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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The County Regiment, by Dudley Landon Vaill
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The County Regiment
+       A Sketch of the Second Regiment of Connecticut Volunteer
+       Heavy Artillery, Originally the Nineteenth Volunteer
+       Infantry, in the Civil War
+
+Author: Dudley Landon Vaill
+
+Release Date: February 2, 2009 [EBook #27969]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE COUNTY REGIMENT ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Logan and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE COUNTY REGIMENT
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Governor Buckingham]
+
+
+
+
+THE
+
+COUNTY REGIMENT
+
+
+A SKETCH
+
+OF THE SECOND REGIMENT OF
+CONNECTICUT VOLUNTEER HEAVY ARTILLERY,
+ORIGINALLY THE NINETEENTH VOLUNTEER
+INFANTRY, IN THE CIVIL WAR
+
+BY
+
+DUDLEY LANDON VAILL
+
+
+LITCHFIELD COUNTY
+UNIVERSITY CLUB
+MCMVIII
+
+
+
+
+Copyright, 1908, by
+DUDLEY L. VAILL
+
+
+
+
+PAR AVANCE
+
+
+This volume is one of a series published under the auspices of the
+Litchfield County University Club, and in accordance with a
+proposition made to the club by one of its members, Mr. Carl Stoeckel,
+of Norfolk, Connecticut.
+
+                                          HOWARD WILLISTON CARTER,
+                                                            Secretary.
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+    Governor Buckingham                                 _Frontispiece_
+
+    Rev. Hiram Eddy                                    _facing page_ 7
+
+    Presentation of Colors, September 10th, 1862             "      10
+
+    The first encampment in Virginia                         "      14
+
+    Fort Ellsworth, near Alexandria, May, 1863               "      19
+
+    In the Defences. Guard mount                             "      23
+
+    General Sedgwick                                         "      26
+
+    The first battle                                         "      35
+
+    Colonel Wessells                                         "      47
+
+    Colonel Kellogg                                          "      61
+
+    Colonel Mackenzie                                        "      76
+
+    Colonel Hubbard                                          "      84
+
+    Monument at Arlington                                    "      98
+
+
+
+
+PREFATORY
+
+
+For those who dwell within its borders, or whose ancestral roots are
+bedded among its hills, the claims of Litchfield County to distinction
+are many and of many kinds. In these latter days it has become notable
+as the home of certain organizations of unique character and high
+purpose, which flourish under circumstances highly exceptional, and
+certainly no less highly appreciated.
+
+It is as part of the work of one of these that there is commemorated
+in this volume an organization of an earlier day, one distinctively of
+the county, in no way unique in its time, but of the highest
+purpose--the regiment gathered here for the national defence in the
+Civil War.
+
+The county's participation in that defence was by no means restricted
+to the raising of a single regiment. Quite as many, perhaps more, of
+its sons were enrolled in other commands as made up what was known
+originally as the Nineteenth Connecticut Volunteer Infantry; but in
+that body its organized effort as a county found expression, and it
+was proud to let the splendid record of that body stand as typical of
+its sacrifices for the preservation of the Union.
+
+Though the history of that regiment's career has been written in full
+detail, the purpose of this slight repetition of the story needs no
+apology. There is sufficient justification in its intrinsic interest,
+to say nothing of a personal interest in its members, men who gave
+such proofs of their quality, and whose survivors are still our
+neighbors in probably every town in the county.
+
+There is also something more than mere interest to be gained, in
+considering historical matters of such immensity as the Civil War, in
+giving the attention to some minute section of the whole, such as the
+account of individual experiences, or of the career of a particular
+regiment such as this; it is of great value as bringing an adequate
+realization of the actual bearing of the great events of that time
+upon the people of the time. The story of a body of Litchfield County
+men, such men as we see every day, drawn from such homes as we know
+all about us, is a potent help to understanding in what way and with
+what aspects these great historical movements bore upon the people of
+the country, for the experience of this group of towns and their sons
+furnished but one small instance of what was borne, infinitely
+magnified, throughout the nation.
+
+It will readily appear that the subject might furnish material for a
+notable volume. In the present case nothing is possible save a brief
+sketch of the matter, made up chiefly, as will be seen, of citations
+from the published history of the regiment, and from such other
+sources of information as were easily accessible. Among the latter
+must be noted the records of the Regimental Association, to which
+access was had through the courtesy of its secretary, D. C. Kilbourn,
+Esq., of Litchfield, and his assistance, as well as that of H. W.
+Wessells, Esq., of Litchfield, to both of whom the securing of most of
+the illustrations used is due, is gratefully acknowledged.
+
+
+
+
+THE COUNTY REGIMENT
+
+
+
+
+In spite of the labors of unnumbered chroniclers, it is not easy, if
+indeed it is possible, for us of this later generation to realize
+adequately the great patriotic uprising of the war times.
+
+It began in the early days of 1861 with the assault on Fort Sumter,
+which, following a long and trying season of uncertainty, furnished
+the sudden shock that resolved the doubts of the wavering and changed
+the opinions of the incredulous. Immediately there swept over all the
+northern states a wave of intense national feeling, attended by scenes
+of patriotic and confident enthusiasm more noisy than far-sighted,
+and there was a resulting host of volunteers, who went forth for the
+service of ninety days with the largest hopes, and proportionate
+ignorance of the crisis which had come to the nation. Of these
+Connecticut furnished more than her allotted share, and Litchfield
+County a due proportion.
+
+The climax of this excited period was supplied by the battle of Bull
+Run. There was surprise, and almost consternation, at the first news
+of this salutary event, but quickly following, a renewed rally of
+patriotic feeling, less excited but more determined, and with a
+clearer apprehension of the actual situation. The enlistment of
+volunteers for a longer term had been begun, and now went forward
+briskly for many months; regiment after regiment was enrolled,
+equipped, and sent southward, until, in the spring of 1862, the force
+of this movement began to spend itself. The national arms had met with
+some important successes during the winter, and a feeling of
+confidence had arisen in the invincibility of the Grand Army of the
+Potomac, which had been gathering and organizing under General
+McClellan for what the impatient country was disposed to think an
+interminable time. A War Department order in April, 1862, putting a
+stop to recruiting for the armies, added to the confidence, since an
+easy inference could be drawn from it, and the North settled down to
+await with high hopes the results of McClellan's long expected
+advance.
+
+Then came the campaign on the Peninsula. At first there was but meagre
+news and a multitude of conflicting rumors about its fierce battles
+and famous retreat, but in the end the realization of the failure of
+this mighty effort. To the country it was a disappointment literally
+stunning in its proportions; but now at length there was revealed the
+magnitude of the task confronting the nation, and again there sprang
+up the determination, grim and intense, to strain every nerve for the
+restoration of the Union.
+
+The President's call for three hundred thousand men to serve "for
+three years or the war" was proclaimed to this state by Governor
+Buckingham on July 3rd (1862), and evidence was at once forthcoming
+that it was sternly heeded by the people. To fill Connecticut's quota
+under this call, it was proposed that regiments should be raised by
+counties. A convention was promptly called, which met in Litchfield on
+July 22nd; delegates from every town in the county were in attendance,
+representatives of all shades of political opinion and individual
+bias, but the conclusions of the meeting were unanimously reached. It
+was resolved that Litchfield County should furnish an entire regiment
+of volunteers, and that Leverett W. Wessells, at that time Sheriff,
+should be recommended as its commander.
+
+Immediate steps were taken to render this determination effective; the
+Governor promptly accepted the recommendation as to the colonelcy,
+recruiting officers were designated to secure enlistments, bounties
+voted by the different towns as proposed by the county meeting, and
+the movement thoroughly organized. Although there was a clear
+appreciation of the present need, the dozen or more Connecticut
+regiments already in the field had drawn a large number of men from
+Litchfield County, and effort was necessary to gain the required
+enrollment. There had been many opportunities already for all to
+volunteer who had any wish to do so, but the call now came to men who
+a few weeks before had hardly dreamed of the need of their serving;
+men not to be attracted by the excitement of a novel adventure, but
+who recognized soberly the duty that was presenting itself in this
+emergency, and men of a very different stamp from those drawn into the
+ranks in the later years of the war by enormous bounties. It is
+reasonable to think that pride in the success of the county's effort
+was a factor in stimulating enlistments; announcement that a draft
+would be resorted to later was doubtless another. Just at this time,
+also, the return from a year's captivity in the South of the Rev.
+Hiram Eddy of Winsted, who had been made prisoner at Bull Run,
+furnished a powerful advocate to the cause; night after night he spoke
+in different towns, urging the call to service fervently and with
+effect.
+
+[Illustration: Rev. Hiram Eddy]
+
+It is to be noted that at the same time that this endeavor was being
+made to fill the ranks of a regiment for three years' service,
+recruiting was going on with almost equal vigor under the call for men
+to serve for nine months, and three full companies were contributed by
+Litchfield County to the Twenty-eighth Infantry, which bore a valiant
+part in the campaign against Port Hudson in the following summer. It
+is possible to gain some idea of how the great tides of war were felt
+throughout the whole land by imagining the stir and turmoil thus
+brought, in the summer of 1862, into this remote and peaceful quarter
+by the engrossing struggle.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In the last week in August, the necessary number of recruits having
+been secured, the different companies were brought together in
+Litchfield and marched to the hill overlooking the town which had been
+selected as the location of Camp Dutton, named in honor of Lieutenant
+Henry M. Dutton, who had fallen in battle at Cedar Mountain shortly
+before. Lieutenant Dutton, the son of Governor Henry Dutton, was a
+graduate of Yale in the class of 1857, and was practising law in
+Litchfield when he volunteered for service on the organization of the
+Fifth Connecticut Infantry.
+
+The interest and pride of the county in its own regiment was naturally
+of the strongest; the family that had no son or brother or cousin in
+its ranks seemed almost the exception, and Camp Dutton became at once
+the goal of a ceaseless stream of visitors from far and near, somewhat
+to the prejudice of those principles of military order and discipline
+which had now to be acquired. The preparation and drill which employed
+the scant two weeks spent here were supervised by Lieutenant-Colonel
+Kellogg, fresh from McClellan's army in Virginia, and he was
+afterwards reported as delivering the opinion that if there were nine
+hundred men in the camp, there were certainly nine thousand women most
+of the time.
+
+With all possible haste, preparations were made for an early
+departure, but there was opportunity for a formal mustering of the
+regiment in Litchfield, when a fine set of colors was presented by
+William Curtis Noyes, Esq., in behalf of his wife. A horse for the
+Colonel was given also, by the Hon. Robbins Battell, saddle and
+equipments by Judge Origen S. Seymour, and a sword by the deputies who
+had served under Sheriff Wessells.
+
+[Illustration: Presentation of colors, September 10th, 1862]
+
+On September 15th (1862), the eight hundred and eighty-nine officers
+and men now mustered as the Nineteenth Connecticut Volunteer Infantry
+broke camp, made their first march to East Litchfield station, and
+started for the South, with the entire population for miles around
+gathered to witness, not as a holiday spectacle, but as a farewell,
+grave with significance, the departure of the county regiment.
+
+"In order to raise it," says the regimental history, "Litchfield
+County had given up the flower of her youth, the hope and pride of
+hundreds of families, and they had by no means enlisted to fight for a
+superior class of men at home. There was no superior class at home. In
+moral qualities, in social worth, in every civil relation, they were
+the best that Connecticut had to give. More than fifty of the rank and
+file of the regiment subsequently found their way to commissions, and
+at least a hundred more proved themselves not a whit less competent or
+worthy to wear sash and saber if it had been their fortune."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The regimental officers were: Colonel, Leverett W. Wessells,
+Litchfield; lieutenant-colonel, Elisha S. Kellogg, Derby; major,
+Nathaniel Smith, Woodbury; adjutant, Charles J. Deming, Litchfield;
+quartermaster, Bradley D. Lee, Barkhamsted; chaplain, Jonathan A.
+Wainwright, Torrington; surgeon, Henry Plumb, New Milford.
+
+Colonel Wessells, a native of Litchfield, and a brother of General
+Henry W. Wessells of the regular army, had been prominent in public
+affairs before the war, and served for twelve years as Sheriff. Ill
+health interfered with his service with the regiment from the first,
+and finally compelled his resignation in September, 1863. Later he was
+appointed Provost Marshal for the Fourth District of Connecticut, and
+for many years after the war was active in civil affairs, being the
+candidate for State Treasurer on the Republican ticket in 1868,
+Quartermaster-General on Governor Andrews' staff, and member of the
+General Assembly. He died at Dover, Delaware, April 4, 1895.
+
+
+
+
+Washington in September, 1862, while relatively secure from the easy
+capture which would have been possible in the summer of the previous
+year, was not in a situation of such safety as to preclude anxiety,
+for Pope had just been beaten at Bull Run and Lee's army was north of
+the Potomac in the first of its memorable invasions of the loyal
+states. On the very day of his check at Antietam, September 17th, the
+Nineteenth Connecticut Volunteers reached the capital, and the next
+day moved into the hostile state of Virginia, bivouacking near
+Alexandria.
+
+[Illustration: The first encampment in Virginia]
+
+In this vicinity the regiment was destined to remain for many months,
+and to learn, as far as was possible without the grim teachings of
+actual experience, the business for which it was gathered. At first
+there was a constant expectation of orders to join the army in active
+operations; the county newspapers for many weeks noted regularly that
+the regiment was still near Alexandria, "but orders to march are
+hourly expected." It was good fortune, however, that none came, for
+not a little of the credit of its later service was due to the
+proficiency in discipline and soldierly qualities gained in the long
+months now spent in preparation.
+
+The task of giving the necessary military education to the thousand
+odd men fresh from the ordinary routine of rural Connecticut life,
+fell upon the shoulders of Lieutenant-Colonel Kellogg, and by all the
+testimony available, most of all by the splendid proof they later
+gave, it is clear that it was entrusted to a master hand. Matters of
+organization and administration at first engrossed Colonel Wessells'
+attention; ill health soon supervened, and later he was given the
+command of a brigade. The regiment from its beginning was Kellogg's,
+and he received in due course the commission vacated by its first
+commander in September, 1863.
+
+A thorough and well-tried soldier himself, he quickly gained the
+respect of his command by his complete competency, and its strong and
+admiring affection was not slow in following. There are men among us
+to this day for whom no superlatives are adequate to give expression
+to their feelings in regard to him. As the regimental history records
+of their career "there is not a scene, a day, nor a memory from Camp
+Dutton to Grapevine Point that can be wholly divested of Kellogg. Like
+the ancient Eastern king who suddenly died on the eve of an
+engagement, and whose remains were bolstered up in warlike attitude in
+his chariot, and followed by his enthusiastic soldiers to battle and
+to victory, so this mighty leader, although falling in the very first
+onset, yet went on through every succeeding march and fight, and won
+posthumous victories for the regiment which may be said to have been
+born of his loins. Battalion and company, officer and private, arms
+and quarters, camp and drill, command and obedience, honor and duty,
+esprit and excellence, every moral and material belonging of the
+regiment, bore the impress of his genius. In the eyes of civilians,
+Colonel Kellogg was nothing but a horrid, strutting, shaggy monster.
+But request any one of the survivors of the Nineteenth Infantry or the
+Second Artillery to name the most perfect soldier he ever saw, and
+this will surely be the man. Or ask him to conjure up the ideal
+soldier of his imagination, still the same figure, complete in
+feature, gesture, gauntlet, saber, boot, spur, observant eye and
+commanding voice, will stalk with majestic port upon the mental
+vision. He seemed the superior of all superiors, and major-generals
+shrunk into pigmy corporals in comparison with him. In every faculty
+of body, mind, heart, and soul he was built after a large pattern. His
+virtues were large and his vices were not small. As Lincoln said of
+Seward, he could swear magnificently. His nature was versatile, and
+full of contradictions; sometimes exhibiting the tenderest
+sensibilities and sometimes none at all. Now he would be in the
+hospital tent bending with streaming eyes over the victims of fever,
+and kissing the dying Corporal Webster, and an hour later would find
+him down at the guard house, prying open the jaws of a refractory
+soldier with a bayonet in order to insert a gag; or in anger drilling
+a battalion, for the fault of a single man, to the last point of
+endurance; or shamefully abusing the most honorable and faithful
+officers in the regiment. 'In rage, deaf as the sea, hasty as fire.'
+But notwithstanding his frequent ill treatment of officers and
+soldiers, he had a hold on their affections such as no other commander
+ever had, or could have. The men who were cursing him one day for the
+almost intolerable rigors of his discipline, would in twenty-four
+hours be throwing up their caps for him, or subscribing to buy him a
+new horse, or petitioning the Governor not to let him be jumped. The
+man who sat on a sharp-backed wooden horse in front of the guard
+house, would sometimes watch the motions of the Colonel on drill or
+parade, until he forgot the pain and disgrace of his punishment in
+admiration of the man who inflicted it."
+
+It is not hard to understand the hold he gained, through a personality
+so striking and forceful, upon the men of his command; they were but
+boys for the most part, in point of fact, and open to the influence of
+just such strength, and perhaps also just such weaknesses, as they saw
+in this splendidly virile and genuine, and very human character.
+
+Colonel Kellogg was a Litchfield County man, a native of New Hartford,
+and at this time about thirty-eight years of age. His education was
+not of the schools, but gained from years of adventurous life as
+sailor, gold-hunter, and wanderer. Shortly before the war he had
+settled in his native state, but he responded to the call for the
+national defence among the very first, and before the organization of
+the Nineteenth had served as Major of the First Connecticut
+Artillery. He lies buried in Winsted.
+
+[Illustration: Fort Ellsworth, near Alexandria, May, 1863]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+For more than a year and a half the regiment was numbered among the
+defenders of the capital, removing after a few months from the
+immediate neighborhood of Alexandria, and being stationed among the
+different forts and redoubts which formed the line of defence south of
+the Potomac.
+
+Important as its service there was, and novel as it must have been to
+Litchfield County boys, it was not marked by incidents of any note,
+and furnished nothing to attract attention among the general and
+absorbing operations of the war. It was, still, of vast interest to
+the people of the home towns. The county newspapers had many letters
+to print in those days from the soldiers themselves, and from visitors
+from home, who in no inconsiderable numbers were journeying down to
+look in upon them constantly. There were of course matters of various
+nature which gave rise to complaints of different degrees of
+seriousness; there was not unnaturally much sickness among the men in
+the early part of their service; there were political campaigns at
+home, in which the volunteers had and showed a strong interest;
+there was a regrettable quarrel among the officers in which
+Lieutenant-Colonel Kellogg was placed in an unfortunate light, and the
+termination of which gave the men an opportunity of showing their
+feeling for him. All these matters were well aired in type; meanwhile
+the regiment, doing well such duty as was laid upon it, grew in
+efficiency for hard and active service when it should be called for.
+
+The possibility of a call to action at almost any minute was seen in
+April, 1863, when orders came that the regiment be held ready to
+march. Reinforcements were going forward to the Army of the Potomac,
+now under Hooker, in large numbers; but the Nineteenth was finally
+left in the Defences. Thus months were passed in the routine of drill
+and parade, guard mounting and target practice, varied by brief and
+rare furloughs, while the lightnings of the mighty conflict raging so
+near left them untouched. "Yet," it is related, "a good many seemed to
+be in all sorts of affliction, and were constantly complaining because
+they could not go to the front. A year later, when the soldiers of the
+Nineteenth were staggering along the Pamunkey, with heavy loads and
+blistered feet, or throwing up breastworks with their coffee-pots all
+night under fire in front of Petersburg, they looked back to the
+Defences of Washington as to a lost Elysium."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It was in November, 1863, that the War Department orders were issued
+changing the Nineteenth Infantry to a regiment of heavy artillery,
+which Governor Buckingham denominated the Second Connecticut.
+Artillery drill had for some time been part of its work, and the
+general efficiency and good record of the regiment in all particulars
+was responsible for the change, which was a welcome one, as the
+artillery was considered a very desirable branch of the service, and
+the increase in size gave prospects of speedier promotions.
+
+Recruiting had been necessary almost all the time to keep the regiment
+up to the numerical standard; death and the discharge for disability
+had been operating from the first. It was now needful to fill it up to
+the artillery standard of eighteen hundred men, and this was
+successfully accomplished. Officers and men were despatched to
+Connecticut to gather recruits, and their advertisements set forth
+enticingly the advantage of joining a command so comfortably situated
+as "this famous regiment" in the Defences of Washington, where, it was
+permissible to infer, it was permanently stationed, a belief which had
+come to be generally held. The effort, however, was not confined by
+geographical limits, and a large part of the men secured were
+strangers to Litchfield County. Before the 1st of March, 1864, over
+eleven hundred recruits were received, and with the nucleus of the old
+regiment quickly formed into an efficient command.
+
+[Illustration: In the Defences. Guard mount]
+
+"This vast body of recruits was made up of all sorts of men," the
+history of the regiment states. "A goodly portion of them were no less
+intelligent, patriotic, and honorable than the 'old' Nineteenth--and
+that is praise enough. Another portion of them were not exactly the
+worst kind of men, but those adventurous and uneasy varlets who always
+want to get out of jail when they are in, and in when they are out;
+furloughed sailors, for example, who had enlisted just for fun, while
+ashore, with no definite purpose of remaining in the land service for
+any tedious length of time. And, lastly, there were about three
+hundred of the most thorough paced villains that the stews and slums
+of New York and Baltimore could furnish--bounty-jumpers, thieves, and
+cut-throats, who had deserted from regiment after regiment in which
+they had enlisted under fictitious names and who now proposed to
+repeat the operation. And they did repeat it. No less than two hundred
+and fifty deserted before the middle of May, very few of whom were
+ever retaken and returned to the regiment. There were rebels in
+Alexandria who furnished deserters with citizens' clothes and thus
+their capture became almost impossible."
+
+At first, and perhaps to some extent always, there was a mental
+distinction made by the men between those who had originally enlisted
+in the "old Nineteenth," and the large body which was now joined to
+that organization, many of whom had never seen the Litchfield hills.
+But there was enough character in the original body to give its
+distinct tone to the enlarged regiment; its officers were all of the
+first enlistment, and the common sufferings and successes which soon
+fell to their lot quickly deprived this distinction of any
+invidiousness. The Second Artillery was always known, and proudly
+known, as the Litchfield County Regiment.
+
+
+
+
+There came to the Second Connecticut Heavy Artillery, on May 17, 1864,
+the summons which, after such long immunity, it had almost ceased to
+expect.
+
+The preceding two weeks had been among the most eventful of the war.
+They had seen the crossing of the Rapidan by Grant on the 4th, and the
+terrible battles for days following in the Wilderness and at
+Spottsylvania, depleting the army by such enormous losses as even this
+war had hardly seen before. Heavy reinforcements were demanded and
+sent forward from all branches of the service; in the emergency this
+artillery regiment was summoned to fight as infantry, and so served
+until the end of the conflict, though for a long time with a hope,
+which survived many disappointments, of being assigned to its proper
+work with the heavy guns.
+
+It started for the front on May 18th (1864), and on the 20th reached
+the headquarters of the Army of the Potomac, and was assigned to the
+Second Brigade, First Division, of the Sixth Corps, now under
+Major-General Horatio G. Wright, another leader of Connecticut origin,
+who had succeeded to the command of the Corps on the death a few days
+before of Litchfield County's most noted soldier, John Sedgwick.
+
+[Illustration: General Sedgwick]
+
+The famous series of movements "by the left flank" was in progress,
+and the regiment was in active motion at once. For more than a week
+following its arrival at the front it was on the march practically all
+the time while Grant pushed southward. To troops unaccustomed to
+anything more arduous than drilling in the Defences at Washington,
+it was almost beyond the limits of endurance. At the start, without
+experience in campaigning, the men had overburdened themselves with
+impedimenta which it was very soon necessary to dispense with. "The
+amount of personal effects then thrown away," wrote the chaplain, Rev.
+Winthrop H. Phelps, "has been estimated by officers who witnessed and
+have carefully calculated it, to be from twenty to thirty thousand
+dollars. To this amount must be added the loss to the Government in
+the rations and ammunition left on the way." On some of the marches
+days were passed with scarcely anything to eat, and it is recorded
+that raw corn was eagerly gathered, kernel by kernel, in empty
+granaries, and eaten with a relish. Heat, dust, rain, mud, and a rate
+of movement which taxed to the utmost the powers of the strongest,
+gave to these untried troops a savage hint of the hardships of
+campaigning, into which they had been plunged without any gradual
+steps of breaking in, and much more terrible experiences were close
+at hand. Of these there came a slight foretaste in a skirmish with
+the enemy on the 24th near Jericho Ford on the North Anna River,
+resulting in the death of one man and the wounding of three others,
+the first of what was soon to be a portentous list of casualties.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The movements of both armies were bringing them steadily nearer to
+Richmond, and but one chance now remained to achieve the object of the
+campaign, the defeat of Lee's army north of the Chickahominy and away
+from the strong defences of the Confederate capital. The enemy,
+swinging southward to conform to Grant's advance, finally reached the
+important point of Cold Harbor on May 31st. Cavalry was sent forward
+to dislodge him, and seized some of the entrenchments near that place,
+while both armies were hurried forward for the inevitable battle. The
+Sixth Corps, of which the Second Artillery was part, reached its
+position on the extreme left near noon on June 1st, having marched
+since midnight, and awaited the placing of other troops before the
+charge, which had been ordered to take place at five o'clock.
+
+It would have been a fearful waiting for these men could they have
+known what was in store for them. But they were drugged, as it were,
+with utter fatigue; the almost constant movement of their two weeks of
+active service had left them "so nearly dead with marching and want of
+sleep" that they could not notice or comprehend the significant
+movements of the columns of troops about them preparing for battle, or
+the artillery which soon opened fire on both sides; their stupor, it
+is related, was of a kind that none can describe. They heard without
+excitement the earnest instructions of Colonel Kellogg, who, in pride
+and anxiety at this first trial of his beloved command, was in
+constant consultation with officers and men, directing, encouraging,
+explaining. "He marked out on the ground," writes one of his staff,
+"the shape of the works to be taken,--told the officers what
+dispositions to make of the different battalions,--how the charge was
+to be made,--spoke of our reputation as a band-box regiment, 'Now we
+are called on to show what we can do at fighting.'" The brigade
+commander, General Emory Upton, was also watching closely this new
+regiment which had never been in battle. But all foreboding was spared
+most of the men through sheer exhaustion.
+
+At about the appointed time, five in the afternoon, the regiment was
+moved in three battalions of four companies each out of the
+breastworks where it had lain through the afternoon, leaving knapsacks
+behind, stationed for a few moments among the scanty pine-woods in
+front, and then at the word of command started forth upon its fateful
+journey, the Colonel in the lead.
+
+The first battalion, with the colors in the center, moved at a double
+quick across the open field under a constantly thickening fire, over
+the enemy's first line of rifle pits which was abandoned at its
+approach, and onward to the main line of breastworks with a force and
+impetus which would have carried it over this like Niagara but for an
+impassable obstruction. Says the regimental history, "There had been a
+thick growth of pine sprouts and saplings on this ground, but the
+rebels had cut them, probably that very day, and had arranged them so
+as to form a very effective abatis,--thereby clearing the spot and
+thus enabling them to see our movements. Up to this point there had
+been no firing sufficient to confuse or check the battalion, but here
+the rebel musketry opened. A sheet of flame, sudden as lightning, red
+as blood, and so near that it seemed to singe the men's faces, burst
+along the rebel breastwork, and the ground and trees close behind our
+line was ploughed and riddled with a thousand balls that just missed
+the heads of the men. The battalion dropped flat on the ground, and
+the second volley, like the first, nearly all went over. Several men
+were struck, but not a large number. It is more than probable that if
+there had been no other than this front fire, the rebel breastworks
+would have been ours, notwithstanding the pine boughs. But at that
+moment a long line of rebels on our left, having nothing in their own
+front to engage their attention, and having unobstructed range on the
+battalion, opened a fire which no human valor could withstand, and
+which no pen can adequately describe. It was the work of almost a
+single minute. The air was filled with sulphurous smoke, and the
+shrieks and howls of more than two hundred and fifty mangled men rose
+above the yells of triumphant rebels and the roar of their musketry.
+'About face,' shouted Colonel Kellogg, but it was his last command. He
+had already been struck in the arm, and the words had scarcely passed
+his lips when another shot pierced his head, and he fell dead upon the
+interlacing pine boughs. Wild and blind with wounds, bruises, noise,
+smoke, and conflicting orders, the men staggered in every direction,
+some of them falling upon the very top of the rebel parapet, where
+they were completely riddled with bullets,--others wandering off into
+the woods on the right and front, to find their way to death by
+starvation at Andersonville, or never to be heard of again."
+
+The second battalion had advanced at an interval of about seventy-five
+yards after the first, and the third had followed in turn, but they
+were ordered by General Upton to lie down as they approached the
+entrenchments. They could not fire without injury to the line in
+front, and could only hold their dangerous and trying position in
+readiness to support their comrades ahead, protecting themselves as
+they could from the fire that seemed like leaden hail. There was no
+suggestion of retreat at any point and several hundred of the enemy,
+taking advantage of a lull in the firing, streamed over the
+breastworks and gave themselves up, but through a misunderstanding of
+the case the credit of their capture was given to other regiments,
+though clearly due to this.
+
+The history continues: "The lines now became very much mixed. Those of
+the first battalion who were not killed or wounded gradually crawled
+or worked back; wounded men were carried through to the rear; and the
+woods began to grow dark, either with night or smoke or both. The
+companies were formed and brought up to the breastworks one by one,
+and the line extended toward the left. The enemy soon vacated the
+breastwork in our immediate front, and crept off through the
+darkness." Throughout the terrible night they held their ground,
+keeping up a constant fire to prevent an attempt by the enemy to
+reoccupy the line, until they were relieved in the early morning by
+other troops; they had secured a position which it was indispensable
+to hold, and the line thus gained remained the regiment's front during
+its stay at Cold Harbor. Until June 12th the position was kept
+confronting the enemy, whose line was parallel and close before it,
+while daily additions were made to the list of casualties as they
+labored in strengthening the protective works.
+
+[Illustration: The first battle]
+
+The official report of General Upton reads in part as follows: "The
+Second Connecticut, anxious to prove its courage, moved to the
+assault in beautiful order. Crossing an open field it entered a
+pine-wood, passed down a gentle declivity and up a slight ascent. Here
+the charge was checked. For seventy feet in front of the works the
+trees had been felled, interlocking with each other and barring all
+further advance. Two paths several yards apart, and wide enough for
+four men to march abreast, led through the obstruction. Up these to
+the foot of the works the brave men rushed but were swept away by a
+converging fire. Unable to carry the intrenchments, I directed the men
+to lie down and not return the fire. Opposite the right the works were
+carried. The regiment was marched to the point gained and, moving to
+the left, captured the point first attacked. In this position without
+support on either flank the Second Connecticut fought till three A.M.,
+when the enemy fell back to a second line of works."
+
+The regimental history continues: "On the morning of the 2nd the
+wounded who still remained were got off to the rear, and taken to the
+Division Hospital some two miles back. Many of them had lain all
+night, with shattered bones, or weak with loss of blood, calling
+vainly for help, or water, or death. Some of them lay in positions so
+exposed to the enemy's fire that they could not be reached until the
+breastworks had been built up and strengthened at certain points, nor
+even then without much ingenuity and much danger; but at length they
+were all removed. Where it could be done with safety, the dead were
+buried during the day. Most of the bodies, however, could not be
+reached until night, and were then gathered and buried under cover of
+the darkness."
+
+The regiment's part in the charge of June 3rd, the disastrous movement
+of the whole Union line against the Confederate works, which Grant
+admitted never should have been made, was attended with casualties
+which by comparison with the slaughter of the 1st seemed
+inconsiderable. There were, in fact, losses in killed and wounded on
+almost all of the twelve days of its stay at Cold Harbor, but the
+fatal 1st of June greatly overshadowed the remaining time, and that
+first action was indeed incomparably the most severe the Second
+Connecticut ever saw. Its loss in killed and wounded, in fact, is said
+to have been greater than that of any other Connecticut regiment in
+any single battle.
+
+The reputation of a fighting regiment, which its fallen leader had
+predicted, was amply earned by that unfaltering advance against
+intrenchments manned by Lee's veterans, and that tenacious defence of
+the position gained, but the cost was appallingly great. The record of
+Cold Harbor, of which all but a very small proportion was incurred on
+June 1st, is given as follows: Killed or died of wounds, one hundred
+and twenty-one; wounded, but not mortally, one hundred and ninety;
+missing, fifteen; prisoners, three.
+
+General Martin T. McMahon, writing of this battle in "The Century's"
+series of war papers, says: "I remember at one point a mute and
+pathetic evidence of sterling valor. The Second Connecticut Heavy
+Artillery, a new regiment eighteen hundred strong, had joined us but a
+few days before the battle. Its uniform was bright and fresh;
+therefore its dead were easily distinguished where they lay. They
+marked in a dotted line an obtuse angle, covering a wide front, with
+its apex toward the enemy, and there upon his face, still in death,
+with his head to the works, lay the Colonel, the brave and genial
+Colonel Elisha S. Kellogg."
+
+Such was their first trial in battle.
+
+
+
+
+Immediately after receiving news of the action of June 1st, Governor
+Buckingham had sent a commission as colonel to Lieutenant-Colonel
+James Hubbard. He, however, was unwilling to assume the responsibility
+of the command; this had been his first battle, and he "drew the hasty
+inference that all the fighting was likely to consist of a similar
+walking into the jaws of hell. He afterwards found that this was a
+mistake."
+
+Upon General Upton's advice, therefore, the officers recommended to
+the Governor the appointment of Ranald S. Mackenzie, then a captain
+of engineers on duty at headquarters, and this recommendation being
+favorably endorsed by superior officers up to the Lieutenant-General,
+was accepted, and Colonel Mackenzie took command on June 6th.
+
+Of the man who was now to lead the regiment, Grant in his Memoirs
+writes twenty years later the following unqualified judgment: "I
+regarded Mackenzie as the most promising young officer in the army.
+Graduating at West Point as he did during the second year of the war,
+he had won his way up to the command of a corps before its close. This
+he did upon his own merit and without influence." Such a statement
+from such a quarter is enough to show that once more the Second
+Connecticut was to be commanded by a soldier of more than ordinary
+qualities, a fact which was not long in developing.
