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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of More Letters of Charles Darwin Volume II, by 
+Charles Darwin
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: More Letters of Charles Darwin Volume II
+       Volume II (of II)
+
+Author: Charles Darwin
+
+Editor: Francis Darwin and A.C. Seward
+
+Posting Date: December 1, 2008 [EBook #2740]
+Release Date: July, 2001
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MORE LETTERS OF CHARLES DARWIN ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Sue Asscher
+
+
+
+
+
+MORE LETTERS OF CHARLES DARWIN
+
+By Charles Darwin
+
+
+A RECORD OF HIS WORK IN A SERIES OF HITHERTO UNPUBLISHED LETTERS
+
+EDITED BY FRANCIS DARWIN, FELLOW OF CHRIST'S COLLEGE, AND A.C. SEWARD,
+FELLOW OF EMMANUEL COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE
+
+IN TWO VOLUMES
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes:
+
+
+All biographical footnotes of both volumes appear at the end of Volume
+II.
+
+All other notes by Charles Darwin's editors appear in the text, in
+brackets () with a Chapter/Note or Letter/Note number.
+
+
+VOLUME II.
+
+
+DEDICATED WITH AFFECTION AND RESPECT, TO
+
+SIR JOSEPH HOOKER
+
+IN REMEMBRANCE OF HIS LIFELONG FRIENDSHIP WITH CHARLES DARWIN
+
+
+"You will never know how much I owe to you for your constant kindness
+and encouragement"
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO SIR JOSEPH HOOKER, SEPTEMBER 14, 1862
+
+
+
+
+MORE LETTERS OF CHARLES DARWIN
+
+
+
+
+VOLUME II
+
+
+
+CHAPTER 2.VII.--GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.
+
+1843-1882 (Continued) (1867-1882.)
+
+
+LETTER 378. J.D. HOOKER TO CHARLES DARWIN. Kew, January 20th, 1867.
+
+Prof. Miquel, of Utrecht, begs me to ask you for your carte, and offers
+his in return. I grieve to bother you on such a subject. I am sick and
+tired of this carte correspondence. I cannot conceive what Humboldt's
+Pyrenean violet is: no such is mentioned in Webb, and no alpine one at
+all. I am sorry I forgot to mention the stronger African affinity of
+the eastern Canary Islands. Thank you for mentioning it. I cannot admit,
+without further analysis, that most of the peculiar Atlantic Islands
+genera were derived from Europe, and have since become extinct there.
+I have rather thought that many are only altered forms of existing
+European genera; but this is a very difficult point, and would require
+a careful study of such genera and allies with this object in view. The
+subject has often presented itself to me as a grand one for analytic
+botany. No doubt its establishment would account for the community of
+the peculiar genera on the several groups and islets, but whilst so
+many species are common we must allow for a good deal of migration of
+peculiar genera too.
+
+By Jove! I will write out next mail to the Governor of St. Helena for
+boxes of earth, and you shall have them to grow. Thanks for telling me
+of having suggested to me the working out of proportions of plants with
+irregular flowers in islands. I thought it was a deuced deal too good
+an idea to have arisen spontaneously in my block, though I did not
+recollect your having done so. No doubt your suggestion was crystallised
+in some corner of my sensorium. I should like to work out the point.
+
+Have you Kerguelen Land amongst your volcanic islands? I have a curious
+book of a sealer who was wrecked on the island, and who mentions a
+volcanic mountain and hot springs at the S.W. end; it is called the
+"Wreck of the Favourite." (378/1. "Narrative of the Wreck of the
+'Favourite' on the Island of Desolation; detailing the Adventures,
+Sufferings and Privations of John Munn; an Historical Account of the
+Island and its Whale and Sea Fisheries." Edited by W.B. Clarke: London,
+1850.)
+
+
+LETTER 379. TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, March 17th, 1867.
+
+It is a long time since I have written, but I cannot boast that I have
+refrained from charity towards you, but from having lots of work...You
+ask what I have been doing. Nothing but blackening proofs with
+corrections. I do not believe any man in England naturally writes so
+vile a style as I do...
+
+In your paper on "Insular Floras" (page 9) there is what I must think an
+error, which I before pointed out to you: viz., you say that the plants
+which are wholly distinct from those of nearest continent are often
+very common instead of very rare. (379/1. "Insular Floras," pamphlet
+reprinted from the "Gardeners' Chronicle," page 9: "As a general
+rule the species of the mother continent are proportionally the most
+abundant, and cover the greatest surface of the islands. The peculiar
+species are rarer, the peculiar genera of continental affinity are rarer
+still; whilst the plants having no affinity with those of the mother
+continent are often very common." In a letter of March 20th, 1867,
+Sir Joseph explains that in the case of the Atlantic islands it is the
+"peculiar genera of EUROPEAN AFFINITY that are so rare," while Clethra,
+Dracaena and the Laurels, which have no European affinity, are common.)
+Etty (379/2. Mr. Darwin's daughter, now Mrs. Litchfield.), who has read
+your paper with great interest, was confounded by this sentence. By the
+way, I have stumbled on two old notes: one, that twenty-two species of
+European birds occasionally arrive as chance wanderers to the Azores;
+and, secondly, that trunks of American trees have been known to be
+washed on the shores of the Canary Islands by the Gulf-stream, which
+returns southward from the Azores. What poor papers those of A. Murray
+are in "Gardeners' Chronicle." What conclusions he draws from a single
+Carabus (379/3. "Dr. Hooker on Insular Floras" ("Gardeners' Chronicle,"
+1867, pages 152, 181). The reference to the Carabidous beetle
+(Aplothorax) is at page 181.), and that a widely ranging genus! He seems
+to me conceited; you and I are fair game geologically, but he refers to
+Lyell, as if his opinion on a geological point was worth no more than
+his own. I have just bought, but not read a sentence of, Murray's
+big book (379/4. "Geographical Distribution of Mammals," 1866.),
+second-hand, for 30s., new, so I do not envy the publishers. It is clear
+to me that the man cannot reason. I have had a very nice letter from
+Scott at Calcutta (379/5. See Letter 150.): he has been making some
+good observations on the acclimatisation of seeds from plants of same
+species, grown in different countries, and likewise on how far European
+plants will stand the climate of Calcutta. He says he is astonished
+how well some flourish, and he maintains, if the land were unoccupied,
+several could easily cross, spreading by seed, the Tropics from north to
+south, so he knows how to please me; but I have told him to be cautious,
+else he will have dragons down on him...
+
+As the Azores are only about two-and-a-half times more distant from
+America (in the same latitude) than from Europe, on the occasional
+migration view (especially as oceanic currents come directly from
+West Indies and Florida, and heavy gales of wind blow from the same
+direction), a large percentage of the flora ought to be American; as it
+is, we have only the Sanicula, and at present we have no explanation of
+this apparent anomaly, or only a feeble indication of an explanation in
+the birds of the Azores being all European.
+
+
+LETTER 380. TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, March 21st [1867].
+
+Many thanks for your pleasant and very amusing letter. You have been
+treated shamefully by Etty and me, but now that I know the facts,
+the sentence seems to me quite clear. Nevertheless, as we have both
+blundered, it would be well to modify the sentence something as follows:
+"whilst, on the other hand, the plants which are related to those
+of distant continents, but have no affinity with those of the mother
+continent, are often very common." I forget whether you explain this
+circumstance, but it seems to me very mysterious (380/1. Sir Joseph
+Hooker wrote (March 23rd, 1867): "I see you 'smell a rat' in the matter
+of insular plants that are related to those of [a] distant continent
+being common. Yes, my beloved friend, let me make a clean breast of
+it. I only found it out after the lecture was in print!...I have
+been waiting ever since to 'think it out,' and write to you about it,
+coherently. I thought it best to squeeze it in, anyhow or anywhere,
+rather than leave so curious a fact unnoticed.")...Do always remember
+that nothing in the world gives us so much pleasure as seeing you here
+whenever you can come. I chuckle over what you say of And. Murray, but I
+must grapple with his book some day.
+
+
+LETTER 381. TO C. LYELL. Down, October 31st [1867].
+
+Mr. [J.P. Mansel] Weale sent to me from Natal a small packet of dry
+locust dung, under 1/2 oz., with the statement that it is believed that
+they introduce new plants into a district. (381/1. See Volume I., Letter
+221.) This statement, however, must be very doubtful. From this packet
+seven plants have germinated, belonging to at least two kinds of
+grasses. There is no error, for I dissected some of the seeds out of
+the middle of the pellets. It deserves notice that locusts are sometimes
+blown far out to sea. I caught one 370 miles from Africa, and I have
+heard of much greater distances. You might like to hear the following
+case, as it relates to a migratory bird belonging to the most wandering
+of all orders--viz. the woodcock. (381/2. "Origin," Edition VI., page
+328.) The tarsus was firmly coated with mud, weighing when dry 9 grains,
+and from this the Juncus bufonius, or toad rush, germinated. By the way,
+the locust case verifies what I said in the "Origin," that many possible
+means of distribution would be hereafter discovered. I quite agree about
+the extreme difficulty of the distribution of land mollusca. You will
+have seen in the last edition of "Origin" (381/3. "Origin," Edition IV.,
+page 429. The reference is to MM. Marten's (381/4. For Marten's read
+Martins' [the name is wrongly spelt in the "Origin of Species."])
+experiments on seeds "in a box in the actual sea.") that my observations
+on the effects of sea-water have been confirmed. I still suspect that
+the legs of birds which roost on the ground may be an efficient means;
+but I was interrupted when going to make trials on this subject, and
+have never resumed it.
+
+We shall be in London in the middle of latter part of November, when I
+shall much enjoy seeing you. Emma sends her love, and many thanks for
+Lady Lyell's note.
+
+
+LETTER 382. TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, Wednesday [1867].
+
+I daresay there is a great deal of truth in your remarks on the glacial
+affair, but we are in a muddle, and shall never agree. I am bigoted to
+the last inch, and will not yield. I cannot think how you can attach so
+much weight to the physicists, seeing how Hopkins, Hennessey, Haughton,
+and Thomson have enormously disagreed about the rate of cooling of the
+crust; remembering Herschel's speculations about cold space (382/1.
+The reader will find some account of Herschel's views in Lyell's
+"Principles," 1872, Edition XI., Volume I., page 283.), and bearing in
+mind all the recent speculations on change of axis, I will maintain to
+the death that your case of Fernando Po and Abyssinia is worth ten
+times more than the belief of a dozen physicists. (382/2. See "Origin,"
+Edition VI., page 337: "Dr. Hooker has also lately shown that several of
+the plants living on the upper parts of the lofty island of Fernando Po
+and on the neighbouring Cameroon mountains, in the Gulf of Guinea, are
+closely related to those in the mountains of Abyssinia, and likewise to
+those of temperate Europe." Darwin evidently means that such facts as
+these are better evidence of the gigantic periods of time occupied by
+evolutionary changes than the discordant conclusions of the physicists.
+See "Linn. Soc. Journ." Volume VII., page 180, for Hooker's general
+conclusions; also Hooker and Ball's "Marocco," Appendix F, page 421. For
+the case of Fernando Po see Hooker ("Linn. Soc. Journ." VI., 1861, page
+3, where he sums up: "Hence the result of comparing Clarence Peak flora
+[Fernando Po] with that of the African continent is--(1) the intimate
+relationship with Abyssinia, of whose flora it is a member, and from
+which it is separated by 1800 miles of absolutely unexplored country;
+(2) the curious relationship with the East African islands, which are
+still farther off; (3) the almost total dissimilarity from the Cape
+flora." For Sir J.D. Hooker's general conclusions on the Cameroon plants
+see "Linn. Soc. Journ." VII., page 180. More recently equally striking
+cases have come to light: for instance, the existence of a Mediterranean
+genus, Adenocarpus, in the Cameroons and on Kilima Njaro, and nowhere
+else in Africa; and the probable migration of South African forms along
+the highlands from the Natal District to Abysinnia. See Hooker, "Linn.
+Soc. Journ." XIV., 1874, pages 144-5.) Your remarks on my regarding
+temperate plants and disregarding the tropical plants made me at first
+uncomfortable, but I soon recovered. You say that all botanists would
+agree that many tropical plants could not withstand a somewhat cooler
+climate. But I have come not to care at all for general beliefs without
+the special facts. I have suffered too often from this: thus I found in
+every book the general statement that a host of flowers were fertilised
+in the bud, that seeds could not withstand salt water, etc., etc. I
+would far more trust such graphic accounts as that by you of the mixed
+vegetation on the Himalayas and other such accounts. And with respect to
+tropical plants withstanding the slowly coming on cool period, I trust
+to such facts as yours (and others) about seeds of the same species
+from mountains and plains having acquired a slightly different climatal
+constitution. I know all that I have said will excite in you savage
+contempt towards me. Do not answer this rigmarole, but attack me to your
+heart's content, and to that of mine, whenever you can come here, and
+may it be soon.
+
+
+LETTER 383. J.D. HOOKER TO CHARLES DARWIN. Kew, 1870.
+
+(383/1. The following extract from a letter of Sir J.D. Hooker shows the
+tables reversed between the correspondents.)
+
+Grove is disgusted at your being disquieted about W. Thomson. Tell
+George from me not to sit upon you with his mathematics. When I
+threatened your tropical cooling views with the facts of the physicists,
+you snubbed me and the facts sweetly, over and over again; and now,
+because a scarecrow of x+y has been raised on the selfsame facts, you
+boo-boo. Take another dose of Huxley's penultimate G. S. Address, and
+send George back to college. (383/2. Huxley's Anniversary Address to the
+Geological Society, 1869 ("Collected Essays," VIII., page 305). This is
+a criticism of Lord Kelvin's paper "On Geological Time" ("Trans. Geolog.
+Soc. Glasgow," III.). At page 336 Mr. Huxley deals with Lord Kelvin's
+"third line of argument, based on the temperature of the interior of the
+earth." This was no doubt the point most disturbing to Mr. Darwin, since
+it led Lord Kelvin to ask (as quoted by Huxley), "Are modern geologists
+prepared to say that all life was killed off the earth 50,000, 100,000,
+or 200,000 years ago?" Mr. Huxley, after criticising Lord Kelvin's data
+and conclusion, gives his conviction that the case against Geology has
+broken down. With regard to evolution, Huxley (page 328) ingeniously
+points out a case of circular reasoning. "But it may be said that it
+is biology, and not geology, which asks for so much time--that the
+succession of life demands vast intervals; but this appears to me to
+be reasoning in a circle. Biology takes her time from geology. The only
+reason we have for believing in the slow rate of the change in living
+forms is the fact that they persist through a series of deposits which,
+geology informs us, have taken a long while to make. If the geological
+clock is wrong, all the naturalist will have to do is to modify his
+notions of the rapidity of change accordingly.")
+
+
+LETTER 384. TO J.D. HOOKER. February 3rd [1868].
+
+I am now reading Miquel on "Flora of Japan" (384/1. Miquel, "Flore du
+Japon": "Archives Neerlandaises" ii., 1867.), and like it: it is rather
+a relief to me (though, of course, not new to you) to find so very
+much in common with Asia. I wonder if A. Murray's (384/2. "Geographical
+Distribution of Mammals," by Andrew Murray, 1866. See Chapter V., page
+47. See Letter 379.) notion can be correct, that a [profound] arm of
+the sea penetrated the west coast of N. America, and prevented the
+Asiatico-Japan element colonising that side of the continent so much
+as the eastern side; or will climate suffice? I shall to the day of my
+death keep up my full interest in Geographical Distribution, but I doubt
+whether I shall ever have strength to come in any fuller detail than in
+the "Origin" to this grand subject. In fact, I do not suppose any man
+could master so comprehensive a subject as it now has become, if all
+kingdoms of nature are included. I have read Murray's book, and am
+disappointed--though, as you said, here and there clever thoughts occur.
+How strange it is, that his view not affording the least explanation of
+the innumerable adaptations everywhere to be seen apparently does not
+in the least trouble his mind. One of the most curious cases which he
+adduces seems to me to be the two allied fresh-water, highly peculiar
+porpoises in the Ganges and Indus; and the more distantly allied form
+of the Amazons. Do you remember his explanation of an arm of the sea
+becoming cut off, like the Caspian, converted into fresh-water, and then
+divided into two lakes (by upheaval), giving rise to two great rivers.
+But no light is thus thrown on the affinity of the Amazon form. I now
+find from Flower's paper (384/3. "Zoolog. Trans." VI., 1869, page 115.
+The toothed whales are divided into the Physeteridae, the Delphinidae,
+and the Platanistidae, which latter is placed between the two
+other families, and is divided into the sub-families Iniinae and
+Platanistinae.) that these fresh-water porpoises form two sub-families,
+making an extremely isolated and intermediate, very small family. Hence
+to us they are clearly remnants of a large group; and I cannot doubt
+we here have a good instance precisely like that of ganoid fishes, of a
+large ancient marine group, preserved exclusively in fresh-water, where
+there has been less competition, and consequently little modification.
+(384/4. See Volume I., Letter 95.) What a grand fact that is which
+Miquel gives of the beech not extending beyond the Caucasus, and then
+reappearing in Japan, like your Himalayan Pinus, and the cedar of
+Lebanon. (384/5. For Pinus read Deodar. The essential identity of the
+deodar and the cedar of Lebanon was pointed out in Hooker's "Himalayan
+Journals" in 1854 (Volume I., page 257.n). In the "Nat. History Review,"
+January, 1862, the question is more fully dealt with by him, and the
+distribution discussed. The nearest point at which cedars occur is the
+Bulgar-dagh chain of Taurus--250 miles from Lebanon. Under the name of
+Cedrus atlantica the tree occurs in mass on the borders of Tunis, and as
+Deodar it first appears to the east in the cedar forests of Afghanistan.
+Sir J.D. Hooker supposes that, during a period of greater cold, the
+cedars on the Taurus and on Lebanon lived many thousand feet nearer the
+sea-level, and spread much farther to the east, meeting similar belts
+of trees descending and spreading westward from Afghanistan along the
+Persian mountains.) I know of nothing that gives one such an idea of the
+recent mutations in the surface of the land as these living "outlyers."
+In the geological sense we must, I suppose, admit that every yard of
+land has been successively covered with a beech forest between the
+Caucasus and Japan!
+
+I have not yet seen (for I have not sent to the station) Falconer's
+works. When you say that you sigh to think how poor your reprinted
+memoirs would appear, on my soul I should like to shake you till your
+bones rattled for talking such nonsense. Do you sigh over the "Insular
+Floras," the Introduction to New Zealand Flora, to Australia, your
+Arctic Flora, and dear Galapagos, etc., etc., etc.? In imagination I am
+grinding my teeth and choking you till I put sense into you. Farewell. I
+have amused myself by writing an audaciously long letter. By the way, we
+heard yesterday that George has won the second Smith's Prize, which I am
+excessively glad of, as the Second Wrangler by no means always succeeds.
