurred; or at least, perhaps for fear of displeasing such a
+desperado, said what he understood to mean that they concurred. The
+queen heard the reports of such a design, and said, as ladies often
+do in similar cases, that she did not know what people meant by such
+reports; there was no foundation for them whatever.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The abduction.<br />Mary's confinement at Dunbar.</div>
+
+<p>Toward the end of April, Mary was about returning from the castle of
+Stirling to Edinburgh with a small escort of troops and attendants.
+Melville was in her train. Bothwell set out at the head of a force of
+more than five hundred men to intercept her. Mary lodged one night,
+on her way, at Linlithgow, the palace where she was born, and the
+next morning <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span>was quietly pursuing her journey, when Bothwell came up
+at the head of his troops. Resistance was vain. Bothwell advanced to
+Mary's horse, and, taking the bridle, led her away. A few of her
+principal followers were taken prisoners too, and the rest were
+dismissed. Bothwell took his captive across the country by a rapid
+flight to his castle of Dunbar. The attendants who were taken with
+her were released, and she remained in the Castle of Dunbar for ten
+days, entirely in Bothwell's power.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193-4]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/i193.jpg" class="smallgap jpg" width="500" height="281" alt="Dunbar Castle&mdash;The Residence of Earl Bothwell." title="" />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Dunbar Castle</span>&mdash;The Residence of Earl Bothwell.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote2">Her account of it.<br />Bothwell entreats Mary to marry him.<br />She consents.</div>
+
+<p>According to the account which Mary herself gives of what took place
+during this captivity, she at first reproached Bothwell bitterly for
+the ungrateful and cruel return he was making for all her kindness to
+him, by such a deed of violence and wrong, and begged and entreated
+him to let her go. Bothwell replied that he knew that it was wrong
+for him to treat his sovereign so rudely, but that he was impelled to
+it by the circumstances of the case, and by love which he felt for
+her, which was too strong for him to control. He then entreated her
+to become his wife; he complained of the bitter hostility which he
+had always been subject to from his enemies, and that he could have
+no safeguard from this hostility in time to come <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span>but in her favor; and he could not depend upon any assurance of her
+favor less than her making him her husband. He protested that, if she
+would do so, he would never ask to share her power, but would be
+content to be her faithful and devoted servant, as he had always
+been. It was love, not ambition, he said, that animated him, and he
+could not and would not be refused. Mary says that she was distressed
+and agitated beyond measure by the appeals and threats with which
+Bothwell accompanied his urgent entreaties. She tried every way to
+plan some mode of escape. Nobody came to her rescue. She was entirely
+alone, and in Bothwell's power. Bothwell assured her that the leading
+nobles of her court were in favor of the marriage, and showed her a
+written agreement signed by them to this effect. At length, wearied
+and exhausted, she was finally overcome by his urgency, and yielding
+partly to his persuasions, and partly, as she says, to force, gave
+herself up to his power.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Bothwell's pardon.<br />The marriage.</div>
+
+<p>Mary remained at Dunbar about ten days, during which time Bothwell
+sued out and obtained a divorce from his wife. His wife, feeling,
+perhaps, resentment more than grief, sued, at the same time, for a
+divorce from him. Bothwell <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span>then sallied forth from his fastness at
+Dunbar, and, taking Mary with him, went to Edinburgh, and took up his
+abode in the castle there, as that fortress was then under his power.
+Mary soon after appeared in public and stated that she was now
+entirely free, and that, although Bothwell had done wrong in carrying
+her away by violence, still he had treated her since in so respectful
+a manner, that she had pardoned him, and had received him into favor
+again. A short time after this they were married. The ceremony was
+performed in a very private and unostentatious manner, and took place
+in May, about three months after the murder of Darnley.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Doubts in respect to Mary.<br />Influence of beauty and misfortune.</div>
+
+<p>By some persons Mary's account of the transactions at Dunbar is
+believed. Others think that the whole affair was all a preconcerted
+plan, and that the appearance of resistance on her part was only for
+show, to justify, in some degree, in the eyes of the world, so
+imprudent and inexcusable a marriage. A great many volumes have been
+written on the question without making any progress toward a
+settlement of it. It is one of those cases where, the evidence being
+complicated, conflicting, and incomplete, the mind is swayed by the
+feelings, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span>and the readers of the story decide more or less favorably
+for the unhappy queen, according to the warmth of the interest
+awakened in their hearts by beauty and misfortune.</p>
+
+<hr class="large" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Chapter_IX" id="Chapter_IX"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter IX.</span></h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">The Fall of Bothwell.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="center">1567</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Mary's infatuation.</div>
+
+<p class="n"><span style="float:left;font-size:50px;line-height:32px;padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:1px;">T</span><span style="margin-left:0%;">he</span> course which Mary pursued after her liberation from Dunbar in
+yielding to Bothwell's wishes, pardoning his violence, receiving him
+again into favor, and becoming his wife, is one of the most
+extraordinary instances of the infatuation produced by love that has
+ever occurred. If the story had been fiction instead of truth, it
+would have been pronounced extravagant and impossible. As it was, the
+whole country was astonished and confounded at such a rapid
+succession of desperate and unaccountable crimes. Mary herself seems
+to have been hurried through these terrible scenes in a sort of
+delirium of excitement, produced by the strange circumstances of the
+case, and the wild and uncontrollable agitations to which they gave
+rise.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Excuses for her.<br />Mary's deep depression.</div>
+
+<p>Such was, however, at the time, and such continues to be still, the
+feeling of interest in Mary's character and misfortunes, that but few
+open and direct censures of her conduct were <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span>then, or have been
+since, expressed. People execrated Bothwell, but they were silent in
+respect to Mary. It was soon plain, however, that she had greatly
+sunk in their regard, and that the more they reflected upon the
+circumstances of the case, the deeper she was sinking. When the
+excitement, too, began to pass away from her own mind, it left behind
+it a gnawing inquietude and sense of guilt, which grew gradually more
+and more intense, until, at length, she sunk under the stings of
+remorse and despair.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Interposition of the King of France.</div>
+
+<p>Her sufferings were increased by the evidences which were continually
+coming to her mind of the strong degree of disapprobation with which
+her conduct began soon every where to be regarded. Wherever Scotchmen
+traveled, they found themselves reproached with the deeds of violence
+and crime of which their country had been the scene. Mary's relatives
+and friends in France wrote to her, expressing their surprise and
+grief at such proceedings. The King of France had sent, a short time
+before, a special embassador for the purpose of doing something, if
+possible, to discover and punish the murderers of Darnley. His name
+was Le Croc. He was an aged and venerable <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span>man, of great prudence and
+discretion, well qualified to discover and pursue the way of escape
+from the difficulties in which Mary had involved herself, if any such
+way could be found. He arrived before the day of Mary's marriage, but
+he refused to take any part, or even to be present, at the ceremony.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Bothwell at Edinburgh Castle.<br />He is hated by the people.</div>
+
+<p>In the mean time, Bothwell continued in Edinburgh Castle for a while,
+under the protection of a strong guard. People considered this guard
+as intended to prevent Mary's escape, and many thought that she was
+detained, after all, against her will, and that her admissions that
+she was free were only made at the instigation of Bothwell, and from
+fear of his terrible power. The other nobles and the people of
+Scotland began to grow more and more uneasy. The fear of Bothwell
+began to be changed into hatred, and the more powerful nobles
+commenced forming plans for combining together, and rescuing, as they
+said, Mary out of his power.</p>
+
+<p>Bothwell made no attempts to conciliate them. He assumed an air and
+tone of defiance. He increased his forces. He conceived the plan of
+going to Stirling Castle to seize the young prince, who was residing
+there under the charge of persons to whom his education had been
+intrusted. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span>He said to his followers that James should never do any
+thing to avenge his father's death, if he could once get him into his
+hands. The other nobles formed a league to counteract these designs.
+They began to assemble their forces, and every thing threatened an
+outbreak of civil war.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The opposing parties.<br />How far Mary was responsible.</div>
+
+<p>The marriage took place about the middle of May, and within a
+fortnight from that time the lines began to be pretty definitely
+drawn between the two great parties, the queen and Bothwell on one
+side, and the insurgent nobles on the other, each party claiming to
+be friends of the queen. Whatever was done on Bothwell's side was, of
+course, in the queen's name, though it is very doubtful how far she
+was responsible for what was done, or how far, on the other hand, she
+merely aided, under the influence of a species of compulsion, in
+carrying into execution Bothwell's measures. We must say, in
+narrating the history, that the queen did this and that, and must
+leave the reader to judge whether it was herself, or Bothwell acting
+through her, who was the real agent in the transactions described.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Melrose.<br />Ruins of the abbey.</div>
+
+<p>Stirling Castle, where the young prince was residing, is northwest of
+Edinburgh. The confederate <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span>lords were assembling in that vicinity.
+The border country between England and Scotland is of course south.
+In the midst of this border country is the ancient town of Melrose,
+where there was, in former days, a very rich and magnificent abbey,
+the ruins of which, to this day, form one of the most attractive
+objects of interest in the whole island of Great Britain. The region
+is now the abode of peace, and quietness, and plenty, though in
+Mary's day it was the scene of continual turmoil and war. It is now
+the favorite retreat of poets and philosophers, who seek their
+residences there on account of its stillness and peace. Sir Walter
+Scott's Abbotsford is a few miles from Melrose.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Mary's proclamation.<br />The prince's lords.<br />Bothwell alarmed.</div>
+
+<p>About a fortnight after Mary's marriage, she issued a proclamation
+ordering the military chiefs in her kingdom to assemble at Melrose,
+with their followers, to accompany her on an expedition through the
+border country, to suppress some disorders there. The nobles
+considered this as only a scheme of Bothwell's to draw them away from
+the neighborhood of Stirling, so that he might go and get possession
+of the young prince. Rumors of this spread around the country, and
+the forces, instead of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span>proceeding to Melrose, began to assemble in
+the neighborhood of Stirling, for the protection of the prince. The
+lords under whose banners they gathered assumed the name of <i>the
+prince's</i> lords, and they called upon the people to take up arms in
+defense of young James's person and rights. The prince's lords soon
+began to concentrate their forces about Edinburgh, and Bothwell was
+alarmed for his safety. He had reason to fear that the governor of
+Edinburgh Castle was on their side, and that he might suddenly sally
+forth with a body of his forces down the High Street to Holyrood, and
+take him prisoner. He accordingly began to think it necessary to
+retreat.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Borthwick Castle.<br />Bothwell's retreat.</div>
+
+<p>Now Bothwell had, among his other possessions, a certain castle
+called Borthwick Castle, a few miles south of Edinburgh. It was
+situated on a little swell of land in a beautiful valley. It was
+surrounded with groves of trees, and from the windows and walls of
+the castle there was an extended view over the beautiful and fertile
+fields of the valley. This castle was extensive and strong. It
+consisted of one great square tower, surrounded and protected by
+walls and bastions, and was approached by a draw-bridge. In the
+sudden emergency in which <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span>Bothwell found himself placed, this
+fortress seemed to be the most convenient and the surest retreat. On
+the 6th of June, he accordingly left Edinburgh with as large a force
+as he had at command, and rode rapidly across the country with the
+queen, and established himself at Borthwick.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">He is besieged.<br />Makes his escape.<br />Bothwell at Dunbar.<br />Proclamation.</div>
+
+<p>The prince's lords, taking fresh courage from the evidence of
+Bothwell's weakness and fear, immediately marched from Stirling,
+passed by Edinburgh, and almost immediately after Bothwell and the
+queen had got safely, as they imagined, established in the place of
+their retreat, they found their castle surrounded and hemmed in on
+all sides by hostile forces, which filled the whole valley. The
+castle was strong, but not strong enough to withstand a siege from
+such an army. Bothwell accordingly determined to retreat to his
+castle of Dunbar, which, being on a rocky promontory, jutting into
+the sea, and more remote from the heart of the country, was less
+accessible, and more safe than Borthwick. He contrived, though with
+great difficulty, to make his escape with the queen, through the
+ranks of his enemies. It is said that the queen was disguised in male
+attire. At any rate, they made their escape, they reached <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span>Dunbar,
+and Mary, or Bothwell in her name, immediately issued a proclamation,
+calling upon all her faithful subjects to assemble in arms, to
+deliver her from her dangers. At the same time, the prince's lords
+issued <i>their</i> proclamation, calling upon all faithful subjects to
+assemble with them, to aid them in delivering the queen from the
+tyrant who held her captive.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Approaching contest.</div>
+
+<p>The faithful subjects were at a loss which proclamation to obey. By
+far the greater number joined the insurgents. Some thousands,
+however, went to Dunbar. With this force the queen and Bothwell
+sallied forth, about the middle of June, to meet the prince's lords,
+or the insurgents, as they called them, to settle the question at
+issue by the kind of ballot with which such questions were generally
+settled in those days.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Mary's appeal.</div>
+
+<p>Mary had a proclamation read at the head of her army, now that she
+supposed she was on the eve of battle, in which she explained the
+causes of the quarrel. The proclamation stated that the marriage was
+Mary's free act, and that, although it was in some respects an
+extraordinary one, still the circumstances were such that she could
+not do otherwise than she had done. For ten days she had been in
+Bothwell's power <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span>in his castle at Dunbar, and not an arm had been
+raised for her deliverance. Her subjects ought to have interposed
+then, if they were intending really to rescue her from Bothwell's
+power. They had done nothing then, but now, when she had been
+compelled, by the cruel circumstances of her condition, to marry
+Bothwell&mdash;when the act was done, and could no longer be recalled,
+they had taken up arms against her, and compelled her to take the
+field in her own defense.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Approach of the prince's lords.<br />Carberry Hill.</div>
+
+<p>The army of the prince's lords, with Mary's most determined enemies
+at their head, advanced to meet the queen's forces. The queen finally
+took her post on an elevated piece of ground called Carberry Hill.
+Carberry is an old Scotch name for gooseberry. Carberry Hill is a few
+miles to the eastward of Edinburgh, near Dalkeith. Here the two
+armies were drawn up, opposite to each other, in hostile array.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Efforts of Le Croc to effect an accommodation.</div>
+
+<p>Le Croc, the aged and venerable French embassador, made a great
+effort to effect an accommodation and prevent a battle. He first went
+to the queen and obtained authority from her to offer terms of peace,
+and then went to the camp of the prince's lords and proposed that
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span>they should lay down their arms and submit to the queen's authority,
+and that she would forgive and forget what they had done. They
+replied that they had done no wrong, and asked for no pardon; that
+they were not in arms against the queen's authority, but in favor of
+it. They sought only to deliver her from the durance in which she was
+held, and to bring to punishment the murderers of her husband,
+whoever they might be. Le Croc went back and forth several times,
+vainly endeavoring to effect an accommodation, and finally, giving up
+in despair, he returned to Edinburgh, leaving the contending parties
+to settle the contest in their own way.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Bothwell's challenge.<br />Morton.</div>
+
+<p>Bothwell now sent a herald to the camp of his enemies, challenging
+any one of them to meet him, and settle the question of his guilt or
+innocence by single combat. This proposition was not quite so absurd
+in those days as it would be now, for it was not an uncommon thing,
+in the Middle Ages, to try in this way questions of crime. Many
+negotiations ensued on Bothwell's proposal. One or two persons
+expressed themselves ready to accept the challenge. Bothwell objected
+to them on account of their rank being inferior to his, but said he
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span>would fight Morton, if Morton would accept his challenge. Morton had
+been his accomplice in the murder of Darnley, but had afterward
+joined the party of Bothwell's foes. It would have been a singular
+spectacle to see one of these confederates in the commission of a
+crime contending desperately in single combat to settle the question
+of the guilt or innocence of the other.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Mary sends for Grange.</div>
+
+<p>The combat, however, did not take place. After many negotiations on
+the subject, the plan was abandoned, each party charging the other
+with declining the contest. The queen and Bothwell, in the mean time,
+found such evidences of strength on the part of their enemies, and
+felt probably, in their own hearts, so much of that faintness and
+misgiving under which human energy almost always sinks when the tide
+begins to turn against it, after the commission of wrong, that they
+began to feel disheartened and discouraged. The queen sent to the
+opposite camp with a request that a certain personage, the Laird of
+Grange, in whom all parties had great confidence, should come to her,
+that she might make one more effort at reconciliation. Grange, after
+consulting with the prince's lords, made a proposition to Mary, which
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span>she finally concluded to accept. It was as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Proposition of Grange.<br />Dismissal of Bothwell.</div>
+
+<p>They proposed that Mary should come over to their camp, not saying
+very distinctly whether she was to come as their captive or as their
+queen. The event showed that it was in the former capacity that they
+intended to receive her, though they were probably willing that she
+should understand that it was in the latter. At all events, the
+proposition itself did not make it very clear what her position would
+be; and the poor queen, distracted by the difficulties which
+surrounded her, and overwhelmed with agitation and fear, could not
+press very strongly for precise stipulations. In respect to Bothwell,
+they compromised the question by agreeing that, as he was under
+suspicion in respect to the murder of Darnley, he should not
+accompany the queen, but should be dismissed upon the field; that is,
+allowed to depart, without molestation, wherever he should choose to
+go. This plan was finally adopted. The queen bade Bothwell farewell,
+and he went away reluctantly and in great apparent displeasure. He
+had, in fact, with his characteristic ferocity, attempted to shoot
+Grange pending the negotiation. He mounted his horse, and, with a few
+attendants, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span>rode off and sought a retreat once more upon his rock at
+Dunbar.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Question of Mary's guilt.<br />The supposition against her.</div>
+
+<p>From all the evidence which has come down to us, it seems impossible
+to ascertain whether Mary desired to be released from Bothwell's
+power, and was glad when the release came, or whether she still loved
+him, and was planning a reunion, so soon as a reunion should be
+possible. One party at that time maintained, and a large class of
+writers and readers since have concurred in the opinion, that Mary
+was in love with Bothwell before Darnley's death; that she connived
+with him in the plan for Darnley's murder; that she was a consenting
+party to the abduction, and the spending of the ten days at Dunbar
+Castle, in his power; that the marriage was the end at which she
+herself, as well as Bothwell, had been all the time aiming; and then,
+when at last she surrendered herself to the prince's lords at
+Carberry Hill, it was only yielding unwillingly to the necessity of a
+temporary separation from her lawless husband, with a view of
+reinstating him in favor and power at the earliest opportunity.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The supposition in her favor.</div>
+
+<p>Another party, both among her people at the time and among the
+writers and readers who have since paid attention to her story, think
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span>that she never loved Bothwell, and that, though she valued his
+services as a bold and energetic soldier, she had no collusion with
+him whatever in respect to Darnley's murder. They think that, though
+she must have felt in some sense relieved of a burden by Darnley's
+death, she did not in any degree aid in or justify the crime, and
+that she had no reason for supposing that Bothwell had any share in
+the commission of it. They think, also, that her consenting to marry
+Bothwell is to be accounted for by her natural desire to seek
+shelter, under some wing or other, from the terrible storms which
+were raging around her; and being deserted, as she thought, by every
+body else, and moved by his passionate love and devotion, she
+imprudently gave herself to him; that she lamented the act as soon as
+it was done, but that it was then too late to retrieve the step; and
+that, harassed and in despair, she knew not what to do, but that she
+hailed the rising of her nobles as affording the only promise of
+deliverance, and came forth from Dunbar to meet them with the secret
+purpose of delivering herself into their hands.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Uncertainty.<br />The box of love letters.<br />Their genuineness suspected.</div>
+
+<p>The question which of these two suppositions is the correct one has
+been discussed a great <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span>deal, without the possibility of arriving at
+any satisfactory conclusion. A parcel of letters were produced by
+Mary's enemies, some time after this, which they said were Mary's
+letters to Bothwell before her husband Darnley's death. They say they
+took the letters from a man named Dalgleish, one of Bothwell's
+servants, who was carrying them from Holyrood to Dunbar Castle, just
+after Mary and Bothwell fled to Borthwick. They were contained in a
+small gilded box or coffer, with the letter F upon it, under a crown;
+which mark naturally suggests to our minds Mary's first husband,
+Francis, the king of France. Dalgleish said that Bothwell sent him
+for this box, charging him to convey it with all care to Dunbar
+Castle. The letters purport to be from Mary to Bothwell, and to have
+been written before Darnley's death. They evince a strong affection
+for the person to whom they are addressed, and seem conclusively to
+prove the unlawful attachment between the parties, provided that
+their genuineness is acknowledged. But this genuineness is denied.
+Mary's friends maintain that they are forgeries, prepared by her
+enemies to justify their own wrong. Many volumes have been written on
+the question of the genuineness of these love <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span>letters, as they are
+called, and there is perhaps now no probability that the question
+will ever be settled.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Disposal of Mary.</div>
+
+<p>Whatever doubt there may be about these things, there is none about
+the events which followed. After Mary had surrendered herself to her
+nobles they took her to the camp, she herself riding on horseback,
+and Grange walking by her side. As she advanced to meet the nobles
+who had combined against her, she said to them that she had concluded
+to come over to them, not from fear, or from doubt what the issue
+would have been if she had fought the battle, but only because she
+wanted to spare the effusion of Christian blood, especially the blood
+of her own subjects. She had therefore decided to submit herself to
+their counsels, trusting that they would treat her as their rightful
+queen. The nobles made little reply to this address, but prepared to
+return to Edinburgh with their prize.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Return to Edinburgh.<br />The banner.<br />Rudeness of the populace.</div>
+
+<p>The people of Edinburgh, who had heard what turn the affair had
+taken, flocked out upon the roads to see the queen return. They lined
+the waysides to gaze upon the great cavalcade as it passed. The
+nobles who conducted Mary thus back toward her capital had a banner
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span>prepared, or allowed one to be prepared, on which was a painting
+representing the dead body of Darnley, and the young prince James
+kneeling near him, and calling on God to avenge his cause. Mary came
+on, in the procession, after this symbol. They might perhaps say that
+it was not intended to wound her feelings, and was not of a nature to
+do it, unless she considered herself as taking sides with the
+murderers of her husband. She, however, knew very well that she was
+so regarded by great numbers of the populace assembled, and that the
+effect of such an effigy carried before her was to hold her up to
+public obloquy. The populace did, in fact, taunt and reproach her as
+she proceeded, and she rode into Edinburgh, evincing all the way
+extreme mental suffering by her agitation and her tears.</p>
+
+<p>She expected that they were at least to take her to Holyrood; but no,
+they turned at the gate to enter the city. Mary protested earnestly
+against this, and called, half frantic, on all who heard her to come
+to her rescue. But no one interfered. They took her to the provost's
+house, and lodged her there for the night, and the crowd which had
+assembled to observe these proceedings gradually dispersed. There
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span>seemed, however, in a day or two, to be some symptoms of a reaction
+in favor of the fallen queen; and, to guard against the possibility
+of a rescue, the lords took Mary to Holyrood again, and began
+immediately to make arrangements for some more safe place of
+confinement still.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Bothwell's retreat.<br />He is pursued.<br />Bothwell's narrow escape.</div>
+
+<p>In the mean time, Bothwell went from Carberry Hill to his castle at
+Dunbar, revolving moodily in his mind his altered fortunes. After
+some time he found himself not safe in this place of refuge, and so
+he retreated to the north, to some estates he had there, in the
+remote Highlands. A detachment of forces was sent in pursuit of him.
+Now there are, north of Scotland, some groups of dismal islands, the
+summits of submerged mountains and rocks, rising in dark and sublime,
+but gloomy grandeur, from the midst of cold and tempestuous seas.
+Bothwell, finding himself pursued, undertook to escape by ship to
+these islands. His pursuers, headed by Grange, who had negotiated at
+Carberry for the surrender of the queen, embarked in other vessels,
+and pressed on after him. At one time they almost overtook him, and
+would have captured him and all his company were it not that they got
+entangled <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span>among some shoals. Grange's sailors said they must not
+proceed. Grange, eager to seize his prey, insisted on their making
+sail and pressing forward. The consequence was, they ran the vessels
+aground, and Bothwell escaped in a small boat. As it was, however,
+they seized some of his accomplices, and brought them back to
+Edinburgh. These men were afterward tried, and some of them were
+executed; and it was at their trial, and through the confessions they
+made, that the facts were brought to light which have been related in
+this narrative.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">He turns pirate.<br />Bothwell in prison.<br />His miserable end.</div>
+
+<p>Bothwell, now a fugitive and an exile, but still retaining his
+desperate and lawless character, became a pirate, and attempted to
+live by robbing the commerce of the German Ocean. Rumor is the only
+historian, in ordinary cases, to record the events in the life of a
+pirate; and she, in this case, sent word, from time to time, to
+Scotland, of the robberies and murders that the desperado committed;
+of an expedition fitted out against him by the King of Denmark, of
+his being taken and carried into a Danish port; of his being held in
+imprisonment for a long period there, in a gloomy dungeon; of his
+restless spirit chafing itself in useless struggles <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span>against his
+fate, and sinking gradually, at last under the burdens of remorse for
+past crimes, and despair of any earthly deliverance; of his insanity,
+and, finally, of his miserable end.</p>
+
+<hr class="large" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Chapter_X" id="Chapter_X"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter X.</span></h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">Loch Leven Castle.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="center">1567-1568</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Grange of Kircaldy.<br />Mary's letter.</div>
+
+<p class="n"><span style="float:left;font-size:50px;line-height:32px;padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:1px;">G</span><span style="margin-left:0%;">range,</span> or, as he is sometimes called, Kircaldy, his title in full
+being Grange of Kircaldy, was a man of integrity and honor, and he,
+having been the negotiator through whose intervention Mary gave
+herself up, felt himself bound to see that the stipulations on the
+part of the nobles should be honorably fulfilled. He did all in his
+power to protect Mary from insult on the journey, and he struck with
+his sword and drove away some of the populace who were addressing her
+with taunts and reproaches. When he found that the nobles were
+confining her, and treating her so much more like a captive than like
+a queen, he remonstrated with them. They silenced him by showing him
+a letter, which they said they had intercepted on its way from Mary
+to Bothwell. It was written, they said, on the night of Mary's
+arrival at Edinburgh. It assured Bothwell that she retained an
+unaltered affection <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span>for him; that her consenting to be separated
+from him at Carberry Hill was a matter of mere necessity, and that
+she should rejoin him as soon as it was in her power to do so. This
+letter showed, they said, that, after all, Mary was not, as they had
+supposed, Bothwell's captive and victim, but that she was his
+accomplice and friend; and that, now that they had discovered their
+mistake, they must treat Mary, as well as Bothwell, as an enemy, and
+take effectual means to protect themselves from the one as well as
+from the other. Mary's friends maintain that this letter was a
+forgery.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Removal of Mary.<br />A ride at night.</div>
+
+<p>They accordingly took Mary, as has been already stated, from the
+provost's house in Edinburgh down to Holyrood House, which was just
+without the city. This, however, was only a temporary change. That
+night they came into the palace, and directed Mary to rise and put on
+a traveling dress which they brought her. They did not tell her where
+she was to go, but simply ordered her to follow them. It was
+midnight. They took her forth from the palace, mounted her upon a
+horse, and, with Ruthven and Lindsay, two of the murderers of Rizzio,
+for an escort, they rode away. They traveled all night, crossed the
+River Forth and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span>arrived in the morning at the Castle of Loch Leven.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Loch Leven Castle.<br />The square tower.
+<br />Plan of Loch Leven Castle.</div>
+
+
+<p>The Castle of Loch Leven is on a small island in the middle of the
+loch. It is nearly north from Edinburgh. The castle buildings covered
+at that time about one half of the island, the water coming up to the
+walls on three sides. On the other side was a little land, which was
+cultivated as a garden. The buildings inclosed a considerable area.
+There was a great square tower, marked on the plan below, which was
+the residence of the family. It consisted of four or five rooms, one
+over the other. The cellar, or, rather, what would be the cellar in
+other cases, was a dungeon for such prisoners as were to be kept in
+close confinement. The only entrance to this building was through a
+window in the second story, by means of a ladder which was raised and
+let down by a chain. This was over the point marked <i>e</i> on the plan.
+The chain was worked at a window in the story above. There were
+various other apartments and structures about the square, and among
+them there was a small octagonal tower in the corner at <i>m</i> which
+consisted within of one room over another for three stories, and a
+flat roof with battlements above. In the second story there was a
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span>window, <i>w</i>, looking upon the water. This was the only window having
+an external aspect in the whole fortress, all the other openings in
+the exterior walls being mere loop-holes and embrasures.</p>
+
+<p>The following is a general plan of Loch Leven Castle:<a name="FNanchor_H_8" id="FNanchor_H_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_H_8" class="fnanchor">[H]</a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 266px;">
+<img src="images/i221.jpg" class="smallgap" width="266" height="300" alt="Plan of Loch Leven Castle." title="" /></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote2">Lady Douglas.<br />Lady Douglas Mary's enemy.</div>
+
+<p>This castle was in possession of a certain personage styled the Lady
+Douglas. She was the mother of the Lord James, afterward the Earl of
+Murray, who has figured so conspicuously <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span>in this history as Mary's
+half brother, and at first her friend and counselor, though afterward
+her foe. Lady Douglas was commonly called the Lady of Loch Leven. She
+maintained that she had been lawfully married to James V., Mary's
+father, and that consequently her son, and not Mary, was the rightful
+heir to the crown. Of course she was Mary's natural enemy. They
+selected her castle as the place of Mary's confinement partly on this
+account, and partly on account of its inaccessible position in the
+midst of the waters of the lake. They delivered the captive queen,
+accordingly, to the Lady Douglas and her husband, charging them to
+keep her safely. The Lady Douglas received her, and locked her up in
+the octagonal tower with the window looking out upon the water.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Parties for and against Mary.<br />The Hamilton lords.</div>
+
+<p>In the mean time, all Scotland took sides for or against the queen.
+The strongest party were against her; and the Church was against her,
+on account of their hostility to the Catholic religion. A sort of
+provisional government was instituted, which assumed the management
+of public affairs. Mary had, however, some friends, and they soon
+began to assemble in order to see what could be done for her <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span>cause.
+Their rendezvous was at the palace of Hamilton. This palace was
+situated on a plain in the midst of a beautiful park, near the River
+Clyde, a few miles from Glasgow. The Duke of Hamilton was prominent
+among the supporters of the queen, and made his house their
+head-quarters. They were often called, from this circumstance, the
+Hamilton lords.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Plans of Mary's enemies.</div>
+
+<p>On the other hand, the party opposed to Mary made the castle of
+Stirling their head-quarters, because the young prince was there, in
+whose name they were proposing soon to assume the government. Their
+plan was to depose Mary, or induce her to abdicate the throne, and
+then to make Murray regent, to govern the country in the name of the
+prince until the prince should become of age. During all this time
+Murray had been absent in France, but they now sent urgent messages
+to him to return. He obeyed the summons, and turned his face toward
+Scotland.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Mary's tower.<br />Ruins.</div>
+
+<p>In the mean time, Mary continued in confinement in her little tower.
+She was not treated like a common prisoner, but had, in some degree,
+the attentions due to her rank. There were five or six female, and
+about as many male attendants; though, if the rooms <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span>which are
+exhibited to visitors at the present day as the apartments which she
+occupied are really such, her quarters were very contracted. They
+consist of small apartments of an octagonal form, one over the other,
+with tortuous and narrow stair-cases in the solid wall to ascend from
+one to the other. The roof and the floors of the tower are now gone,
+but the stair-ways, the capacious fire-places, the loop-holes, and
+the one window remain, enabling the visitor to reconstruct the
+dwelling in imagination, and even to fancy Mary herself there again,
+seated on the stone seat by the window, looking over the water at the
+distant hills, and sighing to be free.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The scale turns against Mary.</div>
+
+<p>The Hamilton lords were not strong enough to attempt her rescue. The
+weight of influence and power throughout the country went gradually
+and irresistibly into the other scale. There were great debates among
+the authorities of government as to what should be done. The Hamilton
+lords made proposals in behalf of Mary which the government could not
+accede to. Other proposals were made by different parties in the
+councils of the insurgent nobles, some more and some less hard for
+the captive queen. The conclusion, however, finally <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span>was, to urge
+Mary to resign her crown in favor of her son, and to appoint Murray,
+when he should return, to act as regent till the prince should be of
+age.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Proposals made to Mary.</div>
+
+<p>They accordingly sent commissioners to Loch Leven to propose these
+measures to the queen. There were three instruments of abdication
+prepared for her to sign. By one she resigned the crown in favor of
+her son. By the second she appointed Murray to be regent as soon as
+he should return from France. By the third she appointed
+commissioners to govern the country until Murray should return. They
+knew that Mary would be extremely unwilling to sign these papers, and
+yet that they must contrive, in some way, to obtain her signature
+without any open violence; for the signature, to be of legal force,
+must be, in some sense, her voluntary act.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The commissioners.</div>
+
+<p>The two commissioners whom they sent to her were Melville and
+Lindsay. Melville was a thoughtful and a reasonable man, who had long
+been in Mary's service, and who possessed a great share of her
+confidence and good will. Lindsay was, on the other hand, of an
+overbearing and violent temper, of very rude speech and demeanor, and
+was known to be unfriendly <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span>to the queen. They hoped that Mary would
+be induced to sign the papers by Melville's gentle persuasions; if
+not, Lindsay was to see what he could do by denunciations and
+threats.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Melville unsuccessful.</div>
+
+<p>When the two commissioners arrived at the castle, Melville alone went
+first into the presence of the queen. He opened the subject to her in
+a gentle and respectful manner. He laid before her the distracted
+state of Scotland, the uncertain and vague suspicions floating in the
+public mind on the subject of Darnley's murder, and the irretrievable
+shade which had been thrown over her position by the unhappy marriage
+with Bothwell; and he urged her to consent to the proposed measures,
+as the only way now left to restore peace to the land. Mary heard him
+patiently, but replied that she could not consent to his proposal. By
+doing so she should not only sacrifice her own rights, and degrade
+herself from the position she was entitled to occupy, but she should,
+in some sense, acknowledge herself guilty of the charges brought
+against her, and justify her enemies.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Lindsay called in.<br />Lindsay's brutality.<br />Abdication.</div>
+
+<p>Melville, finding that his efforts were vain, called Lindsay in. He
+entered with a fierce and determined air. Mary was reminded of the
+terrible night when he and Ruthven broke into <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span>her little supper-room
+at Holyrood in quest of Rizzio. She was agitated and alarmed. Lindsay
+assailed her with denunciations and threats of the most violent
+character. There ensued a scene of the most rough and ferocious
+passion on the one side, and of anguish, terror, and despair on the
+other, which is said to have made this day the most wretched of all
+the wretched days of Mary's life. Sometimes she sat pale, motionless,
+and almost stupefied. At others, she was overwhelmed with sorrow and
+tears. She finally yielded; and, taking the pen, she signed the
+papers. Lindsay and Melville took them, left the castle gate, entered
+their boat, and were rowed away to the shore.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Coronation of James.</div>
+
+<p>This was on the 25th of July, 1567, and four days afterward the young
+prince was crowned at Stirling. His title was James VI. Lindsay made
+oath at the coronation that he was a witness of Mary's abdication of
+the crown in favor of her son, and that it was her own free and
+voluntary act. James was about one year old. The coronation took
+place in the chapel where Mary had been crowned in her infancy, about
+twenty-five years before. Mary herself, though unconscious of her own
+coronation, mourned bitterly over that of her <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span>son. Unhappy mother!
+how little was she aware, when her heart was filled with joy and
+gladness at his birth, that in one short year his mere existence
+would furnish to her enemies the means of consummating and sealing
+her ruin.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Ceremonies.</div>
+
+<p>On returning from the chapel to the state apartments of the castle,
+after the coronation, the noblemen by whom the infant had been
+crowned walked in solemn procession, bearing the badges and insignia
+of the newly-invested royalty. One carried the crown. Morton, who was
+to exercise the government until Murray should return, followed with
+the scepter, and a third bore the infant king, who gazed about
+unconsciously upon the scene, regardless alike of his mother's lonely
+wretchedness and of his own new scepter and crown.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Return of Murray.</div>
+
+<p>In the mean time, Murray was drawing near toward the confines of
+Scotland. He was somewhat uncertain how to act. Having been absent
+for some time in France and on the Continent, he was not certain how
+far the people of Scotland were really and cordially in favor of the
+revolution which had been effected. Mary's friends might claim that
+her acts of abdication, having been obtained while she was under
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span>duress, were null and void, and if they were strong enough they
+might attempt to reinstate her upon the throne. In this case, it
+would be better for him not to have acted with the insurgent
+government at all. To gain information on these points, Murray sent
+to Melville to come and meet him on the border. Melville came. The
+result of their conferences was, that Murray resolved to visit Mary
+in her tower before he adopted any decisive course.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Murray's interview with Mary.<br />Affecting scene.<br />Murray assumes the government.</div>
+
+<p>Murray accordingly journeyed northward to Loch Leven, and, embarking
+in the boat which plied between the castle and the shore, he crossed
+the sheet of water, and was admitted into the fortress. He had a long
+interview with Mary alone. At the sight of her long-absent brother,
+who had been her friend and guide in her early days of prosperity and
+happiness, and who had accompanied her through so many changing
+scenes, and who now returned, after his long separation from her, to
+find her a lonely and wretched captive, involved in irretrievable
+ruin, if not in acknowledged guilt, she was entirely overcome by her
+emotions. She burst into tears and could not speak. What further
+passed at this interview was never precisely known. They parted
+tolerably good <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span>friends, however, and yet Murray immediately assumed
+the government, by which it is supposed that he succeeded in
+persuading Mary that such a step was now best for her sake as well as
+for that of all others concerned.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">His warnings.</div>
+
+<p>Murray, however, did not fail to warn her, as he himself states, in a
+very serious manner, against any attempt to change her situation.
+"Madam," said he, "I will plainly declare to you what the sources of
+danger are from which I think you have most to apprehend. First, any
+attempt, of whatever kind, that you may make to create disturbance in
+the country, through friends that may still adhere to your cause, and
+to interfere with the government of your son; secondly, devising or
+attempting any plan of escape from this island; thirdly, taking any
+measures for inducing the Queen of England or the French king to come
+to your aid; and, lastly, persisting in your attachment to Earl
+Bothwell." He warned Mary solemnly against any and all of these, and
+then took his leave. He was soon after proclaimed regent. A
+Parliament was assembled to sanction all the proceedings, and the new
+government was established, apparently upon a firm foundation.</p>
+
+<p>Mary remained, during the winter, in captivity, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span>earnestly desiring,
+however, notwithstanding Murray's warning, to find some way of
+escape. She knew that there must be many who had remained friends to
+her cause. She thought that if she could once make her escape from
+her prison, these friends would rally around her, and that she could
+thus, perhaps, regain her throne again. But strictly watched as she
+was, and in a prison which was surrounded by the waters of a lake,
+all hope of escape seemed to be taken away.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The young Douglases.<br />Their interest in Mary.</div>
+
+<p>Now there were, in the family of the Lord Douglas at the castle, two
+young men, George and William Douglas. The oldest, George, was about
+twenty-five years of age, and the youngest was seventeen. George was
+the son of Lord and Lady Douglas who kept the castle. William was an
+orphan boy, a relative, who, having no home, had been received into
+the family. These young men soon began to feel a strong interest in
+the beautiful captive confined in their father's castle, and, before
+many months, this interest became so strong that they began to feel
+willing to incur the dangers and responsibilities of aiding her in
+effecting her escape. They had secret conferences with Mary on the
+subject. They went <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span>to the shore on various pretexts, and contrived
+to make their plans known to Mary's friends, that they might be ready
+to receive her in case they should succeed.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Plan for Mary's escape.</div>
+
+<p>The plan at length was ripe for execution. It was arranged thus. The
+castle not being large, there was not space within its walls for all
+the accommodations required for its inmates; much was done on the
+shore, where there was quite a little village of attendants and
+dependents pertaining to the castle. This little village has since
+grown into a flourishing manufacturing town, where a great variety of
+plaids, and tartans, and other Scotch fabrics are made. Its name is
+Kinross. Communication with this part of the shore was then, as now,
+kept up by boats, which generally then belonged to the castle, though
+now to the town.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The laundress.<br />The disguise.</div>
+
+<p>On the day when Mary was to attempt her escape, a servant woman was
+brought by one of the castle boats from the shore with a bundle of
+clothes for Mary. Mary, whose health and strength had been impaired
+by her confinement and sufferings, was often in her bed. She was so
+at this time, though perhaps she was feigning now more feebleness
+than she really felt. The servant woman came into her <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span>apartment and
+undressed herself, while Mary rose, took the dress which she laid
+aside, and put it on as a disguise. The woman took Mary's place in
+bed. Mary covered her face with a muffler, and, taking another bundle
+in her hand to assist in her disguise, she passed across the court,
+issued from the castle gate, went to the landing stairs, and stepped
+into the boat for the men to row her to the shore.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Escape.<br />Discovery.</div>
+
+<p>The oarsmen, who belonged to the castle, supposing that all was
+right, pushed off, and began to row toward the land. As they were
+crossing the water, however, they observed that their passenger was
+very particular to keep her face covered, and attempted to pull away
+the muffler, saying, "Let us see what kind of a looking damsel this
+is." Mary, in alarm, put up her hands to her face to hold the muffler
+there. The smooth, white, and delicate fingers revealed to the men at
+once that they were carrying away a lady in disguise. Mary, finding
+that concealment was no longer possible, dropped her muffler, looked
+upon the men with composure and dignity, told them that she was their
+queen, that they were bound by their allegiance to her to obey her
+commands, and she commanded them to go on and row her to the shore.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">Mary's return.<br />Banishment of George Douglas.</div>
+
+<p>The men decided, however, that their allegiance was due to the lord
+of the castle rather than to the helpless captive trying to escape
+from it. They told her that they must return. Mary was not only
+disappointed at the failure of her plans, but she was now anxious
+lest her friends, the young Douglases, should be implicated in the
+attempt, and should suffer in consequence of it. The men, however,
+solemnly promised her, that if she would quietly return, they would
+not make the circumstances known. The secret, however, was too great
+a secret to be kept. In a few days it all came to light. Lord and
+Lady Douglas were very angry with their son, and banished him,
+together with two of Mary's servants, from the castle. Whatever share
+young William Douglas had in the scheme was not found out, and he was
+suffered to remain. George Douglas went only to Kinross. He remained
+there watching for another opportunity to help Mary to her freedom.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 235-6]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/i236.jpg" class="smallgap jpg" width="500" height="283" alt="Loch Leven Castle&mdash;The Place of Mary&#39;s Imprisonment." title="" />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Loch Leven Castle</span>&mdash;The Place of Mary&#39;s Imprisonment.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote2">Secret communications.</div>
+
+<p>In the mean time, the watch and ward held over Mary was more strict
+and rigorous than ever, her keepers being resolved to double their
+vigilance, while George and William, on the other hand, resolved to
+redouble their exertions to find some means to circumvent it.
+William, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span>who was only a boy of seventeen, and who remained within the castle,
+acted his part in a very sagacious and admirable manner. He was
+silent, and assumed a thoughtless and unconcerned manner in his
+general deportment, which put every one off their guard in respect to
+him. George, who was at Kinross, held frequent communications with
+the Hamilton lords, encouraging them to hope for Mary's escape, and
+leading them to continue in combination, and to be ready to act at a
+moment's warning. They communicated with each other, too, by secret
+means, across the lake, and with Mary in her solitary tower. It is
+said that George, wishing to make Mary understand that their plans
+for rescuing her were not abandoned, and not having the opportunity
+to do so directly, sent her a picture of the mouse liberating the
+lion from his snares, hoping that she would draw from the picture the
+inference which he intended.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">New plan of escape.<br />The postern gate.</div>
+
+<p>At length the time arrived for another attempt. It was about the
+first of May. By looking at the engraving of Loch Leven Castle, it
+will be seen that there was a window in Mary's tower looking out over
+the water. George Douglas's plan was to bring a boat up to this
+window in the night, and take Mary down the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span>wall into it. The place
+of egress by which Mary escaped is called in some of the accounts a
+postern gate, and yet tradition at the castle says that it was
+through this window. It is not improbable that this window might have
+been intended to be used sometimes as a postern gate, and that the
+iron grating with which it was guarded was made to open and shut, the
+key being kept with the other keys of the castle.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Liberation of Mary.<br />Jane Kennedy.<br />The escape.</div>
+
+<p>The time for the attempt was fixed upon for Sunday night, on the 2d
+of May. George Douglas was ready with the boat early in the evening.