+
+Colonel Mackenzie's active connection with the regiment lasted only
+some four months, but they were months of great activity and afforded
+such occasions for proof of his abilities that his speedy promotion
+was inevitable. He never achieved the general popularity with his men
+that had come to his predecessor, nor cared to, but he did gain quite
+as thoroughly their respect through his mastership of the business in
+hand. It was not long after he assumed command that, as the regimental
+history says, the men "began to grieve anew over the loss of Kellogg.
+That commander had chastised us with whips, but this one dealt in
+scorpions. By the time we reached the Shenandoah Valley, he had so far
+developed as to be a far greater terror, to both officers and men,
+than Early's grape and canister. He was a Perpetual Punisher, and the
+Second Connecticut while under him was always a punished regiment.
+There is a regimental tradition to the effect that a well-defined
+purpose existed among the men, prior to the battle of Winchester, to
+dispose of this commanding scourge during the first fight that
+occurred. If he had known it, it would only have excited his contempt,
+for he cared not a copper for the good will of any except his
+military superiors, and certainly feared no man of woman born, on
+either side of the lines. But the purpose, if any existed, quailed and
+failed before his audacious pluck on that bloody day. He seemed to
+court destruction all day long. With his hat aloft on the point of his
+saber he galloped over forty-acre fields, through a perfect hailstorm
+of rebel lead and iron, with as much impunity as though he had been a
+ghost. The men hated him with the hate of hell, but they could not
+draw bead on so brave a man as that. Henceforth they firmly believed
+he bore a charmed life."
+
+Colonel Mackenzie's advancement was brilliantly rapid, as Grant
+states, and at the time of Lee's surrender he was in command of a
+corps of cavalry, which had shortly before taken an important part in
+the battle of Five Forks under his leadership.
+
+When the war ended he became colonel of the Twenty-fourth Infantry in
+the regular army, and later received a cavalry command, gaining much
+distinction by his services in the Indian campaigns in the West and
+on the Mexican border. He was made brigadier-general in 1882, shortly
+after placed on the retired list, and died at Governor's Island in
+1889.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The unsuccessful assault on Lee's works at Cold Harbor marked the end
+of the first part of Grant's campaign. The next move was to swing the
+army southward to the line of the James River and prepare to move upon
+Richmond and its defences from that side. This change of base was one
+of General Grant's finest achievements, admirably planned, and so
+skilfully executed that for three days Lee remained in total ignorance
+of what his adversary was doing. The Second Connecticut withdrew from
+its position on June 12th, late at night, reached the river on the
+16th, and, moving up it in transports, was disembarked and sent toward
+Petersburg, to a point on the left wing of the army. It reached
+position on the night of the 19th and entrenched. The usual
+occurrences of such marches as attended this change of scene were
+varied for the men, as the regimental history suggestively relates, by
+a notable circumstance--a bath in the river. "It was the only luxury
+we had had for weeks. It was a goodly sight to see half a dozen
+regiments disporting themselves in the tepid waters of the James. But
+no reader can possibly understand what enjoyment it afforded, unless
+he has slept on the ground for fourteen days without undressing, and
+been compelled to walk, cook, and live on all fours, lest a
+perpendicular assertion of his manhood should instantly convert it
+into clay."
+
+The operations against Petersburg had been going on for some time when
+the regiment arrived, and for two days it lay in the rifle pits it had
+dug under continual fire, with frequent resulting casualties. It was
+"the most intolerable position the regiment was ever required to hold.
+We had seen a deadlier spot at Cold Harbor, and others awaited us in
+the future; but they were agonies that did not last. Here, however, we
+had to stay, hour after hour, from before dawn until after dark, and
+that, too, where we could not move a rod without extreme danger. The
+enemy's line was parallel with ours, just across the wheat field; then
+they had numerous sharpshooters, who were familiar with every acre of
+the ground, perched in tall trees on both our flanks; then they had
+artillery posted everywhere. No man could cast his eyes over the
+parapet, or expose himself ten feet in the rear of the trench without
+drawing fire. And yet they did thus expose themselves; for where there
+are even chances of being missed or hit, soldiers will take the
+chances rather than lie still and suffer from thirst, supineness, and
+want of all things. There was no getting to the rear until zig-zag
+passages were dug, and then the wounded were borne off. Our occupation
+continued during the night and the next day, the regiment being
+divided into two reliefs, the one off duty lying a little to the rear,
+in a cornfield near Harrison's house. But it was a question whether
+'off' or 'on' duty was the more dangerous."
+
+On the 21st, relieved from this post, the regiment was moved to a new
+position further southwest and about the same distance from the city
+of Petersburg, which lay in plain view and whose city clocks could be
+heard distinctly. The Sixth Corps was engaged in an operation having
+the purpose of breaking Lee's communications with the South by the
+line of the Weldon Railroad, and in the course of this the Second
+Connecticut took part in a "sharp skirmish" with Hill's Division, on
+June 22nd, an affair which to other experiences would be notable as a
+battle of some proportions. The desired result was not gained; the
+attempt on Petersburg, which if successful might have hastened the end
+of the Confederacy by six months, and which came so near success, was
+changed to besieging operations, and for some time Grant's army lay
+comparatively quiet. In its four days in action here, the regiment
+suffered as follows: Killed or died of wounds, fifteen; wounded but
+not mortally, fifteen; missing, three; prisoners who died, five.
+
+[Illustration: Colonel Wessells]
+
+
+
+
+On July 9th came the orders which took the Second Connecticut for many
+months away from its place before Petersburg, where, after the
+activities described, it had settled down to a less exciting course of
+constructing batteries, forts, and breastworks, and laying out camps,
+with days of comparative peace and comfort notwithstanding several
+alarms showing the possibility of more arduous service.
+
+The Confederate Army which had been sent under General Early into the
+Shenandoah Valley to create a diversion in that quarter, had
+unexpectedly appeared on the Potomac in a sudden dash upon
+Washington, then defended chiefly by raw levies. Part of the Sixth
+Corps had been detached from Grant's army and sent to protect the
+capital a few days before; now the rest of the corps, including the
+Second Connecticut, was hurried north and reached Washington just in
+time to defeat Early's purpose. He had planned to storm the city on
+the 12th, and with good prospects of success; it was on that very day
+at an early hour, that the reinforcing troops arrived. They were
+hurried through the city to the threatened point, and the enemy,
+seeing the well-known corps badge confronting them at Fort Stevens,
+and recognizing that the opportunity was gone, promptly retreated,
+after an engagement in which the Second Connecticut took no active
+part. This occasion was notable by reason of the fact that for the
+only time during the war President Lincoln was under fire, as he
+watched the progress of affairs from the parapet of Fort Stevens.
+
+The pursuit which began at once entailed some hard marching, but the
+enemy could not be brought to a stand. It continued for several days
+until the Valley of the Shenandoah was reached, when Early, as was
+supposed, having hurried back to join Lee at Petersburg, the Sixth
+Corps was marched again swiftly to the capital. Here it developed that
+the authorities had decided to keep part of the forces sent for their
+protection, to man the defences, since Early's attempt had come so
+dangerously near succeeding, and the Second Connecticut was chosen to
+remain. On July 25th it was moved into the same forts it had occupied
+when called to the front two months before, and here it might have
+remained through the rest of its term of service, if Early had, as was
+presumed, gone back to join Lee at Petersburg. But it was learned now
+that he had faced about when the chase ceased and was again
+threatening a northward move. The Sixth Corps was therefore ordered
+against his force once more, the Second Connecticut going from the
+anticipated comforts of its prospective garrison duty with anything
+but satisfaction. "The men who had rolled into those cosy bunks with
+the declared intention of 'sleeping a week steady,' were on their
+cursing way through Tenallytown again in twenty-four hours, marching
+with accelerated pace toward Frederick to overtake the brigade of the
+red cross, to which they had so lately bidden an everlasting adieu.
+Oh, bitter cup!"
+
+After much marching and counter marching they found themselves on
+August 6th at Halltown in the Valley. For more than a month the army,
+now placed under the command of General Sheridan, was occupied in
+organizing and manoeuvering for the projected campaign, which the
+presence of the hostile force in that important quarter necessitated.
+
+Though on a much smaller scale than the operations in which the
+regiment had borne a part since it had been in active service, the
+impending action in the Shenandoah Valley was recognized as being of
+great importance. Grant's official report, speaking on this point,
+says: "Defeat to us would lay open to the enemy the states of
+Maryland and Pennsylvania for long distances before another army could
+be interposed to check him," and aside from the military aspect of the
+matter, the political campaign then agitating the loyal states made
+the result of the struggle here of profound influence.
+
+The campaign's activities began with the battle of the Opequan, or, as
+it is perhaps more often designated, of Winchester. General Sheridan
+took advantage of an opportunity for which he had been patiently
+waiting by moving his forces to the attack at daylight on the morning
+of September 19th, and before noon the engagement was fierce and
+general, both assault and defence being made with equal spirit and
+determination; that part of the Sixth Corps which comprised the Second
+Connecticut, however, had taken small part in it, being held in
+reserve.
+
+It was about midday that in a counter charge against the Union center,
+the enemy found a weak point at the junction of the Sixth Corps with
+the Nineteenth, of which they quickly took advantage, breaking the
+line and driving back the troops on the flanks of both corps in great
+disorder. Their successful advance and the flight of the opposing
+forces gave such assurances of victory that more than one Confederate
+writer says that at this point the battle which had raged since
+daylight was won. Jefferson Davis himself wrote, years after, of the
+charge: "This affair occurred about 11 A.M., and a splendid victory
+had been gained,"--a judgment which lacked finality. In fact, had the
+separation of the wings of Sheridan's army been accomplished, as it
+was threatened, the result would have been utter disaster; just now,
+however, Upton's brigade, of which the Second Connecticut formed a
+large part, was brought up to the point of danger. The charge was
+checked, the enemy in turn driven back, and the Union line
+re-established.
+
+In the regimental history it is related that the brigade was pushed
+forward gradually, "halted on a spot where the ground was depressed
+enough to afford a little protection, and only a little,--for several
+men were hit while lying there, as well as others, while getting
+there. In three minutes the regiment again advanced, passed over a
+knoll, lost several more men, and halted in another hollow spot,
+similar to the first. The enemy's advance had now been pushed well
+back, and here a stay was made of perhaps two hours. Colonel Mackenzie
+rode slowly back and forth along the rise of ground in front of this
+position in a very reckless manner, in plain sight and easy range of
+the enemy, who kept up a fire from a piece of woods in front, which
+elicited from him the remark, 'I guess those fellows will get tired of
+firing at me by and by.' But the ground where the regiment lay was
+very slightly depressed, and although the shots missed Mackenzie they
+killed and wounded a large number of both officers and men behind him.
+
+"About three o'clock, an advance of the whole line having been ordered
+by Sheridan, the regiment charged across the field, Mackenzie riding
+some ten rods ahead, holding his hat aloft on the point of his saber.
+The distance to the woods was at least a quarter of a mile, and was
+traversed under a fire that carried off its victims at nearly every
+step. The enemy abandoned the woods, however, as the regiment
+approached. After a short halt it again advanced to a rail fence which
+ran along the side of an extensive field. Here, for the first time
+during the whole of this bloody day, did the regiment have orders to
+fire, and for ten minutes they had the privilege of pouring an
+effective fire into the rebels, who were thick in front. Then a flank
+movement was made along the fence to the right, followed by a direct
+advance of forty rods into the field. Here was the deadliest spot of
+the day. The enemy's artillery, on a rise of ground in front, plowed
+the field with canister and shells, and tore the ranks in a frightful
+manner. Major Rice was struck by a shell, his left arm torn off, and
+his body cut almost asunder. Major Skinner was struck on the top of
+the head by a shell, knocked nearly a rod with his face to the earth,
+and was carried to the rear insensible. General Upton had a good
+quarter pound of flesh taken out of his thigh by a shell. Colonel
+Mackenzie's horse was cut in two by a solid shot which just grazed the
+rider's leg and let him down to the ground very abruptly. Several
+other officers were also struck; and from these instances as well as
+from the appended list of casualties some idea may be gained of the
+havoc among the enlisted men at this point. Although the regiment had
+been under fire and losing continually from the middle of the
+afternoon, until it was now almost sunset, yet the losses during ten
+minutes in this last field were probably equal to those of all the
+rest of the day. It was doubtless the spot referred to by the rebel
+historian, Pollard, when he says, 'Early's artillery was fought to the
+muzzle of the guns.' Mackenzie gave the order to move by the left
+flank and a start was made, but there was no enduring such a fire, and
+the men ran back and lay down. Another attempt was soon made, and
+after passing a large oak tree a sheltered position was secured. The
+next move was directly into the enemy's breastwork. They had just
+been driven from it by a cavalry charge from the right, and were in
+full retreat through the streets of Winchester, and some of their
+abandoned artillery which had done us so much damage stood yet in
+position, hissing hot with action, with their miserable rac-a-bone
+horses attached. The brigade, numbering less than half the muskets it
+had in the morning, was now got into shape, and after marching to a
+field in the eastern edge of the city, bivouacked for the night, while
+the pursuit rolled miles away up the valley pike." Night alone, wrote
+General Wesley Merritt, saved Early's army from capture.
+
+To the losses of the day the Second Connecticut contributed forty-two
+killed and one hundred and eight wounded, the proportion of officers
+being very large.
+
+Unlike their previous severe engagement at Cold Harbor, the regiment
+had the thrilling consciousness of complete victory to hearten them
+after this battle, and, later, when the full history of the day was
+learned, the realization that they had played a part of no little
+importance in attaining it.
+
+The moment when they were brought into action was a critical one.
+General Sheridan, in his report summing up the operations of the
+campaign, said: "At Winchester for a moment the contest was uncertain,
+but the gallant attack of General Upton's brigade of the Sixth Corps
+restored the line of battle," and of this brigade the Second
+Connecticut formed fully half. Upton's report gave high praise to
+Colonel Mackenzie, and said: "His regiment on the right initiated
+nearly every movement of the division, and behaved with great
+steadiness and gallantry."
+
+The victory itself, with the sequel which followed so promptly three
+days later, had an importance far beyond its purely military value,
+through its marked effects upon public sentiment throughout the
+country; it brought to one side jubilant satisfaction, and gave a
+corresponding depression to the other, and it elevated Sheridan at
+once to that high place in popular affection which he always
+afterwards held. That it was "the turning-point of the fortunes of the
+war in Virginia," was the verdict of a Confederate officer of high
+rank, and Nicolay and Hay in the "Life of Lincoln" describe it as "one
+of the most important of the war."
+
+As for the Litchfield County regiment, among its many proud memories,
+none surely holds a higher place than that of the worthy and effective
+part it took in this day's work, forming, as it did, so large a part
+of the brigade which, in the words of General Upton's biographer,
+turned possible defeat into certain victory.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+General Sheridan's method of operation could hardly be held as
+dilatory. It would doubtless have commended itself more highly to his
+men if it had been somewhat more so, when at daylight on the morning
+after the splendid success of September 19th they were ordered in
+pursuit of Early's army.
+
+The Confederate forces had taken position on Fisher's Hill, considered
+the Gibraltar of the Valley, and according to Sheridan, almost
+impregnable to a direct assault. Two days were occupied in bringing up
+troops and making dispositions for the attack. The Second Connecticut
+reached its assigned position on the 21st near midnight, and found
+itself "on the very top of a hill fully as high as Fisher's Hill, and
+separated from it by Tumbling River. The enemy's stronghold was on the
+top of the opposite hill directly across the stream."
+
+On the 22nd more or less skirmishing took place all day. A force had
+been sent round the enemy's left flank; the attack it delivered late
+in the afternoon was a complete surprise to Early's men, and an
+advance by the whole Union line quickly routed them.
+
+To make this charge the regiment moved down the steep hill, waded the
+stream, and moved up the rocky front of the rebel Gibraltar. How they
+got up there is a mystery,--for the ascent of that rocky declivity
+would now seem an impossibility to an unburdened traveller, even
+though there were no deadly enemy at the top. But up they went,
+clinging to rocks and bushes. The main rebel breastwork, which they
+were so confident of holding, was about fifteen rods from the top of
+the bluff, with brush piled in front of it. Just as the top was
+reached the Eighth Corps struck the enemy on the right, and their
+flight was disordered and precipitate. The Second Connecticut was the
+first regiment that reached and planted colors on the works from the
+direct front.
+
+They were marching in pursuit all that night and for three succeeding
+days, until the chase was seen to be hopeless and the army faced
+northward again. Four killed and nineteen wounded were added at
+Fisher's Hill to the growing record of the Second Connecticut's
+losses.
+
+[Illustration: Colonel Kellogg]
+
+
+
+
+Such complete failure in their campaign had, it was now believed,
+eliminated the enemy in the Shenandoah Valley. The Sixth Corps was
+accordingly ordered back to Grant's army before Petersburg after a few
+days of rest, and was moving toward Washington on its way when there
+came a sudden change of orders.
+
+Early, reinforced and once more ready, was again in the works he had
+been driven from at Fisher's Hill. The corps, recalled to join the
+forces of Sheridan, went into camp along the north bank of Cedar Creek
+on October 14th, and here there soon took place one of the most
+thrilling and dramatic conflicts of the war.
+
+"For the next few days," the history of the regiment states, "there
+was much quiet and a good deal of speculation among the troops as to
+what would be the next shift of the scenes. The enemy was close in
+front, just as he had been for weeks preceding the battle of
+Winchester, but this attitude which might once have been called
+defiance, now seemed to be mere impudence,--and it was the general
+opinion that Early did not wish or intend to fight again, but that he
+was to be kept there as a standing threat in order to prevent
+Sheridan's army from returning to Grant. And yet there was something
+mysterious in his conduct. He was known to be receiving
+reinforcements, and his signal flags on Three-top Mountain (just south
+of Fisher's Hill) were continually in motion. From the top of
+Massanutton Mountain his vedettes could look down upon the whole Union
+army, as one can look down upon New Haven from East Rock, and there is
+no doubt that the exact location of every camp, and the position of
+every gun and every picket post were thoroughly known to him.
+Nevertheless, it seemed the most improbable thing in the world that he
+could be meditating either an open attack or a surprise. The position
+was strong, the creek and its crossings in possession of our pickets
+both along the front and well out on either flank." But Early himself,
+being in difficulties his enemy knew nothing of, says, "I was
+compelled to move back for want of provisions and forage, or attack
+the enemy in his position with the hope of driving him from it, and I
+determined to attack."
+
+His plan was, like his adversary's at the last encounter, a surprise
+around the left flank with a feint on the right, and it was carried
+out on the morning of October 19th with complete success. General
+Sheridan had been called to Washington a few days before, as no active
+operations seemed imminent, and the army lay feeling quite secure.
+
+Good fortune attended the attacking forces, and the surprise was
+perfect. General Merritt writes: "Crook's (Eighth Corps) camp and
+afterwards Emory's (Nineteenth Corps) were attacked in flank and rear,
+and the men and officers driven from their beds, many of them not
+having time to hurry into their clothes, except as they retreated,
+half awake and terror-stricken from the overpowering numbers of the
+enemy. Their own artillery in conjunction with that of the enemy, was
+turned on them, and long before it was light enough for their eyes,
+unaccustomed to the dim light, to distinguish friend from foe, they
+were hurrying to our right and rear intent only on their safety.
+Wright's (Sixth Corps) infantry, which was farther removed from the
+point of attack, fared somewhat better, but did not offer more than a
+spasmodic resistance." Nevertheless, they made Early "pay dearly for
+every foot gained and finally brought him to a stand," as Nicolay and
+Hay record.
+
+The history of the Second Connecticut tells the story of the day as
+follows: "Most of the regiment were up next morning long before
+Reveille and many had begun to cook their coffee on account of that
+ominous popping and cracking which had been going on for half an hour
+off to the right. They did not exactly suppose it meant anything, but
+they had learned wisdom by many a sudden march on an empty stomach and
+did not propose to be caught napping. The clatter on the right
+increased. It began to be the wonder why no orders came. But suddenly
+every man seemed to lose interest in the right, and turned his
+inquiring eyes and ears toward the left. Rapid volleys and a vague
+tumult told that there was trouble there. 'Fall in!' said Mackenzie.
+The brigade moved briskly off toward the east, crossing the track of
+other troops and batteries of artillery which were hurriedly swinging
+into position, while ambulances, orderlies, staff officers, camp
+followers, pack horses, cavalrymen, sutler's wagons, hospital wagons,
+and six-mule teams of every description came trundling and galloping
+pell mell toward the right and rear and making off toward Winchester.
+It was not a hundred rods from our own camp to the place where we went
+into position on a road running north. General Wright, the temporary
+commander of the army, bareheaded, and with blood trickling from his
+beard, sat on his horse near by, as if bewildered or in a brown study.
+The ground was cleared in front of the road and sloped off some thirty
+rods to a stream, on the opposite side of which it rose for about an
+equal distance to a piece of woods in which the advance rebel line had
+already taken position. The newly risen sun, huge and bloody, was on
+their side in more senses than one. Our line faced directly to the
+east and we could see nothing but that enormous disk, rising out of
+the fog, while they could see every man in our line and could take
+good aim. The battalion lay down, and part of the men began to fire,
+but the shape of the ground afforded little protection and large
+numbers were killed and wounded. Four fifths of our loss for the
+entire day occurred during the time we lay here,--which could not have
+been over five minutes,--by the end of which time the Second
+Connecticut found itself in an isolated position not unlike that at
+Cold Harbor. The fog had now thinned away somewhat and a firm rebel
+line with colors full high advanced came rolling over the knoll just
+in front of our left not more than three hundred yards distant. 'Rise
+up,--Retreat,' said Mackenzie,--and the battalion began to move back.
+
+"For a little distance the retreat was made in very good order, but it
+soon degenerated into a rout. Men from a score of regiments were mixed
+up in flight, and the whole corps was scattered over acres and acres
+with no more organization than a herd of buffaloes. Some of the
+wounded were carried for a distance by their comrades, who were at
+length compelled to leave them to their fate in order to escape being
+shot. About a mile from the place where the retreat commenced there
+was a road running directly across the valley. Here the troops were
+rallied and a slight defence of rails thrown up. The regimental and
+brigade flags were set up as beacons to direct each man how to steer
+through the mob and in a very few minutes there was an effective line
+of battle established. A few round shot ricochetted overhead, making
+about an eighth of a mile at a jump, and a few grape were dropped into
+a ditch just behind our line, quickly clearing out some soldiers who
+had crawled in there, but this was the extent of the pursuit. The
+whole brigade (and a very small brigade it was) was deployed as
+skirmishers under Colonel Olcott of the One Hundred and Twenty-first
+New York. Three lines of skirmishers were formed and each in turn
+constituted the first line while the other two passed through and
+halted, and so the retreat was continued for about three miles until a
+halt was made upon high ground, from which we could plainly see the
+Johnnies sauntering around on the very ground where we had slept."
+
+Once more could Early claim the credit of a victory of which at night
+he was to find himself again deprived. Sheridan's famous ride, his
+meeting and turning of the tide of fugitives, is the feature of the
+day's occurrences which will always live in the popular memory. It is
+a significant hint of the scale of such a battlefield to know that the
+men of the Second Connecticut had no visual perception of his presence
+that day, though they heard the cheering occasioned by his appearance
+in other parts of the scene, and in his report there is mention of a
+meeting with Colonel Mackenzie, whom he tried to persuade to go to the
+rear on account of his wounds.
+
+The Confederate belief in their victory was not unreasonable, but it
+was now to suffer an astonishing upset. Weary and demoralized with
+success, they were entirely unprepared for the vigor of their
+opponents, who after repulsing their last assault, quickly reformed
+the lines and prepared for a general advance. Sheridan writes: "This
+attack was brilliantly made, and as the enemy was protected by rail
+breastworks and at some portions of his line by stone fences, his
+resistance was very determined."
+
+The history of the Second Connecticut gives a detailed account of its
+movement, first against a stone wall in front which after some
+opposition was abandoned by the enemy, who then "attempted to rally
+behind another fence a little further back, but after a moment or two
+gave it up and 'retired.' Not only in front of our regiment, but all
+along as far as the eye could reach, both to the right and left, were
+they flying over the uneven country in precisely the same kind of
+disorder that we had exhibited in the morning. The shouts and screams
+of victory mingled with the roar of the firing, and never was heard
+'so musical a discord, such sweet thunder.' The sight of so many rebel
+heels made it a very easy thing to be brave, and the Union troops
+pressed on, utterly regardless of the grape and canister which to the
+last moment the enemy flung behind him. It would not have been well
+for them to have fired too much if they had had ever so good a chance,
+for they would have been no more likely to hit our men than their own,
+who were our prisoners and scattered in squads of twenty, squads of
+ten, and squads of one, all over the vast field. At one time they
+made a determined stand along a ridge in front of our brigade. A
+breastwork of rails was thrown together, colors planted, a nucleus
+made, and both flanks grew longer and longer with wonderful rapidity.
+It was evident that they were driving back their men to this line
+without regard to regiment or organization of any kind. This could be
+plainly seen from the adjacent and similar ridge over which we were
+moving,--the pursuers being in quite as much disorder (so far as
+organizations were concerned) as the pursued. That growing line began
+to look ugly and somewhat quenched the ardor of the chase. It began to
+be a question in many minds whether it would not be a point of wisdom
+'to survey the vantage of the ground' before getting much further. But
+just as we descended into the intervening hollow, a body of cavalry,
+not large but compact, was seen scouring along the fields to our right
+and front like a whirlwind directly toward the left flank of that
+formidable line on the hill. When we reached the top there was no
+enemy there! They had moved on and the cavalry after them.
+
+"Thus the chase was continued, from position to position, for miles
+and miles, for hours and hours, until darkness closed in and every
+regiment went into camp on the identical ground it had left in such
+haste in the morning. Every man tied his shelter tent to the very same
+old stakes, and in half an hour coffee was boiling and salt pork
+sputtering over thousands of camp fires. Civil life may furnish better
+fare than the army at Cedar Creek had that night, but not better
+appetites; for it must be borne in mind that many had gone into the
+fight directly from their beds and had eaten nothing for twenty-four
+hours.
+
+"Men from every company started out the first thing after reaching
+camp to look for our dead and wounded, many of whom lay not fifty rods
+off. The slightly wounded who had not got away had been taken
+prisoners and sent at once toward Richmond--while the severely wounded
+had lain all day on the ground near where they were hit while the
+tide of battle ebbed and flowed over them. Some of the mortally
+wounded were just able to greet their returning comrades, hear the
+news of victory, and send a last message to their friends before
+expiring. Corporal Charles M. Burr was shot above the ankle just after
+the battalion had risen up and started to retreat. Both bones of his
+leg were shattered and he had to be left. In a few minutes the rebel
+battalion which I have already mentioned came directly over him in
+pursuit, and was soon out of his sight. Then being alone for a short
+time he pulled off the boot from his sound leg, put his watch and
+money into it and put it on again. Next a merciful rebel lieutenant
+came and tied a handkerchief around his leg, stanching the blood. Next
+came the noble army of stragglers and bummers with the question,
+'Hello, Yank, have you got any Yankee notions about you?' and at the
+same time thrusting their hands into every pocket. They captured a
+little money and small traps, but seeing one boot was spoiled they
+did not meddle with the other. Next came wagons, picking up muskets
+and accoutrements which lay thick all over the ground. Then came
+ambulances and picked up the rebel wounded but left ours. Then came a
+citizen of the Confederacy asking many questions, and then came three
+boys who gave him water. And thus the day wore along until the middle
+of the afternoon when the tide of travel began to turn. The noble army
+of stragglers and bummers led the advance--then the roar of battle
+grew nearer and louder and more general, then came galloping officers
+and all kinds of wagons, then a brass twelve-pounder swung round close
+to him, unlimbered, fired one shot, and whipped off again--then came
+the routed infantry, artillery, and cavalry, all mixed together, all
+on a full run, and strewing the ground with muskets and equipments.
+Then came the shouting 'boys in blue,' and in a few minutes Pat
+Birmingham came up and said: 'Well, Charley, I'm glad to find you
+alive. I didn't expect it. We're back again in the old camp, and the
+Johnnies are whipped all to pieces.'"
+
+The victory was as complete and satisfying as it was spectacular; the
+enemy was at last so thoroughly beaten that a dangerous attitude could
+not be taken again. It was a fitting close for Sheridan's famous
+campaign in the Shenandoah Valley.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+To the Second Connecticut the day at Cedar Creek brought losses nearly
+as heavy as were suffered at Winchester just a month before:
+thirty-eight killed, ninety-six wounded, and two missing, besides a
+large number made prisoners,--an entire company having been captured
+early in the morning while on picket,--of whom eleven died in
+captivity. These losses were in fact proportionately even larger than
+those met with at Cold Harbor, as the hard service of the preceding
+months had reduced the regiment's effective strength to about
+twenty-five officers and seven hundred men present for duty.
+
+
+
+
+General Sheridan's report on the Shenandoah campaign gave high praise
+to Colonel Mackenzie, who, as a result of his conduct, received a
+promotion and was commissioned brigadier-general in December. His
+disability from the two wounds received at Cedar Creek, however,
+necessitated his relinquishing the command of the regiment immediately
+after that engagement, and this devolved upon Lieutenant-Colonel James
+Hubbard; to him in due course came the colonel's commission, and he
+led the regiment throughout the rest of its career.
+
+[Illustration: Colonel Mackenzie]
+
+Colonel Hubbard, though born in Salisbury, had lived in the West
+before the war, and first saw service with an Illinois regiment.
+Returning to Connecticut, he assisted in raising a company for the
+Nineteenth, and was mustered in as its captain. He was steadily
+promoted until the death of Colonel Kellogg brought him naturally to
+the command of the regiment; but, as has been said, his own modest
+estimate of his qualifications for this responsibility caused him to
+decline the appointment. When it came to him a second time he
+accepted, and proved by his subsequent handling of the regiment a
+worthy successor to the remarkably able soldiers under whom he had
+served, winning the brevet rank of brigadier-general in the final
+campaigns. His ambition was, a comrade wrote, to do his full duty
+without a thought for personal glory; and he enjoyed in a high degree
+the respect and affection of his command. He died in Washington, where
+he lived for many years, on December 21, 1886, and was buried in
+Winsted.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The brilliant victories in which the Second Artillery had borne so
+worthy a part, and the re-election of President Lincoln in November
+(1864), put an end to all anxieties as to danger in the quarter of the
+Shenandoah, which before Sheridan's campaign had been a region of
+fatal mischance to the national cause from the beginning of the war.
+As a consequence the Sixth Corps was once more ordered to rejoin
+Grant's army, and the regiment left the historic valley on December
+1st, arriving on the 5th before Petersburg, where it was assigned a
+position near the place of its skirmish on June 22nd.
+
+"Then it was unbroken forest," says its history; "now, hundreds of
+acres were cleared, and dotted with camps. A corduroy road ran by, and
+a telegraph, and Grant's railroad. No other such railroad was ever
+seen before, or ever will be again. It was laid right on top of the
+ground, without any attempt at grading, and you might see the engine
+and rear car of a long train, while the middle of the train would be
+in a valley, completely out of sight. Having reached Parke Station,
+we moved to a camp near Battery Number Twenty-seven, and went into the
+snug and elegant little log houses just vacated by the Ninety-fourth
+New York. This was a new kind of situation for the 'Second Heavies.'
+The idea of being behind permanent and powerful breastworks, defended
+by abatis, ditches, and what not, with approaches so difficult that
+ten men could hold five hundred at bay, was so novel, that the men
+actually felt as if there must be some mistake, and that they had got
+into the wrong place."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+For two months no fighting fell to the regiment's lot, for though the
+Union commanders and armies were ready and eager to make an end of the
+war as soon as possible, little could be done during the winter.
+Though this inactivity brought perhaps some relief from the rigors of
+army life, the men had numerous reminders that they were still in
+active service. One of the chief events of this season the history of
+the regiment describes as follows: "On the afternoon of the 9th
+(December, 1864), the First and Third Divisions of the Sixth Corps
+were marched to the left, beyond the permanent lines, and off in the
+direction of the Weldon Railroad, to prevent any attack on the Fifth
+and Second Corps, now returning from their expedition. After going for
+about six miles we halted for the night, in a piece of woods. It was
+bitter cold when we left camp, but soon began to moderate, then to
+rain, then to sleet; so that by the time we halted, everything was
+covered with ice, with snow two inches deep on the ground, and still
+sifting down through the pines. It was the work of an hour to get
+fires going,--but at last they began to take hold, and fuel was piled
+on as though it did not cost anything. Clouds of steam rolled out of
+the soaked garments of the men, as they stood huddled around the
+roaring, cracking piles,--and the black night and ghostly woods were
+lighted up in a style most wonderful. The storm continued all night,
+and many a man waked up next morning to find his legs firmly packed
+in new fallen snow. At daylight orders came to pack up and be ready
+to move at once; which was now a difficult order to execute, on
+account of many things, especially the shelter tents;--for they were
+as rigid as sheet-iron and yet had to be rolled up and strapped on the
+knapsacks. Nevertheless it was not long before the regiment was in
+motion; and after plodding off for a mile to the left, a line of
+battle was formed, vedettes sent out, trees felled and breastworks
+built, and at dinner-time the men were allowed to build fires and cook
+breakfast. Then, after standing until almost night in the snow, which
+had now turned to sleet, the column was headed homeward. Upon
+arriving, it was discovered that some of the Jersey Brigade had taken
+possession of our log snuggeries, and that their officers had
+established their heels upon the mantels in our officers' quarters,
+and were smoking the pipes of comfort and complacency, as though they
+had not a trouble in the world, and never expected to have. But they
+soon found that possession is not nine points of military law, by any
+means. An order from Division Headquarters soon sent them profanely
+packing,--and the Second Heavies occupied."
+
+Though weeks were spent in such comparative comfort and immunity as
+the present situation afforded, the men felt as if they were resting
+over a volcano which might break into fierce activity at any moment;
+and as the winter passed signs of the renewal of the struggle
+multiplied on all sides.
+
+On February 5th (1865), part of the Second Connecticut was ordered to
+move out to support and protect the flank of the Fifth Corps, which
+was engaged near Hatcher's Run, and accordingly left the comforts of
+the camp and bivouacked for the night a few miles away. The history of
+the regiment says: "It was bitter cold sleeping that night--so cold
+that half the men stood or sat around fires all night. In the morning
+the movement was continued. A little before sundown we crossed
+Hatcher's Run and moved by the flank directly into a piece of woods,
+the Second Brigade under Hubbard leading the division and the Second
+Connecticut under Skinner leading the brigade. Wounded men were being
+brought to the rear and the noise just ahead told of mischief there.