+The examination consists exclusively of [the] most difficult subjects,
+which such men as Stokes, Cayley, and Adams can set.
+
+
+LETTER 385. A.R. WALLACE TO CHARLES DARWIN. March 8th, 1868.
+
+...While writing a few pages on the northern alpine forms of plants
+on the Java mountains I wanted a few cases to refer to like Teneriffe,
+where there are no northern forms and scarcely any alpine. I expected
+the volcanoes of Hawaii would be a good case, and asked Dr. Seemann
+about them. It seems a man has lately published a list of Hawaiian
+plants, and the mountains swarm with European alpine genera and
+some species! (385/1. "This turns out to be inaccurate, or greatly
+exaggerated. There are no true alpines, and the European genera are
+comparatively few. See my 'Island Life,' page 323."--A.R.W.) Is not this
+most extraordinary, and a puzzler? They are, I believe, truly oceanic
+islands, in the absence of mammals and the extreme poverty of birds and
+insects, and they are within the Tropics.
+
+Will not that be a hard nut for you when you come to treat in detail on
+geographical distribution? I enclose Seemann's note, which please return
+when you have copied the list, if of any use to you.
+
+
+LETTER 386. TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, February 21st [1870].
+
+I read yesterday the notes on Round Island (386/1. In Wallace's "Island
+Life," page 410, Round Island is described as an islet "only about a
+mile across, and situated about fourteen miles north-east of Mauritius."
+Wallace mentions a snake, a python belonging to the peculiar and
+distinct genus Casarea, as found on Round Island, and nowhere else in
+the world. The palm Latania Loddigesii is quoted by Wallace as "confined
+to Round Island and two other adjacent islets." See Baker's "Flora of
+the Mauritius and the Seychelles." Mr. Wallace says that, judging from
+the soundings, Round Island was connected with Mauritius, and that when
+it was "first separated [it] would have been both much larger and much
+nearer the main island.") which I owe to you. Was there ever such an
+enigma? If, in the course of a week or two, you can find time to let me
+hear what you think, I should very much like to hear: or we hope to be
+at Erasmus' on March 4th for a week. Would there be any chance of your
+coming to luncheon then? What a case it is. Palms, screw-pines, four
+snakes--not one being in main island--lizards, insects, and not one
+land bird. But, above everything, such a proportion of individual
+monocotyledons! The conditions do not seem very different from the Tuff
+Galapagos Island, but, as far as I remember, very few monocotyledons
+there. Then, again, the island seems to have been elevated. I wonder
+much whether it stands out in the line of any oceanic current, which
+does not so forcibly strike the main island? But why, oh, why should so
+many monocotyledons have come there? or why should they have survived
+there more than on the main island, if once connected? So, again, I
+cannot conceive that four snakes should have become extinct in Mauritius
+and survived on Round Island. For a moment I thought that Mauritius
+might be the newer island, but the enormous degradation which the outer
+ring of rocks has undergone flatly contradicts this, and the marine
+remains on the summit of Round Island indicate the island to be
+comparatively new--unless, indeed, they are fossil and extinct marine
+remains. Do tell me what you think. There never was such an enigma.
+I rather lean to separate immigration, with, of course, subsequent
+modification; some forms, of course, also coming from Mauritius.
+Speaking of Mauritius reminds me that I was so much pleased the day
+before yesterday by reading a review of a book on the geology of St.
+Helena, by an officer who knew nothing of my hurried observations, but
+confirms nearly all that I have said on the general structure of the
+island, and on its marvellous denudation. The geology of that island was
+like a novel.
+
+
+
+LETTER 387. TO A. BLYTT. Down, March 28th, 1876.
+
+(387/1. The following refers to Blytt's "Essay on the Immigration of the
+Norwegian Flora during Alternating Rainy and Dry Periods," Christiania,
+1876.)
+
+I thank you sincerely for your kindness in having sent me your work on
+the "Immigration of the Norwegian Flora," which has interested me in the
+highest degree. Your view, supported as it is by various facts, appears
+to me the most important contribution towards understanding the present
+distribution of plants, which has appeared since Forbes' essay on the
+effects of the Glacial Period.
+
+
+LETTER 388. TO AUG. FOREL. Down, June 19th, 1876.
+
+I hope you will allow me to suggest an observation, should any
+opportunity occur, on a point which has interested me for many
+years--viz., how do the coleoptera which inhabit the nests of ants
+colonise a new nest? Mr. Wallace, in reference to the presence of such
+coleoptera in Madeira, suggests that their ova may be attached to the
+winged female ants, and that these are occasionally blown across the
+ocean to the island. It would be very interesting to discover whether
+the ova are adhesive, and whether the female coleoptera are guided by
+instinct to attach them to the female ants (388/1. Dr. Sharp is good
+enough to tell us that he is not aware of any such adaptation. Broadly
+speaking, the distribution of the nest-inhabiting beetles is due to
+co-migration with the ants, though in some cases the ants transport the
+beetles. Sitaris and Meloe are beetles which live "at the expense of
+bees of the genus Anthophora." The eggs are laid not in but near the
+bees' nest; in the early stage the larva is active and has the instinct
+to seize any hairy object near it, and in this way they are carried by
+the Anthophora to the nest. Dr. Sharp states that no such preliminary
+stage is known in the ant's-nest beetles. For an account of Sitaris and
+Meloe, see Sharp's "Insects," II., page 272.); or whether the larvae
+pass through an early stage, as with Sitaris or Meloe, or cling to the
+bodies of the females. This note obviously requires no answer. I trust
+that you continue your most interesting investigations on ants.
+
+
+(PLATE: MR. A.R. WALLACE, 1878. From a photograph by Maull & Fox.)
+
+
+LETTER 389. TO A.R. WALLACE.
+
+(389/1. Published in "Life and Letters," III., page 230.)
+
+(389/2. The following five letters refer to Mr. Wallace's "Geographical
+Distribution of Animals," 1876.)
+
+[Hopedene] (389/3. Mr. Hensleigh Wedgwood's house in Surrey.), June 5th,
+1876.
+
+I must have the pleasure of expressing to you my unbounded admiration
+of your book (389/4. "Geographical Distribution," 1876.), though I have
+read only to page 184--my object having been to do as little as
+possible while resting. I feel sure that you have laid a broad and safe
+foundation for all future work on Distribution. How interesting it will
+be to see hereafter plants treated in strict relation to your views; and
+then all insects, pulmonate molluscs and fresh-water fishes, in greater
+detail than I suppose you have given to these lower animals. The point
+which has interested me most, but I do not say the most valuable point,
+is your protest against sinking imaginary continents in a quite
+reckless manner, as was stated by Forbes, followed, alas, by Hooker,
+and caricatured by Wollaston and [Andrew] Murray! By the way, the main
+impression that the latter author has left on my mind is his utter want
+of all scientific judgment. I have lifted up my voice against the above
+view with no avail, but I have no doubt that you will succeed, owing
+to your new arguments and the coloured chart. Of a special value, as it
+seems to me, is the conclusion that we must determine the areas, chiefly
+by the nature of the mammals. When I worked many years ago on this
+subject, I doubted much whether the now-called Palaearctic and Nearctic
+regions ought to be separated; and I determined if I made another region
+that it should be Madagascar. I have, therefore, been able to appreciate
+your evidence on these points. What progress Palaeontology has made
+during the last twenty years! but if it advances at the same rate in the
+future, our views on the migration and birthplace of the various groups
+will, I fear, be greatly altered. I cannot feel quite easy about the
+Glacial period, and the extinction of large mammals, but I must hope
+that you are right. I think you will have to modify your belief about
+the difficulty of dispersal of land molluscs; I was interrupted when
+beginning to experimentise on the just hatched young adhering to the
+feet of ground-roosting birds. I differ on one other point--viz. in the
+belief that there must have existed a Tertiary Antarctic continent, from
+which various forms radiated to the southern extremities of our present
+continents. But I could go on scribbling forever. You have written, as
+I believe, a grand and memorable work, which will last for years as the
+foundation for all future treatises on Geographical Distribution.
+
+P.S.--You have paid me the highest conceivable compliment, by what
+you say of your work in relation to my chapters on distribution in the
+"Origin," and I heartily thank you for it.
+
+
+LETTER 390. FROM A.R. WALLACE TO CHARLES DARWIN. The Dell, Grays, Essex,
+June 7th, 1876.
+
+Many thanks for your very kind letter. So few people will read my book
+at all regularly, that a criticism from one who does so will be very
+welcome. If, as I suppose, it is only to page 184 of Volume I. that you
+have read, you cannot yet quite see my conclusions on the points you
+refer to (land molluscs and Antarctic continent). My own conclusion
+fluctuated during the progress of the book, and I have, I know,
+occasionally used expressions (the relics of earlier ideas) which are
+not quite consistent with what I say further on. I am positively against
+any Southern continent as uniting South America with Australia or New
+Zealand, as you will see at Volume I., pages 398-403, and 459-66. My
+general conclusions as to distribution of land mollusca are at Volume
+II., pages 522-9. (390/1. "Geographical Distribution" II., pages 524,
+525. Mr. Wallace points out that "hardly a small island on the globe but
+has some land-shells peculiar to it"--and he goes so far as to say that
+probably air-breathing mollusca have been chiefly distributed by air-
+or water-carriage, rather than by voluntary dispersal on the land.) When
+you have read these passages, and looked at the general facts which lead
+to them, I shall be glad to hear if you still differ from me.
+
+Though, of course, present results as to the origin and migrations of
+genera of mammals will have to be modified owing to new discoveries, I
+cannot help thinking that much will remain unaffected, because in all
+geographical and geological discoveries the great outlines are soon
+reached, the details alone remain to be modified. I also think much of
+the geological evidence is now so accordant with, and explanatory of,
+Geographical Distribution, that it is prima facie correct in outline.
+Nevertheless, such vast masses of new facts will come out in the next
+few years that I quite dread the labour of incorporating them in a new
+edition.
+
+I hope your health is improved; and when, quite at your leisure, you
+have waded through my book, I trust you will again let me have a few
+lines of friendly criticism and advice.
+
+
+LETTER 391. TO A.R. WALLACE. Down, June 17th, 1876.
+
+I have now finished the whole of Volume I., with the same interest and
+admiration as before; and I am convinced that my judgment was right
+and that it is a memorable book, the basis of all future work on the
+subject. I have nothing particular to say, but perhaps you would like to
+hear my impressions on two or three points. Nothing has struck me more
+than the admirable and convincing manner in which you treat Java. To
+allude to a very trifling point, it is capital about the unadorned head
+of the Argus-pheasant. (391/1. See "Descent of Man," Edition I., pages
+90 and 143, for drawings of the Argus pheasant and its markings. The
+ocelli on the wing feathers were favourite objects of Mr. Darwin,
+and sometimes formed the subject of the little lectures which on rare
+occasions he would give to a visitor interested in Natural History. In
+Mr. Wallace's book the meaning of the ocelli comes in by the way, in the
+explanation of Plate IX., "A Malayan Forest with some of its peculiar
+Birds." Mr. Wallace (volume i., page 340) points out that the head of
+the Argus pheasant is, during the display of the wings, concealed from
+the view of a spectator in front, and this accounts for the absence of
+bright colour on the head--a most unusual point in a pheasant. The case
+is described as a "remarkable confirmation of Mr. Darwin's views, that
+gaily coloured plumes are developed in the male bird for the purpose
+of attractive display." For the difference of opinion between the two
+naturalists on the broad question of coloration see "Life and Letters,"
+III., page 123. See Letters 440-453.) How plain a thing is, when it is
+once pointed out! What a wonderful case is that of Celebes: I am glad
+that you have slightly modified your views with respect to Africa.
+(391/2. "I think this must refer to the following passage in 'Geog.
+Dist. of Animals,' Volume I., pages 286-7. 'At this period (Miocene)
+Madagascar was no doubt united with Africa, and helped to form a great
+southern continent which must at one time have extended eastward as far
+as Southern India and Ceylon; and over the whole of this the lemurine
+type no doubt prevailed.' At the time this was written I had not paid
+so much attention to islands, and in my "Island Life" I have given ample
+reasons for my belief that the evidence of extinct animals does not
+require any direct connection between Southern India and Africa."--Note
+by Mr. Wallace.) And this leads me to say that I cannot swallow the
+so-called continent of Lemuria--i.e., the direct connection of Africa
+and Ceylon. (391/3. See "Geographical Distribution," I., page 76. The
+name Lemuria was proposed by Mr. Sclater for an imaginary submerged
+continent extending from Madagascar to Ceylon and Sumatra. Mr. Wallace
+points out that if we confine ourselves to facts Lemuria is reduced to
+Madagascar, which he makes a subdivision of the Ethiopian Region.) The
+facts do not seem to me many and strong enough to justify so immense a
+change of level. Moreover, Mauritius and the other islands appear to
+me oceanic in character. But do not suppose that I place my judgment
+on this subject on a level with yours. A wonderfully good paper was
+published about a year ago on India, in the "Geological Journal," I
+think by Blanford. (391/4. H.F. Blanford "On the Age and Correlations
+of the Plant-bearing Series of India and the Former Existence of an
+Indo-Oceanic Continent" ("Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc." XXXI., 1875, page
+519). The name Gondwana-Land was subsequently suggested by Professor
+Suess for this Indo-Oceanic continent. Since the publication of
+Blanford's paper, much literature has appeared dealing with the evidence
+furnished by fossil plants, etc., in favour of the existence of a vast
+southern continent.) Ramsay agreed with me that it was one of the
+best published for a long time. The author shows that India has been a
+continent with enormous fresh-water lakes, from the Permian period to
+the present day. If I remember right, he believes in a former connection
+with S. Africa.
+
+I am sure that I read, some twenty to thirty years ago in a French
+journal, an account of teeth of Mastodon found in Timor; but the
+statement may have been an error. (391/5. In a letter to Falconer
+(Letter 155), January 5th, 1863, Darwin refers to the supposed
+occurrence of Mastodon as having been "smashed" by Falconer.)
+
+With respect to what you say about the colonising of New Zealand,
+I somewhere have an account of a frog frozen in the ice of a Swiss
+glacier, and which revived when thawed. I may add that there is an
+Indian toad which can resist salt-water and haunts the seaside. Nothing
+ever astonished me more than the case of the Galaxias; but it does
+not seem known whether it may not be a migratory fish like the salmon.
+(391/6. The only genus of the Galaxidae, a family of fresh-water fishes
+occurring in New Zealand, Tasmania, and Tierra del Fuego, ranging north
+as far as Queensland and Chile (Wallace's "Geographical Distribution,"
+II., page 448).)
+
+
+LETTER 392. TO A.R. WALLACE. Down, June 25th, 1876.
+
+I have been able to read rather more quickly of late, and have finished
+your book. I have not much to say. Your careful account of the temperate
+parts of South America interested me much, and all the more from knowing
+something of the country. I like also much the general remarks towards
+the end of the volume on the land molluscs. Now for a few criticisms.
+
+Page 122. (392/1. The pages refer to Volume II. of Wallace's
+"Geographical Distribution.")--I am surprised at your saying that
+"during the whole Tertiary period North America was zoologically far
+more strongly contrasted with South America than it is now." But we know
+hardly anything of the latter except during the Pliocene period; and
+then the mastodon, horse, several great edentata, etc., etc., were
+common to the north and south. If you are right, I erred greatly in my
+"Journal," where I insisted on the former close connection between the
+two.
+
+Page 252 and elsewhere.--I agree thoroughly with the general principle
+that a great area with many competing forms is necessary for much and
+high development; but do you not extend this principle too far--I should
+say much too far, considering how often several species of the same
+genus have been developed on very small islands?
+
+Page 265.--You say that the Sittidae extend to Madagascar, but there
+is no number in the tabular heading. [The number (4) was erroneously
+omitted.--A.R.W.]
+
+Page 359.--Rhinochetus is entered in the tabular heading under No. 3
+of the neotropical subregions. [An error: should have been the
+Australian.--A.R.W.]
+
+Reviewers think it necessary to find some fault; and if I were to
+review you, the sole point which I should blame is your not giving very
+numerous references. These would save whoever follows you great
+labour. Occasionally I wished myself to know the authority for certain
+statements, and whether you or somebody else had originated certain
+subordinate views. Take the case of a man who had collected largely on
+some island, for instance St. Helena, and who wished to work out the
+geographical relations of his collections: he would, I think, feel very
+blank at not finding in your work precise references to all that had
+been written on St. Helena. I hope you will not think me a confoundedly
+disagreeable fellow.
+
+I may mention a capital essay which I received a few months ago
+from Axel Blytt (392/2. Axel Blytt, "Essay on the Immigration of
+the Norwegian Flora." Christiania, 1876. See Letter 387.) on the
+distribution of the plants of Scandinavia; showing the high probability
+of there having been secular periods alternately wet and dry, and of the
+important part which they have played in distribution.
+
+I wrote to Forel (392/3. See Letter 388.), who is always at work
+on ants, and told him your views about the dispersal of the blind
+coleoptera, and asked him to observe.
+
+I spoke to Hooker about your book, and feel sure that he would like
+nothing better than to consider the distribution of plants in relation
+to your views; but he seemed to doubt whether he should ever have time.
+
+And now I have done my jottings, and once again congratulate you on
+having brought out so grand a work. I have been a little disappointed at
+the review in "Nature." (392/4. June 22nd, 1876, pages 165 et seq.)
+
+
+LETTER 393. A.R. WALLACE TO CHARLES DARWIN. Rosehill, Dorking, July
+23rd, 1876.
+
+I should have replied sooner to your last kind and interesting letters,
+but they reached me in the midst of my packing previous to removal here,
+and I have only just now got my books and papers in a get-at-able state.
+
+And first, many thanks for your close observation in detecting the two
+absurd mistakes in the tabular headings.
+
+As to the former greater distinction of the North and South American
+faunas, I think I am right. The edentata being proved (as I hold)
+to have been mere temporary migrants into North America in the
+post-Pliocene epoch, form no part of its Tertiary fauna. Yet in South
+America they were so enormously developed in the Pliocene epoch that
+we know, if there is any such thing as evolution, etc., that strange
+ancestral forms must have preceded them in Miocene times.
+
+Mastodon, on the other hand, represented by one or two species only,
+appears to have been a late immigrant into South America from the north.