+When it was dark, he rowed cautiously across the water, and took his
+position under Mary's window. William Douglas was in the mean time at
+supper in the great square tower with his father and mother. The keys
+were lying upon the table. He contrived to get them into his
+possession, and then cautiously stole away. He locked the tower as he
+came out, went across the court to Mary's room, liberated her through
+the postern window, and descended with her into the boat. One of her
+maids, whose name was Jane Kennedy, was to have accompanied her, but,
+in their eagerness to make sure of Mary, they forgot or neglected
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span>her, and she had to leap down after them, which feat she
+accomplished without any serious injury. The boat pushed off
+immediately, and the Douglases began to pull hard for the shore. They
+threw the keys of the castle into the lake, as if the impossibility
+of recovering them, in that case, made the imprisonment of the family
+more secure. The whole party were, of course, in the highest state of
+excitement and agitation. Jane Kennedy helped to row, and it is said
+that even Mary applied her strength to one of the oars.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Mary's joy.</div>
+
+<p>They landed safely on the south side of the loch, far from Kinross.
+Several of the Hamilton lords were ready there to receive the
+fugitive. They mounted her on horseback, and galloped away. There was
+a strong party to escort her. They rode hard all night, and the next
+morning they arrived safely at Hamilton. "Now," said Mary, "I am once
+more a queen."</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Popular feeling.<br />Mary's proclamation.</div>
+
+<p>It was true. She was again a queen. Popular feeling ebbs and flows
+with prodigious force, and the change from one state to the other
+depends, sometimes, on very accidental causes. The news of Mary's
+escape spread rapidly over the land. Her friends were encouraged and
+emboldened. Sympathies, long dormant and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span>inert, were awakened in her
+favor. She issued a proclamation, declaring that her abdication had
+been forced upon her, and, as such, was null and void. She summoned
+Murray to surrender his powers as regent, and to come and receive
+orders from her. She called upon all her faithful subjects to take up
+arms and gather around her standard. Murray refused to obey, but
+large masses of the people gave in their adhesion to their liberated
+queen, and flocked to Hamilton to enter into her service. In a week
+Mary found herself at the head of an army of six thousand men.</p>
+
+<hr class="medium" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241-2]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/i241.jpg" class="smallgap" width="500" height="299" alt="Ruins of Loch Leven Castle." title="" />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Ruins of Loch Leven Castle.</span></span></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote2">Ruins of Loch Leven Castle.<br />The octagonal tower.<br />Visitors.</div>
+
+<p>The Castle of Loch Leven is now a solitary ruin. The waters of the
+loch have been lowered by means of an excavation of the outlet, and a
+portion of land has been left bare around the walls, which the
+proprietor has planted with trees. Visitors are taken from Kinross in
+a boat to view the scene. The square tower, though roofless and
+desolate, still stands. The window in the second story, which served
+as the entrance, and the one above, where the chain was worked, with
+the deep furrows in the sill cut by its friction, are shown by the
+guide. The court-yard is overgrown with weeds, and encumbered <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span>with fallen stones and old foundations. The chapel is gone, though
+its outline may be still traced in the ruins of its walls. The
+octagonal tower which Mary occupied remains, and the visitors,
+climbing up by the narrow stone stairs in the wall, look out at the
+window over the waters of the loch and the distant hills, and try to
+recreate in imagination the scene which the apartment presented when
+the unhappy captive was there.</p>
+
+<hr class="large" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Chapter_XI" id="Chapter_XI"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter XI.</span></h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">The Long Captivity.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="center">1568-1570</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Dumbarton Castle.<br />The situation and aspect.</div>
+
+<p class="n"><span style="float:left;font-size:50px;line-height:32px;padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:1px;">H</span><span style="margin-left:0%;">amilton,</span> which had been thus far the queen's place of rendezvous,
+was a palace rather than a castle, and therefore not a place of
+defense. It was situated, as has been already stated, on the River
+Clyde, <i>above</i> Glasgow; that is, toward the southeast of it, the
+River Clyde flowing toward the northwest. The Castle of Dumbarton,
+which has already been mentioned as the place from which Mary
+embarked for France in her early childhood, was below Glasgow, on the
+northern shore of the river. It stands there still in good repair,
+and is well garrisoned; it crowns a rock which rises abruptly from
+the midst of a comparatively level country, smiling with villages and
+cultivated fields, and frowns sternly upon the peaceful steamers and
+merchant ships which are continually gliding along under its guns, up
+and down the Clyde.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Attempt to retreat to Dumbarton.<br />Mary's forces defeated.</div>
+
+<p>Queen Mary concluded to move forward to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span>Dumbarton, it being a place
+of greater safety than Hamilton. Murray gathered his forces to
+intercept her march. The two armies met near Glasgow, as the queen
+was moving westward, down the river. There was a piece of rising
+ground between them, which each party was eager to ascend before the
+other should reach it. The leader of the forces on Murray's side
+ordered every horseman to take up a foot-soldier behind him, and ride
+with all speed to the top of the hill. By this means the great body
+of Murray's troops were put in possession of the vantage ground. The
+queen's forces took post on another rising ground, less favorable, at
+a little distance. The place was called Langside. A cannonading was
+soon commenced, and a general battle ensued. Mary watched the
+progress of it with intense emotions. Her forces began soon to give
+way, and before many hours they were retreating in all directions,
+the whole country being soon covered with the awful spectacles which
+are afforded by one terrified and panic-stricken army flying before
+the furious and triumphant rage of another. Mary gazed on the scene
+in an agony of grief and despair.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Mary's flight.<br />Dundrennan.<br />Consultations.</div>
+
+<p>A few faithful friends kept near her side, and told her that she must
+hurry away. They <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span>turned to the southward, and rode away from the
+ground. They pressed on as rapidly as possible toward the southern
+coast, thinking that the only safety for Mary now was for her to make
+her escape from the country altogether, and go either to England or
+to France, in hopes of obtaining foreign aid to enable her to recover
+her throne. They at length reached the sea-coast. Mary was received
+into an abbey called Dundrennan, not far from the English frontier.
+Here she remained, with a few nobles and a small body of attendants,
+for two days, spending the time in anxious consultations to determine
+what should be done. Mary herself was in favor of going to England,
+and appealing to Elizabeth for protection and help. Her friends and
+advisers, knowing Elizabeth perhaps better than Mary did, recommended
+that she should sail for France, in hopes of awakening sympathy
+there. But Mary, as we might naturally have expected, considering the
+circumstances under which she left that country, found herself
+extremely unwilling to go there as a fugitive and a suppliant. It was
+decided, finally, to go to England.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Carlisle Castle.</div>
+
+<p>The nearest stronghold in England was Carlisle Castle, which was not
+very far from the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span>frontier. The boundary between the two kingdoms is
+formed here by the Solway Frith, a broad arm of the sea. Dundrennan
+Abbey, to which Mary had retreated, was near the town of
+Kirkcudbright, which is, of course, on the northern side of the
+Frith; it is also near the sea. Carlisle is further up the Frith,
+near where the River Solway empties into it, and is twenty or thirty
+miles from the shore.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Mary's message to the governor.</div>
+
+<p>Mary sent a messenger to the governor of the castle at Carlisle to
+inquire whether he would receive and protect her. She could not,
+however, wait for an answer to this message, as the country was all
+in commotion, and she was exposed to an attack at any time from
+Murray's forces, in which case, even if they should not succeed in
+taking her captive, they might effectually cut off her retreat from
+Scottish ground. She accordingly determined to proceed immediately,
+and receive the answer from the governor of the castle on the way.
+She set out on the 16th of May. Eighteen or twenty persons
+constituted her train. This was all that remained to her of her army
+of six thousand men. She proceeded to the shore. They provided a
+fishing-boat for the voyage, furnishing it as comfortably for her as
+circumstances <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span>would admit. She embarked, and sailed along the coast,
+eastward, up the Frith, for about eighteen miles, gazing mournfully
+upon the receding shore of her native land&mdash;receding, in fact, now
+from her view forever. They landed at the most convenient port for
+reaching Carlisle, intending to take the remainder of the journey by
+land.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Lowther.<br />Mary's reception at the castle.</div>
+
+<p>In the mean time, the messenger, on his arrival at Carlisle, found
+that the governor had gone to London. His second in rank, whom he had
+left in command, immediately sent off an express after him to inform
+him of the event. The name of this lieutenant-governor was Lowther.
+Lowther did all in Mary's favor that it was in his power to do. He
+directed the messenger to inform her that he had sent to London for
+instructions from Elizabeth, but that, in the mean time, she would be
+a welcome guest in his castle, and that he would defend her there
+from all her enemies. He then sent around to all the nobles and men
+of distinction in the neighborhood, informing them of the arrival of
+the distinguished visitor, and having assembled them, they proceeded
+together toward the coast to meet and receive the unhappy fugitive
+with the honors becoming her rank, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span>though such honors must have
+seemed little else than a mockery in her present condition.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Is Mary a guest or a prisoner?<br />Precautions for guarding her.</div>
+
+<p>Mary was received at the castle as an honored guest. It is, however,
+a curious circumstance, that, in respect to the reception of princes
+and queens in royal castles, there is little or no distinction
+between the ceremonies which mark the honored guest and those which
+attend the helpless captive. Mary had a great many friends at first,
+who came out of Scotland to visit her. The authorities ordered
+repairs to be commenced upon the castle, to fit it more suitably for
+so distinguished an inmate, and, in consequence of the making of
+these repairs, they found it inconvenient to admit visitors. Of
+course, Mary, being a mere guest, could not complain. She wanted to
+take a walk beyond the limits of the castle, upon a green to which
+there was access through a postern gate. Certainly: the governor made
+no objection to such a walk, but sent twenty or thirty armed men to
+accompany her. They might be considered either as an honorary escort,
+or as a guard to watch her movements, to prevent her escape, and to
+secure her return. At one time she proposed to go a-hunting. They
+allowed her to go, <i>properly attended</i>. On her return, however, the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span>officer reported to his superior that she was so admirable in her
+horsemanship, and could ride with so much fearlessness and speed,
+that he thought it might be possible for a body of her friends to
+come and carry her off, on some such occasion, back across the
+frontier. So they determined to tell Mary, when she wished to hunt
+again, that they thought it not safe for her to go out on such
+excursions, as her <i>enemies</i> might make a sudden invasion and carry
+her away. The precautions would be just the same to protect Mary from
+her enemies as to keep her from her friends.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Elizabeth's hypocrisy.<br />Dishonorable proposal.</div>
+
+<p>Elizabeth sent her captive cousin very kind and condoling messages,
+dispatching, however, by the same messenger stringent orders to the
+commander of the castle to be sure and keep her safely. Mary asked
+for an interview with Elizabeth. Elizabeth's officers replied that
+she could not properly admit Mary to a personal interview until she
+had been, in some way or other, cleared of the suspicion which
+attached to her in respect to the murder of Darnley. They proposed,
+moreover, that Mary should consent to have that question examined
+before some sort of court which Elizabeth might constitute for this
+purpose. Now it is a special point of honor <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span>among all sovereign
+kings and queens, throughout the civilized world, that they can,
+technically, do no wrong; that they can not in any way be brought to
+trial; and especially that they can not be, by any means or in any
+way, amenable to each other. Mary refused to acknowledge any English
+jurisdiction whatever in respect to any charges brought against her,
+a sovereign queen of Scotland.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Removal.<br />Separation from friends.<br />Proposed trial.</div>
+
+<p>Elizabeth removed her prisoner to another castle further from the
+frontier than Carlisle, in order to place her in a situation where
+she would be more safe <i>from her enemies</i>. It was not convenient to
+lodge so many of her attendants at these new quarters as in the other
+fortress, and several were dismissed. Additional obstructions were
+thrown in the way of her seeing friends and visitors from Scotland.
+Mary found her situation growing every day more and more helpless and
+desolate. Elizabeth urged continually upon her the necessity of
+having the points at issue between herself and Murray examined by a
+commissioner, artfully putting it on the ground, not of a trial of
+Mary, but a calling of Murray to account, by Mary, for his
+usurpation. At last, harassed and worn down, and finding no ray of
+hope coming to her from any <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span>quarter, she consented. Elizabeth
+constituted such a court, which was to meet at York, a large and
+ancient city in the north of England. Murray was to appear there in
+person, with other lords associated with him. Mary appointed
+commissioners to appear for her; and the two parties went into court,
+each thinking that it was the other which was accused and on trial.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Opening of the court.<br />Adjourned to London.<br />Failure of the trial.</div>
+
+<p>The court assembled, and, after being opened with great parade and
+ceremony, commenced the investigation of the questions at issue,
+which led, of course, to endless criminations and recriminations, the
+ground covering the whole history of Mary's career in Scotland. They
+went on for some weeks in this hopeless labyrinth, until, at length,
+Murray produced the famous letters alleged to have been written by
+Mary to Bothwell before Darnley's murder, as a part of the evidence,
+and charged Mary, on the strength of this evidence, with having been
+an abettor in the murder. Elizabeth, finding that the affair was
+becoming, as in fact she wished it to become, more and more involved,
+and wishing to get Mary more and more entangled in it, and to draw
+her still further into her power, ordered the conference, as the
+court was called, to be adjourned to London. Here things <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span>took such a
+turn that Mary complained that she was herself treated in so unjust a
+manner, and Murray and his cause were allowed so many unfair
+advantages, that she could not allow the discussion on her part to
+continue. The conference was accordingly broken up, each party
+charging the other with being the cause of the interruption.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Mary's indignant pride.</div>
+
+<p>Murray returned to Scotland to resume his government there. Mary was
+held a closer captive than ever. She sent to Elizabeth asking her to
+remove these restraints, and allow her to depart either to her own
+country or to France. Elizabeth replied that she could not,
+considering all the circumstances of the case, allow her to leave
+England; but that, if she would give up all claims to the government
+of Scotland to her son, the young prince, she might remain in peace
+<i>in</i> England. Mary replied that she would suffer death a thousand
+times rather than dishonor herself in the eyes of the world by
+abandoning, in such a way, her rights as a sovereign. The last words
+which she should speak, she said, should be those of the Queen of
+Scotland.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Elizabeth's negotiations with Murray.</div>
+
+<p>Elizabeth therefore considered that she had no alternative left but
+to keep Mary a prisoner. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span>She accordingly retained her for some time
+in confinement, but she soon found that such a charge was a serious
+incumbrance to her, and one not unattended with danger. The
+disaffected in her own realm were beginning to form plots, and to
+consider whether they could not, in some way or other, make use of
+Mary's claims to the English crown to aid them. Finally, Elizabeth
+came to the conclusion, when she had become a little satiated with
+the feeling, at first so delightful, of having Mary in her power,
+that, after all, it would be quite as convenient to have her
+imprisoned in Scotland, and she opened a negotiation with Murray for
+delivering Mary into his hands. He was, on his part, to agree to save
+her life, and to keep her a close prisoner, and he was to deliver
+hostages to Elizabeth as security for the fulfillment of these
+obligations.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Their failure.</div>
+
+<p>Various difficulties, however, occurred in the way of the
+accomplishment of these plans, and before the arrangement was finally
+completed, it was cut suddenly short by Murray's miserable end. One
+of the Hamiltons, who had been with Mary at Langside, was taken
+prisoner after the battle. Murray, who, of course, as the legally
+constituted regent in the name of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span>James, considered himself as
+representing the royal authority of the kingdom, regarded these
+prisoners as rebels taken in the act of insurrection against their
+sovereign. They were condemned to death, but finally were pardoned at
+the place of execution. Their estates were, however, confiscated, and
+given to the followers and favorites of Murray.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Cruel treatment of Lady Hamilton.<br />Hamilton resolves on revenge.</div>
+
+<p>One of these men, in taking possession of the house of Hamilton, with
+a cruel brutality characteristic of the times, turned Hamilton's
+family out abruptly in a cold night&mdash;perhaps exasperated by
+resistance which he may have encountered. The wife of Hamilton, it is
+said, was sent out naked; but the expression means, probably, very
+insufficiently clothed for such an exposure. At any rate, the unhappy
+outcast wandered about, half frantic with anger and terror, until,
+before morning, she was wholly frantic and insane. To have such a
+calamity brought upon him in consequence merely of his fidelity to
+his queen, was, as the bereaved and wretched husband thought, an
+injury not to be borne. He considered Murray the responsible author
+of these miseries, and silently and calmly resolved on a terrible
+revenge.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Hamilton's plans.</div>
+
+<p>Murray was making a progress through the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span>country, traveling in state
+with a great retinue, and was to pass through Linlithgow. There is a
+town of that name close by the palace. Hamilton provided himself with
+a room in one of the houses on the principal street, through which he
+knew that Murray must pass. He had a fleet horse ready for him at the
+back door. The front door was barricaded. There was a sort of balcony
+or gallery projecting toward the street, with a window in it. He
+stationed himself here, having carefully taken every precaution to
+prevent his being seen from the street, or overheard in his
+movements. Murray lodged in the town during the night, and Hamilton
+posted himself in his ambuscade the next morning, armed with a gun.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Death of Murray.<br />Hamilton's flight.</div>
+
+<p>The town was thronged, and Murray, on issuing from his lodging,
+escorted by his cavalcade, found the streets crowded with spectators.
+He made his way slowly, on account of the throng. When he arrived at
+the proper point, Hamilton took his aim in a cool and deliberate
+manner, screened from observation by black cloths with which he had
+darkened his hiding-place. He fired. The ball passed through the body
+of the regent, and thence, descending as it went, killed a horse on
+the other side of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span>him. Murray fell. There was a universal outcry of
+surprise and fear. They made an onset upon the house from which the
+shot had been fired. The door was strongly barricaded. Before they
+could get the means to force an entrance, Hamilton was on his horse
+and far away. The regent was carried to his lodgings, and died that
+night.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Mary's grief.</div>
+
+<p>Murray was Queen Mary's half brother, and the connection of his
+fortunes with hers, considered in respect to its intimacy and the
+length of its duration, was, on the whole, greater than that of any
+other individual. He may be said to have governed Scotland, in
+reality, during the whole of Mary's nominal reign, first as her
+minister and friend, and afterward as her competitor and foe. He was,
+at any rate, during most of her life, her nearest relative and her
+most constant companion, and Mary mourned his death with many tears.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Duke of Norfolk.<br />Duke of Norfolk beheaded.</div>
+
+<p>There was a great nobleman in England, named the Duke of Norfolk, who
+had vast estates, and was regarded as the greatest subject in the
+realm. He was a Catholic. Among the other countless schemes and plots
+to which Mary's presence in England gave rise, he formed a plan of
+marrying her, and, through her <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span>claim to the crown and by the help of
+the Catholics, to overturn the government of Elizabeth. He entered
+into negotiations with Mary, and she consented to become his wife,
+without, however, as she says, being a party to his political
+schemes. His plots were discovered; he was imprisoned, tried, and
+beheaded. Mary was accused of sharing the guilt of his treason. She
+denied this. She was not very vigorously proceeded against, but she
+suffered in the event of the affair another sad disappointment of her
+hopes of liberty, and her confinement became more strict and absolute
+than ever.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Mary's unhappy situation.<br />Mary almost forgotten in her captivity.</div>
+
+<p>Still she had quite a numerous retinue of attendants. Many of her
+former friends were allowed to continue with her. Jane Kennedy, who
+had escaped with her from Loch Leven, remained in her service. She
+was removed from castle to castle, at Elizabeth's orders, to diminish
+the probability of the forming and maturing of plans of escape. She
+amused herself sometimes in embroidery and similar pursuits, and
+sometimes she pined and languished under the pressure of her sorrows
+and woes. Sixteen or eighteen years passed away in this manner. She
+was almost forgotten. Very exciting public events were taking place
+in England and in <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span>Scotland, and the name of the poor captive queen
+at length seemed to pass from men's minds, except so far as it was
+whispered secretly in plots and intrigues.</p>
+
+<hr class="large" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Chapter_XII" id="Chapter_XII"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter XII.</span></h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">The End.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="center">1586-1587</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Plots and intrigues.<br />How far Mary was involved.</div>
+
+<p class="n"><span style="float:left;font-size:50px;line-height:32px;padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:1px;">M</span><span style="margin-left:0%;">ary</span> did not always discourage the plots and intrigues with which her
+name was connected. She, of course, longed for deliverance from the
+thraldom in which Elizabeth held her, and was ready to embrace any
+opportunity which promised release. She thus seems to have listened
+from time to time to the overtures which were made to her, and
+involved herself, in Elizabeth's opinion, more or less, in the
+responsibility which attached to them. Elizabeth did not, however, in
+such cases, do any thing more than to increase somewhat the rigors of
+her imprisonment. She was afraid to proceed to extremities with her,
+partly, perhaps, for fear that she might, by doing so, awaken the
+hostility of France, whose king was Mary's cousin, or of Scotland,
+whose monarch was her son.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Babington's conspiracy.<br />Secret correspondence.</div>
+
+<p>At length, however, in the year 1586, about eighteen years from the
+commencement of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span>Mary's captivity, a plot was formed in which she
+became so seriously involved as to subject herself to the charge of
+aiding and abetting in the high treason of which the leaders of the
+plot were proved to be guilty. This plot is known in history by the
+name of Babington's conspiracy. Babington was a young gentleman of
+fortune, who lived in the heart of England. He was inspired with a
+strong degree of interest in Mary's fate, and wished to rescue her
+from her captivity. He joined himself with a large party of
+influential individuals of the Catholic faith. The conspirators
+opened negotiations with the courts of France and Spain for aid. They
+planned an insurrection, the assassination of Elizabeth, the rescue
+of Mary, and a general revolution. They maintained a correspondence
+with Mary. This correspondence was managed very secretly, the letters
+being placed by a confidential messenger in a certain hole in the
+castle wall where Queen Mary was confined.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Seizure of Mary's papers.</div>
+
+<p>One day, when Mary was going out to ride, just as she was entering
+her carriage, officers suddenly arrived from London. They told her
+that the plot in which she had been engaged had been discovered; that
+fourteen of the principal <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span>conspirators had been hung, seven on each
+of two successive days, and that they had come to arrest some of her
+attendants and to seize her papers. They accordingly went into her
+apartments, opened all her desks, trunks, and cabinets, seized her
+papers, and took them to London. Mary sat down in the scene of
+desolation and disorder which they left, and wept bitterly.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Her son James.</div>
+
+<p>The papers which were seized were taken to London, and Elizabeth's
+government began seriously to agitate the question of bringing Mary
+herself to trial. One would have thought that, in her forlorn and
+desolate condition, she would have looked to her son for sympathy and
+aid. But rival claimants to a crown can have little kind feeling to
+each other, even if they are mother and son. James, as he gradually
+approached toward maturity, took sides against his mother. In fact,
+all Scotland was divided, and was for many years in a state of civil
+war: those who advocated Mary's right to the crown on one side, and
+James's adherents on the other. They were called king's men and
+queen's men. James was, of course, brought up in hostility to his
+mother, and he wrote to her, about a year before Babington's
+conspiracy, in terms so hostile <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span>and so devoid of filial love, that
+his ingratitude stung her to the heart. "Was it for this," she said,
+"that I made so many sacrifices, and endured so many trials on his
+account in his early years? I have made it the whole business of my
+life to protect and secure his rights, and to open before him a
+prospect of future power and glory: and this is the return."</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Elizabeth resolves to bring Mary to trial.<br />Fotheringay Castle.</div>
+
+<p>The English government, under Elizabeth's direction, concluded to
+bring Mary to a public trial. They removed her, accordingly, to the
+Castle of Fotheringay. Fotheringay is in Northamptonshire, which is
+in the very heart of England, Northampton, the shire town, being
+about sixty miles northwest of London. Fotheringay Castle was on the
+banks of the River Nen, or Avon, which flows northeast from
+Northampton to the sea. A few miles below the castle is the ancient
+town of Peterborough, where there was a monastery and a great
+cathedral church. The monastery had been built a thousand years
+before.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Great interest in the trial.</div>
+
+<p>They removed Mary to Fotheringay Castle for her trial, and lawyers,
+counselors, commissioners, and officers of state began to assemble
+there from all quarters. The castle was a spacious structure. It was
+surrounded with two <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span>moats, and with double walls, and was strongly
+fortified. It contained numerous and spacious apartments, and it had
+especially one large hall which was well adapted to the purposes of
+this great trial. The preparations for the solemn ordeal through
+which Mary was now to pass, brought her forth from the obscurity in
+which she had so long been lost to the eyes of mankind, and made her
+the universal object of interest and attention in England, Scotland,
+and France. The people of all these nations looked on with great
+interest at the spectacle of one queen tried solemnly on a charge of
+high treason against another. The stories of her beauty, her graces,
+her misfortunes, which had slumbered for eighteen years, were all now
+revived, and every body felt a warm interest in the poor captive,
+worn down by long confinement, and trembling in the hands of what
+they feared would be a merciless and terrible power.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Preparations for it.<br />The throne.</div>
+
+<p>Mary was removed to the Castle of Fotheringay toward the end of
+September, 1586. The preparations for the trial proceeded slowly.
+Every thing in which kings and queens, or affairs of state were
+concerned in those days, was conducted with great pomp and ceremony.
+The arrangements of the hall were minutely prescribed. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</a></span>At the head
+of it a sort of throne was placed, with a royal canopy over it, for
+the Queen of England. This, though it was vacant, impressed the court
+and the spectators as a symbol of royalty, and denoted that the
+sovereignty of Elizabeth was the power before which Mary was
+arraigned.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Mary refuses to plead.</div>
+
+<p>When the preparations were made, Mary refused to acknowledge the
+jurisdiction of the court. She denied that they had any right to
+arraign or to try her. "I am no subject of Elizabeth's," said she. "I
+am an independent and sovereign queen as well as she, and I will not
+consent to any thing inconsistent with this my true position. I owe
+no allegiance to England, and I am not, in any sense, subject to her
+laws. I came into the realm only to ask assistance from a sister
+queen, and I have been made a captive, and detained many years in an
+unjust and cruel imprisonment; and though now worn down both in body
+and mind by my protracted sufferings, I am not yet so enfeebled as to
+forget what is due to myself, my ancestors, and my country."</p>
+
+<p>This refusal of Mary's to plead, or to acknowledge the jurisdiction
+of the court, caused a new delay. They urged her to abandon her
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</a></span>resolution. They told her that if she refused to plead, the trial
+would proceed without her action, and, by pursuing such a course, she
+would only deprive herself of the means of defense, without at all
+impeding the course of her fate. At length Mary yielded. It would
+have been better for her to have adhered to her first intention.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The commission.<br />The great hall.</div>
+
+<p>The commission by which Mary was to be tried consisted of earls,
+barons, and other persons of rank, twenty or thirty in number. They
+were seated on each side of the room, the throne being at the head.
+In the center was a table, where the lawyers, by whom the trial was
+to be conducted, were seated. Below this table was a chair for Mary.
+Behind Mary's chair was a rail, dividing off the lower end of the
+hall from the court; and this formed an outer space, to which some
+spectators were admitted.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Mary pronounced guilty.</div>
+
+<p>Mary took her place in the seat assigned her, and the trial
+proceeded. They adduced the evidence against her, and then asked for
+her defense. She said substantially that she had a right to make an
+effort to recover her liberty; that, after being confined a captive
+so long, and having lost forever her youth, her health, and her
+happiness, it was not wonderful that she wished to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</a></span>be free; but
+that, in endeavoring to obtain her freedom, she had formed no plans
+to injure Elizabeth, or to interfere in any way with her rights or
+prerogatives as queen. The commissioners, after devoting some days to
+hearing evidence, and listening to the defense, sent Mary back to her
+apartments, and went to London. There they had a final consultation,
+and unanimously agreed in the following decision: "That Mary,
+commonly called Queen of Scots and dowager of France, had been an
+accessory to Babington's conspiracy, and had compassed the death of
+Elizabeth, queen of England."</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Elizabeth's pretended sorrow.</div>
+
+<p>Elizabeth pretended to be very much concerned at this result. She
+laid the proceedings before Parliament. It was supposed then, and has
+always been supposed since, that she wished Mary to be beheaded, but
+desired not to take the responsibility of it herself; and that she
+wanted to appear unwilling, and to be impelled, greatly against her
+own inclinations, by the urgency of others, to carry the sentence
+into execution. At any rate, Parliament, and all the members of the
+government, approved and confirmed the verdict, and wished to have it
+carried into effect.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Signing the warrant.<br />Shuffling of Elizabeth.</div>
+
+<p>It has always been the custom, in modern <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</a></span>times, to require the
+solemn act of the supreme magistrate of any state to confirm a
+decision of a tribunal which condemns a person to death, by signing
+what is called a warrant for the execution. This is done by the king
+or queen in England, and by the governor in one of the United States.
+This warrant is an order, very formally written, and sealed with the
+great seal, authorizing the executioner to proceed, and carry the
+sentence into effect. Of course, Queen Mary could not be executed
+unless Elizabeth should first sign the warrant. Elizabeth would
+herself, probably, have been better pleased to have been excused from
+all direct agency in the affair. But this could not be. She, however,
+made much delay, and affected great unwillingness to proceed. She
+sent messengers to Mary, telling her what the sentence had been, how
+sorry she was to hear it, and how much she desired to save her life,
+if it were possible. At the same time, she told her that she feared
+it might not be in her power, and she advised Mary to prepare her
+mind for the execution of the sentence.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Mary's letter to Elizabeth.</div>
+
+<p>Mary wrote a letter to Elizabeth in reply. She said in this letter
+that she was glad to hear that they had pronounced sentence of death
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</a></span>against her, for she was weary of life, and had no hope of relief or
+rest from her miseries but in the grave. She wrote, therefore, not to
+ask any change in the decision, but to make three requests. First,
+that, after her execution, her body might be removed to France, and
+be deposited at Rheims, where the ashes of her mother were reposing.
+Secondly, that her execution should not be in secret, but that her
+personal friends might be present, to attest to the world that she
+met her fate with resignation and fortitude; and, thirdly, that her
+attendants and friends, who had, through their faithful love for her,
+shared her captivity so long, might be permitted to retire wherever
+they pleased, after her death, without any molestation. "I hope,"
+said she, in conclusion, "you will not refuse me these my dying
+requests, but that you will assure me by a letter under your own hand
+that you will comply with them, and then I shall die as I have lived,
+your affectionate sister and prisoner, Mary Queen of Scots."</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Interposition of Mary's friends.<br />Elizabeth signs the warrant.</div>
+
+<p>The King of France, and James, Mary's son in Scotland, made somewhat
+vigorous efforts to arrest the execution of the sentence which had
+been pronounced against Mary. From these and other causes, the
+signing of the warrant <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</a></span>was delayed for some months, but at length
+Elizabeth yielded to the solicitations of her ministers. She affixed
+her signature to the instrument. The chancellor put upon it the great
+seal, and the commissioners who were appointed by it to superintend
+the execution went to Fotheringay. They arrived there on the 7th of
+February, 1587.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">It is read to Mary.</div>
+
+<p>After resting, and refreshing themselves for a short time from their
+journey, the commissioners sent word to Mary that they wished for an
+interview with her. Mary had retired. They said that their business
+was very important. She rose, and prepared to receive them. She
+assembled all her attendants, fourteen or fifteen in number, in order
+to receive the commissioners in a manner comporting, so far as
+circumstances allowed, with her rank and station. The commissioners
+were at length ushered into the apartment. They stood respectfully
+before her, with their heads uncovered. The foremost then, in
+language as forbearing and gentle as was consistent with the nature
+of his message, informed her that it had been decided to carry the
+sentence which had been pronounced against her into effect, and then
+he requested another of the number to read the warrant for her
+execution.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[Pg 271-2]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/i271.jpg" class="smallgap" width="500" height="316" alt="Fotheringay, in its present State." title="" />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fotheringay, in its present State.</span></span></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[Pg 273]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Mary hears the sentence with composure.<br />Protests her innocence.</div>
+
+<p>Mary listened to it calmly and patiently. Her attendants, one after
+another, were overcome by the mournful and awful solemnity of the
+scene, and melted into tears. Mary, however, was calm. When the
+reading of the warrant was ended, she said that she was sorry that
+her cousin Elizabeth should set the example of taking the life of a
+sovereign queen; but for herself, she was willing to die. Life had
+long ceased to afford her any peace or happiness, and she was ready
+to exchange it for the prospect of immortality. She then laid her
+hand upon the New Testament, which was near her, of course a Catholic
+version, and called God to witness that she had never plotted
+herself, or joined in plots with others, for the death of Elizabeth.
+One of the commissioners remarked that her oath being upon a Catholic
+version of the Bible, they should not consider it valid. She rejoined
+that it ought to be considered the more sacred and solemn on that
+account, as that was the version which she regarded as the only one
+which was authoritative and true.</p>
+
+<p>Mary then asked the commissioners several questions, as whether her
+son James had not expressed any interest in her fate, and whether <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</a></span>no
+foreign princes had interposed to save her. The commissioners
+answered these and other inquiries, and Mary learned from their
+answers that her fate was sealed. She then asked them what time was
+appointed for the execution. They replied that it was to take place
+at eight o'clock the following morning.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Mary refused a priest.</div>
+
+<p>Mary had not expected so early an hour to be named. She said it was
+sudden; and she seemed agitated and distressed. She, however, soon
+recovered her composure, and asked to have a Catholic priest allowed
+to visit her. The commissioners replied that that could not be
+permitted. They, however, proposed to send the Dean of Peterborough
+to visit her. A dean is the ecclesiastical functionary presiding over
+a cathedral church; and, of course, the Dean of Peterborough was the
+clergyman of the highest rank in that vicinity. He was, however, a
+Protestant, and Mary did not wish to see him.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Mary alone with her friends.<br />Affecting scene.</div>
+
+<p>The commissioners withdrew, and left Mary with her friends, when
+there ensued one of those scenes of anguish and suffering which those
+who witness them never forget, but carry the gloomy remembrance of
+them, like a dark shadow in the soul, to the end of their days. Mary
+was quiet, and appeared calm. It may <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</a></span>however, have been the calm of
+hopeless and absolute despair. Her attendants were overwhelmed with
+agitation and grief, the expression of which they could not even
+attempt to control. At last they became more composed, and Mary asked
+them to kneel with her in prayer; and she prayed for some time
+fervently and earnestly in the midst of them.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Supper.<br />Mary's farewell to her attendants.</div>
+
+<p>She then directed supper to be prepared as usual, and, until it was
+ready, she spent her time in dividing the money which she had on hand
+into separate parcels for her attendants, marking each parcel with
+the name. She sat down at the table when supper was served, and
+though she ate but little, she conversed as usual, in a cheerful
+manner, and with smiles. Her friends were silent and sad, struggling
+continually to keep back their tears. At the close of the supper Mary
+called for a cup of wine, and drank to the health of each one of
+them, and then asked them to drink to her. They took the cup, and,
+kneeling before her, complied with her request, though, as they did
+it, the tears would come to their eyes. Mary then told them that she
+willingly forgave them for all that they had ever done to displease
+her, and she thanked them for their long-continued fidelity <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</a></span>and
+love. She also asked that they would forgive her for any thing she
+might ever have done in respect to them which was inconsistent with
+her duty. They answered the request only with a renewal of their
+tears.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Mary's last letters.</div>
+
+<p>Mary spent the evening in writing two letters to her nearest
+relatives in France, and in making her will. The principal object of
+these letters was to recommend her servants to the attention and care
+of those to whom they were addressed, after she should be gone. She
+went to bed shortly after midnight, and it is said she slept. This
+would be incredible, if any thing were incredible in respect to the
+workings of the human soul in a time of awful trial like this, which
+so transcends all the ordinary conditions of its existence.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Her directions as to the disposal of her body.</div>
+
+<p>At any rate, whether Mary slept or not, the morning soon came. Her
+friends were around her as soon as she rose. She gave them minute
+directions about the disposition of her body. She wished to have it
+taken to France to be interred, as she had requested of Elizabeth,
+either at Rheims, in the same tomb with the body of her mother, or
+else at St. Denis, an ancient abbey a little north of Paris, where
+the ashes of a long line of French monarchs repose. She <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[Pg 277]</a></span>begged her
+servants, if possible, not to leave her body till it should reach its
+final home in one of these places of sepulture.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Arrangements for the execution.<br />The scaffold.</div>
+
+<p>In the mean time, arrangements had been made for the last act in this
+dreadful tragedy, in the same great hall where she had been tried.
+They raised a platform upon the stone floor of the hall large enough
+to contain those who were to take part in the closing scene. On this
+platform was a block, a cushion, and a chair. All these things, as
+well as the platform itself, were covered with black cloth, giving to
+the whole scene a most solemn and funereal expression. The part of
+the hall containing this scaffold was railed off from the rest. The
+governor of the castle, and a body of guards, came in and took their
+station at the sides of the room. Two executioners, one holding the
+axe, stood upon the scaffold on one side of the block. Two of the
+commissioners stood upon the other side. The remaining commissioners
+and several gentlemen of the neighborhood took their places as
+spectators without the rail. The number of persons thus assembled was
+about two hundred. Strange that any one should have come in,
+voluntarily, to witness such a scene!</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Proceeding to the hall.</div>
+
+<p>When all was ready, the sheriff, carrying his <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</a></span>white wand of office,
+and attended by some of the commissioners, went for Mary. She was at
+her devotions, and she asked a little delay that she might conclude
+them: perhaps the shrinking spirit clung at the last moment to life,
+and wished to linger a few minutes longer before taking the final
+farewell. The request was granted. In a short time Mary signified
+that she was ready, and they began to move toward the hall of
+execution. Her attendants were going to accompany her. The sheriff
+said this could not be allowed. She accordingly bade them farewell,
+and they filled the castle with the sound of their shrieks and
+lamentations.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Interview with Melville.<br />Mary's last message.</div>
+
+<p>Mary went on, descending the stair-case, at the foot of which she was
+joined by one of her attendants, from whom she had been separated for
+some time. His name was Sir Andrew Melville, and he was the master of
+her household. The name of her secretary Melville was James. Sir
+Andrew kneeled before her, kissed her hand, and said that this was
+the saddest hour of his life. Mary began to give him some last
+commissions and requests. "Say," said she, "that I died firm in the
+faith; that I forgive my enemies; that I feel that I have never
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</a></span>disgraced Scotland, my native country, and that I have been always
+true to France, the land of my happiest years. Tell my son&mdash;" Here
+her voice faltered and ceased to be heard, and she burst into tears.</p>
+
+<p>She struggled to regain her composure. "Tell my son," said she, "that
+I thought of him in my last moments, and that I have never yielded,
+either by word or deed, to any thing whatever that might lead to his
+prejudice. Tell him to cherish the memory of his mother, and say that
+I sincerely hope his life may be happier than mine has been."</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">She desires the presence of her attendants.</div>
+
+<p>Mary then turned to the commissioners who stood by, and renewed her
+request that her attendants, who had just been separated from her,
+might come down and see her die. The commissioners objected. They
+said that if these attendants were admitted, their anguish and
+lamentations would only add to her own distress, and make the whole
+scene more painful. Mary, however, urged the request. She said they
+had been devotedly attached to her all her days; they had shared her
+captivity, and loved and served her faithfully to the end, and it was
+enough if she herself, and they, desired that they should be present.
+The commissioners <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</a></span>at last yielded, and allowed her to name six, who
+should be summoned to attend her. She did so, and the six came down.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Mary's dress and appearance.<br />Symbols of religion.</div>
+
+<p>The sad procession then proceeded to the hall. Mary was in full court
+dress, and walked into the apartment with the air and composure of a
+reigning queen. She leaned on the arm of her physician. Sir Andrew
+Melville followed, bearing the train of her robe. Her dress is
+described as a gown of black silk, bordered with crimson velvet, over
+which was a satin mantle. A long veil of white crape, edged with rich
+lace, hung down almost to the ground. Around her neck was an ivory
+crucifix&mdash;that is, an image of Christ upon the cross, which the
+Catholics use as a memorial of our Savior's sufferings&mdash;and a rosary,
+which is a string of beads of peculiar arrangement, often employed by
+them as an aid in their devotions. Mary meant, doubtless, by these
+symbols, to show to her enemies and to the world, that though she
+submitted to her fate without resistance, yet, so far as the contest
+of her life had been one of religious faith, she had no intention of
+yielding.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Mary's firmness in her faith.<br />Her last prayer.</div>
+
+<p>Mary ascended the platform and took her seat in the chair provided
+for her. With the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</a></span>exception of stifled sobs here and there to be
+heard, the room was still. An officer then advanced and read the
+warrant of execution, which the executioners listened to as their
+authority for doing the dreadful work which they were about to
+perform. The Dean of Peterborough, the Protestant ecclesiastic whom
+Mary had refused to see, then came forward to the foot of the
+platform, and most absurdly commenced an address to her, with a view
+to convert her to the Protestant faith. Mary interrupted him, saying
+that she had been born and had lived a Catholic, and she was resolved
+so to die; and she asked him to spare her his useless reasonings. The
+dean persisted in going on. Mary turned away from him, kneeled down,
+and began to offer a Latin prayer. The dean soon brought his
+ministrations to a close, and then Mary prayed for some time, in a
+distinct and fervent voice, in English, the large company listening
+with breathless attention. She prayed for her own soul, and that she
+might have comfort from heaven in the agony of death. She implored
+God's blessing upon France; upon Scotland; upon England; upon Queen
+Elizabeth; and, more than all, upon her son. During this time she
+held the ivory crucifix <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</a></span>in her hand, clasping it and raising it from
+time to time toward heaven.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The execution.<br />Heart-rending scene.</div>
+
+<p>When her prayer was ended, she rose, and, with the assistance of her
+attendants, took off her veil, and such other parts of her dress as
+it was necessary to remove in order to leave the neck bare, and then
+she kneeled forward and laid her head upon the block. The agitation
+of the assembly became extreme. Some turned away from the scene faint
+and sick at heart; some looked more eagerly and intensely at the
+group upon the scaffold; some wept and sobbed aloud. The assistant
+executioner put Mary's two hands together and held them; the other
+raised his axe, and, after the horrid sound of two or three
+successive blows, the assistant held up the dissevered head, saying,
+"So perish all Queen Elizabeth's enemies."</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Disposition of the body.</div>
+
+<p>The assembly dispersed. The body was taken into an adjoining
+apartment, and prepared for interment. Mary's attendants wished to
+have it delivered to them, that they might comply with her dying
+request to convey it to France; but they were told that they could
+not be allowed to do so. The body was interred with great pomp and
+ceremony in the Cathedral <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</a></span>at Peterborough, where it remained in
+peace for many years.</p>
+
+<hr class="medium" />
+
+<div class="sidenote">Elizabeth's affected surprise.<br />Her conduct.</div>
+
+<p>Now that the deed was done, the great problem with Elizabeth was, of
+course, to avert the consequences of the terrible displeasure and
+thirst for revenge which she might naturally suppose it would awaken
+in Scotland and in France. She succeeded very well in accomplishing
+this. As soon as she heard of the execution of Mary, she expressed
+the utmost surprise, grief, and indignation. She said that she had,
+indeed, signed the death warrant, but it was not her intention at all
+to have it executed; and that, when she delivered it to the officer,
+she charged him not to let it go out of his possession. This the
+officer denied. Elizabeth insisted, and punished the officer by a
+long imprisonment, and perpetual disgrace, for his pretended offense.