+Colonel Hubbard filed to the left at the head of the column along a
+slight ridge and about half the regiment had filed when troops of the
+Fifth Corps came running through to the rear and at the same moment
+General Wheaton rode up with 'oblique to the left, oblique to the
+left,' and making energetic gestures toward the rise of ground. The
+ridge was quickly gained and fire opened just in time to head off a
+counter fire and charge that was already in progress, but between the
+'file left' and the 'left oblique' and the breaking of our ranks by
+troops retreating from in front, and the vines and underbrush (which
+were so thick that they unhorsed some of the staff officers) there was
+a good deal of confusion, and the line soon fell back about ten rods,
+where it was reformed and a vigorous fire poured--somewhat at
+random--a little to the left of our first position. The attempt of
+the enemy to get in on the left of the Fifth Corps was frustrated.
+Our casualties were six wounded (some of them probably by our own men)
+and one missing. The position was occupied that night, and the next
+day until about sundown, when the brigade shifted some distance to the
+right and again advanced under an artillery fire to within a short
+distance of the rebel batteries and built breastworks. The rebel
+picket shots whistled overhead all the time the breastworks were
+building, but mostly too high to hurt anything but the trees. At
+midnight the division moved back to quarters, arriving at sunrise.
+Having taken a ration of whiskey which was ordered by Grant or
+somebody else in consideration of three nights and two days on the
+bare ground in February, together with some fighting and a good deal
+of hard marching and hard work, the men lay down to sleep as the sun
+rose up, and did not rise up until the sun went down."
+
+[Illustration: Colonel Hubbard]
+
+
+
+
+The routine of picket duty, inspection, alarms, and orders to be in
+readiness which came not infrequently, continued for another
+succession of weeks, varied now by the constant arrival of deserters
+from the enemy, who were coming into the Union lines singly and in
+large parties almost daily, and revealing the desperate condition on
+the other side. Preparations went on for what all felt was to be the
+final campaign; and this opened for the Second Connecticut on March
+25th, when the famous assault on Fort Stedman was made by the enemy,
+Lee's last attempt at offensive operations.
+
+This position, which was on the eastern side of the city of
+Petersburg, was gallantly attacked and captured in the early morning;
+troops were at once called from all parts of the Union line and
+hurried to the point of action, but the fort was retaken before the
+Second Connecticut reached the scene, and the regiment was then moved
+to the southwest of the city before Fort Fisher, a general assault of
+the whole extensive line having been ordered by Grant to develop the
+weakness that Lee must have been obliged to make somewhere to carry
+out his plan against Fort Stedman. The attack succeeded in gaining and
+holding a large share of the Confederate picket line, a matter of
+great importance.
+
+The Second Connecticut advanced to the charge late in the afternoon
+"as steadily as though on a battalion drill," the regimental history
+relates. It captured a line of rifle pits and kept on "under a
+combined artillery and musket fire. The air was blue with the little
+cast iron balls from spherical-case shot which shaved the ground and
+exploded among the stumps just in rear of the line at intervals of
+only a few seconds. Twenty of the Second Connecticut were
+wounded--seven of them mortally--in reaching, occupying, and
+abandoning this position, which, proving entirely untenable, was held
+only a few minutes. The line faced about and moved back under the same
+mixed fire of solid shot, spherical case, and musketry, and halted not
+far in front of the spot whence it had first moved forward. Other
+troops on the right now engaged the battery and captured the rest of
+the picket line, and after half an hour the brigade again moved
+forward to a position still further advanced than the previous one,
+where a permanent picket line was established."
+
+The week following this eventful day, which began with the capture of
+one of the Union works, and ended with substantial gains along their
+front, saw intense activity on all sides. The abandonment of
+Petersburg by Lee was now plainly imminent, and the preventing of his
+army's escape was the paramount object. The whole vast field of
+operation about the besieged city became a seething theater of
+complicated movement, and the Second Connecticut, under frequent
+orders for immediate advance, was formed in line at all hours of the
+day or night, and excited by a thousand rumors and orders given and
+revoked, but it did not finally leave its quarters during this time.
+
+On April 1st, Sheridan won his notable victory at Five Forks, and at
+midnight the regiment was ordered out for a final charge on the
+defences so long held against them, which was to be made early on the
+2nd. All was made ready, the lines formed, and at daylight the signal
+gun set the army in motion.
+
+"The advance was over precisely the same ground as on the 25th of
+March, and the firing came from the same battery and breastworks,
+although not quite so severe. Lieutenant-Colonel Skinner and seven
+enlisted men were wounded--none of them fatally. There was but little
+firing on our side, but with bayonets fixed the boys went in,--not in
+a very mathematical right line, but strongly and surely,--on, on,
+until the first line was carried. Then, invigorated and greatly
+encouraged by success, they pressed on--the opposing fire slackening
+every minute,--on, on, through the abatis and ditch, up the steep
+bank, over the parapet into the rebel camp that had but just been
+deserted. Then and there the long tried and ever faithful soldiers of
+the Republic saw daylight--and such a shout as tore the concave of
+that morning sky it were worth dying to hear." The same jubilant
+success was attending the whole army, though not without sharp
+resistance on the part of the enemy in places.
+
+Throughout the day advances were made and the works so long besieged
+were occupied all over the vast field, and at night the men "lay down
+in muddy trenches, among the dying and the dead, under a most
+murderous fire of sharpshooters. There had been charges and counter
+charges,--but our troops held all they had gained. At length the hot
+day gave place to chilly night, and the extreme change brought much
+suffering. The men had flung away whatever was fling-away-able during
+the charge of the morning and the subsequent hot march--as men always
+will, under like circumstances--and now they found themselves
+blanketless, stockingless, overcoatless,--in cold and damp trenches,
+and compelled by the steady firing to lie still, or adopt a
+horizontal, crawling mode of locomotion, which did not admit of speed
+enough to quicken the circulation of the blood. Some took clothing
+from the dead and wrapped themselves in it; others, who were fortunate
+enough to procure spades, dug gopher holes, and burrowed. At daylight
+the Sixty-fifth New York clambered over the huge earthwork, took
+possession of Fort Hell, opened a picket fire and fired one of the
+guns in the fort, eliciting no reply. Just then a huge fire in the
+direction of the city, followed by several explosions, convinced our
+side that Lee's army had indeed left. The regiment was hastily got
+together,--ninety muskets being all that could be produced,--and sent
+out on picket. The picket line advanced and meeting with no resistance
+pushed on into the city. What regiment was first to enter the city is
+and probably ever will be a disputed question. The Second Connecticut
+claims to have been in first, but Colonel Hubbard had ordered the
+colors to remain behind when the regiment went out on the skirmish
+line, consequently the stars and stripes that first floated over
+captured Petersburg belonged to some other regiment. Colonel Hubbard
+was, however, made Provost-Marshal of the city, and for a brief while
+dispensed government and law in that capacity."
+
+Petersburg, however, now that it was abandoned by the enemy, had lost
+the importance it had so long possessed, and all energies were given
+to preventing the escape of its late defenders. Before the end of the
+day (April 3rd) the regiment, with the rest of the Sixth Corps, had
+turned westward and joined the pursuit. The chase was stern and the
+marches rapid, but far less wearing to these victorious veterans,
+filled with the consciousness of success, than those that had
+initiated their campaigning less than a year before. On April 6th the
+regiment, after an all day march, came up with the enemy in position
+at Sailor's Creek, and went into the last engagement of its career. It
+was a charge under a hot fire, sharp and decisive, which quickly
+changed to a pursuit of the fleeing enemy, kept up until the bivouack
+at ten o'clock. The Second Connecticut captured the headquarters train
+of General Mahone, a battle flag, and many prisoners, and ended the
+tale of its losses with three men killed and six wounded.
+
+The chase was taken up next morning (April 7th), and the regiment had
+reached a point close to Appomattox Court House, when on April 9th Lee
+met Grant and surrendered what remained of his army, at that historic
+place.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+To imagine all that this meant to the men in arms is far easier than
+to attempt its description. They saw at last the end arriving of all
+the privation and suffering they had volunteered to undergo; they saw
+the triumph of the Union they had risen to defend to the uttermost
+extremity a proven fact. The whole continent vibrated with the deepest
+feeling at the news of it, but they, better than any others, knew in
+the fullest degree its immense significance.
+
+
+
+
+Immediately after the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia, the
+Sixth Corps was moved to Burkesville, some distance from Appomattox in
+the direction of Richmond, and there it remained for about ten days
+awaiting events. On April 22nd it was ordered southward to Danville,
+with a view to joining Sherman's army then confronting Johnston in
+North Carolina, a movement which again necessitated some fatiguing
+marches, the one hundred and five miles being covered in less than
+five days. News was received, however, that Johnston had followed the
+example of Lee and surrendered, and the corps thereupon faced about
+once more. On its leisurely progress to the north it was joined by
+crowds of the newly freed negroes, who attached themselves to every
+regiment in droves, and the lately hostile inhabitants came also at
+every stopping place, "with baskets and two-wheeled carts" for
+supplies to relieve their dire necessities.
+
+Near Richmond the regiment remained several days, and the men were
+allowed passes to visit the late Confederate capital, so long the goal
+of their strenuous efforts. "The burnt district was still smoking with
+the remains of the great fire of April 2nd, and the city was full of
+officers and soldiers of the ex-Confederate army. The blue and the
+gray mingled on the streets and public squares, and were seen side by
+side in the Sabbath congregations. The war was over."
+
+The consciousness of this last great fact was now becoming insistent
+in the minds of these citizen soldiers. The great purpose for which
+they had offered themselves was carried out, and their eagerness to
+have done with all the circumstances of military life was
+increasingly strong, and grew so intense as to render the final weeks
+of their term of service extremely trying.
+
+The tremendous task of disbanding the armies of the Union was
+occupying the entire energies of the War Department, but to the men it
+seemed as if their longed for turn would never come. Back in the
+well-known fortifications around Washington they waited, taking part
+in the Grand Review on June 8th, in all the misery of full dress, and
+in a temper that would have carried them against the thousands of
+acclaiming spectators with savage joy, had it been a host of enemies
+in arms.
+
+But their turn came at last, and on July 7th, one hundred and
+eighty-three men, all that were left of the original enlisted men of
+the "old Nineteenth," were mustered out; two days later they departed
+for New Haven and were welcomed there, like all the returning troops,
+with patriotic rejoicing.
+
+The remainder of the regiment, some four hundred in number, was
+mustered out in its turn on August 18th, reached New Haven on the
+20th, and "passed up Chapel Street amid welcoming crowds of people,
+the clangor of bells, and a shower of rockets and red lights that made
+the field-and-staff horses prance with the belief that battle had come
+again. After partaking of a bounteous entertainment prepared in the
+basement of the State House, the regiment proceeded to Grapevine
+Point, where, on the 5th of September, they received their pay and
+discharge, and the Second Connecticut Heavy Artillery vanished from
+sight and passed into History."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In Litchfield County the return of the various contingents to their
+homes was made the occasion of great rejoicing. Chief among these
+celebrations was a grand reception at the county seat on August 1st,
+when the first detachment to be discharged had arrived; they were
+fêted with dinner and speeches, illuminations and a triumphal arch.
+There were also other organized demonstrations in other towns, and
+everywhere the strongest manifestations of pride in these warrior
+sons of the county, and joy at their return.
+
+But all who went had not returned. The terrible significance of the
+cold and formal columns and tables of the regiment's casualties was
+felt in every town, and to their tale was added in succeeding years a
+long list of the many who had indeed come back, but broken with wounds
+and disease, and just as truly devoted to death through their service
+as those who fell upon the field of battle.
+
+What the Second Connecticut suffered is shown, so far as official
+statistics go, in the tables published by the Adjutant-General of the
+state, as follows:
+
+    Killed                               147
+    Missing in action, probably killed    11
+    Fatally wounded                       95
+    Wounded                              427
+    Captured                              72
+    Died in prison                        21
+    Died of disease or accident          154
+    Discharged for disability            285
+    Unaccounted for at muster out         35
+
+The officers of the regiment as mustered out were: Colonel, James
+Hubbard, Salisbury; lieutenant-colonel, Jeffrey Skinner, Winchester;
+majors, Edward W. Jones, New Hartford; Augustus H. Fenn, Plymouth;
+Chester D. Cleveland, Barkhamsted; adjutant, Theodore F. Vaill,
+Litchfield; quartermaster, Edward C. Huxley, Goshen; surgeon, Henry
+Plumb, New Milford; assistant surgeons, Robert G. Hazzard, New Haven;
+Judson B. Andrews, New Haven; chaplain, Winthrop H. Phelps,
+Barkhamsted.
+
+[Illustration: Monument at Arlington]
+
+
+
+
+The preceding pages have outlined the career of the Second Connecticut
+Heavy Artillery, and have narrated some of the more memorable events
+of its history. Enough has been told of what it did to furnish grounds
+for deducing what it was; but to deal with the regiment on the
+personal side is hardly possible within the limits of such a sketch as
+this, though it is a matter that cannot be entirely passed by. It need
+not be said that there is abundant human interest attaching as a
+matter of course to such men as were in the aggregate the subjects of
+so fine a record.
+
+Any body of men--a college class, a legislature, a regiment--is in
+character what its component members make it; in this case there was
+the material, which, furnished with worthy leadership--and it
+unquestionably had that--made up the organization whose not uneventful
+existence has been described. That they were better men, or worse,
+braver men, or more patriotic, than their descendants and successors
+would prove under similar conditions, or than the hundreds of
+thousands of their contemporaries who devoted themselves to the same
+service, is not to be believed; yet to have passed through such
+experiences as have been recounted, which became for them for a time
+the commonplaces of every-day life, is enough to place them apart from
+ordinary men in the eyes of our peace knowing generation. In fact, to
+have passed the tests of so fierce a course of education gives them a
+title to a place thus apart. The university man of to-day, as the
+burden of the baccalaureate sermons so frequently testifies, is
+consigned to a special place of responsibility in life because of his
+training; these men surely earned one of special honor by reason of
+theirs, which was, too, not like the other, preparation alone, but
+also fulfilment. The realization of how typical it all was of that
+generation and that time, brings the clearest understanding of the
+real scope of the Civil War.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+To the members of the Litchfield County University Club it is perhaps
+a point of interest to take brief notice of those names on the
+regimental rolls which would probably have been found upon its list of
+members had the organization been in existence in that earlier time. A
+number of the officers and men were college graduates when they
+enlisted, and others gained degrees after the war ended; the list
+which follows is, however, necessarily incomplete; in fact, an
+absolutely correct list is no doubt hopelessly impossible.
+
+Major James Q. Rice, who was killed at Winchester, was a member of the
+class of 1850 at Wesleyan, and received from that institution the
+degree of Master of Arts in 1855. At the time of the regiment's
+formation he was conducting an academy in Goshen, and was enlisted as
+captain of a company which he had been active in recruiting.
+
+Lieutenant-Colonel Nathaniel Smith of Woodbury entered the Yale Law
+School in the class of 1853, but did not graduate. Ill health forced
+him to relinquish his commission early in 1864, and until his death in
+1877 he was a leading citizen of the county.
+
+Judge Augustus H. Fenn, Major and Brevet-Colonel, came back from the
+war, having lost an arm at Cedar Creek, to take a course in the Law
+School at Harvard, and Yale made him a Master of Arts in 1889. His
+prominence for many years in public life and as judge in the highest
+courts in the state is well known. At the time of his death in 1897,
+he was a lecturer in the Yale Law School, and member of the Supreme
+Court of Errors.
+
+Rev. James Deane, Captain and Brevet-Major, was a graduate of Williams
+in the class of 1857. He was pastor of the Congregational church at
+East Canaan when the regiment was organized, and was one of its
+recruiting officers.
+
+Adjutant Theodore F. Vaill, the historian of the regiment, was a
+student before the war at Union College, but did not graduate.
+
+Captain George S. Williams, of New Milford, was a member of the class
+of 1852 at Yale for a time, and received a degree from Trinity in
+1855.
+
+Surgeon Henry Plumb, and Assistant-Surgeons Robert G. Hazzard and John
+W. Lawton were all graduates of the Yale Medical School, in the
+classes of 1861, 1862, and 1859. Assistant-Surgeon Judson B. Andrews
+graduated at Yale in 1855. He was captain in a New York regiment in
+the early part of the war, and became afterward superintendent of the
+Buffalo State Hospital, and a recognized authority on insanity before
+his death in 1894.
+
+Chaplain Jonathan A. Wainwright graduated at the University of Vermont
+in 1846, and after the war was for some years rector of St. John's
+Church in Salisbury. He was later connected with a church college in
+Missouri, where he died in 1898.
+
+Captain William H. Lewis, Jr., studied after the war at the Berkeley
+Divinity School, and has been for many years rector of St. John's
+Church in Bridgeport.
+
+Lieutenant and Brevet-Captain Lewis W. Munger, graduating at Brown in
+1869 and later from the Crozier Theological Seminary, entered the
+ministry of the Baptist church.
+
+Corporal Francis J. Young entered the Yale Medical School before the
+war, and returned after its close to take his degree in 1866.
+
+Hospital Steward James J. Averill also graduated at the Yale Medical
+School after the war.
+
+Sergeant Theodore C. Glazier was a graduate of Trinity in the class of
+1860, and was a tutor there when he enlisted. He was later made
+colonel of a colored regiment, and served with credit in that
+capacity.
+
+Corporal Edward C. Hopson, a graduate of Trinity in 1864, was killed
+at Cedar Creek.
+
+Sergeant Garwood R. Merwin, who had been a member of the class of
+1864 at Yale, died at Alexandria in 1863.
+
+Sergeant Romulus C. Loveridge, who had been entered in the class of
+1865 at Yale, received a commission in a colored regiment.
+
+Colonel Mackenzie graduated at West Point in 1862, but he was never a
+resident of the county, or of Connecticut, and his only connection
+with either was through his commission from Governor Buckingham.
+
+There are not a few other names upon the rolls of the regiment which
+upon more thorough investigation than has been possible in the present
+case would certainly be added to the list. A complete history of the
+organization would also give a large place to the association of its
+veterans formed shortly after the war, whose frequent gatherings have
+more than a superficial likeness to the reunions of college classes.
+Memorable among these meetings was the one held on October 21, 1896,
+the occasion being the dedication of the regiment's monument in the
+National Cemetery at Arlington, with a pilgrimage also to the scenes
+of its battles and marches in the Shenandoah Valley near by.
+
+As a whole, the regiment was a body thoroughly representative not only
+of the army of which it was a fraction, an army as has been often said
+unlike any other the world has known, but also of the population from
+which it was drawn. It was made up of men of almost all conditions of
+life and of widely different ages, though naturally with young men in
+a large majority; of mechanics from the Housatonic and Naugatuck
+valleys, and farmers' boys from the hills; of men of education and men
+of none. Though the large addition to its numbers which the increase
+in size necessitated made it perhaps somewhat less homogeneous than at
+first, it did not greatly alter its essential characteristics.
+
+The records kept by the association referred to, furnish suggestive
+revelations as to the various elements that composed it. The names of
+men of every sort and kind are found upon the rolls. There were
+veterans of the Mexican War; there were refugees from the
+revolutionary uprisings in Europe of 1848; there were some who had
+served under compulsion in the armies of the South; there were men
+whose obviously fictitious names concealed stories which could be
+guessed to be extraordinary; there were names which have been for
+years among the best known and most honored in this state; and there
+were those of outcasts and wrecks.
+
+A large part of these men came back after their service ended to
+resume the peaceful life of citizenship, and every town among us has
+known some of them ever since among its leading figures, while
+some in quarters far distant have also attained to honors and
+responsibilities, as the records show. Connecticut has known for many
+years no small number of them as foremost in all lines of activity,
+and knows to-day, in official station and in private life, men of many
+honors, who count not least among these the fact that they were
+enrolled among the soldiers of the Second Connecticut Heavy
+Artillery.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The County Regiment, by Dudley Landon Vaill
+
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The County Regiment, by Dudley Landon Vaill
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The County Regiment
+       A Sketch of the Second Regiment of Connecticut Volunteer
+              Heavy Artillery, Originally the Nineteenth Volunteer
+              Infantry, in the Civil War
+
+Author: Dudley Landon Vaill
+
+Release Date: February 2, 2009 [EBook #27969]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE COUNTY REGIMENT ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Logan and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+<h1>THE COUNTY REGIMENT</h1>
+
+
+
+<div class="section_break"></div>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 346px;"><a name="Frontispiece" id="Frontispiece"></a>
+<img src="images/buckingham.jpg" width="346" height="500" alt="Governor Buckingham" title="Governor Buckingham" />
+<span class="caption">Governor Buckingham</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<div class="section_break"></div>
+<div id="title_page">
+
+<p class="the">THE</p>
+
+<p class="regiment">COUNTY REGIMENT</p>
+
+<p class="sketch">A SKETCH</p>
+
+
+<p>OF THE SECOND REGIMENT OF<br />
+CONNECTICUT VOLUNTEER HEAVY ARTILLERY,<br />
+ORIGINALLY THE NINETEENTH VOLUNTEER<br />
+INFANTRY, IN THE CIVIL WAR</p>
+
+<p>BY</p>
+
+<p class="name">DUDLEY LANDON VAILL</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 50px;">
+<img src="images/deco-title.png" width="50" height="48" alt="Title decoration" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="club">LITCHFIELD COUNTY<br />
+UNIVERSITY CLUB<br />
+MCMVIII</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<div class="section_break"></div>
+<div id="copyright">
+<p>Copyright, 1908, by<br />
+<span class="name">Dudley L. Vaill</span></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<div class="section_break"></div>
+<div id="avance">
+<h2>PAR AVANCE</h2>
+
+
+<p>This volume is one of a series published under the auspices of the
+Litchfield County University Club, and in accordance with a
+proposition made to the club by one of its members, Mr. Carl Stoeckel,
+of Norfolk, Connecticut.</p>
+
+<p class="signed"><span class="name">Howard Williston Carter</span>,<br />
+Secretary.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="section_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span></p>
+<h2>LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS</h2>
+
+
+<table summary="List of illustrations.">
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+  <td>Governor Buckingham</td>
+  <td class="table_right"><em><a href="#Frontispiece">Frontispiece</a></em></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>Rev. Hiram Eddy</td>
+  <td class="table_right"><em>facing page</em> <a href="#Eddy">7</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>Presentation of Colors, September 10th, 1862</td>
+  <td class="table_right">"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#colors">10</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>The first encampment in Virginia</td>
+  <td class="table_right">"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#encampment">14</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>Fort Ellsworth, near Alexandria, May, 1863</td>
+  <td class="table_right">"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#Ellsworth">19</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>In the Defences. Guard mount</td>
+  <td class="table_right">"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#defences">23</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>General Sedgwick</td>
+  <td class="table_right">"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#Sedgwick">26</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>The first battle</td>
+  <td class="table_right">"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#battle">35</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>Colonel Wessells</td>
+  <td class="table_right">"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#Wessells">47</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>Colonel Kellogg</td>
+  <td class="table_right">"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#Kellogg">61</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>Colonel Mackenzie</td>
+  <td class="table_right">"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#Mackenzie">76</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>Colonel Hubbard</td>
+  <td class="table_right">"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#Hubbard">84</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>Monument at Arlington</td>
+  <td class="table_right">"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#monument">98</a></td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[Pg viii]</a></span></p>
+<div class="section_break"></div>
+
+<div class="chapter_break" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/deco-ix.png" width="500" height="106" alt="Decoration" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[Pg ix]</a></span></p>
+<h2>PREFATORY</h2>
+
+
+<p>For those who dwell within its borders, or whose ancestral roots are
+bedded among its hills, the claims of Litchfield County to distinction
+are many and of many kinds. In these latter days it has become notable
+as the home of certain organizations of unique character and high
+purpose, which flourish under circumstances highly exceptional, and
+certainly no less highly appreciated.</p>
+
+<p>It is as part of the work of one of these that there is commemorated
+in this volume an organization of an earlier day, one distinctively of
+the county, in no way unique in its time, but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[Pg x]</a></span> of the highest
+purpose&mdash;the regiment gathered here for the national defence in the
+Civil War.</p>
+
+<p>The county's participation in that defence was by no means restricted
+to the raising of a single regiment. Quite as many, perhaps more, of
+its sons were enrolled in other commands as made up what was known
+originally as the Nineteenth Connecticut Volunteer Infantry; but in
+that body its organized effort as a county found expression, and it
+was proud to let the splendid record of that body stand as typical of
+its sacrifices for the preservation of the Union.</p>
+
+<p>Though the history of that regiment's career has been written in full
+detail, the purpose of this slight repetition of the story needs no
+apology. There is sufficient justification in its intrinsic interest,
+to say nothing of a personal interest in its members, men who gave
+such proofs of their quality, and whose survivors are still our
+neighbors in probably every town in the county.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[Pg xi]</a></span>There is also something more than mere interest to be gained, in
+considering historical matters of such immensity as the Civil War, in
+giving the attention to some minute section of the whole, such as the
+account of individual experiences, or of the career of a particular
+regiment such as this; it is of great value as bringing an adequate
+realization of the actual bearing of the great events of that time
+upon the people of the time. The story of a body of Litchfield County
+men, such men as we see every day, drawn from such homes as we know
+all about us, is a potent help to understanding in what way and with
+what aspects these great historical movements bore upon the people of
+the country, for the experience of this group of towns and their sons
+furnished but one small instance of what was borne, infinitely
+magnified, throughout the nation.</p>
+
+<p>It will readily appear that the subject might<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[Pg xii]</a></span> furnish material for a
+notable volume. In the present case nothing is possible save a brief
+sketch of the matter, made up chiefly, as will be seen, of citations
+from the published history of the regiment, and from such other
+sources of information as were easily accessible. Among the latter
+must be noted the records of the Regimental Association, to which
+access was had through the courtesy of its secretary, D. C. Kilbourn,
+Esq., of Litchfield, and his assistance, as well as that of H. W.
+Wessells, Esq., of Litchfield, to both of whom the securing of most of
+the illustrations used is due, is gratefully acknowledged.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="section_break"></div>
+<h2>THE COUNTY REGIMENT</h2>
+
+
+
+<div class="section_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="chapter_break" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/deco-003.png" width="500" height="112" alt="Decoration" title="" />
+</div>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap" style="width: 48px;">
+<img src="images/drop-i.png" width="48" height="50" alt="I" title="I" />
+</span><span class="droppedcap">I</span>n spite of the labors of unnumbered chroniclers, it is not easy, if
+indeed it is possible, for us of this later generation to realize
+adequately the great patriotic uprising of the war times.</p>
+
+<p class="clear">It began in the early days of 1861 with the assault on Fort Sumter,
+which, following a long and trying season of uncertainty, furnished
+the sudden shock that resolved the doubts of the wavering and changed
+the opinions of the incredulous. Immediately there swept over all the
+northern states a wave of intense national feeling, attended by scenes
+of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> patriotic and confident enthusiasm more noisy than far-sighted,
+and there was a resulting host of volunteers, who went forth for the
+service of ninety days with the largest hopes, and proportionate
+ignorance of the crisis which had come to the nation. Of these
+Connecticut furnished more than her allotted share, and Litchfield
+County a due proportion.</p>
+
+<p>The climax of this excited period was supplied by the battle of Bull
+Run. There was surprise, and almost consternation, at the first news
+of this salutary event, but quickly following, a renewed rally of
+patriotic feeling, less excited but more determined, and with a
+clearer apprehension of the actual situation. The enlistment of
+volunteers for a longer term had been begun, and now went forward
+briskly for many months; regiment after regiment was enrolled,
+equipped, and sent southward, until, in the spring of 1862, the force
+of this movement began to spend itself. The national arms had met with
+some important successes during the winter, and a feeling of
+confidence had arisen<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> in the invincibility of the Grand Army of the
+Potomac, which had been gathering and organizing under General
+McClellan for what the impatient country was disposed to think an
+interminable time. A War Department order in April, 1862, putting a
+stop to recruiting for the armies, added to the confidence, since an
+easy inference could be drawn from it, and the North settled down to
+await with high hopes the results of McClellan's long expected
+advance.</p>
+
+<p>Then came the campaign on the Peninsula. At first there was but meagre
+news and a multitude of conflicting rumors about its fierce battles
+and famous retreat, but in the end the realization of the failure of
+this mighty effort. To the country it was a disappointment literally
+stunning in its proportions; but now at length there was revealed the
+magnitude of the task confronting the nation, and again there sprang
+up the determination, grim and intense, to strain every nerve for the
+restoration of the Union.</p>
+
+<p>The President's call for three hundred thou<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span>sand men to serve "for
+three years or the war" was proclaimed to this state by Governor
+Buckingham on July 3rd (1862), and evidence was at once forthcoming
+that it was sternly heeded by the people. To fill Connecticut's quota
+under this call, it was proposed that regiments should be raised by
+counties. A convention was promptly called, which met in Litchfield on
+July 22nd; delegates from every town in the county were in attendance,
+representatives of all shades of political opinion and individual
+bias, but the conclusions of the meeting were unanimously reached. It
+was resolved that Litchfield County should furnish an entire regiment
+of volunteers, and that Leverett W. Wessells, at that time Sheriff,
+should be recommended as its commander.</p>
+
+<p>Immediate steps were taken to render this determination effective; the
+Governor promptly accepted the recommendation as to the colonelcy,
+recruiting officers were designated to secure enlistments, bounties
+voted by the different towns as proposed by the county meeting,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> and
+the movement thoroughly organized. Although there was a clear
+appreciation of the present need, the dozen or more Connecticut
+regiments already in the field had drawn a large number of men from
+Litchfield County, and effort was necessary to gain the required
+enrollment. There had been many opportunities already for all to
+volunteer who had any wish to do so, but the call now came to men who
+a few weeks before had hardly dreamed of the need of their serving;
+men not to be attracted by the excitement of a novel adventure, but
+who recognized soberly the duty that was presenting itself in this
+emergency, and men of a very different stamp from those drawn into the
+ranks in the later years of the war by enormous bounties. It is
+reasonable to think that pride in the success of the county's effort
+was a factor in stimulating enlistments; announcement that a draft
+would be resorted to later was doubtless another. Just at this time,
+also, the return from a year's captivity in the South of the Rev.
+Hiram Eddy of Winsted, who had been made prisoner at Bull<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> Run,
+furnished a powerful advocate to the cause; night after night he spoke
+in different towns, urging the call to service fervently and with
+effect.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 363px;"><a name="Eddy" id="Eddy"></a>
+<img src="images/eddy.jpg" width="363" height="500" alt="Rev. Hiram Eddy" title="Rev. Hiram Eddy" />
+<span class="caption">Rev. Hiram Eddy</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>It is to be noted that at the same time that this endeavor was being
+made to fill the ranks of a regiment for three years' service,
+recruiting was going on with almost equal vigor under the call for men
+to serve for nine months, and three full companies were contributed by
+Litchfield County to the Twenty-eighth Infantry, which bore a valiant
+part in the campaign against Port Hudson in the following summer. It
+is possible to gain some idea of how the great tides of war were felt
+throughout the whole land by imagining the stir and turmoil thus
+brought, in the summer of 1862, into this remote and peaceful quarter
+by the engrossing struggle.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<p>In the last week in August, the necessary number of recruits having
+been secured, the different companies were brought together in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span>
+Litchfield and marched to the hill overlooking the town which had been
+selected as the location of Camp Dutton, named in honor of Lieutenant
+Henry M. Dutton, who had fallen in battle at Cedar Mountain shortly
+before. Lieutenant Dutton, the son of Governor Henry Dutton, was a
+graduate of Yale in the class of 1857, and was practising law in
+Litchfield when he volunteered for service on the organization of the
+Fifth Connecticut Infantry.</p>
+
+<p>The interest and pride of the county in its own regiment was naturally
+of the strongest; the family that had no son or brother or cousin in
+its ranks seemed almost the exception, and Camp Dutton became at once
+the goal of a ceaseless stream of visitors from far and near, somewhat
+to the prejudice of those principles of military order and discipline
+which had now to be acquired. The preparation and drill which employed
+the scant two weeks spent here were supervised by Lieutenant-Colonel
+Kellogg, fresh from McClellan's army in Virginia, and he was
+afterwards reported as delivering<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> the opinion that if there were nine
+hundred men in the camp, there were certainly nine thousand women most
+of the time.</p>
+
+<p>With all possible haste, preparations were made for an early
+departure, but there was opportunity for a formal mustering of the
+regiment in Litchfield, when a fine set of colors was presented by
+William Curtis Noyes, Esq., in behalf of his wife. A horse for the
+Colonel was given also, by the Hon. Robbins Battell, saddle and
+equipments by Judge Origen S. Seymour, and a sword by the deputies who
+had served under Sheriff Wessells.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="colors" id="colors"></a>
+<img src="images/colors.jpg" width="500" height="329" alt="Presentation of colors, September 10th, 1862" title="Presentation of colors, September 10th, 1862" />
+<span class="caption">Presentation of colors, September 10th, 1862</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>On September 15th (1862), the eight hundred and eighty-nine officers
+and men now mustered as the Nineteenth Connecticut Volunteer Infantry
+broke camp, made their first march to East Litchfield station, and
+started for the South, with the entire population for miles around
+gathered to witness, not as a holiday spectacle, but as a farewell,
+grave with significance, the departure of the county regiment.</p>
+
+<p>"In order to raise it," says the regimental history,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> "Litchfield
+County had given up the flower of her youth, the hope and pride of
+hundreds of families, and they had by no means enlisted to fight for a
+superior class of men at home. There was no superior class at home. In
+moral qualities, in social worth, in every civil relation, they were
+the best that Connecticut had to give. More than fifty of the rank and
+file of the regiment subsequently found their way to commissions, and
+at least a hundred more proved themselves not a whit less competent or
+worthy to wear sash and saber if it had been their fortune."</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<p>The regimental officers were: Colonel, Leverett W. Wessells,
+Litchfield; lieutenant-colonel, Elisha S. Kellogg, Derby; major,
+Nathaniel Smith, Woodbury; adjutant, Charles J. Deming, Litchfield;
+quartermaster, Bradley D. Lee, Barkhamsted; chaplain, Jonathan A.