+
+The immense development of ungulates (in varied families, genera, and
+species) in North America during the whole Tertiary epoch is, however,
+the great feature which assimilates it to Europe, and contrasts it
+with South America. True camels, hosts of hog-like animals, true
+rhinoceroses, and hosts of ancestral horses, all bring the North
+American [fauna] much nearer to the Old World than it is now. Even the
+horse, represented in all South America by Equus only, was probably a
+temporary immigrant from the north.
+
+As to extending too far the principle (yours) of the necessity of
+comparatively large areas for the development of varied faunas, I may
+have done so, but I think not. There is, I think, every probability that
+most islands, etc., where a varied fauna now exists, have been once more
+extensive--eg., New Zealand, Madagascar: where there is no such evidence
+(e.g., Galapagos), the fauna is very restricted.
+
+Lastly, as to want of references: I confess the justice of your
+criticism; but I am dreadfully unsystematic. It is my first large work
+involving much of the labour of others. I began with the intention of
+writing a comparatively short sketch, enlarged it, and added to it bit
+by bit; remodelled the tables, the headings, and almost everything else,
+more than once, and got my materials in such confusion that it is a
+wonder it has not turned out far more crooked and confused than it is.
+I, no doubt, ought to have given references; but in many cases I found
+the information so small and scattered, and so much had to be combined
+and condensed from conflicting authorities, that I hardly knew how
+to refer to them or where to leave off. Had I referred to all authors
+consulted for every fact, I should have greatly increased the bulk of
+the book, while a large portion of the references would be valueless
+in a few years, owing to later and better authorities. My experience
+of referring to references has generally been most unsatisfactory. One
+finds, nine times out of ten, the fact is stated, and nothing more; or a
+reference to some third work not at hand!
+
+I wish I could get into the habit of giving chapter and verse for every
+fact and extract; but I am too lazy, and generally in a hurry, having to
+consult books against time, when in London for a day.
+
+However, I will try to do something to mend this matter, should I have
+to prepare another edition.
+
+I return you Forel's letter. It does not advance the question much;
+neither do I think it likely that even the complete observation he
+thinks necessary would be of much use, because it may well be that the
+ova, or larvae, or imagos of the beetles are not carried systematically
+by the ants, but only occasionally, owing to some exceptional
+circumstances. This might produce a great effect in distribution, yet be
+so rare as never to come under observation.
+
+Several of your remarks in previous letters I shall carefully consider.
+I know that, compared with the extent of the subject, my book is in
+many parts crude and ill-considered; but I thought, and still think, it
+better to make some generalisations wherever possible, as I am not at
+all afraid of having to alter my views in many points of detail. I was
+so overwhelmed with zoological details, that I never went through the
+Geological Society's "Journal" as I ought to have done, and as I mean to
+do before writing more on the subject.
+
+
+LETTER 394. TO F. BUCHANAN WHITE.
+
+(394/1. "Written in acknowledgment of a copy of a paper (published by me
+in the "Proceedings of the Zoological Society") on the Hemiptera of St.
+Helena, but discussing the origin of the whole fauna and flora of that
+island."--F.B.W.)
+
+Down, September 23rd. [1878].
+
+I have now read your paper, and I hope that you will not think me
+presumptuous in writing another line to say how excellent it seems to
+me. I believe that you have largely solved the problem of the affinities
+of the inhabitants of this most interesting little island, and this is a
+delightful triumph.
+
+
+LETTER 395. TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, July 22nd [1879].
+
+I have just read Ball's Essay. (395/1. The late John Ball's lecture
+"On the Origin of the Flora of the Alps" in the "Proceedings of the R.
+Geogr. Soc." 1879. Ball argues (page 18) that "during ancient Palaeozoic
+times, before the deposition of the Coal-measures, the atmosphere
+contained twenty times as much carbonic acid gas and considerably less
+oxygen than it does at present." He further assumes that in such an
+atmosphere the percentage of CO2 in the higher mountains would be
+excessively different from that at the sea-level, and appends the result
+of calculations which gives the amount of CO2 at the sea-level as 100
+per 10,000 by weight, at a height of 10,000 feet as 12.5 per 10,000.
+Darwin understands him to mean that the Vascular Cryptogams and
+Gymnosperms could stand the sea-level atmosphere, whereas the
+Angiosperms would only be able to exist in the higher regions where the
+percentage of CO2 was small. It is not clear to us that Ball relies so
+largely on the condition of the atmosphere as regards CO2. If he does
+he is clearly in error, for everything we know of assimilation points
+to the conclusion that 100 per 10,000 (1 per cent.) is by no means a
+hurtful amount of CO2, and that it would lead to an especially vigorous
+assimilation. Mountain plants would be more likely to descend to the
+plains to share in the rich feast than ascend to higher regions to avoid
+it. Ball draws attention to the imperfection of our plant records as
+regards the floras of mountain regions. It is, he thinks, conceivable
+that there existed a vegetation on the Carboniferous mountains of which
+no traces have been preserved in the rocks. See "Fossil Plants as Tests
+of Climate," page 40, A.C. Seward, 1892.
+
+Since the first part of this note was written, a paper has been read
+(May 29th, 1902) by Dr. H.T. Brown and Mr. F. Escombe, before the Royal
+Society on "The Influence of varying amounts of Carbon Dioxide in the
+Air on the Photosynthetic Process of Leaves, and on the Mode of Growth
+of Plants." The author's experiments included the cultivation of several
+dicotyledonous plants in an atmosphere containing in one case 180 to 200
+times the normal amount of CO2, and in another between three and four
+times the normal amount. The general results were practically identical
+in the two sets of experiments. "All the species of flowering plants,
+which have been the subject of experiment, appear to be accurately
+'tuned' to an atmospheric environment of three parts of CO2 per 10,000,
+and the response which they make to slight increases in this amount
+are in a direction altogether unfavourable to their growth and
+reproduction." The assimilation of carbon increases with the increase in
+the partial pressure of the CO2. But there seems to be a disturbance
+in metabolism, and the plants fail to take advantage of the increased
+supply of CO2. The authors say:--"All we are justified in concluding is,
+that if such atmospheric variations have occurred since the advent
+of flowering plants, they must have taken place so slowly as never
+to outrun the possible adaptation of the plants to their changing
+conditions."
+
+Prof. Farmer and Mr. S.E. Chandler gave an account, at the same meeting
+of the Royal Society, of their work "On the Influence of an Excess of
+Carbon Dioxide in the Air on the Form and Internal Structure of Plants."
+The results obtained were described as differing in a remarkable way
+from those previously recorded by Teodoresco ("Rev. Gen. Botanique,"
+II., 1899
+
+It is hoped that Dr. Horace Brown and Mr. Escombe will extend their
+experiments to Vascular Cryptogams, and thus obtain evidence bearing
+more directly upon the question of an increased amount of CO2 in the
+atmosphere of the Coal-period forests.) It is pretty bold. The rapid
+development as far as we can judge of all the higher plants within
+recent geological times is an abominable mystery. Certainly it would be
+a great step if we could believe that the higher plants at first could
+live only at a high level; but until it is experimentally [proved] that
+Cycadeae, ferns, etc., can withstand much more carbonic acid than the
+higher plants, the hypothesis seems to me far too rash. Saporta believes
+that there was an astonishingly rapid development of the high plants,
+as soon [as] flower-frequenting insects were developed and favoured
+intercrossing. I should like to see this whole problem solved. I
+have fancied that perhaps there was during long ages a small isolated
+continent in the S. Hemisphere which served as the birthplace of the
+higher plants--but this is a wretchedly poor conjecture. It is odd
+that Ball does not allude to the obvious fact that there must have
+been alpine plants before the Glacial period, many of which would have
+returned to the mountains after the Glacial period, when the climate
+again became warm. I always accounted to myself in this manner for the
+gentians, etc.
+
+Ball ought also to have considered the alpine insects common to the
+Arctic regions. I do not know how it may be with you, but my faith in
+the glacial migration is not at all shaken.
+
+
+LETTER 396. A.R. WALLACE TO CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+(396/1. This letter is in reply to Mr. Darwin's criticisms on Mr.
+Wallace's "Island Life," 1880.)
+
+Pen-y-Bryn, St. Peter's Road, Croydon, November 8th, 1880.
+
+Many thanks for your kind remarks and notes on my book. Several of the
+latter will be of use to me if I have to prepare a second edition, which
+I am not so sure of as you seem to be.
+
+1. In your remark as to the doubtfulness of paucity of fossils being due
+to coldness of water, I think you overlook that I am speaking only of
+water in the latitude of the Alps, in Miocene and Eocene times, when
+icebergs and glaciers temporarily descended into an otherwise warm sea;
+my theory being that there was no Glacial epoch at that time, but merely
+a local and temporary descent of the snow-line and glaciers owing to
+high excentricity and winter in aphelion.
+
+2. I cannot see the difficulty about the cessation of the Glacial
+period.
+
+Between the Miocene and the Pleistocene periods geographical changes
+occurred which rendered a true Glacial period possible with high
+excentricity. When the high excentricity passed away the Glacial epoch
+also passed away in the temperate zone; but it persists in the arctic
+zone, where, during the Miocene, there were mild climates, and this
+is due to the persistence of the changed geographical conditions. The
+present arctic climate is itself a comparatively new and abnormal state
+of things, due to geographical modification.
+
+As to "epoch" and "period," I use them as synonyms to avoid repeating
+the same word.
+
+3. Rate of deposition and geological time. Here no doubt I may have
+gone to an extreme, but my "28 million years" may be anything under 100
+millions, as I state. There is an enormous difference between mean and
+maximum denudation and deposition. In the case of the great faults
+the upheaval along a given line would itself facilitate the denudation
+(whether sub-aerial or marine) of the upheaved portion at a rate perhaps
+a hundred times above the average, just as valleys have been denuded
+perhaps a hundred times faster than plains and plateaux. So local
+subsidence might itself lead to very rapid deposition. Suppose a portion
+of the Gulf of Mexico, near the mouths of the Mississippi, were to
+subside for a few thousand years, it might receive the greater portion
+of the sediment from the whole Mississippi valley, and thus form strata
+at a very rapid rate.
+
+4. You quote the Pampas thistles, etc., against my statement of the
+importance of preoccupation. But I am referring especially to St.
+Helena, and to plants naturally introduced from the adjacent continents.
+Surely if a certain number of African plants reached the island, and
+became modified into a complete adaptation to its climatic conditions,
+they would hardly be expelled by other African plants arriving
+subsequently. They might be so, conceivably, but it does not seem
+probable. The cases of the Pampas, New Zealand, Tahiti, etc., are
+very different, where highly developed aggressive plants have been
+artificially introduced. Under nature it is these very aggressive
+species that would first reach any island in their vicinity, and, being
+adapted to the island and colonising it thoroughly, would then hold
+their own against other plants from the same country, mostly less
+aggressive in character.
+
+I have not explained this so fully as I should have done in the book.
+Your criticism is therefore useful.
+
+5. My Chapter XXIII. is no doubt very speculative, and I cannot wonder
+at your hesitating at accepting my views. To me, however, your theory of
+hosts of existing species migrating over the tropical lowlands from the
+N. temperate to the S. temperate zone appears more speculative and
+more improbable. For where could the rich lowland equatorial flora have
+existed during a period of general refrigeration sufficient for this?
+and what became of the wonderfully rich Cape flora, which, if the
+temperature of tropical Africa had been so recently lowered, would
+certainly have spread northwards, and on the return of the heat
+could hardly have been driven back into the sharply defined and very
+restricted area in which it now exists.
+
+As to the migration of plants from mountain to mountain not being so
+probable as to remote islands, I think that is fully counterbalanced by
+two considerations:--
+
+a. The area and abundance of the mountain stations along such a range
+as the Andes are immensely greater than those of the islands in the N.
+Atlantic, for example.
+
+b. The temporary occupation of mountain stations by migrating plants
+(which I think I have shown to be probable) renders time a much more
+important element in increasing the number and variety of the plants so
+dispersed than in the case of islands, where the flora soon acquires
+a fixed and endemic character, and where the number of species is
+necessarily limited.
+
+No doubt direct evidence of seeds being carried great distances through
+the air is wanted, but I am afraid can hardly be obtained. Yet I feel
+the greatest confidence that they are so carried. Take, for instance,
+the two peculiar orchids of the Azores (Habenaria sp.) What other mode
+of transit is conceivable? The whole subject is one of great difficulty,
+but I hope my chapter may call attention to a hitherto neglected factor
+in the distribution of plants.
+
+Your references to the Mauritius literature are very interesting, and
+will be useful to me; and I again thank you for your valuable remarks.
+
+
+LETTER 397. TO J.D. HOOKER.
+
+(397/1. The following letters were written to Sir J.D. Hooker when he
+was preparing his Address as President of the Geographical Section of
+the British Association at its fiftieth meeting, at York. The second
+letter (August 12th) refers to an earlier letter of August 6th,
+published in "Life and Letters," III., page 246.)
+
+4, Bryanston Street, W., Saturday, 26th [February, 1881].
+
+I should think that you might make a very interesting address on
+Geographical Distribution. Could you give a little history of the
+subject. I, for one, should like to read such history in petto; but I
+can see one very great difficulty--that you yourself ought to figure
+most prominently in it; and this you would not do, for you are just the
+man to treat yourself in a dishonourable manner. I should very much like
+to see you discuss some of Wallace's views, especially his ignoring
+the all-powerful effects of the Glacial period with respect to alpine
+plants. (397/2. "Having been kindly permitted by Mr. Francis Darwin to
+read this letter, I wish to explain that the above statement applies
+only to my rejection of Darwin's view that the presence of arctic and
+north temperate plants in the SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE was brought about
+by the lowering of the temperature of the tropical regions during the
+Glacial period, so that even 'the lowlands of these great continents
+were everywhere tenanted under the equator by a considerable number of
+temperate forms ("Origin of Species," Edition VI., page 338). My
+own views are fully explained in Chapter XXIII. of my "Island Life,"
+published in 1880. I quite accept all that Darwin, Hooker, and Asa Gray
+have written about the effect of the Glacial epoch in bringing about
+the present distribution of alpine and arctic plants in the NORTHERN
+HEMISPHERE."--Note by Mr. Wallace.) I do not know what you think, but it
+appears to me that he exaggerates enormously the influence of debacles
+or slips and new surface of soil being exposed for the reception of
+wind-blown seeds. What kinds of seeds have the plants which are common
+to the distant mountain-summits in Africa? Wallace lately wrote to me
+about the mountain plants of Madagascar being the same with those on
+mountains in Africa, and seemed to think it proved dispersal by the
+wind, without apparently having inquired what sorts of seeds the plants
+bore. (397/3. The affinity with the flora of the Eastern African islands
+was long ago pointed out by Sir J.D. Hooker, "Linn. Soc. Journal," VI.,
+1861, page 3. Speaking of the plants of Clarence Peak in Fernando Po, he
+says, "The next affinity is with Mauritius, Bourbon, and Madagascar:
+of the whole 76 species, 16 inhabit these places and 8 more are closely
+allied to plants from there. Three temperate species are peculiar to
+Clarence Peak and the East African islands..." The facts to which
+Mr. Wallace called Darwin's attention are given by Mr. J.G. Baker in
+"Nature," December 9th, 1880, page 125. He mentions the Madagascar
+Viola, which occurs elsewhere only at 7,000 feet in the Cameroons, at
+10,000 feet in Fernando Po and in the Abyssinian mountains; and the same
+thing is true of the Madagascar Geranium. In Mr. Wallace's letter
+to Darwin, dated January 1st, 1881, he evidently uses the expression
+"passing through the air" in contradistinction to the migration of a
+species by gradual extension of its area on land. "Through the air"
+would moreover include occasional modes of transport other than simple
+carriage by wind: e.g., the seeds might be carried by birds, either
+attached to the feathers or to the mud on their feet, or in their crops
+or intestines.)
+
+I suppose it would be travelling too far (though for the geographical
+section the discussion ought to be far-reaching), but I should like
+to see the European or northern element in the Cape of Good Hope
+flora discussed. I cannot swallow Wallace's view that European plants
+travelled down the Andes, tenanted the hypothetical Antarctic continent
+(in which I quite believe), and thence spread to South Australia and the
+Cape of Good Hope.
+
+Moseley told me not long ago that he proposed to search at Kerguelen
+Land the coal beds most carefully, and was absolutely forbidden to do
+so by Sir W. Thomson, who said that he would undertake the work, and he
+never once visited them. This puts me in a passion. I hope that you will
+keep to your intention and make an address on distribution. Though I
+differ so much from Wallace, his "Island Life" seems to me a wonderful
+book.
+
+Farewell. I do hope that you may have a most prosperous journey. Give my
+kindest remembrances to Asa Gray.
+
+
+
+LETTER 398. TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, August 12th, 1881.
+
+...I think that I must have expressed myself badly about Humboldt.
+I should have said that he was more remarkable for his astounding
+knowledge than for originality. I have always looked at him as, in fact,
+the founder of the geographical distribution of organisms. I thought
+that I had read that extinct fossil plants belonging to Australian forms
+had lately been found in Australia, and all such cases seem to me very
+interesting, as bearing on development.
+
+I have been so astonished at the apparently sudden coming in of the
+higher phanerogams, that I have sometimes fancied that development might
+have slowly gone on for an immense period in some isolated continent or
+large island, perhaps near the South Pole. I poured out my idle thoughts
+in writing, as if I had been talking with you.
+
+No fact has so interested me for a heap of years as your case of the
+plants on the equatorial mountains of Africa; and Wallace tells me that
+some one (Baker?) has described analogous cases on the mountains of
+Madagascar (398/1. See Letter 397, note.)...I think that you ought to
+allude to these cases.
+
+I most fully agree that no problem is more interesting than that of
+the temperate forms in the southern hemisphere, common to the north. I
+remember writing about this after Wallace's book appeared, and hoping
+that you would take it up. The frequency with which the drainage from
+the land passes through mountain-chains seems to indicate some general
+law--viz., the successive formation of cracks and lines of elevation
+between the nearest ocean and the already upraised land; but that is too
+big a subject for a note.
+
+I doubt whether any insects can be shown with any probability to have
+been flower feeders before the middle of the Secondary period. Several
+of the asserted cases have broken down.
+
+Your long letter has stirred many pleasant memories of long past days,
+when we had many a discussion and many a good fight.
+
+
+LETTER 399. TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, August 21st, 1881.