+She sent a messenger to James, explaining the terrible accident, as
+she termed it, which had occurred, and deprecating his displeasure.
+James, though at first filled with indignation, and determined to
+avenge his mother's death, allowed himself to be appeased.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The end of Mary's ambition realized.<br />Accession of James I.</div>
+
+<p>About twenty years after this, Elizabeth died, and the great object
+of Mary's ambition <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</a></span>throughout her whole life was attained by the
+union of the Scotch and English crowns on the head of her son. As
+soon as Elizabeth ceased to breathe, James the Sixth of Scotland was
+proclaimed James the First of England. He was at that time nearly
+forty years of age. He was married, and had several young children.
+The circumstances of King James's journey to London, when he went to
+take possession of his new kingdom, are related in the <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/26734">History of
+Charles I.</a>, belonging to this series. Though James thus became
+monarch of both England and Scotland, it must not be supposed that
+the two <i>kingdoms</i> were combined. They remained separate for many
+years&mdash;two independent kingdoms governed by one king.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Tomb of Mary at Westminster Abbey.</div>
+
+<p>When James succeeded to the English throne, his mother had been dead
+many years, and whatever feelings of affection may have bound his
+heart to her in early life, they were now well-nigh obliterated by
+the lapse of time, and by the new ties by which he was connected with
+his wife and his children. As soon as he was seated on his new
+throne, however, he ordered the Castle of Fotheringay, which had been
+the scene of his mother's trial and death, to be leveled with the
+ground, and he transferred her <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[Pg 285]</a></span>remains to Westminster Abbey, where
+they still repose.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 347px;">
+<img src="images/i285.jpg" width="347" height="500" alt="Mary&#39;s Tomb at Westminster Abbey." title="" />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Mary&#39;s Tomb at Westminster Abbey.</span></span></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[Pg 286]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">Mary's love and ambition.<br />She triumphs in the end.</div>
+
+<p>If the lifeless dust had retained its consciousness when it was thus
+transferred, with what intense emotions of pride and pleasure would
+the mother's heart have been filled, in being thus brought to her
+final home in that ancient sepulcher of the English kings, by her
+son, now, at last, safely established, where she had so long toiled
+and suffered to instate him, in his place in the line. Ambition was
+the great, paramount, ruling principle of Mary's life. Love was, with
+her, an occasional, though perfectly uncontrollable impulse, which
+came suddenly to interrupt her plans and divert her from her course,
+leaving her to get back to it again, after devious wanderings, with
+great difficulty and through many tears. The love, with the
+consequences which followed from it, destroyed <i>her</i>; while the
+ambition, recovering itself after every contest with its rival, and
+holding out perseveringly to the last, saved <i>her son</i>; so that, in
+the long contest in which her life was spent, though she suffered all
+the way, and at last sacrificed herself, she triumphed in the end.</p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">The End.</span></h3>
+
+<hr class="large" />
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Footnotes.</span></h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> See the view of Edinburgh, page <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_B_2" id="Footnote_B_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_B_2"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> Travelers who visit Scotland from this country at the
+present day, usually land first, at the close of the voyage across
+the Atlantic, at Liverpool, and there take a Glasgow steamer.
+Glasgow, which is the great commercial city of Scotland, is on the
+River Clyde. This river flows northward to the sea. The steamer, in
+ascending the river, makes its way with difficulty along the narrow
+channel, which, besides being narrow and tortuous, is obstructed by
+boats, ships, steamers, and every other variety of water-craft, such
+as are always going to and fro in the neighborhood of any great
+commercial emporium.</p>
+
+<p>The tourists, who stand upon the deck gazing at this exciting scene
+of life and motion, have their attention strongly attracted, about
+half way up the river, by this Castle of Dumbarton, which crowns a
+rocky hill, rising abruptly from the water's edge, on the north side
+of the stream. It attracts sometimes the more attention from American
+travelers, on account of its being the first ancient castle they see.
+This it likely to be the case if they proceed to Scotland immediately
+on landing at Liverpool.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_C_3" id="Footnote_C_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_C_3"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> Tourner.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_D_4" id="Footnote_D_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_D_4"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> Dulce meum terra tegit.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_E_5" id="Footnote_E_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_E_5"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> For the situation of this palace in respect to Edinburgh
+see the view of Edinburgh, page <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_F_6" id="Footnote_F_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_F_6"><span class="label">[F]</span></a> The ruins of the royal chapel are to be seen in the rear
+of the palace in the view on page <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_G_7" id="Footnote_G_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_G_7"><span class="label">[G]</span></a> See view of Holyrood House, page <a href="#Page_114">114</a> and compare it with
+this plan.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_H_8" id="Footnote_H_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_H_8"><span class="label">[H]</span></a> Compare this plan with the view of the castle, page
+<a href="#Page_236">236</a>.</p></div>
+
+<hr class="large" />
+<h3><span class="smcap">Transcriber's Notes</span></h3>
+
+<p>1. Minor changes have been made to correct typesetters' errors, and to ensure consistent spelling and punctuation in this etext; otherwise,
+every effort has been made to remain true to the original book.</p>
+
+<p>2. The sidenotes used in this text were originally published as banners in the page headers, and have been moved to the relevant paragraph
+for the reader's convenience.</p>
+
+<p>3. The original Table of Engravings referenced an illuminated title page from the first edition of this book; this reference has been removed
+as that page does not occur in this e-text.</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Mary Queen of Scots, Makers of History, by 
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+Project Gutenberg's Mary Queen of Scots, Makers of History, by Jacob Abbott
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Mary Queen of Scots, Makers of History
+
+Author: Jacob Abbott
+
+Release Date: March 9, 2009 [EBook #28283]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by D Alexander and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Makers of History
+
+ Mary Queen of Scots
+
+ BY
+
+ JACOB ABBOTT
+
+ WITH ENGRAVINGS
+
+ NEW YORK AND LONDON
+
+ HARPER & BROTHERS PUBLISHERS
+
+ 1904
+
+
+
+
+ Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1848, by
+
+ HARPER & BROTHERS,
+
+ In the Clerk's Office of the Southern District of New York.
+
+ Copyright, 1876, by JACOB ABBOTT.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: DUMBARTON CASTLE, on the Clyde.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS.]
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+The history of the life of every individual who has, for any reason,
+attracted extensively the attention of mankind, has been written in a
+great variety of ways by a multitude of authors, and persons
+sometimes wonder why we should have so many different accounts of the
+same thing. The reason is, that each one of these accounts is
+intended for a different set of readers, who read with ideas and
+purposes widely dissimilar from each other. Among the twenty millions
+of people in the United States, there are perhaps two millions,
+between the ages of fifteen and twenty-five, who wish to become
+acquainted, in general, with the leading events in the history of the
+Old World, and of ancient times, but who, coming upon the stage in
+this land and at this period, have ideas and conceptions so widely
+different from those of other nations and of other times, that a
+mere republication of existing accounts is not what they require.
+The story must be told expressly for them. The things that are to be
+explained, the points that are to be brought out, the comparative
+degree of prominence to be given to the various particulars, will all
+be different, on account of the difference in the situation, the
+ideas, and the objects of these new readers, compared with those of
+the various other classes of readers which former authors have had in
+view. It is for this reason, and with this view, that the present
+series of historical narratives is presented to the public. The
+author, having had some opportunity to become acquainted with the
+position, the ideas, and the intellectual wants of those whom he
+addresses, presents the result of his labors to them, with the hope
+that it may be found successful in accomplishing its design.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+ Chapter                                                    Page
+
+    I. MARY'S CHILDHOOD                                      13
+
+   II. HER EDUCATION IN FRANCE                               37
+
+  III. THE GREAT WEDDING                                     56
+
+   IV. MISFORTUNES                                           76
+
+    V. RETURN TO SCOTLAND                                    99
+
+   VI. MARY AND LORD DARNLEY                                124
+
+  VII. RIZZIO                                               147
+
+ VIII. BOTHWELL                                             168
+
+   IX. THE FALL OF BOTHWELL                                 198
+
+    X. LOCH LEVEN CASTLE                                    218
+
+   XI. THE LONG CAPTIVITY                                   244
+
+  XII. THE END                                              260
+
+
+
+
+ENGRAVINGS.
+
+
+                                                            Page
+
+ DUMBARTON CASTLE, ON THE CLYDE                  _Frontispiece._
+
+ MAP OF THE CENTRAL PART OF SCOTLAND.
+
+ PLAN OF THE PALACE OF LINLITHGOW                            22
+
+ VIEW OF THE PALACE OF LINLITHGOW                            25
+
+ PORTRAIT OF QUEEN ELIZABETH                                 91
+
+ MARY'S EMBARKATION AT CALAIS                               105
+
+ VIEW OF THE PALACE OF HOLYROOD HOUSE                       114
+
+ VIEW OF WEMYS CASTLE                                       137
+
+ PLAN OF HOLYROOD HOUSE                                     160
+
+ PRINCE JAMES'S CRADLE                                      174
+
+ VIEW OF EDINBURGH                                          179
+
+ PLAN OF THE HOUSE AT THE KIRK O' FIELD                     182
+
+ VIEW OF DUNBAR CASTLE                                      193
+
+ PLAN OF LOCH LEVEN CASTLE                                  221
+
+ VIEW OF LOCH LEVEN CASTLE                                  236
+
+ RUINS OF LOCH LEVEN CASTLE                                 241
+
+ VIEW OF FOTHERINGAY                                        271
+
+ MARY'S TOMB IN WESTMINSTER ABBEY                           285
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: CENTRAL PARTS OF SCOTLAND.]
+
+
+
+
+MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+MARY'S CHILDHOOD.
+
+1542-1548
+
+Palace where Mary was born.--Its situation.--Ruins.--The
+room.--Visitors.--Mary's father in the wars.--His
+death.--Regency.--Catholic religion.--The Protestants.--England
+and France.--The Earl of Arran.--The regency.--Arran
+regent.--New plan.--End of the war.--King Henry VIII.--Janet
+Sinclair.--King Henry's demands.--Objections to them.--Plans for
+Mary.--Linlithgow.--Plan of the palace.--Fountain.--The lion's
+den.--Explanation of the engraving.--The coronation.--Stirling
+Castle.--Its situation.--Rocky hill.--The coronation scene.--Linlithgow
+and Stirling.--The Highlands and the Highlanders.--Religious
+disturbances.--Lake Menteith.--Mary's companions.--The four
+Maries.--Angry disputes.--Change of plan.--Henry's anger.--Henry's
+sickness and death.--War renewed.--Danger in Edinburgh.--Aid from
+France.--New plan.--Going to France.--Dumbarton Castle.--Rock of
+Dumbarton.--Journey to Dumbarton.--The four Maries.--Departure from
+Scotland.
+
+
+Travelers who go into Scotland take a great interest in visiting,
+among other places, a certain room in the ruins of an old palace,
+where Queen Mary was born. Queen Mary was very beautiful, but she was
+very unfortunate and unhappy. Every body takes a strong interest in
+her story, and this interest attaches, in some degree, to the room
+where her sad and sorrowful life was begun.
+
+The palace is near a little village called Linlithgow. The village
+has but one long street, which consists of ancient stone houses.
+North of it is a little lake, or rather pond: they call it, in
+Scotland, a _loch_. The palace is between the village and the loch;
+it is upon a beautiful swell of land which projects out into the
+water. There is a very small island in the middle of the loch and the
+shores are bordered with fertile fields. The palace, when entire,
+was square, with an open space or court in the center. There was a
+beautiful stone fountain in the center of this court, and an arched
+gateway through which horsemen and carriages could ride in. The doors
+of entrance into the palace were on the inside of the court.
+
+The palace is now in ruins. A troop of soldiers came to it one day in
+time of war, after Mary and her mother had left it, and spent the
+night there: they spread straw over the floors to sleep upon. In the
+morning, when they went away, they wantonly set the straw on fire,
+and left it burning, and thus the palace was destroyed. Some of the
+lower floors were of stone; but all the upper floors and the roof
+were burned, and all the wood-work of the rooms, and the doors and
+window-frames. Since then the palace has never been repaired, but
+remains a melancholy pile of ruins.
+
+The room where Mary was born had a stone floor. The rubbish which has
+fallen from above has covered it with a sort of soil, and grass and
+weeds grow up all over it. It is a very melancholy sight to see. The
+visitors who go into the room walk mournfully about, trying to
+imagine how Queen Mary looked, as an infant in her mother's arms,
+and reflecting on the recklessness of the soldiers in wantonly
+destroying so beautiful a palace. Then they go to the window, or,
+rather, to the crumbling opening in the wall where the window once
+was, and look out upon the loch, now so deserted and lonely; over
+their heads it is all open to the sky.
+
+Mary's father was King of Scotland. At the time that Mary was born,
+he was away from home engaged in war with the King of England, who
+had invaded Scotland. In the battles Mary's father was defeated, and
+he thought that the generals and nobles who commanded his army
+allowed the English to conquer them on purpose to betray him. This
+thought overwhelmed him with vexation and anguish. He pined away
+under the acuteness of his sufferings, and just after the news came
+to him that his daughter Mary was born, he died. Thus Mary became an
+orphan, and her troubles commenced, at the very beginning of her
+days. She never saw her father, and her father never saw her. Her
+mother was a French lady; her name was Mary of Guise. Her own name
+was Mary Stuart, but she is commonly called Mary Queen of Scots.
+
+As Mary was her father's only child, of course, when he died, she
+became Queen of Scotland, although she was only a few days old. It
+is customary, in such a case, to appoint some distinguished person to
+govern the kingdom, in the name of the young queen, until she grows
+up: such a person is called a _regent_. Mary's mother wished to be
+the regent until Mary became of age.
+
+It happened that in those days, as now, the government and people of
+France were of the Catholic religion. England, on the other hand, was
+Protestant. There is a great difference between the Catholic and the
+Protestant systems. The Catholic Church, though it extends nearly all
+over the world, is banded together, as the reader is aware, under one
+man--the pope--who is the great head of the Church, and who lives in
+state at Rome. The Catholics have, in all countries, many large and
+splendid churches, which are ornamented with paintings and images of
+the Virgin Mary and of Christ. They perform great ceremonies in these
+churches, the priests being dressed in magnificent costumes, and
+walking in processions, with censers of incense burning as they go.
+The Protestants, on the other hand, do not like these ceremonies;
+they regard such outward acts of worship as mere useless parade, and
+the images as idols. They themselves have smaller and plainer
+churches, and call the people together in them to hear sermons, and
+to offer up simple prayers.
+
+In the time of Mary, England was Protestant and France was Catholic,
+while Scotland was divided, though most of the people were
+Protestants. The two parties were very much excited against each
+other, and often persecuted each other with extreme cruelty.
+Sometimes the Protestants would break into the Catholic churches, and
+tear down and destroy the paintings and the images, and the other
+symbols of worship, all which the Catholics regarded with extreme
+veneration; this exasperated the Catholics, and when they became
+powerful in their turn, they would seize the Protestants and imprison
+them, and sometimes burn them to death, by tying them to a stake and
+piling fagots of wood about them, and then setting the heap on fire.
+
+Queen Mary's mother was a Catholic, and for that reason the people of
+Scotland were not willing that she should be regent. There were one
+or two other persons, moreover, who claimed the office. One was a
+certain nobleman called the Earl of Arran. He was a Protestant. The
+Earl of Arran was the next heir to the crown, so that if Mary had
+died in her infancy, he would have been king. He thought that this
+was a reason why _he_ should be regent, and govern the kingdom until
+Mary became old enough to govern it herself. Many other persons,
+however, considered this rather a reason why he should not be regent;
+for they thought he would be naturally interested in wishing that
+Mary should not live, since if she died he would himself become king,
+and that therefore he would not be a safe protector for her. However,
+as the Earl of Arran was a Protestant, and as Mary's mother was a
+Catholic, and as the Protestant interest was the strongest, it was at
+length decided that Arran should be the regent, and govern the
+country until Mary should be of age.
+
+It is a curious circumstance that Mary's birth put an end to the war
+between England and Scotland, and that in a very singular way. The
+King of England had been fighting against Mary's father, James, for a
+long time, in order to conquer the country and annex it to England;
+and now that James was dead, and Mary had become queen, with Arran
+for the regent, it devolved on Arran to carry on the war. But the
+King of England and his government, now that the young queen was
+born, conceived of a new plan. The king had a little son, named
+Edward, about four years old, who, of course, would become King of
+England in his place when he should himself die. Now he thought it
+would be best for him to conclude a peace with Scotland, and agree
+with the Scottish government that, as soon as Mary was old enough,
+she should become Edward's wife, and the two kingdoms be united in
+that way.
+
+The name of this King of England was Henry the Eighth. He was a very
+headstrong and determined man. This, his plan, might have been a very
+good one; it was certainly much better than an attempt to get
+possession of Scotland by fighting for it; but he was very far from
+being as moderate and just as he should have been in the execution of
+his design. The first thing was to ascertain whether Mary was a
+strong and healthy child; for if he should make a treaty of peace,
+and give up all his plans of conquest, and then if Mary, after living
+feebly a few years, should die, all his plans would fail. To satisfy
+him on this point, they actually had some of the infant's clothes
+removed in the presence of his embassador, in order that the
+embassador might see that her form was perfect, and her limbs
+vigorous and strong. The nurse did this with great pride and
+pleasure, Mary's mother standing by. The nurse's name was Janet
+Sinclair. The embassador wrote back to Henry, the King of England,
+that little Mary was "as goodly a child as he ever saw." So King
+Henry VIII. was confirmed in his design of having her for the wife of
+his son.
+
+King Henry VIII. accordingly changed all his plans. He made a peace
+with the Earl of Arran. He dismissed the prisoners that he had taken,
+and sent them home kindly. If he had been contented with kind and
+gentle measures like these, he might have succeeded in them, although
+there was, of course, a strong party in Scotland opposed to them.
+Mary's mother was opposed to them, for she was a Catholic and a
+French lady, and she wished to have her daughter become a Catholic as
+she grew up, and marry a French prince. All the Catholics in Scotland
+took her side. Still Henry's plans might have been accomplished,
+perhaps, if he had been moderate and conciliating in the efforts
+which he made to carry them into effect.
+
+But Henry VIII. was headstrong and obstinate. He demanded that Mary,
+since she was to be his son's wife, should be given up to him to be
+taken into England, and educated there, under the care of persons
+whom he should appoint. He also demanded that the Parliament of
+Scotland should let him have a large share in the government of
+Scotland, because he was going to be the father-in-law of the young
+queen. The Parliament would not agree to either of these plans; they
+were entirely unwilling to allow their little queen to be carried off
+to another country, and put under the charge of so rough and rude a
+man. Then they were unwilling, too, to give him any share of the
+government during Mary's minority. Both these measures were entirely
+inadmissible; they would, if adopted, have put both the infant Queen
+of Scotland and the kingdom itself completely in the power of one who
+had always been their greatest enemy.
+
+Henry, finding that he could not induce the Scotch government to
+accede to these plans, gave them up at last, and made a treaty of
+marriage between his son and Mary, with the agreement that she might
+remain in Scotland until she was ten years old, and that _then_ she
+should come to England and be under his care.
+
+All this time, while these grand negotiations were pending between
+two mighty nations about her marriage, little Mary was unconscious
+of it all, sometimes reposing quietly in Janet Sinclair's arms,
+sometimes looking out of the windows of the Castle of Linlithgow to
+see the swans swim upon the lake, and sometimes, perhaps, creeping
+about upon the palace floor, where the earls and barons who came to
+visit her mother, clad in armor of steel, looked upon her with pride
+and pleasure. The palace where she lived was beautifully situated, as
+has been before remarked, on the borders of a lake. It was arranged
+somewhat in the following manner:
+
+[Illustration: PLAN OF THE PALACE OF LINLITHGOW.
+
+_a._ Room where Mary was born. _b._ Entrance through great gates.
+_c._ Bow-window projecting toward the water. _d._ Den where they kept
+a lion. _t.t._ Trees.]
+
+There was a beautiful fountain in the center of the court-yard, where
+water spouted out from the mouths of carved images, and fell into
+marble basins below. The ruins of this fountain and of the images
+remain there still. The den at _d_ was a round pit, like a well,
+which you could look down into from above: it was about ten feet
+deep. They used to keep lions in such dens near the palaces and
+castles in those days. A lion in a den was a sort of plaything in
+former times, as a parrot or a pet lamb is now: this was in keeping
+with the fierce and warlike spirit of the age. If they had a lion
+there in Mary's time, Janet often, doubtless, took her little charge
+out to see it, and let her throw down food to it from above. The den
+is there now. You approach it upon the top of a broad embankment,
+which is as high as the depth of the den, so that the bottom of the
+den is level with the surface of the ground, which makes it always
+dry. There is a hole, too, at the bottom, through the wall, where
+they used to put the lion in.
+
+The foregoing plan of the buildings and grounds of Linlithgow is
+drawn as maps and plans usually are, the upper part toward the north.
+Of course the room _a_, where Mary was born, is on the western side.
+The adjoining engraving represents a view of the palace on this
+western side. The church is seen at the right; and the lawn, where
+Janet used to take Mary out to breathe the air, is in the
+fore-ground. The shore of the lake is very near, and winds
+beautifully around the margin of the promontory on which the palace
+stands. Of course the lion's den, and the ancient avenue of approach
+to the palace, are round upon the other side, and out of sight in
+this view. The approach to the palace, at the present day, is on the
+southern side, between the church and the trees on the right of the
+picture.
+
+[Illustration: PALACE OF LINLITHGOW--Queen Mary's Birth-place.]
+
+Mary remained here at Linlithgow for a year or two; but when she was
+about nine months old, they concluded to have the great ceremony of
+the coronation performed, as she was by that time old enough to bear
+the journey to Stirling Castle, where the Scottish kings and queens
+were generally crowned. The coronation of a queen is an event which
+always excites a very deep and universal interest among all persons in
+the realm; and there is a peculiar interest felt when, as was the case
+in this instance, the queen to be crowned is an infant just old enough
+to bear the journey. There was a very great interest felt in Mary's
+coronation. The different courts and monarchs of Europe sent
+embassadors to be present at the ceremony, and to pay their respects
+to the infant queen; and Stirling became, for the time being, the
+center of universal attraction.
+
+Stirling is in the very heart of Scotland. It is a castle, built upon
+a rock, or, rather, upon a rocky hill, which rises like an island out
+of the midst of a vast region of beautiful and fertile country, rich
+and verdant beyond description. Beyond the confines of this region of
+beauty, dark mountains rise on all sides; and wherever you are,
+whether riding along the roads in the plain, or climbing the
+declivities of the mountains, you see Stirling Castle, from every
+point, capping its rocky hill, the center and ornament of the broad
+expanse of beauty which surrounds it.
+
+Stirling Castle is north of Linlithgow, and is distant about fifteen
+or twenty miles from it. The road to it lies not far from the shores
+of the Frith of Forth, a broad and beautiful sheet of water. The
+castle, as has been before remarked, was on the summit of a rocky
+hill. There are precipitous crags on three sides of the hill, and a
+gradual approach by a long ascent on the fourth side. At the top of
+this ascent you enter the great gates of the castle, crossing a
+broad and deep ditch by means of a draw-bridge. You enter then a
+series of paved courts, with towers and walls around them, and
+finally come to the more interior edifices, where the private
+apartments are situated, and where the little queen was crowned.
+
+It was an occasion of great pomp and ceremony, though Mary, of
+course, was unconscious of the meaning of it all. She was surrounded
+by barons and earls, by embassadors and princes from foreign courts,
+and by the principal lords and ladies of the Scottish nobility, all
+dressed in magnificent costumes. They held little Mary up, and a
+cardinal, that is, a great dignitary of the Roman Catholic Church,
+placed the crown upon her head. Half pleased with the glittering
+show, and half frightened at the strange faces which she saw every
+where around her, she gazed unconsciously upon the scene, while her
+mother, who could better understand its import, was elated with pride
+and joy.
+
+Linlithgow and Stirling are in the open and cultivated part of
+Scotland. All the northern and western part of the country consists
+of vast masses of mountains, with dark and somber glens among them,
+which are occupied solely by shepherds and herdsmen with their
+flocks and herds. This mountainous region was called the Highlands,
+and the inhabitants of it were the Highlanders. They were a wild and
+warlike class of men, and their country was seldom visited by either
+friend or foe. At the present time there are beautiful roads all
+through the Highlands, and stage-coaches and private carriages roll
+over them every summer, to take tourists to see and admire the
+picturesque and beautiful scenery; but in the days of Mary the whole
+region was gloomy and desolate, and almost inaccessible.
+
+Mary remained in Linlithgow and Stirling for about two years, and
+then, as the country was becoming more and more disturbed by the
+struggles of the great contending parties--those who were in favor of
+the Catholic religion and alliance with France on the one hand, and
+of those in favor of the Protestant religion and alliance with
+England on the other hand--they concluded to send her into the
+Highlands for safety.
+
+It was not far into the country of the Highlands that they concluded
+to send her, but only into the _borders_ of it. There was a small
+lake on the southern margin of the wild and mountainous country,
+called the Lake of Menteith. In this lake was an island named
+Inchmahome, the word _inch_ being the name for island in the language
+spoken by the Highlanders. This island, which was situated in a very
+secluded and solitary region, was selected as Mary's place of
+residence. She was about four years old when they sent her to this
+place. Several persons went with her to take care of her, and to
+teach her. In fact, every thing was provided for her which could
+secure her improvement and happiness. Her mother did not forget that
+she would need playmates, and so she selected four little girls of
+about the same age with the little queen herself, and invited them to
+accompany her. They were daughters of the noblemen and high officers
+about the court. It is very singular that these girls were all named
+Mary. Their names in full were as follows:
+
+     Mary Beaton,
+     Mary Fleming,
+     Mary Livingstone,
+     Mary Seaton.
+
+These, with Mary Stuart, which was Queen Mary's name, made five girls
+of four or five years of age, all named Mary.
+
+Mary lived two years in this solitary island. She had, however, all
+the comforts and conveniences of life, and enjoyed herself with her
+four Maries very much. Of course she knew nothing, and thought
+nothing of the schemes and plans of the great governments for having
+her married, when she grew up, to the young English prince, who was
+then a little boy of about her own age, nor of the angry disputes in
+Scotland to which this subject gave rise. It did give rise to very
+serious disputes. Mary's mother did not like the plan at all. As she
+was herself a French lady and a Catholic, she did not wish to have
+her daughter marry a prince who was of the English royal family, and
+a Protestant. All the Catholics in Scotland took her side. At length
+the Earl of Arran, who was the regent, changed to that side; and
+finally the government, being thus brought over, gave notice to King
+Henry VIII. that the plan must be given up, as they had concluded, on
+the whole, that Mary should not marry his son.
+
+King Henry was very much incensed. He declared that Mary _should_
+marry his son, and he raised an army and sent it into Scotland to
+make war upon the Scotch again, and compel them to consent to the
+execution of the plan. He was at this time beginning to be sick, but
+his sickness, instead of softening his temper, only made him the more
+ferocious and cruel. He turned against his best friends. He grew
+worse, and was evidently about to die; but he was so irritable and
+angry that for a long time no one dared to tell him of his
+approaching dissolution, and he lay restless, and wretched, and
+agitated with political animosities upon his dying bed. At length
+some one ventured to tell him that his end was near. When he found
+that he must die, he resigned himself to his fate. He sent for an
+archbishop to come and see him, but he was speechless when the
+prelate came, and soon afterward expired.
+
+The English government, however, after his death, adhered to his plan
+of compelling the Scotch to make Mary the wife of his son. They sent
+an army into Scotland. A great battle was fought, and the Scotch were
+defeated. The battle was fought at a place not far from Edinburgh,
+and near the sea. It was so near the sea that the English fired upon
+the Scotch army from their ships, and thus assisted their troops upon
+the shore. The armies had remained several days near each other
+before coming to battle, and during all this time the city of
+Edinburgh was in a state of great anxiety and suspense, as they
+expected that their city would be attacked by the English if they
+should conquer in the battle. The English army did, in fact, advance
+toward Edinburgh after the battle was over, and would have got
+possession of it had it not been for the castle. There is a very
+strong castle in the very heart of Edinburgh, upon the summit of a
+rocky hill.[A]
+
+[Footnote A: See the view of Edinburgh, page 179.]
+
+These attempts of the English to force the Scotch government to
+consent to Mary's marriage only made them the more determined to
+prevent it. A great many who were not opposed to it before, became
+opposed to it now when they saw foreign armies in the country
+destroying the towns and murdering the people. They said they had no
+great objection to the match, but that they did not like the mode of
+wooing. They sent to France to ask the French king to send over an
+army to aid them, and promised him that if he would do so they would
+agree that Mary should marry _his_ son. His son's name was Francis.
+
+The French king was very much pleased with this plan. He sent an army
+of six thousand men into Scotland to assist the Scotch against their
+English enemies. It was arranged, also, as little Mary was now hardly
+safe among all these commotions, even in her retreat in the island of
+Inchmahome, to send her to France to be educated there, and to live
+there until she was old enough to be married. The same ships which
+brought the army from France to Scotland, were to carry Mary and her
+retinue from Scotland to France. The four Maries went with her.
+
+They bade their lonely island farewell, and traveled south till they
+came to a strong castle on a high, rocky hill, on the banks of the
+River Clyde. The name of this fortress is Dumbarton Castle. Almost
+all the castles of those times were built upon precipitous hills, to
+increase the difficulties of the enemies in approaching them. The
+Rock of Dumbarton is a very remarkable one. It stands close to the
+bank of the river. There are a great many ships and steam-boats
+continually passing up and down the Clyde, to and from the great city
+of Glasgow, and all the passengers on board gaze with great interest,
+as they sail by, on the Rock of Dumbarton, with the castle walls on
+the sides, and the towers and battlements crowning the summit. In
+Mary's time there was comparatively very little shipping on the
+river, but the French fleet was there, waiting opposite the castle to
+receive Mary and the numerous persons who were to go in her train.[B]
+
+[Footnote B: Travelers who visit Scotland from this country at the
+present day, usually land first, at the close of the voyage across
+the Atlantic, at Liverpool, and there take a Glasgow steamer.
+Glasgow, which is the great commercial city of Scotland, is on the
+River Clyde. This river flows northward to the sea. The steamer, in
+ascending the river, makes its way with difficulty along the narrow
+channel, which, besides being narrow and tortuous, is obstructed by
+boats, ships, steamers, and every other variety of water-craft, such
+as are always going to and fro in the neighborhood of any great
+commercial emporium.
+
+The tourists, who stand upon the deck gazing at this exciting scene
+of life and motion, have their attention strongly attracted, about
+half way up the river, by this Castle of Dumbarton, which crowns a
+rocky hill, rising abruptly from the water's edge, on the north side
+of the stream. It attracts sometimes the more attention from American
+travelers, on account of its being the first ancient castle they see.
+This it likely to be the case if they proceed to Scotland immediately
+on landing at Liverpool.]
+
+Mary was escorted from the island where she had been living, across
+the country to Dumbarton Castle, with a strong retinue. She was now
+between five and six years of age. She was, of course, too young to
+know any thing about the contentions and wars which had distracted
+her country on her account, or to feel much interest in the subject
+of her approaching departure from her native land. She enjoyed the
+novelty of the scenes through which she passed on her journey. She
+was pleased with the dresses and the arms of the soldiers who
+accompanied her, and with the ships which were floating in the river,
+beneath the walls of the Castle of Dumbarton, when she arrived there.
+She was pleased, too, to think that, wherever she was to go, her four
+Maries were to go with her. She bade her mother farewell, embarked on
+board the ship which was to receive her, and sailed away from her
+native land, not to return to it again for many years.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+HER EDUCATION IN FRANCE.
+
+1548-1556
+
+Departure.--Stormy voyage.--Journey to Paris.--Release of
+prisoners.--Barabbas.--St. Germain.--Celebrations.--The
+convent.--Character of the nuns.--Interest in Mary.--Leaving
+the convent.--Amusements.--Visit of Mary's mother.--Queen
+dowager.--Rouen.--A happy meeting.--Rejoicings.--A last
+farewell.--Visit to a mourner.--The queen dowager's return.--The
+regency.--A page of honor.--Sir James Melville.--Mary's
+character.--Her diligence.--Devices and mottoes.--Festivities.--Water
+parties.--Hunting.--An accident.--Restraint.--Queen Catharine.--Her
+character.--Embroidery.--Mary's admiration of Queen Catharine.--The
+latter suspicious.--Unguarded remark.--Catharine's mortification.--The
+dauphin.--Origin of the title.--Character of Francis.--Mary's
+beauty.--Torch-light procession.--An angel.--Mary a Catholic.--Her
+conscientiousness and fidelity.
+
+
+The departure of Mary from Scotland, little as she was, was a great
+event both for Scotland and for France. In those days kings and
+queens were even of greater relative importance than they are now,
+and all Scotland was interested in the young queen's going away from
+them, and all France in expecting her arrival. She sailed down the
+Clyde, and then passed along the seas and channels which lie between
+England and Ireland. These seas, though they look small upon the map,
+are really spacious and wide, and are often greatly agitated by winds
+and storms. This was the case at the time Mary made her voyage. The
+days and nights were tempestuous and wild, and the ships had
+difficulty in keeping in each other's company. There was danger of
+being blown upon the coasts, or upon the rocks or islands which lie
+in the way. Mary was too young to give much heed to these dangers,
+but the lords and commissioners, and the great ladies who went to
+attend her, were heartily glad when the voyage was over. It ended
+safely at last, after several days of tossing upon the stormy
+billows, by their arrival upon the northern coast of France. They
+landed at a town called Brest.
+
+The King of France had made great preparations for receiving the
+young queen immediately upon her landing. Carriages and horses had
+been provided to convey herself and the company of her attendants, by
+easy journeys, to Paris. They received her with great pomp and
+ceremony at every town which she passed through. One mark of respect
+which they showed her was very singular. The king ordered that every
+prison which she passed in her route should be thrown open, and the
+prisoners set free. This fact is a striking illustration of the
+different ideas which prevailed in those days, compared with those
+which are entertained now, in respect to crime and punishment. Crime
+is now considered as an offense against the _community_, and it would
+be considered no favor to the community, but the reverse, to let
+imprisoned criminals go free. In those days, on the other hand,
+crimes were considered rather as injuries committed _by_ the
+community, and against the king; so that, if the monarch wished to
+show the community a favor, he would do it by releasing such of them
+as had been imprisoned by his officers for their crimes. It was just
+so in the time of our Savior, when the Jews had a custom of having
+some criminal released to them once a year, at the Passover, by the
+Roman government, as an act of _favor_. That is, the government was
+accustomed to furnish, by way of contributing its share toward the
+general festivities of the occasion, the setting of a robber and a
+murderer at liberty!
+
+The King of France has several palaces in the neighborhood of Paris.
+Mary was taken to one of them, named St. Germain. This palace, which
+still stands, is about twelve miles from Paris, toward the northwest.
+It is a very magnificent residence, and has been for many centuries a
+favorite resort of the French kings. Many of them were born in it.
+There are extensive parks and gardens connected with it, and a great
+artificial forest, in which the trees were all planted and cultivated
+like the trees of an orchard. Mary was received at this palace with
+great pomp and parade; and many spectacles and festivities were
+arranged to amuse her and the four Maries who accompanied her, and
+to impress her strongly with an idea of the wealth, and power, and
+splendor of the great country to which she had come.
+
+She remained here but a short time, and then it was arranged for her
+to go to a _convent_ to be educated. Convents were in those days, as
+in fact they are now, quite famous as places of education. They were
+situated sometimes in large towns, and sometimes in secluded places
+in the country; but, whether in town or country, the inmates of them
+were shut up very strictly from all intercourse with the world. They
+were under the care of nuns who had devoted themselves for life to
+the service. These nuns were some of them unhappy persons, who were
+weary of the sorrows and sufferings of the world, and who were glad
+to retire from it to such a retreat as they fancied the convent would
+be. Others became nuns from conscientious principles of duty,
+thinking that they should commend themselves to the favor of God by
+devoting their lives to works of benevolence and to the exercises of
+religion. Of course there were all varieties of character among the
+nuns; some of them were selfish and disagreeable, others were
+benevolent and kind.
+
+At the convent where Mary was sent there were some nuns of very
+excellent and amiable character, and they took a great interest in
+Mary, both because she was a queen, and because she was beautiful,
+and of a kind and affectionate disposition. Mary became very strongly
+attached to these nuns, and began to entertain the idea of becoming a
+nun herself, and spending her life with them in the convent. It
+seemed pleasant to her to live there in such a peaceful seclusion, in
+company with those who loved her, and whom she herself loved, but the
+King of France, and the Scottish nobles who had come with her from
+Scotland, would, of course, be opposed to any such plan. They
+intended her to be married to the young prince, and to become one of
+the great ladies of the court, and to lead a life of magnificence and
+splendor. They became alarmed, therefore, when they found that she
+was imbibing a taste for the life of seclusion and solitude which is
+led by a nun. They decided to take her immediately away.
+
+Mary bade farewell to the convent and its inmates with much regret
+and many tears; but, notwithstanding her reluctance, she was obliged
+to submit. If she had not been a queen, she might, perhaps, have had
+her own way. As it was, however, she was obliged to leave the
+convent and the nuns whom she loved, and to go back to the palaces of
+the king, in which she afterward continued to live, sometimes in one
+and sometimes in another, for many years. Wherever she went, she was
+surrounded with scenes of great gayety and splendor. They wished to
+obliterate from her mind all recollections of the convent, and all
+love of solitude and seclusion. They did not neglect her studies, but
+they filled up the intervals of study with all possible schemes of
+enjoyment and pleasure, to amuse and occupy her mind and the minds of
+her companions. Her companions were her own four Maries, and the two
+daughters of the French king.
+
+When Mary was about seven years of age, that is, after she had been
+two years in France, her mother formed a plan to come from Scotland
+to see her. Her mother had remained behind when Mary left Scotland,
+as she had an important part to perform in public affairs, and in the
+administration of the government of Scotland while Mary was away. She
+wanted, however, to come and see her. France, too, was her own native
+land, and all her relations and friends resided there. She wished to
+see them as well as Mary, and to revisit once more the palaces and
+cities where her own early life had been spent. In speaking of Mary's
+mother we shall call her sometimes the queen dowager. The expression
+_queen dowager_ is the one usually applied to the widow of a king, as
+_queen consort_ is used to denote the _wife_ of a king.
+
+This visit of the queen dowager of Scotland to her little daughter in
+France was an event of great consequence, and all the arrangements
+for carrying it into effect were conducted with great pomp and
+ceremony. A large company attended her, with many of the Scottish
+lords and ladies among them. The King of France, too, went from Paris
+toward the French coast, to meet the party of visitors, taking little
+Mary and a large company of attendants with him. They went to Rouen,
+a large city not far from the coast, where they awaited the arrival
+of Mary's mother, and where they received her with great ceremonies
+of parade and rejoicing. The queen regent was very much delighted to
+see her little daughter again. She had grown two years older, and had
+improved greatly in every respect, and tears of joy came into her
+mother's eyes as she clasped her in her arms. The two parties
+journeyed in company to Paris and entered the city with great
+rejoicings. The two queens, mother and daughter, were the objects of
+universal interest and attention. Feasts and celebrations without end
+were arranged for them, and every possible means of amusement and
+rejoicing were contrived in the palaces of Paris, of St. Germain's,
+and of Fontainebleau. Mary's mother remained in France about a year.
+She then bade Mary farewell, leaving her at Fontainebleau. This
+proved to be a final farewell, for she never saw her again.
+
+After taking leave of her daughter, the queen dowager went, before
+leaving France, to see her own mother, who was a widow, and who was
+living at a considerable distance from Paris in seclusion, and in a
+state of austere and melancholy grief, on account of the loss of her
+husband. Instead of forgetting her sorrows, as she ought to have
+done, and returning calmly and peacefully to the duties and
+enjoyments of life, she had given herself up to inconsolable grief,
+and was doing all she could to perpetuate the mournful influence of
+her sorrows. She lived in an ancient and gloomy mansion, of vast
+size, and she had hung all the apartments in black, to make it still
+more desolate and gloomy, and to continue the influence of grief upon
+her mind. Here the queen dowager found her, spending her time in
+prayers and austerities of every kind, making herself and all her
+family perfectly miserable. Many persons, at the present day, act,
+under such circumstances, on the same principle and with the same
+spirit, though they do not do it perhaps in precisely the same way.
+
+One would suppose that Mary's mother would have preferred to remain
+in France with her daughter and her mother and all her family
+friends, instead of going back to Scotland, where she was, as it
+were, a foreigner and a stranger. The reason why she desired to go
+back was that she wished to be made _queen regent_, and thus have the
+government of Scotland in her own hands. She would rather be queen
+regent in Scotland than a simple queen _mother_ in France. While she
+was in France, she urged the king to use all his influence to have
+Arran resign his regency into her hands, and finally obtained
+writings from him and from Queen Mary to this effect. She then left
+France and went to Scotland, going through England on the way. The
+young King of England, to whom Mary had been engaged by the
+government when she was an infant in Janet Sinclair's arms, renewed
+his proposals to the queen dowager to let her daughter become his
+wife; but she told him that it was all settled that she was to be
+married to the French prince, and that it was now too late to change
+the plan.
+
+There was a young gentleman, about nineteen or twenty years of age,
+who came from Scotland also, not far from this time, to wait upon
+Mary as her page of honor. A page is an attendant above the rank of
+an ordinary servant, whose business it is to wait upon his mistress,
+to read to her, sometimes to convey her letters and notes, and to
+carry her commands to the other attendants who are beneath him in
+rank and whose business it is actually to perform the services which
+the lady requires. A page _of honor_ is a young gentleman who
+sustains this office in a nominal and temporary manner for a princess
+or a queen.
+
+The name of Mary's page of honor, who came to her now from Scotland,
+was Sir James Melville. The only reason for mentioning him thus
+particularly, rather than the many other officers and attendants by
+whom Mary was surrounded was, that the service which he thus
+commenced was continued in various ways through the whole period of
+Mary's life. We shall often hear of him in the subsequent parts of
+this narrative. He followed Mary to Scotland when she returned to
+that country, and became afterward her secretary, and also her
+embassador on many occasions. He was now quite young, and when he
+landed at Brest he traveled slowly to Paris in the care of two
+Scotchmen, to whose charge he had been intrusted. He was a young man
+of uncommon talents and of great accomplishments, and it was a mark
+of high distinction for him to be appointed page of honor to the
+queen, although he was about nineteen years of age and she was but
+seven.
+
+After the queen regent's return to Scotland, Mary went on improving
+in every respect more and more. She was diligent, industrious, and
+tractable. She took a great interest in her studies. She was not only
+beautiful in person, and amiable and affectionate in heart, but she
+possessed a very intelligent and active mind, and she entered with a
+sort of quiet but earnest enthusiasm into all the studies to which
+her attention was called. She paid a great deal of attention to
+music, to poetry, and to drawing. She used to invent little devices
+for seals, with French and Latin mottoes, and, after drawing them
+again and again with great care, until she was satisfied with the
+design, she would give them to the gem-engravers to be cut upon
+stone seals, so that she could seal her letters with them. These
+mottoes and devices can not well be represented in English, as the
+force and beauty of them depended generally upon a double meaning in
+some word of French or Latin, which can not be preserved in the
+translation. We shall, however, give one of these seals, which she
+made just before she left France, to return to Scotland, when we come
+to that period of her history.
+
+The King of France, and the lords and ladies who came with Mary from
+Scotland, contrived a great many festivals and celebrations in the
+parks, and forests, and palaces, to amuse the queen and the four
+Maries who were with her. The daughters of the French king joined,
+also, in these pleasures. They would have little balls, and parties,
+and pic-nics, sometimes in the open air, sometimes in the little
+summer-houses built upon the grounds attached to the palaces. The
+scenes of these festivities were in many cases made unusually joyous
+and gay by bon-fires and illuminations. They had water parties on the
+little lakes, and hunting parties through the parks and forests. Mary
+was a very graceful and beautiful rider, and full of courage.