+Wainwright, Torrington; surgeon, Henry Plumb, New Milford.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Wessells, a native of Litchfield, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> a brother of General
+Henry W. Wessells of the regular army, had been prominent in public
+affairs before the war, and served for twelve years as Sheriff. Ill
+health interfered with his service with the regiment from the first,
+and finally compelled his resignation in September, 1863. Later he was
+appointed Provost Marshal for the Fourth District of Connecticut, and
+for many years after the war was active in civil affairs, being the
+candidate for State Treasurer on the Republican ticket in 1868,
+Quartermaster-General on Governor Andrews' staff, and member of the
+General Assembly. He died at Dover, Delaware, April 4, 1895.</p>
+
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p>
+<div class="chapter_break" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/deco-013.png" width="500" height="101" alt="Decoration" title="" />
+</div>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap" style="width: 50px;">
+<img src="images/drop-w.png" width="50" height="50" alt="W" title="W" />
+</span><span class="droppedcap">W</span>ashington in September, 1862, while relatively secure from the easy
+capture which would have been possible in the summer of the previous
+year, was not in a situation of such safety as to preclude anxiety,
+for Pope had just been beaten at Bull Run and Lee's army was north of
+the Potomac in the first of its memorable invasions of the loyal
+states. On the very day of his check at Antietam, September 17th, the
+Nineteenth Connecticut Volunteers reached the capital, and the next
+day moved into the hostile state of Virginia, bivouacking near
+Alexandria.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="encampment" id="encampment"></a>
+<img src="images/encampment.jpg" width="500" height="331" alt="The first encampment in Virginia" title="The first encampment in Virginia" />
+<span class="caption">The first encampment in Virginia</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span>In this vicinity the regiment was destined to remain for many months,
+and to learn, as far as was possible without the grim teachings of
+actual experience, the business for which it was gathered. At first
+there was a constant expectation of orders to join the army in active
+operations; the county newspapers for many weeks noted regularly that
+the regiment was still near Alexandria, "but orders to march are
+hourly expected." It was good fortune, however, that none came, for
+not a little of the credit of its later service was due to the
+proficiency in discipline and soldierly qualities gained in the long
+months now spent in preparation.</p>
+
+<p>The task of giving the necessary military education to the thousand
+odd men fresh from the ordinary routine of rural Connecticut life,
+fell upon the shoulders of Lieutenant-Colonel Kellogg, and by all the
+testimony available, most of all by the splendid proof they later
+gave, it is clear that it was entrusted to a master hand. Matters of
+organization and administration at first engrossed Colonel Wessells'
+attention;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> ill health soon supervened, and later he was given the
+command of a brigade. The regiment from its beginning was Kellogg's,
+and he received in due course the commission vacated by its first
+commander in September, 1863.</p>
+
+<p>A thorough and well-tried soldier himself, he quickly gained the
+respect of his command by his complete competency, and its strong and
+admiring affection was not slow in following. There are men among us
+to this day for whom no superlatives are adequate to give expression
+to their feelings in regard to him. As the regimental history records
+of their career "there is not a scene, a day, nor a memory from Camp
+Dutton to Grapevine Point that can be wholly divested of Kellogg. Like
+the ancient Eastern king who suddenly died on the eve of an
+engagement, and whose remains were bolstered up in warlike attitude in
+his chariot, and followed by his enthusiastic soldiers to battle and
+to victory, so this mighty leader, although falling in the very first
+onset, yet went on through every succeeding march and fight, and won
+post<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span>humous victories for the regiment which may be said to have been
+born of his loins. Battalion and company, officer and private, arms
+and quarters, camp and drill, command and obedience, honor and duty,
+esprit and excellence, every moral and material belonging of the
+regiment, bore the impress of his genius. In the eyes of civilians,
+Colonel Kellogg was nothing but a horrid, strutting, shaggy monster.
+But request any one of the survivors of the Nineteenth Infantry or the
+Second Artillery to name the most perfect soldier he ever saw, and
+this will surely be the man. Or ask him to conjure up the ideal
+soldier of his imagination, still the same figure, complete in
+feature, gesture, gauntlet, saber, boot, spur, observant eye and
+commanding voice, will stalk with majestic port upon the mental
+vision. He seemed the superior of all superiors, and major-generals
+shrunk into pigmy corporals in comparison with him. In every faculty
+of body, mind, heart, and soul he was built after a large pattern. His
+virtues were large and his vices were not small. As Lincoln<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> said of
+Seward, he could swear magnificently. His nature was versatile, and
+full of contradictions; sometimes exhibiting the tenderest
+sensibilities and sometimes none at all. Now he would be in the
+hospital tent bending with streaming eyes over the victims of fever,
+and kissing the dying Corporal Webster, and an hour later would find
+him down at the guard house, prying open the jaws of a refractory
+soldier with a bayonet in order to insert a gag; or in anger drilling
+a battalion, for the fault of a single man, to the last point of
+endurance; or shamefully abusing the most honorable and faithful
+officers in the regiment. 'In rage, deaf as the sea, hasty as fire.'
+But notwithstanding his frequent ill treatment of officers and
+soldiers, he had a hold on their affections such as no other commander
+ever had, or could have. The men who were cursing him one day for the
+almost intolerable rigors of his discipline, would in twenty-four
+hours be throwing up their caps for him, or subscribing to buy him a
+new horse, or petitioning the Governor not to let him be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> jumped. The
+man who sat on a sharp-backed wooden horse in front of the guard
+house, would sometimes watch the motions of the Colonel on drill or
+parade, until he forgot the pain and disgrace of his punishment in
+admiration of the man who inflicted it."</p>
+
+<p>It is not hard to understand the hold he gained, through a personality
+so striking and forceful, upon the men of his command; they were but
+boys for the most part, in point of fact, and open to the influence of
+just such strength, and perhaps also just such weaknesses, as they saw
+in this splendidly virile and genuine, and very human character.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Kellogg was a Litchfield County man, a native of New Hartford,
+and at this time about thirty-eight years of age. His education was
+not of the schools, but gained from years of adventurous life as
+sailor, gold-hunter, and wanderer. Shortly before the war he had
+settled in his native state, but he responded to the call for the
+national defence among the very first, and before the organization of
+the Nineteenth<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> had served as Major of the First Connecticut
+Artillery. He lies buried in Winsted.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Ellsworth" id="Ellsworth"></a>
+<img src="images/ellsworth.jpg" width="500" height="350" alt="Fort Ellsworth, near Alexandria, May, 1863" title="Fort Ellsworth, near Alexandria, May, 1863" />
+<span class="caption">Fort Ellsworth, near Alexandria, May, 1863</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<p>For more than a year and a half the regiment was numbered among the
+defenders of the capital, removing after a few months from the
+immediate neighborhood of Alexandria, and being stationed among the
+different forts and redoubts which formed the line of defence south of
+the Potomac.</p>
+
+<p>Important as its service there was, and novel as it must have been to
+Litchfield County boys, it was not marked by incidents of any note,
+and furnished nothing to attract attention among the general and
+absorbing operations of the war. It was, still, of vast interest to
+the people of the home towns. The county newspapers had many letters
+to print in those days from the soldiers themselves, and from visitors
+from home, who in no inconsiderable numbers were journeying down to
+look in upon them constantly. There were of course matters of various
+nature which gave rise to complaints of different degrees of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span>
+seriousness; there was not unnaturally much sickness among the men in
+the early part of their service; there were political campaigns at
+home, in which the volunteers had and showed a strong interest; there
+was a regrettable quarrel among the officers in which
+Lieutenant-Colonel Kellogg was placed in an unfortunate light, and the
+termination of which gave the men an opportunity of showing their
+feeling for him. All these matters were well aired in type; meanwhile
+the regiment, doing well such duty as was laid upon it, grew in
+efficiency for hard and active service when it should be called for.</p>
+
+<p>The possibility of a call to action at almost any minute was seen in
+April, 1863, when orders came that the regiment be held ready to
+march. Reinforcements were going forward to the Army of the Potomac,
+now under Hooker, in large numbers; but the Nineteenth was finally
+left in the Defences. Thus months were passed in the routine of drill
+and parade, guard mounting and target practice, varied by brief and
+rare fur<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span>loughs, while the lightnings of the mighty conflict raging so
+near left them untouched. "Yet," it is related, "a good many seemed to
+be in all sorts of affliction, and were constantly complaining because
+they could not go to the front. A year later, when the soldiers of the
+Nineteenth were staggering along the Pamunkey, with heavy loads and
+blistered feet, or throwing up breastworks with their coffee-pots all
+night under fire in front of Petersburg, they looked back to the
+Defences of Washington as to a lost Elysium."</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<p>It was in November, 1863, that the War Department orders were issued
+changing the Nineteenth Infantry to a regiment of heavy artillery,
+which Governor Buckingham denominated the Second Connecticut.
+Artillery drill had for some time been part of its work, and the
+general efficiency and good record of the regiment in all particulars
+was responsible for the change, which was a welcome one, as the
+artillery was considered a very desirable branch of the ser<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span>vice, and
+the increase in size gave prospects of speedier promotions.</p>
+
+<p>Recruiting had been necessary almost all the time to keep the regiment
+up to the numerical standard; death and the discharge for disability
+had been operating from the first. It was now needful to fill it up to
+the artillery standard of eighteen hundred men, and this was
+successfully accomplished. Officers and men were despatched to
+Connecticut to gather recruits, and their advertisements set forth
+enticingly the advantage of joining a command so comfortably situated
+as "this famous regiment" in the Defences of Washington, where, it was
+permissible to infer, it was permanently stationed, a belief which had
+come to be generally held. The effort, however, was not confined by
+geographical limits, and a large part of the men secured were
+strangers to Litchfield County. Before the 1st of March, 1864, over
+eleven hundred recruits were received, and with the nucleus of the old
+regiment quickly formed into an efficient command.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="defences" id="defences"></a>
+<img src="images/defences.jpg" width="500" height="348" alt="In the Defences. Guard mount" title="In the Defences. Guard mount" />
+<span class="caption">In the Defences. Guard mount</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span>"This vast body of recruits was made up of all sorts of men," the
+history of the regiment states. "A goodly portion of them were no less
+intelligent, patriotic, and honorable than the 'old' Nineteenth&mdash;and
+that is praise enough. Another portion of them were not exactly the
+worst kind of men, but those adventurous and uneasy varlets who always
+want to get out of jail when they are in, and in when they are out;
+furloughed sailors, for example, who had enlisted just for fun, while
+ashore, with no definite purpose of remaining in the land service for
+any tedious length of time. And, lastly, there were about three
+hundred of the most thorough paced villains that the stews and slums
+of New York and Baltimore could furnish&mdash;bounty-jumpers, thieves, and
+cut-throats, who had deserted from regiment after regiment in which
+they had enlisted under fictitious names and who now proposed to
+repeat the operation. And they did repeat it. No less than two hundred
+and fifty deserted before the middle of May, very few of whom were
+ever retaken and returned to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> regiment. There were rebels in
+Alexandria who furnished deserters with citizens' clothes and thus
+their capture became almost impossible."</p>
+
+<p>At first, and perhaps to some extent always, there was a mental
+distinction made by the men between those who had originally enlisted
+in the "old Nineteenth," and the large body which was now joined to
+that organization, many of whom had never seen the Litchfield hills.
+But there was enough character in the original body to give its
+distinct tone to the enlarged regiment; its officers were all of the
+first enlistment, and the common sufferings and successes which soon
+fell to their lot quickly deprived this distinction of any
+invidiousness. The Second Artillery was always known, and proudly
+known, as the Litchfield County Regiment.</p>
+
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span></p>
+<div class="chapter_break" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/deco-025.png" width="500" height="100" alt="Decoration" title="" />
+</div>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap" style="width: 50px;">
+<img src="images/drop-t.png" width="50" height="50" alt="T" title="T" />
+</span><span class="droppedcap">T</span>here came to the Second Connecticut Heavy Artillery, on May 17, 1864,
+the summons which, after such long immunity, it had almost ceased to
+expect.</p>
+
+<p class="clear">The preceding two weeks had been among the most eventful of the war.
+They had seen the crossing of the Rapidan by Grant on the 4th, and the
+terrible battles for days following in the Wilderness and at
+Spottsylvania, depleting the army by such enormous losses as even this
+war had hardly seen before. Heavy reinforcements were demanded and
+sent forward from all branches of the service; in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> emergency this
+artillery regiment was summoned to fight as infantry, and so served
+until the end of the conflict, though for a long time with a hope,
+which survived many disappointments, of being assigned to its proper
+work with the heavy guns.</p>
+
+<p>It started for the front on May 18th (1864), and on the 20th reached
+the headquarters of the Army of the Potomac, and was assigned to the
+Second Brigade, First Division, of the Sixth Corps, now under
+Major-General Horatio G. Wright, another leader of Connecticut origin,
+who had succeeded to the command of the Corps on the death a few days
+before of Litchfield County's most noted soldier, John Sedgwick.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 348px;"><a name="Sedgwick" id="Sedgwick"></a>
+<img src="images/sedgwick.jpg" width="348" height="500" alt="General Sedgwick" title="General Sedgwick" />
+<span class="caption">General Sedgwick</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The famous series of movements "by the left flank" was in progress,
+and the regiment was in active motion at once. For more than a week
+following its arrival at the front it was on the march practically all
+the time while Grant pushed southward. To troops unaccustomed to
+anything more arduous than drilling in the Defences<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> at Washington,
+it was almost beyond the limits of endurance. At the start, without
+experience in campaigning, the men had overburdened themselves with
+impedimenta which it was very soon necessary to dispense with. "The
+amount of personal effects then thrown away," wrote the chaplain, Rev.
+Winthrop H. Phelps, "has been estimated by officers who witnessed and
+have carefully calculated it, to be from twenty to thirty thousand
+dollars. To this amount must be added the loss to the Government in
+the rations and ammunition left on the way." On some of the marches
+days were passed with scarcely anything to eat, and it is recorded
+that raw corn was eagerly gathered, kernel by kernel, in empty
+granaries, and eaten with a relish. Heat, dust, rain, mud, and a rate
+of movement which taxed to the utmost the powers of the strongest,
+gave to these untried troops a savage hint of the hardships of
+campaigning, into which they had been plunged without any gradual
+steps of breaking in, and much more terrible experiences were close
+at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> hand. Of these there came a slight foretaste in a skirmish with
+the enemy on the 24th near Jericho Ford on the North Anna River,
+resulting in the death of one man and the wounding of three others,
+the first of what was soon to be a portentous list of casualties.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<p>The movements of both armies were bringing them steadily nearer to
+Richmond, and but one chance now remained to achieve the object of the
+campaign, the defeat of Lee's army north of the Chickahominy and away
+from the strong defences of the Confederate capital. The enemy,
+swinging southward to conform to Grant's advance, finally reached the
+important point of Cold Harbor on May 31st. Cavalry was sent forward
+to dislodge him, and seized some of the entrenchments near that place,
+while both armies were hurried forward for the inevitable battle. The
+Sixth Corps, of which the Second Artillery was part, reached its
+position on the extreme left near noon on June 1st, having marched
+since midnight, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> awaited the placing of other troops before the
+charge, which had been ordered to take place at five o'clock.</p>
+
+<p>It would have been a fearful waiting for these men could they have
+known what was in store for them. But they were drugged, as it were,
+with utter fatigue; the almost constant movement of their two weeks of
+active service had left them "so nearly dead with marching and want of
+sleep" that they could not notice or comprehend the significant
+movements of the columns of troops about them preparing for battle, or
+the artillery which soon opened fire on both sides; their stupor, it
+is related, was of a kind that none can describe. They heard without
+excitement the earnest instructions of Colonel Kellogg, who, in pride
+and anxiety at this first trial of his beloved command, was in
+constant consultation with officers and men, directing, encouraging,
+explaining. "He marked out on the ground," writes one of his staff,
+"the shape of the works to be taken,&mdash;told the officers what
+dispositions to make of the dif<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span>ferent battalions,&mdash;how the charge was
+to be made,&mdash;spoke of our reputation as a band-box regiment, 'Now we
+are called on to show what we can do at fighting.'" The brigade
+commander, General Emory Upton, was also watching closely this new
+regiment which had never been in battle. But all foreboding was spared
+most of the men through sheer exhaustion.</p>
+
+<p>At about the appointed time, five in the afternoon, the regiment was
+moved in three battalions of four companies each out of the
+breastworks where it had lain through the afternoon, leaving knapsacks
+behind, stationed for a few moments among the scanty pine-woods in
+front, and then at the word of command started forth upon its fateful
+journey, the Colonel in the lead.</p>
+
+<p>The first battalion, with the colors in the center, moved at a double
+quick across the open field under a constantly thickening fire, over
+the enemy's first line of rifle pits which was abandoned at its
+approach, and onward to the main line of breastworks with a force and
+im<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span>petus which would have carried it over this like Niagara but for an
+impassable obstruction. Says the regimental history, "There had been a
+thick growth of pine sprouts and saplings on this ground, but the
+rebels had cut them, probably that very day, and had arranged them so
+as to form a very effective abatis,&mdash;thereby clearing the spot and
+thus enabling them to see our movements. Up to this point there had
+been no firing sufficient to confuse or check the battalion, but here
+the rebel musketry opened. A sheet of flame, sudden as lightning, red
+as blood, and so near that it seemed to singe the men's faces, burst
+along the rebel breastwork, and the ground and trees close behind our
+line was ploughed and riddled with a thousand balls that just missed
+the heads of the men. The battalion dropped flat on the ground, and
+the second volley, like the first, nearly all went over. Several men
+were struck, but not a large number. It is more than probable that if
+there had been no other than this front fire, the rebel breastworks
+would have been ours, notwith<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span>standing the pine boughs. But at that
+moment a long line of rebels on our left, having nothing in their own
+front to engage their attention, and having unobstructed range on the
+battalion, opened a fire which no human valor could withstand, and
+which no pen can adequately describe. It was the work of almost a
+single minute. The air was filled with sulphurous smoke, and the
+shrieks and howls of more than two hundred and fifty mangled men rose
+above the yells of triumphant rebels and the roar of their musketry.
+'About face,' shouted Colonel Kellogg, but it was his last command. He
+had already been struck in the arm, and the words had scarcely passed
+his lips when another shot pierced his head, and he fell dead upon the
+interlacing pine boughs. Wild and blind with wounds, bruises, noise,
+smoke, and conflicting orders, the men staggered in every direction,
+some of them falling upon the very top of the rebel parapet, where
+they were completely riddled with bullets,&mdash;others wandering off into
+the woods on the right and front, to find their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> way to death by
+starvation at Andersonville, or never to be heard of again."</p>
+
+<p>The second battalion had advanced at an interval of about seventy-five
+yards after the first, and the third had followed in turn, but they
+were ordered by General Upton to lie down as they approached the
+entrenchments. They could not fire without injury to the line in
+front, and could only hold their dangerous and trying position in
+readiness to support their comrades ahead, protecting themselves as
+they could from the fire that seemed like leaden hail. There was no
+suggestion of retreat at any point and several hundred of the enemy,
+taking advantage of a lull in the firing, streamed over the
+breastworks and gave themselves up, but through a misunderstanding of
+the case the credit of their capture was given to other regiments,
+though clearly due to this.</p>
+
+<p>The history continues: "The lines now became very much mixed. Those of
+the first battalion who were not killed or wounded gradually crawled
+or worked back; wounded men<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> were carried through to the rear; and the
+woods began to grow dark, either with night or smoke or both. The
+companies were formed and brought up to the breastworks one by one,
+and the line extended toward the left. The enemy soon vacated the
+breastwork in our immediate front, and crept off through the
+darkness." Throughout the terrible night they held their ground,
+keeping up a constant fire to prevent an attempt by the enemy to
+reoccupy the line, until they were relieved in the early morning by
+other troops; they had secured a position which it was indispensable
+to hold, and the line thus gained remained the regiment's front during
+its stay at Cold Harbor. Until June 12th the position was kept
+confronting the enemy, whose line was parallel and close before it,
+while daily additions were made to the list of casualties as they
+labored in strengthening the protective works.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="battle" id="battle"></a>
+<img src="images/battle.jpg" width="500" height="318" alt="The first battle" title="The first battle" />
+<span class="caption">The first battle</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The official report of General Upton reads in part as follows: "The
+Second Connecticut, anxious to prove its courage, moved to the
+assault<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> in beautiful order. Crossing an open field it entered a
+pine-wood, passed down a gentle declivity and up a slight ascent. Here
+the charge was checked. For seventy feet in front of the works the
+trees had been felled, interlocking with each other and barring all
+further advance. Two paths several yards apart, and wide enough for
+four men to march abreast, led through the obstruction. Up these to
+the foot of the works the brave men rushed but were swept away by a
+converging fire. Unable to carry the intrenchments, I directed the men
+to lie down and not return the fire. Opposite the right the works were
+carried. The regiment was marched to the point gained and, moving to
+the left, captured the point first attacked. In this position without
+support on either flank the Second Connecticut fought till three <span class="ampm">A.M.</span>,
+when the enemy fell back to a second line of works."</p>
+
+<p>The regimental history continues: "On the morning of the 2nd the
+wounded who still remained were got off to the rear, and taken to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> the
+Division Hospital some two miles back. Many of them had lain all
+night, with shattered bones, or weak with loss of blood, calling
+vainly for help, or water, or death. Some of them lay in positions so
+exposed to the enemy's fire that they could not be reached until the
+breastworks had been built up and strengthened at certain points, nor
+even then without much ingenuity and much danger; but at length they
+were all removed. Where it could be done with safety, the dead were
+buried during the day. Most of the bodies, however, could not be
+reached until night, and were then gathered and buried under cover of
+the darkness."</p>
+
+<p>The regiment's part in the charge of June 3rd, the disastrous movement
+of the whole Union line against the Confederate works, which Grant
+admitted never should have been made, was attended with casualties
+which by comparison with the slaughter of the 1st seemed
+inconsiderable. There were, in fact, losses in killed and wounded on
+almost all of the twelve days of its stay at Cold Harbor, but the
+fatal<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> 1st of June greatly overshadowed the remaining time, and that
+first action was indeed incomparably the most severe the Second
+Connecticut ever saw. Its loss in killed and wounded, in fact, is said
+to have been greater than that of any other Connecticut regiment in
+any single battle.</p>
+
+<p>The reputation of a fighting regiment, which its fallen leader had
+predicted, was amply earned by that unfaltering advance against
+intrenchments manned by Lee's veterans, and that tenacious defence of
+the position gained, but the cost was appallingly great. The record of
+Cold Harbor, of which all but a very small proportion was incurred on
+June 1st, is given as follows: Killed or died of wounds, one hundred
+and twenty-one; wounded, but not mortally, one hundred and ninety;
+missing, fifteen; prisoners, three.</p>
+
+<p>General Martin T. McMahon, writing of this battle in "The Century's"
+series of war papers, says: "I remember at one point a mute and
+pathetic evidence of sterling valor. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> Second Connecticut Heavy
+Artillery, a new regiment eighteen hundred strong, had joined us but a
+few days before the battle. Its uniform was bright and fresh;
+therefore its dead were easily distinguished where they lay. They
+marked in a dotted line an obtuse angle, covering a wide front, with
+its apex toward the enemy, and there upon his face, still in death,
+with his head to the works, lay the Colonel, the brave and genial
+Colonel Elisha S. Kellogg."</p>
+
+<p>Such was their first trial in battle.</p>
+
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span></p>
+<div class="chapter_break" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/deco-039.png" width="500" height="100" alt="Decoration" title="" />
+</div>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap" style="width: 48px;">
+<img src="images/drop-i.png" width="48" height="50" alt="I" title="I" />
+</span><span class="droppedcap">I</span>mmediately after receiving news of the action of June 1st, Governor
+Buckingham had sent a commission as colonel to Lieutenant-Colonel
+James Hubbard. He, however, was unwilling to assume the responsibility
+of the command; this had been his first battle, and he "drew the hasty
+inference that all the fighting was likely to consist of a similar
+walking into the jaws of hell. He afterwards found that this was a
+mistake."</p>
+
+<p class="clear">Upon General Upton's advice, therefore, the officers recommended to
+the Governor the appointment of Ranald S. Mackenzie, then a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> captain
+of engineers on duty at headquarters, and this recommendation being
+favorably endorsed by superior officers up to the Lieutenant-General,
+was accepted, and Colonel Mackenzie took command on June 6th.</p>
+
+<p>Of the man who was now to lead the regiment, Grant in his Memoirs
+writes twenty years later the following unqualified judgment: "I
+regarded Mackenzie as the most promising young officer in the army.
+Graduating at West Point as he did during the second year of the war,
+he had won his way up to the command of a corps before its close. This
+he did upon his own merit and without influence." Such a statement
+from such a quarter is enough to show that once more the Second
+Connecticut was to be commanded by a soldier of more than ordinary
+qualities, a fact which was not long in developing.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Mackenzie's active connection with the regiment lasted only
+some four months, but they were months of great activity and afforded
+such occasions for proof of his abilities that his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> speedy promotion
+was inevitable. He never achieved the general popularity with his men
+that had come to his predecessor, nor cared to, but he did gain quite
+as thoroughly their respect through his mastership of the business in
+hand. It was not long after he assumed command that, as the regimental
+history says, the men "began to grieve anew over the loss of Kellogg.
+That commander had chastised us with whips, but this one dealt in
+scorpions. By the time we reached the Shenandoah Valley, he had so far
+developed as to be a far greater terror, to both officers and men,
+than Early's grape and canister. He was a Perpetual Punisher, and the
+Second Connecticut while under him was always a punished regiment.
+There is a regimental tradition to the effect that a well-defined
+purpose existed among the men, prior to the battle of Winchester, to
+dispose of this commanding scourge during the first fight that
+occurred. If he had known it, it would only have excited his contempt,
+for he cared not a copper for the good will of any except his
+mili<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span>tary superiors, and certainly feared no man of woman born, on
+either side of the lines. But the purpose, if any existed, quailed and
+failed before his audacious pluck on that bloody day. He seemed to
+court destruction all day long. With his hat aloft on the point of his
+saber he galloped over forty-acre fields, through a perfect hailstorm
+of rebel lead and iron, with as much impunity as though he had been a
+ghost. The men hated him with the hate of hell, but they could not
+draw bead on so brave a man as that. Henceforth they firmly believed
+he bore a charmed life."</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Mackenzie's advancement was brilliantly rapid, as Grant
+states, and at the time of Lee's surrender he was in command of a
+corps of cavalry, which had shortly before taken an important part in
+the battle of Five Forks under his leadership.</p>
+
+<p>When the war ended he became colonel of the Twenty-fourth Infantry in
+the regular army, and later received a cavalry command, gaining much
+distinction by his services in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> Indian campaigns in the West and
+on the Mexican border. He was made brigadier-general in 1882, shortly
+after placed on the retired list, and died at Governor's Island in
+1889.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<p>The unsuccessful assault on Lee's works at Cold Harbor marked the end
+of the first part of Grant's campaign. The next move was to swing the
+army southward to the line of the James River and prepare to move upon
+Richmond and its defences from that side. This change of base was one
+of General Grant's finest achievements, admirably planned, and so
+skilfully executed that for three days Lee remained in total ignorance
+of what his adversary was doing. The Second Connecticut withdrew from
+its position on June 12th, late at night, reached the river on the
+16th, and, moving up it in transports, was disembarked and sent toward
+Petersburg, to a point on the left wing of the army. It reached
+position on the night of the 19th and entrenched. The usual
+occurrences of such marches as at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span>tended this change of scene were
+varied for the men, as the regimental history suggestively relates, by
+a notable circumstance&mdash;a bath in the river. "It was the only luxury
+we had had for weeks. It was a goodly sight to see half a dozen
+regiments disporting themselves in the tepid waters of the James. But
+no reader can possibly understand what enjoyment it afforded, unless
+he has slept on the ground for fourteen days without undressing, and
+been compelled to walk, cook, and live on all fours, lest a
+perpendicular assertion of his manhood should instantly convert it
+into clay."</p>
+
+<p>The operations against Petersburg had been going on for some time when
+the regiment arrived, and for two days it lay in the rifle pits it had
+dug under continual fire, with frequent resulting casualties. It was
+"the most intolerable position the regiment was ever required to hold.
+We had seen a deadlier spot at Cold Harbor, and others awaited us in
+the future; but they were agonies that did not last. Here, however, we
+had to stay, hour after hour, from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> before dawn until after dark, and
+that, too, where we could not move a rod without extreme danger. The
+enemy's line was parallel with ours, just across the wheat field; then
+they had numerous sharpshooters, who were familiar with every acre of
+the ground, perched in tall trees on both our flanks; then they had
+artillery posted everywhere. No man could cast his eyes over the
+parapet, or expose himself ten feet in the rear of the trench without
+drawing fire. And yet they did thus expose themselves; for where there
+are even chances of being missed or hit, soldiers will take the
+chances rather than lie still and suffer from thirst, supineness, and
+want of all things. There was no getting to the rear until zig-zag
+passages were dug, and then the wounded were borne off. Our occupation
+continued during the night and the next day, the regiment being
+divided into two reliefs, the one off duty lying a little to the rear,
+in a cornfield near Harrison's house. But it was a question whether
+'off' or 'on' duty was the more dangerous."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span>On the 21st, relieved from this post, the regiment was moved to a new
+position further southwest and about the same distance from the city
+of Petersburg, which lay in plain view and whose city clocks could be
+heard distinctly. The Sixth Corps was engaged in an operation having
+the purpose of breaking Lee's communications with the South by the
+line of the Weldon Railroad, and in the course of this the Second
+Connecticut took part in a "sharp skirmish" with Hill's Division, on
+June 22nd, an affair which to other experiences would be notable as a
+battle of some proportions. The desired result was not gained; the
+attempt on Petersburg, which if successful might have hastened the end
+of the Confederacy by six months, and which came so near success, was
+changed to besieging operations, and for some time Grant's army lay
+comparatively quiet. In its four days in action here, the regiment
+suffered as follows: Killed or died of wounds, fifteen; wounded but
+not mortally, fifteen; missing, three; prisoners who died, five.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 350px;"><a name="Wessells" id="Wessells"></a>
+<img src="images/wessells.jpg" width="350" height="500" alt="Colonel Wessells" title="Colonel Wessells" />
+<span class="caption">Colonel Wessells</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span></p>
+<div class="chapter_break" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/deco-047.png" width="500" height="127" alt="Decoration" title="" />
+</div>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap" style="width: 49px;">
+<img src="images/drop-o.png" width="49" height="50" alt="O" title="O" />
+</span><span class="droppedcap">O</span>n July 9th came the orders which took the Second Connecticut for many
+months away from its place before Petersburg, where, after the
+activities described, it had settled down to a less exciting course of
+constructing batteries, forts, and breastworks, and laying out camps,
+with days of comparative peace and comfort notwithstanding several
+alarms showing the possibility of more arduous service.</p>
+
+<p class="clear">The Confederate Army which had been sent under General Early into the
+Shenandoah Valley to create a diversion in that quarter, had
+unexpectedly appeared on the Potomac in a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> sudden dash upon
+Washington, then defended chiefly by raw levies. Part of the Sixth
+Corps had been detached from Grant's army and sent to protect the
+capital a few days before; now the rest of the corps, including the
+Second Connecticut, was hurried north and reached Washington just in
+time to defeat Early's purpose. He had planned to storm the city on
+the 12th, and with good prospects of success; it was on that very day
+at an early hour, that the reinforcing troops arrived. They were
+hurried through the city to the threatened point, and the enemy,
+seeing the well-known corps badge confronting them at Fort Stevens,
+and recognizing that the opportunity was gone, promptly retreated,
+after an engagement in which the Second Connecticut took no active
+part. This occasion was notable by reason of the fact that for the
+only time during the war President Lincoln was under fire, as he
+watched the progress of affairs from the parapet of Fort Stevens.</p>
+
+<p>The pursuit which began at once entailed some hard marching, but the
+enemy could not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> be brought to a stand. It continued for several days
+until the Valley of the Shenandoah was reached, when Early, as was
+supposed, having hurried back to join Lee at Petersburg, the Sixth
+Corps was marched again swiftly to the capital. Here it developed that
+the authorities had decided to keep part of the forces sent for their
+protection, to man the defences, since Early's attempt had come so
+dangerously near succeeding, and the Second Connecticut was chosen to
+remain. On July 25th it was moved into the same forts it had occupied
+when called to the front two months before, and here it might have
+remained through the rest of its term of service, if Early had, as was
+presumed, gone back to join Lee at Petersburg. But it was learned now
+that he had faced about when the chase ceased and was again
+threatening a northward move. The Sixth Corps was therefore ordered
+against his force once more, the Second Connecticut going from the
+anticipated comforts of its prospective garrison duty with anything
+but satisfaction.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> "The men who had rolled into those cosy bunks with
+the declared intention of 'sleeping a week steady,' were on their
+cursing way through Tenallytown again in twenty-four hours, marching
+with accelerated pace toward Frederick to overtake the brigade of the
+red cross, to which they had so lately bidden an everlasting adieu.
+Oh, bitter cup!"</p>
+
+<p>After much marching and counter marching they found themselves on
+August 6th at Halltown in the Valley. For more than a month the army,
+now placed under the command of General Sheridan, was occupied in
+organizing and man&oelig;uvering for the projected campaign, which the
+presence of the hostile force in that important quarter necessitated.</p>
+
+<p>Though on a much smaller scale than the operations in which the
+regiment had borne a part since it had been in active service, the
+impending action in the Shenandoah Valley was recognized as being of
+great importance. Grant's official report, speaking on this point,
+says: "Defeat to us would lay open to the enemy the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> states of
+Maryland and Pennsylvania for long distances before another army could
+be interposed to check him," and aside from the military aspect of the
+matter, the political campaign then agitating the loyal states made
+the result of the struggle here of profound influence.</p>
+
+<p>The campaign's activities began with the battle of the Opequan, or, as
+it is perhaps more often designated, of Winchester. General Sheridan
+took advantage of an opportunity for which he had been patiently
+waiting by moving his forces to the attack at daylight on the morning
+of September 19th, and before noon the engagement was fierce and
+general, both assault and defence being made with equal spirit and
+determination; that part of the Sixth Corps which comprised the Second
+Connecticut, however, had taken small part in it, being held in
+reserve.</p>
+
+<p>It was about midday that in a counter charge against the Union center,
+the enemy found a weak point at the junction of the Sixth Corps with
+the Nineteenth, of which they quickly took<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> advantage, breaking the
+line and driving back the troops on the flanks of both corps in great
+disorder. Their successful advance and the flight of the opposing
+forces gave such assurances of victory that more than one Confederate
+writer says that at this point the battle which had raged since
+daylight was won. Jefferson Davis himself wrote, years after, of the
+charge: "This affair occurred about 11 <span class="ampm">A.M.</span>, and a splendid victory
+had been gained,"&mdash;a judgment which lacked finality. In fact, had the
+separation of the wings of Sheridan's army been accomplished, as it
+was threatened, the result would have been utter disaster; just now,
+however, Upton's brigade, of which the Second Connecticut formed a
+large part, was brought up to the point of danger. The charge was
+checked, the enemy in turn driven back, and the Union line
+re-established.</p>
+
+<p>In the regimental history it is related that the brigade was pushed
+forward gradually, "halted on a spot where the ground was depressed
+enough to afford a little protection, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> only a little,&mdash;for several
+men were hit while lying there, as well as others, while getting
+there. In three minutes the regiment again advanced, passed over a
+knoll, lost several more men, and halted in another hollow spot,
+similar to the first. The enemy's advance had now been pushed well
+back, and here a stay was made of perhaps two hours. Colonel Mackenzie
+rode slowly back and forth along the rise of ground in front of this
+position in a very reckless manner, in plain sight and easy range of
+the enemy, who kept up a fire from a piece of woods in front, which
+elicited from him the remark, 'I guess those fellows will get tired of
+firing at me by and by.' But the ground where the regiment lay was
+very slightly depressed, and although the shots missed Mackenzie they
+killed and wounded a large number of both officers and men behind him.</p>
+
+<p>"About three o'clock, an advance of the whole line having been ordered
+by Sheridan, the regiment charged across the field, Mackenzie riding
+some ten rods ahead, holding his hat aloft on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> the point of his saber.