+
+I cannot aid you much, or at all. I should think that no one could
+have thought on the modification of species without thinking of
+representative species. But I feel sure that no discussion of any
+importance had been published on this subject before the "Origin,"
+for if I had known of it I should assuredly have alluded to it in the
+"Origin," as I wished to gain support from all quarters. I did not then
+know of Von Buch's view (alluded to in my Historical Introduction in all
+the later editions). Von Buch published his "Isles Canaries" in 1836,
+and he here briefly argues that plants spread over a continent and
+vary, and the varieties in time come to be species. He also argues that
+closely allied species have been thus formed in the SEPARATE valleys of
+the Canary Islands, but not on the upper and open parts. I could lend
+you Von Buch's book, if you like. I have just consulted the passage.
+
+I have not Baer's papers; but, as far as I remember, the subject is not
+fully discussed by him.
+
+I quite agree about Wallace's position on the ocean and continent
+question.
+
+To return to geographical distribution: As far as I know, no one ever
+discussed the meaning of the relation between representative species
+before I did, and, as I suppose, Wallace did in his paper before the
+Linnean Society. Von Buch's is the nearest approach to such discussion
+known to me.
+
+
+LETTER 400. TO W.D. CRICK.
+
+(400/1. The following letters are interesting not only for their own
+sake, but because they tell the history of the last of Mr. Darwin's
+publications--his letter to "Nature" on the "Dispersal of Freshwater
+Bivalves," April 6th, 1882.)
+
+Down, February 21st, 1882.
+
+Your fact is an interesting one, and I am very much obliged to you for
+communicating it to me. You speak a little doubtfully about the name of
+the shell, and it would be indispensable to have this ascertained with
+certainty. Do you know any good conchologist in Northampton who could
+name it? If so I should be obliged if you would inform me of the result.
+
+Also the length and breadth of the shell, and how much of leg (which
+leg?) of the Dytiscus [a large water-beetle] has been caught. If you
+cannot get the shell named I could take it to the British Museum when I
+next go to London; but this probably will not occur for about six weeks,
+and you may object to lend the specimen for so long a time.
+
+I am inclined to think that the case would be worth communicating to
+"Nature."
+
+P.S.--I suppose that the animal in the shell must have been alive when
+the Dytiscus was captured, otherwise the adductor muscle of the shell
+would have relaxed and the shell dropped off.
+
+
+LETTER 401. TO W.D. CRICK. Down, February 25th, 1882.
+
+I am much obliged for your clear and distinct answers to my questions.
+I am sorry to trouble you, but there is one point which I do not fully
+understand. Did the shell remain attached to the beetle's leg from the
+18th to the 23rd, and was the beetle kept during this time in the air?
+
+Do I understand rightly that after the shell had dropped off, both being
+in water, that the beetle's antenna was again temporarily caught by the
+shell?
+
+I presume that I may keep the specimen till I go to London, which will
+be about the middle of next month.
+
+I have placed the shell in fresh-water, to see if the valve will open,
+and whether it is still alive, for this seems to me a very interesting
+point. As the wretched beetle was still feebly alive, I have put it in
+a bottle with chopped laurel leaves, that it may die an easy and quicker
+death. I hope that I shall meet with your approval in doing so.
+
+One of my sons tells me that on the coast of N. Wales the bare fishing
+hooks often bring up young mussels which have seized hold of the points;
+but I must make further enquiries on this head.
+
+
+LETTER 402. TO W.D. CRICK. Down, March 23rd, 1882.
+
+I have had a most unfortunate and extraordinary accident with your
+shell. I sent it by post in a strong box to Mr. Gwyn Jeffreys to be
+named, and heard two days afterwards that he had started for Italy.
+I then wrote to the servant in charge of his house to open the parcel
+(within which was a cover stamped and directed to myself) and return
+it to me. This servant, I suppose, opened the box and dropped the glass
+tube on a stone floor, and perhaps put his foot on it, for the tube and
+shell were broken into quite small fragments. These were returned to me
+with no explanation, the box being quite uninjured. I suppose you would
+not care for the fragments to be returned or the Dytiscus; but if you
+wish for them they shall be returned. I am very sorry, but it has not
+been my fault.
+
+It seems to me almost useless to send the fragments of the shell to the
+British Museum to be named, more especially as the umbo has been lost.
+It is many years since I have looked at a fresh-water shell, but I
+should have said that the shell was Cyclas cornea. (402/1. It was Cyclas
+cornea.) Is Sphaenium corneum a synonym of Cyclas? Perhaps you could
+tell by looking to Mr. G. Jeffreys' book. If so, may we venture to call
+it so, or shall I put an (?) to the name?
+
+As soon as I hear from you I will send my letter to "Nature." Do you
+take in "Nature," or shall I send you a copy?
+
+
+
+CHAPTER 2.VIII.--MAN.
+
+I. Descent of Man.--II. Sexual Selection.--III. Expression of the
+Emotions.
+
+
+2.VIII.I. DESCENT OF MAN, 1860-1882.
+
+
+LETTER 403. TO C. LYELL. Down, April 27th [1860].
+
+I cannot explain why, but to me it would be an infinite satisfaction to
+believe that mankind will progress to such a pitch that we should [look]
+back at [ourselves] as mere Barbarians. I have received proof-sheets
+(with a wonderfully nice letter) of very hostile review by Andrew
+Murray, read before the Royal Society of Edinburgh. (403/1. "On Mr.
+Darwin's Theory of the Origin of Species," by Andrew Murray. "Proc. Roy.
+Soc., Edinb." Volume IV., pages 274-91, 1862. The review concludes with
+the following sentence: "I have come to be of opinion that Mr. Darwin's
+theory is unsound, and that I am to be spared any collision between my
+inclination and my convictions" (referring to the writer's belief in
+Design).) But I am tired with answering it. Indeed I have done nothing
+the whole day but answer letters.
+
+
+LETTER 404. TO L. HORNER.
+
+(404/1. The following letter occurs in the "Memoir of Leonard Horner,
+edited by his daughter Katherine M. Lyell," Volume II., page 300
+(privately printed, 1890).)
+
+Down, March 20th [1861].
+
+I am very much obliged for your Address (404/2. Mr. Horner's Anniversary
+Address to the Geological Society ("Proc. Geol. Soc." XVII., 1861).)
+which has interested me much...I thought that I had read up pretty well
+on the antiquity of man; but you bring all the facts so well together in
+a condensed focus, that the case seems much clearer to me. How curious
+about the Bible! (404/3. At page lxviii. Mr. Horner points out that the
+"chronology, given in the margin of our Bibles," i.e., the statement
+that the world was created 4004 B.C., is the work of Archbishop Usher,
+and is in no way binding on those who believe in the inspiration of
+Scripture. Mr. Horner goes on (page lxx): "The retention of the marginal
+note in question is by no means a matter of indifference; it is untrue,
+and therefore it is mischievous." It is interesting that Archbishop
+Sumner and Dr. Dawes, Dean of Hereford, wrote with approbation of Mr.
+Horner's views on Man. The Archbishop says: "I have always considered
+the first verse of Genesis as indicating, rather than denying, a
+PREADAMITE world" ("Memoir of Leonard Horner, II.", page 303).) I declare
+I had fancied that the date was somehow in the Bible. You are coming out
+in a new light as a Biblical critic. I must thank you for some remarks
+on the "Origin of Species" (404/4. Mr. Horner (page xxxix) begins by
+disclaiming the qualifications of a competent critic, and confines
+himself to general remarks on the philosophic candour and freedom from
+dogmatism of the "Origin": he does, however, give an opinion on the
+geological chapters IX. and X. As a general criticism he quotes Mr.
+Huxley's article in the "Westminster Review," which may now be read in
+"Collected Essays," II., page 22.) (though I suppose it is almost as
+incorrect to do so as to thank a judge for a favourable verdict): what
+you have said has pleased me extremely. I am the more pleased, as I
+would rather have been well attacked than have been handled in the
+namby-pamby, old-woman style of the cautious Oxford Professor. (404/5.
+This no doubt refers to Professor Phillips' "Life on the Earth," 1860, a
+book founded on the author's "Rede Lecture," given before the University
+of Cambridge. Reference to this work will be found in "Life and
+Letters," II., pages 309, 358, 373.)
+
+
+LETTER 405. TO J.D. HOOKER.
+
+(405/1. Mr. Wallace was, we believe, the first to treat the evolution of
+Man in any detail from the point of view of Natural Selection,
+namely, in a paper in the "Anthropological Review and Journal of the
+Anthropological Society," May 1864, page clviii. The deep interest with
+which Mr. Darwin read his copy is graphically recorded in the continuous
+series of pencil-marks along the margins of the pages. His views are
+fully given in Letter 406. The phrase, "in this case it is too far,"
+refers to Mr. Wallace's habit of speaking of the theory of Natural
+Selection as due entirely to Darwin.)
+
+May 22nd 1864.
+
+I have now read Wallace's paper on Man, and think it MOST striking and
+original and forcible. I wish he had written Lyell's chapters on Man.
+(405/2. See "Life and Letters," III., page 11 et seq. for Darwin's
+disappointment over Lyell's treatment of the evolutionary question in
+his "Antiquity of Man"; see also page 29 for Lyell's almost pathetic
+words about his own position between the discarded faith of many years
+and the new one not yet assimilated. See also Letters 132, 164, 170.) I
+quite agree about his high-mindedness, and have long thought so; but in
+this case it is too far, and I shall tell him so. I am not sure that
+I fully agree with his views about Man, but there is no doubt, in my
+opinion, on the remarkable genius shown by the paper. I agree, however,
+to the main new leading idea.
+
+
+LETTER 406. TO A.R. WALLACE.
+
+(406/1. This letter was published in "Life and Letters," III., page 89.)
+
+Down, [May] 28th [1864].
+
+I am so much better that I have just finished a paper for the Linnean
+Society (406/2. On the three forms, etc., of Lythrum.); but I am not yet
+at all strong, I felt much disinclination to write, and therefore you
+must forgive me for not having sooner thanked you for your paper on
+Man (406/3. "Anthropological Review," May 1864.) received on the 11th.
+(406/4. Mr. Wallace wrote, May 10th, 1864: "I send you now my little
+contribution to the theory of the origin of man. I hope you will be able
+to agree with me. If you are able [to write] I shall be glad to have
+your criticisms. I was led to the subject by the necessity of explaining
+the vast mental and cranial differences between man and the apes
+combined with such small structural differences in other parts of the
+body,--and also by an endeavour to account for the diversity of human
+races combined with man's almost perfect stability of form during all
+historical epochs." But first let me say that I have hardly ever in my
+life been more struck by any paper than that on "Variation," etc., etc.,
+in the "Reader." (406/5. "Reader," April 16th, 1864, an abstract of Mr.
+Wallace: "On the Phenomena of Variation and Geographical Distribution
+as illustrated by the Papilionidae of the Malayan Region." "Linn.
+Soc. Trans." XXV.) I feel sure that such papers will do more for the
+spreading of our views on the modification of species than any separate
+treatises on the simple subject itself. It is really admirable; but you
+ought not in the Man paper to speak of the theory as mine; it is just
+as much yours as mine. One correspondent has already noticed to me your
+"high-minded" conduct on this head.
+
+But now for your Man paper, about which I should like to write more than
+I can. The great leading idea is quite new to me--viz. that during late
+ages the mind will have been modified more than the body; yet I had got
+as far as to see with you, that the struggle between the races of man
+depended entirely on intellectual and moral qualities. The latter part
+of the paper I can designate only as grand and most eloquently done. I
+have shown your paper to two or three persons who have been here, and
+they have been equally struck with it. I am not sure that I go with you
+on all minor points: when reading Sir G. Grey's account of the constant
+battles of Australian savages, I remember thinking that Natural
+Selection would come in, and likewise with the Esquimaux, with whom the
+art of fishing and managing canoes is said to be hereditary. I rather
+differ on the rank, under a classificatory point of view, which you
+assign to man; I do not think any character simply in excess ought ever
+to be used for the higher divisions. Ants would not be separated from
+other hymenopterous insects, however high the instinct of the one, and
+however low the instincts of the other. With respect to the differences
+of race, a conjecture has occurred to me that much may be due to the
+correlation of complexion (and consequently hair) with constitution.
+Assume that a dusky individual best escaped miasma, and you will
+readily see what I mean. I persuaded the Director-General of the Medical
+Department of the Army to send printed forms to the surgeons of all
+regiments in tropical countries to ascertain this point, but I daresay
+I shall never get any returns. Secondly, I suspect that a sort of sexual
+selection has been the most powerful means of changing the races of man.
+I can show that the different races have a widely different standard of
+beauty. Among savages the most powerful men will have the pick of
+the women, and they will generally leave the most descendants. I have
+collected a few notes on man, but I do not suppose I shall ever use
+them. Do you intend to follow out your views? and if so, would you like
+at some future time to have my few references and notes? I am sure I
+hardly know whether they are of any value, and they are at present in a
+state of chaos.
+
+There is much more that I should like to write, but I have not strength.
+
+P.S. Our aristocracy is handsomer (more hideous according to a Chinese
+or Negro) than the middle classes, from [having the] pick of the women;
+but oh, what a scheme is primogeniture for destroying Natural Selection!
+I fear my letter will be barely intelligible to you.
+
+
+LETTER 406* A.R. WALLACE TO CHARLES DARWIN. 5, Westbourne Grove Terrace,
+W., May 29th [1864].
+
+You are always so ready to appreciate what others do, and especially to
+overestimate my desultory efforts, that I cannot be surprised at your
+very kind and flattering remarks on my papers. I am glad, however, that
+you have made a few critical observations (and am only sorry that you
+were not well enough to make more), as that enables me to say a few
+words in explanation.
+
+My great fault is haste. An idea strikes me, I think over it for a few
+days, and then write away with such illustrations as occur to me while
+going on. I therefore look at the subject almost solely from one
+point of view. Thus, in my paper on Man (406*/1. Published in the
+"Anthropological Review," 1864.), I aim solely at showing that brutes
+are modified in a great variety of ways by Natural Selection, but that
+in none of these particular ways can Man be modified, because of the
+superiority of his intellect. I therefore no doubt overlook a few
+smaller points in which Natural Selection may still act on men and
+brutes alike. Colour is one of them, and I have alluded to this in
+correlation to constitution, in an abstract I have made at Sclater's
+request for the "Natural History Review." (406*/2. "Nat. Hist. Review,"
+1864, page 328.) At the same time, there is so much evidence of
+migrations and displacements of races of man, and so many cases of
+peoples of distinct physical characters inhabiting the same or similar
+regions, and also of races of uniform physical characters inhabiting
+widely dissimilar regions,--that the external characteristics of the
+chief races of man must, I think, be older than his present geographical
+distribution, and the modifications produced by correlation to
+favourable variations of constitution be only a secondary cause of
+external modification. I hope you may get the returns from the Army.
+(406*/3. Measurements taken of more than one million soldiers in the
+United States showed that "local influences of some kind act directly
+on structure."--"Descent of Man," 1901, page 45.) They would be very
+interesting, but I do not expect the results would be favourable to your
+view.
+
+With regard to the constant battles of savages leading to selection of
+physical superiority, I think it would be very imperfect and subject to
+so many exceptions and irregularities that it would produce no definite
+result. For instance: the strongest and bravest men would lead, and
+expose themselves most, and would therefore be most subject to wounds
+and death. And the physical energy which led to any one tribe delighting
+in war, might lead to its extermination, by inducing quarrels with
+all surrounding tribes and leading them to combine against it. Again,
+superior cunning, stealth, and swiftness of foot, or even better
+weapons, would often lead to victory as well as mere physical strength.
+Moreover, this kind of more or less perpetual war goes on amongst savage
+peoples. It could lead, therefore, to no differential characters, but
+merely to the keeping up of a certain average standard of bodily and
+mental health and vigour.
+
+So with selection of variations adapted to special habits of life as
+fishing, paddling, riding, climbing, etc., etc., in different races,
+no doubt it must act to some extent, but will it be ever so rigid as to
+induce a definite physical modification, and can we imagine it to have
+had any part in producing the distinct races that now exist?
+
+The sexual selection you allude to will also, I think, have been equally
+uncertain in its results. In the very lowest tribes there is rarely much
+polygamy, and women are more or less a matter of purchase. There is also
+little difference of social condition, and I think it rarely happens
+that any healthy and undeformed man remains without wife and children.
+I very much doubt the often-repeated assertion that our aristocracy
+are more beautiful than the middle classes. I allow that they present
+specimens of the highest kind of beauty, but I doubt the average. I have
+noticed in country places a greater average amount of good looks among
+the middle classes, and besides we unavoidably combine in our idea of
+beauty, intellectual expression, and refinement of manner, which often
+makes the less appear the more beautiful. Mere physical beauty--i.e. a
+healthy and regular development of the body and features approaching to
+the mean and type of European man, I believe is quite as frequent in one
+class of society as the other, and much more frequent in rural districts
+than in cities.
+
+With regard to the rank of man in zoological classification, I fear I
+have not made myself intelligible. I never meant to adopt Owen's or any
+other such views, but only to point out that from one point of view he
+was right. I hold that a distinct family for Man, as Huxley allows, is
+all that can possibly be given him zoologically. But at the same time,
+if my theory is true, that while the animals which surrounded him have
+been undergoing modification in all parts of their bodies to a generic
+or even family degree of difference, he has been changing almost wholly
+in the brain and head--then in geological antiquity the SPECIES man may
+be as old as many mammalian families, and the origin of the FAMILY man
+may date back to a period when some of the ORDERS first originated.
+
+As to the theory of Natural Selection itself, I shall always maintain it
+to be actually yours and yours only. You had worked it out in details I
+had never thought of, years before I had a ray of light on the subject,
+and my paper would never have convinced anybody or been noticed as more
+than an ingenious speculation, whereas your book has revolutionised the
+study of Natural History, and carried away captive the best men of
+the present age. All the merit I claim is the having been the means of
+inducing you to write and publish at once. I may possibly some day go a
+little more into this subject (of Man), and if I do will accept the kind
+offer of your notes.
+
+I am now, however, beginning to write the "Narrative of my Travels,"
+which will occupy me a long time, as I hate writing narrative, and after
+Bates' brilliant success rather fear to fail.
+
+I shall introduce a few chapters on Geographical Distribution and other
+such topics. Sir C. Lyell, while agreeing with my main argument on Man,
+thinks I am wrong in wanting to put him back into Miocene times, and
+thinks I do not appreciate the immense interval even to the later
+Pliocene. But I still maintain my view, which in fact is a logical
+result of my theory; for if man originated in later Pliocene, when
+almost all mammalia were of closely allied species to those now living,
+and many even identical, then man has not been stationary in bodily
+structure while animals have been varying, and my theory will be proved
+to be all wrong.
+
+In Murchison's address to the Geographical Society, just delivered, he
+points out Africa as being the oldest existing land. He says there is
+no evidence of its having been ever submerged during the Tertiary epoch.