+Sometimes she met with accidents which were attended with some
+danger. Once, while hunting the stag, and riding at full speed with a
+great company of ladies and gentlemen behind her and before her, her
+dress got caught by the bough of a tree, and she was pulled to the
+ground. The horse went on. Several other riders drove by her without
+seeing her, as she had too much composure and fortitude to attract
+their attention by outcries and lamentations. They saw her, however,
+at last, and came to her assistance. They brought back her horse,
+and, smoothing down her hair, which had fallen into confusion, she
+mounted again, and rode on after the stag as before.
+
+Notwithstanding all these means of enjoyment and diversion, Mary was
+subjected to a great deal of restraint. The rules of etiquette are
+very precise and very strictly enforced in royal households, and they
+were still more strict in those days than they are now. The king was
+very ceremonious in all his arrangements, and was surrounded by a
+multitude of officers who performed every thing by rule. As Mary grew
+older, she was subjected to greater and greater restraint. She used
+to spend a considerable portion of every day in the apartments of
+Queen Catharine, the wife of the King of France and the mother of the
+little Francis to whom she was to be married. Mary and Queen
+Catharine did not, however, like each other very well. Catharine was
+a woman of strong mind and of an imperious disposition; and it is
+supposed by some that she was jealous of Mary because she was more
+beautiful and accomplished and more generally beloved than her own
+daughters, the princesses of France. At any rate, she treated Mary in
+rather a stern and haughty manner, and it was thought that she would
+finally oppose her marriage to Francis her son.
+
+And yet Mary was at first very much pleased with Queen Catharine, and
+was accustomed to look up to her with great admiration, and to feel
+for her a very sincere regard. She often went into the queen's
+apartments, where they sat together and talked, or worked upon their
+embroidery, which was a famous amusement for ladies of exalted rank
+in those days. Mary herself at one time worked a large piece, which
+she sent as a present to the nuns in the convent where she had
+resided; and afterward, in Scotland, she worked a great many things,
+some of which still remain, and may be seen in her ancient rooms in
+the palace of Holyrood House. She learned this art by working with
+Queen Catharine in her apartments. When she first became acquainted
+with Catharine on these occasions, she used to love her society. She
+admired her talents and her conversational powers, and she liked very
+much to be in her room. She listened to all she said, watched her
+movements, and endeavored in all things to follow her example.
+
+Catharine, however, thought that this was all a pretense, and that
+Mary did not really like her, but only wished to make her believe
+that she did so in order to get favor, or to accomplish some other
+selfish end. One day she asked her why she seemed to prefer her
+society to that of her youthful and more suitable companions. Mary
+replied, in substance, "The reason was, that though with them she
+might enjoy much, she could learn nothing; while she always learned
+from Queen Catharine's conversation something which would be of use
+to her as a guide in future life." One would have thought that this
+answer would have pleased the queen, but it did not. She did not
+believe that it was sincere.
+
+On one occasion Mary seriously offended the queen by a remark which
+she made, and which was, at least, incautious. Kings and queens, and,
+in fact, all great people in Europe, pride themselves very much upon
+the antiquity of the line from which they have descended. Now the
+family of Queen Catharine had risen to rank and distinction within a
+moderate period; and though she was, as Queen of France, on the very
+pinnacle of human greatness, she would naturally be vexed at any
+remark which would remind her of the recentness of her elevation. Now
+Mary at one time said, in conversation in the presence of Queen
+Catharine, that she herself was the descendant of a hundred kings.
+This was perhaps true, but it brought her into direct comparison with
+Catharine in a point in which the latter was greatly her inferior,
+and it vexed and mortified Catharine very much to have such a thing
+said to her by such a child.
+
+Mary associated thus during all this time, not only with the queen
+and the princesses, but also with the little prince whom she was
+destined to marry. His name was Francis, but he was commonly called
+the _dauphin_, which was the name by which the oldest son of the King
+of France was then, and has been since designated. The origin of this
+custom was this. About a hundred years before the time of which we
+are speaking, a certain nobleman of high rank, who possessed estates
+in an ancient province of France called Dauphiny, lost his son and
+heir. He was overwhelmed with affliction at the loss, and finally
+bequeathed all his estates to the king and his successors, on
+condition that the oldest son should bear the title of Dauphin. The
+grant was accepted, and the oldest son was accordingly so styled from
+that time forward, from generation to generation.
+
+The dauphin, Francis, was a weak and feeble child, but he was amiable
+and gentle in his manners, and Mary liked him. She met him often in
+their walks and rides, and she danced with him at the balls and
+parties given for her amusement. She knew that he was to be her
+husband as soon as she was old enough to be married, and he knew that
+she was to be his wife. It was all decided, and nothing which either
+of them could say or do would have any influence on the result.
+Neither of them, however, seem to have had any desire to change the
+result. Mary pitied Francis on account of his feeble health, and
+liked his amiable and gentle disposition; and Francis could not help
+loving Mary, both on account of the traits of her character and her
+personal charms.
+
+As Mary advanced in years, she grew very beautiful. In some of the
+great processions and ceremonies, the ladies were accustomed to walk,
+magnificently dressed and carrying torches in their hands. In one of
+these processions Mary was moving along with the rest, through a
+crowd of spectators, and the light from her torch fell upon her
+features and upon her hair in such a manner as to make her appear
+more beautiful than usual. A woman, standing there, pressed up nearer
+to her to view her more closely, and, seeing how beautiful she was,
+asked her if she was not an _angel_. In those days, however, people
+believed in what is miraculous and supernatural more easily than now,
+so that it was not very surprising that one should think, in such a
+case, that an angel from Heaven had come down to join in the
+procession.
+
+Mary grew up a Catholic, of course: all were Catholics around her.
+The king and all the royal family were devoted to Catholic
+observances. The convent, the ceremonies, the daily religious
+observances enjoined upon her, the splendid churches which she
+frequented, all tended in their influence to lead her mind away from
+the Protestant religion which prevailed in her native land, and to
+make her a Catholic: she remained so throughout her life. There is no
+doubt that she was conscientious in her attachment to the forms and
+to the spirit of the Roman Church. At any rate, she was faithful to
+the ties which her early education imposed upon her, and this
+fidelity became afterward the source of some of her heaviest
+calamities and woes.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+THE GREAT WEDDING
+
+1558
+
+Hastening the wedding.--Reasons for it.--Attempt to poison
+Mary.--The Guises.--Catharine's jealousy.--Commissioners from
+Scotland.--Preliminaries.--Stipulations.--Plan of Henry to
+evade them.--Marriage settlement.--Secret papers.--Their
+contents.--Ceremonies.--The betrothal.--The Louvre.--Notre
+Dame.--View of the interior.--Amphitheater.--Covered gallery.--The
+procession.--Mary's dress.--Appearance of Mary.--Wedding
+ring.--Movement of the procession.--Largess.--Confusion.--The
+choir.--Mass.--Return of the procession.--Collation.--Ball.--Evening's
+entertainments.--A tournament.--Rank of the combatants.--Lances.--Rapid
+evolutions.--_Tourner._--Francis's feebleness.--Mary's love for
+him.--He retires to the country.--Rejoicings in Scotland.--Mons
+Meg.--Large ball.--Celebration of Mary's marriage.
+
+
+When Mary was about fifteen years of age, the King of France began to
+think that it was time for her to be married. It is true that she was
+still very young, but there were strong reasons for having the
+marriage take place at the earliest possible period, for fear that
+something might occur to prevent its consummation at all. In fact,
+there were very strong parties opposed to it altogether. The whole
+Protestant interest in Scotland were opposed to it, and were
+continually contriving plans to defeat it. They thought that if Mary
+married a French prince, who was, of course, a Catholic, she would
+become wedded to the Catholic interest hopelessly and forever. This
+made them feel a most bitter and determined opposition to the plan.
+
+In fact, so bitter and relentless were the animosities that grew out
+of this question, that an attempt was actually made to poison Mary.
+The man who committed this crime was an archer in the king's guard:
+he was a Scotch man, and his name was Stewart. His attempt was
+discovered in time to prevent the accomplishment of his purpose. He
+was tried and condemned. They made every effort to induce him to
+explain the reason which led him to such an act, or, if he was
+employed by others, to reveal their names; but he would reveal
+nothing. He was executed for his crime, leaving mankind to conjecture
+that his motive, or that of the persons who instigated him to the
+deed, was a desperate determination to save Scotland, at all hazards,
+from falling under the influence of papal power.
+
+Mary's mother, the queen dowager of Scotland, was of a celebrated
+French family, called the family of Guise. She is often, herself,
+called in history, Mary of Guise. There were other great families in
+France who were very jealous of the Guises, and envious of their
+influence and power. They opposed Queen Mary's marriage to the
+dauphin, and were ready to do all in their power to thwart and defeat
+it. Queen Catharine, too, who seemed to feel a greater and greater
+degree of envy and jealousy against Mary as she saw her increasing in
+grace, beauty, and influence with her advancing years, was supposed
+to be averse to the marriage. Mary was, in some sense, her rival,
+and she could not bear to have her become the wife of her son.
+
+King Henry, finding all these opposing influences at work, thought
+that the safest plan would be to have the marriage carried into
+effect at the earliest possible period. When, therefore, Mary was
+about fifteen years of age, which was in 1557, he sent to Scotland,
+asking the government there to appoint some commissioners to come to
+France to assent to the marriage contracts, and to witness the
+ceremonies of the betrothment and the wedding. The marriage
+contracts, in the case of the union of a queen of one country with a
+prince of another, are documents of very high importance. It is
+considered necessary not only to make very formal provision for the
+personal welfare and comfort of the wife during her married life, and
+during her widowhood in case of the death of her husband, but also to
+settle beforehand the questions of succession which might arise out
+of the marriage, and to define precisely the rights and powers both
+of the husband and the wife, in the two countries to which they
+respectively belong.
+
+The Parliament of Scotland appointed a number of commissioners, of
+the highest rank and station, to proceed to France, and to act there
+as the representatives of Scotland in every thing which pertained to
+the marriage. They charged them to guard well the rights and powers
+of Mary, to see that these rights and all the interests of Scotland
+were well protected in the marriage contracts, and to secure proper
+provision for the personal comfort and happiness of the queen. The
+number of these commissioners was eight. Their departure from
+Scotland was an event of great public importance. They were
+accompanied by a large number of attendants and followers, who were
+eager to be present in Paris at the marriage festivities. The whole
+company arrived safely at Paris, and were received with every
+possible mark of distinction and honor.
+
+The marriage contracts were drawn up, and executed with great
+formality. King Henry made no objection to any of the stipulations
+and provisions which the commissioners required, for he had a secret
+plan for evading them all. Very ample provision was made for Mary
+herself. She was to have a very large income. In case the dauphin
+died while he was dauphin, leaving Mary a widow, she was still to
+have a large income paid to her by the French government as long as
+she lived, whether she remained in France or went back to Scotland.
+If her husband outlived his father, so as to become King of France,
+and then died, leaving Mary his widow, her income for the rest of her
+life was to be double what it would have been if he had died while
+dauphin. Francis was, in the mean time, to share with her the
+government of Scotland. If they had a son, he was to be, after their
+deaths, King of France and of Scotland too. Thus the two crowns would
+have been united. If, on the other hand, they had only daughters, the
+oldest one was to be Queen of Scotland only, as the laws of France
+did not allow a female to inherit the throne. In case they had no
+children, the crown of Scotland was not to come into the French
+family at all, but to descend regularly to the next Scotch heir.
+
+Henry was not satisfied with this entirely, for he wanted to secure
+the union of the Scotch and French crowns at all events, whether Mary
+had children or not; and he persuaded Mary to sign some papers with
+him privately, which he thought would secure his purposes, charging
+her not to let the commissioners know that she had signed them. He
+thought it possible that he should never have occasion to produce
+them. One of these papers conveyed the crown of Scotland to the King
+of France absolutely and forever, in case Mary should die without
+children. Another provided that the Scotch government should repay
+him for the enormous sums he had expended upon Mary during her
+residence in France, for her education, her attendants, the
+celebrations and galas which he had provided for her, and all the
+splendid journeys, processions, and parades. His motive in all this
+expense had been to unite the crown of Scotland to that of France,
+and he wished to provide that if any thing should occur to prevent
+the execution of his plan, he could have all this money reimbursed to
+him again. He estimated the amount at a million of pieces of gold.
+This was an enormous sum: it shows on how magnificent a scale Mary's
+reception and entertainment in France were managed.
+
+These preliminary proceedings being settled, all Paris, and, in fact,
+all France, began to prepare for the marriage celebrations. There
+were to be two great ceremonies connected with the occasion. The
+first was the betrothment, the second was the marriage. At the
+betrothment Francis and Mary were to meet in a great public hall,
+and there, in the presence of a small and select assemblage of the
+lords and ladies of the court, and persons of distinction connected
+with the royal family, they were formally and solemnly to engage
+themselves to each other. Then, in about a week afterward, they were
+to be married, in the most public manner, in the great Cathedral
+Church of Notre Dame.
+
+The ceremony of the betrothal was celebrated in the palace. The
+palace then occupied by the royal family was the Louvre. It still
+stands, but is no longer a royal dwelling. Another palace, more
+modern in its structure, and called the Tuilleries, has since been
+built, a little farther from the heart of the city, and in a more
+pleasant situation. The Louvre is square, with an open court in the
+center. This open court or area is very large, and is paved like the
+streets. In fact, two great carriage ways pass through it, crossing
+each other at right angles in the center, and passing out under great
+arch-ways in the four sides of the building. There is a large hall
+within the palace, and in this hall the ceremony of the betrothal
+took place. Francis and Mary pledged their faith to each other with
+appropriate ceremonies. Only a select circle of relations and
+intimate friends were present on this occasion. The ceremony was
+concluded in the evening with a ball.
+
+In the mean time, all Paris was busy with preparations for the
+marriage. The Louvre is upon one side of the River Seine, its
+principal front being toward the river, with a broad street between.
+There are no buildings, but only a parapet wall on the river side of
+the street, so that there is a fine view of the river and of the
+bridges which cross it, from the palace windows. Nearly opposite the
+Louvre is an island, covered with edifices, and connected, by means
+of bridges, with either shore. The great church of Notre Dame, where
+the marriage ceremony was to be performed, is upon this island. It
+has two enormous square towers in front, which may be seen, rising
+above all the roofs of the city, at a great distance in every
+direction. Before the church is a large open area, where vast crowds
+assemble on any great occasion. The interior of the church impresses
+the mind with the sublimest emotions. Two rows of enormous columns
+rise to a great height on either hand, supporting the lofty arches of
+the roof. The floor is paved with great flat stones, and resounds
+continually with the footsteps of visitors, who walk to and fro, up
+and down the aisles, looking at the chapels, the monuments, the
+sculptures, the paintings, and the antique and grotesque images and
+carvings. Colored light streams through the stained glass of the
+enormous windows, and the tones of the organ, and the voices of the
+priests, chanting the service of the mass, are almost always
+resounding and echoing from the vaulted roof above.
+
+The words _Notre Dame_ mean Our Lady, an expression by which the
+Roman Catholics denote Mary, the mother of Jesus. The church of Notre
+Dame had been for many centuries the vast cathedral church of Paris,
+where all great ceremonies of state were performed. On this occasion
+they erected a great amphitheater in the area before the church,
+which would accommodate many thousands of the spectators who were to
+assemble, and enable them to see the procession. The bride and
+bridegroom, and their friends, were to assemble in the bishop's
+palace, which was near the Cathedral, and a covered gallery was
+erected, leading from this palace to the church, through which the
+bridal party were to enter. They lined this gallery throughout with
+purple velvet, and ornamented it in other ways, so as to make the
+approach to the church through it inconceivably splendid.
+
+Crowds began to collect in the great amphitheater early in the
+morning. The streets leading to Notre Dame were thronged. Every
+window in all the lofty buildings around, and every balcony, was
+full. From ten to twelve the military bands began to arrive, and the
+long procession was formed, the different parties being dressed in
+various picturesque costumes. The embassadors of various foreign
+potentates were present, each bearing their appropriate insignia. The
+legate of the pope, magnificently dressed, had an attendant bearing
+before him a cross of massive gold. The bridegroom, Francis the
+dauphin, followed this legate, and soon afterward came Mary,
+accompanied by the king. She was dressed in white. Her robe was
+embroidered with the figure of the lily, and it glittered with
+diamonds and ornaments of silver. As was the custom in those days,
+her dress formed a long train, which was borne by two young girls who
+walked behind her. She wore a diamond necklace, with a ring of
+immense value suspended from it, and upon her head was a golden
+coronet, enriched with diamonds and gems of inestimable value.
+
+But the dress and the diamonds which Mary wore were not the chief
+points of attraction to the spectators. All who were present on the
+occasion agree in saying that she looked inexpressibly beautiful, and
+that there was an indescribable grace and charm in all her movements
+and manner, which filled all who saw her with an intoxication of
+delight. She was artless and unaffected in her manners, and her
+countenance, the expression of which was generally placid and calm,
+was lighted up with the animation and interest of the occasion, so as
+to make every body envy the dauphin the possession of so beautiful a
+bride. Queen Catharine, and a long train of the ladies of the court,
+followed in the procession after Mary. Every body thought that _she_
+felt envious and ill at ease.
+
+The essential thing in the marriage ceremony was to be the putting of
+the wedding ring upon Mary's finger, and the pronouncing of the
+nuptial benediction which was immediately to follow it. This ceremony
+was to be performed by the Archbishop of Rouen, who was at that time
+the greatest ecclesiastical dignitary in France. In order that as
+many persons as possible might witness this, it was arranged that it
+should be performed at the great door of the church, so as to be in
+view of the immense throng which had assembled in the amphitheater
+erected in the area, and of the multitudes which had taken their
+positions at the windows and balconies, and on the house-tops around.
+The procession, accordingly, having entered the church through the
+covered gallery, moved along the aisles and came to the great door.
+Here a royal pavilion had been erected, where the bridal party could
+stand in view of the whole assembled multitude. King Henry had the
+ring. He gave it to the archbishop. The archbishop placed it upon
+Mary's finger, and pronounced the benediction in a loud voice. The
+usual congratulations followed, and Mary greeted her husband under
+the name of his majesty the King of Scotland. Then the whole mighty
+crowd rent the air with shouts and acclamations.
+
+It was the custom in those days, on such great public occasions as
+this, to scatter money among the crowd, that they might scramble for
+it. This was called the king's _largess_; and the largess was
+pompously proclaimed by heralds before the money was thrown. The
+throwing of the money among this immense throng produced a scene of
+indescribable confusion. The people precipitated themselves upon each
+other in their eagerness to seize the silver and the gold. Some were
+trampled under foot. Some were stripped of their hats and cloaks, or
+had their clothes torn from them. Some fainted, and were borne out of
+the scene with infinite difficulty and danger. At last the people
+clamorously begged the officers to desist from throwing any more
+money, for fear that the most serious and fatal consequences might
+ensue.
+
+In the mean time, the bridal procession returned into the church,
+and, advancing up the center between the lofty columns, they came to
+a place called the choir, which is in the heart of the church, and is
+inclosed by screens of carved and sculptured work. It is in the choir
+that congregations assemble to be present at mass and other religious
+ceremonies. Movable seats are placed here on ordinary occasions, but
+at the time of this wedding the place was fitted up with great
+splendor. Here mass was performed in the presence of the bridal
+party. Mass is a solemn ceremony conducted by the priests, in which
+they renew, or think they renew, the sacrifice of Christ, accompanied
+with offerings of incense, and other acts of adoration, and the
+chanting of solemn hymns of praise.
+
+At the close of these services the procession moved again down the
+church, and, issuing forth at the great entrance, it passed around
+upon a spacious platform, where it could be seen to advantage by all
+the spectators. Mary was the center to which all eyes were turned.
+She moved along, the very picture of grace and beauty, the two young
+girls who followed her bearing her train. The procession, after
+completing its circuit, returned to the church, and thence, through
+the covered gallery, it moved back to the bishop's palace. Here the
+company partook of a grand collation. After the collation there was a
+ball, but the ladies were too much embarrassed with their magnificent
+dresses to be able to dance, and at five o'clock the royal family
+returned to their home. Mary and Queen Catharine went together in a
+sort of palanquin, borne by men, high officers of state walking on
+each side. The king and the dauphin followed on horseback, with a
+large company in their train; but the streets were every where so
+crowded with eager spectators that it was with extreme difficulty
+that they were able to make their way.
+
+The palace to which the party went to spend the evening was fitted up
+and illuminated in the most splendid manner, and a variety of most
+curious entertainments had been contrived for the amusement of the
+company. There were twelve artificial horses, made to move by
+internal mechanism, and splendidly caparisoned. The children of the
+company, the little princes and dukes, mounted these horses and rode
+around the arena. Then came in a company of men dressed like
+pilgrims, each of whom recited a poem written in honor of the
+occasion. After this was an exhibition of galleys, or boats, upon a
+little sea. These boats were large enough to bear up two persons.
+There were two seats in each, one of which was occupied by a young
+gentleman. As the boats advanced, one by one, each gentleman leaped
+to the shore, or to what represented the shore, and, going among the
+company, selected a lady and bore her off to his boat, and then,
+seating her in the vacant chair, took his place by her side, and
+continued his voyage. Francis was in one of the boats, and he, on
+coming to the shore, took _Mary_ for his companion.
+
+The celebrations and festivities of this famous wedding continued for
+fifteen days. They closed with a grand tournament. A tournament was a
+very magnificent spectacle in those days. A field was inclosed, in
+which kings, and princes, and knights, fully armed, and mounted on
+war-horses, tilted against each other with lances and blunted swords.
+Ladies of high rank were present as spectators and judges, and one
+was appointed at each tournament to preside, and to distribute the
+honors and rewards to those who were most successful in the contests.
+The greatest possible degree of deference and honor was paid to the
+ladies by all the knights on these occasions. Once, at a tournament
+in London, arranged by a king of England, the knights and noblemen
+rode in a long procession to the field, each led by a lady by means
+of a silver chain. It was a great honor to be admitted to a share in
+these contests, as none but persons of the highest rank were allowed
+to take a part in them. Whenever one was to be held, invitations were
+sent to all the courts of Europe, and kings, queens, and sovereign
+princes came to witness the spectacle.
+
+The horsemen who contended on these occasions carried long lances,
+blunt, indeed, at the end, so that they could not penetrate the armor
+of the antagonist at which they were aimed, but yet of such weight
+that the momentum of the blow was sometimes sufficient to unhorse
+him. The great object of every combatant was, accordingly, to
+protect himself from this danger. He must turn his horse suddenly,
+and avoid the lance of his antagonist; or he must strike it with his
+own, and thus parry the blow; or if he must encounter it, he was to
+brace himself firmly in his saddle, and resist its impulse with all
+the strength that he could command. It required, therefore, great
+strength and great dexterity to excel in a tournament. In fact, the
+rapidity of the evolutions which it required gave origin to the name,
+the word tournament being formed from a French word[C] which
+signifies to turn.
+
+[Footnote C: Tourner.]
+
+The princes and noblemen who were present at the wedding all joined
+in the tournament except the poor bridegroom, who was too weak and
+feeble in body, and too timid in mind, for any such rough and warlike
+exercises. Francis was very plain and unprepossessing in countenance,
+and shy and awkward in his manners. His health had always been very
+infirm, and though his rank was very high, as he was the heir
+apparent to what was then the greatest throne in Europe, every body
+thought that in all other respects he was unfit to be the husband of
+such a beautiful and accomplished princess as Mary. He was timid,
+shy, and anxious and unhappy in disposition. He knew that the gay and
+warlike spirits around him could not look upon him with respect, and
+he felt a painful sense of his inferiority.
+
+Mary, however, loved him. It was a love, perhaps, mingled with pity.
+She did not assume an air of superiority over him, but endeavored to
+encourage him, to lead him forward, to inspire him with confidence
+and hope, and to make him feel his own strength and value. She was
+herself of a sedate and thoughtful character, and with all her
+intellectual superiority, she was characterized by that feminine
+gentleness of spirit, that disposition to follow and to yield rather
+than to govern, that desire to be led and to be loved rather than to
+lead and be admired, which constitute the highest charm of woman.
+
+Francis was glad when the celebrations, tournament and all, were well
+over. He set off from Paris with his young bride to one of his
+country residences, where he could live, for a while, in peace and
+quietness. Mary was released, in some degree, from the restraints,
+and formalities, and rules of etiquette of King Henry's court, and
+was, to some extent, her own mistress, though still surrounded with
+many attendants, and much parade and splendor. The young couple thus
+commenced the short period of their married life. They were certainly
+a very _young_ couple, being both of them under sixteen.
+
+The rejoicings on account of the marriage were not confined to Paris.
+All Scotland celebrated the event with much parade. The Catholic
+party there were pleased with the final consummation of the event,
+and all the people, in fact, joined, more or less, in commemorating
+the marriage of their queen. There is in the Castle of Edinburgh, on
+a lofty platform which overlooks a broad valley, a monstrous gun,
+several centuries old, which was formed of bars of iron secured by
+great iron hoops. The balls which this gun carried are more than a
+foot in diameter. The name of this enormous piece of ordnance is
+_Mons Meg_. It is now disabled, having been burst, many years ago,
+and injured beyond the possibility of repair. There were great
+rejoicings in Edinburgh at the time of Mary's marriage, and from some
+old accounts which still remain at the castle, it appears that ten
+shillings were paid to some men for moving up Mons Meg to the
+embrasure of the battery, and for finding and bringing back her shot
+after she was discharged; by which it appears that firing Mons Meg
+was a part of the celebration by which the people of Edinburgh
+honored the marriage of their queen.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+MISFORTUNES.
+
+1559-1561
+
+Mary's love for Francis.--How to cherish the passion.--Grand
+tournament.--Henry's pride.--An encounter.--The helmet.--The
+vizor.--King Henry wounded.--His death.--The mournful
+marriage.--The dauphin becomes king.--Catharine superseded.--Mary's
+gentleness.--Coronation of Francis.--Francis's health
+declines.--Superstition of the people.--Commotions in
+Scotland.--Sickness of the queen regent.--Death of Mary's
+mother.--Illness of Francis.--His last moments and death.--Mary a
+young widow.--Embassadors from Scotland.--Mary's unwillingness to
+leave France.--Mary in mourning.--She is called the White Queen.--A
+device.--Mary's employments.--Her beautiful hands.--Melancholy
+visit.--Mary returns to Paris.--Jealousy.--Queen Elizabeth.--Her
+character.--Henry VIII.--Elizabeth's claim to the throne.--Mary's
+claim.--The coat of arms.--Elizabeth offended and alarmed.--The
+Catholic party.--A device.--Treaty of Edinburgh.--The
+safe-conduct.--Elizabeth refuses the safe-conduct.--Mary's
+speech.--Mary's true nobility of soul.--Sympathy with her.--Mary's
+religious faith.--Her frankness and candor.
+
+
+It was said in the last chapter that Mary loved her husband, infirm
+and feeble as he was both in body and in mind. This love was probably
+the effect, quite as much as it was the cause, of the kindness which
+she showed him. As we are very apt to hate those whom we have
+injured, so we almost instinctively love those who have in any way
+become the objects of our kindness and care. If any wife, therefore,
+wishes for the pleasure of loving her husband, or which is, perhaps,
+a better supposition, if any husband desires the happiness of loving
+his wife, conscious that it is a pleasure which he does not now
+enjoy, let him commence by making her the object of his kind
+attentions and care, and love will spring up in the heart as a
+consequence of the kind of action of which it is more commonly the
+cause.
+
+About a year passed away, when at length another great celebration
+took place in Paris, to honor the marriages of some other members of
+King Henry's family. One of them was Francis's oldest sister. A
+grand tournament was arranged on this occasion too. The place for
+this tournament was where the great street of St. Antoine now lies,
+and which may be found on any map of Paris. A very large concourse of
+kings and nobles from all the courts of Europe were present. King
+Henry, magnificently dressed, and mounted on a superb war-horse, was
+a very prominent figure in all the parades of the occasion, though
+the actual contests and trials of skill which took place were between
+younger princes and knights, King Henry and the ladies being
+generally only spectators and judges. He, however, took a part
+himself on one or two occasions, and received great applause.
+
+At last, at the end of the third day, just as the tournament was to
+be closed, King Henry was riding around the field, greatly excited
+with the pride and pleasure which so magnificent a spectacle was
+calculated to awaken, when he saw two lances still remaining which
+had not been broken. The idea immediately seized him of making one
+more exhibition of his own power and dexterity in such contests. He
+took one of the lances, and, directing a high officer who was riding
+near him to take the other, he challenged him to a trial of skill.
+The name of this officer was Montgomery. Montgomery at first
+declined, being unwilling to contend with his king. The king
+insisted. Queen Catharine begged that he would not contend again.
+Accidents sometimes happened, she knew, in these rough encounters;
+and, at any rate, it terrified her to see her husband exposed to such
+dangers. The other lords and ladies, and Francis and Queen Mary
+particularly, joined in these expostulations. But Henry was
+inflexible. There was no danger, and, smiling at their fears, he
+commanded Montgomery to arm himself with his lance and take his
+position.
+
+The spectators looked on in breathless silence. The two horsemen rode
+toward each other, each pressing his horse forward to his utmost
+speed, and as they passed, each aimed his lance at the head and
+breast of the other. It was customary on such occasions to wear a
+helmet, with a part called a vizor in front, which could be raised on
+ordinary occasions, or let down in moments of danger like this, to
+cover and protect the eyes. Of course this part of the armor was
+weaker than the rest, and it happened that Montgomery's lance struck
+here--was shivered--and a splinter of it penetrated the vizor and
+inflicted a wound upon Henry, on the head, just over the eye. Henry's
+horse went on. The spectators observed that the rider reeled and
+trembled in his seat. The whole assembly were in consternation. The
+excitement of pride and pleasure was every where turned into extreme
+anxiety and alarm.
+
+They flocked about Henry's horse, and helped the king to dismount. He
+said it was nothing. They took off his helmet, and found large drops
+of blood issuing from the wound. They bore him to his palace. He had
+the magnanimity to say that Montgomery must not be blamed for this
+result, as he was himself responsible for it entirely. He lingered
+eleven days, and then died. This was in July, 1559.
+
+One of the marriages which this unfortunate tournament had been
+intended to celebrate, that of Elizabeth, the king's daughter, had
+already taken place, having been performed a day or two before the
+king was wounded; and it was decided, after Henry was wounded, that
+the other must proceed, as there were great reasons of state against
+any postponement of it. This second marriage was that of Margaret,
+his sister. The ceremony in her case was performed in a silent and
+private manner, at night, by torch-light, in the chapel of the
+palace, while her brother was dying. The services were interrupted by
+her sobs and tears.
+
+Notwithstanding the mental and bodily feebleness which seemed to
+characterize the dauphin, Mary's husband, who now, by the death of
+his father, became King of France, the event of his accession to the
+throne seemed to awaken his energies, and arouse him to animation and
+effort. He was sick himself, and in his bed, in a palace called the
+Tournelles, when some officers of state were ushered into his
+apartment, and, kneeling before him, saluted him as king. This was
+the first announcement of his father's death. He sprang from his bed,
+exclaiming at once that he was well. It is one of the sad
+consequences of hereditary greatness and power that a son must
+sometimes rejoice at the death of his father.
+
+It was Francis's duty to repair at once to the royal palace of the
+Louvre, with Mary, who was now Queen of France as well as of
+Scotland, to receive the homage of the various estates of the realm.
+Catharine was, of course, now queen dowager. Mary, the child whom she
+had so long looked upon with feelings of jealousy and envy was, from
+this time, to take her place as queen. It was very humiliating to
+Catharine to assume the position of a second and an inferior in the
+presence of one whom she had so long been accustomed to direct and to
+command. She yielded, however, with a good grace, though she seemed
+dejected and sad. As they were leaving the Tournelles, she stopped to
+let Mary go before her, saying, "Pass on, madame; it is your turn to
+take precedence now." Mary went before her, but she stopped in her
+turn, with a sweetness of disposition so characteristic of her, to
+let Queen Catharine enter first into the carriage which awaited them
+at the door.
+
+Francis, though only sixteen, was entitled to assume the government
+himself. He went to Rheims, a town northeast of Paris, where is an
+abbey, which is the ancient place of coronation for the kings of
+France. Here he was crowned. He appointed his ministers, and evinced,
+in his management and in his measures, more energy and decision than
+it was supposed he possessed. He himself and Mary were now, together,
+on the summit of earthly grandeur. They had many political troubles
+and cares which can not be related here, but Mary's life was
+comparatively peaceful and happy, the pleasures which she enjoyed
+being greatly enhanced by the mutual affection which existed between
+herself and her husband.
+
+Though he was small in stature, and very unprepossessing in
+appearance and manners, Francis still evinced in his government a
+considerable degree of good judgment and of energy. His health,
+however, gradually declined. He spent much of his time in traveling,
+and was often dejected and depressed. One circumstance made him feel
+very unhappy. The people of many of the villages through which he
+passed, being in those days very ignorant and superstitious, got a
+rumor into circulation that the king's malady was such that he could
+only be cured by being bathed in the blood of young children. They
+imagined that he was traveling to obtain such a bath; and, wherever
+he came, the people fled, mothers eagerly carrying off their children
+from this impending danger. The king did not understand the _cause_
+of his being thus shunned. They concealed it from him, knowing that
+it would give him pain. He knew only the _fact_, and it made him very
+sad to find himself the object of this mysterious and unaccountable
+aversion.
+
+In the mean time, while these occurrences had been taking place in
+France, Mary's mother, the queen dowager of Scotland, had been made
+queen regent of Scotland after her return from France; but she
+experienced infinite trouble and difficulty in managing the affairs
+of the country. The Protestant party became very strong, and took up
+arms against her government. The English sent them aid. She, on the
+other hand, with the Catholic interest to support her, defended her
+power as well as she could, and called for help from France to
+sustain her. And thus the country which she was so ambitious to
+govern, was involved by her management in the calamities and sorrows
+of civil war.
+
+In the midst of this contest she died. During her last sickness she
+sent for some of the leaders of the Protestant party, and did all
+that she could to soothe and conciliate their minds. She mourned the
+calamities and sufferings which the civil war had brought upon the
+country, and urged the Protestants to do all in their power, after
+her death, to heal these dissensions and restore peace. She also
+exhorted them to remember their obligations of loyalty and obedience
+to their absent queen, and to sustain and strengthen her government
+by every means in their power. She died, and after her death the war
+was brought to a close by a treaty of peace, in which the French and
+English governments joined with the government of Scotland to settle
+the points in dispute, and immediately afterward the troops of both
+these nations were withdrawn. The death of the queen regent was
+supposed to have been caused by the pressure of anxiety which the
+cares of her government imposed. Her body was carried home to France,
+and interred in the royal abbey at Rheims.
+
+The death of Mary's mother took place in the summer of 1560. The next
+December Mary was destined to meet with a much heavier affliction.
+Her husband, King Francis, in addition to other complaints, had been
+suffering for some time from pain and disease in the ear. One day,
+when he was preparing to go out hunting, he was suddenly seized with
+a fainting fit, and was soon found to be in great danger. He
+continued some days very ill. He was convinced himself that he could
+not recover, and began to make arrangements for his approaching end.
+As he drew near to the close of his life, he was more and more deeply
+impressed with a sense of Mary's kindness and love. He mourned very
+much his approaching separation from her. He sent for his mother,
+Queen Catharine, to come to his bedside, and begged that she would
+treat Mary kindly, for his sake, after he was gone.
+
+Mary was overwhelmed with grief at the approaching death of her
+husband. She knew at once what a great change it would make in her
+condition. She would lose immediately her rank and station. Queen
+Catharine would again come into power, as queen regent, during the
+minority of the next heir. All her friends of the family of Guise,
+would be removed from office, and she herself would become a mere
+guest and stranger in the land of which she had been the queen. But
+nothing could arrest the progress of the disease under which her
+husband was sinking. He died, leaving Mary a disconsolate widow of
+seventeen.
+
+The historians of those days say that Queen Catharine was much
+pleased at the death of Francis her son. It restored her to rank and
+power. Mary was again beneath her, and in some degree subject to her
+will. All Mary's friends were removed from their high stations, and
+others, hostile to her family, were put into their places. Mary soon
+found herself unhappy at court, and she accordingly removed to a
+castle at a considerable distance from Paris to the west, near the
+city of Orleans. The people of Scotland wished her to return to her
+native land. Both the great parties sent embassadors to her to ask
+her to return, each of them urging her to adopt such measures on her
+arrival in Scotland as should favor their cause. Queen Catharine,
+too, who was still jealous of Mary's influence, and of the admiration
+and love which her beauty and the loveliness of her character
+inspired, intimated to her that perhaps it would be better for her
+now to leave France and return to her own land.
+
+Mary was very unwilling to go. She loved France. She knew very little
+of Scotland. She was very young when she left it, and the few
+recollections which she had of the country were confined to the
+lonely island of Inchmahome and the Castle of Stirling. Scotland was
+in a cold and inhospitable climate, accessible only through stormy
+and dangerous seas, and it seemed to her that going there was going
+into exile. Besides, she dreaded to undertake personally to
+administer a government whose cares and anxieties had been so great
+as to carry her mother to the grave.
+
+Mary, however, found that it was in vain for her to resist the
+influences which pressed upon her the necessity of returning to her
+native land. She wandered about during the spring and summer after
+her husband's death, spending her time in various palaces and abbeys,
+and at length she began to prepare for her return to Scotland. The
+same gentleness and loveliness of character which she had exhibited
+in her prosperous fortunes, shone still more conspicuously now in her
+hours of sorrow. Sometimes she appeared in public, in certain
+ceremonies of state. She was then dressed in mourning--in
+white--according to the custom in royal families in those days, her
+dark hair covered by a delicate crape veil. Her beauty, softened and
+chastened by her sorrows, made a strong impression upon all who saw
+her.
+
+She appeared so frequently, and attracted so much attention in her
+white mourning, that she began to be known among the people as the
+White Queen. Every body wanted to see her. They admired her beauty;
+they were impressed with the romantic interest of her history; they
+pitied her sorrows. She mourned her husband's death with deep and
+unaffected grief. She invented a device and motto for a seal,
+appropriate to the occasion: it was a figure of the liquorice-tree,
+every part of which is useless except the root, which, of course,
+lies beneath the surface of the earth. Underneath was the
+inscription, in Latin, _My treasure is in the ground_. The expression
+is much more beautiful in the Latin than can be expressed in any
+English words.[D]
+
+[Footnote D: Dulce meum terra tegit.]
+
+Mary did not, however, give herself up to sullen and idle grief, but
+employed herself in various studies and pursuits, in order to soothe
+and solace her grief by useful occupation. She read Latin authors;
+she studied poetry; she composed. She paid much attention to music,
+and charmed those who were in her company by the sweet tones of her
+voice and her skillful performance upon an instrument. The historians
+even record a description of the fascinating effect produced by the
+graceful movements of her beautiful hand. Whatever she did or said
+seemed to carry with it an inexpressible charm.
+
+Before she set out on her return to Scotland she went to pay a visit
+to her grandmother, the same lady whom her mother had gone to see in
+her castle, ten years before, on her return to Scotland after her
+visit to Mary. During this ten years the unhappy mourner had made no
+change in respect to her symbols of grief. The apartments of her
+palace were still hung with black. Her countenance wore the same
+expression of austerity and woe. Her attendants were trained to pay
+to her every mark of the most profound deference in all their
+approaches to her. No sounds of gayety or pleasure were to be heard,
+but a profound stillness and solemnity reigned continually throughout
+the gloomy mansion.
+
+Not long before the arrangements were completed for Mary's return to
+Scotland, she revisited Paris, where she was received with great
+marks of attention and honor. She was now eighteen or nineteen years
+of age, in the bloom of her beauty, and the monarch of a powerful
+kingdom, to which she was about to return, and many of the young
+princes of Europe began to aspire to the honor of her hand. Through
+these and other influences, she was the object of much attention;
+while, on the other hand, Queen Catharine, and the party in power at
+the French court, were envious and jealous of her popularity, and did
+a great deal to mortify and vex her.
+
+The enemy, however, whom Mary had most to fear, was her cousin,
+Queen Elizabeth of England. Queen Elizabeth was a maiden lady, now
+nearly thirty years of age. She was in all respects extremely
+different from Mary. She was a zealous Protestant, and very
+suspicious and watchful in respect to Mary, on account of her
+Catholic connections and faith. She was very plain in person, and
+unprepossessing in manners. She was, however, intelligent and shrewd,
+and was governed by calculations and policy in all that she did. The
+people by whom she was surrounded admired her talents and feared her
+power, but nobody loved her. She had many good qualities as a
+monarch, but none considered as a woman.
+
+[Illustration: PORTRAIT OF QUEEN ELIZABETH.]
+
+Elizabeth was somewhat envious of her cousin Mary's beauty, and of her
+being such an object of interest and affection to all who knew her.
+But she had a far more serious and permanent cause of alienation from
+her than personal envy. It was this: Elizabeth's father, King Henry
+VIII., had, in succession, several wives, and there had been a
+question raised about the legality of his marriage with Elizabeth's
+mother. Parliament decided at one time that this marriage was not
+valid; at another time, subsequently, they decided that it was.
+This difference in the two decisions was not owing so much to a
+change of sentiment in the persons who voted, as to a change in the
+ascendency of the parties by which the decision was controlled. If the
+marriage were valid, then Elizabeth was entitled to the English crown.
+If it were not valid, then she was not entitled to it: it belonged to
+the next heir. Now it happened that Mary Queen of Scots was the next
+heir. Her grandmother on the father's side was an English princess,
+and through her Mary had a just title to the crown, if Queen
+Elizabeth's title was annulled.
+
+Now, while Mary was in France, during the lifetime of King Henry,
+Francis's father, he and the members of the family of Guise advanced
+Mary's claim to the British crown, and denied that of Elizabeth. They
+made a coat of arms, in which the arms of France, and Scotland, and
+England were combined, and had it engraved on Mary's silver plate. On
+one great occasion, they had this symbol displayed conspicuously over
+the gateway of a town where Mary was making a public entry. The
+English embassador, who was present, made this, and the other acts of
+the same kind, known to Elizabeth, and she was greatly incensed at
+them. She considered Mary as plotting treasonably against her power,
+and began to contrive plans to circumvent and thwart her.
+
+Nor was Elizabeth wholly unreasonable in this. Mary, though
+personally a gentle and peaceful woman, yet in her teens, was very
+formidable to Elizabeth as an opposing claimant of the crown. All the
+Catholics in France and in Scotland would naturally take Mary's side.
+Then, besides this, there was a large Catholic party in England, who
+would be strongly disposed to favor any plan which should give them a
+Catholic monarch. Elizabeth was, therefore, very justly alarmed at
+such a claim on the part of her cousin. It threatened not only to
+expose her to the aggressions of foreign foes, but also to internal
+commotions and dangers, in her own dominions.
+
+The chief responsibility for bringing forward this claim must rest
+undoubtedly, not on Mary herself, but on King Henry of France and the
+other French princes, who first put it forward. Mary, however,
+herself, was not entirely passive in the affair. She liked to
+consider herself as entitled to the English crown. She had a device
+for a seal, a very favorite one with her, which expressed this claim.
+It contained two crowns, with a motto in Latin below which meant,
+"_A third awaits me_." Elizabeth knew all these things, and she held
+Mary accountable for all the anxiety and alarm which this dangerous
+claim occasioned her.