+The distance to the woods was at least a quarter of a mile, and was
+traversed under a fire that carried off its victims at nearly every
+step. The enemy abandoned the woods, however, as the regiment
+approached. After a short halt it again advanced to a rail fence which
+ran along the side of an extensive field. Here, for the first time
+during the whole of this bloody day, did the regiment have orders to
+fire, and for ten minutes they had the privilege of pouring an
+effective fire into the rebels, who were thick in front. Then a flank
+movement was made along the fence to the right, followed by a direct
+advance of forty rods into the field. Here was the deadliest spot of
+the day. The enemy's artillery, on a rise of ground in front, plowed
+the field with canister and shells, and tore the ranks in a frightful
+manner. Major Rice was struck by a shell, his left arm torn off, and
+his body cut almost asunder. Major Skinner was struck on the top of
+the head by a shell, knocked nearly a rod with his face to the earth,
+and was carried to the rear insensible. General<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> Upton had a good
+quarter pound of flesh taken out of his thigh by a shell. Colonel
+Mackenzie's horse was cut in two by a solid shot which just grazed the
+rider's leg and let him down to the ground very abruptly. Several
+other officers were also struck; and from these instances as well as
+from the appended list of casualties some idea may be gained of the
+havoc among the enlisted men at this point. Although the regiment had
+been under fire and losing continually from the middle of the
+afternoon, until it was now almost sunset, yet the losses during ten
+minutes in this last field were probably equal to those of all the
+rest of the day. It was doubtless the spot referred to by the rebel
+historian, Pollard, when he says, 'Early's artillery was fought to the
+muzzle of the guns.' Mackenzie gave the order to move by the left
+flank and a start was made, but there was no enduring such a fire, and
+the men ran back and lay down. Another attempt was soon made, and
+after passing a large oak tree a sheltered position was secured. The
+next move was directly into the enemy's breastwork.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> They had just
+been driven from it by a cavalry charge from the right, and were in
+full retreat through the streets of Winchester, and some of their
+abandoned artillery which had done us so much damage stood yet in
+position, hissing hot with action, with their miserable rac-a-bone
+horses attached. The brigade, numbering less than half the muskets it
+had in the morning, was now got into shape, and after marching to a
+field in the eastern edge of the city, bivouacked for the night, while
+the pursuit rolled miles away up the valley pike." Night alone, wrote
+General Wesley Merritt, saved Early's army from capture.</p>
+
+<p>To the losses of the day the Second Connecticut contributed forty-two
+killed and one hundred and eight wounded, the proportion of officers
+being very large.</p>
+
+<p>Unlike their previous severe engagement at Cold Harbor, the regiment
+had the thrilling consciousness of complete victory to hearten them
+after this battle, and, later, when the full history of the day was
+learned, the realization<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> that they had played a part of no little
+importance in attaining it.</p>
+
+<p>The moment when they were brought into action was a critical one.
+General Sheridan, in his report summing up the operations of the
+campaign, said: "At Winchester for a moment the contest was uncertain,
+but the gallant attack of General Upton's brigade of the Sixth Corps
+restored the line of battle," and of this brigade the Second
+Connecticut formed fully half. Upton's report gave high praise to
+Colonel Mackenzie, and said: "His regiment on the right initiated
+nearly every movement of the division, and behaved with great
+steadiness and gallantry."</p>
+
+<p>The victory itself, with the sequel which followed so promptly three
+days later, had an importance far beyond its purely military value,
+through its marked effects upon public sentiment throughout the
+country; it brought to one side jubilant satisfaction, and gave a
+corresponding depression to the other, and it elevated Sheridan at
+once to that high place in popular affec<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span>tion which he always
+afterwards held. That it was "the turning-point of the fortunes of the
+war in Virginia," was the verdict of a Confederate officer of high
+rank, and Nicolay and Hay in the "Life of Lincoln" describe it as "one
+of the most important of the war."</p>
+
+<p>As for the Litchfield County regiment, among its many proud memories,
+none surely holds a higher place than that of the worthy and effective
+part it took in this day's work, forming, as it did, so large a part
+of the brigade which, in the words of General Upton's biographer,
+turned possible defeat into certain victory.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<p>General Sheridan's method of operation could hardly be held as
+dilatory. It would doubtless have commended itself more highly to his
+men if it had been somewhat more so, when at daylight on the morning
+after the splendid success of September 19th they were ordered in
+pursuit of Early's army.</p>
+
+<p>The Confederate forces had taken position on Fisher's Hill, considered
+the Gibraltar of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> Valley, and according to Sheridan, almost
+impregnable to a direct assault. Two days were occupied in bringing up
+troops and making dispositions for the attack. The Second Connecticut
+reached its assigned position on the 21st near midnight, and found
+itself "on the very top of a hill fully as high as Fisher's Hill, and
+separated from it by Tumbling River. The enemy's stronghold was on the
+top of the opposite hill directly across the stream."</p>
+
+<p>On the 22nd more or less skirmishing took place all day. A force had
+been sent round the enemy's left flank; the attack it delivered late
+in the afternoon was a complete surprise to Early's men, and an
+advance by the whole Union line quickly routed them.</p>
+
+<p>To make this charge the regiment moved down the steep hill, waded the
+stream, and moved up the rocky front of the rebel Gibraltar. How they
+got up there is a mystery,&mdash;for the ascent of that rocky declivity
+would now seem an impossibility to an unburdened traveller, even
+though there were no deadly enemy at the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> top. But up they went,
+clinging to rocks and bushes. The main rebel breastwork, which they
+were so confident of holding, was about fifteen rods from the top of
+the bluff, with brush piled in front of it. Just as the top was
+reached the Eighth Corps struck the enemy on the right, and their
+flight was disordered and precipitate. The Second Connecticut was the
+first regiment that reached and planted colors on the works from the
+direct front.</p>
+
+<p>They were marching in pursuit all that night and for three succeeding
+days, until the chase was seen to be hopeless and the army faced
+northward again. Four killed and nineteen wounded were added at
+Fisher's Hill to the growing record of the Second Connecticut's
+losses.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 348px;"><a name="Kellogg" id="Kellogg"></a>
+<img src="images/kellogg.jpg" width="348" height="500" alt="Colonel Kellogg" title="Colonel Kellogg" />
+<span class="caption">Colonel Kellogg</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span></p>
+<div class="chapter_break" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/deco-061.png" width="500" height="115" alt="Decoration" title="" />
+</div>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap" style="width: 49px;">
+<img src="images/drop-s.png" width="49" height="50" alt="S" title="S" />
+</span><span class="droppedcap">S</span>uch complete failure in their campaign had, it was now believed,
+eliminated the enemy in the Shenandoah Valley. The Sixth Corps was
+accordingly ordered back to Grant's army before Petersburg after a few
+days of rest, and was moving toward Washington on its way when there
+came a sudden change of orders.</p>
+
+<p class="clear">Early, reinforced and once more ready, was again in the works he had
+been driven from at Fisher's Hill. The corps, recalled to join the
+forces of Sheridan, went into camp along the north bank of Cedar Creek
+on October 14th,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> and here there soon took place one of the most
+thrilling and dramatic conflicts of the war.</p>
+
+<p>"For the next few days," the history of the regiment states, "there
+was much quiet and a good deal of speculation among the troops as to
+what would be the next shift of the scenes. The enemy was close in
+front, just as he had been for weeks preceding the battle of
+Winchester, but this attitude which might once have been called
+defiance, now seemed to be mere impudence,&mdash;and it was the general
+opinion that Early did not wish or intend to fight again, but that he
+was to be kept there as a standing threat in order to prevent
+Sheridan's army from returning to Grant. And yet there was something
+mysterious in his conduct. He was known to be receiving
+reinforcements, and his signal flags on Three-top Mountain (just south
+of Fisher's Hill) were continually in motion. From the top of
+Massanutton Mountain his vedettes could look down upon the whole Union
+army, as one can look down upon New Haven from East Rock, and there is
+no doubt that the exact<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> location of every camp, and the position of
+every gun and every picket post were thoroughly known to him.
+Nevertheless, it seemed the most improbable thing in the world that he
+could be meditating either an open attack or a surprise. The position
+was strong, the creek and its crossings in possession of our pickets
+both along the front and well out on either flank." But Early himself,
+being in difficulties his enemy knew nothing of, says, "I was
+compelled to move back for want of provisions and forage, or attack
+the enemy in his position with the hope of driving him from it, and I
+determined to attack."</p>
+
+<p>His plan was, like his adversary's at the last encounter, a surprise
+around the left flank with a feint on the right, and it was carried
+out on the morning of October 19th with complete success. General
+Sheridan had been called to Washington a few days before, as no active
+operations seemed imminent, and the army lay feeling quite secure.</p>
+
+<p>Good fortune attended the attacking forces,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> and the surprise was
+perfect. General Merritt writes: "Crook's (Eighth Corps) camp and
+afterwards Emory's (Nineteenth Corps) were attacked in flank and rear,
+and the men and officers driven from their beds, many of them not
+having time to hurry into their clothes, except as they retreated,
+half awake and terror-stricken from the overpowering numbers of the
+enemy. Their own artillery in conjunction with that of the enemy, was
+turned on them, and long before it was light enough for their eyes,
+unaccustomed to the dim light, to distinguish friend from foe, they
+were hurrying to our right and rear intent only on their safety.
+Wright's (Sixth Corps) infantry, which was farther removed from the
+point of attack, fared somewhat better, but did not offer more than a
+spasmodic resistance." Nevertheless, they made Early "pay dearly for
+every foot gained and finally brought him to a stand," as Nicolay and
+Hay record.</p>
+
+<p>The history of the Second Connecticut tells the story of the day as
+follows: "Most of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> regiment were up next morning long before
+Reveille and many had begun to cook their coffee on account of that
+ominous popping and cracking which had been going on for half an hour
+off to the right. They did not exactly suppose it meant anything, but
+they had learned wisdom by many a sudden march on an empty stomach and
+did not propose to be caught napping. The clatter on the right
+increased. It began to be the wonder why no orders came. But suddenly
+every man seemed to lose interest in the right, and turned his
+inquiring eyes and ears toward the left. Rapid volleys and a vague
+tumult told that there was trouble there. 'Fall in!' said Mackenzie.
+The brigade moved briskly off toward the east, crossing the track of
+other troops and batteries of artillery which were hurriedly swinging
+into position, while ambulances, orderlies, staff officers, camp
+followers, pack horses, cavalrymen, sutler's wagons, hospital wagons,
+and six-mule teams of every description came trundling and galloping
+pell mell toward the right and rear and making off<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> toward Winchester.
+It was not a hundred rods from our own camp to the place where we went
+into position on a road running north. General Wright, the temporary
+commander of the army, bareheaded, and with blood trickling from his
+beard, sat on his horse near by, as if bewildered or in a brown study.
+The ground was cleared in front of the road and sloped off some thirty
+rods to a stream, on the opposite side of which it rose for about an
+equal distance to a piece of woods in which the advance rebel line had
+already taken position. The newly risen sun, huge and bloody, was on
+their side in more senses than one. Our line faced directly to the
+east and we could see nothing but that enormous disk, rising out of
+the fog, while they could see every man in our line and could take
+good aim. The battalion lay down, and part of the men began to fire,
+but the shape of the ground afforded little protection and large
+numbers were killed and wounded. Four fifths of our loss for the
+entire day occurred during the time we lay here,&mdash;which could not have
+been over five min<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span>utes,&mdash;by the end of which time the Second
+Connecticut found itself in an isolated position not unlike that at
+Cold Harbor. The fog had now thinned away somewhat and a firm rebel
+line with colors full high advanced came rolling over the knoll just
+in front of our left not more than three hundred yards distant. 'Rise
+up,&mdash;Retreat,' said Mackenzie,&mdash;and the battalion began to move back.</p>
+
+<p>"For a little distance the retreat was made in very good order, but it
+soon degenerated into a rout. Men from a score of regiments were mixed
+up in flight, and the whole corps was scattered over acres and acres
+with no more organization than a herd of buffaloes. Some of the
+wounded were carried for a distance by their comrades, who were at
+length compelled to leave them to their fate in order to escape being
+shot. About a mile from the place where the retreat commenced there
+was a road running directly across the valley. Here the troops were
+rallied and a slight defence of rails thrown up. The regimental and
+brigade flags were set up as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> beacons to direct each man how to steer
+through the mob and in a very few minutes there was an effective line
+of battle established. A few round shot ricochetted overhead, making
+about an eighth of a mile at a jump, and a few grape were dropped into
+a ditch just behind our line, quickly clearing out some soldiers who
+had crawled in there, but this was the extent of the pursuit. The
+whole brigade (and a very small brigade it was) was deployed as
+skirmishers under Colonel Olcott of the One Hundred and Twenty-first
+New York. Three lines of skirmishers were formed and each in turn
+constituted the first line while the other two passed through and
+halted, and so the retreat was continued for about three miles until a
+halt was made upon high ground, from which we could plainly see the
+Johnnies sauntering around on the very ground where we had slept."</p>
+
+<p>Once more could Early claim the credit of a victory of which at night
+he was to find himself again deprived. Sheridan's famous ride, his
+meeting and turning of the tide of fugitives, is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> the feature of the
+day's occurrences which will always live in the popular memory. It is
+a significant hint of the scale of such a battlefield to know that the
+men of the Second Connecticut had no visual perception of his presence
+that day, though they heard the cheering occasioned by his appearance
+in other parts of the scene, and in his report there is mention of a
+meeting with Colonel Mackenzie, whom he tried to persuade to go to the
+rear on account of his wounds.</p>
+
+<p>The Confederate belief in their victory was not unreasonable, but it
+was now to suffer an astonishing upset. Weary and demoralized with
+success, they were entirely unprepared for the vigor of their
+opponents, who after repulsing their last assault, quickly reformed
+the lines and prepared for a general advance. Sheridan writes: "This
+attack was brilliantly made, and as the enemy was protected by rail
+breastworks and at some portions of his line by stone fences, his
+resistance was very determined."</p>
+
+<p>The history of the Second Connecticut gives<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> a detailed account of its
+movement, first against a stone wall in front which after some
+opposition was abandoned by the enemy, who then "attempted to rally
+behind another fence a little further back, but after a moment or two
+gave it up and 'retired.' Not only in front of our regiment, but all
+along as far as the eye could reach, both to the right and left, were
+they flying over the uneven country in precisely the same kind of
+disorder that we had exhibited in the morning. The shouts and screams
+of victory mingled with the roar of the firing, and never was heard
+'so musical a discord, such sweet thunder.' The sight of so many rebel
+heels made it a very easy thing to be brave, and the Union troops
+pressed on, utterly regardless of the grape and canister which to the
+last moment the enemy flung behind him. It would not have been well
+for them to have fired too much if they had had ever so good a chance,
+for they would have been no more likely to hit our men than their own,
+who were our prisoners and scattered in squads of twenty, squads of
+ten, and squads of one, all<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> over the vast field. At one time they
+made a determined stand along a ridge in front of our brigade. A
+breastwork of rails was thrown together, colors planted, a nucleus
+made, and both flanks grew longer and longer with wonderful rapidity.
+It was evident that they were driving back their men to this line
+without regard to regiment or organization of any kind. This could be
+plainly seen from the adjacent and similar ridge over which we were
+moving,&mdash;the pursuers being in quite as much disorder (so far as
+organizations were concerned) as the pursued. That growing line began
+to look ugly and somewhat quenched the ardor of the chase. It began to
+be a question in many minds whether it would not be a point of wisdom
+'to survey the vantage of the ground' before getting much further. But
+just as we descended into the intervening hollow, a body of cavalry,
+not large but compact, was seen scouring along the fields to our right
+and front like a whirlwind directly toward the left flank of that
+formidable line on the hill. When we reached the top there was no<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span>
+enemy there! They had moved on and the cavalry after them.</p>
+
+<p>"Thus the chase was continued, from position to position, for miles
+and miles, for hours and hours, until darkness closed in and every
+regiment went into camp on the identical ground it had left in such
+haste in the morning. Every man tied his shelter tent to the very same
+old stakes, and in half an hour coffee was boiling and salt pork
+sputtering over thousands of camp fires. Civil life may furnish better
+fare than the army at Cedar Creek had that night, but not better
+appetites; for it must be borne in mind that many had gone into the
+fight directly from their beds and had eaten nothing for twenty-four
+hours.</p>
+
+<p>"Men from every company started out the first thing after reaching
+camp to look for our dead and wounded, many of whom lay not fifty rods
+off. The slightly wounded who had not got away had been taken
+prisoners and sent at once toward Richmond&mdash;while the severely wounded
+had lain all day on the ground near where<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> they were hit while the
+tide of battle ebbed and flowed over them. Some of the mortally
+wounded were just able to greet their returning comrades, hear the
+news of victory, and send a last message to their friends before
+expiring. Corporal Charles M. Burr was shot above the ankle just after
+the battalion had risen up and started to retreat. Both bones of his
+leg were shattered and he had to be left. In a few minutes the rebel
+battalion which I have already mentioned came directly over him in
+pursuit, and was soon out of his sight. Then being alone for a short
+time he pulled off the boot from his sound leg, put his watch and
+money into it and put it on again. Next a merciful rebel lieutenant
+came and tied a handkerchief around his leg, stanching the blood. Next
+came the noble army of stragglers and bummers with the question,
+'Hello, Yank, have you got any Yankee notions about you?' and at the
+same time thrusting their hands into every pocket. They captured a
+little money and small traps, but seeing one boot was spoiled<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> they
+did not meddle with the other. Next came wagons, picking up muskets
+and accoutrements which lay thick all over the ground. Then came
+ambulances and picked up the rebel wounded but left ours. Then came a
+citizen of the Confederacy asking many questions, and then came three
+boys who gave him water. And thus the day wore along until the middle
+of the afternoon when the tide of travel began to turn. The noble army
+of stragglers and bummers led the advance&mdash;then the roar of battle
+grew nearer and louder and more general, then came galloping officers
+and all kinds of wagons, then a brass twelve-pounder swung round close
+to him, unlimbered, fired one shot, and whipped off again&mdash;then came
+the routed infantry, artillery, and cavalry, all mixed together, all
+on a full run, and strewing the ground with muskets and equipments.
+Then came the shouting 'boys in blue,' and in a few minutes Pat
+Birmingham came up and said: 'Well, Charley, I'm glad to find you
+alive. I didn't <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span>expect it. We're back again in the old camp, and the
+Johnnies are whipped all to pieces.'"</p>
+
+<p>The victory was as complete and satisfying as it was spectacular; the
+enemy was at last so thoroughly beaten that a dangerous attitude could
+not be taken again. It was a fitting close for Sheridan's famous
+campaign in the Shenandoah Valley.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<p>To the Second Connecticut the day at Cedar Creek brought losses nearly
+as heavy as were suffered at Winchester just a month before:
+thirty-eight killed, ninety-six wounded, and two missing, besides a
+large number made prisoners,&mdash;an entire company having been captured
+early in the morning while on picket,&mdash;of whom eleven died in
+captivity. These losses were in fact proportionately even larger than
+those met with at Cold Harbor, as the hard service of the preceding
+months had reduced the regiment's effective strength to about
+twenty-five officers and seven hundred men present for duty.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span></p>
+<div class="chapter_break" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/deco-076.png" width="500" height="122" alt="Decoration" title="" />
+</div>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap" style="width: 50px;">
+<img src="images/drop-g.png" width="50" height="50" alt="G" title="G" />
+</span><span class="droppedcap">G</span>eneral Sheridan's report on the Shenandoah campaign gave high praise
+to Colonel Mackenzie, who, as a result of his conduct, received a
+promotion and was commissioned brigadier-general in December. His
+disability from the two wounds received at Cedar Creek, however,
+necessitated his relinquishing the command of the regiment immediately
+after that engagement, and this devolved upon Lieutenant-Colonel James
+Hubbard; to him in due course came the colonel's commission, and he
+led the regiment throughout the rest of its career.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 350px;"><a name="Mackenzie" id="Mackenzie"></a>
+<img src="images/mackenzie.jpg" width="350" height="500" alt="Colonel Mackenzie" title="Colonel Mackenzie" />
+<span class="caption">Colonel Mackenzie</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span>Colonel Hubbard, though born in Salisbury, had lived in the West
+before the war, and first saw service with an Illinois regiment.
+Returning to Connecticut, he assisted in raising a company for the
+Nineteenth, and was mustered in as its captain. He was steadily
+promoted until the death of Colonel Kellogg brought him naturally to
+the command of the regiment; but, as has been said, his own modest
+estimate of his qualifications for this responsibility caused him to
+decline the appointment. When it came to him a second time he
+accepted, and proved by his subsequent handling of the regiment a
+worthy successor to the remarkably able soldiers under whom he had
+served, winning the brevet rank of brigadier-general in the final
+campaigns. His ambition was, a comrade wrote, to do his full duty
+without a thought for personal glory; and he enjoyed in a high degree
+the respect and affection of his command. He died in Washington, where
+he lived for many years, on December 21, 1886, and was buried in
+Winsted.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span>The brilliant victories in which the Second Artillery had borne so
+worthy a part, and the re-election of President Lincoln in November
+(1864), put an end to all anxieties as to danger in the quarter of the
+Shenandoah, which before Sheridan's campaign had been a region of
+fatal mischance to the national cause from the beginning of the war.
+As a consequence the Sixth Corps was once more ordered to rejoin
+Grant's army, and the regiment left the historic valley on December
+1st, arriving on the 5th before Petersburg, where it was assigned a
+position near the place of its skirmish on June 22nd.</p>
+
+<p>"Then it was unbroken forest," says its history; "now, hundreds of
+acres were cleared, and dotted with camps. A corduroy road ran by, and
+a telegraph, and Grant's railroad. No other such railroad was ever
+seen before, or ever will be again. It was laid right on top of the
+ground, without any attempt at grading, and you might see the engine
+and rear car of a long train, while the middle of the train would be
+in a valley, completely out of sight. Having<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> reached Parke Station,
+we moved to a camp near Battery Number Twenty-seven, and went into the
+snug and elegant little log houses just vacated by the Ninety-fourth
+New York. This was a new kind of situation for the 'Second Heavies.'
+The idea of being behind permanent and powerful breastworks, defended
+by abatis, ditches, and what not, with approaches so difficult that
+ten men could hold five hundred at bay, was so novel, that the men
+actually felt as if there must be some mistake, and that they had got
+into the wrong place."</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<p>For two months no fighting fell to the regiment's lot, for though the
+Union commanders and armies were ready and eager to make an end of the
+war as soon as possible, little could be done during the winter.
+Though this inactivity brought perhaps some relief from the rigors of
+army life, the men had numerous reminders that they were still in
+active service. One of the chief events of this season the history of
+the regiment describes as follows: "On<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> the afternoon of the 9th
+(December, 1864), the First and Third Divisions of the Sixth Corps
+were marched to the left, beyond the permanent lines, and off in the
+direction of the Weldon Railroad, to prevent any attack on the Fifth
+and Second Corps, now returning from their expedition. After going for
+about six miles we halted for the night, in a piece of woods. It was
+bitter cold when we left camp, but soon began to moderate, then to
+rain, then to sleet; so that by the time we halted, everything was
+covered with ice, with snow two inches deep on the ground, and still
+sifting down through the pines. It was the work of an hour to get
+fires going,&mdash;but at last they began to take hold, and fuel was piled
+on as though it did not cost anything. Clouds of steam rolled out of
+the soaked garments of the men, as they stood huddled around the
+roaring, cracking piles,&mdash;and the black night and ghostly woods were
+lighted up in a style most wonderful. The storm continued all night,
+and many a man waked up next morning to find his legs firmly packed
+in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> new fallen snow. At daylight orders came to pack up and be ready
+to move at once; which was now a difficult order to execute, on
+account of many things, especially the shelter tents;&mdash;for they were
+as rigid as sheet-iron and yet had to be rolled up and strapped on the
+knapsacks. Nevertheless it was not long before the regiment was in
+motion; and after plodding off for a mile to the left, a line of
+battle was formed, vedettes sent out, trees felled and breastworks
+built, and at dinner-time the men were allowed to build fires and cook
+breakfast. Then, after standing until almost night in the snow, which
+had now turned to sleet, the column was headed homeward. Upon
+arriving, it was discovered that some of the Jersey Brigade had taken
+possession of our log snuggeries, and that their officers had
+established their heels upon the mantels in our officers' quarters,
+and were smoking the pipes of comfort and complacency, as though they
+had not a trouble in the world, and never expected to have. But they
+soon found that possession is not nine points of military<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> law, by any
+means. An order from Division Headquarters soon sent them profanely
+packing,&mdash;and the Second Heavies occupied."</p>
+
+<p>Though weeks were spent in such comparative comfort and immunity as
+the present situation afforded, the men felt as if they were resting
+over a volcano which might break into fierce activity at any moment;
+and as the winter passed signs of the renewal of the struggle
+multiplied on all sides.</p>
+
+<p>On February 5th (1865), part of the Second Connecticut was ordered to
+move out to support and protect the flank of the Fifth Corps, which
+was engaged near Hatcher's Run, and accordingly left the comforts of
+the camp and bivouacked for the night a few miles away. The history of
+the regiment says: "It was bitter cold sleeping that night&mdash;so cold
+that half the men stood or sat around fires all night. In the morning
+the movement was continued. A little before sundown we crossed
+Hatcher's Run and moved by the flank directly into a piece of woods,
+the Second Brigade under Hubbard leading the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> division and the Second
+Connecticut under Skinner leading the brigade. Wounded men were being
+brought to the rear and the noise just ahead told of mischief there.
+Colonel Hubbard filed to the left at the head of the column along a
+slight ridge and about half the regiment had filed when troops of the
+Fifth Corps came running through to the rear and at the same moment
+General Wheaton rode up with 'oblique to the left, oblique to the
+left,' and making energetic gestures toward the rise of ground. The
+ridge was quickly gained and fire opened just in time to head off a
+counter fire and charge that was already in progress, but between the
+'file left' and the 'left oblique' and the breaking of our ranks by
+troops retreating from in front, and the vines and underbrush (which
+were so thick that they unhorsed some of the staff officers) there was
+a good deal of confusion, and the line soon fell back about ten rods,
+where it was reformed and a vigorous fire poured&mdash;somewhat at
+random&mdash;a little to the left of our first position. The attempt of
+the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> enemy to get in on the left of the Fifth Corps was frustrated.
+Our casualties were six wounded (some of them probably by our own men)
+and one missing. The position was occupied that night, and the next
+day until about sundown, when the brigade shifted some distance to the
+right and again advanced under an artillery fire to within a short
+distance of the rebel batteries and built breastworks. The rebel
+picket shots whistled overhead all the time the breastworks were
+building, but mostly too high to hurt anything but the trees. At
+midnight the division moved back to quarters, arriving at sunrise.
+Having taken a ration of whiskey which was ordered by Grant or
+somebody else in consideration of three nights and two days on the
+bare ground in February, together with some fighting and a good deal
+of hard marching and hard work, the men lay down to sleep as the sun
+rose up, and did not rise up until the sun went down."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 327px;"><a name="Hubbard" id="Hubbard"></a>
+<img src="images/hubbard.jpg" width="327" height="500" alt="Colonel Hubbard" title="Colonel Hubbard" />
+<span class="caption">Colonel Hubbard</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span></p>
+<div class="chapter_break" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/deco-085.png" width="500" height="115" alt="Decoration" title="" />
+</div>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap" style="width: 50px;">
+<img src="images/drop-t.png" width="50" height="50" alt="T" title="T" />
+</span><span class="droppedcap">T</span>he routine of picket duty, inspection, alarms, and orders to be in
+readiness which came not infrequently, continued for another
+succession of weeks, varied now by the constant arrival of deserters
+from the enemy, who were coming into the Union lines singly and in
+large parties almost daily, and revealing the desperate condition on
+the other side. Preparations went on for what all felt was to be the
+final campaign; and this opened for the Second Connecticut on March
+25th, when the famous assault on Fort Stedman was made by the enemy,
+Lee's last attempt at offensive operations.</p>
+
+<p class="clear"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span>This position, which was on the eastern side of the city of
+Petersburg, was gallantly attacked and captured in the early morning;
+troops were at once called from all parts of the Union line and
+hurried to the point of action, but the fort was retaken before the
+Second Connecticut reached the scene, and the regiment was then moved
+to the southwest of the city before Fort Fisher, a general assault of
+the whole extensive line having been ordered by Grant to develop the
+weakness that Lee must have been obliged to make somewhere to carry
+out his plan against Fort Stedman. The attack succeeded in gaining and
+holding a large share of the Confederate picket line, a matter of
+great importance.</p>
+
+<p>The Second Connecticut advanced to the charge late in the afternoon
+"as steadily as though on a battalion drill," the regimental history
+relates. It captured a line of rifle pits and kept on "under a
+combined artillery and musket fire. The air was blue with the little
+cast iron balls from spherical-case shot which shaved the ground and
+exploded among the stumps just in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> rear of the line at intervals of
+only a few seconds. Twenty of the Second Connecticut were
+wounded&mdash;seven of them mortally&mdash;in reaching, occupying, and
+abandoning this position, which, proving entirely untenable, was held
+only a few minutes. The line faced about and moved back under the same
+mixed fire of solid shot, spherical case, and musketry, and halted not
+far in front of the spot whence it had first moved forward. Other
+troops on the right now engaged the battery and captured the rest of
+the picket line, and after half an hour the brigade again moved
+forward to a position still further advanced than the previous one,
+where a permanent picket line was established."</p>
+
+<p>The week following this eventful day, which began with the capture of
+one of the Union works, and ended with substantial gains along their
+front, saw intense activity on all sides. The abandonment of
+Petersburg by Lee was now plainly imminent, and the preventing of his
+army's escape was the paramount object. The whole vast field of
+operation about the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> besieged city became a seething theater of
+complicated movement, and the Second Connecticut, under frequent
+orders for immediate advance, was formed in line at all hours of the
+day or night, and excited by a thousand rumors and orders given and
+revoked, but it did not finally leave its quarters during this time.</p>
+
+<p>On April 1st, Sheridan won his notable victory at Five Forks, and at
+midnight the regiment was ordered out for a final charge on the
+defences so long held against them, which was to be made early on the
+2nd. All was made ready, the lines formed, and at daylight the signal
+gun set the army in motion.</p>
+
+<p>"The advance was over precisely the same ground as on the 25th of
+March, and the firing came from the same battery and breastworks,
+although not quite so severe. Lieutenant-Colonel Skinner and seven
+enlisted men were wounded&mdash;none of them fatally. There was but little
+firing on our side, but with bayonets fixed the boys went in,&mdash;not in
+a very mathe<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span>matical right line, but strongly and surely,&mdash;on, on,
+until the first line was carried. Then, invigorated and greatly
+encouraged by success, they pressed on&mdash;the opposing fire slackening
+every minute,&mdash;on, on, through the abatis and ditch, up the steep
+bank, over the parapet into the rebel camp that had but just been
+deserted. Then and there the long tried and ever faithful soldiers of
+the Republic saw daylight&mdash;and such a shout as tore the concave of
+that morning sky it were worth dying to hear." The same jubilant
+success was attending the whole army, though not without sharp
+resistance on the part of the enemy in places.</p>
+
+<p>Throughout the day advances were made and the works so long besieged
+were occupied all over the vast field, and at night the men "lay down
+in muddy trenches, among the dying and the dead, under a most
+murderous fire of sharpshooters. There had been charges and counter
+charges,&mdash;but our troops held all they had gained. At length the hot
+day gave place to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> chilly night, and the extreme change brought much
+suffering. The men had flung away whatever was fling-away-able during
+the charge of the morning and the subsequent hot march&mdash;as men always
+will, under like circumstances&mdash;and now they found themselves
+blanketless, stockingless, overcoatless,&mdash;in cold and damp trenches,
+and compelled by the steady firing to lie still, or adopt a
+horizontal, crawling mode of locomotion, which did not admit of speed
+enough to quicken the circulation of the blood. Some took clothing
+from the dead and wrapped themselves in it; others, who were fortunate
+enough to procure spades, dug gopher holes, and burrowed. At daylight
+the Sixty-fifth New York clambered over the huge earthwork, took
+possession of Fort Hell, opened a picket fire and fired one of the
+guns in the fort, eliciting no reply. Just then a huge fire in the
+direction of the city, followed by several explosions, convinced our
+side that Lee's army had indeed left. The regiment was hastily got
+together,&mdash;ninety muskets being all that could be produced,&mdash;and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> sent
+out on picket. The picket line advanced and meeting with no resistance
+pushed on into the city. What regiment was first to enter the city is
+and probably ever will be a disputed question. The Second Connecticut
+claims to have been in first, but Colonel Hubbard had ordered the
+colors to remain behind when the regiment went out on the skirmish
+line, consequently the stars and stripes that first floated over
+captured Petersburg belonged to some other regiment. Colonel Hubbard
+was, however, made Provost-Marshal of the city, and for a brief while
+dispensed government and law in that capacity."</p>
+
+<p>Petersburg, however, now that it was abandoned by the enemy, had lost
+the importance it had so long possessed, and all energies were given
+to preventing the escape of its late defenders. Before the end of the
+day (April 3rd) the regiment, with the rest of the Sixth Corps, had
+turned westward and joined the pursuit. The chase was stern and the
+marches rapid, but far less wearing to these victorious veterans,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span>
+filled with the consciousness of success, than those that had
+initiated their campaigning less than a year before. On April 6th the
+regiment, after an all day march, came up with the enemy in position
+at Sailor's Creek, and went into the last engagement of its career. It
+was a charge under a hot fire, sharp and decisive, which quickly
+changed to a pursuit of the fleeing enemy, kept up until the bivouack
+at ten o'clock. The Second Connecticut captured the headquarters train
+of General Mahone, a battle flag, and many prisoners, and ended the
+tale of its losses with three men killed and six wounded.</p>
+
+<p>The chase was taken up next morning (April 7th), and the regiment had
+reached a point close to Appomattox Court House, when on April 9th Lee
+met Grant and surrendered what remained of his army, at that historic
+place.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<p>To imagine all that this meant to the men in arms is far easier than
+to attempt its description. They saw at last the end arriving of all<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span>
+the privation and suffering they had volunteered to undergo; they saw
+the triumph of the Union they had risen to defend to the uttermost
+extremity a proven fact. The whole continent vibrated with the deepest
+feeling at the news of it, but they, better than any others, knew in
+the fullest degree its immense significance.</p>
+
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span></p>
+<div class="chapter_break" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/deco-094.png" width="500" height="118" alt="Decoration" title="" />
+</div>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap" style="width: 48px;">
+<img src="images/drop-i.png" width="48" height="50" alt="I" title="I" />
+</span><span class="droppedcap">I</span>mmediately after the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia, the
+Sixth Corps was moved to Burkesville, some distance from Appomattox in
+the direction of Richmond, and there it remained for about ten days
+awaiting events. On April 22nd it was ordered southward to Danville,
+with a view to joining Sherman's army then confronting Johnston in
+North Carolina, a movement which again necessitated some fatiguing
+marches, the one hundred and five miles being covered in less than
+five days. News was received, however, that Johnston had followed the
+example of Lee and surrendered,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> and the corps thereupon faced about
+once more. On its leisurely progress to the north it was joined by
+crowds of the newly freed negroes, who attached themselves to every
+regiment in droves, and the lately hostile inhabitants came also at
+every stopping place, "with baskets and two-wheeled carts" for
+supplies to relieve their dire necessities.</p>
+
+<p class="clear">Near Richmond the regiment remained several days, and the men were
+allowed passes to visit the late Confederate capital, so long the goal
+of their strenuous efforts. "The burnt district was still smoking with
+the remains of the great fire of April 2nd, and the city was full of
+officers and soldiers of the ex-Confederate army. The blue and the
+gray mingled on the streets and public squares, and were seen side by
+side in the Sabbath congregations. The war was over."</p>
+
+<p>The consciousness of this last great fact was now becoming insistent
+in the minds of these citizen soldiers. The great purpose for which
+they had offered themselves was carried out, and their eagerness to
+have done with all the circum<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span>stances of military life was
+increasingly strong, and grew so intense as to render the final weeks
+of their term of service extremely trying.</p>
+
+<p>The tremendous task of disbanding the armies of the Union was
+occupying the entire energies of the War Department, but to the men it
+seemed as if their longed for turn would never come. Back in the
+well-known fortifications around Washington they waited, taking part
+in the Grand Review on June 8th, in all the misery of full dress, and
+in a temper that would have carried them against the thousands of
+acclaiming spectators with savage joy, had it been a host of enemies
+in arms.</p>
+
+<p>But their turn came at last, and on July 7th, one hundred and
+eighty-three men, all that were left of the original enlisted men of
+the "old Nineteenth," were mustered out; two days later they departed
+for New Haven and were welcomed there, like all the returning troops,
+with patriotic rejoicing.</p>
+
+<p>The remainder of the regiment, some four hundred in number, was
+mustered out in its<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> turn on August 18th, reached New Haven on the
+20th, and "passed up Chapel Street amid welcoming crowds of people,
+the clangor of bells, and a shower of rockets and red lights that made
+the field-and-staff horses prance with the belief that battle had come
+again. After partaking of a bounteous entertainment prepared in the
+basement of the State House, the regiment proceeded to Grapevine
+Point, where, on the 5th of September, they received their pay and
+discharge, and the Second Connecticut Heavy Artillery vanished from
+sight and passed into History."</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<p>In Litchfield County the return of the various contingents to their
+homes was made the occasion of great rejoicing. Chief among these
+celebrations was a grand reception at the county seat on August 1st,
+when the first detachment to be discharged had arrived; they were
+fêted with dinner and speeches, illuminations and a triumphal arch.