+Here then is evidently the place to find early man. I hope something
+good may be found in Borneo, and that the means may be found to explore
+the still more promising regions of tropical Africa, for we can expect
+nothing of man very early in Europe.
+
+It has given me great pleasure to find that there are symptoms of
+improvement in your health. I hope you will not exert yourself too soon
+or write more than is quite agreeable to you. I think I made out every
+word of your letter, though it was not always easy.
+
+(406*/4. For Wallace's later views see Letter 408, note.)
+
+
+LETTER 407. TO W. TURNER.
+
+(407/1. Sir William Turner is frequently referred to in the "Descent of
+Man" as having supplied Mr. Darwin with information.)
+
+Down, December 14th [1866].
+
+Your kindness when I met you at the Royal Society makes me think that
+you would grant me the favour of a little information, if in your power.
+I am preparing a book on Domestic Animals, and as there has been so much
+discussion on the bearing of such views as I hold on Man, I have some
+thoughts of adding a chapter on this subject. The point on which I
+want information is in regard to any part which may be fairly called
+rudimentary in comparison with the same part in the Quadrumana or any
+other mammal. Now the os coccyx is rudimentary as a tail, and I am
+anxious to hear about its muscles. Mr. Flower found for me in some work
+that its one muscle (with striae) was supposed only to bring this bone
+back to its proper position after parturition. This seems to me hardly
+credible. He said he had never particularly examined this part, and when
+I mentioned your name, he said you were the most likely man to give me
+information.
+
+Are there any traces of other muscles? It seems strange if there are
+none. Do you know how the muscles are in this part in the anthropoid
+apes? The muscles of the ear in man may, I suppose, in most cases be
+considered as rudimentary; and so they seem to be in the anthropoids;
+at least, I am assured in the Zoological Gardens they do not erect their
+ears. I gather there are a good many muscles in various parts of the
+body which are in this same state: could you specify any of the best
+cases? The mammae in man are rudimentary. Are there any other glands or
+other organs which you can think of? I know I have no right whatever to
+ask all these questions, and can only say that I should be grateful for
+any information. If you tell me anything about the os coccyx or other
+structures, I hope that you will permit me to quote the statement on
+your authority, as that would add so greatly to its value.
+
+Pray excuse me for troubling you, and do not hurry yourself in the least
+in answering me.
+
+I do not know whether you would care to possess a copy, but I told my
+publisher to send you a copy of the new edition of the "Origin" last
+month.
+
+
+LETTER 408. TO W. TURNER. Down, February 1st [1867].
+
+I thank you cordially for all your full information, and I regret much
+that I have given you such great trouble at a period when your time is
+so much occupied. But the facts were so valuable to me that I cannot
+pretend that I am sorry that I did trouble you; and I am the less so,
+as from what you say I hope you may be induced some time to write a full
+account of all rudimentary structures in Man: it would be a very curious
+and interesting memoir. I shall at present give only a brief abstract
+of the chief facts which you have so very kindly communicated to me, and
+will not touch on some of the doubtful points. I have received far more
+information than I ventured to anticipate. There is one point which has
+occurred to me, but I suspect there is nothing in it. If, however, there
+should be, perhaps you will let me have a brief note from you, and if
+I do not hear I will understand there is nothing in the notion. I have
+included the down on the human body and the lanugo on the foetus as a
+rudimentary representation of a hairy coat. (408/1. "Descent of Man"
+I., page 25; II., page 375.) I do not know whether there is any direct
+functional connection between the presence of hair and the panniculus
+carnosus (408/2. Professor Macalister draws our attention to the fact
+that Mr. Darwin uses the term panniculus in the generalised sense of any
+sheet of muscle acting on the skin.) (to put the question under
+another point of view, is it the primary or aboriginal function of the
+panniculus to move the dermal appendages or the skin itself?); but both
+are superficial, and would perhaps together become rudimentary. I was
+led to think of this by the places (as far as my ignorance of anatomy
+has allowed me to judge) of the rudimentary muscular fasciculi which you
+specify. Now, some persons can move the skin of their hairy heads; and
+is this not effected by the panniculus? How is it with the eyebrows? You
+specify the axillae and the front region of the chest and lower part of
+scapulae: now, these are all hairy spots in man. On the other hand,
+the neck, and as I suppose the covering of the gluteus medius, are not
+hairy; so, as I said, I presume there is nothing in this notion. If
+there were, the rudiments of the panniculus ought perhaps to occur more
+plainly in man than in woman...
+
+P.S.--If the skin on the head is moved by the panniculus, I think I
+ought just to allude to it, as some men alone having power to move the
+skin shows that the apparatus is generally rudimentary.
+
+(408/3. In March 1869 Darwin wrote to Mr. Wallace: "I shall be intensely
+curious to read the "Quarterly." I hope you have not murdered too
+completely your own and my child." The reference is to Mr. Wallace's
+review, in the April number of the "Quarterly," of Lyell's "Principles
+of Geology" (tenth edition), and of the sixth edition of the "Elements
+of Geology." Mr. Wallace points out that here for the first time Sir C.
+Lyell gave up his opposition to evolution; and this leads Mr. Wallace to
+give a short account of the views set forth in the "Origin of Species."
+In this article Mr. Wallace makes a definite statement as to his views
+on the evolution of man, which were opposed to those of Mr. Darwin. He
+upholds the view that the brain of man, as well as the organs of speech,
+the hand and the external form, could not have been evolved by Natural
+Selection (the child he is supposed to murder). At page 391 he writes:
+"In the brain of the lowest savages, and, as far as we know, of the
+prehistoric races, we have an organ...little inferior in size and
+complexity to that of the highest types...But the mental requirements
+of the lowest savages, such as the Australians or the Andaman Islanders,
+are very little above those of many animals...How, then, was an organ
+developed so far beyond the needs of its possessor? Natural Selection
+could only have endowed the savage with a brain a little superior
+to that of an ape, whereas he actually possesses one but very little
+inferior to that of the average members of our learned societies." This
+passage is marked in Mr. Darwin's copy with a triply underlined "No,"
+and with a shower of notes of exclamation. It was probably the first
+occasion on which he realised the extent of this great and striking
+divergence in opinion between himself and his colleague.
+
+He had, however, some indication of it in Wallace's paper on Man,
+"Anthropological Review," 1864. (See Letter 406). He wrote to Lyell,
+May 4th, 1869, "I was dreadfully disappointed about Man; it seems to me
+incredibly strange." And to Mr. Wallace, April 14th, 1869, "If you had
+not told me, I should have thought that [your remarks on Man] had been
+added by some one else. As you expected, I differ grievously from you,
+and I am very sorry for it."
+
+
+LETTER 409. TO T.H. HUXLEY. Down, Thursday, February 21st [1868-70?].
+
+I received the Jermyn Street programme, but have hardly yet considered
+it, for I was all day on the sofa on Tuesday and Wednesday. Bad though
+I was, I thought with constant pleasure of your very great kindness in
+offering to read the proofs of my essay on man. I do not know whether
+I said anything which might have appeared like a hint, but I assure you
+that such a thought had never even momentarily passed through my mind.
+Your offer has just made all the difference, that I can now write,
+whether or no my essay is ever printed, with a feeling of satisfaction
+instead of vague dread.
+
+Beg my colleague, Mrs. Huxley, not to forget the corrugator supercilii:
+it will not be easy to catch the exact moment when the child is on the
+point of crying, and is struggling against the wrinkling up [of] its
+little eyes; for then I should expect the corrugator, from being little
+under the command of the will, would come into play in checking or
+stopping the wrinkling. An explosion of tears would tell nothing.
+
+
+LETTER 410. TO FRANCIS GALTON. Down, December 23rd [1870?].
+
+I have only read about fifty pages of your book (to the Judges) (410/1.
+"Hereditary Genius: an Inquiry into its Laws and Consequences," by
+Francis Galton, London, 1869. "The Judges of England between 1660 and
+1865" is the heading of a section of this work (page 55). See "Descent
+of Man" (1901), page 41.), but I must exhale myself, else something
+will go wrong in my inside. I do not think I ever in all my life read
+anything more interesting and original. And how well and clearly you
+put every point! George, who has finished the book, and who expressed
+himself just in the same terms, tells me the earlier chapters are
+nothing in interest to the later ones! It will take me some time to get
+to these later chapters, as it is read aloud to me by my wife, who is
+also much interested. You have made a convert of an opponent in one
+sense, for I have always maintained that, excepting fools, men did not
+differ much in intellect, only in zeal and hard work; and I still think
+[this] is an eminently important difference. I congratulate you on
+producing what I am convinced will prove a memorable work. I look
+forward with intense interest to each reading, but it sets me thinking
+so much that I find it very hard work; but that is wholly the fault of
+my brain, and not of your beautifully clear style.
+
+
+LETTER 411. TO W.R. GREG. March 21st [1871?].
+
+Many thanks for your note. I am very glad indeed to read remarks made by
+a man who possesses such varied and odd knowledge as you do, and who is
+so acute a reasoner. I have no doubt that you will detect blunders of
+many kinds in my book. (411/1. "The Descent of Man.") Your MS. on the
+proportion of the sexes at birth seems to me extremely curious, and I
+hope that some day you will publish it. It certainly appears that the
+males are decreasing in the London districts, and a most strange fact
+it is. Mr. Graham, however, I observe in a note enclosed, does not seem
+inclined to admit your conclusion. I have never much considered the
+subject of the causes of the proportion. When I reflected on queen
+bees producing only males when not impregnated, whilst some other
+parthenogenetic insects produced, as far as known, only females, the
+subject seemed to me hopelessly obscure. It is, however, pretty clear
+that you have taken the one path for its solution. I wished only to
+ascertain how far with various animals the males exceeded the females,
+and I have given all the facts which I could collect. As far as I
+know, no other data have been published. The equality of the sexes with
+race-horses is surprising. My remarks on mankind are quite superficial,
+and given merely as some sort of standard for comparison with the lower
+animals. M. Thury is the writer who makes the sex depend on the period
+of impregnation. His pamphlet was sent me from Geneva. (411/2. "Memoire
+sur la loi de Production des Sexes," 2nd edition, 1863 (a pamphlet
+published by Cherbuliez, Geneva).) I can lend it you if you like. I
+subsequently read an account of experiments which convinced me that
+M. Thury was in error; but I cannot remember what they were, only the
+impression that I might safely banish this view from my mind. Your
+remarks on the less ratio of males in illegitimate births strikes me
+as the most doubtful point in your MS.--requiring two assumptions, viz.
+that the fathers in such cases are relatively too young, and that the
+result is the same as when the father is relatively too old.
+
+My son, George, who is a mathematician, and who read your MS. with much
+interest, has suggested, as telling in the right direction, but whether
+sufficient is another question, that many more illegitimate children
+are murdered and concealed shortly after birth, than in the case of
+legitimate children; and as many more males than females die during the
+first few days of life, the census of illegitimate children practically
+applies to an older age than with legitimate children, and would thus
+slightly reduce the excess of males. This might possibly be worth
+consideration. By a strange coincidence a stranger writes to me this
+day, making the very same suggestion.
+
+I am quite delighted to hear that my book interests you enough to lead
+you to read it with some care.
+
+
+LETTER 412. TO FRANCIS GALTON. Down, January 4th, 1873.
+
+Very many thanks for "Fraser" (412/1. "Hereditary Improvement," by
+Francis Galton, "Fraser's Magazine," January 1873, page 116.): I have
+been greatly interested by your article. The idea of castes being
+spontaneously formed and leading to intermarriage (412/2. "My object is
+to build up, by the mere process of extensive enquiry and publication of
+results, a sentiment of caste among those who are naturally gifted,
+and to procure for them, before the system has fairly taken root, such
+moderate social favours and preference, no more no less, as would seem
+reasonable to those who were justly informed of the precise measure of
+their importance to the nation" (loc. cit., page 123).) is quite new
+to me, and I should suppose to others. I am not, however, so hopeful
+as you. Your proposed Society (412/3. Mr. Galton proposes that "Some
+society should undertake three scientific services: the first, by
+means of a moderate number of influential local agencies, to institute
+continuous enquiries into the facts of human heredity; the second to be
+a centre of information on heredity for breeders of animals and plants;
+and the third to discuss and classify the facts that were collected"
+(loc. cit., page 124).) would have awfully laborious work, and I doubt
+whether you could ever get efficient workers. As it is, there is much
+concealment of insanity and wickedness in families; and there would
+be more if there was a register. But the greatest difficulty, I think,
+would be in deciding who deserved to be on the register. How few are
+above mediocrity in health, strength, morals and intellect; and how
+difficult to judge on these latter heads. As far as I see, within the
+same large superior family, only a few of the children would deserve
+to be on the register; and these would naturally stick to their own
+families, so that the superior children of distinct families would have
+no good chance of associating much and forming a caste. Though I see so
+much difficulty, the object seems a grand one; and you have pointed out
+the sole feasible, yet I fear utopian, plan of procedure in improving
+the human race. I should be inclined to trust more (and this is part
+of your plan) to disseminating and insisting on the importance of the
+all-important principle of inheritance. I will make one or two minor
+criticisms. Is it not possible that the inhabitants of malarious
+countries owe their degraded and miserable appearance to the bad
+atmosphere, though this does not kill them, rather than to "economy of
+structure"? I do not see that an orthognathous face would cost more
+than a prognathous face; or a good morale than a bad one. That is a fine
+simile (page 119) about the chip of a statue (412/4. "...The life of the
+individual is treated as of absolutely no importance, while the race is
+as everything; Nature being wholly careless of the former except as a
+contributor to the maintenance and evolution of the latter. Myriads
+of inchoate lives are produced in what, to our best judgment, seems a
+wasteful and reckless manner, in order that a few selected specimens
+may survive, and be the parents of the next generation. It is as though
+individual lives were of no more consideration than are the senseless
+chips which fall from the chisel of the artist who is elaborating some
+ideal form from a rude block" (loc. cit., page 119).); but surely Nature
+does not more carefully regard races than individuals, as (I believe I
+have misunderstood what you mean) evidenced by the multitude of races
+and species which have become extinct. Would it not be truer to say that
+Nature cares only for the superior individuals and then makes her new
+and better races? But we ought both to shudder in using so freely the
+word "Nature" (412/5. See Letter 190, Volume I.) after what De Candolle
+has said. Again let me thank you for the interest received in reading
+your essay.
+
+Many thanks about the rabbits; your letter has been sent to Balfour:
+he is a very clever young man, and I believe owes his cleverness to
+Salisbury blood. This letter will not be worth your deciphering. I have
+almost finished Greg's "Enigmas." (412/6. "The Enigmas of Life," 1872.)
+It is grand poetry--but too Utopian and too full of faith for me; so
+that I have been rather disappointed. What do you think about it? He
+must be a delightful man.
+
+I doubt whether you have made clear how the families on the Register are
+to be kept pure or superior, and how they are to be in course of time
+still further improved.
+
+
+LETTER 413. TO MAX MULLER. Down, July 3rd, 1873.
+
+(413/1. In June, 1873, Professor Max Muller sent to Mr. Darwin a copy of
+the sixth edition of his "Lectures on the Science of Language" (413/2.
+A reference to the first edition occurs in "Life and Letters," II., page
+390.), with a letter concluding with these words: "I venture to send
+you my three lectures, trusting that, though I differ from some of your
+conclusions, you will believe me to be one of your diligent readers and
+sincere admirers.")
+
+I am much obliged for your kind note and present of your lectures. I
+am extremely glad to have received them from you, and I had intended
+ordering them.
+
+I feel quite sure from what I have read in your works that you would
+never say anything of an honest adversary to which he would have any
+just right to object; and as for myself, you have often spoken highly of
+me--perhaps more highly than I deserve.
+
+As far as language is concerned I am not worthy to be your adversary, as
+I know extremely little about it, and that little learnt from very few
+books. I should have been glad to have avoided the whole subject,
+but was compelled to take it up as well as I could. He who is fully
+convinced, as I am, that man is descended from some lower animal, is
+almost forced to believe a priori that articulate language has been
+developed from inarticulate cries (413/3. "Descent of Man" (1901), page
+133.); and he is therefore hardly a fair judge of the arguments opposed
+to this belief.
+
+(413/4. In October, 1875, Mr. Darwin again wrote cordially to Professor
+Max Muller on receipt of a pamphlet entitled "In Self-Defence" (413/5.
+Printed in "Chips from a German Workshop," Volume IV., 1875, page 473.),
+which is a reply to Professor Whitney's "Darwinism and Language" in the
+"North American Review," July 1874. This essay had been brought before
+the "general reader" in England by an article of Mr. G. Darwin's in the
+"Contemporary Review," November, 1874, page 894, entitled, "Professor
+Whitney on the Origin of Language." The article was followed by
+"My reply to Mr. Darwin," contributed by Professor Muller to the
+"Contemporary Review," January, 1875, page 305.)
+
+
+LETTER 414. G. ROLLESTON TO CHARLES DARWIN. British Association,
+Bristol, August 30th, 1875.
+
+(414/1. In the first edition of the "Descent of Man" Mr. Darwin wrote:
+"It is a more curious fact that savages did not formerly waste away, as
+Mr. Bagehot has remarked, before the classical nations, as they now
+do before modern civilised nations..."(414/2. Bagehot, "Physics and
+Politics," "Fortnightly Review," April, 1868, page 455.) In the second
+edition (page 183) the statement remains, but a mass of evidence
+(pages 183-92) is added, to which reference occurs in the reply to the
+following letter.)
+
+At pages 4-5 of the enclosed Address (414/3. "British Association
+Reports," 1875, page 142.) you will find that I have controverted Mr.
+Bagehot's view as to the extinction of the barbarians in the times of
+classical antiquity, as also the view of Poppig as to there being
+some occult influence exercised by civilisation to the disadvantage of
+savagery when the two come into contact.
+
+I write to say that I took up this subject without any wish to impugn
+any views of yours as such, but with the desire of having my say upon
+certain anti-sanitarian transactions and malfeasance of which I had had
+a painful experience.
+
+On reading however what I said, and had written somewhat hastily, it has
+struck me that what I have said might bear the former interpretation in
+the eyes of persons who might not read other papers of mine, and indeed
+other parts of the same Address, in which my adhesion, whatever it
+is worth, to your views in general is plainly enough implied. I have
+ventured to write this explanation to you for several reasons.
+
+
+LETTER 415. TO G. ROLLESTON. Bassett, Southampton, September 2nd [1875].
+
+I am much obliged to you for having sent me your Address, which has
+interested me greatly. I quite subscribe to what you say about Mr.