+
+At the peace which was made in Scotland between the French and
+English forces and the Scotch, by the great treaty of Edinburgh which
+has been already described, it was agreed that Mary should relinquish
+all claim to the crown of England. This treaty was brought to France
+for Mary to ratify it, but she declined. Whatever rights she might
+have to the English crown, she refused to surrender them. Things
+remained in this state until the time arrived for her return to her
+native land, and then, fearing that perhaps Elizabeth might do
+something to intercept her passage, she applied to her for a
+safe-conduct; that is, a writing authorizing her to pass safely and
+without hinderance through the English dominions, whether land or
+sea. Queen Elizabeth returned word through her embassador in Paris,
+whose name was Throckmorton, that she could not give her any such
+safe-conduct, because she had refused to ratify the treaty of
+Edinburgh.
+
+When this answer was communicated to Mary, she felt deeply wounded
+by it. She sent all the attendants away, that she might express
+herself to Throckmorton without reserve. She told him that it seemed
+to her very hard that her cousin was disposed to prevent her return
+to her native land. As to her claim upon the English crown, she said
+that advancing it was not her plan, but that of her husband and his
+father; and that now she could not properly renounce it, whatever its
+validity might be, till she could have opportunity to return to
+Scotland and consult with her government there, since it affected not
+her personally alone, but the public interests of Scotland. "And
+now," she continued, in substance, "I am sorry that I asked such a
+favor of her. I have no need to ask it, for I am sure I have a right
+to return from France to my own country without asking permission of
+any one. You have often told me that the queen wished to be on
+friendly terms with me, and that it was your opinion that to be
+friends would be best for us both. But now I see that she is not of
+your mind, but is disposed to treat me in an unkind and unfriendly
+manner, while she knows that I am her equal in rank, though I do not
+pretend to be her equal in abilities and experience. Well she may do
+as she pleases. If my preparations were not so far advanced, perhaps
+I should give up the voyage. But I am resolved to go. I hope the
+winds will prove favorable, and carry me away from her shores. If
+they carry me upon them, and I fall into her hands, she may make what
+disposal of me she will. If I lose my life, I shall esteem it no
+great loss, for it is now little else than a burden."
+
+How strongly this speech expresses "that mixture of melancholy and
+dignity, of womanly softness and noble decision, which pervaded her
+character." There is a sort of gentleness even in her anger, and a
+certain indescribable womanly charm in the workings of her mind,
+which cause all who read her story, while they can not but think that
+Elizabeth was right, to sympathize wholly with Mary.
+
+Throckmorton, at one of his conversations with Mary, took occasion to
+ask her respecting her religious views, as Elizabeth wished to know
+how far she was fixed and committed in her attachment to the Catholic
+faith. Mary said that she was born and had been brought up a
+Catholic, and that she should remain so as long as she lived. She
+would not interfere, she said, with her subjects adopting such form
+of religion as they might prefer, but for herself she should not
+change. If she should change, she said, she should justly lose the
+confidence of her people; for, if they saw that she was light and
+fickle on that subject, they could not rely upon her in respect to
+any other. She did not profess to be able to argue, herself, the
+questions of difference, but she was not wholly uninformed in respect
+to them, as she had often heard the points discussed by learned men,
+and had found nothing to lead her to change her ground.
+
+It is impossible for any reader, whether Protestant or Catholic, not
+to admire the frankness and candor, the honest conscientiousness, the
+courage, and, at the same time, womanly modesty and propriety which
+characterize this reply.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+RETURN TO SCOTLAND.
+
+1561
+
+Calais.--Artificial piers and breakwaters.--Throckmorton.--Elizabeth's
+plans.--Throckmorton baffled.--Throckmorton's advice.--Queen Catharine's
+farewell.--Escort.--Embarkation.--Spectators.--Unfortunate
+accident.--Mary's farewell to France.--Her deep emotion.--Mary's first
+night on board.--Her reluctance to leave France.--Fog.--One vessel
+captured.--Narrow escape.--Mary's Adieu to France.--Attempts to
+translate it.--Translations of Mary's Adieu to France.--Arrival at
+Leith.--Palace of Holyrood.--Mary's arrival unexpected.--Mary's
+reception.--Contrasts.--The cavalcade.--Serenade.--Solitary
+home.--Favorable impression.--The Lord James.--Mary makes him one of
+her ministers.--The mass.--Transubstantiation.--Adoration of the
+host.--Protestant and Catholic worship.--Violence and persecution.--The
+mass in Mary's chapel.--Scene of excitement.--Lord James.--The reformer,
+John Knox.--His uncompromising character.--Knox's interview with
+Mary.--His sternness subdued.--The four Maries.--Queen Elizabeth's
+insincerity.
+
+
+Mary was to sail from the port of Calais. Calais is on the northern
+coast of France, opposite to Dover in England, these towns being on
+opposite sides of the Straits of Dover, where the channel between
+England and France is very narrow. Still, the distance is so great
+that the land on either side is ordinarily not visible on the other.
+There is no good natural harbor at Calais, nor, in fact, at any other
+point on the French coast. The French have had to supply the
+deficiency by artificial piers and breakwaters. There are several
+very capacious and excellent harbors on the English side. This may
+have been one cause, among others, of the great naval superiority
+which England has attained.
+
+When Queen Elizabeth found that Mary was going to persevere in her
+intention of returning to her native land, she feared that she might,
+after her arrival in Scotland, and after getting established in power
+there, form a scheme for making war upon _her_ dominions, and
+attempt to carry into effect her claim upon the English crown. She
+wished to prevent this. Would it be prudent to intercept Mary upon
+her passage? She reflected on this subject with the cautious
+calculation which formed so striking a part of her character, and
+felt in doubt. Her taking Mary a prisoner, and confining her a
+captive in her own land, might incense Queen Catharine, who was now
+regent of France, and also awaken a general resentment in Scotland,
+so as to bring upon her the hostility of those two countries, and
+thus, perhaps, make more mischief than the securing of Mary's person
+would prevent.
+
+She accordingly, as a previous step, sent to Throckmorton, her
+embassador in France, directing him to have an interview with Queen
+Catharine, and ascertain how far she would feel disposed to take
+Mary's part. Throckmorton did this. Queen Catharine gave no direct
+reply. She said that both herself and the young king wished well to
+Elizabeth, and to Mary too, that it was her desire that the two
+queens might be on good terms with each other; that she was a friend
+to them both, and should not take a part against either of them.
+
+This was all that Queen Elizabeth could expect, and she formed her
+plans for intercepting Mary on her passage. She sent to Throckmorton,
+asking him to find out, if he could, what port Queen Mary was to sail
+from, and to send her word. She then gave orders to her naval
+commanders to assemble as many ships as they could, and hold them in
+readiness to sail into the seas between England and France, for the
+purpose of _exterminating the pirates_, which she said had lately
+become very numerous there.
+
+Throckmorton took occasion, in a conversation which he had with Mary
+soon after this, to inquire from what port she intended to sail; but
+she did not give him the information. She suspected his motive, and
+merely said, in reply to his question, that she hoped the wind would
+prove favorable for carrying her away as far as possible from the
+English coast, whatever might be the point from which she should take
+her departure. Throckmorton then endeavored to find out the
+arrangements of the voyage by other means, but without much success.
+He wrote to Elizabeth that he thought Mary would sail either from
+Havre or Calais; that she would go eastward, along the shore of the
+Continent, by Flanders and Holland, till she had gained a
+considerable distance from the English coast, and then would sail
+north along the eastern shores of the German Ocean. He advised that
+Elizabeth should send spies to Calais and to Havre, and perhaps to
+other French ports, to watch there, and to let her know whenever they
+observed any appearances of preparations for Mary's departure.
+
+In the mean time, as the hour for Mary's farewell to Paris and all
+its scenes of luxury and splendor, drew near, those who had loved her
+were drawn more closely to her in heart than ever, and those who had
+been envious and jealous began to relent, and to look upon her with
+feelings of compassion and of kind regard. Queen Catharine treated
+her with extreme kindness during the last few days of her stay, and
+she accompanied her for some distance on her journey, with every
+manifestation of sincere affection and good will. She stopped, at
+length, at St. Germain, and there, with many tears, she bade her
+gentle daughter-in-law a long and last farewell.
+
+Many princes and nobles, especially of the family of Guise, Mary's
+relatives, accompanied her through the whole journey. They formed
+quite a long cavalcade, and attracted great attention in all the
+towns and districts through which they passed. They traveled slowly,
+but at length arrived at Calais, where they waited nearly a week to
+complete the arrangements for Mary's embarkation. At length the day
+arrived for her to set sail. A large concourse of spectators
+assembled to witness the scene. Four ships had been provided for the
+transportation of the party and their effects. Two of these were
+galleys. They were provided with banks of oars, and large crews of
+rowers, by means of which the vessels could be propelled when the
+wind failed. The two other vessels were merely vessels of burden, to
+carry the furniture and other effects of the passengers.
+
+Many of the queen's friends were to accompany her to Scotland. The
+four Maries were among them. She bade those that were to remain
+behind farewell, and prepared to embark on board the royal galley.
+Her heart was very sad. Just at this time, a vessel which was coming
+in struck against the pier, in consequence of a heavy sea which was
+rolling in, and of the distraction of the seamen occasioned by Mary's
+embarkation. The vessel which struck was so injured by the concussion
+that it filled immediately and sank. Most of the seamen on board
+were drowned. This accident produced great excitement and confusion.
+Mary looked upon the scene from the deck of her vessel, which was now
+slowly moving from the shore. It alarmed her, and impressed her mind
+with a sad and mournful sense of the dangers of the elements to whose
+mercy she was now to be committed for many days. "What an unhappy
+omen is this!" she exclaimed. She then went to the stern of the ship,
+looked back at the shore, then knelt down, and, covering her face
+with her hands, sobbed aloud. "Farewell, France!" she exclaimed: "I
+shall never, never see thee more." Presently, when her emotions for a
+moment subsided, she would raise her eyes, and take another view of
+the slowly-receding shore, and then exclaim again, "Farewell, my
+beloved France! farewell! farewell!"
+
+[Illustration: MARY'S EMBARKATION AT CALAIS.]
+
+She remained in this position, suffering this anguish, for five hours,
+when it began to grow dark, and she could no longer see the shore. She
+then rose, saying that her beloved country was gone from her sight
+forever. "The darkness, like a thick veil, hides thee from my sight,
+and I shall see thee no more. So farewell, beloved land! farewell
+forever!" She left her place at the stern, but she would not leave
+the deck. She made them bring up a bed, and place it for her there,
+near the stern. They tried to induce her to go into the cabin, or at
+least to take some supper; but she would not. She lay down upon her
+bed. She charged the helmsman to awaken her at the dawn, if the land
+was in sight when the dawn should appear. She then wept herself to
+sleep.
+
+During the night the air was calm, and the vessels in which Mary and
+her company had embarked made such small progress, being worked only
+by the oars, that the land came into view again with the gray light
+of the morning. The helmsman awoke Mary, and the sight of the shore
+renewed her anguish and tears. She said that she _could not_ go. She
+wished that Elizabeth's ships would come in sight, so as to compel
+her squadron to return. But no English fleet appeared. On the
+contrary, the breeze freshened. The sailors unfurled the sails, the
+oars were taken in, and the great crew of oarsmen rested from their
+toil. The ships began to make their way rapidly through the rippling
+water. The land soon became a faint, low cloud in the horizon, and in
+an hour all traces of it entirely disappeared.
+
+The voyage continued for ten days. They saw nothing of Elizabeth's
+cruisers. It was afterward ascertained, however, that these ships
+were at one time very near to them, and were only prevented from
+seeing and taking them by a dense fog, which at that time happened to
+cover the sea. One of the vessels of burden was seen and taken, and
+carried to England. It contained, however, only some of Mary's
+furniture and effects. She herself escaped the danger.
+
+The fog, which was thus Mary's protection at one time, was a source
+of great difficulty and danger at another; for, when they were
+drawing near to the place of their landing in Scotland, they were
+enveloped in a fog so dense that they could scarcely see from one end
+of the vessel to the other. They stopped the progress of their
+vessels, and kept continually sounding; and when at length the fog
+cleared away, they found themselves involved in a labyrinth of rocks
+and shoals of the most dangerous character. They made their escape at
+last, and went on safely toward the land. Mary said, however, that
+she felt, at the time, entirely indifferent as to the result. She was
+so disconsolate and wretched at having parted forever from all that
+was dear to her, that it seemed to her that she was equally willing
+to live or to die.
+
+Mary, who, among her other accomplishments, had a great deal of
+poetic talent, wrote some lines, called her Farewell to France, which
+have been celebrated from that day to this. They are as follows:
+
+               ADIEU.
+
+       Adieu, plaisant pays de France!
+               O ma patrie,
+               La plus cherie;
+       Qui a nourri ma jeune enfance.
+     Adieu, France! adieu, mes beaux jours!
+     La nef qui dejoint mes amours,
+     N'a cy de moi que la moitie;
+     Une parte te reste; elle est tienne;
+     Je la fie a ton amitie,
+     Pour que de l'autre il te souvienne.
+
+Many persons have attempted to translate these lines into English
+verse; but it is always extremely difficult to translate poetry from
+one language to another. We give here two of the best of these
+translations. The reader can judge, by observing how different they
+are from each other, how different they must both be from their
+common original.
+
+               ADIEU.
+
+     Farewell to thee, thou pleasant shore,
+       The loved, the cherished home to me
+     Of infant joy, a dream that's o'er,
+       Farewell, dear France! farewell to thee.
+
+     The sail that wafts me bears away
+       From thee but half my soul alone;
+     Its fellow half will fondly stay,
+       And back to thee has faithful flown.
+
+     I trust it to thy gentle care;
+       For all that here remains with me
+     Lives but to think of all that's there,
+       To love and to remember thee.
+
+The other translation is as follows:
+
+               ADIEU.
+
+      Adieu, thou pleasant land of France!
+        The dearest of all lands to me,
+      Where life was like a joyful dance,
+        The joyful dance of infancy.
+
+      Farewell my childhood's laughing wiles,
+        Farewell the joys of youth's bright day,
+      The bark that takes me from thy smiles,
+        Bears but my meaner half away.
+
+      The best is thine; my changeless heart
+        Is given, beloved France, to thee;
+      And let it sometimes, though we part,
+        Remind thee, with a sigh, of me.
+
+It was on the 19th of August, 1561, that the two galleys arrived at
+Leith. Leith is a small port on the shore of the Frith of Forth,
+about two miles from Edinburgh, which is situated somewhat inland.
+The royal palace, where Mary was to reside, was called the Palace of
+Holyrood. It was, and is still, a large square building, with an open
+court in the center, into which there is access for carriages through
+a large arched passage-way in the center of the principal front of
+the building. In the rear, but connected with the palace, there was a
+chapel in Mary's day, though it is now in ruins. The walls still
+remain, but the roof is gone. The people of Scotland were not
+expecting Mary so soon. Information was communicated from country to
+country, in those days, slowly and with great difficulty. Perhaps the
+time of Mary's departure from France was purposely concealed even
+from the Scotch, to avoid all possibility that the knowledge of it
+should get into Elizabeth's possession.
+
+At any rate, the first intelligence which the inhabitants of
+Edinburgh and the vicinity had of the arrival of their queen, was the
+approach of the galleys to the shore, and the firing of a royal
+salute from their guns. The Palace of Holyrood was not ready for
+Mary's reception, and she had to remain a day at Leith, awaiting the
+necessary preparations. In the mean time, the whole population began
+to assemble to welcome her arrival. Military bands were turned out;
+banners were prepared; civil and military officers in full costume
+assembled, and bon-fires and illuminations were provided for the
+evening and night. In a word, Mary's subjects in Scotland did all in
+their power to do honor to the occasion; but the preparations were so
+far beneath the pomp and pageantry which she had been accustomed to
+in France, that she felt the contrast very keenly, and realized, more
+forcibly than ever, how great was the change which the circumstances
+of her life were undergoing.
+
+[Illustration: PALACE OF HOLYROOD. With Salisbury Crags and Arthur's
+Seat in the Distance.]
+
+Horses were prepared for Mary and her large company of attendants, to
+ride from Leith to Edinburgh. The long cavalcade moved toward evening.
+The various professions and trades of Edinburgh were drawn up in lines
+on each side of the road, and thousands upon thousands of other
+spectators assembled to witness the scene. When she reached the Palace
+of Holyrood House, a band of music played for a time under her
+windows, and then the great throng quietly dispersed, leaving Mary to
+her repose. The adjoining engraving represents the Palace of Holyrood
+as it now appears. In Mary's day, the northern part only had been
+built--that is, the part on the left, in the view, where the ivy
+climbs about the windows--and the range extending back to the royal
+chapel, the ruins of which are seen in the rear.[E] Mary took up her
+abode in this dwelling, and was glad to rest from the fatigues and
+privations of her long voyage; but she found her new home a solitary
+and gloomy dwelling, compared with the magnificent palaces of the land
+she had left.
+
+[Footnote E: For the situation of this palace in respect to Edinburgh
+see the view of Edinburgh, page 179.]
+
+Mary made an extremely favorable impression upon her subjects in
+Scotland. To please them, she exchanged the white mourning of France,
+from which she had taken the name of the White Queen, for a black
+dress, more accordant with the ideas and customs of her native land.
+This gave her a more sedate and matronly character, and though the
+expression of her countenance and figure was somewhat changed by it,
+it was only a change to a new form of extreme and fascinating beauty.
+Her manners, too, so graceful and easy, and yet so simple and
+unaffected, charmed all who saw her.
+
+Mary had a half brother in Scotland, whose title was at this time the
+Lord James. He was afterward named the Earl of Murray, and is
+commonly known in history under this latter designation. The mother
+of Lord James was not legally married to Mary's father, and
+consequently he could not inherit any of his father's rights to the
+Scottish crown. The Lord James was, however, a man of very high rank
+and influence, and Mary immediately received him into her service,
+and made him one of her highest ministers of state. He was now about
+thirty years of age, prudent, cautious, and wise, of good person and
+manners, but somewhat reserved and austere.
+
+Lord James had the general direction of affairs on Mary's arrival,
+and things went on very smoothly for a week; but then, on the first
+Sunday after the landing, a very serious difficulty threatened to
+occur. The Catholics have a certain celebration, called the mass, to
+which they attach a very serious and solemn importance. When our
+Savior gave the bread and the wine to his disciples at the Last
+Supper he said of it, "This is my body, broken for you," and "This is
+my blood, shed for you." The Catholics understand that these words
+denote that the bread and wine did at that time, and that they do
+now, whenever the communion service is celebrated by a priest duly
+authorized, become, by a sort of miraculous transformation, the true
+body and blood of Christ, and that the priest, in breaking the one
+and pouring out the other, is really and truly renewing the great
+sacrifice for sin made by Jesus Christ at his crucifixion. The mass,
+therefore, in which the bread and the wine are so broken and poured
+out, becomes, in their view, not a mere service of prayer and praise
+to God, but a solemn _act_ of sacrifice. The spectators, or
+assistants, as they call them, meaning all who are present on the
+occasion, stand by, not merely to hear words of adoration, in which
+they mentally join, as is the case in most Protestant forms of
+worship, but to witness the _enactment of a deed_, and one of great
+binding force and validity: a real and true sacrifice of Christ, made
+anew, as an atonement for their sins. The bread, when consecrated,
+and as they suppose, transmuted to the body of Christ, is held up to
+view, or carried in a procession around the church, that all present
+may bow before it and adore it as really being, though in the form of
+bread, the wounded and broken body of the Lord.
+
+Of course the celebration of the mass is invested, in the minds of
+all conscientious Catholics, with the utmost solemnity and
+importance. They stand silently by, with the deepest feelings of
+reverence and awe, while the priest offers up for them, anew, the
+great sacrifice for sin. They regard all Protestant worship, which
+consists of mere exhortations to duty, hymns and prayers, as lifeless
+and void. That which is to them the soul, the essence, and substance
+of the whole, is wanting. On the other hand, the Protestants abhor
+the sacrifice of the mass as gross superstition. They think that the
+bread remains simply bread after the benediction as much as before;
+that for the priests to pretend that in breaking it they renew the
+sacrifice of Christ, is imposture; and that to bow before it in
+adoration and homage is the worst idolatry.
+
+Now it happened that during Mary's absence in France, the contest
+between the Catholics and the Protestants had been going fiercely
+on, and the result had been the almost complete defeat of the
+Catholic party, and the establishment of the Protestant interest
+throughout the realm. A great many deeds of violence accompanied this
+change. Churches and abbeys were sometimes sacked and destroyed. The
+images of saints, which the Catholics had put up, were pulled down
+and broken; and the people were sometimes worked up to phrensy
+against the principles of the Catholic faith and Catholic
+observances. They abhorred the mass, and were determined that it
+should not be introduced again into Scotland.
+
+Queen Mary, knowing this state of things determined, on her arrival
+in Scotland, not to interfere with her people in the exercise of
+their religion; but she resolved to remain a Catholic herself, and to
+continue, for the use of her own household, in the royal chapel at
+Holyrood, the same Catholic observances to which she had been
+accustomed in France. She accordingly gave orders that mass should be
+celebrated in her chapel on the first Sunday after her arrival. She
+was very willing to abstain from interfering with the religious
+usages of her subjects, but she was not willing to give up her own.
+
+The friends of the Reformation had a meeting, and resolved that mass
+should _not_ be celebrated. There was, however, no way of preventing
+it but by intimidation or violence. When Sunday came, crowds began to
+assemble about the palace and the chapel,[F] and to fill all the
+avenues leading to them. The Catholic families who were going to
+attend the service were treated rudely as they passed. The priests
+they threatened with death. One, who carried a candle which was to be
+used in the ceremonies, was extremely terrified at their threats and
+imprecations. The excitement was very great, and would probably have
+proceeded to violent extremities, had it not been for Lord James's
+energy and courage. He was a Protestant, but he took his station at
+the door of the chapel, and, without saying or doing any thing to
+irritate the crowd without, he kept them at bay, while the service
+proceeded. It went on to the close, though greatly interrupted by the
+confusion and uproar. Many of the French people who came with Mary
+were so terrified by this scene, that they declared they would not
+stay in such a country, and took the first opportunity of returning
+to France.
+
+[Footnote F: The ruins of the royal chapel are to be seen in the rear
+of the palace in the view on page 114.]
+
+One of the most powerful and influential of the leaders of the
+Protestant party at this time was the celebrated John Knox. He was a
+man of great powers of mind and of commanding eloquence; and he had
+exerted a vast influence in arousing the people of Scotland to a
+feeling of strong abhorrence of what they considered the abominations
+of popery. When Queen Mary of England was upon the throne, Knox had
+written a book against her, and against queens in general, women
+having, according to his views, no right to govern. Knox was a man of
+the most stern and uncompromising character, who feared nothing,
+respected nothing, and submitted to no restraints in the blunt and
+plain discharge of what he considered his duty. Mary dreaded his
+influence and power.
+
+Knox had an interview with Mary not long after her arrival, and it is
+one of the most striking instances of the strange ascendency which
+Mary's extraordinary beauty and grace, and the pensive charm of her
+demeanor, exercised over all that came within her influence, that
+even John Knox, whom nothing else could soften or subdue, found his
+rough and indomitable energy half forsaking him in the presence of
+his gentle queen. She expostulated with him. He half apologized.
+Nothing had ever drawn the least semblance of an apology from him
+before. He told her that his book was aimed solely against Queen Mary
+of England, and not against her; that she had no cause to fear its
+influence; that, in respect to the freedom with which he had advanced
+his opinions and theories on the subjects of government and religion,
+she need not be alarmed, for philosophers had always done this in
+every age, and yet had lived good citizens of the state, whose
+institutions they had, nevertheless, in some sense theoretically
+condemned. He told her, moreover, that he had no intention of
+troubling her reign; that she might be sure of this, since, if he had
+such a desire, he should have commenced his measures during her
+absence, and not have postponed them until her position on the throne
+was strengthened by her return. Thus he tried to soothe her fears,
+and to justify himself from the suspicion of having designed any
+injury to such a gentle and helpless queen. The interview was a very
+extraordinary spectacle. It was that of a lion laying aside his
+majestic sternness and strength to dispel the fears and quiet the
+apprehensions of a dove. The interview was, however, after all,
+painful and distressing to Mary. Some things which the stern reformer
+felt it his duty to say to her, brought tears into her eyes.
+
+Mary soon became settled in her new home, though many circumstances
+in her situation were well calculated to disquiet and disturb her.
+She lived in the palace at Holyrood. The four Maries continued with
+her for a time, and then two of them were married to nobles of high
+rank. Queen Elizabeth sent Mary a kind message, congratulating her on
+her safe arrival in Scotland, and assuring her that the story of her
+having attempted to intercept her was false. Mary, who had no means
+of proving Elizabeth's insincerity, sent her back a polite reply.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+MARY AND LORD DARNLEY.
+
+1562-1566
+
+Stormy scenes.--Lord James.--Acts of cruelty.--Mary's energy and
+decision.--Her popularity.--Story of Chatelard.--His love and
+infatuation.--Trial of Chatelard.--His execution and last
+words.--Mary and Elizabeth.--The English succession.--Claim of
+Lady Lennox.--Lord Darnley.--Offers of marriage.--Duplicity of
+Elizabeth.--Melville sent as embassador to Elizabeth.--His
+reception.--Conversation of Melville and Elizabeth.--Dudley, earl
+of Leicester.--The "long" lad.--Lord Darnley.--Elizabeth's
+management.--Darnley's visit to Scotland.--Mary's message to
+Elizabeth.--Elizabeth's duplicity.--Wemys Castle.--Mary's opinion
+of Darnley.--His interview with her.--The courtship.--Elizabeth in
+a rage.--Murray's opposition.--Mary hastens the marriage.--A
+dangerous plot.--Mary's narrow escape.--The marriage.--The mourner
+and the bride.--Darnley's contemptible character.--Darnley's
+imperiousness and pride.--Mary's cares.--Rebellion.--Elizabeth's
+treatment of the rebels.--Mary's generous conduct to Darnley.--The
+double throne.--Darnley's cruel ingratitude.
+
+
+During the three or four years which elapsed after Queen Mary's
+arrival in Scotland, she had to pass through many stormy scenes of
+anxiety and trouble. The great nobles of the land were continually
+quarreling, and all parties were earnest and eager in their efforts
+to get Mary's influence and power on their side. She had a great deal
+of trouble with the affairs of her brother, the Lord James. He wished
+to have the earldom of Murray conferred upon him. The castle and
+estates pertaining to this title were in the north of Scotland, in
+the neighborhood of Inverness. They were in possession of another
+family, who refused to give them up. Mary accompanied Lord James to
+the north with an army, to put him in possession. They took the
+castle, and hung the governor, who had refused to surrender at their
+summons. This, and some other acts of this expedition, have since
+been considered unjust and cruel; but posterity have been divided in
+opinion on the question how far Mary herself was personally
+responsible for them.
+
+Mary, at any rate, displayed a great degree of decision and energy in
+her management of public affairs, and in the personal exploits which
+she performed. She made excursions from castle to castle, and from
+town to town, all over Scotland. On these expeditions she traveled on
+horseback, sometimes with a royal escort, and sometimes at the head
+of an army of eighteen or twenty thousand men. These royal progresses
+were made sometimes among the great towns and cities on the eastern
+coast of Scotland, and also, at other times, among the gloomy and
+dangerous defiles of the Highlands. Occasionally she would pay visits
+to the nobles at their castles, to hunt in their parks, to review
+their Highland retainers, or to join them in celebrations and fetes,
+and military parades.
+
+During all this time, her personal influence and ascendency over all
+who knew her was constantly increasing; and the people of Scotland,
+notwithstanding the disagreement on the subject of religion, became
+more and more devoted to their queen. The attachment which those who
+were in immediate attendance upon her felt to her person and
+character, was in many cases extreme. In one instance, this
+attachment led to a very sad result. There was a young Frenchman,
+named Chatelard, who came in Mary's train from France. He was a
+scholar and a poet. He began by writing verses in Mary's praise,
+which Mary read, and seemed to be pleased with. This increased his
+interest in her, and led him to imagine that he was himself the
+object of her kind regard. Finally, the love which he felt for her
+came to be a perfect infatuation. He concealed himself one night in
+Mary's bed-chamber, armed, as if to resist any attack which the
+attendants might make upon him. He was discovered by the female
+attendants, and taken away, and they, for fear of alarming Mary, did
+not tell her of the circumstance till the next morning.
+
+Mary was very much displeased, or, at least, professed to be so. John
+Knox thought that this displeasure was only a pretense. She, however,
+forbid Chatelard to come any more into her sight. A day or two after
+this, Mary set out on a journey to the north. Chatelard followed. He
+either believed that Mary really loved him, or else he was led on by
+that strange and incontrollable infatuation which so often, in such
+cases, renders even the wisest men utterly reckless and blind to the
+consequences of what they say or do. He watched his opportunity, and
+one night, when Mary retired to her bed-room, he followed her
+directly in. Mary called for help. The attendants came in, and
+immediately sent for the Earl of Murray, who was in the palace.
+Chatelard protested that all he wanted was to explain and apologize
+for his coming into Mary's room before, and to ask her to forgive
+him. Mary, however, would not listen. She was very much incensed.
+When Murray came in, she directed him to run his dagger through the
+man. Murray, however, instead of doing this, had the offender seized
+and sent to prison. In a few days he was tried, and condemned to be
+beheaded. The excitement and enthusiasm of his love continued to the
+last. He stood firm and undaunted on the scaffold, and, just before
+he laid his head on the block, he turned toward the place where Mary
+was then lodging, and said, "Farewell! loveliest and most cruel
+princess that the world contains!"
+
+In the mean time, Mary and Queen Elizabeth continued ostensibly on
+good terms. They sent embassadors to each other's courts. They
+communicated letters and messages to each other, and entered into
+various negotiations respecting the affairs of their respective
+kingdoms. The truth was, each was afraid of the other, and neither
+dared to come to an open rupture. Elizabeth was uneasy on account of
+Mary's claim to her crown, and was very anxious to avoid driving her
+to extremities, since she knew that, in that case, there would be
+great danger of her attempting openly to enforce it. Mary, on the
+other hand, thought that there was more probability of her obtaining
+the succession to the English crown by keeping peace with Elizabeth
+than by a quarrel. Elizabeth was not married, and was likely to live
+and die single. Mary would then be the next heir, without much
+question. She wished Elizabeth to acknowledge this, and to have the
+English Parliament enact it. If Elizabeth would take this course,
+Mary was willing to waive her claims during Elizabeth's life.
+Elizabeth, however, was not willing to do this decidedly. She wished
+to reserve the right to herself of marrying if she chose. She also
+wished to keep Mary dependent upon her as long as she could. Hence,
+while she would not absolutely refuse to comply with Mary's
+proposition, she would not really accede to it, but kept the whole
+matter in suspense by endless procrastination, difficulties, and
+delays.
+
+I have said that, after Elizabeth, Mary's claim to the British crown
+was almost unquestioned. There was another lady about as nearly
+related to the English royal line as Mary. Her name was Margaret
+Stuart. Her title was Lady Lennox. She had a son named Henry Stuart,
+whose title was Lord Darnley. It was a question whether Mary or
+Margaret were best entitled to consider herself the heir to the
+British crown after Elizabeth. Mary, therefore, had two obstacles in
+the way of the accomplishment of her wishes to be Queen of England:
+one was the claim of Elizabeth, who was already in possession of the
+throne, and the other the claims of Lady Lennox, and, after her, of
+her son Darnley. There was a plan of disposing of this last
+difficulty in a very simple manner. It was, to have Mary marry Lord
+Darnley, and thus unite these two claims. This plan had been
+proposed, but there had been no decision in respect to it. There was
+one objection: that Darnley being Mary's cousin, their marriage was
+forbidden by the laws of the Catholic Church. There was no way of
+obviating this difficulty but by applying to the pope to grant them a
+special dispensation.
+
+In the mean time, a great many other plans were formed for Mary's
+marriage. Several of the princes and potentates of Europe applied for
+her hand. They were allured somewhat, no doubt, by her youth and
+beauty, and still more, very probably, by the desire to annex her
+kingdom to their dominions. Mary, wishing to please Elizabeth,
+communicated often with her, to ask her advice and counsel in regard
+to her marriage. Elizabeth's policy was to embarrass and perplex the
+whole subject by making difficulties in respect to every plan
+proposed. Finally, she recommended a gentleman of her own court to
+Mary--Robert Dudley, whom she afterward made Earl of Leicester--one
+of her special favorites. The position of Dudley, and the
+circumstances of the case, were such that mankind have generally
+supposed that Elizabeth did not seriously imagine that such a plan
+could be adopted, but that she proposed it, as perverse and
+intriguing people often do, as a means of increasing the difficulty.
+Such minds often attempt to prevent doing what _can_ be done by
+proposing and urging what they know is impossible.
+
+In the course of these negotiations, Queen Mary once sent Melville,
+her former page of honor in France, as a special embassador to Queen
+Elizabeth, to ascertain more perfectly her views. Melville had
+followed Mary to Scotland, and had entered her service there as a
+confidential secretary; and as she had great confidence in his
+prudence and in his fidelity, she thought him the most suitable
+person to undertake this mission. Melville afterward lived to an
+advanced age, and in the latter part of his life he wrote a narrative
+of his various adventures, and recorded, in quaint and ancient
+language, many of his conversations and interviews with the two
+queens. His mission to England was of course a very important event
+in his life, and one of the most curious and entertaining passages in
+his memoirs is his narrative of his interviews with the English
+queen. He was, at the time, about thirty-four years of age. Mary was
+about twenty-two.
+
+Sir James Melville was received with many marks of attention and
+honor by Queen Elizabeth. His first interview with her was in a
+garden near the palace. She first asked him about a letter which Mary
+had recently written to her, and which, she said, had greatly
+displeased her; and she took out a reply from her pocket, written in
+very sharp and severe language, though she said she had not sent it
+because it was not severe enough, and she was going to write another.
+Melville asked to see the letter from Mary which had given Elizabeth
+so much offense; and on reading it, he explained it, and disavowed,
+on Mary's part, any intention to give offense, and thus finally
+succeeded in appeasing Elizabeth's displeasure, and at length induced
+her to tear up her angry reply.
+
+Elizabeth then wanted to know what Mary thought of her proposal of
+Dudley for her husband. Melville told her that she had not given the
+subject much reflection, but that she was going to appoint two
+commissioners, and she wished Elizabeth to appoint two others, and
+then that the four should meet on the borders of the two countries,
+and consider the whole subject of the marriage. Elizabeth said that
+she perceived that Mary did not think much of this proposed match.
+She said, however, that Dudley stood extremely high in _her_ regard,
+that she was going to make him an earl, and that she should marry him
+herself were it not that she was fully resolved to live and die a
+single woman. She said she wished very much to have Dudley become
+Mary's husband both on account of her attachment to him, and also on
+account of his attachment to her, which she was sure would prevent
+his allowing her, that is, Elizabeth, to have any trouble out of
+Mary's claim to her crown as long as she lived.
+
+Elizabeth also asked Melville to wait in Westminster until the day
+appointed for making Dudley an earl. This was done, a short time
+afterward, with great ceremony. Lord Darnley, then a very tall and
+slender youth of about nineteen, was present on the occasion. His
+father and mother had been banished from Scotland, on account of some
+political offenses, twenty years before, and he had thus himself been
+brought up in England. As he was a near relative of the queen, and a
+sort of heir-presumptive to the crown, he had a high position at the
+court, and his office was, on this occasion, to bear the sword of
+honor before the queen. Dudley kneeled before Elizabeth while she put
+upon him the badges of his new dignity. Afterward she asked Melville
+what he thought of him. Melville was polite enough to speak warmly in
+his favor. "And yet," said the queen, "I suppose you prefer yonder
+_long_ lad," pointing to Darnley. She knew something of Mary's
+half-formed design of making Darnley her husband. Melville, who did
+not wish her to suppose that Mary had any serious intention of
+choosing Darnley, said that "no woman of spirit would choose such a
+person as he was, for he was handsome, beardless, and lady-faced; in
+fact, he looked more like a woman than a man."
+
+Melville was not very honest in this, for he had secret instructions
+at this very time to apply to Lady Lennox, Darnley's mother, to send
+her son into Scotland, in order that Mary might see him, and be
+assisted to decide the question of becoming his wife, by ascertaining
+how she was going to like him personally. Queen Elizabeth, in the
+mean time, pressed upon Melville the importance of Mary's deciding
+soon in favor of the marriage with Leicester. As to declaring in
+favor of Mary's right to inherit the crown after her, she said the
+question was in the hands of the great lawyers and commissioners to
+whom she had referred it, and that she heartily wished that they
+might come to a conclusion in favor of Mary's claim. She should urge
+the business forward as fast as she could; but the result would
+depend very much upon the disposition which Mary showed to comply
+with her wishes in respect to the marriage. She said she should
+never marry herself unless she was compelled to it on account of
+Mary's giving her trouble by her claims upon the crown, and forcing
+her to desire that it should go to her direct descendants. If Mary
+would act wisely, and as she ought, and follow _her_ counsel, she
+would, in due time, have all her desire.
+
+Some time more elapsed in negotiations and delays. There was a good
+deal of trouble in getting leave for Darnley to go to Scotland. From
+his position, and from the state of the laws and customs of the two
+realms, he could not go without Elizabeth's permission. Finally, Mary
+sent word to Elizabeth that she would marry Leicester according to
+her wish, if she would have her claim to the English crown, _after_
+Elizabeth, acknowledged and established by the English government, so
+as to have that question definitely and finally settled. Elizabeth
+sent back for answer to this proposal, that if Mary married
+Leicester, she would advance him to great honors and dignities, but
+that she could not do any thing at present about the succession. She
+also, at the same time, gave permission to Darnley to go to Scotland.
+
+It is thought that Elizabeth never seriously intended that Mary
+should marry Leicester, and that she did not suppose Mary herself
+would consent to it on any terms. Accordingly, when she found Mary
+was acceding to the plan, she wanted to retreat from it herself, and
+hoped that Darnley's going to Scotland, and appearing there as a new
+competitor in the field, would tend to complicate and embarrass the
+question in Mary's mind, and help to prevent the Leicester
+negotiation from going any further. At any rate, Lord Darnley--then a
+very tall and handsome young man of nineteen--obtained suddenly
+permission to go to Scotland. Mary went to Wemys Castle, and made
+arrangements to have Darnley come and visit her there.
+
+[Illustration: WEMY'S CASTLE--The Scene of Mary's first Interview
+with Darnley.]
+
+Wemys Castle is situated in a most romantic and beautiful spot on the
+sea-shore, on the northern side of the Frith of Forth. Edinburgh is
+upon the southern side of the Frith, and is in full view from the
+windows of the castle, with Salisbury Crags and Arthur's Seat on the
+left of the city. Wemys Castle was, at this time, the residence of
+Murray, Mary's brother. Mary's visit to it was an event which
+attracted a great deal of attention. The people flocked into the
+neighborhood and provisions and accommodations of every kind rose
+enormously in price. Every one was eager to get a glimpse of the
+beautiful queen. Besides, they knew that Lord Darnley was expected,
+and the rumor that he was seriously thought of as her future husband
+had been widely circulated, and had awakened, of course, a universal
+desire to see him.
+
+Mary was very much pleased with Darnley. She told Melville, after
+their first interview, that he was the handsomest and best
+proportioned "long man" she had ever seen. Darnley was, in fact, very
+tall, and as he was straight and slender, he appeared even taller
+than he really was. He was, however, though young, very easy and
+graceful in his manners, and highly accomplished. Mary was very much
+pleased with him. She had almost decided to make him her husband
+before she saw him, merely from political considerations, on account
+of her wish to combine his claim with hers in respect to the English
+crown. Elizabeth's final answer, refusing the terms on which Mary had
+consented to marry Leicester, which came about this time, vexed her,
+and determined her to abandon that plan. And now, just in such a
+crisis, to find Darnley possessed of such strong personal
+attractions, seemed to decide the question. In a few days her
+imagination was full of pictures of joy and pleasure, in
+anticipations of union with such a husband.
+
+The thing took the usual course of such affairs. Darnley asked Mary
+to be his wife. She said no, and was offended with him for asking it.
+He offered her a present of a ring. She refused to accept it. But the
+no meant yes, and the rejection of the ring was only the prelude to
+the acceptance of something far more important, of which a ring is
+the symbol. Mary's first interview with Darnley was in February. In
+April, Queen Elizabeth's embassador sent her word that he was
+satisfied that Mary's marriage with Darnley was all arranged and
+settled.
+
+Queen Elizabeth was, or pretended to be, in a great rage. She sent
+the most urgent remonstrances to Mary against the execution of the
+plan. She forwarded, also, very decisive orders to Darnley, and to
+the Earl of Lennox his father, to return immediately to England.
+Lennox replied that he could not return, for "he did not think the
+climate would agree with him!" Darnley sent back word that he had
+entered the service of the Queen of Scots, and henceforth should
+obey her orders alone. Elizabeth, however, was not the only one who
+opposed this marriage. The Earl of Murray, Mary's brother, who had
+been thus far the great manager of the government under Mary, took at
+once a most decided stand against it. He enlisted a great number of
+Protestant nobles with him, and they held deliberations, in which
+they formed plans for resisting it by force. But Mary, who, with all
+her gentleness and loveliness of spirit, had, like other women, some
+decision and energy when an object in which the heart is concerned is
+at stake, had made up her mind. She sent to France to get the consent
+of her friends there. She dispatched a commissioner to Rome to obtain
+the pope's dispensation; she obtained the sanction of her own
+Parliament; and, in fact, in every way hastened the preparations for
+the marriage.
+
+Murray, on the other hand, and his confederate lords, were determined
+to prevent it. They formed a plan to rise in rebellion against Mary,
+to waylay and seize her, to imprison her, and to send Darnley and his
+father to England, having made arrangements with Elizabeth's
+ministers to receive them at the borders. The plan was all well
+matured, and would probably have been carried into effect, had not
+Mary, in some way or other, obtained information of the design. She
+was then at Stirling, and they were to waylay her on the usual route
+to Edinburgh. She made a sudden journey, at an unexpected time, and
+by a new and unusual road, and thus evaded her enemies. The violence
+of this opposition only stimulated her determination to carry the
+marriage into effect without delay. Her escape from her rebellious
+nobles took place in June, and she was married in July. This was six
+months after her first interview with Darnley. The ceremony was
+performed in the royal chapel at Holyrood. They show, to this day,
+the place where she is said to have stood, in the now roofless
+interior.
+
+Mary was conducted into the chapel by Lennox and another nobleman, in
+the midst of a large company of lords and ladies of the court, and of
+strangers of distinction, who had come to Edinburgh to witness the
+ceremony. A vast throng had collected also around the palace. Mary was
+led to the altar, and then Lord Darnley was conducted in. The marriage
+ceremony was performed according to the Catholic ritual. Three rings,
+one of them a diamond ring of great value, were put upon her finger.
+After the ceremony, largess was proclaimed, and money distributed
+among the crowd, as had been done in Paris at Mary's former marriage,
+five years before. Mary then remained to attend the celebration of
+mass, Darnley, who was not a Catholic, retiring. After the mass, Mary
+returned to the palace, and changed the mourning dress which she had
+continued to wear from the time of her first husband's death to that
+hour, for one more becoming a bride. The evening was spent in
+festivities of every kind.
+
+We have said that Darnley was personally attractive in respect both
+to his countenance and his manners; and, unfortunately, this is all
+that can be said in his favor. He was weak-minded, and yet
+self-conceited and vain. The sudden elevation which his marriage with
+a queen gave him, made him proud, and he soon began to treat all
+around him in a very haughty and imperious manner. He seems to have
+been entirely unaccustomed to exercise any self-command, or to submit
+to any restraints in the gratification of his passions. Mary paid him
+a great many attentions, and took great pleasure in conferring upon
+him, as her queenly power enabled her to do, distinctions and honors;
+but, instead of being grateful for them, he received them as matters
+of course, and was continually demanding more. There was one title
+which he wanted, and which, for some good reason, it was necessary to
+postpone conferring upon him. A nobleman came to him one day and
+informed him of the necessity of this delay. He broke into a fit of
+passion, drew his dagger, rushed toward the nobleman, and attempted
+to stab him. He commenced his imperious and haughty course of
+procedure even before his marriage, and continued it afterward,
+growing more and more violent as his ambition increased with an
+increase of power. Mary felt these cruel acts of selfishness and
+pride very keenly, but, womanlike, she palliated and excused them,
+and loved him still.