+There were also other organized demonstrations in other towns, and
+everywhere the strongest manifestations of pride in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> these warrior
+sons of the county, and joy at their return.</p>
+
+<p>But all who went had not returned. The terrible significance of the
+cold and formal columns and tables of the regiment's casualties was
+felt in every town, and to their tale was added in succeeding years a
+long list of the many who had indeed come back, but broken with wounds
+and disease, and just as truly devoted to death through their service
+as those who fell upon the field of battle.</p>
+
+<p>What the Second Connecticut suffered is shown, so far as official
+statistics go, in the tables published by the Adjutant-General of the
+state, as follows:</p>
+
+<table summary="Second Connecticut casualties.">
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+  <td>Killed</td>
+  <td class="table_right">147</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>Missing in action, probably killed</td>
+  <td class="table_right">11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>Fatally wounded</td>
+  <td class="table_right">95</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>Wounded</td>
+  <td class="table_right">427</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>Captured</td>
+  <td class="table_right">72</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>Died in prison</td>
+  <td class="table_right">21</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>Died of disease or accident</td>
+  <td class="table_right">154</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>Discharged for disability</td>
+  <td class="table_right">285</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>Unaccounted for at muster out</td>
+  <td class="table_right">35</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span>The officers of the regiment as mustered out were: Colonel, James
+Hubbard, Salisbury; lieutenant-colonel, Jeffrey Skinner, Winchester;
+majors, Edward W. Jones, New Hartford; Augustus H. Fenn, Plymouth;
+Chester D. Cleveland, Barkhamsted; adjutant, Theodore F. Vaill,
+Litchfield; quartermaster, Edward C. Huxley, Goshen; surgeon, Henry
+Plumb, New Milford; assistant surgeons, Robert G. Hazzard, New Haven;
+Judson B. Andrews, New Haven; chaplain, Winthrop H. Phelps,
+Barkhamsted.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 351px;"><a name="monument" id="monument"></a>
+<img src="images/monument.jpg" width="351" height="500" alt="Monument at Arlington" title="Monument at Arlington" />
+<span class="caption">Monument at Arlington</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span></p>
+<div class="chapter_break" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/deco-100.png" width="500" height="101" alt="Decoration" title="" />
+</div>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap" style="width: 50px;">
+<img src="images/drop-t.png" width="50" height="50" alt="T" title="T" />
+</span><span class="droppedcap">T</span>he preceding pages have outlined the career of the Second Connecticut
+Heavy Artillery, and have narrated some of the more memorable events
+of its history. Enough has been told of what it did to furnish grounds
+for deducing what it was; but to deal with the regiment on the
+personal side is hardly possible within the limits of such a sketch as
+this, though it is a matter that cannot be entirely passed by. It need
+not be said that there is abundant human interest attaching as a
+matter of course to such men as were in the aggregate the subjects of
+so fine a record.</p>
+
+<p class="clear">Any body of men&mdash;a college class, a legisla<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span>ture, a regiment&mdash;is in
+character what its component members make it; in this case there was
+the material, which, furnished with worthy leadership&mdash;and it
+unquestionably had that&mdash;made up the organization whose not uneventful
+existence has been described. That they were better men, or worse,
+braver men, or more patriotic, than their descendants and successors
+would prove under similar conditions, or than the hundreds of
+thousands of their contemporaries who devoted themselves to the same
+service, is not to be believed; yet to have passed through such
+experiences as have been recounted, which became for them for a time
+the commonplaces of every-day life, is enough to place them apart from
+ordinary men in the eyes of our peace knowing generation. In fact, to
+have passed the tests of so fierce a course of education gives them a
+title to a place thus apart. The university man of to-day, as the
+burden of the baccalaureate sermons so frequently testifies, is
+consigned to a special place of responsibility in life because of his
+training; these men<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> surely earned one of special honor by reason of
+theirs, which was, too, not like the other, preparation alone, but
+also fulfilment. The realization of how typical it all was of that
+generation and that time, brings the clearest understanding of the
+real scope of the Civil War.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<p>To the members of the Litchfield County University Club it is perhaps
+a point of interest to take brief notice of those names on the
+regimental rolls which would probably have been found upon its list of
+members had the organization been in existence in that earlier time. A
+number of the officers and men were college graduates when they
+enlisted, and others gained degrees after the war ended; the list
+which follows is, however, necessarily incomplete; in fact, an
+absolutely correct list is no doubt hopelessly impossible.</p>
+
+<p>Major James Q. Rice, who was killed at Winchester, was a member of the
+class of 1850 at Wesleyan, and received from that institution the
+degree of Master of Arts in 1855. At the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> time of the regiment's
+formation he was conducting an academy in Goshen, and was enlisted as
+captain of a company which he had been active in recruiting.</p>
+
+<p>Lieutenant-Colonel Nathaniel Smith of Woodbury entered the Yale Law
+School in the class of 1853, but did not graduate. Ill health forced
+him to relinquish his commission early in 1864, and until his death in
+1877 he was a leading citizen of the county.</p>
+
+<p>Judge Augustus H. Fenn, Major and Brevet-Colonel, came back from the
+war, having lost an arm at Cedar Creek, to take a course in the Law
+School at Harvard, and Yale made him a Master of Arts in 1889. His
+prominence for many years in public life and as judge in the highest
+courts in the state is well known. At the time of his death in 1897,
+he was a lecturer in the Yale Law School, and member of the Supreme
+Court of Errors.</p>
+
+<p>Rev. James Deane, Captain and Brevet-Major, was a graduate of Williams
+in the class of 1857. He was pastor of the Congregational<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> church at
+East Canaan when the regiment was organized, and was one of its
+recruiting officers.</p>
+
+<p>Adjutant Theodore F. Vaill, the historian of the regiment, was a
+student before the war at Union College, but did not graduate.</p>
+
+<p>Captain George S. Williams, of New Milford, was a member of the class
+of 1852 at Yale for a time, and received a degree from Trinity in
+1855.</p>
+
+<p>Surgeon Henry Plumb, and Assistant-Surgeons Robert G. Hazzard and John
+W. Lawton were all graduates of the Yale Medical School, in the
+classes of 1861, 1862, and 1859. Assistant-Surgeon Judson B. Andrews
+graduated at Yale in 1855. He was captain in a New York regiment in
+the early part of the war, and became afterward superintendent of the
+Buffalo State Hospital, and a recognized authority on insanity before
+his death in 1894.</p>
+
+<p>Chaplain Jonathan A. Wainwright graduated at the University of Vermont
+in 1846, and after the war was for some years rector of St. John's
+Church in Salisbury. He was later con<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span>nected with a church college in
+Missouri, where he died in 1898.</p>
+
+<p>Captain William H. Lewis, Jr., studied after the war at the Berkeley
+Divinity School, and has been for many years rector of St. John's
+Church in Bridgeport.</p>
+
+<p>Lieutenant and Brevet-Captain Lewis W. Munger, graduating at Brown in
+1869 and later from the Crozier Theological Seminary, entered the
+ministry of the Baptist church.</p>
+
+<p>Corporal Francis J. Young entered the Yale Medical School before the
+war, and returned after its close to take his degree in 1866.</p>
+
+<p>Hospital Steward James J. Averill also graduated at the Yale Medical
+School after the war.</p>
+
+<p>Sergeant Theodore C. Glazier was a graduate of Trinity in the class of
+1860, and was a tutor there when he enlisted. He was later made
+colonel of a colored regiment, and served with credit in that
+capacity.</p>
+
+<p>Corporal Edward C. Hopson, a graduate of Trinity in 1864, was killed
+at Cedar Creek.</p>
+
+<p>Sergeant Garwood R. Merwin, who had been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> a member of the class of
+1864 at Yale, died at Alexandria in 1863.</p>
+
+<p>Sergeant Romulus C. Loveridge, who had been entered in the class of
+1865 at Yale, received a commission in a colored regiment.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Mackenzie graduated at West Point in 1862, but he was never a
+resident of the county, or of Connecticut, and his only connection
+with either was through his commission from Governor Buckingham.</p>
+
+<p>There are not a few other names upon the rolls of the regiment which
+upon more thorough investigation than has been possible in the present
+case would certainly be added to the list. A complete history of the
+organization would also give a large place to the association of its
+veterans formed shortly after the war, whose frequent gatherings have
+more than a superficial likeness to the reunions of college classes.
+Memorable among these meetings was the one held on October 21, 1896,
+the occasion being the dedication of the regiment's monument in the
+National Cemetery at Arlington,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span> with a pilgrimage also to the scenes
+of its battles and marches in the Shenandoah Valley near by.</p>
+
+<p>As a whole, the regiment was a body thoroughly representative not only
+of the army of which it was a fraction, an army as has been often said
+unlike any other the world has known, but also of the population from
+which it was drawn. It was made up of men of almost all conditions of
+life and of widely different ages, though naturally with young men in
+a large majority; of mechanics from the Housatonic and Naugatuck
+valleys, and farmers' boys from the hills; of men of education and men
+of none. Though the large addition to its numbers which the increase
+in size necessitated made it perhaps somewhat less homogeneous than at
+first, it did not greatly alter its essential characteristics.</p>
+
+<p>The records kept by the association referred to, furnish suggestive
+revelations as to the various elements that composed it. The names of
+men of every sort and kind are found upon the rolls. There were
+veterans of the Mexican<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span> War; there were refugees from the
+revolutionary uprisings in Europe of 1848; there were some who had
+served under compulsion in the armies of the South; there were men
+whose obviously fictitious names concealed stories which could be
+guessed to be extraordinary; there were names which have been for
+years among the best known and most honored in this state; and there
+were those of outcasts and wrecks.</p>
+
+<p>A large part of these men came back after their service ended to
+resume the peaceful life of citizenship, and every town among us has
+known some of them ever since among its leading figures, while some in
+quarters far distant have also attained to honors and
+responsibilities, as the records show. Connecticut has known for many
+years no small number of them as foremost in all lines of activity,
+and knows to-day, in official station and in private life, men of many
+honors, who count not least among these the fact that they were
+enrolled among the soldiers of the Second Connecticut Heavy
+Artillery.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<div class="section_break"></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 223px;">
+<img src="images/devinne.png" width="223" height="174" alt="The De Vinne Press" title="The De Vinne Press" />
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The County Regiment, by Dudley Landon Vaill
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE COUNTY REGIMENT ***
+
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+</body>
+</html>
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The County Regiment, by Dudley Landon Vaill
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The County Regiment
+       A Sketch of the Second Regiment of Connecticut Volunteer
+       Heavy Artillery, Originally the Nineteenth Volunteer
+       Infantry, in the Civil War
+
+Author: Dudley Landon Vaill
+
+Release Date: February 2, 2009 [EBook #27969]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE COUNTY REGIMENT ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Logan and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE COUNTY REGIMENT
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Governor Buckingham]
+
+
+
+
+THE
+
+COUNTY REGIMENT
+
+
+A SKETCH
+
+OF THE SECOND REGIMENT OF
+CONNECTICUT VOLUNTEER HEAVY ARTILLERY,
+ORIGINALLY THE NINETEENTH VOLUNTEER
+INFANTRY, IN THE CIVIL WAR
+
+BY
+
+DUDLEY LANDON VAILL
+
+
+LITCHFIELD COUNTY
+UNIVERSITY CLUB
+MCMVIII
+
+
+
+
+Copyright, 1908, by
+DUDLEY L. VAILL
+
+
+
+
+PAR AVANCE
+
+
+This volume is one of a series published under the auspices of the
+Litchfield County University Club, and in accordance with a
+proposition made to the club by one of its members, Mr. Carl Stoeckel,
+of Norfolk, Connecticut.
+
+                                          HOWARD WILLISTON CARTER,
+                                                            Secretary.
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+    Governor Buckingham                                 _Frontispiece_
+
+    Rev. Hiram Eddy                                    _facing page_ 7
+
+    Presentation of Colors, September 10th, 1862             "      10
+
+    The first encampment in Virginia                         "      14
+
+    Fort Ellsworth, near Alexandria, May, 1863               "      19
+
+    In the Defences. Guard mount                             "      23
+
+    General Sedgwick                                         "      26
+
+    The first battle                                         "      35
+
+    Colonel Wessells                                         "      47
+
+    Colonel Kellogg                                          "      61
+
+    Colonel Mackenzie                                        "      76
+
+    Colonel Hubbard                                          "      84
+
+    Monument at Arlington                                    "      98
+
+
+
+
+PREFATORY
+
+
+For those who dwell within its borders, or whose ancestral roots are
+bedded among its hills, the claims of Litchfield County to distinction
+are many and of many kinds. In these latter days it has become notable
+as the home of certain organizations of unique character and high
+purpose, which flourish under circumstances highly exceptional, and
+certainly no less highly appreciated.
+
+It is as part of the work of one of these that there is commemorated
+in this volume an organization of an earlier day, one distinctively of
+the county, in no way unique in its time, but of the highest
+purpose--the regiment gathered here for the national defence in the
+Civil War.
+
+The county's participation in that defence was by no means restricted
+to the raising of a single regiment. Quite as many, perhaps more, of
+its sons were enrolled in other commands as made up what was known
+originally as the Nineteenth Connecticut Volunteer Infantry; but in
+that body its organized effort as a county found expression, and it
+was proud to let the splendid record of that body stand as typical of
+its sacrifices for the preservation of the Union.
+
+Though the history of that regiment's career has been written in full
+detail, the purpose of this slight repetition of the story needs no
+apology. There is sufficient justification in its intrinsic interest,
+to say nothing of a personal interest in its members, men who gave
+such proofs of their quality, and whose survivors are still our
+neighbors in probably every town in the county.
+
+There is also something more than mere interest to be gained, in
+considering historical matters of such immensity as the Civil War, in
+giving the attention to some minute section of the whole, such as the
+account of individual experiences, or of the career of a particular
+regiment such as this; it is of great value as bringing an adequate
+realization of the actual bearing of the great events of that time
+upon the people of the time. The story of a body of Litchfield County
+men, such men as we see every day, drawn from such homes as we know
+all about us, is a potent help to understanding in what way and with
+what aspects these great historical movements bore upon the people of
+the country, for the experience of this group of towns and their sons
+furnished but one small instance of what was borne, infinitely
+magnified, throughout the nation.
+
+It will readily appear that the subject might furnish material for a
+notable volume. In the present case nothing is possible save a brief
+sketch of the matter, made up chiefly, as will be seen, of citations
+from the published history of the regiment, and from such other
+sources of information as were easily accessible. Among the latter
+must be noted the records of the Regimental Association, to which
+access was had through the courtesy of its secretary, D. C. Kilbourn,
+Esq., of Litchfield, and his assistance, as well as that of H. W.
+Wessells, Esq., of Litchfield, to both of whom the securing of most of
+the illustrations used is due, is gratefully acknowledged.
+
+
+
+
+THE COUNTY REGIMENT
+
+
+
+
+In spite of the labors of unnumbered chroniclers, it is not easy, if
+indeed it is possible, for us of this later generation to realize
+adequately the great patriotic uprising of the war times.
+
+It began in the early days of 1861 with the assault on Fort Sumter,
+which, following a long and trying season of uncertainty, furnished
+the sudden shock that resolved the doubts of the wavering and changed
+the opinions of the incredulous. Immediately there swept over all the
+northern states a wave of intense national feeling, attended by scenes
+of patriotic and confident enthusiasm more noisy than far-sighted,
+and there was a resulting host of volunteers, who went forth for the
+service of ninety days with the largest hopes, and proportionate
+ignorance of the crisis which had come to the nation. Of these
+Connecticut furnished more than her allotted share, and Litchfield
+County a due proportion.
+
+The climax of this excited period was supplied by the battle of Bull
+Run. There was surprise, and almost consternation, at the first news
+of this salutary event, but quickly following, a renewed rally of
+patriotic feeling, less excited but more determined, and with a
+clearer apprehension of the actual situation. The enlistment of
+volunteers for a longer term had been begun, and now went forward
+briskly for many months; regiment after regiment was enrolled,
+equipped, and sent southward, until, in the spring of 1862, the force
+of this movement began to spend itself. The national arms had met with
+some important successes during the winter, and a feeling of
+confidence had arisen in the invincibility of the Grand Army of the
+Potomac, which had been gathering and organizing under General
+McClellan for what the impatient country was disposed to think an
+interminable time. A War Department order in April, 1862, putting a
+stop to recruiting for the armies, added to the confidence, since an
+easy inference could be drawn from it, and the North settled down to
+await with high hopes the results of McClellan's long expected
+advance.
+
+Then came the campaign on the Peninsula. At first there was but meagre
+news and a multitude of conflicting rumors about its fierce battles
+and famous retreat, but in the end the realization of the failure of
+this mighty effort. To the country it was a disappointment literally
+stunning in its proportions; but now at length there was revealed the
+magnitude of the task confronting the nation, and again there sprang
+up the determination, grim and intense, to strain every nerve for the
+restoration of the Union.
+
+The President's call for three hundred thousand men to serve "for
+three years or the war" was proclaimed to this state by Governor
+Buckingham on July 3rd (1862), and evidence was at once forthcoming
+that it was sternly heeded by the people. To fill Connecticut's quota
+under this call, it was proposed that regiments should be raised by
+counties. A convention was promptly called, which met in Litchfield on
+July 22nd; delegates from every town in the county were in attendance,
+representatives of all shades of political opinion and individual
+bias, but the conclusions of the meeting were unanimously reached. It
+was resolved that Litchfield County should furnish an entire regiment
+of volunteers, and that Leverett W. Wessells, at that time Sheriff,
+should be recommended as its commander.
+
+Immediate steps were taken to render this determination effective; the
+Governor promptly accepted the recommendation as to the colonelcy,
+recruiting officers were designated to secure enlistments, bounties
+voted by the different towns as proposed by the county meeting, and
+the movement thoroughly organized. Although there was a clear
+appreciation of the present need, the dozen or more Connecticut
+regiments already in the field had drawn a large number of men from
+Litchfield County, and effort was necessary to gain the required
+enrollment. There had been many opportunities already for all to
+volunteer who had any wish to do so, but the call now came to men who
+a few weeks before had hardly dreamed of the need of their serving;
+men not to be attracted by the excitement of a novel adventure, but
+who recognized soberly the duty that was presenting itself in this
+emergency, and men of a very different stamp from those drawn into the
+ranks in the later years of the war by enormous bounties. It is
+reasonable to think that pride in the success of the county's effort
+was a factor in stimulating enlistments; announcement that a draft
+would be resorted to later was doubtless another. Just at this time,
+also, the return from a year's captivity in the South of the Rev.
+Hiram Eddy of Winsted, who had been made prisoner at Bull Run,
+furnished a powerful advocate to the cause; night after night he spoke
+in different towns, urging the call to service fervently and with
+effect.
+
+[Illustration: Rev. Hiram Eddy]
+
+It is to be noted that at the same time that this endeavor was being
+made to fill the ranks of a regiment for three years' service,
+recruiting was going on with almost equal vigor under the call for men
+to serve for nine months, and three full companies were contributed by
+Litchfield County to the Twenty-eighth Infantry, which bore a valiant
+part in the campaign against Port Hudson in the following summer. It
+is possible to gain some idea of how the great tides of war were felt
+throughout the whole land by imagining the stir and turmoil thus
+brought, in the summer of 1862, into this remote and peaceful quarter
+by the engrossing struggle.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In the last week in August, the necessary number of recruits having
+been secured, the different companies were brought together in
+Litchfield and marched to the hill overlooking the town which had been
+selected as the location of Camp Dutton, named in honor of Lieutenant
+Henry M. Dutton, who had fallen in battle at Cedar Mountain shortly
+before. Lieutenant Dutton, the son of Governor Henry Dutton, was a
+graduate of Yale in the class of 1857, and was practising law in
+Litchfield when he volunteered for service on the organization of the
+Fifth Connecticut Infantry.
+
+The interest and pride of the county in its own regiment was naturally
+of the strongest; the family that had no son or brother or cousin in
+its ranks seemed almost the exception, and Camp Dutton became at once
+the goal of a ceaseless stream of visitors from far and near, somewhat
+to the prejudice of those principles of military order and discipline
+which had now to be acquired. The preparation and drill which employed
+the scant two weeks spent here were supervised by Lieutenant-Colonel
+Kellogg, fresh from McClellan's army in Virginia, and he was
+afterwards reported as delivering the opinion that if there were nine
+hundred men in the camp, there were certainly nine thousand women most
+of the time.
+
+With all possible haste, preparations were made for an early
+departure, but there was opportunity for a formal mustering of the
+regiment in Litchfield, when a fine set of colors was presented by
+William Curtis Noyes, Esq., in behalf of his wife. A horse for the
+Colonel was given also, by the Hon. Robbins Battell, saddle and
+equipments by Judge Origen S. Seymour, and a sword by the deputies who
+had served under Sheriff Wessells.
+
+[Illustration: Presentation of colors, September 10th, 1862]
+
+On September 15th (1862), the eight hundred and eighty-nine officers
+and men now mustered as the Nineteenth Connecticut Volunteer Infantry
+broke camp, made their first march to East Litchfield station, and
+started for the South, with the entire population for miles around
+gathered to witness, not as a holiday spectacle, but as a farewell,
+grave with significance, the departure of the county regiment.
+
+"In order to raise it," says the regimental history, "Litchfield
+County had given up the flower of her youth, the hope and pride of
+hundreds of families, and they had by no means enlisted to fight for a
+superior class of men at home. There was no superior class at home. In
+moral qualities, in social worth, in every civil relation, they were
+the best that Connecticut had to give. More than fifty of the rank and
+file of the regiment subsequently found their way to commissions, and
+at least a hundred more proved themselves not a whit less competent or
+worthy to wear sash and saber if it had been their fortune."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The regimental officers were: Colonel, Leverett W. Wessells,
+Litchfield; lieutenant-colonel, Elisha S. Kellogg, Derby; major,
+Nathaniel Smith, Woodbury; adjutant, Charles J. Deming, Litchfield;
+quartermaster, Bradley D. Lee, Barkhamsted; chaplain, Jonathan A.
+Wainwright, Torrington; surgeon, Henry Plumb, New Milford.
+
+Colonel Wessells, a native of Litchfield, and a brother of General
+Henry W. Wessells of the regular army, had been prominent in public
+affairs before the war, and served for twelve years as Sheriff. Ill
+health interfered with his service with the regiment from the first,
+and finally compelled his resignation in September, 1863. Later he was
+appointed Provost Marshal for the Fourth District of Connecticut, and
+for many years after the war was active in civil affairs, being the
+candidate for State Treasurer on the Republican ticket in 1868,
+Quartermaster-General on Governor Andrews' staff, and member of the
+General Assembly. He died at Dover, Delaware, April 4, 1895.
+
+
+
+
+Washington in September, 1862, while relatively secure from the easy
+capture which would have been possible in the summer of the previous
+year, was not in a situation of such safety as to preclude anxiety,
+for Pope had just been beaten at Bull Run and Lee's army was north of
+the Potomac in the first of its memorable invasions of the loyal
+states. On the very day of his check at Antietam, September 17th, the
+Nineteenth Connecticut Volunteers reached the capital, and the next
+day moved into the hostile state of Virginia, bivouacking near
+Alexandria.
+
+[Illustration: The first encampment in Virginia]
+
+In this vicinity the regiment was destined to remain for many months,
+and to learn, as far as was possible without the grim teachings of
+actual experience, the business for which it was gathered. At first
+there was a constant expectation of orders to join the army in active
+operations; the county newspapers for many weeks noted regularly that
+the regiment was still near Alexandria, "but orders to march are
+hourly expected." It was good fortune, however, that none came, for
+not a little of the credit of its later service was due to the
+proficiency in discipline and soldierly qualities gained in the long
+months now spent in preparation.
+
+The task of giving the necessary military education to the thousand
+odd men fresh from the ordinary routine of rural Connecticut life,
+fell upon the shoulders of Lieutenant-Colonel Kellogg, and by all the
+testimony available, most of all by the splendid proof they later
+gave, it is clear that it was entrusted to a master hand. Matters of
+organization and administration at first engrossed Colonel Wessells'
+attention; ill health soon supervened, and later he was given the
+command of a brigade. The regiment from its beginning was Kellogg's,
+and he received in due course the commission vacated by its first
+commander in September, 1863.
+
+A thorough and well-tried soldier himself, he quickly gained the
+respect of his command by his complete competency, and its strong and
+admiring affection was not slow in following. There are men among us
+to this day for whom no superlatives are adequate to give expression
+to their feelings in regard to him. As the regimental history records
+of their career "there is not a scene, a day, nor a memory from Camp
+Dutton to Grapevine Point that can be wholly divested of Kellogg. Like
+the ancient Eastern king who suddenly died on the eve of an
+engagement, and whose remains were bolstered up in warlike attitude in
+his chariot, and followed by his enthusiastic soldiers to battle and
+to victory, so this mighty leader, although falling in the very first
+onset, yet went on through every succeeding march and fight, and won
+posthumous victories for the regiment which may be said to have been
+born of his loins. Battalion and company, officer and private, arms
+and quarters, camp and drill, command and obedience, honor and duty,
+esprit and excellence, every moral and material belonging of the
+regiment, bore the impress of his genius. In the eyes of civilians,
+Colonel Kellogg was nothing but a horrid, strutting, shaggy monster.
+But request any one of the survivors of the Nineteenth Infantry or the
+Second Artillery to name the most perfect soldier he ever saw, and
+this will surely be the man. Or ask him to conjure up the ideal
+soldier of his imagination, still the same figure, complete in
+feature, gesture, gauntlet, saber, boot, spur, observant eye and
+commanding voice, will stalk with majestic port upon the mental
+vision. He seemed the superior of all superiors, and major-generals
+shrunk into pigmy corporals in comparison with him. In every faculty
+of body, mind, heart, and soul he was built after a large pattern. His
+virtues were large and his vices were not small. As Lincoln said of
+Seward, he could swear magnificently. His nature was versatile, and
+full of contradictions; sometimes exhibiting the tenderest
+sensibilities and sometimes none at all. Now he would be in the
+hospital tent bending with streaming eyes over the victims of fever,
+and kissing the dying Corporal Webster, and an hour later would find
+him down at the guard house, prying open the jaws of a refractory
+soldier with a bayonet in order to insert a gag; or in anger drilling
+a battalion, for the fault of a single man, to the last point of
+endurance; or shamefully abusing the most honorable and faithful
+officers in the regiment. 'In rage, deaf as the sea, hasty as fire.'
+But notwithstanding his frequent ill treatment of officers and
+soldiers, he had a hold on their affections such as no other commander
+ever had, or could have. The men who were cursing him one day for the
+almost intolerable rigors of his discipline, would in twenty-four
+hours be throwing up their caps for him, or subscribing to buy him a
+new horse, or petitioning the Governor not to let him be jumped. The
+man who sat on a sharp-backed wooden horse in front of the guard
+house, would sometimes watch the motions of the Colonel on drill or
+parade, until he forgot the pain and disgrace of his punishment in
+admiration of the man who inflicted it."
+
+It is not hard to understand the hold he gained, through a personality
+so striking and forceful, upon the men of his command; they were but
+boys for the most part, in point of fact, and open to the influence of
+just such strength, and perhaps also just such weaknesses, as they saw
+in this splendidly virile and genuine, and very human character.
+
+Colonel Kellogg was a Litchfield County man, a native of New Hartford,
+and at this time about thirty-eight years of age. His education was
+not of the schools, but gained from years of adventurous life as
+sailor, gold-hunter, and wanderer. Shortly before the war he had
+settled in his native state, but he responded to the call for the
+national defence among the very first, and before the organization of
+the Nineteenth had served as Major of the First Connecticut
+Artillery. He lies buried in Winsted.
+
+[Illustration: Fort Ellsworth, near Alexandria, May, 1863]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+For more than a year and a half the regiment was numbered among the
+defenders of the capital, removing after a few months from the
+immediate neighborhood of Alexandria, and being stationed among the
+different forts and redoubts which formed the line of defence south of
+the Potomac.
+
+Important as its service there was, and novel as it must have been to
+Litchfield County boys, it was not marked by incidents of any note,
+and furnished nothing to attract attention among the general and
+absorbing operations of the war. It was, still, of vast interest to
+the people of the home towns. The county newspapers had many letters
+to print in those days from the soldiers themselves, and from visitors
+from home, who in no inconsiderable numbers were journeying down to
+look in upon them constantly. There were of course matters of various
+nature which gave rise to complaints of different degrees of
+seriousness; there was not unnaturally much sickness among the men in
+the early part of their service; there were political campaigns at
+home, in which the volunteers had and showed a strong interest;
+there was a regrettable quarrel among the officers in which
+Lieutenant-Colonel Kellogg was placed in an unfortunate light, and the
+termination of which gave the men an opportunity of showing their
+feeling for him. All these matters were well aired in type; meanwhile
+the regiment, doing well such duty as was laid upon it, grew in
+efficiency for hard and active service when it should be called for.
+
+The possibility of a call to action at almost any minute was seen in
+April, 1863, when orders came that the regiment be held ready to
+march. Reinforcements were going forward to the Army of the Potomac,
+now under Hooker, in large numbers; but the Nineteenth was finally
+left in the Defences. Thus months were passed in the routine of drill
+and parade, guard mounting and target practice, varied by brief and
+rare furloughs, while the lightnings of the mighty conflict raging so
+near left them untouched. "Yet," it is related, "a good many seemed to
+be in all sorts of affliction, and were constantly complaining because
+they could not go to the front. A year later, when the soldiers of the
+Nineteenth were staggering along the Pamunkey, with heavy loads and
+blistered feet, or throwing up breastworks with their coffee-pots all
+night under fire in front of Petersburg, they looked back to the
+Defences of Washington as to a lost Elysium."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It was in November, 1863, that the War Department orders were issued
+changing the Nineteenth Infantry to a regiment of heavy artillery,
+which Governor Buckingham denominated the Second Connecticut.
+Artillery drill had for some time been part of its work, and the
+general efficiency and good record of the regiment in all particulars
+was responsible for the change, which was a welcome one, as the
+artillery was considered a very desirable branch of the service, and
+the increase in size gave prospects of speedier promotions.