+Bagehot's striking remark, and wish I had not quoted it. I can perceive
+no sort of reflection or blame on anything which I have written, and I
+know well that I deserve many a good slap on the face. The decrease of
+savage populations interests me much, and I should like you some time
+to look at a discussion on this subject which I have introduced in the
+second edition of the "Descent of Man," and which you can find (for I
+have no copy here) in the list of additions. The facts have convinced me
+that lessened fertility and the poor constitution of the children is one
+chief cause of such decrease; and that the case is strictly parallel to
+the sterility of many wild animals when made captive, the civilisation
+of savages and the captivity of wild animals leading to the same result.
+
+
+LETTER 416. TO ERNST KRAUSE. Down, June 30th, 1877.
+
+I have been much interested by your able argument against the belief
+that the sense of colour has been recently acquired by man. (416/1.
+See "Kosmos," June 1877, page 264, a review of Dr. Hugo Magnus' "Die
+Geschichtliche Entwickelung des Farbensinnes," 1877. The first part is
+chiefly an account of the author's views; Dr. Krause's argument begins
+at page 269. The interest felt by Mr. Darwin is recorded by the numerous
+pencil-marks on the margin of his copy.) The following observation bears
+on this subject.
+
+I attended carefully to the mental development of my young children, and
+with two, or as I believe three of them, soon after they had come to the
+age when they knew the names of all common objects, I was startled by
+observing that they seemed quite incapable of affixing the right names
+to the colours in coloured engravings, although I tried repeatedly to
+teach them. I distinctly remember declaring that they were colour-blind,
+but this afterwards proved a groundless fear.
+
+On communicating this fact to another person he told me that he had
+observed a nearly similar case. Therefore the difficulty which young
+children experience either in distinguishing, or more probably in naming
+colours, seems to deserve further investigation. I will add that it
+formerly appeared to me that the gustatory sense, at least in the
+case of my own infants, and very young children, differed from that of
+grown-up persons. This was shown by their not disliking rhubarb mixed
+with a little sugar and milk, which is to us abominably nauseous; and
+in their strong taste for the sourest and most austere fruits, such as
+unripe gooseberries and crabapples.
+
+
+(PLATE: G.J. ROMANES, 1891. Elliott & Fry, photo. Walker and Cockerell,
+ph. sc.)
+
+
+LETTER 417. TO G.J. ROMANES. [Barlaston], August 20th, 1878.
+
+(417/1. Part of this letter (here omitted) is published in "Life and
+Letters," III., page 225, and the whole in the "Life and Letters of G.J.
+Romanes," page 74. The lecture referred to was on animal intelligence,
+and was given at the Dublin meeting of the British Association.)
+
+...The sole fault which I find with your lecture is that it is too
+short, and this is a rare fault. It strikes me as admirably clear and
+interesting. I meant to have remonstrated that you had not discussed
+sufficiently the necessity of signs for the formation of abstract ideas
+of any complexity, and then I came on the discussion on deaf mutes. This
+latter seems to me one of the richest of all the mines, and is worth
+working carefully for years, and very deeply. I should like to read
+whole chapters on this one head, and others on the minds of the higher
+idiots. Nothing can be better, as it seems to me, than your several
+lines or sources of evidence, and the manner in which you have arranged
+the whole subject. Your book will assuredly be worth years of hard
+labour; and stick to your subject. By the way, I was pleased at your
+discussing the selection of varying instincts or mental tendencies;
+for I have often been disappointed by no one having ever noticed this
+notion.
+
+I have just finished "La Psychologie, son Present et son Avenir,"
+1876, by Delboeuf (a mathematician and physicist of Belgium) in about a
+hundred pages. It has interested me a good deal, but why I hardly know;
+it is rather like Herbert Spencer. If you do not know it, and would care
+to see it, send me a postcard.
+
+Thank Heaven, we return home on Thursday, and I shall be able to go on
+with my humdrum work, and that makes me forget my daily discomfort.
+
+Have you ever thought of keeping a young monkey, so as to observe its
+mind? At a house where we have been staying there were Sir A. and Lady
+Hobhouse, not long ago returned from India, and she and he kept [a]
+young monkey and told me some curious particulars. One was that her
+monkey was very fond of looking through her eyeglass at objects, and
+moved the glass nearer and further so as to vary the focus. This struck
+me, as Frank's son, nearly two years old (and we think much of his
+intellect!!) is very fond of looking through my pocket lens, and I have
+quite in vain endeavoured to teach him not to put the glass close down
+on the object, but he always will do so. Therefore I conclude that a
+child under two years is inferior in intellect to a monkey.
+
+Once again I heartily congratulate you on your well-earned present, and
+I feel assured, grand future success.
+
+(417/2. Later in the year Mr. Darwin wrote: "I am delighted to hear that
+you mean to work the comparative Psychology well. I thought your letter
+to the "Times" very good indeed. (417/3. Romanes wrote to the "Times"
+August 28th, 1878, expressing his views regarding the distinction
+between man and the lower animals, in reply to criticisms contained in
+a leading article in the "Times" of August 23rd on his lecture at the
+Dublin meeting of the British Association.) Bartlett, at the Zoological
+Gardens, I feel sure, would advise you infinitely better about
+hardiness, intellect, price, etc., of monkey than F. Buckland; but with
+him it must be viva voce.
+
+"Frank says you ought to keep a idiot, a deaf mute, a monkey, and a baby
+in your house.")
+
+
+LETTER 418. TO G.A. GASKELL. Down, November 15th, 1878.
+
+(418/1. This letter has been published in Clapperton's "Scientific
+Meliorism," 1885, page 340, together with Mr. Gaskell's letter of
+November 13th (page 337). Mr. Gaskell's laws are given in his letter of
+November 13th, 1878. They are:--
+
+     I.  The Organological Law:
+           Natural Selection, or the Survival of the Fittest.
+
+     II.  The Sociological Law:
+            Sympathetic Selection, or Indiscriminate Survival.
+
+     III.  The Moral Law:
+             Social Selection, or the Birth of the Fittest.)
+
+Your letter seems to me very interesting and clearly expressed, and I
+hope that you are in the right. Your second law appears to be largely
+acted on in all civilised countries, and I just alluded to it in my
+remarks to the effect (as far as I remember) that the evil which would
+follow by checking benevolence and sympathy in not fostering the weak
+and diseased would be greater than by allowing them to survive and then
+to procreate.
+
+With regard to your third law, I do not know whether you have read an
+article (I forget when published) by F. Galton, in which he proposes
+certificates of health, etc., for marriage, and that the best should be
+matched. I have lately been led to reflect a little, (for, now that I
+am growing old, my work has become [word indecipherable] special) on the
+artificial checks, but doubt greatly whether such would be advantageous
+to the world at large at present, however it may be in the distant
+future. Suppose that such checks had been in action during the last
+two or three centuries, or even for a shorter time in Britain, what a
+difference it would have made in the world, when we consider America,
+Australia, New Zealand, and S. Africa! No words can exaggerate the
+importance, in my opinion, of our colonisation for the future history of
+the world.
+
+If it were universally known that the birth of children could be
+prevented, and this were not thought immoral by married persons, would
+there not be great danger of extreme profligacy amongst unmarried women,
+and might we not become like the "arreoi" societies in the Pacific? In
+the course of a century France will tell us the result in many ways, and
+we can already see that the French nation does not spread or increase
+much.
+
+I am glad that you intend to continue your investigations, and I hope
+ultimately may publish on the subject.
+
+
+LETTER 419. TO K. HOCHBERG. Down, January 13th, 1879.
+
+I am much obliged for your note and for the essay which you have sent
+me. I am a poor german scholar, and your german is difficult; but I
+think that I understand your meaning, and hope at some future time, when
+more at leisure, to recur to your essay. As far as I can judge, you have
+made a great advance in many ways in the subject; and I will send your
+paper to Mr. Edmund Gurney (The late Edmund Gurney, author of "The Power
+of Sound," 1880.), who has written on and is much interested in the
+origin of the taste for music. In reading your essay, it occurred to me
+that facility in the utterance of prolonged sounds (I do not think that
+you allude to this point) may possibly come into play in rendering them
+musical; for I have heard it stated that those who vary their voices
+much, and use cadences in long continued speaking, feel less fatigued
+than those who speak on the same note.
+
+
+LETTER 420. TO G.J. ROMANES. Down, February 5th, 1880.
+
+(420/1. Romanes was at work on what ultimately came to be a book on
+animal intelligence. Romanes's reply to this letter is given in his
+"Life," page 95. The table referred to is published as a frontispiece to
+his "Mental Evolution in Animals," 1885.)
+
+As I feared, I cannot be of the least use to you. I could not venture to
+say anything about babies without reading my Expression book and paper
+on Infants, or about animals without reading the "Descent of Man" and
+referring to my notes; and it is a great wrench to my mind to change
+from one subject to another.
+
+I will, however, hazard one or two remarks. Firstly, I should have
+thought that the word "love" (not sexual passion), as shown very low in
+the scale, to offspring and apparently to comrades, ought to have come
+in more prominently in your table than appears to be the case. Secondly,
+if you give any instance of the appreciation of different stimulants by
+plants, there is a much better case than that given by you--namely,
+that of the glands of Drosera, which can be touched roughly two or three
+times and do not transmit any effect, but do so if pressed by a weight
+of 1/78000 grain ("Insectivorous Plants" 263). On the other hand, the
+filament of Dionoea may be quietly loaded with a much greater weight,
+while a touch by a hair causes the lobes to close instantly. This has
+always seemed to me a marvellous fact. Thirdly, I have been accustomed
+to look at the coming in of the sense of pleasure and pain as one of the
+most important steps in the development of mind, and I should think it
+ought to be prominent in your table. The sort of progress which I have
+imagined is that a stimulus produced some effect at the point affected,
+and that the effect radiated at first in all directions, and then that
+certain definite advantageous lines of transmission were acquired,
+inducing definite reaction in certain lines. Such transmission
+afterwards became associated in some unknown way with pleasure or pain.
+These sensations led at first to all sorts of violent action, such as
+the wriggling of a worm, which was of some use. All the organs of sense
+would be at the same time excited. Afterwards definite lines of action
+would be found to be the most useful, and so would be practised. But it
+is of no use my giving you my crude notions.
+
+
+LETTER 421. TO S. TOLVER PRESTON. Down, May 22nd, 1880.
+
+(421/1. Mr. Preston wrote (May 20th, 1880) to the effect that
+"self-interest as a motive for conduct is a thing to be commended--and
+it certainly [is] I think...the only conceivable rational motive of
+conduct: and always is the tacitly recognised motive in all rational
+actions." Mr. Preston does not, of course, commend selfishness, which is
+not true self-interest.
+
+There seem to be two ways of looking at the case given by Darwin. The
+man who knows that he is risking his life,--realising that the personal
+satisfaction that may follow is not worth the risk--is surely admirable
+from the strength of character that leads him to follow the social
+instinct against his purely personal inclination. But the man who
+blindly obeys the social instinct is a more useful member of a social
+community. He will act with courage where even the strong man will
+fail.)
+
+Your letter appears to me an interesting and valuable one; but I have
+now been working for some years exclusively on the physiology of plants,
+and all other subjects have gone out of my head, and it fatigues me
+much to try and bring them back again into my head. I am, moreover,
+at present very busy, as I leave home for a fortnight's rest at the
+beginning of next week. My conviction as yet remains unchanged, that
+a man who (for instance) jumps into a river to save a life without a
+second's reflection (either from an innate tendency or from one gained
+by habit) is deservedly more honoured than a man who acts deliberately
+and is conscious, for however short a time, that the risk and sacrifice
+give him some inward satisfaction.
+
+You are of course familiar with Herbert Spencer's writings on Ethics.
+
+
+(422/1. The observations to which the following letters refer were
+continued by Mr. Wallis, who gave an account of his work in an
+interesting paper in the "Proceedings of the Zoological Society," March
+2nd, 1897. The results on the whole confirm the belief that traces of an
+ancestral pointed ear exist in man.)
+
+
+LETTER 422. TO H.M. WALLIS. Down, March 22nd, 1881.
+
+I am very much obliged for your courteous and kind note. The fact which
+you communicate is quite new to me, and as I was laughed at about the
+tips to human ears, I should like to publish in "Nature" some time your
+fact. But I must first consult Eschricht, and see whether he notices
+this fact in his curious paper on the lanugo on human embryos; and
+secondly I ought to look to monkeys and other animals which have tufted
+ears, and observe how the hair grows. This I shall not be able to do for
+some months, as I shall not be in London until the autumn so as to go to
+the Zoological Gardens. But in order that I may not hereafter throw away
+time, will you be so kind as to inform me whether I may publish your
+observation if on further search it seems desirable?
+
+
+LETTER 423. TO H.M. WALLIS. Down, March 31st, 1881.
+
+I am much obliged for your interesting letter. I am glad to hear that
+you are looking to other ears, and will visit the Zoological Gardens.
+Under these circumstances it would be incomparably better (as more
+authentic) if you would publish a notice of your observations in
+"Nature" or some scientific journal. Would it not be well to confine
+your attention to infants, as more likely to retain any primordial
+character, and offering less difficulty in observing. I think, though,
+it would be worth while to observe whether there is any relation (though
+probably none) between much hairiness on the ears of an infant and
+the presence of the "tip" on the folded margin. Could you not get an
+accurate sketch of the direction of the hair of the tip of an ear?
+
+The fact which you communicate about the goat-sucker is very curious.
+About the difference in the power of flight in Dorkings, etc., may it
+not be due merely to greater weight of body in the adults?
+
+I am so old that I am not likely ever again to write on general and
+difficult points in the theory of Evolution.
+
+I shall use what little strength is left me for more confined and easy
+subjects.
+
+
+LETTER 424. TO MRS. TALBOT.
+
+(Mrs. Emily Talbot was secretary of the Education Department of the
+American Social Science Association, Boston, Mass. A circular and
+register was issued by the Department, and answers to various questions
+were asked for. See "Nature," April 28th, page 617, 1881. The above
+letter was published in "The Field Naturalist," Manchester, 1883, page
+5, edited by Mr. W.E. Axon, to whom we are indebted for a copy.)
+
+Down, July 19th [1881?]
+
+In response to your wish, I have much pleasure in expressing the
+interest which I feel in your proposed investigation on the mental and
+bodily development of infants. Very little is at present accurately
+known on this subject, and I believe that isolated observations will add
+but little to our knowledge, whereas tabulated results from a very large
+number of observations, systematically made, would probably throw
+much light on the sequence and period of development of the several
+faculties. This knowledge would probably give a foundation for some
+improvement in our education of young children, and would show us
+whether the system ought to be followed in all cases.
+
+I will venture to specify a few points of inquiry which, as it seems to
+me, possess some scientific interest. For instance, does the education
+of the parents influence the mental powers of their children at any
+age, either at a very early or somewhat more advanced stage? This could
+perhaps be learned by schoolmasters and mistresses if a large number
+of children were first classed according to age and their mental
+attainments, and afterwards in accordance with the education of their
+parents, as far as this could be discovered. As observation is one of
+the earliest faculties developed in young children, and as this power
+would probably be exercised in an equal degree by the children of
+educated and uneducated persons, it seems not impossible that any
+transmitted effect from education could be displayed only at a somewhat
+advanced age. It would be desirable to test statistically, in a similar
+manner, the truth of the oft-repeated statement that coloured children
+at first learn as quickly as white children, but that they afterwards
+fall off in progress. If it could be proved that education acts not only
+on the individual, but, by transmission, on the race, this would be a
+great encouragement to all working on this all-important subject. It is
+well known that children sometimes exhibit, at a very early age,
+strong special tastes, for which no cause can be assigned, although
+occasionally they may be accounted for by reversion to the taste or
+occupation of some progenitor; and it would be interesting to learn how
+far such early tastes are persistent and influence the future career
+of the individual. In some instances such tastes die away without
+apparently leaving any after effect, but it would be desirable to know
+how far this is commonly the case, as we should then know whether it
+were important to direct as far as this is possible the early tastes
+of our children. It may be more beneficial that a child should follow
+energetically some pursuit, of however trifling a nature, and thus
+acquire perseverance, than that he should be turned from it because
+of no future advantage to him. I will mention one other small point of
+inquiry in relation to very young children, which may possibly prove
+important with respect to the origin of language; but it could be
+investigated only by persons possessing an accurate musical ear.
+Children, even before they can articulate, express some of their
+feelings and desires by noises uttered in different notes. For instance,
+they make an interrogative noise, and others of assent and dissent,
+in different tones; and it would, I think, be worth while to ascertain
+whether there is any uniformity in different children in the pitch of
+their voices under various frames of mind.
+
+I fear that this letter can be of no use to you, but it will serve to
+show my sympathy and good wishes in your researches.
+
+
+
+2.VIII.II. SEXUAL SELECTION, 1866-1872.
+
+
+LETTER 425. TO JAMES SHAW. Down, February 11th [1866].
+
+I am much obliged to you for your kindness in sending me an abstract of
+your paper on beauty. (425/1. A newspaper report of a communication to
+the "Dumfries Antiquarian and Natural History Society.") In my opinion
+you take quite a correct view of the subject. It is clear that Dr.
+Dickson has either never seen my book, or overlooked the discussion
+on sexual selection. If you have any precise facts on birds' "courtesy
+towards their own image in mirror or picture," I should very much like
+to hear them. Butterflies offer an excellent instance of beauty being
+displayed in conspicuous parts; for those kinds which habitually display
+the underside of the wing have this side gaudily coloured, and this is
+not so in the reverse case. I daresay you will know that the males of
+many foreign butterflies are much more brilliantly coloured than the
+females, as in the case of birds. I can adduce good evidence from two
+large classes of facts (too large to specify) that flowers have become
+beautiful to make them conspicuous to insects. (425/2. This letter is
+published in "A Country Schoolmaster, James Shaw." Edited by Robert
+Wallace, Edinburgh, 1899.)
+
+(425/3. Mr. Darwin wrote again to Mr. Shaw in April, 1866:--)
+
+I am much obliged for your kind letter and all the great trouble which
+you have taken in sending to all the various and interesting facts on
+birds admiring themselves. I am very glad to hear of these facts. I have
+just finished writing and adding to a new edition of the "Origin," and
+in this I have given, without going into details (so that I shall not be
+able to use your facts), some remarks on the subject of beauty.
+
+
+LETTER 426. TO A.D. BARTLETT. Down, February 16th [1867?]
+
+I want to beg two favours of you. I wish to ascertain whether the
+Bower-Bird discriminates colours. (426/1. Mr. Bartlett does not seem to
+have supplied any information on the point in question. The evidence for
+the Bower-Bird's taste in colour is in "Descent of Man," II., page 112.)