+
+She had, however, other trials and cares pressing upon her
+immediately. Murray and his confederates organized a formal and open
+rebellion. Mary raised an army and took the field against them. The
+country generally took her side. A terrible and somewhat protracted
+civil war ensued, but the rebels were finally defeated and driven out
+of the country. They went to England and claimed Elizabeth's
+protection, saying that she had incited them to the revolt, and
+promised them her aid. Elizabeth told them that it would not do for
+her to be supposed to have abetted a rebellion in her cousin Mary's
+dominions, and that, unless they would, in the presence of the
+foreign embassadors at her court, disavow her having done so, she
+could not help them or countenance them in any way. The miserable
+men, being reduced to a hard extremity, made this disavowal.
+Elizabeth then said to them, "Now you have told the truth. Neither I,
+nor any one else in my name, incited you against your queen; and your
+abominable treason _may_ set an example to my own subjects to rebel
+against me. So get you gone out of my presence, miserable traitors as
+you are."
+
+Thus Mary triumphed over all the obstacles to her marriage with the
+man she loved; but, alas! before the triumph was fully accomplished,
+the love was gone. Darnley was selfish, unfeeling, and incapable of
+requiting affection like Mary's. He treated her with the most
+heartless indifference, though she had done every thing to awaken his
+gratitude and win his love. She bestowed upon him every honor which
+it was in her power to grant. She gave him the title of king. She
+admitted him to share with her the powers and prerogatives of the
+crown. There is to this day, in Mary's apartments at Holyrood House,
+a double throne which she had made for herself and her husband, with
+their initials worked together in the embroidered covering, and each
+seat surmounted by a crown. Mankind have always felt a strong
+sentiment of indignation at the ingratitude which could requite such
+love with such selfishness and cruelty.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+RIZZIO.
+
+1561-1566
+
+David Rizzio.--Embassadors.--Rizzio's position.--Rizzio French
+secretary.--Displeasure of the Scotch nobles.--They treat Rizzio
+with scorn and contempt.--He consults Melville.--Melville's
+counsel.--Melville and the queen.--Rizzio's religion.--His services
+to Mary.--Rizzio's power and influence.--His intimacy with
+Mary.--Rizzio's exertion in favor of the marriage.--Rizzio and
+Darnley.--Darnley greatly disliked.--His unreasonable wishes.--The
+crown matrimonial.--Darnley's ambition.--Darnley's
+brutality.--Signatures.--Coins.--Rizzio sides with Mary.--Darnley and
+Ruthven.--A combination.--The secretary and his queen.--Nature of
+Mary's attachment.--Plot to assassinate Rizzio.--Plan of Holyrood
+House.--Description.--Apartments.--Morton and Ruthven.--Mary at
+supper.--Arrangement of the conspirators.--The little upper
+room.--Murder of Rizzio.--Conversation.--Violence of the
+conspirators.--Mary a prisoner.--Darnley's usurpation.--Melville.--Mary
+appeals to the provost.--Mary defeats the conspirators.--Birth of her
+son.
+
+
+Mary had a secretary named David Rizzio. He was from Savoy, a country
+among the Alps. It was the custom then, as it is now, for the various
+governments of Europe to have embassadors at the courts of other
+governments, to attend to any negotiations, or to the transaction of
+any other business which might arise between their respective
+sovereigns. These embassadors generally traveled with pomp and
+parade, taking sometimes many attendants with them. The embassador
+from Savoy happened to bring with him to Scotland, in his train, this
+young man, Rizzio, in 1561, that is, just about the time that Mary
+herself returned to Scotland. He was a handsome and agreeable young
+man, but his rank and position were such that, for some years, he
+attracted no attention.
+
+He was, however, quite a singer, and they used to bring him in
+sometimes to sing in Mary's presence with three other singers. His
+voice, being a good bass, made up the quartette. Mary saw him in this
+way, and as he was a good French and Italian scholar, and was amiable
+and intelligent, she gradually became somewhat interested in him.
+Mary had, at this time, among her other officers, a French secretary,
+who wrote for her, and transacted such other business as required a
+knowledge of the French language. This French secretary went home,
+and Mary appointed Rizzio to take his place.
+
+The native Scotchmen in Mary's court were naturally very jealous of
+the influence of these foreigners. They looked down with special
+contempt on Rizzio, considering him of mean rank and position, and
+wholly destitute of all claim to the office of confidential secretary
+to the queen. Rizzio increased the difficulty by not acting with the
+reserve and prudence which his delicate situation required. The
+nobles, proud of their own rank and importance, were very much
+displeased at the degree of intimacy and confidence to which Mary
+admitted him. They called him an intruder and an upstart. When they
+came in and found him in conversation with the queen, or whenever he
+accosted her freely, as he was wont to do, in their presence, they
+were irritated and vexed. They did not dare to remonstrate with Mary,
+but they took care to express their feelings of resentment and scorn
+to the subject of them in every possible way. They scowled upon him.
+They directed to him looks of contempt. They turned their backs upon
+him, and jostled him in a rude and insulting manner. All this was a
+year or two before Mary's marriage.
+
+Rizzio consulted Melville, asking his judgment as to what he had
+better do. He said that, being Mary's French secretary, he was
+necessarily a good deal in her company, and the nobles seemed
+displeased with it; but he did not see what he could do to diminish
+or avoid the difficulty. Melville replied that the nobles had an
+opinion that he not only performed the duties of French secretary,
+but that he was fast acquiring a great ascendency in respect to all
+other affairs. Melville further advised him to be much more cautious
+in his bearing than he had been, to give place to the nobles when
+they were with him in the presence of the queen, to speak less
+freely, and in a more unassuming manner, and to explain the whole
+case to the queen herself, that she might co-operate with him in
+pursuing a course which would soothe and conciliate the irritated and
+angry feelings of the nobles. Melville said, moreover, that he had
+himself, at one time, at a court on the Continent, been placed in a
+very similar situation to Rizzio's, and had been involved in the same
+difficulties, but had escaped the dangers which threatened him by
+pursuing himself the course which he now recommended.
+
+Rizzio seemed to approve of this counsel, and promised to follow it;
+but he afterward told Melville that he had spoken to the queen on the
+subject, and that she would not consent to any change, but wished
+every thing to go on as it had done. Now the queen, having great
+confidence in Melville, had previously requested him, that if he saw
+any thing in her deportment, or management, or measures, which he
+thought was wrong, frankly to let her know it, that she might be
+warned in season, and amend. He thought that this was an occasion
+which required this friendly interposition, and he took an
+opportunity to converse with her on the subject in a frank and plain,
+but still very respectful manner. He made but little impression. Mary
+said that Rizzio was only her private French secretary; that he had
+nothing to do with the affairs of the government; that, consequently,
+his appointment and his office were her own private concern alone,
+and she should continue to act according to her own pleasure in
+managing her own affairs, no matter who was displeased by it.
+
+It is probable that the real ground of offense which the nobles had
+against Rizzio was jealousy of his superior influence with the queen.
+They, however, made his religion a great ground of complaint against
+him. He was a Catholic, and had come from a strong Catholic country,
+having been born in the northern part of Italy. The Italian language
+was his mother tongue. They professed to believe that he was a secret
+emissary of the pope, and was plotting with Mary to bring Scotland
+back under the papal dominion.
+
+In the mean time, Rizzio devoted himself with untiring zeal and
+fidelity to the service of the queen. He was indefatigable in his
+efforts to please her, and he made himself extremely useful to her in
+a thousand different ways. In fact, his being the object of so much
+dislike and aversion on the part of others, made him more and more
+exclusively devoted to the queen, who seemed to be almost his only
+friend. She, too, was urged, by what she considered the unreasonable
+and bitter hostility of which her favorite was the object, to bestow
+upon him greater and greater favors. In process of time, one after
+another of those about the court, finding that Rizzio's influence and
+power were great and were increasing, began to treat him with
+respect, and to ask for his assistance in gaining their ends. Thus
+Rizzio found his position becoming stronger, and the probability
+began to increase that he would at length triumph over the enemies
+who had set their faces so strongly against him.
+
+Though he had been at first inclined to follow Melville's advice, yet
+he afterward fell in cordially with the policy of the queen, which
+was, to press boldly forward, and put down with a strong hand the
+hostility which had been excited against him. Instead, therefore, of
+attempting to conceal the degree of favor which he enjoyed with the
+queen, he boasted of and displayed it. He would converse often and
+familiarly with her in public. He dressed magnificently, like persons
+of the highest rank, and had many attendants. In a word, he assumed
+all the airs and manners of a person of high distinction and
+commanding influence. The external signs of hostility to him were
+thus put down, but the fires of hatred burned none the less fiercely
+below, and only wanted an opportunity to burst into an explosion.
+
+Things were in this state at the time of the negotiations in respect
+to Darnley's marriage; for, in order to take up the story of Rizzio
+from the beginning, we have been obliged to go back in our narrative.
+Rizzio exerted all his influence in favor of the marriage, and thus
+both strengthened his influence with Mary and made Darnley his
+friend. He did all in his power to diminish the opposition to it,
+from whatever quarter it might come, and rendered essential service
+in the correspondence with France, and in the negotiations with the
+pope for obtaining the necessary dispensation. In a word, he did a
+great deal to promote the marriage, and to facilitate all the
+arrangements for carrying it into effect.
+
+Darnley relied, therefore, upon Rizzio's friendship and devotion to
+his service, forgetting that, in all these past efforts, Rizzio was
+acting out of regard to Mary's wishes, and not to his own. As long,
+therefore, as Mary and Darnley continued to pursue the same objects
+and aims, Rizzio was the common friend and ally of both. The enemies
+of the marriage, however, disliked Rizzio more than ever.
+
+As Darnley's character developed itself gradually after his marriage,
+every body began to dislike him also. He was unprincipled and
+vicious, as well as imperious and proud. His friendship for Rizzio
+was another ground of dislike to him. The ancient nobles, who had
+been accustomed to exercise the whole control in the public affairs
+of Scotland, found themselves supplanted by this young Italian
+singer, and an English boy not yet out of his teens. They were
+exasperated beyond all bounds, but yet they contrived, for a while,
+to conceal and dissemble their anger.
+
+It was not very long after the marriage of Mary and Darnley before
+they began to become alienated from each other. Mary did every thing
+for her husband which it was reasonable for him to expect her to do.
+She did, in fact, all that was in her power. But he was not
+satisfied. She made him the sharer of her throne. He wanted her to
+give up _her_ place to him, and thus make him the sole possessor of
+it. He wanted what was called the _crown matrimonial_. The _crown
+matrimonial_ denoted power with which, according to the old Scottish
+law, the husband of a queen could be invested, enabling him to
+exercise the royal prerogative in his own name, both during the life
+of the queen and also after her death, during the continuance of his
+own life. This made him, in fact, a king for life, exalting him above
+his wife, the real sovereign, through whom alone he derived his
+powers.
+
+Now Darnley was very urgent to have the crown matrimonial conferred
+upon him. He insisted upon it. He would not submit to any delay. Mary
+told him that this was something entirely beyond her power to grant.
+The crown matrimonial could only be bestowed by a solemn enactment of
+the Scottish Parliament. But Darnley, impatient and reckless, like a
+boy as he was, would not listen to any excuse, but teased and
+tormented Mary about the crown matrimonial continually.
+
+Besides the legal difficulties in the way of Mary's conferring these
+powers upon Darnley by her own act, there were other difficulties,
+doubtless, in her mind, arising from the character of Darnley, and
+his unfitness, which was every day becoming more manifest, to be
+intrusted with such power. Only four months after his marriage, his
+rough and cruel treatment of Mary became intolerable. One day, at a
+house in Edinburgh, where the king and queen, and other persons of
+distinction had been invited to a banquet, Darnley, as was his
+custom, was beginning to drink very freely, and was trying to urge
+other persons there to drink to excess. Mary expostulated with him,
+endeavoring to dissuade him from such a course. Darnley resented
+these kind cautions, and retorted upon her in so violent and brutal a
+manner as to cause her to leave the room and the company in tears.
+
+When they were first married, Mary had caused her husband to be
+proclaimed king, and had taken some other similar steps to invest him
+with a share of her own power. But she soon found that in doing this
+she had gone to the extreme of propriety, and that, for the future,
+she must retreat rather than advance. Accordingly, although he was
+associated with her in the supreme power, she thought it best to keep
+precedence for her own _name_ before his, in the exercise of power.
+On the coins which were struck, the inscription was, "In the name of
+the _Queen_ and _King_ of Scotland." In signing public documents, she
+insisted on having her name recorded first. These things irritated
+and provoked Darnley more and more. He was not contented to be
+admitted to a share of the sovereign power which the queen possessed
+in her own right alone. He wished to supplant her in it entirely.
+
+Rizzio, of course, took Queen Mary's part in these questions. He
+opposed the grant of the crown matrimonial. He opposed all other
+plans for increasing or extending in any way Darnley's power. Darnley
+was very much incensed against him, and earnestly desired to find
+some way to effect his destruction. He communicated these feelings to
+a certain fierce and fearless nobleman named Ruthven, and asked his
+assistance to contrive some way to take vengeance upon Rizzio.
+
+Ruthven was very much pleased to hear this. He belonged to a party of
+the lords of the court who also hated Rizzio, though they had hated
+Darnley besides so much that they had not communicated to him their
+hostility to the other. Ruthven and his friends had not joined Murray
+and the other rebels in opposing the marriage of Darnley. They had
+chosen to acquiesce in it, hoping to maintain an ascendency over
+Darnley, regarding him, as they did, as a mere boy, and thus retain
+their power. When they found, however, that he was so headstrong and
+unmanageable, and that they could do nothing with him, they exerted
+all their influence to have Murray and the other exiled lords
+pardoned and allowed to return, hoping to combine with them after
+their return, and then together to make their power superior to that
+of Darnley and Rizzio. They considered Darnley and Rizzio both as
+their rivals and enemies. When they found, therefore, that Darnley
+was plotting Rizzio's destruction, they felt a very strong as well as
+a very unexpected pleasure.
+
+Thus, among all the jealousies, and rivalries, and bitter animosities
+of which the court was at this time the scene, the only true and
+honest attachment of one heart to another seems to have been that of
+Mary to Rizzio. The secretary was faithful and devoted to the queen,
+and the queen was grateful and kind to the secretary. There has been
+some question whether this attachment was an innocent or a guilty
+one. A painting, still hanging in the private rooms which belonged to
+Mary in the palace at Holyrood, represents Rizzio as young and very
+handsome; on the other hand, some of the historians of the day, to
+disprove the possibility of any guilty attachment, say that he was
+rather old and ugly. We may ourselves, perhaps, safely infer, that
+unless there were something specially repulsive in his appearance and
+manner, such a heart as Mary's, repelled so roughly from the one whom
+it was her duty to love, could not well have resisted the temptation
+to seek a retreat and a refuge in the kind devotedness of such a
+friend as Rizzio proved himself to be to her.
+
+However this may be, Ruthven made such suggestions to Darnley as
+goaded him to madness, and a scheme was soon formed for putting
+Rizzio to death. The plan, after being deliberately matured in all
+its arrangements, was carried into effect in the following manner.
+The event occurred early in the spring of 1566, less than a year
+after Mary's marriage.
+
+Morton, who was one of the accomplices, assembled a large force of
+his followers, consisting, it is said, of five hundred men, which he
+posted in the evening near the palace, and when it was dark he moved
+them silently into the central court of the palace, through the
+entrance _E_, as marked upon the following plan.
+
+[Illustration: PLAN OF THAT PART OF HOLYROOD HOUSE WHICH WAS THE
+SCENE OF RIZZIO'S MURDER.
+
+E. Principal entrance. Co. Court of the palace. PP. Piazza around it.
+AA. Various apartments built in modern times. H. Great hall, used now
+as a gallery of portraits. T. Stair-case. o. Entrance to Mary's
+apartments, second floor. R. Ante-room. B. Mary's bed-room. D.
+Dressing-room in one of the towers. C. Cabinet, or small room in the
+other tower. SS. Stair-cases in the wall. d. Small entrance under the
+tapestry. Ch. Royal chapel. m. Place where Mary and Darnley stood at
+the marriage ceremony. Pa. Passage-way leading to the chapel.]
+
+Mary was, at the time of these occurrences in the little room marked
+_C_, which was built within one of the round towers which form a part
+of the front of the building, and which are very conspicuous in any
+view of the palace of Holyrood.[G] This room was on the third floor,
+and it opened into Mary's bed-room, marked _B._ Darnley had a room of
+his own immediately below Mary's. There was a little door, _d_,
+leading from Mary's bed-room to a private stair-case built in the
+wall. This stair-case led down into Darnley's room; and there was
+also a communication from this place down through the whole length of
+the castle to the royal chapel, marked _Ch_, the building which is
+now in ruins. Behind Mary's bed-room was an ante-room, _R_, with a
+door, _o_, leading to the public stair-case by which her apartments
+were approached. All these apartments still remain, and are explored
+annually by thousands of visitors.
+
+[Footnote G: See view of Holyrood House, page 114 and compare it with
+this plan.]
+
+It was about seven o'clock in the evening that the conspirators were
+to execute their purpose. Morton remained below in the court with his
+troops, to prevent any interruption. He held a high office under the
+queen, which authorized him to bring a force into the court of the
+palace, and his doing so did not alarm the inmates. Ruthven was to
+head the party which was to commit the crime. He was confined to his
+bed with sickness at the time, but he was so eager to have a share
+in the pleasure of destroying Rizzio, that he left his bed, put on a
+suit of armor, and came forth to the work. The armor is preserved in
+the little apartment which was the scene of the tragedy to this day.
+
+Mary was at supper. Two near relatives and friends of hers--a
+gentleman and a lady--and Rizzio, were with her. The room is scarcely
+large enough to contain a greater number. There were, however, two or
+three servants in attendance at a side-table. Darnley came up, about
+eight o'clock, to make observations. The other conspirators were
+concealed in his room below, and it was agreed that if Darnley found
+any cause for not proceeding with the plan, he was to return
+immediately and give them notice. If, therefore, he should not
+return, after the lapse of a reasonable time, they were to follow him
+up the private stair-case, prepared to act at once and decidedly as
+soon as they should enter the room. They were to come up by this
+private stair-case, in order to avoid being intercepted or delayed by
+the domestics in attendance in the ante-room, _R_, of which there
+would have been danger if they had ascended by the public stair-case
+at _T_.
+
+Finding that Darnley did not return, Ruthven with his party ascended
+the stairs, entered the bed-chamber through the little door at _d_,
+and thence advanced to the door of the cabinet, his heavy iron armor
+clanking as he came. The queen, alarmed, demanded the meaning of this
+intrusion. Ruthven, whose countenance was grim and ghastly from the
+conjoined influence of ferocious passion and disease, said that they
+meant no harm to her, but they only wanted the villain who stood near
+her. Rizzio perceived that his hour was come. The attendants flocked
+in to the assistance of the queen and Rizzio. Ruthven's confederates
+advanced to join in the attack, and there ensued one of those scenes
+of confusion and terror, of which those who witness it have no
+distinct recollection on looking back upon it when it is over. Rizzio
+cried out in an agony of fear, and sought refuge behind the queen;
+the queen herself fainted; the table was overturned; and Rizzio,
+having received one wound from a dagger, was seized and dragged out
+through the bed-chamber, _B_, and through the ante-room, _R_, to the
+door, _o_, where he fell down, and was stabbed by the murderers again
+and again, till he ceased to breathe.
+
+After this scene was over, Darnley and Ruthven came coolly back into
+Mary's chamber, and, as soon as Mary recovered her senses, began to
+talk of and to justify their act of violence, without, however,
+telling her that Rizzio had been killed. Mary was filled with
+emotions of resentment and grief. She bitterly reproached Darnley for
+such an act of cruelty as breaking into her apartment with armed men,
+and seizing and carrying off her friend. She told him that she had
+raised him from his comparatively humble position to make him her
+husband, and now this was his return. Darnley replied that Rizzio had
+supplanted him in her confidence, and thwarted all his plans, and
+that Mary had shown herself utterly regardless of his wishes, under
+the influence of Rizzio. He said that, since Mary had made herself
+his wife, she ought to have obeyed him, and not put herself in such a
+way under the direction of another. Mary learned Rizzio's fate the
+next day.
+
+The violence of the conspirators did not stop with the destruction of
+Rizzio. Some of Mary's high officers of government, who were in the
+palace at the time, were obliged to make their escape from the
+windows to avoid being seized by Morton and his soldiers in the
+court. Among them was the Earl Bothwell, who tried at first to drive
+Morton out, but in the end was obliged himself to flee. Some of these
+men let themselves down by ropes from the outer windows. When the
+uproar and confusion caused by this struggle was over, they found
+that Mary, overcome with agitation and terror, was showing symptoms
+of fainting again, and they concluded to leave her. They informed her
+that she must consider herself a prisoner, and, setting a guard at
+the door of her apartment, they went away, leaving her to spend the
+night in an agony of resentment, anxiety, and fear.
+
+Lord Darnley took the government at once entirely into his own hands.
+He prorogued Parliament, which was then just commencing a session, in
+his own name alone. He organized an administration, Mary's officers
+having fled. In saying that _he_ did these things, we mean, of
+course, that the conspirators did them in his name. He was still but
+a boy, scarcely out of his teens, and incapable of any other action
+in such an emergency but a blind compliance with the wishes of the
+crafty men who had got him into their power by gratifying his
+feelings of revenge. They took possession of the government in his
+name, and kept Mary a close prisoner.
+
+The murder was committed on Saturday night. The next morning, of
+course, was Sunday. Melville was going out of the palace about ten
+o'clock. As he passed along under the window where Mary was confined,
+she called out to him for help. He asked her what he could do for
+her. She told him to go to the provost of Edinburgh, the officer
+corresponding to the mayor of a city in this country, and ask him to
+call out the city guard, and come and release her from her captivity.
+"Go quick," said she, "or the guards will see you and stop you." Just
+then the guards came up and challenged Melville. He told them he was
+going to the city to attend church; so they let him pass on. He went
+to the provost, and delivered Mary's message. The provost said he
+dared not, and could not interfere.
+
+So Mary remained a prisoner. Her captivity, however, was of short
+duration. In two days Darnley came to see her. He persuaded her that
+he himself had had nothing to do with the murder of Rizzio. Mary, on
+the other hand, persuaded him that it was better for them to be
+friends to each other than to live thus in a perpetual quarrel. She
+convinced him that Ruthven and his confederates were not, and could
+not be, his friends. They would only make him the instrument of
+obtaining the objects of their ambition. Darnley saw this. He felt
+that he as well as Mary were in the rebels' power. They formed a plan
+to escape together. They succeeded. They fled to a distant castle,
+and collected a large army, the people every where flocking to the
+assistance of the queen. They returned to Edinburgh in a short time
+in triumph. The conspirators fled. Mary then decided to pardon and
+recall the old rebels, and expend her anger henceforth on the new;
+and thus the Earl Murray, her brother, was brought back, and once
+more restored to favor.
+
+After settling all these troubles, Mary retired to Edinburgh Castle,
+where it was supposed she could be best protected, and in the month
+of July following the murder of Rizzio, she gave birth to a son. In
+this son was afterward accomplished all her fondest wishes, for he
+inherited in the end both the English and Scottish crowns.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+BOTHWELL.
+
+1566-1567
+
+Earl of Bothwell.--His desperate character.--Castle of Dunbar.--The
+border country.--Scenes of violence and blood.--Birth of James.--Its
+political importance.--Darnley's conduct.--Darnley's hypocrisy.--Mary's
+dejection.--A divorce proposed.--Mary's love for her child.--Baptism
+of the infant.--James's titles.--The prince's cradle.--Bothwell and
+Murray.--Mary's visit to Bothwell.--Its probable motive.--Plot for
+Darnley's destruction.--Bothwell's intrigues.--Desperate schemes
+attributed to Darnley.--His illness.--Mary's visit.--Return
+to Edinburgh.--Situation of Darnley's residence.--Kirk of
+Field.--Description of Darnley's residence.--Plan of Darnley's
+house.--Its accommodations.--French Paris.--The gunpowder.--A
+wedding.--Details of the plot.--The powder placed in Mary's room.--The
+big cask.--Bothwell's effrontery.--Mary's leave of Darnley.--Was Mary
+privy to the plot?--Anecdotes of Mary.--Return to Holyrood.--French
+Paris falters.--The convent gardens.--Laying the train.--Suspense.--The
+explosion.--Flight of the criminals.--Mary's indignation.--Bothwell
+arrested, tried, and acquitted.--Bothwell's challenge.--His plan to
+marry Mary.--The abduction.--Mary's confinement at Dunbar.--Her account
+of it.--Bothwell entreats Mary to marry him.--She consents.--Bothwell's
+pardon.--The marriage.--Doubts in respect to Mary.--Influence of beauty
+and misfortune.
+
+
+The Earl of Bothwell was a man of great energy of character, fearless
+and decided in all that he undertook, and sometimes perfectly
+reckless and uncontrollable. He was in Scotland at the time of Mary's
+return from France, but he was so turbulent and unmanageable that he
+was at one time sent into banishment. He was, however, afterward
+recalled, and again intrusted with power. He entered ardently into
+Mary's service in her contest with the murderers of Rizzio. He
+assisted her in raising an army after her flight, and in conquering
+Morton, Ruthven, and the rest, and driving them out of the country.
+Mary soon began to look upon him as, notwithstanding his roughness,
+her best and most efficient friend. As a reward for these services,
+she granted him a castle, situated in a romantic position on the
+eastern coast of Scotland. It was called the Castle of Dunbar. It was
+on a stormy promontory, overlooking the German Ocean: a very
+appropriate retreat and fastness for such a man of iron as he.
+
+In those days, the border country between England and Scotland was
+the resort of robbers, freebooters, and outlaws from both lands. If
+pursued by one government, they could retreat across the line and be
+safe. Incursions, too, were continually made across this frontier by
+the people of either side, to plunder or to destroy whatever property
+was within reach. Thus the country became a region of violence and
+bloodshed which all men of peace and quietness were glad to shun.
+They left it to the possession of men who could find pleasure in such
+scenes of violence and blood. When Queen Mary had got quietly settled
+in her government, after the overthrow of the murderers of Rizzio, as
+she thus no longer needed Bothwell's immediate aid, she sent him to
+this border country to see if he could enforce some sort of order
+among its lawless population.
+
+The birth of Mary's son was an event of the greatest importance, not
+only to her personally, but in respect to the political prospects of
+the two great kingdoms, for in this infant were combined the claims
+of succession to both the Scotch and English crowns. The whole world
+knew that if Elizabeth should die without leaving a direct heir,
+this child would become the monarch both of England and Scotland,
+and, as such, one of the greatest personages in Europe. His birth,
+therefore, was a great event, and it was celebrated in Scotland with
+universal rejoicings. The tidings of it spread, as news of great
+public interest, all over Europe. Even Elizabeth pretended to be
+pleased, and sent messages of congratulation to Mary. But every one
+thought that they could see in her air and manner, when she received
+the intelligence, obvious traces of mortification and chagrin.
+
+Mary's heart was filled, at first, with maternal pride and joy; but
+her happiness was soon sadly alloyed by Darnley's continued
+unkindness. She traveled about during the autumn, from castle to
+castle, anxious and ill at ease. Sometimes Darnley followed her, and
+sometimes he amused himself with hunting, and with various vicious
+indulgences, at different towns and castles at a distance from her.
+He wanted her to dismiss her ministry and put him into power, and he
+took every possible means to importune or tease her into compliance
+with this plan. At one time he said he had resolved to leave
+Scotland, and go and reside in France, and he pretended to make his
+preparations, and to be about to take his leave. He seems to have
+thought that Mary, though he knew that she no longer loved him, would
+be distressed at the idea of being abandoned by one who was, after
+all, her husband. Mary was, in fact, distressed at this proposal, and
+urged him not to go. He seemed determined, and took his leave.
+Instead of going to France, however, he only went to Stirling Castle.
+
+Darnley, finding that he could not accomplish his aims by such
+methods as these, wrote, it is said, to the Catholic governments of
+Europe, proposing that, if they would co-operate in putting him into
+power in Scotland, he would adopt efficient measures for changing the
+religion of the country from the Protestant to the Catholic faith. He
+made, too, every effort to organize a party in his favor in Scotland,
+and tried to defeat and counteract the influence of Mary's government
+by every means in his power. These things, and other trials and
+difficulties connected with them, weighed very heavily upon Mary's
+mind. She sunk gradually into a state of great dejection and
+despondency. She spent many hours in sighing and in tears, and often
+wished that she was in her grave.
+
+So deeply, in fact, was Mary plunged into distress and trouble by the
+state of things existing between herself and Darnley, that some of
+her officers of government began to conceive of a plan of having her
+divorced from him. After looking at this subject in all its bearings,
+and consulting about it with each other, they ventured, at last, to
+propose it to Mary. She would not listen to any such plan. She did
+not think a divorce could be legally accomplished. And then, if it
+were to be done, it would, she feared, in some way or other, affect
+the position and rights of the darling son who was now to her more
+than all the world besides. She would rather endure to the end of her
+days the tyranny and torment she experienced from her brutal husband,
+than hazard in the least degree the future greatness and glory of the
+infant who was lying in his cradle before her, equally unconscious of
+the grandeur which awaited him in future years, and of the strength
+of the maternal love which was smiling upon him from amid such sorrow
+and tears, and extending over him such gentle, but determined and
+effectual protection.
+
+The sad and sorrowful feelings which Mary endured were interrupted
+for a little time by the splendid pageant of the baptism of the
+child. Embassadors came from all the important courts of the
+Continent to do honor to the occasion. Elizabeth sent the Earl of
+Bedford as her embassador, with a present of a baptismal font of
+gold, which had cost a sum equal to five thousand dollars. The
+baptism took place at Stirling, in December, with every possible
+accompaniment of pomp and parade, and was followed by many days of
+festivities and rejoicing. The whole country were interested in the
+event except Darnley, who declared sullenly, while the preparations
+were making, that he should not remain to witness the ceremony, but
+should go off a day or two before the appointed time.
+
+The ceremony was performed in the chapel. The child was baptized
+under the names of "Charles James, James Charles, Prince and Steward
+of Scotland, Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick, Lord of the Isles,
+and Baron of Renfrew." His subsequent designation in history was
+James Sixth of Scotland and First of England. A great many
+appointments of attendants and officers, to be attached to the
+service of the young prince, were made immediately, most of them, of
+course, mere matters of parade. Among the rest, five ladies of
+distinction were constituted "rockers of his cradle." The form of
+the young prince's cradle has come down to us in an ancient drawing.
+
+[Illustration: PRINCE JAMES'S CRADLE.]
+
+In due time after the coronation, the various embassadors and
+delegates returned to their respective courts, carrying back glowing
+accounts of the ceremonies and festivities attendant upon the
+christening, and of the grace, and beauty, and loveliness of the
+queen.
+
+In the mean time, Bothwell and Murray were competitors for the
+confidence and regard of the queen, and it began to seem probable
+that Bothwell would win the day. Mary, in one of her excursions, was
+traveling in the southern part of the country, when she heard that he
+had been wounded in an encounter with a party of desperadoes near the
+border. Moved partly, perhaps, by compassion, and partly by
+gratitude for his services, Mary made an expedition across the
+country to pay him a visit. Some say that she was animated by a more
+powerful motive than either of these. In fact this, as well as almost
+all the other acts of Mary's life, are presented in very different
+lights by her friends and her enemies. The former say that this visit
+to her lieutenant in his confinement from a wound received in her
+service was perfectly proper, both in the design itself, and in all
+the circumstances of its execution. The latter represent it as an
+instance of highly indecorous eagerness on the part of a married lady
+to express to another man a sympathy and kind regard which she had
+ceased to feel for her husband.
+
+Bothwell himself was married as well as Mary. He had been married but
+a few months to a beautiful lady a few years younger than the queen.
+The question, however, whether Mary did right or wrong in paying this
+visit to him, is not, after all, a very important one. There is no
+doubt that she and Bothwell loved each other before they ought to
+have done so, and it is of comparatively little consequence when the
+attachment began. The end of it is certain. Bothwell resolved to
+kill Darnley, to get divorced from his own wife, and to marry the
+queen. The world has never yet settled the question whether she was
+herself his accomplice or not in the measures he adopted for
+effecting these plans, or whether she only submitted to the result
+when Bothwell, by his own unaided efforts, reached it. Each reader
+must judge of this question for himself from the facts about to be
+narrated.
+
+Bothwell first communicated with the nobles about the court, to get
+their consent and approbation to the destruction of the king. They
+all appeared to be very willing to have the thing done, but were a
+little cautious about involving themselves in the responsibility of
+doing it. Darnley was thoroughly hated, despised, and shunned by them
+all. Still they were afraid of the consequences of taking his life.
+One of them, Morton, asked Bothwell what the queen would think of the
+plan. Bothwell said that the queen approved of it. Morton replied,
+that if Bothwell would show him an expression of the queen's approval
+of the plot, in her own hand-writing, he would join it, otherwise
+not. Bothwell failed to furnish this evidence, saying that the queen
+was really privy to, and in favor of the plan, but that it was not
+to be expected that she would commit herself to it in writing. Was
+this all true, or was the pretense only a desperate measure of
+Bothwell's to induce Morton to join him?
+
+Most of the leading men about the court, however, either joined the
+plot, or so far gave it their countenance and encouragement as to
+induce Bothwell to proceed. There were many and strange rumors about
+Darnley. One was, that he was actually going to leave the country,
+and that a ship was ready for him in the Clyde. Another was, that he
+had a plan for seizing the young prince, dethroning Mary, and
+reigning himself in her stead, in the prince's name. Other strange
+and desperate schemes were attributed to him. In the midst of them,
+news came to Mary at Holyrood that he was taken suddenly and
+dangerously sick at Glasgow, where he was then residing, and she
+immediately went to see him. Was her motive a desire to make one more
+attempt to win his confidence and love, and to divert him from the
+desperate measures which she feared he was contemplating, or was she
+acting as an accomplice with Bothwell, to draw him into the snare in
+which he was afterward taken and destroyed?
+
+The result of Mary's visit to her husband, after some time spent with
+him in Glasgow, was a proposal that he should return with her to
+Edinburgh, where she could watch over him during his convalescence
+with greater care. This plan was adopted. He was conveyed on a sort
+of litter, by very slow and easy stages, toward Edinburgh. He was on
+such terms with the nobles and lords in attendance upon Mary that he
+was not willing to go to Holyrood House. Besides, his disorder was
+contagious: it is supposed to have been the small-pox; and though he
+was nearly recovered, there was still some possibility that the royal
+babe might take the infection if the patient came within the same
+walls with him. So Mary sent forward to Edinburgh to have a house
+provided for him.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF EDINBURGH.]
+
+The situation of this house is seen near the city wall on the left, in
+the accompanying view of Edinburgh. Holyrood House is the large square
+edifice in the fore-ground, and the castle crowns the hill in the
+distance. There is now, as there was in the days of Mary, a famous
+street extending from Holyrood House to the castle, called the Cannon
+Gate at the lower end, and the High Street above. This street, with
+the castle at one extremity and Holyrood House at the other, were
+the scenes of many of the most remarkable events described in this
+narrative.
+
+The residence selected was a house of four rooms, close upon the city
+wall. The place was called the Kirk of Field, from a _kirk_, or
+church, which formerly stood near there, in the fields.
+
+This house had two rooms upon the lower floor, with a passage-way
+between them. One of these rooms was a kitchen; the other was
+appropriated to Mary's use, whenever she was able to be at the place
+in attendance upon her husband. Over the kitchen was a room used as a
+wardrobe and for servants; and over Mary's room was the apartment for
+Darnley. There was an opening through the city wall in the rear of
+this dwelling, by which there was access to the kitchen. These
+premises were fitted up for Darnley in the most thorough manner. A
+bath was arranged for him in his apartment, and every thing was done
+which could conduce to his comfort, according to the ideas which then
+prevailed. Darnley was brought to Edinburgh, conveyed to this house,
+and quietly established there.
+
+The following is a plan of the house in which Darnley was lodged:
+
+[Illustration: PLAN OF THE HOUSE AT THE KIRK O' FIELD.
+
+M. Mary's room, below Darnley's. K. Kitchen; servants'
+room above. O. Passage through the city wall into the kitchen. S.
+Stair-case leading to the second story. P. Passage-way.]
+
+The accommodations in this house do not seem to have been very
+sumptuous, after all, for a royal guest; but royal dwellings in
+Scotland, in those days, were not what they are now in Westminster
+and at St. Cloud.
+
+The day for the execution of the plan, which was to blow up the house
+where the sick Darnley was lying with gunpowder, approached.
+Bothwell selected a number of desperate characters to aid him in the
+actual work to be done. One of these was a Frenchman, who had been
+for a long time in his service, and who went commonly by the name of
+French Paris. Bothwell contrived to get French Paris taken into
+Mary's service a few days before the murder of Darnley, and, through
+him, he got possession of some of the keys of the house which Darnley
+was occupying, and thus had duplicates of them made, so that he had
+access to every part of the house. The gunpowder was brought from
+Bothwell's castle at Dunbar, and all was ready.
+
+Mary spent much of her time at Darnley's house, and often slept in
+the room beneath his, which had been allotted to her as her
+apartment. One Sunday there was to be a wedding at Holyrood. The
+bride and bridegroom were favorite servants of Mary's, and she was
+intending to be present at the celebration of the nuptials. She was
+to leave Darnley's early in the evening for this purpose. Her enemies
+say that this was all a concerted arrangement between her and
+Bothwell to give him the opportunity to execute his plan. Her
+friends, on the other hand, insist that she knew nothing about it,
+and that Bothwell had to watch and wait for such an opportunity of
+blowing up the house without injuring Mary. Be this as it may, the
+Sunday of this wedding was fixed upon for the consummation of the
+deed.
+
+The gunpowder had been secreted in Bothwell's rooms at the palace. On
+Sunday evening, as soon as it was dark, Bothwell set the men at work
+to transport the gunpowder. They brought it out in bags from the
+palace, and then employed a horse to transport it to the wall of some
+gardens which were in the rear of Darnley's house. They had to go
+twice with the horse in order to convey all the gunpowder that they
+had provided. While this was going on, Bothwell, who kept out of
+sight, was walking to and fro in an adjoining street, to receive
+intelligence, from time to time, of the progress of the affair, and
+to issue orders. The gunpowder was conveyed across the gardens to the
+rear of the house, taken in at a back door, and deposited in the room
+marked _M_ in the plan, which was the room belonging to Mary. Mary
+was all this time directly over head, in Darnley's chamber.
+
+The plan of the conspirators was to put the bags of gunpowder into a
+cask which they had provided for the occasion, to keep the mass
+together, and increase the force of the explosion. The cask had been
+provided, and placed in the gardens behind the house; but, on
+attempting to take it into the house, they found it too big to pass
+through the back door. This caused considerable delay; and Bothwell,
+growing impatient, came, with his characteristic impetuosity, to
+ascertain the cause. By his presence and his energy, he soon remedied
+the difficulty in some way or other, and completed the arrangements.
+The gunpowder was all deposited; the men were dismissed, except two
+who were left to watch, and who were locked up with the gunpowder in
+Mary's room; and then, all things being ready for the explosion as
+soon as Mary should be gone, Bothwell walked up to Darnley's room
+above, and joined the party who were supping there. The cool
+effrontery of this proceeding has scarcely a parallel in the annals
+of crime.
+
+At eleven o'clock Mary rose to go, saying she must return to the
+palace to take part, as she had promised to do, in the celebration of
+her servants' wedding. Mary took leave of her husband in a very
+affectionate manner, and went away in company with Bothwell and the
+other nobles. Her enemies maintain that she was privy to all the
+arrangements which had been made, and that she did not go into her
+own apartment below, knowing very well what was there. But even if we
+imagine that Mary was aware of the general plan of destroying her
+husband, and was secretly pleased with it, as almost any royal
+personage that ever lived, under such circumstances, would be, we
+need not admit that she was acquainted with the details of the mode
+by which the plan was to be put in execution. The most that we can
+suppose such a man as Bothwell would have communicated to her, would
+be some dark and obscure intimations of his design, made in order to
+satisfy himself that she would not really oppose it. To ask her,
+woman as she was, to take any part in such a deed, or to communicate
+to her beforehand any of the details of the arrangement, would have
+been an act of littleness and meanness which such magnanimous
+monsters as Bothwell are seldom guilty of.
+
+Besides, Mary remarked that evening, in Darnley's room, in the course
+of conversation, that it was just about a year since Rizzio's death.
+On entering her palace, too, at Holyrood, that night, she met one of
+Bothwell's servants who had been carrying the bags, and, perceiving
+the smell of gunpowder, she asked him what it meant. Now Mary was
+not the brazen-faced sort of woman to speak of such things at such a
+time if she was really in the councils of the conspirators. The only
+question seems to be, therefore, not whether she was a party to the
+actual deed of murder, but only whether she was aware of, and
+consenting to, the general design.
+
+In the mean time, Mary and Bothwell went together into the hall where
+the servants were rejoicing and making merry at the wedding. French
+Paris was there, but his heart began to fail him in respect to the
+deed in which he had been engaged. He stood apart, with a countenance
+expressive of anxiety and distress. Bothwell went to him, and told
+him that if he carried such a melancholy face as that any longer in
+the presence of the queen, he would make him suffer for it. The poor
+conscience-stricken man begged Bothwell to release him from any
+further part in the transaction. He was sick, really sick, he said,
+and he wanted to go home to his bed. Bothwell made no reply but to
+order him to follow _him_. Bothwell went to his own rooms, changed
+the silken court dress in which he had appeared in company for one
+suitable to the night and to the deed, directed his men to follow
+him, and passed from the palace toward the gates of the city. The
+gates were shut, for it was midnight. The sentinels challenged them.
+The party said they were friends to my Lord Bothwell, and were
+allowed to pass on.
+
+They advanced to the convent gardens. Here they left a part of their
+number, while Bothwell and French Paris passed over the wall, and
+crept softly into the house. They unlocked the room where they had
+left the two watchmen with the gunpowder, and found all safe. Men
+locked up under such circumstances, and on the eve of the
+perpetration of such a deed, were not likely to sleep at their posts.
+All things being now ready, they made a slow match of lint, long
+enough to burn for some little time, and inserting one end of it into
+the gunpowder, they lighted the other end, and crept stealthily out
+of the apartment. They passed over the wall into the convent gardens,
+where they rejoined their companions and awaited the result.
+
+Men choose midnight often for the perpetration of crime, from the
+facilities afforded by its silence and solitude. This advantage is,
+however, sometimes well-nigh balanced by the stimulus which its
+mysterious solemnity brings to the stings of remorse and terror.
+Bothwell himself felt anxious and agitated. They waited and waited,
+but it seemed as if their dreadful suspense would never end. Bothwell
+became desperate. He wanted to get over the wall again and look in at
+the window, to see if the slow match had not gone out. The rest
+restrained him. At length the explosion came like a clap of thunder.
+The flash brightened for an instant over the whole sky, and the
+report roused the sleeping inhabitants of Edinburgh from their
+slumbers, throwing the whole city into sudden consternation.
+
+The perpetrators of the deed, finding that their work was done, fled
+immediately. They tried various plans to avoid the sentinels at the
+gates of the city, as well as the persons who were beginning to come
+toward the scene of the explosion. When they reached the palace of
+Holyrood, they were challenged by the sentinel on duty there. They
+said that they were friends of Earl Bothwell, bringing dispatches to
+him from the country. The sentinel asked them if they knew what was
+the cause of that loud explosion. They said they did not, and passed
+on.