+
+Recruiting had been necessary almost all the time to keep the regiment
+up to the numerical standard; death and the discharge for disability
+had been operating from the first. It was now needful to fill it up to
+the artillery standard of eighteen hundred men, and this was
+successfully accomplished. Officers and men were despatched to
+Connecticut to gather recruits, and their advertisements set forth
+enticingly the advantage of joining a command so comfortably situated
+as "this famous regiment" in the Defences of Washington, where, it was
+permissible to infer, it was permanently stationed, a belief which had
+come to be generally held. The effort, however, was not confined by
+geographical limits, and a large part of the men secured were
+strangers to Litchfield County. Before the 1st of March, 1864, over
+eleven hundred recruits were received, and with the nucleus of the old
+regiment quickly formed into an efficient command.
+
+[Illustration: In the Defences. Guard mount]
+
+"This vast body of recruits was made up of all sorts of men," the
+history of the regiment states. "A goodly portion of them were no less
+intelligent, patriotic, and honorable than the 'old' Nineteenth--and
+that is praise enough. Another portion of them were not exactly the
+worst kind of men, but those adventurous and uneasy varlets who always
+want to get out of jail when they are in, and in when they are out;
+furloughed sailors, for example, who had enlisted just for fun, while
+ashore, with no definite purpose of remaining in the land service for
+any tedious length of time. And, lastly, there were about three
+hundred of the most thorough paced villains that the stews and slums
+of New York and Baltimore could furnish--bounty-jumpers, thieves, and
+cut-throats, who had deserted from regiment after regiment in which
+they had enlisted under fictitious names and who now proposed to
+repeat the operation. And they did repeat it. No less than two hundred
+and fifty deserted before the middle of May, very few of whom were
+ever retaken and returned to the regiment. There were rebels in
+Alexandria who furnished deserters with citizens' clothes and thus
+their capture became almost impossible."
+
+At first, and perhaps to some extent always, there was a mental
+distinction made by the men between those who had originally enlisted
+in the "old Nineteenth," and the large body which was now joined to
+that organization, many of whom had never seen the Litchfield hills.
+But there was enough character in the original body to give its
+distinct tone to the enlarged regiment; its officers were all of the
+first enlistment, and the common sufferings and successes which soon
+fell to their lot quickly deprived this distinction of any
+invidiousness. The Second Artillery was always known, and proudly
+known, as the Litchfield County Regiment.
+
+
+
+
+There came to the Second Connecticut Heavy Artillery, on May 17, 1864,
+the summons which, after such long immunity, it had almost ceased to
+expect.
+
+The preceding two weeks had been among the most eventful of the war.
+They had seen the crossing of the Rapidan by Grant on the 4th, and the
+terrible battles for days following in the Wilderness and at
+Spottsylvania, depleting the army by such enormous losses as even this
+war had hardly seen before. Heavy reinforcements were demanded and
+sent forward from all branches of the service; in the emergency this
+artillery regiment was summoned to fight as infantry, and so served
+until the end of the conflict, though for a long time with a hope,
+which survived many disappointments, of being assigned to its proper
+work with the heavy guns.
+
+It started for the front on May 18th (1864), and on the 20th reached
+the headquarters of the Army of the Potomac, and was assigned to the
+Second Brigade, First Division, of the Sixth Corps, now under
+Major-General Horatio G. Wright, another leader of Connecticut origin,
+who had succeeded to the command of the Corps on the death a few days
+before of Litchfield County's most noted soldier, John Sedgwick.
+
+[Illustration: General Sedgwick]
+
+The famous series of movements "by the left flank" was in progress,
+and the regiment was in active motion at once. For more than a week
+following its arrival at the front it was on the march practically all
+the time while Grant pushed southward. To troops unaccustomed to
+anything more arduous than drilling in the Defences at Washington,
+it was almost beyond the limits of endurance. At the start, without
+experience in campaigning, the men had overburdened themselves with
+impedimenta which it was very soon necessary to dispense with. "The
+amount of personal effects then thrown away," wrote the chaplain, Rev.
+Winthrop H. Phelps, "has been estimated by officers who witnessed and
+have carefully calculated it, to be from twenty to thirty thousand
+dollars. To this amount must be added the loss to the Government in
+the rations and ammunition left on the way." On some of the marches
+days were passed with scarcely anything to eat, and it is recorded
+that raw corn was eagerly gathered, kernel by kernel, in empty
+granaries, and eaten with a relish. Heat, dust, rain, mud, and a rate
+of movement which taxed to the utmost the powers of the strongest,
+gave to these untried troops a savage hint of the hardships of
+campaigning, into which they had been plunged without any gradual
+steps of breaking in, and much more terrible experiences were close
+at hand. Of these there came a slight foretaste in a skirmish with
+the enemy on the 24th near Jericho Ford on the North Anna River,
+resulting in the death of one man and the wounding of three others,
+the first of what was soon to be a portentous list of casualties.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The movements of both armies were bringing them steadily nearer to
+Richmond, and but one chance now remained to achieve the object of the
+campaign, the defeat of Lee's army north of the Chickahominy and away
+from the strong defences of the Confederate capital. The enemy,
+swinging southward to conform to Grant's advance, finally reached the
+important point of Cold Harbor on May 31st. Cavalry was sent forward
+to dislodge him, and seized some of the entrenchments near that place,
+while both armies were hurried forward for the inevitable battle. The
+Sixth Corps, of which the Second Artillery was part, reached its
+position on the extreme left near noon on June 1st, having marched
+since midnight, and awaited the placing of other troops before the
+charge, which had been ordered to take place at five o'clock.
+
+It would have been a fearful waiting for these men could they have
+known what was in store for them. But they were drugged, as it were,
+with utter fatigue; the almost constant movement of their two weeks of
+active service had left them "so nearly dead with marching and want of
+sleep" that they could not notice or comprehend the significant
+movements of the columns of troops about them preparing for battle, or
+the artillery which soon opened fire on both sides; their stupor, it
+is related, was of a kind that none can describe. They heard without
+excitement the earnest instructions of Colonel Kellogg, who, in pride
+and anxiety at this first trial of his beloved command, was in
+constant consultation with officers and men, directing, encouraging,
+explaining. "He marked out on the ground," writes one of his staff,
+"the shape of the works to be taken,--told the officers what
+dispositions to make of the different battalions,--how the charge was
+to be made,--spoke of our reputation as a band-box regiment, 'Now we
+are called on to show what we can do at fighting.'" The brigade
+commander, General Emory Upton, was also watching closely this new
+regiment which had never been in battle. But all foreboding was spared
+most of the men through sheer exhaustion.
+
+At about the appointed time, five in the afternoon, the regiment was
+moved in three battalions of four companies each out of the
+breastworks where it had lain through the afternoon, leaving knapsacks
+behind, stationed for a few moments among the scanty pine-woods in
+front, and then at the word of command started forth upon its fateful
+journey, the Colonel in the lead.
+
+The first battalion, with the colors in the center, moved at a double
+quick across the open field under a constantly thickening fire, over
+the enemy's first line of rifle pits which was abandoned at its
+approach, and onward to the main line of breastworks with a force and
+impetus which would have carried it over this like Niagara but for an
+impassable obstruction. Says the regimental history, "There had been a
+thick growth of pine sprouts and saplings on this ground, but the
+rebels had cut them, probably that very day, and had arranged them so
+as to form a very effective abatis,--thereby clearing the spot and
+thus enabling them to see our movements. Up to this point there had
+been no firing sufficient to confuse or check the battalion, but here
+the rebel musketry opened. A sheet of flame, sudden as lightning, red
+as blood, and so near that it seemed to singe the men's faces, burst
+along the rebel breastwork, and the ground and trees close behind our
+line was ploughed and riddled with a thousand balls that just missed
+the heads of the men. The battalion dropped flat on the ground, and
+the second volley, like the first, nearly all went over. Several men
+were struck, but not a large number. It is more than probable that if
+there had been no other than this front fire, the rebel breastworks
+would have been ours, notwithstanding the pine boughs. But at that
+moment a long line of rebels on our left, having nothing in their own
+front to engage their attention, and having unobstructed range on the
+battalion, opened a fire which no human valor could withstand, and
+which no pen can adequately describe. It was the work of almost a
+single minute. The air was filled with sulphurous smoke, and the
+shrieks and howls of more than two hundred and fifty mangled men rose
+above the yells of triumphant rebels and the roar of their musketry.
+'About face,' shouted Colonel Kellogg, but it was his last command. He
+had already been struck in the arm, and the words had scarcely passed
+his lips when another shot pierced his head, and he fell dead upon the
+interlacing pine boughs. Wild and blind with wounds, bruises, noise,
+smoke, and conflicting orders, the men staggered in every direction,
+some of them falling upon the very top of the rebel parapet, where
+they were completely riddled with bullets,--others wandering off into
+the woods on the right and front, to find their way to death by
+starvation at Andersonville, or never to be heard of again."
+
+The second battalion had advanced at an interval of about seventy-five
+yards after the first, and the third had followed in turn, but they
+were ordered by General Upton to lie down as they approached the
+entrenchments. They could not fire without injury to the line in
+front, and could only hold their dangerous and trying position in
+readiness to support their comrades ahead, protecting themselves as
+they could from the fire that seemed like leaden hail. There was no
+suggestion of retreat at any point and several hundred of the enemy,
+taking advantage of a lull in the firing, streamed over the
+breastworks and gave themselves up, but through a misunderstanding of
+the case the credit of their capture was given to other regiments,
+though clearly due to this.
+
+The history continues: "The lines now became very much mixed. Those of
+the first battalion who were not killed or wounded gradually crawled
+or worked back; wounded men were carried through to the rear; and the
+woods began to grow dark, either with night or smoke or both. The
+companies were formed and brought up to the breastworks one by one,
+and the line extended toward the left. The enemy soon vacated the
+breastwork in our immediate front, and crept off through the
+darkness." Throughout the terrible night they held their ground,
+keeping up a constant fire to prevent an attempt by the enemy to
+reoccupy the line, until they were relieved in the early morning by
+other troops; they had secured a position which it was indispensable
+to hold, and the line thus gained remained the regiment's front during
+its stay at Cold Harbor. Until June 12th the position was kept
+confronting the enemy, whose line was parallel and close before it,
+while daily additions were made to the list of casualties as they
+labored in strengthening the protective works.
+
+[Illustration: The first battle]
+
+The official report of General Upton reads in part as follows: "The
+Second Connecticut, anxious to prove its courage, moved to the
+assault in beautiful order. Crossing an open field it entered a
+pine-wood, passed down a gentle declivity and up a slight ascent. Here
+the charge was checked. For seventy feet in front of the works the
+trees had been felled, interlocking with each other and barring all
+further advance. Two paths several yards apart, and wide enough for
+four men to march abreast, led through the obstruction. Up these to
+the foot of the works the brave men rushed but were swept away by a
+converging fire. Unable to carry the intrenchments, I directed the men
+to lie down and not return the fire. Opposite the right the works were
+carried. The regiment was marched to the point gained and, moving to
+the left, captured the point first attacked. In this position without
+support on either flank the Second Connecticut fought till three A.M.,
+when the enemy fell back to a second line of works."
+
+The regimental history continues: "On the morning of the 2nd the
+wounded who still remained were got off to the rear, and taken to the
+Division Hospital some two miles back. Many of them had lain all
+night, with shattered bones, or weak with loss of blood, calling
+vainly for help, or water, or death. Some of them lay in positions so
+exposed to the enemy's fire that they could not be reached until the
+breastworks had been built up and strengthened at certain points, nor
+even then without much ingenuity and much danger; but at length they
+were all removed. Where it could be done with safety, the dead were
+buried during the day. Most of the bodies, however, could not be
+reached until night, and were then gathered and buried under cover of
+the darkness."
+
+The regiment's part in the charge of June 3rd, the disastrous movement
+of the whole Union line against the Confederate works, which Grant
+admitted never should have been made, was attended with casualties
+which by comparison with the slaughter of the 1st seemed
+inconsiderable. There were, in fact, losses in killed and wounded on
+almost all of the twelve days of its stay at Cold Harbor, but the
+fatal 1st of June greatly overshadowed the remaining time, and that
+first action was indeed incomparably the most severe the Second
+Connecticut ever saw. Its loss in killed and wounded, in fact, is said
+to have been greater than that of any other Connecticut regiment in
+any single battle.
+
+The reputation of a fighting regiment, which its fallen leader had
+predicted, was amply earned by that unfaltering advance against
+intrenchments manned by Lee's veterans, and that tenacious defence of
+the position gained, but the cost was appallingly great. The record of
+Cold Harbor, of which all but a very small proportion was incurred on
+June 1st, is given as follows: Killed or died of wounds, one hundred
+and twenty-one; wounded, but not mortally, one hundred and ninety;
+missing, fifteen; prisoners, three.
+
+General Martin T. McMahon, writing of this battle in "The Century's"
+series of war papers, says: "I remember at one point a mute and
+pathetic evidence of sterling valor. The Second Connecticut Heavy
+Artillery, a new regiment eighteen hundred strong, had joined us but a
+few days before the battle. Its uniform was bright and fresh;
+therefore its dead were easily distinguished where they lay. They
+marked in a dotted line an obtuse angle, covering a wide front, with
+its apex toward the enemy, and there upon his face, still in death,
+with his head to the works, lay the Colonel, the brave and genial
+Colonel Elisha S. Kellogg."
+
+Such was their first trial in battle.
+
+
+
+
+Immediately after receiving news of the action of June 1st, Governor
+Buckingham had sent a commission as colonel to Lieutenant-Colonel
+James Hubbard. He, however, was unwilling to assume the responsibility
+of the command; this had been his first battle, and he "drew the hasty
+inference that all the fighting was likely to consist of a similar
+walking into the jaws of hell. He afterwards found that this was a
+mistake."
+
+Upon General Upton's advice, therefore, the officers recommended to
+the Governor the appointment of Ranald S. Mackenzie, then a captain
+of engineers on duty at headquarters, and this recommendation being
+favorably endorsed by superior officers up to the Lieutenant-General,
+was accepted, and Colonel Mackenzie took command on June 6th.
+
+Of the man who was now to lead the regiment, Grant in his Memoirs
+writes twenty years later the following unqualified judgment: "I
+regarded Mackenzie as the most promising young officer in the army.
+Graduating at West Point as he did during the second year of the war,
+he had won his way up to the command of a corps before its close. This
+he did upon his own merit and without influence." Such a statement
+from such a quarter is enough to show that once more the Second
+Connecticut was to be commanded by a soldier of more than ordinary
+qualities, a fact which was not long in developing.
+
+Colonel Mackenzie's active connection with the regiment lasted only
+some four months, but they were months of great activity and afforded
+such occasions for proof of his abilities that his speedy promotion
+was inevitable. He never achieved the general popularity with his men
+that had come to his predecessor, nor cared to, but he did gain quite
+as thoroughly their respect through his mastership of the business in
+hand. It was not long after he assumed command that, as the regimental
+history says, the men "began to grieve anew over the loss of Kellogg.
+That commander had chastised us with whips, but this one dealt in
+scorpions. By the time we reached the Shenandoah Valley, he had so far
+developed as to be a far greater terror, to both officers and men,
+than Early's grape and canister. He was a Perpetual Punisher, and the
+Second Connecticut while under him was always a punished regiment.
+There is a regimental tradition to the effect that a well-defined
+purpose existed among the men, prior to the battle of Winchester, to
+dispose of this commanding scourge during the first fight that
+occurred. If he had known it, it would only have excited his contempt,
+for he cared not a copper for the good will of any except his
+military superiors, and certainly feared no man of woman born, on
+either side of the lines. But the purpose, if any existed, quailed and
+failed before his audacious pluck on that bloody day. He seemed to
+court destruction all day long. With his hat aloft on the point of his
+saber he galloped over forty-acre fields, through a perfect hailstorm
+of rebel lead and iron, with as much impunity as though he had been a
+ghost. The men hated him with the hate of hell, but they could not
+draw bead on so brave a man as that. Henceforth they firmly believed
+he bore a charmed life."
+
+Colonel Mackenzie's advancement was brilliantly rapid, as Grant
+states, and at the time of Lee's surrender he was in command of a
+corps of cavalry, which had shortly before taken an important part in
+the battle of Five Forks under his leadership.
+
+When the war ended he became colonel of the Twenty-fourth Infantry in
+the regular army, and later received a cavalry command, gaining much
+distinction by his services in the Indian campaigns in the West and
+on the Mexican border. He was made brigadier-general in 1882, shortly
+after placed on the retired list, and died at Governor's Island in
+1889.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The unsuccessful assault on Lee's works at Cold Harbor marked the end
+of the first part of Grant's campaign. The next move was to swing the
+army southward to the line of the James River and prepare to move upon
+Richmond and its defences from that side. This change of base was one
+of General Grant's finest achievements, admirably planned, and so
+skilfully executed that for three days Lee remained in total ignorance
+of what his adversary was doing. The Second Connecticut withdrew from
+its position on June 12th, late at night, reached the river on the
+16th, and, moving up it in transports, was disembarked and sent toward
+Petersburg, to a point on the left wing of the army. It reached
+position on the night of the 19th and entrenched. The usual
+occurrences of such marches as attended this change of scene were
+varied for the men, as the regimental history suggestively relates, by
+a notable circumstance--a bath in the river. "It was the only luxury
+we had had for weeks. It was a goodly sight to see half a dozen
+regiments disporting themselves in the tepid waters of the James. But
+no reader can possibly understand what enjoyment it afforded, unless
+he has slept on the ground for fourteen days without undressing, and
+been compelled to walk, cook, and live on all fours, lest a
+perpendicular assertion of his manhood should instantly convert it
+into clay."
+
+The operations against Petersburg had been going on for some time when
+the regiment arrived, and for two days it lay in the rifle pits it had
+dug under continual fire, with frequent resulting casualties. It was
+"the most intolerable position the regiment was ever required to hold.
+We had seen a deadlier spot at Cold Harbor, and others awaited us in
+the future; but they were agonies that did not last. Here, however, we
+had to stay, hour after hour, from before dawn until after dark, and
+that, too, where we could not move a rod without extreme danger. The
+enemy's line was parallel with ours, just across the wheat field; then
+they had numerous sharpshooters, who were familiar with every acre of
+the ground, perched in tall trees on both our flanks; then they had
+artillery posted everywhere. No man could cast his eyes over the
+parapet, or expose himself ten feet in the rear of the trench without
+drawing fire. And yet they did thus expose themselves; for where there
+are even chances of being missed or hit, soldiers will take the
+chances rather than lie still and suffer from thirst, supineness, and
+want of all things. There was no getting to the rear until zig-zag
+passages were dug, and then the wounded were borne off. Our occupation
+continued during the night and the next day, the regiment being
+divided into two reliefs, the one off duty lying a little to the rear,
+in a cornfield near Harrison's house. But it was a question whether
+'off' or 'on' duty was the more dangerous."
+
+On the 21st, relieved from this post, the regiment was moved to a new
+position further southwest and about the same distance from the city
+of Petersburg, which lay in plain view and whose city clocks could be
+heard distinctly. The Sixth Corps was engaged in an operation having
+the purpose of breaking Lee's communications with the South by the
+line of the Weldon Railroad, and in the course of this the Second
+Connecticut took part in a "sharp skirmish" with Hill's Division, on
+June 22nd, an affair which to other experiences would be notable as a
+battle of some proportions. The desired result was not gained; the
+attempt on Petersburg, which if successful might have hastened the end
+of the Confederacy by six months, and which came so near success, was
+changed to besieging operations, and for some time Grant's army lay
+comparatively quiet. In its four days in action here, the regiment
+suffered as follows: Killed or died of wounds, fifteen; wounded but
+not mortally, fifteen; missing, three; prisoners who died, five.
+
+[Illustration: Colonel Wessells]
+
+
+
+
+On July 9th came the orders which took the Second Connecticut for many
+months away from its place before Petersburg, where, after the
+activities described, it had settled down to a less exciting course of
+constructing batteries, forts, and breastworks, and laying out camps,
+with days of comparative peace and comfort notwithstanding several
+alarms showing the possibility of more arduous service.
+
+The Confederate Army which had been sent under General Early into the
+Shenandoah Valley to create a diversion in that quarter, had
+unexpectedly appeared on the Potomac in a sudden dash upon
+Washington, then defended chiefly by raw levies. Part of the Sixth
+Corps had been detached from Grant's army and sent to protect the
+capital a few days before; now the rest of the corps, including the
+Second Connecticut, was hurried north and reached Washington just in
+time to defeat Early's purpose. He had planned to storm the city on
+the 12th, and with good prospects of success; it was on that very day
+at an early hour, that the reinforcing troops arrived. They were
+hurried through the city to the threatened point, and the enemy,
+seeing the well-known corps badge confronting them at Fort Stevens,
+and recognizing that the opportunity was gone, promptly retreated,
+after an engagement in which the Second Connecticut took no active
+part. This occasion was notable by reason of the fact that for the
+only time during the war President Lincoln was under fire, as he
+watched the progress of affairs from the parapet of Fort Stevens.
+
+The pursuit which began at once entailed some hard marching, but the
+enemy could not be brought to a stand. It continued for several days
+until the Valley of the Shenandoah was reached, when Early, as was
+supposed, having hurried back to join Lee at Petersburg, the Sixth
+Corps was marched again swiftly to the capital. Here it developed that
+the authorities had decided to keep part of the forces sent for their
+protection, to man the defences, since Early's attempt had come so
+dangerously near succeeding, and the Second Connecticut was chosen to
+remain. On July 25th it was moved into the same forts it had occupied
+when called to the front two months before, and here it might have
+remained through the rest of its term of service, if Early had, as was
+presumed, gone back to join Lee at Petersburg. But it was learned now
+that he had faced about when the chase ceased and was again
+threatening a northward move. The Sixth Corps was therefore ordered
+against his force once more, the Second Connecticut going from the
+anticipated comforts of its prospective garrison duty with anything
+but satisfaction. "The men who had rolled into those cosy bunks with
+the declared intention of 'sleeping a week steady,' were on their
+cursing way through Tenallytown again in twenty-four hours, marching
+with accelerated pace toward Frederick to overtake the brigade of the
+red cross, to which they had so lately bidden an everlasting adieu.
+Oh, bitter cup!"
+
+After much marching and counter marching they found themselves on
+August 6th at Halltown in the Valley. For more than a month the army,
+now placed under the command of General Sheridan, was occupied in
+organizing and manoeuvering for the projected campaign, which the
+presence of the hostile force in that important quarter necessitated.
+
+Though on a much smaller scale than the operations in which the
+regiment had borne a part since it had been in active service, the
+impending action in the Shenandoah Valley was recognized as being of
+great importance. Grant's official report, speaking on this point,
+says: "Defeat to us would lay open to the enemy the states of
+Maryland and Pennsylvania for long distances before another army could
+be interposed to check him," and aside from the military aspect of the
+matter, the political campaign then agitating the loyal states made
+the result of the struggle here of profound influence.
+
+The campaign's activities began with the battle of the Opequan, or, as
+it is perhaps more often designated, of Winchester. General Sheridan
+took advantage of an opportunity for which he had been patiently
+waiting by moving his forces to the attack at daylight on the morning
+of September 19th, and before noon the engagement was fierce and
+general, both assault and defence being made with equal spirit and
+determination; that part of the Sixth Corps which comprised the Second
+Connecticut, however, had taken small part in it, being held in
+reserve.
+
+It was about midday that in a counter charge against the Union center,
+the enemy found a weak point at the junction of the Sixth Corps with
+the Nineteenth, of which they quickly took advantage, breaking the
+line and driving back the troops on the flanks of both corps in great
+disorder. Their successful advance and the flight of the opposing
+forces gave such assurances of victory that more than one Confederate
+writer says that at this point the battle which had raged since
+daylight was won. Jefferson Davis himself wrote, years after, of the
+charge: "This affair occurred about 11 A.M., and a splendid victory
+had been gained,"--a judgment which lacked finality. In fact, had the
+separation of the wings of Sheridan's army been accomplished, as it
+was threatened, the result would have been utter disaster; just now,
+however, Upton's brigade, of which the Second Connecticut formed a
+large part, was brought up to the point of danger. The charge was
+checked, the enemy in turn driven back, and the Union line
+re-established.
+
+In the regimental history it is related that the brigade was pushed
+forward gradually, "halted on a spot where the ground was depressed
+enough to afford a little protection, and only a little,--for several
+men were hit while lying there, as well as others, while getting
+there. In three minutes the regiment again advanced, passed over a
+knoll, lost several more men, and halted in another hollow spot,
+similar to the first. The enemy's advance had now been pushed well
+back, and here a stay was made of perhaps two hours. Colonel Mackenzie
+rode slowly back and forth along the rise of ground in front of this
+position in a very reckless manner, in plain sight and easy range of
+the enemy, who kept up a fire from a piece of woods in front, which
+elicited from him the remark, 'I guess those fellows will get tired of
+firing at me by and by.' But the ground where the regiment lay was
+very slightly depressed, and although the shots missed Mackenzie they
+killed and wounded a large number of both officers and men behind him.
+
+"About three o'clock, an advance of the whole line having been ordered
+by Sheridan, the regiment charged across the field, Mackenzie riding
+some ten rods ahead, holding his hat aloft on the point of his saber.
+The distance to the woods was at least a quarter of a mile, and was
+traversed under a fire that carried off its victims at nearly every
+step. The enemy abandoned the woods, however, as the regiment
+approached. After a short halt it again advanced to a rail fence which
+ran along the side of an extensive field. Here, for the first time
+during the whole of this bloody day, did the regiment have orders to
+fire, and for ten minutes they had the privilege of pouring an
+effective fire into the rebels, who were thick in front. Then a flank
+movement was made along the fence to the right, followed by a direct
+advance of forty rods into the field. Here was the deadliest spot of
+the day. The enemy's artillery, on a rise of ground in front, plowed
+the field with canister and shells, and tore the ranks in a frightful
+manner. Major Rice was struck by a shell, his left arm torn off, and
+his body cut almost asunder. Major Skinner was struck on the top of
+the head by a shell, knocked nearly a rod with his face to the earth,
+and was carried to the rear insensible. General Upton had a good
+quarter pound of flesh taken out of his thigh by a shell. Colonel
+Mackenzie's horse was cut in two by a solid shot which just grazed the
+rider's leg and let him down to the ground very abruptly. Several
+other officers were also struck; and from these instances as well as
+from the appended list of casualties some idea may be gained of the
+havoc among the enlisted men at this point. Although the regiment had
+been under fire and losing continually from the middle of the
+afternoon, until it was now almost sunset, yet the losses during ten
+minutes in this last field were probably equal to those of all the
+rest of the day. It was doubtless the spot referred to by the rebel
+historian, Pollard, when he says, 'Early's artillery was fought to the
+muzzle of the guns.' Mackenzie gave the order to move by the left
+flank and a start was made, but there was no enduring such a fire, and
+the men ran back and lay down. Another attempt was soon made, and
+after passing a large oak tree a sheltered position was secured. The
+next move was directly into the enemy's breastwork. They had just
+been driven from it by a cavalry charge from the right, and were in
+full retreat through the streets of Winchester, and some of their
+abandoned artillery which had done us so much damage stood yet in
+position, hissing hot with action, with their miserable rac-a-bone
+horses attached. The brigade, numbering less than half the muskets it
+had in the morning, was now got into shape, and after marching to a
+field in the eastern edge of the city, bivouacked for the night, while
+the pursuit rolled miles away up the valley pike." Night alone, wrote
+General Wesley Merritt, saved Early's army from capture.
+
+To the losses of the day the Second Connecticut contributed forty-two
+killed and one hundred and eight wounded, the proportion of officers
+being very large.
+
+Unlike their previous severe engagement at Cold Harbor, the regiment
+had the thrilling consciousness of complete victory to hearten them
+after this battle, and, later, when the full history of the day was
+learned, the realization that they had played a part of no little
+importance in attaining it.
+
+The moment when they were brought into action was a critical one.
+General Sheridan, in his report summing up the operations of the
+campaign, said: "At Winchester for a moment the contest was uncertain,
+but the gallant attack of General Upton's brigade of the Sixth Corps
+restored the line of battle," and of this brigade the Second
+Connecticut formed fully half. Upton's report gave high praise to
+Colonel Mackenzie, and said: "His regiment on the right initiated
+nearly every movement of the division, and behaved with great
+steadiness and gallantry."
+
+The victory itself, with the sequel which followed so promptly three
+days later, had an importance far beyond its purely military value,
+through its marked effects upon public sentiment throughout the
+country; it brought to one side jubilant satisfaction, and gave a
+corresponding depression to the other, and it elevated Sheridan at
+once to that high place in popular affection which he always
+afterwards held. That it was "the turning-point of the fortunes of the
+war in Virginia," was the verdict of a Confederate officer of high
+rank, and Nicolay and Hay in the "Life of Lincoln" describe it as "one
+of the most important of the war."
+
+As for the Litchfield County regiment, among its many proud memories,
+none surely holds a higher place than that of the worthy and effective
+part it took in this day's work, forming, as it did, so large a part
+of the brigade which, in the words of General Upton's biographer,
+turned possible defeat into certain victory.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+General Sheridan's method of operation could hardly be held as
+dilatory. It would doubtless have commended itself more highly to his
+men if it had been somewhat more so, when at daylight on the morning
+after the splendid success of September 19th they were ordered in
+pursuit of Early's army.
+
+The Confederate forces had taken position on Fisher's Hill, considered
+the Gibraltar of the Valley, and according to Sheridan, almost
+impregnable to a direct assault. Two days were occupied in bringing up
+troops and making dispositions for the attack. The Second Connecticut
+reached its assigned position on the 21st near midnight, and found
+itself "on the very top of a hill fully as high as Fisher's Hill, and
+separated from it by Tumbling River. The enemy's stronghold was on the
+top of the opposite hill directly across the stream."
+
+On the 22nd more or less skirmishing took place all day. A force had
+been sent round the enemy's left flank; the attack it delivered late
+in the afternoon was a complete surprise to Early's men, and an
+advance by the whole Union line quickly routed them.
+
+To make this charge the regiment moved down the steep hill, waded the
+stream, and moved up the rocky front of the rebel Gibraltar. How they
+got up there is a mystery,--for the ascent of that rocky declivity
+would now seem an impossibility to an unburdened traveller, even
+though there were no deadly enemy at the top. But up they went,
+clinging to rocks and bushes. The main rebel breastwork, which they
+were so confident of holding, was about fifteen rods from the top of
+the bluff, with brush piled in front of it. Just as the top was
+reached the Eighth Corps struck the enemy on the right, and their
+flight was disordered and precipitate. The Second Connecticut was the
+first regiment that reached and planted colors on the works from the
+direct front.
+
+They were marching in pursuit all that night and for three succeeding
+days, until the chase was seen to be hopeless and the army faced
+northward again. Four killed and nineteen wounded were added at
+Fisher's Hill to the growing record of the Second Connecticut's
+losses.
+
+[Illustration: Colonel Kellogg]
+
+
+
+
+Such complete failure in their campaign had, it was now believed,
+eliminated the enemy in the Shenandoah Valley. The Sixth Corps was
+accordingly ordered back to Grant's army before Petersburg after a few
+days of rest, and was moving toward Washington on its way when there
+came a sudden change of orders.
+
+Early, reinforced and once more ready, was again in the works he had
+been driven from at Fisher's Hill. The corps, recalled to join the
+forces of Sheridan, went into camp along the north bank of Cedar Creek
+on October 14th, and here there soon took place one of the most
+thrilling and dramatic conflicts of the war.
+
+"For the next few days," the history of the regiment states, "there
+was much quiet and a good deal of speculation among the troops as to
+what would be the next shift of the scenes. The enemy was close in
+front, just as he had been for weeks preceding the battle of
+Winchester, but this attitude which might once have been called
+defiance, now seemed to be mere impudence,--and it was the general
+opinion that Early did not wish or intend to fight again, but that he
+was to be kept there as a standing threat in order to prevent
+Sheridan's army from returning to Grant. And yet there was something
+mysterious in his conduct. He was known to be receiving
+reinforcements, and his signal flags on Three-top Mountain (just south
+of Fisher's Hill) were continually in motion. From the top of
+Massanutton Mountain his vedettes could look down upon the whole Union
+army, as one can look down upon New Haven from East Rock, and there is
+no doubt that the exact location of every camp, and the position of
+every gun and every picket post were thoroughly known to him.
+Nevertheless, it seemed the most improbable thing in the world that he
+could be meditating either an open attack or a surprise. The position
+was strong, the creek and its crossings in possession of our pickets
+both along the front and well out on either flank." But Early himself,
+being in difficulties his enemy knew nothing of, says, "I was
+compelled to move back for want of provisions and forage, or attack
+the enemy in his position with the hope of driving him from it, and I
+determined to attack."
+
+His plan was, like his adversary's at the last encounter, a surprise
+around the left flank with a feint on the right, and it was carried
+out on the morning of October 19th with complete success. General
+Sheridan had been called to Washington a few days before, as no active
+operations seemed imminent, and the army lay feeling quite secure.
+
+Good fortune attended the attacking forces, and the surprise was
+perfect. General Merritt writes: "Crook's (Eighth Corps) camp and
+afterwards Emory's (Nineteenth Corps) were attacked in flank and rear,
+and the men and officers driven from their beds, many of them not
+having time to hurry into their clothes, except as they retreated,
+half awake and terror-stricken from the overpowering numbers of the
+enemy. Their own artillery in conjunction with that of the enemy, was
+turned on them, and long before it was light enough for their eyes,
+unaccustomed to the dim light, to distinguish friend from foe, they
+were hurrying to our right and rear intent only on their safety.
+Wright's (Sixth Corps) infantry, which was farther removed from the
+point of attack, fared somewhat better, but did not offer more than a
+spasmodic resistance." Nevertheless, they made Early "pay dearly for
+every foot gained and finally brought him to a stand," as Nicolay and
+Hay record.
+
+The history of the Second Connecticut tells the story of the day as
+follows: "Most of the regiment were up next morning long before
+Reveille and many had begun to cook their coffee on account of that
+ominous popping and cracking which had been going on for half an hour
+off to the right. They did not exactly suppose it meant anything, but
+they had learned wisdom by many a sudden march on an empty stomach and
+did not propose to be caught napping. The clatter on the right
+increased. It began to be the wonder why no orders came. But suddenly
+every man seemed to lose interest in the right, and turned his
+inquiring eyes and ears toward the left. Rapid volleys and a vague
+tumult told that there was trouble there. 'Fall in!' said Mackenzie.