+Will you have all the coloured worsted removed from the cage and bower,
+and then put all in a row, at some distance from bower, the enclosed
+coloured worsted, and mark whether the bird AT FIRST makes any
+selection. Each packet contains an equal quantity; the packets had
+better be separate, and each thread put separate, but close
+together; perhaps it would be fairest if the several colours were put
+alternately--one thread of bright scarlet, one thread of brown, etc.,
+etc. There are six colours. Will you have the kindness to tell me
+whether the birds prefer one colour to another?
+
+Secondly, I very much want several heads of the fancy and
+long-domesticated rabbits, to measure the capacity of skull. I want
+only small kinds, such as Himalaya, small Angora, Silver Grey, or any
+small-sized rabbit which has long been domesticated. The Silver Grey
+from warrens would be of little use. The animals must be adult, and the
+smaller the breed the better. Now when any one dies would you send me
+the carcase named; if the skin is of any value it might be skinned, but
+it would be rather better with skin, and I could make a present to
+any keeper to whom the skin is a perquisite. This would be of great
+assistance to me, if you would have the kindness thus to aid me.
+
+
+LETTER 427. TO W.B. TEGETMEIER.
+
+(427/1. We are not aware that the experiment here suggested has ever
+been carried out.)
+
+Down, March 5th [1867].
+
+I write on the bare and very improbable chance of your being able
+to try, or get some trustworthy person to try, the following little
+experiment. But I may first state, as showing what I want, that it has
+been stated that if two long feathers in the tail of the male Widow-Bird
+at the Cape of Good Hope are pulled out, no female will pair with him.
+
+Now, where two or three common cocks are kept, I want to know, if the
+tail sickle-feathers and saddle-feathers of one which had succeeded in
+getting wives were cut and mutilated and his beauty spoiled, whether he
+would continue to be successful in getting wives. This might be tried
+with drakes or peacocks, but no one would be willing to spoil for a
+season his peacocks. I have no strength or opportunity of watching my
+own poultry, otherwise I would try it. I would very gladly repay all
+expenses of loss of value of the poultry, etc. But, as I said, I have
+written on the most improbable chance of your interesting any one to
+make the trial, or having time and inclination yourself to make it.
+Another, and perhaps better, mode of making the trial would be to turn
+down to some hens two or three cocks, one being injured in its plumage.
+
+I am glad to say that I have begun correcting proofs. (427/2. "The
+Variation of Animals and Plants.") I hope that you received safely the
+skulls which you so kindly lent me.
+
+
+LETTER 428. TO W.B. TEGETMEIER. Down, March 30th [1867].
+
+I am much obliged for your note, and shall be truly obliged if you will
+insert any question on the subject. That is a capital remark of yours
+about the trimmed game cocks, and shall be quoted by me. (428/1.
+"Descent of Man," Edition I., Volume II., page 117. "Mr. Tegetmeier is
+convinced that a game cock, though disfigured by being dubbed with his
+hackles trimmed, would be accepted as readily as a male retaining all
+his natural ornaments.") Nevertheless I am still inclined from many
+facts strongly to believe that the beauty of the male bird determines
+the choice of the female with wild birds, however it may be under
+domestication. Sir R. Heron has described how one pied peacock was extra
+attentive to the hens. This is a subject which I must take up as soon as
+my present book is done.
+
+I shall be most particularly obliged to you if you will dye with magenta
+a pigeon or two. (428/2. "Mr. Tegetmeier, at my request, stained some
+of his birds with magenta, but they were not much noticed by the
+others."--"Descent of Man" (1901), page 637.) Would it not be better
+to dye the tail alone and crown of head, so as not to make too great
+difference? I shall be very curious to hear how an entirely crimson
+pigeon will be received by the others as well as his mate.
+
+P.S.--Perhaps the best experiment, for my purpose, would be to colour a
+young unpaired male and turn him with other pigeons, and observe whether
+he was longer or quicker than usual in mating.
+
+
+LETTER 429. TO A.R. WALLACE. Down, April 29th [1867].
+
+I have been greatly interested by your letter, but your view is not new
+to me. (429/1. We have not been able to find Mr. Wallace's letter to
+which this is a reply. It evidently refers to Mr. Wallace's belief in
+the paramount importance of protection in the evolution of colour. This
+is clear from the P.S. to the present letter and from the passages in
+the "Origin" referred to. The first reference, Edition IV., page 240,
+is as follows: "We can sometimes plainly see the proximate cause of the
+transmission of ornaments to the males alone; for a pea-hen with the
+long tail of the male bird would be badly fitted to sit on her eggs, and
+a coal-black female capercailzie would be far more conspicuous on her
+nest, and more exposed to danger, than in her present modest attire."
+The passages in Edition I. (pages 89, 101) do not directly bear on the
+question of protection.) If you will look at page 240 of the fourth
+edition of the "Origin" you will find it very briefly given with
+two extreme examples of the peacock and black grouse. A more general
+statement is given at page 101, or at page 89 of the first edition,
+for I have long entertained this view, though I have never had space to
+develop it. But I had not sufficient knowledge to generalise as far as
+you do about colouring and nesting. In your paper perhaps you will just
+allude to my scanty remark in the fourth edition, because in my Essay
+on Man I intend to discuss the whole subject of sexual selection,
+explaining as I believe it does much with respect to man. I have
+collected all my old notes, and partly written my discussion, and it
+would be flat work for me to give the leading idea as exclusively from
+you. But, as I am sure from your greater knowledge of Ornithology and
+Entomology that you will write a much better discussion than I could,
+your paper will be of great use to me. Nevertheless I must discuss the
+subject fully in my Essay on Man. When we met at the Zoological Society,
+and I asked you about the sexual differences in kingfishers, I had this
+subject in view; as I had when I suggested to Bates the difficulty about
+gaudy caterpillars, which you have so admirably (as I believe it will
+prove) explained. (429/2. See a letter of February 26th, 1867, to Mr.
+Wallace, "Life and Letters" III., page 94.) I have got one capital case
+(genus forgotten) of a [Australian] bird in which the female has long
+tail-plumes, and which consequently builds a different nest from all her
+allies. (429/3. Menura superba: see "Descent of Man" (1901), page 687.
+Rhynchoea, mentioned a line or two lower down, is discussed in the
+"Descent," page 727. The female is more brightly coloured than the male,
+and has a convoluted trachea, elsewhere a masculine character. There
+seems some reason to suppose that "the male undertakes the duty of
+incubation.") With respect to certain female birds being more brightly
+coloured than the males, and the latter incubating, I have gone a little
+into the subject, and cannot say that I am fully satisfied. I remember
+mentioning to you the case of Rhynchoea, but its nesting seems unknown.
+In some other cases the difference in brightness seemed to me hardly
+sufficiently accounted for by the principle of protection. At the
+Falkland Islands there is a carrion hawk in which the female (as I
+ascertained by dissection) is the brightest coloured, and I doubt
+whether protection will here apply; but I wrote several months ago to
+the Falklands to make enquiries. The conclusion to which I have been
+leaning is that in some of these abnormal cases the colour happened to
+vary in the female alone, and was transmitted to females alone, and that
+her variations have been selected through the admiration of the male.
+
+It is a very interesting subject, but I shall not be able to go on with
+it for the next five or six months, as I am fully employed in correcting
+dull proof-sheets. When I return to the work I shall find it much better
+done by you than I could have succeeded in doing.
+
+It is curious how we hit on the same ideas. I have endeavoured to show
+in my MS. discussion that nearly the same principles account for young
+birds not being gaily coloured in many cases, but this is too complex a
+point for a note.
+
+On reading over your letter again, and on further reflection, I do not
+think (as far as I remember my words) that I expressed myself nearly
+strongly enough on the value and beauty of your generalisation (429/4.
+See Letter 203, Volume I.), viz., that all birds in which the female
+is conspicuously or brightly coloured build in holes or under domes. I
+thought that this was the explanation in many, perhaps most cases, but
+do not think I should ever have extended my view to your generalisation.
+Forgive me troubling you with this P.S.
+
+
+LETTER 430. TO A.R. WALLACE. Down, May 5th [1867].
+
+The offer of your valuable notes is most generous, but it would vex me
+to take so much from you, as it is certain that you could work up
+the subject very much better than I could. Therefore I earnestly, and
+without any reservation, hope that you will proceed with your paper, so
+that I return your notes. You seem already to have well investigated the
+subject. I confess on receiving your note that I felt rather flat at my
+recent work being almost thrown away, but I did not intend to show this
+feeling. As a proof how little advance I had made on the subject, I may
+mention that though I had been collecting facts on the colouring, and
+other sexual differences in mammals, your explanation with respect to
+the females had not occurred to me. I am surprised at my own stupidity,
+but I have long recognised how much clearer and deeper your insight into
+matters is than mine. I do not know how far you have attended to the
+laws of inheritance, so what follows may be obvious to you. I have begun
+my discussion on sexual selection by showing that new characters often
+appear in one sex and are transmitted to that sex alone, and that from
+some unknown cause such characters apparently appear oftener in the
+male than in the female. Secondly, characters may be developed and be
+confined to the male, and long afterwards be transferred to the female.
+Thirdly, characters may arise in either sex and be transmitted to both
+sexes, either in an equal or unequal degree. In this latter case I have
+supposed that the survival of the fittest has come into play with female
+birds and kept the female dull-coloured. With respect to the absence of
+spurs in the female gallinaceous birds, I presume that they would be
+in the way during incubation; at least I have got the case of a German
+breed of fowls in which the hens were spurred, and were found to disturb
+and break their eggs much. With respect to the females of deer not
+having horns, I presume it is to save the loss of organised matter. In
+your note you speak of sexual selection and protection as sufficient to
+account for the colouring of all animals, but it seems to me doubtful
+how far this will come into play with some of the lower animals, such as
+sea anemones, some corals, etc., etc. On the other hand Hackel (430/1.
+See "Descent of Man" (1901) page 402.) has recently well shown that
+the transparency and absence of colour in the lower oceanic animals,
+belonging to the most different classes, may be well accounted for on
+the principle of protection.
+
+Some time or other I should like much to know where your paper on the
+nests of birds has appeared, and I shall be extremely anxious to read
+your paper in the "Westminster Review." (430/2. "Westminster Review,"
+July, 1867.) Your paper on the sexual colouring of birds will, I have
+no doubt, be very striking. Forgive me, if you can, for a touch of
+illiberality about your paper.
+
+
+LETTER 431. TO A.R. WALLACE. March 19th, 1868.
+
+(431/1. "The Variation of Animals and Plants" having been published on
+January 30th, 1868, Mr. Darwin notes in his diary that on February 4th
+he "Began on Man and Sexual Selection." He had already (in 1864 and
+1867) corresponded with Mr. Wallace on these questions--see for
+instance the "Life and Letters," III., page 89; but, owing to various
+interruptions, serious work on the subject did not begin until 1869. The
+following quotations show the line of work undertaken early in 1868.
+
+Mr. Wallace wrote (March 19th, 1868): "I am glad you have got good
+materials on sexual selection. It is no doubt a difficult subject.
+One difficulty to me is, that I do not see how the constant MINUTE
+variations, which are sufficient for Natural Selection to work with,
+could be SEXUALLY selected. We seem to require a series of bold and
+abrupt variations. How can we imagine that an inch in the tail of the
+peacock, or 1/4-inch in that of the Bird of Paradise, would be noticed
+and preferred by the female.")
+
+In regard to sexual selection. A girl sees a handsome man, and without
+observing whether his nose or whiskers are the tenth of an inch longer
+or shorter than in some other man, admires his appearance and says she
+will marry him. So, I suppose, with the pea-hen; and the tail has been
+increased in length merely by, on the whole, presenting a more gorgeous
+appearance. J. Jenner Weir, however, has given me some facts showing
+that birds apparently admire details of plumage.
+
+
+LETTER 432. TO F. MULLER. March 28th [1868].
+
+I am particularly obliged to you for your observations on the
+stridulation of the two sexes of Lamellicorns. (432/1. We are unable
+to find any mention of F. Muller's observations on this point; but
+the reference is clearly to Darwin's observations on Necrophorus and
+Pelobius, in which the stridulating rasp was bigger in the males in the
+first individuals examined, but not so in succeeding specimens. "Descent
+of Man," Edition II., Volume I., page 382.) I begin to fear that I am
+completely in error owing to that common cause, viz. mistaking at first
+individual variability for sexual difference.
+
+I go on working at sexual selection, and, though never idle, I am able
+to do so little work each day that I make very slow progress. I knew
+from Azara about the young of the tapir being striped, and about young
+deer being spotted (432/2. Fritz Muller's views are discussed in the
+"Descent of Man," Edition II., Volume II., page 305.); I have often
+reflected on this subject, and know not what to conclude about the loss
+of the stripes and spots. From the geographical distribution of the
+striped and unstriped species of Equus there seems to be something very
+mysterious about the loss of stripes; and I cannot persuade myself
+that the common ass has lost its stripes owing to being rendered more
+conspicuous from having stripes and thus exposed to danger.
+
+
+LETTER 433. TO J. JENNER WEIR.
+
+(433/1. Mr. John Jenner Weir, to whom the following letters are
+addressed, is frequently quoted in the "Descent of Man" as having
+supplied Mr. Darwin with information on a variety of subjects.)
+
+Down, February 27th [1868].
+
+I must thank you for your paper on apterous lepidoptera (433/2.
+Published by the West Kent Natural History, Microscopical and
+Photographic Society, Greenwich, 1867. Mr. Weir's paper seems chiefly to
+have interested Mr. Darwin as affording a good case of gradation in
+the degree of degradation of the wings in various species.), which has
+interested me exceedingly, and likewise for the very honourable mention
+which you make of my name. It is almost a pity that your paper was
+not published in some Journal in which it would have had a wider
+distribution. It contained much that was new to me. I think the part
+about the relation of the wings and spiracles and tracheae might have
+been made a little clearer. Incidentally, you have done me a good
+service by reminding me of the rudimentary spurs on the legs of the
+partridge, for I am now writing on what I have called sexual selection.
+I believe that I am not mistaken in thinking that you have attended much
+to birds in confinement, as well as to insects. If you could call to
+mind any facts bearing on this subject, with birds, insects, or any
+animals--such as the selection by a female of any particular male--or
+conversely of a particular female by a male, or on the rivalry between
+males, or on the allurement of the females by the males, or any such
+facts, I should be most grateful for the information, if you would have
+the kindness to communicate it.
+
+P.S.--I may give as instance of [this] class of facts, that Barrow
+asserts that a male Emberiza (?) at the Cape has immensely long
+tail-feathers during the breeding season (433/3. Barrow describes the
+long tail feathers of Emberiza longicauda as enduring "but the season
+of love." "An Account of Travels into the Interior of Southern Africa":
+London, 1801, Volume I., page 244.); and that if these are cut off, he
+has no chance of getting a wife. I have always felt an intense wish to
+make analogous trials, but have never had an opportunity, and it is not
+likely that you or any one would be willing to try so troublesome an
+experiment. Colouring or staining the fine red breast of a bullfinch
+with some innocuous matter into a dingy tint would be an analogous
+case, and then putting him and ordinary males with a female. A
+friend promised, but failed, to try a converse experiment with white
+pigeons--viz., to stain their tails and wings with magenta or other
+colours, and then observe what effect such a prodigious alteration would
+have on their courtship. (433/4. See Letter 428.) It would be a fairer
+trial to cut off the eyes of the tail-feathers of male peacocks; but who
+would sacrifice the beauty of their bird for a whole season to please a
+mere naturalist?
+
+
+LETTER 434. TO J. JENNER WEIR. Down, February 29th [1868].
+
+I have hardly ever received a note which has interested me more than
+your last; and this is no exaggeration. I had a few cases of birds
+perceiving slight changes in the dress of their owners, but your facts
+are of tenfold value. I shall certainly make use of them, and need not
+say how much obliged I should be for any others about which you feel
+confident.
+
+Do you know of any birds besides some of the gallinaceae which are
+polygamous? Do you know of any birds besides pigeons, and, as it is
+said, the raven, which pair for their whole lives?
+
+Many years ago I visited your brother, who showed me his pigeons and
+gave me some valuable information. Could you persuade him (but I fear
+he would think it high treason) to stain a male pigeon some brilliant
+colour, and observe whether it excited in the other pigeons, especially
+the females, admiration or contempt?
+
+For the chance of your liking to have a copy and being able to find some
+parts which would interest you, I have directed Mr. Murray to send you
+my recent book on "Variation under Domestication."
+
+P.S.--I have somewhere safe references to cases of magpies, of which
+one of a pair has been repeatedly (I think seven times) killed, and yet
+another mate was always immediately found. (434/1. On this subject see
+"Descent of Man," Edition I., Volume II., page 104, where Mr. Weir's
+observations were made use of. This statement is quoted from Jenner
+("Phil. Trans." 1824) in the "Descent of Man" (1901), page 620.) A
+gamekeeper told me yesterday of analogous case. This perplexes me much.
+Are there many unmarried birds? I can hardly believe it. Or will one of
+a pair, of which the nest has been robbed, or which are barren, always
+desert his or her mate for a strange mate with the attraction of a nest,
+and in one instance with young birds in the nest? The gamekeeper said
+during breeding season he had never observed a single or unpaired
+partridge. How can the sexes be so equally matched?
+
+P.S. 2nd.--I fear you will find me a great bore, but I will be as
+reasonable as can be expected in plundering one so rich as you.
+
+P.S. 3rd.--I have just received a letter from Dr. Wallace (434/2.
+See "Descent of Man," Edition I., Volume I., pages 386-401, where
+Dr. Wallace's observations are quoted.), of Colchester, about the
+proportional numbers of the two sexes in Bombyx; and in this note,
+apropos to an incidental remark of mine, he stoutly maintains that
+female lepidoptera never notice the colours or appearance of the male,
+but always receive the first male which comes; and this appears very
+probable. He says he has often seen fine females receive old battered
+and pale-tinted males. I shall have to admit this very great objection
+to sexual selection in insects. His observations no doubt apply to
+English lepidoptera, in most of which the sexes are alike. The brimstone
+or orange-tip would be good to observe in this respect, but it is
+hopelessly difficult. I think I have often seen several males following
+one female; and what decides which male shall succeed? How is this about
+several males; is it not so?
+
+
+LETTER 435. TO J. JENNER WEIR. 6, Queen Anne Street, Cavendish Square,
+W. [March 6th, 1868].