+
+Bothwell went to his room, called for a drink, undressed himself, and
+went to bed. Half an hour afterward, messengers came to awaken him,
+and inform him that the king's house had been blown up with
+gunpowder, and the king himself killed by the explosion. He rose with
+an appearance of great astonishment and indignation, and, after
+conferring with some of the other nobles, concluded to go and
+communicate the event to the queen. The queen was overwhelmed with
+astonishment and indignation too.
+
+The destruction of Darnley in such a manner as this, of course
+produced a vast sensation all over Scotland. Every body was on the
+alert to discover the authors of the crime. Rewards were offered;
+proclamations were made. Rumors began to circulate that Bothwell was
+the criminal. He was accused by anonymous placards put up at night in
+Edinburgh. Lennox, Darnley's father, demanded his trial; and a trial
+was ordered. The circumstances of the trial were such, however, and
+Bothwell's power and desperate recklessness were so great, that
+Lennox, when the time came, did not appear. He said he had not _force
+enough_ at his command to come safely into court. There being no
+testimony offered, Bothwell was acquitted; and he immediately
+afterward issued his proclamation, offering to fight any man who
+should intimate, in any way, that he was concerned in the murder of
+the king. Thus Bothwell established his innocence; at least, no man
+dared to gainsay it.
+
+Darnley was murdered in February. Bothwell was tried and acquitted in
+April. Immediately afterward, he took measures for privately making
+known to the leading nobles that it was his design to marry the
+queen, and for securing their concurrence in the plan. They
+concurred; or at least, perhaps for fear of displeasing such a
+desperado, said what he understood to mean that they concurred. The
+queen heard the reports of such a design, and said, as ladies often
+do in similar cases, that she did not know what people meant by such
+reports; there was no foundation for them whatever.
+
+Toward the end of April, Mary was about returning from the castle of
+Stirling to Edinburgh with a small escort of troops and attendants.
+Melville was in her train. Bothwell set out at the head of a force of
+more than five hundred men to intercept her. Mary lodged one night,
+on her way, at Linlithgow, the palace where she was born, and the
+next morning was quietly pursuing her journey, when Bothwell came up
+at the head of his troops. Resistance was vain. Bothwell advanced to
+Mary's horse, and, taking the bridle, led her away. A few of her
+principal followers were taken prisoners too, and the rest were
+dismissed. Bothwell took his captive across the country by a rapid
+flight to his castle of Dunbar. The attendants who were taken with
+her were released, and she remained in the Castle of Dunbar for ten
+days, entirely in Bothwell's power.
+
+[Illustration: DUNBAR CASTLE--The Residence of Earl Bothwell.]
+
+According to the account which Mary herself gives of what took place
+during this captivity, she at first reproached Bothwell bitterly for
+the ungrateful and cruel return he was making for all her kindness to
+him, by such a deed of violence and wrong, and begged and entreated
+him to let her go. Bothwell replied that he knew that it was wrong for
+him to treat his sovereign so rudely, but that he was impelled to it
+by the circumstances of the case, and by love which he felt for her,
+which was too strong for him to control. He then entreated her to
+become his wife; he complained of the bitter hostility which he had
+always been subject to from his enemies, and that he could have no
+safeguard from this hostility in time to come but in her favor; and
+he could not depend upon any assurance of her favor less than her
+making him her husband. He protested that, if she would do so, he
+would never ask to share her power, but would be content to be her
+faithful and devoted servant, as he had always been. It was love, not
+ambition, he said, that animated him, and he could not and would not
+be refused. Mary says that she was distressed and agitated beyond
+measure by the appeals and threats with which Bothwell accompanied his
+urgent entreaties. She tried every way to plan some mode of escape.
+Nobody came to her rescue. She was entirely alone, and in Bothwell's
+power. Bothwell assured her that the leading nobles of her court were
+in favor of the marriage, and showed her a written agreement signed by
+them to this effect. At length, wearied and exhausted, she was finally
+overcome by his urgency, and yielding partly to his persuasions, and
+partly, as she says, to force, gave herself up to his power.
+
+Mary remained at Dunbar about ten days, during which time Bothwell
+sued out and obtained a divorce from his wife. His wife, feeling,
+perhaps, resentment more than grief, sued, at the same time, for a
+divorce from him. Bothwell then sallied forth from his fastness at
+Dunbar, and, taking Mary with him, went to Edinburgh, and took up his
+abode in the castle there, as that fortress was then under his power.
+Mary soon after appeared in public and stated that she was now
+entirely free, and that, although Bothwell had done wrong in carrying
+her away by violence, still he had treated her since in so respectful
+a manner, that she had pardoned him, and had received him into favor
+again. A short time after this they were married. The ceremony was
+performed in a very private and unostentatious manner, and took place
+in May, about three months after the murder of Darnley.
+
+By some persons Mary's account of the transactions at Dunbar is
+believed. Others think that the whole affair was all a preconcerted
+plan, and that the appearance of resistance on her part was only for
+show, to justify, in some degree, in the eyes of the world, so
+imprudent and inexcusable a marriage. A great many volumes have been
+written on the question without making any progress toward a
+settlement of it. It is one of those cases where, the evidence being
+complicated, conflicting, and incomplete, the mind is swayed by the
+feelings, and the readers of the story decide more or less favorably
+for the unhappy queen, according to the warmth of the interest
+awakened in their hearts by beauty and misfortune.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+THE FALL OF BOTHWELL.
+
+1567
+
+Mary's infatuation.--Excuses for her.--Mary's deep
+depression.--Interposition of the King of France.--Bothwell at Edinburgh
+Castle.--He is hated by the people.--The opposing parties.--How far
+Mary was responsible.--Melrose.--Ruins of the abbey.--Mary's
+proclamation.--The prince's lords.--Bothwell alarmed.--Borthwick
+Castle.--Bothwell's retreat.--He is besieged.--Makes his
+escape.--Bothwell at Dunbar.--Proclamation.--Approaching
+contest.--Mary's appeal.--Approach of the prince's lords.--Carberry
+Hill.--Efforts of Le Croc to effect an accommodation.--Bothwell's
+challenge.--Morton.--Mary sends for Grange.--Proposition of
+Grange.--Dismissal of Bothwell.--Question of Mary's guilt.--The
+supposition against her.--The supposition in her
+favor.--Uncertainty.--The box of love letters.--Their genuineness
+suspected.--Disposal of Mary.--Return to Edinburgh.--The
+banner.--Rudeness of the populace.--Bothwell's retreat.--He is
+pursued.--Bothwell's narrow escape.--He turns pirate.--Bothwell
+in prison.--His miserable end.
+
+
+The course which Mary pursued after her liberation from Dunbar in
+yielding to Bothwell's wishes, pardoning his violence, receiving him
+again into favor, and becoming his wife, is one of the most
+extraordinary instances of the infatuation produced by love that has
+ever occurred. If the story had been fiction instead of truth, it
+would have been pronounced extravagant and impossible. As it was, the
+whole country was astonished and confounded at such a rapid
+succession of desperate and unaccountable crimes. Mary herself seems
+to have been hurried through these terrible scenes in a sort of
+delirium of excitement, produced by the strange circumstances of the
+case, and the wild and uncontrollable agitations to which they gave
+rise.
+
+Such was, however, at the time, and such continues to be still, the
+feeling of interest in Mary's character and misfortunes, that but few
+open and direct censures of her conduct were then, or have been
+since, expressed. People execrated Bothwell, but they were silent in
+respect to Mary. It was soon plain, however, that she had greatly
+sunk in their regard, and that the more they reflected upon the
+circumstances of the case, the deeper she was sinking. When the
+excitement, too, began to pass away from her own mind, it left behind
+it a gnawing inquietude and sense of guilt, which grew gradually more
+and more intense, until, at length, she sunk under the stings of
+remorse and despair.
+
+Her sufferings were increased by the evidences which were continually
+coming to her mind of the strong degree of disapprobation with which
+her conduct began soon every where to be regarded. Wherever Scotchmen
+traveled, they found themselves reproached with the deeds of violence
+and crime of which their country had been the scene. Mary's relatives
+and friends in France wrote to her, expressing their surprise and
+grief at such proceedings. The King of France had sent, a short time
+before, a special embassador for the purpose of doing something, if
+possible, to discover and punish the murderers of Darnley. His name
+was Le Croc. He was an aged and venerable man, of great prudence and
+discretion, well qualified to discover and pursue the way of escape
+from the difficulties in which Mary had involved herself, if any such
+way could be found. He arrived before the day of Mary's marriage, but
+he refused to take any part, or even to be present, at the ceremony.
+
+In the mean time, Bothwell continued in Edinburgh Castle for a while,
+under the protection of a strong guard. People considered this guard
+as intended to prevent Mary's escape, and many thought that she was
+detained, after all, against her will, and that her admissions that
+she was free were only made at the instigation of Bothwell, and from
+fear of his terrible power. The other nobles and the people of
+Scotland began to grow more and more uneasy. The fear of Bothwell
+began to be changed into hatred, and the more powerful nobles
+commenced forming plans for combining together, and rescuing, as they
+said, Mary out of his power.
+
+Bothwell made no attempts to conciliate them. He assumed an air and
+tone of defiance. He increased his forces. He conceived the plan of
+going to Stirling Castle to seize the young prince, who was residing
+there under the charge of persons to whom his education had been
+intrusted. He said to his followers that James should never do any
+thing to avenge his father's death, if he could once get him into his
+hands. The other nobles formed a league to counteract these designs.
+They began to assemble their forces, and every thing threatened an
+outbreak of civil war.
+
+The marriage took place about the middle of May, and within a
+fortnight from that time the lines began to be pretty definitely
+drawn between the two great parties, the queen and Bothwell on one
+side, and the insurgent nobles on the other, each party claiming to
+be friends of the queen. Whatever was done on Bothwell's side was, of
+course, in the queen's name, though it is very doubtful how far she
+was responsible for what was done, or how far, on the other hand, she
+merely aided, under the influence of a species of compulsion, in
+carrying into execution Bothwell's measures. We must say, in
+narrating the history, that the queen did this and that, and must
+leave the reader to judge whether it was herself, or Bothwell acting
+through her, who was the real agent in the transactions described.
+
+Stirling Castle, where the young prince was residing, is northwest of
+Edinburgh. The confederate lords were assembling in that vicinity.
+The border country between England and Scotland is of course south.
+In the midst of this border country is the ancient town of Melrose,
+where there was, in former days, a very rich and magnificent abbey,
+the ruins of which, to this day, form one of the most attractive
+objects of interest in the whole island of Great Britain. The region
+is now the abode of peace, and quietness, and plenty, though in
+Mary's day it was the scene of continual turmoil and war. It is now
+the favorite retreat of poets and philosophers, who seek their
+residences there on account of its stillness and peace. Sir Walter
+Scott's Abbotsford is a few miles from Melrose.
+
+About a fortnight after Mary's marriage, she issued a proclamation
+ordering the military chiefs in her kingdom to assemble at Melrose,
+with their followers, to accompany her on an expedition through the
+border country, to suppress some disorders there. The nobles
+considered this as only a scheme of Bothwell's to draw them away from
+the neighborhood of Stirling, so that he might go and get possession
+of the young prince. Rumors of this spread around the country, and
+the forces, instead of proceeding to Melrose, began to assemble in
+the neighborhood of Stirling, for the protection of the prince. The
+lords under whose banners they gathered assumed the name of _the
+prince's_ lords, and they called upon the people to take up arms in
+defense of young James's person and rights. The prince's lords soon
+began to concentrate their forces about Edinburgh, and Bothwell was
+alarmed for his safety. He had reason to fear that the governor of
+Edinburgh Castle was on their side, and that he might suddenly sally
+forth with a body of his forces down the High Street to Holyrood, and
+take him prisoner. He accordingly began to think it necessary to
+retreat.
+
+Now Bothwell had, among his other possessions, a certain castle
+called Borthwick Castle, a few miles south of Edinburgh. It was
+situated on a little swell of land in a beautiful valley. It was
+surrounded with groves of trees, and from the windows and walls of
+the castle there was an extended view over the beautiful and fertile
+fields of the valley. This castle was extensive and strong. It
+consisted of one great square tower, surrounded and protected by
+walls and bastions, and was approached by a draw-bridge. In the
+sudden emergency in which Bothwell found himself placed, this
+fortress seemed to be the most convenient and the surest retreat. On
+the 6th of June, he accordingly left Edinburgh with as large a force
+as he had at command, and rode rapidly across the country with the
+queen, and established himself at Borthwick.
+
+The prince's lords, taking fresh courage from the evidence of
+Bothwell's weakness and fear, immediately marched from Stirling,
+passed by Edinburgh, and almost immediately after Bothwell and the
+queen had got safely, as they imagined, established in the place of
+their retreat, they found their castle surrounded and hemmed in on
+all sides by hostile forces, which filled the whole valley. The
+castle was strong, but not strong enough to withstand a siege from
+such an army. Bothwell accordingly determined to retreat to his
+castle of Dunbar, which, being on a rocky promontory, jutting into
+the sea, and more remote from the heart of the country, was less
+accessible, and more safe than Borthwick. He contrived, though with
+great difficulty, to make his escape with the queen, through the
+ranks of his enemies. It is said that the queen was disguised in male
+attire. At any rate, they made their escape, they reached Dunbar,
+and Mary, or Bothwell in her name, immediately issued a proclamation,
+calling upon all her faithful subjects to assemble in arms, to
+deliver her from her dangers. At the same time, the prince's lords
+issued _their_ proclamation, calling upon all faithful subjects to
+assemble with them, to aid them in delivering the queen from the
+tyrant who held her captive.
+
+The faithful subjects were at a loss which proclamation to obey. By
+far the greater number joined the insurgents. Some thousands,
+however, went to Dunbar. With this force the queen and Bothwell
+sallied forth, about the middle of June, to meet the prince's lords,
+or the insurgents, as they called them, to settle the question at
+issue by the kind of ballot with which such questions were generally
+settled in those days.
+
+Mary had a proclamation read at the head of her army, now that she
+supposed she was on the eve of battle, in which she explained the
+causes of the quarrel. The proclamation stated that the marriage was
+Mary's free act, and that, although it was in some respects an
+extraordinary one, still the circumstances were such that she could
+not do otherwise than she had done. For ten days she had been in
+Bothwell's power in his castle at Dunbar, and not an arm had been
+raised for her deliverance. Her subjects ought to have interposed
+then, if they were intending really to rescue her from Bothwell's
+power. They had done nothing then, but now, when she had been
+compelled, by the cruel circumstances of her condition, to marry
+Bothwell--when the act was done, and could no longer be recalled,
+they had taken up arms against her, and compelled her to take the
+field in her own defense.
+
+The army of the prince's lords, with Mary's most determined enemies
+at their head, advanced to meet the queen's forces. The queen finally
+took her post on an elevated piece of ground called Carberry Hill.
+Carberry is an old Scotch name for gooseberry. Carberry Hill is a few
+miles to the eastward of Edinburgh, near Dalkeith. Here the two
+armies were drawn up, opposite to each other, in hostile array.
+
+Le Croc, the aged and venerable French embassador, made a great
+effort to effect an accommodation and prevent a battle. He first went
+to the queen and obtained authority from her to offer terms of peace,
+and then went to the camp of the prince's lords and proposed that
+they should lay down their arms and submit to the queen's authority,
+and that she would forgive and forget what they had done. They
+replied that they had done no wrong, and asked for no pardon; that
+they were not in arms against the queen's authority, but in favor of
+it. They sought only to deliver her from the durance in which she was
+held, and to bring to punishment the murderers of her husband,
+whoever they might be. Le Croc went back and forth several times,
+vainly endeavoring to effect an accommodation, and finally, giving up
+in despair, he returned to Edinburgh, leaving the contending parties
+to settle the contest in their own way.
+
+Bothwell now sent a herald to the camp of his enemies, challenging
+any one of them to meet him, and settle the question of his guilt or
+innocence by single combat. This proposition was not quite so absurd
+in those days as it would be now, for it was not an uncommon thing,
+in the Middle Ages, to try in this way questions of crime. Many
+negotiations ensued on Bothwell's proposal. One or two persons
+expressed themselves ready to accept the challenge. Bothwell objected
+to them on account of their rank being inferior to his, but said he
+would fight Morton, if Morton would accept his challenge. Morton had
+been his accomplice in the murder of Darnley, but had afterward
+joined the party of Bothwell's foes. It would have been a singular
+spectacle to see one of these confederates in the commission of a
+crime contending desperately in single combat to settle the question
+of the guilt or innocence of the other.
+
+The combat, however, did not take place. After many negotiations on
+the subject, the plan was abandoned, each party charging the other
+with declining the contest. The queen and Bothwell, in the mean time,
+found such evidences of strength on the part of their enemies, and
+felt probably, in their own hearts, so much of that faintness and
+misgiving under which human energy almost always sinks when the tide
+begins to turn against it, after the commission of wrong, that they
+began to feel disheartened and discouraged. The queen sent to the
+opposite camp with a request that a certain personage, the Laird of
+Grange, in whom all parties had great confidence, should come to her,
+that she might make one more effort at reconciliation. Grange, after
+consulting with the prince's lords, made a proposition to Mary, which
+she finally concluded to accept. It was as follows:
+
+They proposed that Mary should come over to their camp, not saying
+very distinctly whether she was to come as their captive or as their
+queen. The event showed that it was in the former capacity that they
+intended to receive her, though they were probably willing that she
+should understand that it was in the latter. At all events, the
+proposition itself did not make it very clear what her position would
+be; and the poor queen, distracted by the difficulties which
+surrounded her, and overwhelmed with agitation and fear, could not
+press very strongly for precise stipulations. In respect to Bothwell,
+they compromised the question by agreeing that, as he was under
+suspicion in respect to the murder of Darnley, he should not
+accompany the queen, but should be dismissed upon the field; that is,
+allowed to depart, without molestation, wherever he should choose to
+go. This plan was finally adopted. The queen bade Bothwell farewell,
+and he went away reluctantly and in great apparent displeasure. He
+had, in fact, with his characteristic ferocity, attempted to shoot
+Grange pending the negotiation. He mounted his horse, and, with a few
+attendants, rode off and sought a retreat once more upon his rock at
+Dunbar.
+
+From all the evidence which has come down to us, it seems impossible
+to ascertain whether Mary desired to be released from Bothwell's
+power, and was glad when the release came, or whether she still loved
+him, and was planning a reunion, so soon as a reunion should be
+possible. One party at that time maintained, and a large class of
+writers and readers since have concurred in the opinion, that Mary
+was in love with Bothwell before Darnley's death; that she connived
+with him in the plan for Darnley's murder; that she was a consenting
+party to the abduction, and the spending of the ten days at Dunbar
+Castle, in his power; that the marriage was the end at which she
+herself, as well as Bothwell, had been all the time aiming; and then,
+when at last she surrendered herself to the prince's lords at
+Carberry Hill, it was only yielding unwillingly to the necessity of a
+temporary separation from her lawless husband, with a view of
+reinstating him in favor and power at the earliest opportunity.
+
+Another party, both among her people at the time and among the
+writers and readers who have since paid attention to her story, think
+that she never loved Bothwell, and that, though she valued his
+services as a bold and energetic soldier, she had no collusion with
+him whatever in respect to Darnley's murder. They think that, though
+she must have felt in some sense relieved of a burden by Darnley's
+death, she did not in any degree aid in or justify the crime, and
+that she had no reason for supposing that Bothwell had any share in
+the commission of it. They think, also, that her consenting to marry
+Bothwell is to be accounted for by her natural desire to seek
+shelter, under some wing or other, from the terrible storms which
+were raging around her; and being deserted, as she thought, by every
+body else, and moved by his passionate love and devotion, she
+imprudently gave herself to him; that she lamented the act as soon as
+it was done, but that it was then too late to retrieve the step; and
+that, harassed and in despair, she knew not what to do, but that she
+hailed the rising of her nobles as affording the only promise of
+deliverance, and came forth from Dunbar to meet them with the secret
+purpose of delivering herself into their hands.
+
+The question which of these two suppositions is the correct one has
+been discussed a great deal, without the possibility of arriving at
+any satisfactory conclusion. A parcel of letters were produced by
+Mary's enemies, some time after this, which they said were Mary's
+letters to Bothwell before her husband Darnley's death. They say they
+took the letters from a man named Dalgleish, one of Bothwell's
+servants, who was carrying them from Holyrood to Dunbar Castle, just
+after Mary and Bothwell fled to Borthwick. They were contained in a
+small gilded box or coffer, with the letter F upon it, under a crown;
+which mark naturally suggests to our minds Mary's first husband,
+Francis, the king of France. Dalgleish said that Bothwell sent him
+for this box, charging him to convey it with all care to Dunbar
+Castle. The letters purport to be from Mary to Bothwell, and to have
+been written before Darnley's death. They evince a strong affection
+for the person to whom they are addressed, and seem conclusively to
+prove the unlawful attachment between the parties, provided that
+their genuineness is acknowledged. But this genuineness is denied.
+Mary's friends maintain that they are forgeries, prepared by her
+enemies to justify their own wrong. Many volumes have been written on
+the question of the genuineness of these love letters, as they are
+called, and there is perhaps now no probability that the question
+will ever be settled.
+
+Whatever doubt there may be about these things, there is none about
+the events which followed. After Mary had surrendered herself to her
+nobles they took her to the camp, she herself riding on horseback,
+and Grange walking by her side. As she advanced to meet the nobles
+who had combined against her, she said to them that she had concluded
+to come over to them, not from fear, or from doubt what the issue
+would have been if she had fought the battle, but only because she
+wanted to spare the effusion of Christian blood, especially the blood
+of her own subjects. She had therefore decided to submit herself to
+their counsels, trusting that they would treat her as their rightful
+queen. The nobles made little reply to this address, but prepared to
+return to Edinburgh with their prize.
+
+The people of Edinburgh, who had heard what turn the affair had
+taken, flocked out upon the roads to see the queen return. They lined
+the waysides to gaze upon the great cavalcade as it passed. The
+nobles who conducted Mary thus back toward her capital had a banner
+prepared, or allowed one to be prepared, on which was a painting
+representing the dead body of Darnley, and the young prince James
+kneeling near him, and calling on God to avenge his cause. Mary came
+on, in the procession, after this symbol. They might perhaps say that
+it was not intended to wound her feelings, and was not of a nature to
+do it, unless she considered herself as taking sides with the
+murderers of her husband. She, however, knew very well that she was
+so regarded by great numbers of the populace assembled, and that the
+effect of such an effigy carried before her was to hold her up to
+public obloquy. The populace did, in fact, taunt and reproach her as
+she proceeded, and she rode into Edinburgh, evincing all the way
+extreme mental suffering by her agitation and her tears.
+
+She expected that they were at least to take her to Holyrood; but no,
+they turned at the gate to enter the city. Mary protested earnestly
+against this, and called, half frantic, on all who heard her to come
+to her rescue. But no one interfered. They took her to the provost's
+house, and lodged her there for the night, and the crowd which had
+assembled to observe these proceedings gradually dispersed. There
+seemed, however, in a day or two, to be some symptoms of a reaction
+in favor of the fallen queen; and, to guard against the possibility
+of a rescue, the lords took Mary to Holyrood again, and began
+immediately to make arrangements for some more safe place of
+confinement still.
+
+In the mean time, Bothwell went from Carberry Hill to his castle at
+Dunbar, revolving moodily in his mind his altered fortunes. After
+some time he found himself not safe in this place of refuge, and so
+he retreated to the north, to some estates he had there, in the
+remote Highlands. A detachment of forces was sent in pursuit of him.
+Now there are, north of Scotland, some groups of dismal islands, the
+summits of submerged mountains and rocks, rising in dark and sublime,
+but gloomy grandeur, from the midst of cold and tempestuous seas.
+Bothwell, finding himself pursued, undertook to escape by ship to
+these islands. His pursuers, headed by Grange, who had negotiated at
+Carberry for the surrender of the queen, embarked in other vessels,
+and pressed on after him. At one time they almost overtook him, and
+would have captured him and all his company were it not that they got
+entangled among some shoals. Grange's sailors said they must not
+proceed. Grange, eager to seize his prey, insisted on their making
+sail and pressing forward. The consequence was, they ran the vessels
+aground, and Bothwell escaped in a small boat. As it was, however,
+they seized some of his accomplices, and brought them back to
+Edinburgh. These men were afterward tried, and some of them were
+executed; and it was at their trial, and through the confessions they
+made, that the facts were brought to light which have been related in
+this narrative.
+
+Bothwell, now a fugitive and an exile, but still retaining his
+desperate and lawless character, became a pirate, and attempted to
+live by robbing the commerce of the German Ocean. Rumor is the only
+historian, in ordinary cases, to record the events in the life of a
+pirate; and she, in this case, sent word, from time to time, to
+Scotland, of the robberies and murders that the desperado committed;
+of an expedition fitted out against him by the King of Denmark, of
+his being taken and carried into a Danish port; of his being held in
+imprisonment for a long period there, in a gloomy dungeon; of his
+restless spirit chafing itself in useless struggles against his
+fate, and sinking gradually, at last under the burdens of remorse for
+past crimes, and despair of any earthly deliverance; of his insanity,
+and, finally, of his miserable end.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+LOCH LEVEN CASTLE.
+
+1567-1568
+
+Grange of Kircaldy.--Mary's letter.--Removal of Mary.--A ride at
+night.--Loch Leven Castle.--The square tower.--Plan of Loch Leven
+Castle.--Lady Douglas.--Lady Douglas Mary's enemy.--Parties for and
+against Mary.--The Hamilton lords.--Plans of Mary's enemies.--Mary's
+tower.--Ruins.--The scale turns against Mary.--Proposals made to
+Mary.--The commissioners.--Melville unsuccessful.--Lindsay
+called in.--Lindsay's brutality.--Abdication.--Coronation of
+James.--Ceremonies.--Return of Murray.--Murray's interview with
+Mary.--Affecting scene.--Murray assumes the government.--His
+warnings.--The young Douglases.--Their interest in Mary.--Plan for Mary's
+escape.--The laundress.--The disguise.--Escape.--Discovery.--Mary's
+return.--Banishment of George Douglas.--Secret communications.--New
+plan of escape.--The postern gate.--Liberation of Mary.--Jane
+Kennedy.--The escape.--Mary's joy.--Popular feeling.--Mary's
+proclamation.--Ruins of Loch Leven Castle.--The octagonal
+tower.--Visitors.
+
+
+Grange, or, as he is sometimes called, Kircaldy, his title in full
+being Grange of Kircaldy, was a man of integrity and honor, and he,
+having been the negotiator through whose intervention Mary gave
+herself up, felt himself bound to see that the stipulations on the
+part of the nobles should be honorably fulfilled. He did all in his
+power to protect Mary from insult on the journey, and he struck with
+his sword and drove away some of the populace who were addressing her
+with taunts and reproaches. When he found that the nobles were
+confining her, and treating her so much more like a captive than like
+a queen, he remonstrated with them. They silenced him by showing him
+a letter, which they said they had intercepted on its way from Mary
+to Bothwell. It was written, they said, on the night of Mary's
+arrival at Edinburgh. It assured Bothwell that she retained an
+unaltered affection for him; that her consenting to be separated
+from him at Carberry Hill was a matter of mere necessity, and that
+she should rejoin him as soon as it was in her power to do so. This
+letter showed, they said, that, after all, Mary was not, as they had
+supposed, Bothwell's captive and victim, but that she was his
+accomplice and friend; and that, now that they had discovered their
+mistake, they must treat Mary, as well as Bothwell, as an enemy, and
+take effectual means to protect themselves from the one as well as
+from the other. Mary's friends maintain that this letter was a
+forgery.
+
+They accordingly took Mary, as has been already stated, from the
+provost's house in Edinburgh down to Holyrood House, which was just
+without the city. This, however, was only a temporary change. That
+night they came into the palace, and directed Mary to rise and put on
+a traveling dress which they brought her. They did not tell her where
+she was to go, but simply ordered her to follow them. It was
+midnight. They took her forth from the palace, mounted her upon a
+horse, and, with Ruthven and Lindsay, two of the murderers of Rizzio,
+for an escort, they rode away. They traveled all night, crossed the
+River Forth and arrived in the morning at the Castle of Loch Leven.
+
+The Castle of Loch Leven is on a small island in the middle of the
+loch. It is nearly north from Edinburgh. The castle buildings covered
+at that time about one half of the island, the water coming up to the
+walls on three sides. On the other side was a little land, which was
+cultivated as a garden. The buildings inclosed a considerable area.
+There was a great square tower, marked on the plan below, which was
+the residence of the family. It consisted of four or five rooms, one
+over the other. The cellar, or, rather, what would be the cellar in
+other cases, was a dungeon for such prisoners as were to be kept in
+close confinement. The only entrance to this building was through a
+window in the second story, by means of a ladder which was raised and
+let down by a chain. This was over the point marked _e_ on the plan.
+The chain was worked at a window in the story above. There were
+various other apartments and structures about the square, and among
+them there was a small octagonal tower in the corner at _m_ which
+consisted within of one room over another for three stories, and a
+flat roof with battlements above. In the second story there was a
+window, _w_, looking upon the water. This was the only window having
+an external aspect in the whole fortress, all the other openings in
+the exterior walls being mere loop-holes and embrasures.
+
+The following is a general plan of Loch Leven Castle:[H]
+
+[Illustration: PLAN OF LOCH LEVEN CASTLE.]
+
+[Footnote H: Compare this plan with the view of the castle, page
+236.]
+
+This castle was in possession of a certain personage styled the Lady
+Douglas. She was the mother of the Lord James, afterward the Earl of
+Murray, who has figured so conspicuously in this history as Mary's
+half brother, and at first her friend and counselor, though afterward
+her foe. Lady Douglas was commonly called the Lady of Loch Leven. She
+maintained that she had been lawfully married to James V., Mary's
+father, and that consequently her son, and not Mary, was the rightful
+heir to the crown. Of course she was Mary's natural enemy. They
+selected her castle as the place of Mary's confinement partly on this
+account, and partly on account of its inaccessible position in the
+midst of the waters of the lake. They delivered the captive queen,
+accordingly, to the Lady Douglas and her husband, charging them to
+keep her safely. The Lady Douglas received her, and locked her up in
+the octagonal tower with the window looking out upon the water.
+
+In the mean time, all Scotland took sides for or against the queen.
+The strongest party were against her; and the Church was against her,
+on account of their hostility to the Catholic religion. A sort of
+provisional government was instituted, which assumed the management
+of public affairs. Mary had, however, some friends, and they soon
+began to assemble in order to see what could be done for her cause.
+Their rendezvous was at the palace of Hamilton. This palace was
+situated on a plain in the midst of a beautiful park, near the River
+Clyde, a few miles from Glasgow. The Duke of Hamilton was prominent
+among the supporters of the queen, and made his house their
+head-quarters. They were often called, from this circumstance, the
+Hamilton lords.
+
+On the other hand, the party opposed to Mary made the castle of
+Stirling their head-quarters, because the young prince was there, in
+whose name they were proposing soon to assume the government. Their
+plan was to depose Mary, or induce her to abdicate the throne, and
+then to make Murray regent, to govern the country in the name of the
+prince until the prince should become of age. During all this time
+Murray had been absent in France, but they now sent urgent messages
+to him to return. He obeyed the summons, and turned his face toward
+Scotland.
+
+In the mean time, Mary continued in confinement in her little tower.
+She was not treated like a common prisoner, but had, in some degree,
+the attentions due to her rank. There were five or six female, and
+about as many male attendants; though, if the rooms which are
+exhibited to visitors at the present day as the apartments which she
+occupied are really such, her quarters were very contracted. They
+consist of small apartments of an octagonal form, one over the other,
+with tortuous and narrow stair-cases in the solid wall to ascend from
+one to the other. The roof and the floors of the tower are now gone,
+but the stair-ways, the capacious fire-places, the loop-holes, and
+the one window remain, enabling the visitor to reconstruct the
+dwelling in imagination, and even to fancy Mary herself there again,
+seated on the stone seat by the window, looking over the water at the
+distant hills, and sighing to be free.
+
+The Hamilton lords were not strong enough to attempt her rescue. The
+weight of influence and power throughout the country went gradually
+and irresistibly into the other scale. There were great debates among
+the authorities of government as to what should be done. The Hamilton
+lords made proposals in behalf of Mary which the government could not
+accede to. Other proposals were made by different parties in the
+councils of the insurgent nobles, some more and some less hard for
+the captive queen. The conclusion, however, finally was, to urge
+Mary to resign her crown in favor of her son, and to appoint Murray,
+when he should return, to act as regent till the prince should be of
+age.
+
+They accordingly sent commissioners to Loch Leven to propose these
+measures to the queen. There were three instruments of abdication
+prepared for her to sign. By one she resigned the crown in favor of
+her son. By the second she appointed Murray to be regent as soon as
+he should return from France. By the third she appointed
+commissioners to govern the country until Murray should return. They
+knew that Mary would be extremely unwilling to sign these papers, and
+yet that they must contrive, in some way, to obtain her signature
+without any open violence; for the signature, to be of legal force,
+must be, in some sense, her voluntary act.
+
+The two commissioners whom they sent to her were Melville and
+Lindsay. Melville was a thoughtful and a reasonable man, who had long
+been in Mary's service, and who possessed a great share of her
+confidence and good will. Lindsay was, on the other hand, of an
+overbearing and violent temper, of very rude speech and demeanor, and
+was known to be unfriendly to the queen. They hoped that Mary would
+be induced to sign the papers by Melville's gentle persuasions; if
+not, Lindsay was to see what he could do by denunciations and
+threats.
+
+When the two commissioners arrived at the castle, Melville alone went
+first into the presence of the queen. He opened the subject to her in
+a gentle and respectful manner. He laid before her the distracted
+state of Scotland, the uncertain and vague suspicions floating in the
+public mind on the subject of Darnley's murder, and the irretrievable
+shade which had been thrown over her position by the unhappy marriage
+with Bothwell; and he urged her to consent to the proposed measures,
+as the only way now left to restore peace to the land. Mary heard him
+patiently, but replied that she could not consent to his proposal. By
+doing so she should not only sacrifice her own rights, and degrade
+herself from the position she was entitled to occupy, but she should,
+in some sense, acknowledge herself guilty of the charges brought
+against her, and justify her enemies.
+
+Melville, finding that his efforts were vain, called Lindsay in. He
+entered with a fierce and determined air. Mary was reminded of the
+terrible night when he and Ruthven broke into her little supper-room
+at Holyrood in quest of Rizzio. She was agitated and alarmed. Lindsay
+assailed her with denunciations and threats of the most violent
+character. There ensued a scene of the most rough and ferocious
+passion on the one side, and of anguish, terror, and despair on the
+other, which is said to have made this day the most wretched of all
+the wretched days of Mary's life. Sometimes she sat pale, motionless,
+and almost stupefied. At others, she was overwhelmed with sorrow and
+tears. She finally yielded; and, taking the pen, she signed the
+papers. Lindsay and Melville took them, left the castle gate, entered
+their boat, and were rowed away to the shore.
+
+This was on the 25th of July, 1567, and four days afterward the young
+prince was crowned at Stirling. His title was James VI. Lindsay made
+oath at the coronation that he was a witness of Mary's abdication of
+the crown in favor of her son, and that it was her own free and
+voluntary act. James was about one year old. The coronation took
+place in the chapel where Mary had been crowned in her infancy, about
+twenty-five years before. Mary herself, though unconscious of her own
+coronation, mourned bitterly over that of her son. Unhappy mother!
+how little was she aware, when her heart was filled with joy and
+gladness at his birth, that in one short year his mere existence
+would furnish to her enemies the means of consummating and sealing
+her ruin.
+
+On returning from the chapel to the state apartments of the castle,
+after the coronation, the noblemen by whom the infant had been
+crowned walked in solemn procession, bearing the badges and insignia
+of the newly-invested royalty. One carried the crown. Morton, who was
+to exercise the government until Murray should return, followed with
+the scepter, and a third bore the infant king, who gazed about
+unconsciously upon the scene, regardless alike of his mother's lonely
+wretchedness and of his own new scepter and crown.
+
+In the mean time, Murray was drawing near toward the confines of
+Scotland. He was somewhat uncertain how to act. Having been absent
+for some time in France and on the Continent, he was not certain how
+far the people of Scotland were really and cordially in favor of the
+revolution which had been effected. Mary's friends might claim that
+her acts of abdication, having been obtained while she was under
+duress, were null and void, and if they were strong enough they
+might attempt to reinstate her upon the throne. In this case, it
+would be better for him not to have acted with the insurgent
+government at all. To gain information on these points, Murray sent
+to Melville to come and meet him on the border. Melville came. The
+result of their conferences was, that Murray resolved to visit Mary
+in her tower before he adopted any decisive course.
+
+Murray accordingly journeyed northward to Loch Leven, and, embarking
+in the boat which plied between the castle and the shore, he crossed
+the sheet of water, and was admitted into the fortress. He had a long
+interview with Mary alone. At the sight of her long-absent brother,
+who had been her friend and guide in her early days of prosperity and
+happiness, and who had accompanied her through so many changing
+scenes, and who now returned, after his long separation from her, to
+find her a lonely and wretched captive, involved in irretrievable
+ruin, if not in acknowledged guilt, she was entirely overcome by her
+emotions. She burst into tears and could not speak. What further
+passed at this interview was never precisely known. They parted
+tolerably good friends, however, and yet Murray immediately assumed
+the government, by which it is supposed that he succeeded in
+persuading Mary that such a step was now best for her sake as well as
+for that of all others concerned.
+
+Murray, however, did not fail to warn her, as he himself states, in a
+very serious manner, against any attempt to change her situation.
+"Madam," said he, "I will plainly declare to you what the sources of
+danger are from which I think you have most to apprehend. First, any
+attempt, of whatever kind, that you may make to create disturbance in
+the country, through friends that may still adhere to your cause, and
+to interfere with the government of your son; secondly, devising or
+attempting any plan of escape from this island; thirdly, taking any
+measures for inducing the Queen of England or the French king to come
+to your aid; and, lastly, persisting in your attachment to Earl
+Bothwell." He warned Mary solemnly against any and all of these, and
+then took his leave. He was soon after proclaimed regent. A
+Parliament was assembled to sanction all the proceedings, and the new
+government was established, apparently upon a firm foundation.
+
+Mary remained, during the winter, in captivity, earnestly desiring,
+however, notwithstanding Murray's warning, to find some way of
+escape. She knew that there must be many who had remained friends to
+her cause. She thought that if she could once make her escape from
+her prison, these friends would rally around her, and that she could
+thus, perhaps, regain her throne again. But strictly watched as she
+was, and in a prison which was surrounded by the waters of a lake,
+all hope of escape seemed to be taken away.
+
+Now there were, in the family of the Lord Douglas at the castle, two
+young men, George and William Douglas. The oldest, George, was about
+twenty-five years of age, and the youngest was seventeen. George was
+the son of Lord and Lady Douglas who kept the castle. William was an
+orphan boy, a relative, who, having no home, had been received into
+the family. These young men soon began to feel a strong interest in
+the beautiful captive confined in their father's castle, and, before
+many months, this interest became so strong that they began to feel
+willing to incur the dangers and responsibilities of aiding her in
+effecting her escape. They had secret conferences with Mary on the
+subject. They went to the shore on various pretexts, and contrived
+to make their plans known to Mary's friends, that they might be ready
+to receive her in case they should succeed.
+
+The plan at length was ripe for execution. It was arranged thus. The
+castle not being large, there was not space within its walls for all
+the accommodations required for its inmates; much was done on the
+shore, where there was quite a little village of attendants and
+dependents pertaining to the castle. This little village has since
+grown into a flourishing manufacturing town, where a great variety of
+plaids, and tartans, and other Scotch fabrics are made. Its name is
+Kinross. Communication with this part of the shore was then, as now,
+kept up by boats, which generally then belonged to the castle, though
+now to the town.
+
+On the day when Mary was to attempt her escape, a servant woman was
+brought by one of the castle boats from the shore with a bundle of
+clothes for Mary. Mary, whose health and strength had been impaired
+by her confinement and sufferings, was often in her bed. She was so
+at this time, though perhaps she was feigning now more feebleness
+than she really felt. The servant woman came into her apartment and
+undressed herself, while Mary rose, took the dress which she laid
+aside, and put it on as a disguise. The woman took Mary's place in
+bed. Mary covered her face with a muffler, and, taking another bundle
+in her hand to assist in her disguise, she passed across the court,
+issued from the castle gate, went to the landing stairs, and stepped
+into the boat for the men to row her to the shore.
+
+The oarsmen, who belonged to the castle, supposing that all was
+right, pushed off, and began to row toward the land. As they were
+crossing the water, however, they observed that their passenger was
+very particular to keep her face covered, and attempted to pull away
+the muffler, saying, "Let us see what kind of a looking damsel this
+is." Mary, in alarm, put up her hands to her face to hold the muffler
+there. The smooth, white, and delicate fingers revealed to the men at
+once that they were carrying away a lady in disguise. Mary, finding
+that concealment was no longer possible, dropped her muffler, looked
+upon the men with composure and dignity, told them that she was their
+queen, that they were bound by their allegiance to her to obey her
+commands, and she commanded them to go on and row her to the shore.
+
+The men decided, however, that their allegiance was due to the lord
+of the castle rather than to the helpless captive trying to escape
+from it. They told her that they must return. Mary was not only
+disappointed at the failure of her plans, but she was now anxious
+lest her friends, the young Douglases, should be implicated in the
+attempt, and should suffer in consequence of it. The men, however,
+solemnly promised her, that if she would quietly return, they would
+not make the circumstances known. The secret, however, was too great
+a secret to be kept. In a few days it all came to light. Lord and
+Lady Douglas were very angry with their son, and banished him,
+together with two of Mary's servants, from the castle. Whatever share
+young William Douglas had in the scheme was not found out, and he was
+suffered to remain. George Douglas went only to Kinross. He remained
+there watching for another opportunity to help Mary to her freedom.
+
+[Illustration: LOCH LEVEN CASTLE--The Place of Mary's Imprisonment.]
+
+In the mean time, the watch and ward held over Mary was more strict
+and rigorous than ever, her keepers being resolved to double their
+vigilance, while George and William, on the other hand, resolved to
+redouble their exertions to find some means to circumvent it.
+William, who was only a boy of seventeen, and who remained within
+the castle, acted his part in a very sagacious and admirable manner.
+He was silent, and assumed a thoughtless and unconcerned manner in his
+general deportment, which put every one off their guard in respect to
+him. George, who was at Kinross, held frequent communications with the
+Hamilton lords, encouraging them to hope for Mary's escape, and
+leading them to continue in combination, and to be ready to act at a
+moment's warning. They communicated with each other, too, by secret
+means, across the lake, and with Mary in her solitary tower. It is
+said that George, wishing to make Mary understand that their plans for
+rescuing her were not abandoned, and not having the opportunity to do
+so directly, sent her a picture of the mouse liberating the lion from
+his snares, hoping that she would draw from the picture the inference
+which he intended.
+
+At length the time arrived for another attempt. It was about the
+first of May. By looking at the engraving of Loch Leven Castle, it
+will be seen that there was a window in Mary's tower looking out over
+the water. George Douglas's plan was to bring a boat up to this
+window in the night, and take Mary down the wall into it. The place
+of egress by which Mary escaped is called in some of the accounts a
+postern gate, and yet tradition at the castle says that it was
+through this window. It is not improbable that this window might have
+been intended to be used sometimes as a postern gate, and that the
+iron grating with which it was guarded was made to open and shut, the
+key being kept with the other keys of the castle.
+
+The time for the attempt was fixed upon for Sunday night, on the 2d
+of May. George Douglas was ready with the boat early in the evening.