+The brigade moved briskly off toward the east, crossing the track of
+other troops and batteries of artillery which were hurriedly swinging
+into position, while ambulances, orderlies, staff officers, camp
+followers, pack horses, cavalrymen, sutler's wagons, hospital wagons,
+and six-mule teams of every description came trundling and galloping
+pell mell toward the right and rear and making off toward Winchester.
+It was not a hundred rods from our own camp to the place where we went
+into position on a road running north. General Wright, the temporary
+commander of the army, bareheaded, and with blood trickling from his
+beard, sat on his horse near by, as if bewildered or in a brown study.
+The ground was cleared in front of the road and sloped off some thirty
+rods to a stream, on the opposite side of which it rose for about an
+equal distance to a piece of woods in which the advance rebel line had
+already taken position. The newly risen sun, huge and bloody, was on
+their side in more senses than one. Our line faced directly to the
+east and we could see nothing but that enormous disk, rising out of
+the fog, while they could see every man in our line and could take
+good aim. The battalion lay down, and part of the men began to fire,
+but the shape of the ground afforded little protection and large
+numbers were killed and wounded. Four fifths of our loss for the
+entire day occurred during the time we lay here,--which could not have
+been over five minutes,--by the end of which time the Second
+Connecticut found itself in an isolated position not unlike that at
+Cold Harbor. The fog had now thinned away somewhat and a firm rebel
+line with colors full high advanced came rolling over the knoll just
+in front of our left not more than three hundred yards distant. 'Rise
+up,--Retreat,' said Mackenzie,--and the battalion began to move back.
+
+"For a little distance the retreat was made in very good order, but it
+soon degenerated into a rout. Men from a score of regiments were mixed
+up in flight, and the whole corps was scattered over acres and acres
+with no more organization than a herd of buffaloes. Some of the
+wounded were carried for a distance by their comrades, who were at
+length compelled to leave them to their fate in order to escape being
+shot. About a mile from the place where the retreat commenced there
+was a road running directly across the valley. Here the troops were
+rallied and a slight defence of rails thrown up. The regimental and
+brigade flags were set up as beacons to direct each man how to steer
+through the mob and in a very few minutes there was an effective line
+of battle established. A few round shot ricochetted overhead, making
+about an eighth of a mile at a jump, and a few grape were dropped into
+a ditch just behind our line, quickly clearing out some soldiers who
+had crawled in there, but this was the extent of the pursuit. The
+whole brigade (and a very small brigade it was) was deployed as
+skirmishers under Colonel Olcott of the One Hundred and Twenty-first
+New York. Three lines of skirmishers were formed and each in turn
+constituted the first line while the other two passed through and
+halted, and so the retreat was continued for about three miles until a
+halt was made upon high ground, from which we could plainly see the
+Johnnies sauntering around on the very ground where we had slept."
+
+Once more could Early claim the credit of a victory of which at night
+he was to find himself again deprived. Sheridan's famous ride, his
+meeting and turning of the tide of fugitives, is the feature of the
+day's occurrences which will always live in the popular memory. It is
+a significant hint of the scale of such a battlefield to know that the
+men of the Second Connecticut had no visual perception of his presence
+that day, though they heard the cheering occasioned by his appearance
+in other parts of the scene, and in his report there is mention of a
+meeting with Colonel Mackenzie, whom he tried to persuade to go to the
+rear on account of his wounds.
+
+The Confederate belief in their victory was not unreasonable, but it
+was now to suffer an astonishing upset. Weary and demoralized with
+success, they were entirely unprepared for the vigor of their
+opponents, who after repulsing their last assault, quickly reformed
+the lines and prepared for a general advance. Sheridan writes: "This
+attack was brilliantly made, and as the enemy was protected by rail
+breastworks and at some portions of his line by stone fences, his
+resistance was very determined."
+
+The history of the Second Connecticut gives a detailed account of its
+movement, first against a stone wall in front which after some
+opposition was abandoned by the enemy, who then "attempted to rally
+behind another fence a little further back, but after a moment or two
+gave it up and 'retired.' Not only in front of our regiment, but all
+along as far as the eye could reach, both to the right and left, were
+they flying over the uneven country in precisely the same kind of
+disorder that we had exhibited in the morning. The shouts and screams
+of victory mingled with the roar of the firing, and never was heard
+'so musical a discord, such sweet thunder.' The sight of so many rebel
+heels made it a very easy thing to be brave, and the Union troops
+pressed on, utterly regardless of the grape and canister which to the
+last moment the enemy flung behind him. It would not have been well
+for them to have fired too much if they had had ever so good a chance,
+for they would have been no more likely to hit our men than their own,
+who were our prisoners and scattered in squads of twenty, squads of
+ten, and squads of one, all over the vast field. At one time they
+made a determined stand along a ridge in front of our brigade. A
+breastwork of rails was thrown together, colors planted, a nucleus
+made, and both flanks grew longer and longer with wonderful rapidity.
+It was evident that they were driving back their men to this line
+without regard to regiment or organization of any kind. This could be
+plainly seen from the adjacent and similar ridge over which we were
+moving,--the pursuers being in quite as much disorder (so far as
+organizations were concerned) as the pursued. That growing line began
+to look ugly and somewhat quenched the ardor of the chase. It began to
+be a question in many minds whether it would not be a point of wisdom
+'to survey the vantage of the ground' before getting much further. But
+just as we descended into the intervening hollow, a body of cavalry,
+not large but compact, was seen scouring along the fields to our right
+and front like a whirlwind directly toward the left flank of that
+formidable line on the hill. When we reached the top there was no
+enemy there! They had moved on and the cavalry after them.
+
+"Thus the chase was continued, from position to position, for miles
+and miles, for hours and hours, until darkness closed in and every
+regiment went into camp on the identical ground it had left in such
+haste in the morning. Every man tied his shelter tent to the very same
+old stakes, and in half an hour coffee was boiling and salt pork
+sputtering over thousands of camp fires. Civil life may furnish better
+fare than the army at Cedar Creek had that night, but not better
+appetites; for it must be borne in mind that many had gone into the
+fight directly from their beds and had eaten nothing for twenty-four
+hours.
+
+"Men from every company started out the first thing after reaching
+camp to look for our dead and wounded, many of whom lay not fifty rods
+off. The slightly wounded who had not got away had been taken
+prisoners and sent at once toward Richmond--while the severely wounded
+had lain all day on the ground near where they were hit while the
+tide of battle ebbed and flowed over them. Some of the mortally
+wounded were just able to greet their returning comrades, hear the
+news of victory, and send a last message to their friends before
+expiring. Corporal Charles M. Burr was shot above the ankle just after
+the battalion had risen up and started to retreat. Both bones of his
+leg were shattered and he had to be left. In a few minutes the rebel
+battalion which I have already mentioned came directly over him in
+pursuit, and was soon out of his sight. Then being alone for a short
+time he pulled off the boot from his sound leg, put his watch and
+money into it and put it on again. Next a merciful rebel lieutenant
+came and tied a handkerchief around his leg, stanching the blood. Next
+came the noble army of stragglers and bummers with the question,
+'Hello, Yank, have you got any Yankee notions about you?' and at the
+same time thrusting their hands into every pocket. They captured a
+little money and small traps, but seeing one boot was spoiled they
+did not meddle with the other. Next came wagons, picking up muskets
+and accoutrements which lay thick all over the ground. Then came
+ambulances and picked up the rebel wounded but left ours. Then came a
+citizen of the Confederacy asking many questions, and then came three
+boys who gave him water. And thus the day wore along until the middle
+of the afternoon when the tide of travel began to turn. The noble army
+of stragglers and bummers led the advance--then the roar of battle
+grew nearer and louder and more general, then came galloping officers
+and all kinds of wagons, then a brass twelve-pounder swung round close
+to him, unlimbered, fired one shot, and whipped off again--then came
+the routed infantry, artillery, and cavalry, all mixed together, all
+on a full run, and strewing the ground with muskets and equipments.
+Then came the shouting 'boys in blue,' and in a few minutes Pat
+Birmingham came up and said: 'Well, Charley, I'm glad to find you
+alive. I didn't expect it. We're back again in the old camp, and the
+Johnnies are whipped all to pieces.'"
+
+The victory was as complete and satisfying as it was spectacular; the
+enemy was at last so thoroughly beaten that a dangerous attitude could
+not be taken again. It was a fitting close for Sheridan's famous
+campaign in the Shenandoah Valley.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+To the Second Connecticut the day at Cedar Creek brought losses nearly
+as heavy as were suffered at Winchester just a month before:
+thirty-eight killed, ninety-six wounded, and two missing, besides a
+large number made prisoners,--an entire company having been captured
+early in the morning while on picket,--of whom eleven died in
+captivity. These losses were in fact proportionately even larger than
+those met with at Cold Harbor, as the hard service of the preceding
+months had reduced the regiment's effective strength to about
+twenty-five officers and seven hundred men present for duty.
+
+
+
+
+General Sheridan's report on the Shenandoah campaign gave high praise
+to Colonel Mackenzie, who, as a result of his conduct, received a
+promotion and was commissioned brigadier-general in December. His
+disability from the two wounds received at Cedar Creek, however,
+necessitated his relinquishing the command of the regiment immediately
+after that engagement, and this devolved upon Lieutenant-Colonel James
+Hubbard; to him in due course came the colonel's commission, and he
+led the regiment throughout the rest of its career.
+
+[Illustration: Colonel Mackenzie]
+
+Colonel Hubbard, though born in Salisbury, had lived in the West
+before the war, and first saw service with an Illinois regiment.
+Returning to Connecticut, he assisted in raising a company for the
+Nineteenth, and was mustered in as its captain. He was steadily
+promoted until the death of Colonel Kellogg brought him naturally to
+the command of the regiment; but, as has been said, his own modest
+estimate of his qualifications for this responsibility caused him to
+decline the appointment. When it came to him a second time he
+accepted, and proved by his subsequent handling of the regiment a
+worthy successor to the remarkably able soldiers under whom he had
+served, winning the brevet rank of brigadier-general in the final
+campaigns. His ambition was, a comrade wrote, to do his full duty
+without a thought for personal glory; and he enjoyed in a high degree
+the respect and affection of his command. He died in Washington, where
+he lived for many years, on December 21, 1886, and was buried in
+Winsted.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The brilliant victories in which the Second Artillery had borne so
+worthy a part, and the re-election of President Lincoln in November
+(1864), put an end to all anxieties as to danger in the quarter of the
+Shenandoah, which before Sheridan's campaign had been a region of
+fatal mischance to the national cause from the beginning of the war.
+As a consequence the Sixth Corps was once more ordered to rejoin
+Grant's army, and the regiment left the historic valley on December
+1st, arriving on the 5th before Petersburg, where it was assigned a
+position near the place of its skirmish on June 22nd.
+
+"Then it was unbroken forest," says its history; "now, hundreds of
+acres were cleared, and dotted with camps. A corduroy road ran by, and
+a telegraph, and Grant's railroad. No other such railroad was ever
+seen before, or ever will be again. It was laid right on top of the
+ground, without any attempt at grading, and you might see the engine
+and rear car of a long train, while the middle of the train would be
+in a valley, completely out of sight. Having reached Parke Station,
+we moved to a camp near Battery Number Twenty-seven, and went into the
+snug and elegant little log houses just vacated by the Ninety-fourth
+New York. This was a new kind of situation for the 'Second Heavies.'
+The idea of being behind permanent and powerful breastworks, defended
+by abatis, ditches, and what not, with approaches so difficult that
+ten men could hold five hundred at bay, was so novel, that the men
+actually felt as if there must be some mistake, and that they had got
+into the wrong place."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+For two months no fighting fell to the regiment's lot, for though the
+Union commanders and armies were ready and eager to make an end of the
+war as soon as possible, little could be done during the winter.
+Though this inactivity brought perhaps some relief from the rigors of
+army life, the men had numerous reminders that they were still in
+active service. One of the chief events of this season the history of
+the regiment describes as follows: "On the afternoon of the 9th
+(December, 1864), the First and Third Divisions of the Sixth Corps
+were marched to the left, beyond the permanent lines, and off in the
+direction of the Weldon Railroad, to prevent any attack on the Fifth
+and Second Corps, now returning from their expedition. After going for
+about six miles we halted for the night, in a piece of woods. It was
+bitter cold when we left camp, but soon began to moderate, then to
+rain, then to sleet; so that by the time we halted, everything was
+covered with ice, with snow two inches deep on the ground, and still
+sifting down through the pines. It was the work of an hour to get
+fires going,--but at last they began to take hold, and fuel was piled
+on as though it did not cost anything. Clouds of steam rolled out of
+the soaked garments of the men, as they stood huddled around the
+roaring, cracking piles,--and the black night and ghostly woods were
+lighted up in a style most wonderful. The storm continued all night,
+and many a man waked up next morning to find his legs firmly packed
+in new fallen snow. At daylight orders came to pack up and be ready
+to move at once; which was now a difficult order to execute, on
+account of many things, especially the shelter tents;--for they were
+as rigid as sheet-iron and yet had to be rolled up and strapped on the
+knapsacks. Nevertheless it was not long before the regiment was in
+motion; and after plodding off for a mile to the left, a line of
+battle was formed, vedettes sent out, trees felled and breastworks
+built, and at dinner-time the men were allowed to build fires and cook
+breakfast. Then, after standing until almost night in the snow, which
+had now turned to sleet, the column was headed homeward. Upon
+arriving, it was discovered that some of the Jersey Brigade had taken
+possession of our log snuggeries, and that their officers had
+established their heels upon the mantels in our officers' quarters,
+and were smoking the pipes of comfort and complacency, as though they
+had not a trouble in the world, and never expected to have. But they
+soon found that possession is not nine points of military law, by any
+means. An order from Division Headquarters soon sent them profanely
+packing,--and the Second Heavies occupied."
+
+Though weeks were spent in such comparative comfort and immunity as
+the present situation afforded, the men felt as if they were resting
+over a volcano which might break into fierce activity at any moment;
+and as the winter passed signs of the renewal of the struggle
+multiplied on all sides.
+
+On February 5th (1865), part of the Second Connecticut was ordered to
+move out to support and protect the flank of the Fifth Corps, which
+was engaged near Hatcher's Run, and accordingly left the comforts of
+the camp and bivouacked for the night a few miles away. The history of
+the regiment says: "It was bitter cold sleeping that night--so cold
+that half the men stood or sat around fires all night. In the morning
+the movement was continued. A little before sundown we crossed
+Hatcher's Run and moved by the flank directly into a piece of woods,
+the Second Brigade under Hubbard leading the division and the Second
+Connecticut under Skinner leading the brigade. Wounded men were being
+brought to the rear and the noise just ahead told of mischief there.
+Colonel Hubbard filed to the left at the head of the column along a
+slight ridge and about half the regiment had filed when troops of the
+Fifth Corps came running through to the rear and at the same moment
+General Wheaton rode up with 'oblique to the left, oblique to the
+left,' and making energetic gestures toward the rise of ground. The
+ridge was quickly gained and fire opened just in time to head off a
+counter fire and charge that was already in progress, but between the
+'file left' and the 'left oblique' and the breaking of our ranks by
+troops retreating from in front, and the vines and underbrush (which
+were so thick that they unhorsed some of the staff officers) there was
+a good deal of confusion, and the line soon fell back about ten rods,
+where it was reformed and a vigorous fire poured--somewhat at
+random--a little to the left of our first position. The attempt of
+the enemy to get in on the left of the Fifth Corps was frustrated.
+Our casualties were six wounded (some of them probably by our own men)
+and one missing. The position was occupied that night, and the next
+day until about sundown, when the brigade shifted some distance to the
+right and again advanced under an artillery fire to within a short
+distance of the rebel batteries and built breastworks. The rebel
+picket shots whistled overhead all the time the breastworks were
+building, but mostly too high to hurt anything but the trees. At
+midnight the division moved back to quarters, arriving at sunrise.
+Having taken a ration of whiskey which was ordered by Grant or
+somebody else in consideration of three nights and two days on the
+bare ground in February, together with some fighting and a good deal
+of hard marching and hard work, the men lay down to sleep as the sun
+rose up, and did not rise up until the sun went down."
+
+[Illustration: Colonel Hubbard]
+
+
+
+
+The routine of picket duty, inspection, alarms, and orders to be in
+readiness which came not infrequently, continued for another
+succession of weeks, varied now by the constant arrival of deserters
+from the enemy, who were coming into the Union lines singly and in
+large parties almost daily, and revealing the desperate condition on
+the other side. Preparations went on for what all felt was to be the
+final campaign; and this opened for the Second Connecticut on March
+25th, when the famous assault on Fort Stedman was made by the enemy,
+Lee's last attempt at offensive operations.
+
+This position, which was on the eastern side of the city of
+Petersburg, was gallantly attacked and captured in the early morning;
+troops were at once called from all parts of the Union line and
+hurried to the point of action, but the fort was retaken before the
+Second Connecticut reached the scene, and the regiment was then moved
+to the southwest of the city before Fort Fisher, a general assault of
+the whole extensive line having been ordered by Grant to develop the
+weakness that Lee must have been obliged to make somewhere to carry
+out his plan against Fort Stedman. The attack succeeded in gaining and
+holding a large share of the Confederate picket line, a matter of
+great importance.
+
+The Second Connecticut advanced to the charge late in the afternoon
+"as steadily as though on a battalion drill," the regimental history
+relates. It captured a line of rifle pits and kept on "under a
+combined artillery and musket fire. The air was blue with the little
+cast iron balls from spherical-case shot which shaved the ground and
+exploded among the stumps just in rear of the line at intervals of
+only a few seconds. Twenty of the Second Connecticut were
+wounded--seven of them mortally--in reaching, occupying, and
+abandoning this position, which, proving entirely untenable, was held
+only a few minutes. The line faced about and moved back under the same
+mixed fire of solid shot, spherical case, and musketry, and halted not
+far in front of the spot whence it had first moved forward. Other
+troops on the right now engaged the battery and captured the rest of
+the picket line, and after half an hour the brigade again moved
+forward to a position still further advanced than the previous one,
+where a permanent picket line was established."
+
+The week following this eventful day, which began with the capture of
+one of the Union works, and ended with substantial gains along their
+front, saw intense activity on all sides. The abandonment of
+Petersburg by Lee was now plainly imminent, and the preventing of his
+army's escape was the paramount object. The whole vast field of
+operation about the besieged city became a seething theater of
+complicated movement, and the Second Connecticut, under frequent
+orders for immediate advance, was formed in line at all hours of the
+day or night, and excited by a thousand rumors and orders given and
+revoked, but it did not finally leave its quarters during this time.
+
+On April 1st, Sheridan won his notable victory at Five Forks, and at
+midnight the regiment was ordered out for a final charge on the
+defences so long held against them, which was to be made early on the
+2nd. All was made ready, the lines formed, and at daylight the signal
+gun set the army in motion.
+
+"The advance was over precisely the same ground as on the 25th of
+March, and the firing came from the same battery and breastworks,
+although not quite so severe. Lieutenant-Colonel Skinner and seven
+enlisted men were wounded--none of them fatally. There was but little
+firing on our side, but with bayonets fixed the boys went in,--not in
+a very mathematical right line, but strongly and surely,--on, on,
+until the first line was carried. Then, invigorated and greatly
+encouraged by success, they pressed on--the opposing fire slackening
+every minute,--on, on, through the abatis and ditch, up the steep
+bank, over the parapet into the rebel camp that had but just been
+deserted. Then and there the long tried and ever faithful soldiers of
+the Republic saw daylight--and such a shout as tore the concave of
+that morning sky it were worth dying to hear." The same jubilant
+success was attending the whole army, though not without sharp
+resistance on the part of the enemy in places.
+
+Throughout the day advances were made and the works so long besieged
+were occupied all over the vast field, and at night the men "lay down
+in muddy trenches, among the dying and the dead, under a most
+murderous fire of sharpshooters. There had been charges and counter
+charges,--but our troops held all they had gained. At length the hot
+day gave place to chilly night, and the extreme change brought much
+suffering. The men had flung away whatever was fling-away-able during
+the charge of the morning and the subsequent hot march--as men always
+will, under like circumstances--and now they found themselves
+blanketless, stockingless, overcoatless,--in cold and damp trenches,
+and compelled by the steady firing to lie still, or adopt a
+horizontal, crawling mode of locomotion, which did not admit of speed
+enough to quicken the circulation of the blood. Some took clothing
+from the dead and wrapped themselves in it; others, who were fortunate
+enough to procure spades, dug gopher holes, and burrowed. At daylight
+the Sixty-fifth New York clambered over the huge earthwork, took
+possession of Fort Hell, opened a picket fire and fired one of the
+guns in the fort, eliciting no reply. Just then a huge fire in the
+direction of the city, followed by several explosions, convinced our
+side that Lee's army had indeed left. The regiment was hastily got
+together,--ninety muskets being all that could be produced,--and sent
+out on picket. The picket line advanced and meeting with no resistance
+pushed on into the city. What regiment was first to enter the city is
+and probably ever will be a disputed question. The Second Connecticut
+claims to have been in first, but Colonel Hubbard had ordered the
+colors to remain behind when the regiment went out on the skirmish
+line, consequently the stars and stripes that first floated over
+captured Petersburg belonged to some other regiment. Colonel Hubbard
+was, however, made Provost-Marshal of the city, and for a brief while
+dispensed government and law in that capacity."
+
+Petersburg, however, now that it was abandoned by the enemy, had lost
+the importance it had so long possessed, and all energies were given
+to preventing the escape of its late defenders. Before the end of the
+day (April 3rd) the regiment, with the rest of the Sixth Corps, had
+turned westward and joined the pursuit. The chase was stern and the
+marches rapid, but far less wearing to these victorious veterans,
+filled with the consciousness of success, than those that had
+initiated their campaigning less than a year before. On April 6th the
+regiment, after an all day march, came up with the enemy in position
+at Sailor's Creek, and went into the last engagement of its career. It
+was a charge under a hot fire, sharp and decisive, which quickly
+changed to a pursuit of the fleeing enemy, kept up until the bivouack
+at ten o'clock. The Second Connecticut captured the headquarters train
+of General Mahone, a battle flag, and many prisoners, and ended the
+tale of its losses with three men killed and six wounded.
+
+The chase was taken up next morning (April 7th), and the regiment had
+reached a point close to Appomattox Court House, when on April 9th Lee
+met Grant and surrendered what remained of his army, at that historic
+place.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+To imagine all that this meant to the men in arms is far easier than
+to attempt its description. They saw at last the end arriving of all
+the privation and suffering they had volunteered to undergo; they saw
+the triumph of the Union they had risen to defend to the uttermost
+extremity a proven fact. The whole continent vibrated with the deepest
+feeling at the news of it, but they, better than any others, knew in
+the fullest degree its immense significance.
+
+
+
+
+Immediately after the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia, the
+Sixth Corps was moved to Burkesville, some distance from Appomattox in
+the direction of Richmond, and there it remained for about ten days
+awaiting events. On April 22nd it was ordered southward to Danville,
+with a view to joining Sherman's army then confronting Johnston in
+North Carolina, a movement which again necessitated some fatiguing
+marches, the one hundred and five miles being covered in less than
+five days. News was received, however, that Johnston had followed the
+example of Lee and surrendered, and the corps thereupon faced about
+once more. On its leisurely progress to the north it was joined by
+crowds of the newly freed negroes, who attached themselves to every
+regiment in droves, and the lately hostile inhabitants came also at
+every stopping place, "with baskets and two-wheeled carts" for
+supplies to relieve their dire necessities.
+
+Near Richmond the regiment remained several days, and the men were
+allowed passes to visit the late Confederate capital, so long the goal
+of their strenuous efforts. "The burnt district was still smoking with
+the remains of the great fire of April 2nd, and the city was full of
+officers and soldiers of the ex-Confederate army. The blue and the
+gray mingled on the streets and public squares, and were seen side by
+side in the Sabbath congregations. The war was over."
+
+The consciousness of this last great fact was now becoming insistent
+in the minds of these citizen soldiers. The great purpose for which
+they had offered themselves was carried out, and their eagerness to
+have done with all the circumstances of military life was
+increasingly strong, and grew so intense as to render the final weeks
+of their term of service extremely trying.
+
+The tremendous task of disbanding the armies of the Union was
+occupying the entire energies of the War Department, but to the men it
+seemed as if their longed for turn would never come. Back in the
+well-known fortifications around Washington they waited, taking part
+in the Grand Review on June 8th, in all the misery of full dress, and
+in a temper that would have carried them against the thousands of
+acclaiming spectators with savage joy, had it been a host of enemies
+in arms.
+
+But their turn came at last, and on July 7th, one hundred and
+eighty-three men, all that were left of the original enlisted men of
+the "old Nineteenth," were mustered out; two days later they departed
+for New Haven and were welcomed there, like all the returning troops,
+with patriotic rejoicing.
+
+The remainder of the regiment, some four hundred in number, was
+mustered out in its turn on August 18th, reached New Haven on the
+20th, and "passed up Chapel Street amid welcoming crowds of people,
+the clangor of bells, and a shower of rockets and red lights that made
+the field-and-staff horses prance with the belief that battle had come
+again. After partaking of a bounteous entertainment prepared in the
+basement of the State House, the regiment proceeded to Grapevine
+Point, where, on the 5th of September, they received their pay and
+discharge, and the Second Connecticut Heavy Artillery vanished from
+sight and passed into History."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In Litchfield County the return of the various contingents to their
+homes was made the occasion of great rejoicing. Chief among these
+celebrations was a grand reception at the county seat on August 1st,
+when the first detachment to be discharged had arrived; they were
+feted with dinner and speeches, illuminations and a triumphal arch.
+There were also other organized demonstrations in other towns, and
+everywhere the strongest manifestations of pride in these warrior
+sons of the county, and joy at their return.
+
+But all who went had not returned. The terrible significance of the
+cold and formal columns and tables of the regiment's casualties was
+felt in every town, and to their tale was added in succeeding years a
+long list of the many who had indeed come back, but broken with wounds
+and disease, and just as truly devoted to death through their service
+as those who fell upon the field of battle.
+
+What the Second Connecticut suffered is shown, so far as official
+statistics go, in the tables published by the Adjutant-General of the
+state, as follows:
+
+    Killed                               147
+    Missing in action, probably killed    11
+    Fatally wounded                       95
+    Wounded                              427
+    Captured                              72
+    Died in prison                        21
+    Died of disease or accident          154
+    Discharged for disability            285
+    Unaccounted for at muster out         35
+
+The officers of the regiment as mustered out were: Colonel, James
+Hubbard, Salisbury; lieutenant-colonel, Jeffrey Skinner, Winchester;
+majors, Edward W. Jones, New Hartford; Augustus H. Fenn, Plymouth;
+Chester D. Cleveland, Barkhamsted; adjutant, Theodore F. Vaill,
+Litchfield; quartermaster, Edward C. Huxley, Goshen; surgeon, Henry
+Plumb, New Milford; assistant surgeons, Robert G. Hazzard, New Haven;
+Judson B. Andrews, New Haven; chaplain, Winthrop H. Phelps,
+Barkhamsted.
+
+[Illustration: Monument at Arlington]
+
+
+
+
+The preceding pages have outlined the career of the Second Connecticut
+Heavy Artillery, and have narrated some of the more memorable events
+of its history. Enough has been told of what it did to furnish grounds
+for deducing what it was; but to deal with the regiment on the
+personal side is hardly possible within the limits of such a sketch as
+this, though it is a matter that cannot be entirely passed by. It need
+not be said that there is abundant human interest attaching as a
+matter of course to such men as were in the aggregate the subjects of
+so fine a record.
+
+Any body of men--a college class, a legislature, a regiment--is in
+character what its component members make it; in this case there was
+the material, which, furnished with worthy leadership--and it
+unquestionably had that--made up the organization whose not uneventful
+existence has been described. That they were better men, or worse,
+braver men, or more patriotic, than their descendants and successors
+would prove under similar conditions, or than the hundreds of
+thousands of their contemporaries who devoted themselves to the same
+service, is not to be believed; yet to have passed through such
+experiences as have been recounted, which became for them for a time
+the commonplaces of every-day life, is enough to place them apart from
+ordinary men in the eyes of our peace knowing generation. In fact, to
+have passed the tests of so fierce a course of education gives them a
+title to a place thus apart. The university man of to-day, as the
+burden of the baccalaureate sermons so frequently testifies, is
+consigned to a special place of responsibility in life because of his
+training; these men surely earned one of special honor by reason of
+theirs, which was, too, not like the other, preparation alone, but
+also fulfilment. The realization of how typical it all was of that
+generation and that time, brings the clearest understanding of the
+real scope of the Civil War.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+To the members of the Litchfield County University Club it is perhaps
+a point of interest to take brief notice of those names on the
+regimental rolls which would probably have been found upon its list of
+members had the organization been in existence in that earlier time. A
+number of the officers and men were college graduates when they
+enlisted, and others gained degrees after the war ended; the list
+which follows is, however, necessarily incomplete; in fact, an
+absolutely correct list is no doubt hopelessly impossible.
+
+Major James Q. Rice, who was killed at Winchester, was a member of the
+class of 1850 at Wesleyan, and received from that institution the
+degree of Master of Arts in 1855. At the time of the regiment's
+formation he was conducting an academy in Goshen, and was enlisted as
+captain of a company which he had been active in recruiting.
+
+Lieutenant-Colonel Nathaniel Smith of Woodbury entered the Yale Law
+School in the class of 1853, but did not graduate. Ill health forced
+him to relinquish his commission early in 1864, and until his death in
+1877 he was a leading citizen of the county.
+
+Judge Augustus H. Fenn, Major and Brevet-Colonel, came back from the
+war, having lost an arm at Cedar Creek, to take a course in the Law
+School at Harvard, and Yale made him a Master of Arts in 1889. His
+prominence for many years in public life and as judge in the highest
+courts in the state is well known. At the time of his death in 1897,
+he was a lecturer in the Yale Law School, and member of the Supreme
+Court of Errors.
+
+Rev. James Deane, Captain and Brevet-Major, was a graduate of Williams
+in the class of 1857. He was pastor of the Congregational church at
+East Canaan when the regiment was organized, and was one of its
+recruiting officers.
+
+Adjutant Theodore F. Vaill, the historian of the regiment, was a
+student before the war at Union College, but did not graduate.
+
+Captain George S. Williams, of New Milford, was a member of the class
+of 1852 at Yale for a time, and received a degree from Trinity in
+1855.
+
+Surgeon Henry Plumb, and Assistant-Surgeons Robert G. Hazzard and John
+W. Lawton were all graduates of the Yale Medical School, in the
+classes of 1861, 1862, and 1859. Assistant-Surgeon Judson B. Andrews
+graduated at Yale in 1855. He was captain in a New York regiment in
+the early part of the war, and became afterward superintendent of the
+Buffalo State Hospital, and a recognized authority on insanity before
+his death in 1894.
+
+Chaplain Jonathan A. Wainwright graduated at the University of Vermont
+in 1846, and after the war was for some years rector of St. John's
+Church in Salisbury. He was later connected with a church college in
+Missouri, where he died in 1898.
+
+Captain William H. Lewis, Jr., studied after the war at the Berkeley
+Divinity School, and has been for many years rector of St. John's
+Church in Bridgeport.
+
+Lieutenant and Brevet-Captain Lewis W. Munger, graduating at Brown in
+1869 and later from the Crozier Theological Seminary, entered the
+ministry of the Baptist church.
+
+Corporal Francis J. Young entered the Yale Medical School before the
+war, and returned after its close to take his degree in 1866.
+
+Hospital Steward James J. Averill also graduated at the Yale Medical
+School after the war.
+
+Sergeant Theodore C. Glazier was a graduate of Trinity in the class of
+1860, and was a tutor there when he enlisted. He was later made
+colonel of a colored regiment, and served with credit in that
+capacity.
+
+Corporal Edward C. Hopson, a graduate of Trinity in 1864, was killed
+at Cedar Creek.
+
+Sergeant Garwood R. Merwin, who had been a member of the class of
+1864 at Yale, died at Alexandria in 1863.
+
+Sergeant Romulus C. Loveridge, who had been entered in the class of
+1865 at Yale, received a commission in a colored regiment.
+
+Colonel Mackenzie graduated at West Point in 1862, but he was never a
+resident of the county, or of Connecticut, and his only connection
+with either was through his commission from Governor Buckingham.
+
+There are not a few other names upon the rolls of the regiment which
+upon more thorough investigation than has been possible in the present
+case would certainly be added to the list. A complete history of the
+organization would also give a large place to the association of its
+veterans formed shortly after the war, whose frequent gatherings have
+more than a superficial likeness to the reunions of college classes.
+Memorable among these meetings was the one held on October 21, 1896,
+the occasion being the dedication of the regiment's monument in the
+National Cemetery at Arlington, with a pilgrimage also to the scenes
+of its battles and marches in the Shenandoah Valley near by.
+
+As a whole, the regiment was a body thoroughly representative not only
+of the army of which it was a fraction, an army as has been often said
+unlike any other the world has known, but also of the population from
+which it was drawn. It was made up of men of almost all conditions of
+life and of widely different ages, though naturally with young men in
+a large majority; of mechanics from the Housatonic and Naugatuck
+valleys, and farmers' boys from the hills; of men of education and men
+of none. Though the large addition to its numbers which the increase
+in size necessitated made it perhaps somewhat less homogeneous than at
+first, it did not greatly alter its essential characteristics.
+
+The records kept by the association referred to, furnish suggestive
+revelations as to the various elements that composed it. The names of
+men of every sort and kind are found upon the rolls. There were
+veterans of the Mexican War; there were refugees from the
+revolutionary uprisings in Europe of 1848; there were some who had
+served under compulsion in the armies of the South; there were men
+whose obviously fictitious names concealed stories which could be
+guessed to be extraordinary; there were names which have been for
+years among the best known and most honored in this state; and there
+were those of outcasts and wrecks.
+
+A large part of these men came back after their service ended to
+resume the peaceful life of citizenship, and every town among us has
+known some of them ever since among its leading figures, while
+some in quarters far distant have also attained to honors and
+responsibilities, as the records show. Connecticut has known for many
+years no small number of them as foremost in all lines of activity,
+and knows to-day, in official station and in private life, men of many
+honors, who count not least among these the fact that they were
+enrolled among the soldiers of the Second Connecticut Heavy
+Artillery.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The County Regiment, by Dudley Landon Vaill
+
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