+When it was dark, he rowed cautiously across the water, and took his
+position under Mary's window. William Douglas was in the mean time at
+supper in the great square tower with his father and mother. The keys
+were lying upon the table. He contrived to get them into his
+possession, and then cautiously stole away. He locked the tower as he
+came out, went across the court to Mary's room, liberated her through
+the postern window, and descended with her into the boat. One of her
+maids, whose name was Jane Kennedy, was to have accompanied her, but,
+in their eagerness to make sure of Mary, they forgot or neglected
+her, and she had to leap down after them, which feat she
+accomplished without any serious injury. The boat pushed off
+immediately, and the Douglases began to pull hard for the shore. They
+threw the keys of the castle into the lake, as if the impossibility
+of recovering them, in that case, made the imprisonment of the family
+more secure. The whole party were, of course, in the highest state of
+excitement and agitation. Jane Kennedy helped to row, and it is said
+that even Mary applied her strength to one of the oars.
+
+They landed safely on the south side of the loch, far from Kinross.
+Several of the Hamilton lords were ready there to receive the
+fugitive. They mounted her on horseback, and galloped away. There was
+a strong party to escort her. They rode hard all night, and the next
+morning they arrived safely at Hamilton. "Now," said Mary, "I am once
+more a queen."
+
+It was true. She was again a queen. Popular feeling ebbs and flows
+with prodigious force, and the change from one state to the other
+depends, sometimes, on very accidental causes. The news of Mary's
+escape spread rapidly over the land. Her friends were encouraged and
+emboldened. Sympathies, long dormant and inert, were awakened in her
+favor. She issued a proclamation, declaring that her abdication had
+been forced upon her, and, as such, was null and void. She summoned
+Murray to surrender his powers as regent, and to come and receive
+orders from her. She called upon all her faithful subjects to take up
+arms and gather around her standard. Murray refused to obey, but
+large masses of the people gave in their adhesion to their liberated
+queen, and flocked to Hamilton to enter into her service. In a week
+Mary found herself at the head of an army of six thousand men.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Illustration: RUINS OF LOCH LEVEN CASTLE.]
+
+The Castle of Loch Leven is now a solitary ruin. The waters of the
+loch have been lowered by means of an excavation of the outlet, and a
+portion of land has been left bare around the walls, which the
+proprietor has planted with trees. Visitors are taken from Kinross in
+a boat to view the scene. The square tower, though roofless and
+desolate, still stands. The window in the second story, which served
+as the entrance, and the one above, where the chain was worked, with
+the deep furrows in the sill cut by its friction, are shown by the
+guide. The court-yard is overgrown with weeds, and encumbered with
+fallen stones and old foundations. The chapel is gone, though its
+outline may be still traced in the ruins of its walls. The octagonal
+tower which Mary occupied remains, and the visitors, climbing up by
+the narrow stone stairs in the wall, look out at the window over the
+waters of the loch and the distant hills, and try to recreate in
+imagination the scene which the apartment presented when the unhappy
+captive was there.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+THE LONG CAPTIVITY.
+
+1568-1570
+
+Dumbarton Castle.--The situation and aspect.--Attempt to
+retreat to Dumbarton.--Mary's forces defeated.--Mary's
+flight.--Dundrennan.--Consultations.--Carlisle Castle.--Mary's
+message to the governor.--Lowther.--Mary's reception at the
+castle.--Is Mary a guest or a prisoner?--Precautions for
+guarding her.--Elizabeth's hypocrisy.--Dishonorable
+proposal.--Removal.--Separation from friends.--Proposed
+trial.--Opening of the court.--Adjourned to London.--Failure
+of the trial.--Mary's indignant pride.--Elizabeth's negotiations
+with Murray.--Their failure.--Cruel treatment of Lady
+Hamilton.--Hamilton resolves on revenge.--Hamilton's plans.--Death
+of Murray.--Hamilton's flight.--Mary's grief.--Duke of Norfolk
+beheaded.--Mary's unhappy situation.--Mary almost forgotten in
+her captivity.
+
+
+Hamilton, which had been thus far the queen's place of rendezvous,
+was a palace rather than a castle, and therefore not a place of
+defense. It was situated, as has been already stated, on the River
+Clyde, _above_ Glasgow; that is, toward the southeast of it, the
+River Clyde flowing toward the northwest. The Castle of Dumbarton,
+which has already been mentioned as the place from which Mary
+embarked for France in her early childhood, was below Glasgow, on the
+northern shore of the river. It stands there still in good repair,
+and is well garrisoned; it crowns a rock which rises abruptly from
+the midst of a comparatively level country, smiling with villages and
+cultivated fields, and frowns sternly upon the peaceful steamers and
+merchant ships which are continually gliding along under its guns, up
+and down the Clyde.
+
+Queen Mary concluded to move forward to Dumbarton, it being a place
+of greater safety than Hamilton. Murray gathered his forces to
+intercept her march. The two armies met near Glasgow, as the queen
+was moving westward, down the river. There was a piece of rising
+ground between them, which each party was eager to ascend before the
+other should reach it. The leader of the forces on Murray's side
+ordered every horseman to take up a foot-soldier behind him, and ride
+with all speed to the top of the hill. By this means the great body
+of Murray's troops were put in possession of the vantage ground. The
+queen's forces took post on another rising ground, less favorable, at
+a little distance. The place was called Langside. A cannonading was
+soon commenced, and a general battle ensued. Mary watched the
+progress of it with intense emotions. Her forces began soon to give
+way, and before many hours they were retreating in all directions,
+the whole country being soon covered with the awful spectacles which
+are afforded by one terrified and panic-stricken army flying before
+the furious and triumphant rage of another. Mary gazed on the scene
+in an agony of grief and despair.
+
+A few faithful friends kept near her side, and told her that she must
+hurry away. They turned to the southward, and rode away from the
+ground. They pressed on as rapidly as possible toward the southern
+coast, thinking that the only safety for Mary now was for her to make
+her escape from the country altogether, and go either to England or
+to France, in hopes of obtaining foreign aid to enable her to recover
+her throne. They at length reached the sea-coast. Mary was received
+into an abbey called Dundrennan, not far from the English frontier.
+Here she remained, with a few nobles and a small body of attendants,
+for two days, spending the time in anxious consultations to determine
+what should be done. Mary herself was in favor of going to England,
+and appealing to Elizabeth for protection and help. Her friends and
+advisers, knowing Elizabeth perhaps better than Mary did, recommended
+that she should sail for France, in hopes of awakening sympathy
+there. But Mary, as we might naturally have expected, considering the
+circumstances under which she left that country, found herself
+extremely unwilling to go there as a fugitive and a suppliant. It was
+decided, finally, to go to England.
+
+The nearest stronghold in England was Carlisle Castle, which was not
+very far from the frontier. The boundary between the two kingdoms is
+formed here by the Solway Frith, a broad arm of the sea. Dundrennan
+Abbey, to which Mary had retreated, was near the town of
+Kirkcudbright, which is, of course, on the northern side of the
+Frith; it is also near the sea. Carlisle is further up the Frith,
+near where the River Solway empties into it, and is twenty or thirty
+miles from the shore.
+
+Mary sent a messenger to the governor of the castle at Carlisle to
+inquire whether he would receive and protect her. She could not,
+however, wait for an answer to this message, as the country was all
+in commotion, and she was exposed to an attack at any time from
+Murray's forces, in which case, even if they should not succeed in
+taking her captive, they might effectually cut off her retreat from
+Scottish ground. She accordingly determined to proceed immediately,
+and receive the answer from the governor of the castle on the way.
+She set out on the 16th of May. Eighteen or twenty persons
+constituted her train. This was all that remained to her of her army
+of six thousand men. She proceeded to the shore. They provided a
+fishing-boat for the voyage, furnishing it as comfortably for her as
+circumstances would admit. She embarked, and sailed along the coast,
+eastward, up the Frith, for about eighteen miles, gazing mournfully
+upon the receding shore of her native land--receding, in fact, now
+from her view forever. They landed at the most convenient port for
+reaching Carlisle, intending to take the remainder of the journey by
+land.
+
+In the mean time, the messenger, on his arrival at Carlisle, found
+that the governor had gone to London. His second in rank, whom he had
+left in command, immediately sent off an express after him to inform
+him of the event. The name of this lieutenant-governor was Lowther.
+Lowther did all in Mary's favor that it was in his power to do. He
+directed the messenger to inform her that he had sent to London for
+instructions from Elizabeth, but that, in the mean time, she would be
+a welcome guest in his castle, and that he would defend her there
+from all her enemies. He then sent around to all the nobles and men
+of distinction in the neighborhood, informing them of the arrival of
+the distinguished visitor, and having assembled them, they proceeded
+together toward the coast to meet and receive the unhappy fugitive
+with the honors becoming her rank, though such honors must have
+seemed little else than a mockery in her present condition.
+
+Mary was received at the castle as an honored guest. It is, however,
+a curious circumstance, that, in respect to the reception of princes
+and queens in royal castles, there is little or no distinction
+between the ceremonies which mark the honored guest and those which
+attend the helpless captive. Mary had a great many friends at first,
+who came out of Scotland to visit her. The authorities ordered
+repairs to be commenced upon the castle, to fit it more suitably for
+so distinguished an inmate, and, in consequence of the making of
+these repairs, they found it inconvenient to admit visitors. Of
+course, Mary, being a mere guest, could not complain. She wanted to
+take a walk beyond the limits of the castle, upon a green to which
+there was access through a postern gate. Certainly: the governor made
+no objection to such a walk, but sent twenty or thirty armed men to
+accompany her. They might be considered either as an honorary escort,
+or as a guard to watch her movements, to prevent her escape, and to
+secure her return. At one time she proposed to go a-hunting. They
+allowed her to go, _properly attended_. On her return, however, the
+officer reported to his superior that she was so admirable in her
+horsemanship, and could ride with so much fearlessness and speed,
+that he thought it might be possible for a body of her friends to
+come and carry her off, on some such occasion, back across the
+frontier. So they determined to tell Mary, when she wished to hunt
+again, that they thought it not safe for her to go out on such
+excursions, as her _enemies_ might make a sudden invasion and carry
+her away. The precautions would be just the same to protect Mary from
+her enemies as to keep her from her friends.
+
+Elizabeth sent her captive cousin very kind and condoling messages,
+dispatching, however, by the same messenger stringent orders to the
+commander of the castle to be sure and keep her safely. Mary asked
+for an interview with Elizabeth. Elizabeth's officers replied that
+she could not properly admit Mary to a personal interview until she
+had been, in some way or other, cleared of the suspicion which
+attached to her in respect to the murder of Darnley. They proposed,
+moreover, that Mary should consent to have that question examined
+before some sort of court which Elizabeth might constitute for this
+purpose. Now it is a special point of honor among all sovereign
+kings and queens, throughout the civilized world, that they can,
+technically, do no wrong; that they can not in any way be brought to
+trial; and especially that they can not be, by any means or in any
+way, amenable to each other. Mary refused to acknowledge any English
+jurisdiction whatever in respect to any charges brought against her,
+a sovereign queen of Scotland.
+
+Elizabeth removed her prisoner to another castle further from the
+frontier than Carlisle, in order to place her in a situation where
+she would be more safe _from her enemies_. It was not convenient to
+lodge so many of her attendants at these new quarters as in the other
+fortress, and several were dismissed. Additional obstructions were
+thrown in the way of her seeing friends and visitors from Scotland.
+Mary found her situation growing every day more and more helpless and
+desolate. Elizabeth urged continually upon her the necessity of
+having the points at issue between herself and Murray examined by a
+commissioner, artfully putting it on the ground, not of a trial of
+Mary, but a calling of Murray to account, by Mary, for his
+usurpation. At last, harassed and worn down, and finding no ray of
+hope coming to her from any quarter, she consented. Elizabeth
+constituted such a court, which was to meet at York, a large and
+ancient city in the north of England. Murray was to appear there in
+person, with other lords associated with him. Mary appointed
+commissioners to appear for her; and the two parties went into court,
+each thinking that it was the other which was accused and on trial.
+
+The court assembled, and, after being opened with great parade and
+ceremony, commenced the investigation of the questions at issue,
+which led, of course, to endless criminations and recriminations, the
+ground covering the whole history of Mary's career in Scotland. They
+went on for some weeks in this hopeless labyrinth, until, at length,
+Murray produced the famous letters alleged to have been written by
+Mary to Bothwell before Darnley's murder, as a part of the evidence,
+and charged Mary, on the strength of this evidence, with having been
+an abettor in the murder. Elizabeth, finding that the affair was
+becoming, as in fact she wished it to become, more and more involved,
+and wishing to get Mary more and more entangled in it, and to draw
+her still further into her power, ordered the conference, as the
+court was called, to be adjourned to London. Here things took such a
+turn that Mary complained that she was herself treated in so unjust a
+manner, and Murray and his cause were allowed so many unfair
+advantages, that she could not allow the discussion on her part to
+continue. The conference was accordingly broken up, each party
+charging the other with being the cause of the interruption.
+
+Murray returned to Scotland to resume his government there. Mary was
+held a closer captive than ever. She sent to Elizabeth asking her to
+remove these restraints, and allow her to depart either to her own
+country or to France. Elizabeth replied that she could not,
+considering all the circumstances of the case, allow her to leave
+England; but that, if she would give up all claims to the government
+of Scotland to her son, the young prince, she might remain in peace
+_in_ England. Mary replied that she would suffer death a thousand
+times rather than dishonor herself in the eyes of the world by
+abandoning, in such a way, her rights as a sovereign. The last words
+which she should speak, she said, should be those of the Queen of
+Scotland.
+
+Elizabeth therefore considered that she had no alternative left but
+to keep Mary a prisoner. She accordingly retained her for some time
+in confinement, but she soon found that such a charge was a serious
+incumbrance to her, and one not unattended with danger. The
+disaffected in her own realm were beginning to form plots, and to
+consider whether they could not, in some way or other, make use of
+Mary's claims to the English crown to aid them. Finally, Elizabeth
+came to the conclusion, when she had become a little satiated with
+the feeling, at first so delightful, of having Mary in her power,
+that, after all, it would be quite as convenient to have her
+imprisoned in Scotland, and she opened a negotiation with Murray for
+delivering Mary into his hands. He was, on his part, to agree to save
+her life, and to keep her a close prisoner, and he was to deliver
+hostages to Elizabeth as security for the fulfillment of these
+obligations.
+
+Various difficulties, however, occurred in the way of the
+accomplishment of these plans, and before the arrangement was finally
+completed, it was cut suddenly short by Murray's miserable end. One
+of the Hamiltons, who had been with Mary at Langside, was taken
+prisoner after the battle. Murray, who, of course, as the legally
+constituted regent in the name of James, considered himself as
+representing the royal authority of the kingdom, regarded these
+prisoners as rebels taken in the act of insurrection against their
+sovereign. They were condemned to death, but finally were pardoned at
+the place of execution. Their estates were, however, confiscated, and
+given to the followers and favorites of Murray.
+
+One of these men, in taking possession of the house of Hamilton, with
+a cruel brutality characteristic of the times, turned Hamilton's
+family out abruptly in a cold night--perhaps exasperated by
+resistance which he may have encountered. The wife of Hamilton, it is
+said, was sent out naked; but the expression means, probably, very
+insufficiently clothed for such an exposure. At any rate, the unhappy
+outcast wandered about, half frantic with anger and terror, until,
+before morning, she was wholly frantic and insane. To have such a
+calamity brought upon him in consequence merely of his fidelity to
+his queen, was, as the bereaved and wretched husband thought, an
+injury not to be borne. He considered Murray the responsible author
+of these miseries, and silently and calmly resolved on a terrible
+revenge.
+
+Murray was making a progress through the country, traveling in state
+with a great retinue, and was to pass through Linlithgow. There is a
+town of that name close by the palace. Hamilton provided himself with
+a room in one of the houses on the principal street, through which he
+knew that Murray must pass. He had a fleet horse ready for him at the
+back door. The front door was barricaded. There was a sort of balcony
+or gallery projecting toward the street, with a window in it. He
+stationed himself here, having carefully taken every precaution to
+prevent his being seen from the street, or overheard in his
+movements. Murray lodged in the town during the night, and Hamilton
+posted himself in his ambuscade the next morning, armed with a gun.
+
+The town was thronged, and Murray, on issuing from his lodging,
+escorted by his cavalcade, found the streets crowded with spectators.
+He made his way slowly, on account of the throng. When he arrived at
+the proper point, Hamilton took his aim in a cool and deliberate
+manner, screened from observation by black cloths with which he had
+darkened his hiding-place. He fired. The ball passed through the body
+of the regent, and thence, descending as it went, killed a horse on
+the other side of him. Murray fell. There was a universal outcry of
+surprise and fear. They made an onset upon the house from which the
+shot had been fired. The door was strongly barricaded. Before they
+could get the means to force an entrance, Hamilton was on his horse
+and far away. The regent was carried to his lodgings, and died that
+night.
+
+Murray was Queen Mary's half brother, and the connection of his
+fortunes with hers, considered in respect to its intimacy and the
+length of its duration, was, on the whole, greater than that of any
+other individual. He may be said to have governed Scotland, in
+reality, during the whole of Mary's nominal reign, first as her
+minister and friend, and afterward as her competitor and foe. He was,
+at any rate, during most of her life, her nearest relative and her
+most constant companion, and Mary mourned his death with many tears.
+
+There was a great nobleman in England, named the Duke of Norfolk, who
+had vast estates, and was regarded as the greatest subject in the
+realm. He was a Catholic. Among the other countless schemes and plots
+to which Mary's presence in England gave rise, he formed a plan of
+marrying her, and, through her claim to the crown and by the help of
+the Catholics, to overturn the government of Elizabeth. He entered
+into negotiations with Mary, and she consented to become his wife,
+without, however, as she says, being a party to his political
+schemes. His plots were discovered; he was imprisoned, tried, and
+beheaded. Mary was accused of sharing the guilt of his treason. She
+denied this. She was not very vigorously proceeded against, but she
+suffered in the event of the affair another sad disappointment of her
+hopes of liberty, and her confinement became more strict and absolute
+than ever.
+
+Still she had quite a numerous retinue of attendants. Many of her
+former friends were allowed to continue with her. Jane Kennedy, who
+had escaped with her from Loch Leven, remained in her service. She
+was removed from castle to castle, at Elizabeth's orders, to diminish
+the probability of the forming and maturing of plans of escape. She
+amused herself sometimes in embroidery and similar pursuits, and
+sometimes she pined and languished under the pressure of her sorrows
+and woes. Sixteen or eighteen years passed away in this manner. She
+was almost forgotten. Very exciting public events were taking place
+in England and in Scotland, and the name of the poor captive queen
+at length seemed to pass from men's minds, except so far as it was
+whispered secretly in plots and intrigues.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+THE END.
+
+1586-1587
+
+Plots and intrigues.--How far Mary was involved.--Babington's
+conspiracy.--Secret correspondence.--Seizure of Mary's papers.--Her
+son James.--Elizabeth resolves to bring Mary to trial.--Fotheringay
+Castle.--Great interest in the trial.--Preparations for it.--The
+throne.--Mary refuses to plead.--The commission.--The great
+hall.--Mary pronounced guilty.--Elizabeth's pretended sorrow.--Signing
+the warrant.--Shuffling of Elizabeth.--Mary's letter to
+Elizabeth.--Interposition of Mary's friends.--Elizabeth signs the
+warrant.--It is read to Mary.--Mary hears the sentence with
+composure.--Protests her innocence.--Mary refused a priest.--Mary
+alone with her friends.--Affecting scene.--Supper.--Mary's farewell
+to her attendants.--Mary's last letters.--Her directions as to the
+disposal of her body.--Arrangements for the execution.--The
+scaffold.--Proceeding to the hall.--Interview with Melville.--Mary's
+last message.--She desires the presence of her attendants.--Mary's
+dress and appearance.--Symbols of religion.--Mary's firmness in her
+faith.--Her last prayer.--The execution.--Heart-rending
+scene.--Disposition of the body.--Elizabeth's affected surprise.--Her
+conduct.--The end of Mary's ambition realized.--Accession of James
+I.--Tomb of Mary at Westminster Abbey.--Mary's love and ambition.--She
+triumphs in the end.
+
+
+Mary did not always discourage the plots and intrigues with which her
+name was connected. She, of course, longed for deliverance from the
+thraldom in which Elizabeth held her, and was ready to embrace any
+opportunity which promised release. She thus seems to have listened
+from time to time to the overtures which were made to her, and
+involved herself, in Elizabeth's opinion, more or less, in the
+responsibility which attached to them. Elizabeth did not, however, in
+such cases, do any thing more than to increase somewhat the rigors of
+her imprisonment. She was afraid to proceed to extremities with her,
+partly, perhaps, for fear that she might, by doing so, awaken the
+hostility of France, whose king was Mary's cousin, or of Scotland,
+whose monarch was her son.
+
+At length, however, in the year 1586, about eighteen years from the
+commencement of Mary's captivity, a plot was formed in which she
+became so seriously involved as to subject herself to the charge of
+aiding and abetting in the high treason of which the leaders of the
+plot were proved to be guilty. This plot is known in history by the
+name of Babington's conspiracy. Babington was a young gentleman of
+fortune, who lived in the heart of England. He was inspired with a
+strong degree of interest in Mary's fate, and wished to rescue her
+from her captivity. He joined himself with a large party of
+influential individuals of the Catholic faith. The conspirators
+opened negotiations with the courts of France and Spain for aid. They
+planned an insurrection, the assassination of Elizabeth, the rescue
+of Mary, and a general revolution. They maintained a correspondence
+with Mary. This correspondence was managed very secretly, the letters
+being placed by a confidential messenger in a certain hole in the
+castle wall where Queen Mary was confined.
+
+One day, when Mary was going out to ride, just as she was entering
+her carriage, officers suddenly arrived from London. They told her
+that the plot in which she had been engaged had been discovered; that
+fourteen of the principal conspirators had been hung, seven on each
+of two successive days, and that they had come to arrest some of her
+attendants and to seize her papers. They accordingly went into her
+apartments, opened all her desks, trunks, and cabinets, seized her
+papers, and took them to London. Mary sat down in the scene of
+desolation and disorder which they left, and wept bitterly.
+
+The papers which were seized were taken to London, and Elizabeth's
+government began seriously to agitate the question of bringing Mary
+herself to trial. One would have thought that, in her forlorn and
+desolate condition, she would have looked to her son for sympathy and
+aid. But rival claimants to a crown can have little kind feeling to
+each other, even if they are mother and son. James, as he gradually
+approached toward maturity, took sides against his mother. In fact,
+all Scotland was divided, and was for many years in a state of civil
+war: those who advocated Mary's right to the crown on one side, and
+James's adherents on the other. They were called king's men and
+queen's men. James was, of course, brought up in hostility to his
+mother, and he wrote to her, about a year before Babington's
+conspiracy, in terms so hostile and so devoid of filial love, that
+his ingratitude stung her to the heart. "Was it for this," she said,
+"that I made so many sacrifices, and endured so many trials on his
+account in his early years? I have made it the whole business of my
+life to protect and secure his rights, and to open before him a
+prospect of future power and glory: and this is the return."
+
+The English government, under Elizabeth's direction, concluded to
+bring Mary to a public trial. They removed her, accordingly, to the
+Castle of Fotheringay. Fotheringay is in Northamptonshire, which is
+in the very heart of England, Northampton, the shire town, being
+about sixty miles northwest of London. Fotheringay Castle was on the
+banks of the River Nen, or Avon, which flows northeast from
+Northampton to the sea. A few miles below the castle is the ancient
+town of Peterborough, where there was a monastery and a great
+cathedral church. The monastery had been built a thousand years
+before.
+
+They removed Mary to Fotheringay Castle for her trial, and lawyers,
+counselors, commissioners, and officers of state began to assemble
+there from all quarters. The castle was a spacious structure. It was
+surrounded with two moats, and with double walls, and was strongly
+fortified. It contained numerous and spacious apartments, and it had
+especially one large hall which was well adapted to the purposes of
+this great trial. The preparations for the solemn ordeal through
+which Mary was now to pass, brought her forth from the obscurity in
+which she had so long been lost to the eyes of mankind, and made her
+the universal object of interest and attention in England, Scotland,
+and France. The people of all these nations looked on with great
+interest at the spectacle of one queen tried solemnly on a charge of
+high treason against another. The stories of her beauty, her graces,
+her misfortunes, which had slumbered for eighteen years, were all now
+revived, and every body felt a warm interest in the poor captive,
+worn down by long confinement, and trembling in the hands of what
+they feared would be a merciless and terrible power.
+
+Mary was removed to the Castle of Fotheringay toward the end of
+September, 1586. The preparations for the trial proceeded slowly.
+Every thing in which kings and queens, or affairs of state were
+concerned in those days, was conducted with great pomp and ceremony.
+The arrangements of the hall were minutely prescribed. At the head
+of it a sort of throne was placed, with a royal canopy over it, for
+the Queen of England. This, though it was vacant, impressed the court
+and the spectators as a symbol of royalty, and denoted that the
+sovereignty of Elizabeth was the power before which Mary was
+arraigned.
+
+When the preparations were made, Mary refused to acknowledge the
+jurisdiction of the court. She denied that they had any right to
+arraign or to try her. "I am no subject of Elizabeth's," said she. "I
+am an independent and sovereign queen as well as she, and I will not
+consent to any thing inconsistent with this my true position. I owe
+no allegiance to England, and I am not, in any sense, subject to her
+laws. I came into the realm only to ask assistance from a sister
+queen, and I have been made a captive, and detained many years in an
+unjust and cruel imprisonment; and though now worn down both in body
+and mind by my protracted sufferings, I am not yet so enfeebled as to
+forget what is due to myself, my ancestors, and my country."
+
+This refusal of Mary's to plead, or to acknowledge the jurisdiction
+of the court, caused a new delay. They urged her to abandon her
+resolution. They told her that if she refused to plead, the trial
+would proceed without her action, and, by pursuing such a course, she
+would only deprive herself of the means of defense, without at all
+impeding the course of her fate. At length Mary yielded. It would
+have been better for her to have adhered to her first intention.
+
+The commission by which Mary was to be tried consisted of earls,
+barons, and other persons of rank, twenty or thirty in number. They
+were seated on each side of the room, the throne being at the head.
+In the center was a table, where the lawyers, by whom the trial was
+to be conducted, were seated. Below this table was a chair for Mary.
+Behind Mary's chair was a rail, dividing off the lower end of the
+hall from the court; and this formed an outer space, to which some
+spectators were admitted.
+
+Mary took her place in the seat assigned her, and the trial
+proceeded. They adduced the evidence against her, and then asked for
+her defense. She said substantially that she had a right to make an
+effort to recover her liberty; that, after being confined a captive
+so long, and having lost forever her youth, her health, and her
+happiness, it was not wonderful that she wished to be free; but
+that, in endeavoring to obtain her freedom, she had formed no plans
+to injure Elizabeth, or to interfere in any way with her rights or
+prerogatives as queen. The commissioners, after devoting some days to
+hearing evidence, and listening to the defense, sent Mary back to her
+apartments, and went to London. There they had a final consultation,
+and unanimously agreed in the following decision: "That Mary,
+commonly called Queen of Scots and dowager of France, had been an
+accessory to Babington's conspiracy, and had compassed the death of
+Elizabeth, queen of England."
+
+Elizabeth pretended to be very much concerned at this result. She
+laid the proceedings before Parliament. It was supposed then, and has
+always been supposed since, that she wished Mary to be beheaded, but
+desired not to take the responsibility of it herself; and that she
+wanted to appear unwilling, and to be impelled, greatly against her
+own inclinations, by the urgency of others, to carry the sentence
+into execution. At any rate, Parliament, and all the members of the
+government, approved and confirmed the verdict, and wished to have it
+carried into effect.
+
+It has always been the custom, in modern times, to require the
+solemn act of the supreme magistrate of any state to confirm a
+decision of a tribunal which condemns a person to death, by signing
+what is called a warrant for the execution. This is done by the king
+or queen in England, and by the governor in one of the United States.
+This warrant is an order, very formally written, and sealed with the
+great seal, authorizing the executioner to proceed, and carry the
+sentence into effect. Of course, Queen Mary could not be executed
+unless Elizabeth should first sign the warrant. Elizabeth would
+herself, probably, have been better pleased to have been excused from
+all direct agency in the affair. But this could not be. She, however,
+made much delay, and affected great unwillingness to proceed. She
+sent messengers to Mary, telling her what the sentence had been, how
+sorry she was to hear it, and how much she desired to save her life,
+if it were possible. At the same time, she told her that she feared
+it might not be in her power, and she advised Mary to prepare her
+mind for the execution of the sentence.
+
+Mary wrote a letter to Elizabeth in reply. She said in this letter
+that she was glad to hear that they had pronounced sentence of death
+against her, for she was weary of life, and had no hope of relief or
+rest from her miseries but in the grave. She wrote, therefore, not to
+ask any change in the decision, but to make three requests. First,
+that, after her execution, her body might be removed to France, and
+be deposited at Rheims, where the ashes of her mother were reposing.
+Secondly, that her execution should not be in secret, but that her
+personal friends might be present, to attest to the world that she
+met her fate with resignation and fortitude; and, thirdly, that her
+attendants and friends, who had, through their faithful love for her,
+shared her captivity so long, might be permitted to retire wherever
+they pleased, after her death, without any molestation. "I hope,"
+said she, in conclusion, "you will not refuse me these my dying
+requests, but that you will assure me by a letter under your own hand
+that you will comply with them, and then I shall die as I have lived,
+your affectionate sister and prisoner, Mary Queen of Scots."
+
+The King of France, and James, Mary's son in Scotland, made somewhat
+vigorous efforts to arrest the execution of the sentence which had
+been pronounced against Mary. From these and other causes, the
+signing of the warrant was delayed for some months, but at length
+Elizabeth yielded to the solicitations of her ministers. She affixed
+her signature to the instrument. The chancellor put upon it the great
+seal, and the commissioners who were appointed by it to superintend
+the execution went to Fotheringay. They arrived there on the 7th of
+February, 1587.
+
+After resting, and refreshing themselves for a short time from their
+journey, the commissioners sent word to Mary that they wished for an
+interview with her. Mary had retired. They said that their business
+was very important. She rose, and prepared to receive them. She
+assembled all her attendants, fourteen or fifteen in number, in order
+to receive the commissioners in a manner comporting, so far as
+circumstances allowed, with her rank and station. The commissioners
+were at length ushered into the apartment. They stood respectfully
+before her, with their heads uncovered. The foremost then, in
+language as forbearing and gentle as was consistent with the nature
+of his message, informed her that it had been decided to carry the
+sentence which had been pronounced against her into effect, and then
+he requested another of the number to read the warrant for her
+execution.
+
+[Illustration: FOTHERINGAY, IN ITS PRESENT STATE.]
+
+Mary listened to it calmly and patiently. Her attendants, one after
+another, were overcome by the mournful and awful solemnity of the
+scene, and melted into tears. Mary, however, was calm. When the
+reading of the warrant was ended, she said that she was sorry that
+her cousin Elizabeth should set the example of taking the life of a
+sovereign queen; but for herself, she was willing to die. Life had
+long ceased to afford her any peace or happiness, and she was ready
+to exchange it for the prospect of immortality. She then laid her
+hand upon the New Testament, which was near her, of course a Catholic
+version, and called God to witness that she had never plotted
+herself, or joined in plots with others, for the death of Elizabeth.
+One of the commissioners remarked that her oath being upon a Catholic
+version of the Bible, they should not consider it valid. She rejoined
+that it ought to be considered the more sacred and solemn on that
+account, as that was the version which she regarded as the only one
+which was authoritative and true.
+
+Mary then asked the commissioners several questions, as whether her
+son James had not expressed any interest in her fate, and whether no
+foreign princes had interposed to save her. The commissioners
+answered these and other inquiries, and Mary learned from their
+answers that her fate was sealed. She then asked them what time was
+appointed for the execution. They replied that it was to take place
+at eight o'clock the following morning.
+
+Mary had not expected so early an hour to be named. She said it was
+sudden; and she seemed agitated and distressed. She, however, soon
+recovered her composure, and asked to have a Catholic priest allowed
+to visit her. The commissioners replied that that could not be
+permitted. They, however, proposed to send the Dean of Peterborough
+to visit her. A dean is the ecclesiastical functionary presiding over
+a cathedral church; and, of course, the Dean of Peterborough was the
+clergyman of the highest rank in that vicinity. He was, however, a
+Protestant, and Mary did not wish to see him.
+
+The commissioners withdrew, and left Mary with her friends, when
+there ensued one of those scenes of anguish and suffering which those
+who witness them never forget, but carry the gloomy remembrance of
+them, like a dark shadow in the soul, to the end of their days. Mary
+was quiet, and appeared calm. It may however, have been the calm of
+hopeless and absolute despair. Her attendants were overwhelmed with
+agitation and grief, the expression of which they could not even
+attempt to control. At last they became more composed, and Mary asked
+them to kneel with her in prayer; and she prayed for some time
+fervently and earnestly in the midst of them.
+
+She then directed supper to be prepared as usual, and, until it was
+ready, she spent her time in dividing the money which she had on hand
+into separate parcels for her attendants, marking each parcel with
+the name. She sat down at the table when supper was served, and
+though she ate but little, she conversed as usual, in a cheerful
+manner, and with smiles. Her friends were silent and sad, struggling
+continually to keep back their tears. At the close of the supper Mary
+called for a cup of wine, and drank to the health of each one of
+them, and then asked them to drink to her. They took the cup, and,
+kneeling before her, complied with her request, though, as they did
+it, the tears would come to their eyes. Mary then told them that she
+willingly forgave them for all that they had ever done to displease
+her, and she thanked them for their long-continued fidelity and
+love. She also asked that they would forgive her for any thing she
+might ever have done in respect to them which was inconsistent with
+her duty. They answered the request only with a renewal of their
+tears.
+
+Mary spent the evening in writing two letters to her nearest
+relatives in France, and in making her will. The principal object of
+these letters was to recommend her servants to the attention and care
+of those to whom they were addressed, after she should be gone. She
+went to bed shortly after midnight, and it is said she slept. This
+would be incredible, if any thing were incredible in respect to the
+workings of the human soul in a time of awful trial like this, which
+so transcends all the ordinary conditions of its existence.
+
+At any rate, whether Mary slept or not, the morning soon came. Her
+friends were around her as soon as she rose. She gave them minute
+directions about the disposition of her body. She wished to have it
+taken to France to be interred, as she had requested of Elizabeth,
+either at Rheims, in the same tomb with the body of her mother, or
+else at St. Denis, an ancient abbey a little north of Paris, where
+the ashes of a long line of French monarchs repose. She begged her
+servants, if possible, not to leave her body till it should reach its
+final home in one of these places of sepulture.
+
+In the mean time, arrangements had been made for the last act in this
+dreadful tragedy, in the same great hall where she had been tried.
+They raised a platform upon the stone floor of the hall large enough
+to contain those who were to take part in the closing scene. On this
+platform was a block, a cushion, and a chair. All these things, as
+well as the platform itself, were covered with black cloth, giving to
+the whole scene a most solemn and funereal expression. The part of
+the hall containing this scaffold was railed off from the rest. The
+governor of the castle, and a body of guards, came in and took their
+station at the sides of the room. Two executioners, one holding the
+axe, stood upon the scaffold on one side of the block. Two of the
+commissioners stood upon the other side. The remaining commissioners
+and several gentlemen of the neighborhood took their places as
+spectators without the rail. The number of persons thus assembled was
+about two hundred. Strange that any one should have come in,
+voluntarily, to witness such a scene!
+
+When all was ready, the sheriff, carrying his white wand of office,
+and attended by some of the commissioners, went for Mary. She was at
+her devotions, and she asked a little delay that she might conclude
+them: perhaps the shrinking spirit clung at the last moment to life,
+and wished to linger a few minutes longer before taking the final
+farewell. The request was granted. In a short time Mary signified
+that she was ready, and they began to move toward the hall of
+execution. Her attendants were going to accompany her. The sheriff
+said this could not be allowed. She accordingly bade them farewell,
+and they filled the castle with the sound of their shrieks and
+lamentations.
+
+Mary went on, descending the stair-case, at the foot of which she was
+joined by one of her attendants, from whom she had been separated for
+some time. His name was Sir Andrew Melville, and he was the master of
+her household. The name of her secretary Melville was James. Sir
+Andrew kneeled before her, kissed her hand, and said that this was
+the saddest hour of his life. Mary began to give him some last
+commissions and requests. "Say," said she, "that I died firm in the
+faith; that I forgive my enemies; that I feel that I have never
+disgraced Scotland, my native country, and that I have been always
+true to France, the land of my happiest years. Tell my son--" Here
+her voice faltered and ceased to be heard, and she burst into tears.
+
+She struggled to regain her composure. "Tell my son," said she, "that
+I thought of him in my last moments, and that I have never yielded,
+either by word or deed, to any thing whatever that might lead to his
+prejudice. Tell him to cherish the memory of his mother, and say that
+I sincerely hope his life may be happier than mine has been."
+
+Mary then turned to the commissioners who stood by, and renewed her
+request that her attendants, who had just been separated from her,
+might come down and see her die. The commissioners objected. They
+said that if these attendants were admitted, their anguish and
+lamentations would only add to her own distress, and make the whole
+scene more painful. Mary, however, urged the request. She said they
+had been devotedly attached to her all her days; they had shared her
+captivity, and loved and served her faithfully to the end, and it was
+enough if she herself, and they, desired that they should be present.
+The commissioners at last yielded, and allowed her to name six, who
+should be summoned to attend her. She did so, and the six came down.
+
+The sad procession then proceeded to the hall. Mary was in full court
+dress, and walked into the apartment with the air and composure of a
+reigning queen. She leaned on the arm of her physician. Sir Andrew
+Melville followed, bearing the train of her robe. Her dress is
+described as a gown of black silk, bordered with crimson velvet, over
+which was a satin mantle. A long veil of white crape, edged with rich
+lace, hung down almost to the ground. Around her neck was an ivory
+crucifix--that is, an image of Christ upon the cross, which the
+Catholics use as a memorial of our Savior's sufferings--and a rosary,
+which is a string of beads of peculiar arrangement, often employed by
+them as an aid in their devotions. Mary meant, doubtless, by these
+symbols, to show to her enemies and to the world, that though she
+submitted to her fate without resistance, yet, so far as the contest
+of her life had been one of religious faith, she had no intention of
+yielding.
+
+Mary ascended the platform and took her seat in the chair provided
+for her. With the exception of stifled sobs here and there to be
+heard, the room was still. An officer then advanced and read the
+warrant of execution, which the executioners listened to as their
+authority for doing the dreadful work which they were about to
+perform. The Dean of Peterborough, the Protestant ecclesiastic whom
+Mary had refused to see, then came forward to the foot of the
+platform, and most absurdly commenced an address to her, with a view
+to convert her to the Protestant faith. Mary interrupted him, saying
+that she had been born and had lived a Catholic, and she was resolved
+so to die; and she asked him to spare her his useless reasonings. The
+dean persisted in going on. Mary turned away from him, kneeled down,
+and began to offer a Latin prayer. The dean soon brought his
+ministrations to a close, and then Mary prayed for some time, in a
+distinct and fervent voice, in English, the large company listening
+with breathless attention. She prayed for her own soul, and that she
+might have comfort from heaven in the agony of death. She implored
+God's blessing upon France; upon Scotland; upon England; upon Queen
+Elizabeth; and, more than all, upon her son. During this time she
+held the ivory crucifix in her hand, clasping it and raising it from
+time to time toward heaven.
+
+When her prayer was ended, she rose, and, with the assistance of her
+attendants, took off her veil, and such other parts of her dress as
+it was necessary to remove in order to leave the neck bare, and then
+she kneeled forward and laid her head upon the block. The agitation
+of the assembly became extreme. Some turned away from the scene faint
+and sick at heart; some looked more eagerly and intensely at the
+group upon the scaffold; some wept and sobbed aloud. The assistant
+executioner put Mary's two hands together and held them; the other
+raised his axe, and, after the horrid sound of two or three
+successive blows, the assistant held up the dissevered head, saying,
+"So perish all Queen Elizabeth's enemies."
+
+The assembly dispersed. The body was taken into an adjoining
+apartment, and prepared for interment. Mary's attendants wished to
+have it delivered to them, that they might comply with her dying
+request to convey it to France; but they were told that they could
+not be allowed to do so. The body was interred with great pomp and
+ceremony in the Cathedral at Peterborough, where it remained in
+peace for many years.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Now that the deed was done, the great problem with Elizabeth was, of
+course, to avert the consequences of the terrible displeasure and
+thirst for revenge which she might naturally suppose it would awaken
+in Scotland and in France. She succeeded very well in accomplishing
+this. As soon as she heard of the execution of Mary, she expressed
+the utmost surprise, grief, and indignation. She said that she had,
+indeed, signed the death warrant, but it was not her intention at all
+to have it executed; and that, when she delivered it to the officer,
+she charged him not to let it go out of his possession. This the
+officer denied. Elizabeth insisted, and punished the officer by a
+long imprisonment, and perpetual disgrace, for his pretended offense.
+She sent a messenger to James, explaining the terrible accident, as
+she termed it, which had occurred, and deprecating his displeasure.
+James, though at first filled with indignation, and determined to
+avenge his mother's death, allowed himself to be appeased.
+
+About twenty years after this, Elizabeth died, and the great object
+of Mary's ambition throughout her whole life was attained by the
+union of the Scotch and English crowns on the head of her son. As
+soon as Elizabeth ceased to breathe, James the Sixth of Scotland was
+proclaimed James the First of England. He was at that time nearly
+forty years of age. He was married, and had several young children.
+The circumstances of King James's journey to London, when he went to
+take possession of his new kingdom, are related in the History of
+Charles I., belonging to this series. Though James thus became
+monarch of both England and Scotland, it must not be supposed that
+the two _kingdoms_ were combined. They remained separate for many
+years--two independent kingdoms governed by one king.
+
+When James succeeded to the English throne, his mother had been dead
+many years, and whatever feelings of affection may have bound his
+heart to her in early life, they were now well-nigh obliterated by
+the lapse of time, and by the new ties by which he was connected with
+his wife and his children. As soon as he was seated on his new
+throne, however, he ordered the Castle of Fotheringay, which had been
+the scene of his mother's trial and death, to be leveled with the
+ground, and he transferred her remains to Westminster Abbey, where
+they still repose.
+
+[Illustration: MARY'S TOMB AT WESTMINSTER ABBEY.]
+
+If the lifeless dust had retained its consciousness when it was thus
+transferred, with what intense emotions of pride and pleasure would
+the mother's heart have been filled, in being thus brought to her
+final home in that ancient sepulcher of the English kings, by her son,
+now, at last, safely established, where she had so long toiled and
+suffered to instate him, in his place in the line. Ambition was the
+great, paramount, ruling principle of Mary's life. Love was, with her,
+an occasional, though perfectly uncontrollable impulse, which came
+suddenly to interrupt her plans and divert her from her course,
+leaving her to get back to it again, after devious wanderings, with
+great difficulty and through many tears. The love, with the
+consequences which followed from it, destroyed _her_; while the
+ambition, recovering itself after every contest with its rival, and
+holding out perseveringly to the last, saved _her son_; so that, in
+the long contest in which her life was spent, though she suffered all
+the way, and at last sacrificed herself, she triumphed in the end.
+
+                         THE END.
+
+
+
+
+TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES:
+
+1. Minor changes have been made to correct typesetters' errors, and to
+ensure consistent spelling and punctuation in this etext; otherwise,
+every effort has been made to remain true to the original book.
+
+2. The sidenotes used in this text were originally published as
+banners in the page headers, and have been collected at the beginning
+of each chapter for the reader's convenience.
+
+3. The original Table of Engravings referenced an illuminated title
+page from the first edition of this book; this reference has been
+removed as that page does not occur in this e-text.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Mary Queen of Scots, Makers of History, by
+Jacob Abbott
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS ***
+
+***** This file should be named 28283.txt or 28283.zip *****
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