+
+I have come here for a few weeks, for a little change and rest. Just as
+I was leaving home I received your first note, and yesterday a second;
+and both are most interesting and valuable to me. That is a very curious
+observation about the goldfinch's beak (435/1. "Descent of Man,"
+Edition I., Volume I., page 39. Mr. Weir is quoted as saying that the
+birdcatchers can distinguish the males of the goldfinch, Carduelis
+elegans, by their "slightly longer beaks."), but one would hardly like
+to trust it without measurement or comparison of the beaks of several
+male and female birds; for I do not understand that you yourself assert
+that the beak of the male is sensibly longer than that of the female. If
+you come across any acute birdcatchers (I do not mean to ask you to
+go after them), I wish you would ask what is their impression on the
+relative numbers of the sexes of any birds which they habitually catch,
+and whether some years males are more numerous and some years females.
+I see that I must trust to analogy (an unsafe support) for sexual
+selection in regard to colour in butterflies. You speak of the brimstone
+butterfly and genus Edusa (435/2. Colias Edusa.) (I forget what this is,
+and have no books here, unless it is Colias) not opening their wings.
+In one of my notes to Mr. Stainton I asked him (but he could or did not
+answer) whether butterflies such as the Fritillaries, with wings bright
+beneath and above, opened and shut their wings more than Vanessae, most
+of which, I think, are obscure on the under surface. That is a most
+curious observation about the red underwing moth and the robin (435/3.
+"Descent of Man," Edition I., Volume I., page 395. Mr. Weir describes
+the pursuit of a red-underwing, Triphoena pronuba, by a robin which was
+attracted by the bright colour of the moth, and constantly missed the
+insect by breaking pieces off the wing instead of seizing the body. Mr.
+Wallace's facts are given on the same page.), and strongly supports a
+suggestion (which I thought hardly credible) of A.R. Wallace, viz. that
+the immense wings of some exotic lepidoptera served as a protection from
+difficulty of birds seizing them. I will probably quote your case.
+
+No doubt Dr. Hooker collected the Kerguelen moth, for I remember he told
+me of the case when I suggested in the "Origin," the explanation of
+the coleoptera of Madeira being apterous; but he did not know what had
+become of the specimens.
+
+I am quite delighted to hear that you are observing coloured birds
+(435/4. "Descent of Man," Edition I., Volume II., page 110.), though the
+probability, I suppose, will be that no sure result will be gained. I am
+accustomed with my numerous experiments with plants to be well satisfied
+if I get any good result in one case out of five.
+
+You will not be able to read all my book--too much detail. Some of the
+chapters in the second volume are curious, I think. If any man wants to
+gain a good opinion of his fellow-men, he ought to do what I am doing,
+pester them with letters.
+
+
+LETTER 436. TO J. JENNER WEIR. 4, Chester Place, Regent's Park, N.W.,
+March 13th [1868].
+
+You make a very great mistake when you speak of "the risk of your notes
+boring me." They are of the utmost value to me, and I am sure I shall
+never be tired of receiving them; but I must not be unreasonable. I
+shall give almost all the facts which you have mentioned in your two
+last notes, as well as in the previous ones; and my only difficulty
+will be not to give too much and weary my readers. Your last note is
+especially valuable about birds displaying the beautiful parts of their
+plumage. Audubon (436/1. In his "Ornithological Biography," 5 volumes,
+Edinburgh, 1831-49.) gives a good many facts about the antics of birds
+during courtship, but nothing nearly so much to the purpose as yours.
+I shall never be able to resist giving the whole substance of your last
+note. It is quite a new light to me, except with the peacock and Bird
+of Paradise. I must now look to turkey's wings; but I do not think that
+their wings are beautiful when opened during courtship. Its tail is
+finely banded. How about the drake and Gallus bankiva? I forget how
+their wings look when expanded. Your facts are all the more valuable
+as I now clearly see that for butterflies I must trust to analogy
+altogether in regard to sexual selection. But I think I shall make out a
+strong case (as far as the rather deceitful guide of analogy will serve)
+in the sexes of butterflies being alike or differing greatly--in moths
+which do not display the lower surface of their wings not having them
+gaudily coloured, etc., etc.--nocturnal moths, etc.--and in some male
+insects fighting for the females, and attracting them by music.
+
+My discussion on sexual selection will be a curious one--a mere
+dovetailing of information derived from you, Bates, Wallace, etc., etc.,
+etc.
+
+We remain at above address all this month, and then return home. In the
+summer, could I persuade you to pay us a visit of a day or two, and I
+would try and get Bates and some others to come down? But my health is
+so precarious, I can ask no one who will not allow me the privilege of
+a poor old invalid; for talking, I find by long and dear-bought
+experience, tries my head more than anything, and I am utterly incapable
+of talking more than half an hour, except on rare occasions.
+
+I fear this note is very badly written; but I was very ill all
+yesterday, and my hand shakes to-day.
+
+
+LETTER 437. TO J. JENNER WEIR. 4, Chester Place, Regent's Park, N.W.,
+March 22nd [1868].
+
+I hope that you will not think me ungrateful that I have not sooner
+answered your note of the 16th; but in fact I have been overwhelmed both
+with calls and letters; and, alas! one visit to the British Museum of an
+hour or hour and a half does for me for the whole day.
+
+I was particularly glad to hear your and your brother's statement about
+the "gay" deceiver-pigeons. (437/1. Some cock pigeons "called by our
+English fanciers gay birds are so successful in their gallantries that,
+as Mr. H. Weir informs me, they must be shut up, on account of the
+mischief which they cause.") I did not at all know that certain birds
+could win the affections of the females more than other males, except,
+indeed, in the case of the peacock. Conversely, Mr. Hewitt, I remember,
+states that in making hybrids the cock pheasant would prefer certain hen
+fowls and strongly dislike others. I will write to Mr. H. in a few days,
+and ask him whether he has observed anything of this kind with pure
+unions of fowls, ducks, etc. I had utterly forgotten the case of the
+ruff (437/2. The ruff, Machetes pugnax, was believed by Montague to be
+polygamous. "Descent of Man," Edition I., Volume I., page 270.), but now
+I remember having heard that it was polygamous; but polygamy with birds,
+at least, does not seem common enough to have played an important part.
+So little is known of habits of foreign birds: Wallace does not even
+know whether Birds of Paradise are polygamous. Have you been a large
+collector of caterpillars? I believe so. I inferred from a letter from
+Dr. Wallace, of Colchester, that he would account for Mr. Stainton
+and others rearing more female than male by their having collected the
+larger and finer caterpillars. But I misunderstood him, and he maintains
+that collectors take all caterpillars, large and small, for that they
+collect the caterpillars alone of the rarer moths or butterflies. What
+think you? I hear from Professor Canestrini (437/3. See "Descent of Man"
+(1901), page 385.) in Italy that females are born in considerable excess
+with Bombyx mori, and in greater excess of late years than formerly!
+Quatrefages writes to me that he believes they are equal in France.
+So that the farther I go the deeper I sink into the mire. With cordial
+thanks for your most valuable letters.
+
+We remain here till April 1st, and then hurrah for home and quiet work.
+
+
+LETTER 438. TO J. JENNER WEIR. 4, Chester Place, N.W., March 27th
+[1868].
+
+I hardly know which of your three last letters has interested me most.
+What splendid work I shall have hereafter in selecting and arranging
+all your facts. Your last letter is most curious--all about the
+bird-catchers--and interested us all. I suppose the male chaffinch
+in "pegging" approaches the captive singing-bird, from rivalry or
+jealousy--if I am wrong please tell me; otherwise I will assume so. Can
+you form any theory about all the many cases which you have given me,
+and others which have been published, of when one [of a] pair is killed,
+another soon appearing? Your fact about the bullfinches in your garden
+is most curious on this head. (438/1. Mr. Weir stated that at Blackheath
+he never saw or heard a wild bullfinch, yet when one of his caged males
+died, a wild one in the course of a few days generally came and perched
+near the widowed female, whose call-note is not loud. "Descent of Man"
+(1901), page 623.) Are there everywhere many unpaired birds? What can
+the explanation be?
+
+Mr. Gould assures me that all the nightingales which first come over are
+males, and he believes this is so with other migratory birds. But this
+does not agree with what the bird-catchers say about the common linnet,
+which I suppose migrates within the limits of England.
+
+Many thanks for very curious case of Pavo nigripennis. (438/2. See
+"Animals and Plants," Edition II., Volume I., page 306.) I am very glad
+to get additional evidence. I have sent your fact to be inserted, if
+not too late, in four foreign editions which are now printing. I am
+delighted to hear that you approve of my book; I thought every mortal
+man would find the details very tedious, and have often repented of
+giving so many. You will find pangenesis stiff reading, and I fear will
+shake your head in disapproval. Wallace sticks up for the great god Pan
+like a man.
+
+The fertility of hybrid canaries would be a fine subject for careful
+investigation.
+
+
+LETTER 439. TO J. JENNER WEIR. Down, April 4th [1868].
+
+I read over your last ten (!) letters this morning, and made an index
+of their contents for easy reference; and what a mine of wealth you
+have bestowed on me. I am glad you will publish yourself on gay-coloured
+caterpillars and birds (439/1. See "Descent of Man," Edition I., Volume
+I., page 417, where Mr. Weir's experiments are given; they were made to
+test Mr. Wallace's theory that caterpillars, which are protected against
+birds by an unpleasant taste, have been rendered conspicuous, so that
+they are easily recognised. They thus escape being pecked or tasted,
+which to soft-skinned animals would be as fatal as being devoured. See
+Mr. Jenner Weir's papers, "Transact. Entomolog. Soc." 1869, page 2;
+1870, page 337. In regard to one of these papers Mr. Darwin wrote (May
+13th, 1869): "Your verification of Wallace's suggestion seems to me
+to amount to quite a discovery."); it seems to me much the best plan;
+therefore, I will not forward your letter to Mr. Wallace. I was much
+in the Zoological Gardens during my month in London, and picked up
+what scraps of knowledge I could. Without my having mentioned your most
+interesting observations on the display of the Fringillidae (439/2.
+"Descent of Man" (1901), page 738.), Mr. Bartlett told me how the Gold
+Pheasant erects his collar and turns from side to side, displaying it
+to the hen. He has offered to give me notes on the display of all
+Gallinaceae with which he is acquainted; but he is so busy a man that I
+rather doubt whether he will ever do so.
+
+I received about a week ago a remarkably kind letter from your brother,
+and I am sorry to hear that he suffers much in health. He gave me some
+fine facts about a Dun Hen Carrier which would never pair with a bird of
+any other colour. He told me, also, of some one at Lewes who paints his
+dog! and will inquire about it. By the way, Mr. Trimen tells me that as
+a boy he used to paint butterflies, and that they long haunted the same
+place, but he made no further observations on them. As far as colour is
+concerned, I see I shall have to trust to mere inference from the males
+displaying their plumage, and other analogous facts. I shall get
+no direct evidence of the preference of the hens. Mr. Hewitt, of
+Birmingham, tells me that the common hen prefers a salacious cock, but
+is quite indifferent to colour.
+
+Will you consider and kindly give me your opinion on the two following
+points. Do very vigorous and well-nourished hens receive the male
+earlier in the spring than weaker or poorer hens? I suppose that they
+do. Secondly, do you suppose that the birds which pair first in the
+season have any advantage in rearing numerous and healthy offspring over
+those which pair later in the season? With respect to the mysterious
+cases of which you have given me so many, in addition to those
+previously collected, of when one bird of a pair is shot another
+immediately supplying its place, I was drawing to the conclusion that
+there must be in each district several unpaired birds; yet this seems
+very improbable. You allude, also, to the unknown causes which keep down
+the numbers of birds; and often and often have I marvelled over this
+subject with respect to many animals.
+
+
+LETTER 440. TO A.R. WALLACE.
+
+(440/1. The following refers to Mr. Wallace's article "A Theory of
+Birds' Nests," in Andrew Murray's "Journal of Travel," Volume I., page
+73. He here treats in fuller detail the view already published in the
+"Westminster Review," July 1867, page 38. The rule which Mr. Wallace
+believes, with very few exceptions, to hold good is, "that when both
+sexes are of strikingly gay and conspicuous colours, the nest is...such
+as to conceal the sitting bird; while, whenever there is a striking
+contrast of colours, the male being gay and conspicuous, the female dull
+and obscure, the nest is open, and the sitting bird exposed to view."
+At this time Mr. Wallace allowed considerably more influence to sexual
+selection (in combination with the need of protection) than in his later
+writings. The following extract from a letter from Mr. Wallace to Darwin
+(July 23rd, 1877) fixes the period at which the change in his views
+occurred: "I am almost afraid to tell you that in going over the subject
+of the colours of animals, etc., etc., for a small volume of essays,
+etc., I am preparing, I have come to conclusions directly opposed to
+voluntary sexual selection, and believe that I can explain (in a general
+way) all the phenomena of sexual ornaments and colours by laws of
+development aided by simple 'Natural Selection.'" He finally rejected
+Mr. Darwin's theory that colours "have been developed by the preference
+of the females, the more ornamented males becoming the parents of each
+successive generation." "Darwinism," 1889, page 285. See also Letters
+442, 443, 449, 450, etc.)
+
+Down, April 15th, [1868].
+
+I have been deeply interested by your admirable article on birds' nests.
+I am delighted to see that we really differ very little,--not more than
+two men almost always will. You do not lay much or any stress on new
+characters spontaneously appearing in one sex (generally the male), and
+being transmitted exclusively, or more commonly only in excess, to that
+sex. I, on the other hand, formerly paid far too little attention to
+protection. I had only a glimpse of the truth; but even now I do not
+go quite as far as you. I cannot avoid thinking rather more than you
+do about the exceptions in nesting to the rule, especially the partial
+exceptions, i.e., when there is some little difference between the sexes
+in species which build concealed nests. I am not quite satisfied about
+the incubating males; there is so little difference in conspicuousness
+between the sexes. I wish with all my heart I could go the whole length
+with you. You seem to think that male birds probably select the most
+beautiful females; I must feel some doubt on this head, for I can find
+no evidence of it. Though I am writing so carping a note, I admire the
+article thoroughly.
+
+And now I want to ask a question. When female butterflies are more
+brilliant than their males you believe that they have in most cases, or
+in all cases, been rendered brilliant so as to mimic some other species,
+and thus escape danger. But can you account for the males not having
+been rendered equally brilliant and equally protected? (440/2. See
+Wallace in the "Westminster Review," July, 1867, page 37, on the
+protection to the female insect afforded by its resemblance either to an
+inanimate object or to another insect protected by its unpalatableness.
+The cases are discussed in relation to the much greater importance (to
+the species as a whole) of the preservation of the female insect with
+her load of eggs than the male who may safely be sacrificed after
+pairing. See Letter 189, note.) Although it may be most for the welfare
+of the species that the female should be protected, yet it would be some
+advantage, certainly no disadvantage, for the unfortunate male to enjoy
+an equal immunity from danger. For my part, I should say that the female
+alone had happened to vary in the right manner, and that the beneficial
+variations had been transmitted to the same sex alone. Believing in
+this, I can see no improbability (but from analogy of domestic animals
+a strong probability) that variations leading to beauty must often have
+occurred in the males alone, and been transmitted to that sex alone.
+Thus I should account in many cases for the greater beauty of the male
+over the female, without the need of the protective principle. I should
+be grateful for an answer on the point.
+
+
+LETTER 441. TO J. JENNER WEIR. Down, April 18th [1868].
+
+You see that I have taken you at your word, and have not (owing to heaps
+of stupid letters) earlier noticed your three last letters, which as
+usual are rich in facts. Your letters make almost a little volume on my
+table. I daresay you hardly knew yourself how much curious information
+was lying in your mind till I began the severe pumping process. The case
+of the starling married thrice in one day is capital, and beats the
+case of the magpies of which one was shot seven times consecutively. A
+gamekeeper here tells me that he has repeatedly shot one of a pair of
+jays, and it has always been immediately replaced. I begin to think that
+the pairing of birds must be as delicate and tedious an operation as
+the pairing of young gentlemen and ladies. If I can convince myself that
+there are habitually many unpaired birds, it will be a great aid to me
+in sexual selection, about which I have lately had many troubles, and
+am therefore rejoiced to hear in your last note that your faith keeps
+staunch. That is a curious fact about the bullfinches all appearing to
+listen to the German singer (441/1. See Letter 445, note.); and this
+leads me to ask how much faith may I put in the statement that male
+birds will sing in rivalry until they injure themselves. Yarrell
+formerly told me that they would sometimes even sing themselves to
+death. I am sorry to hear that the painted bullfinch turns out to be a
+female; though she has done us a good turn in exhibiting her jealousy,
+of which I had no idea.
+
+Thank you for telling me about the wildness of the hybrid canaries:
+nothing has hardly ever surprised me more than the many cases of
+reversion from crossing. Do you not think it a very curious subject? I
+have not heard from Mr. Bartlett about the Gallinaceae, and I daresay I
+never shall. He told me about the Tragopan, and he is positive that the
+blue wattle becomes gorged with blood, and not air.
+
+Returning to the first of the last three letters. It is most curious the
+number of persons of the name of Jenner who have had a strong taste for
+Natural History. It is a pity you cannot trace your connection with the
+great Jenner, for a duke might be proud of his blood.
+
+I heard lately from Professor Rolleston of the inherited effects of an
+injury in the same eye. Is the scar on your son's leg on the same side
+and on exactly the same spot where you were wounded? And did the wound
+suppurate, or heal by the first intention? I cannot persuade myself
+of the truth of the common belief of the influence of the mother's
+imagination on the child. A point just occurs to me (though it does
+not at present concern me) about birds' nests. Have you read Wallace's
+recent articles? (441/2. A full discussion of Mr. Wallace's views is
+given in "Descent of Man," Edition I., Volume II., Chapter XV. Briefly,
+Mr. Wallace's point is that the dull colour of the female bird is
+protective by rendering her inconspicuous during incubation. Thus the
+relatively bright colour of the male would not simply depend on sexual
+selection, but also on the hen being "saved, through Natural Selection,
+from acquiring the conspicuous colours of the male" (loc. cit., page
+155).) I always distrust myself when I differ from him; but I cannot
+admit that birds learn to make their nests from having seen them
+whilst young. I must think it as true an instinct as that which leads a
+caterpillar to suspend its cocoon in a particular manner. Have you had
+any experience of birds hatched under a foster-mother making their nests
+in the proper manner? I cannot thank you enough for all your kindness.
+
+
+LETTER 442. TO A.R. WALLACE.
+
+(442/1. Dr. Clifford Allbutt's view probably had reference to the fact
+that the sperm-cell goes, or is carried, to the germ-cell, never vice
+versa. In this letter Darwin gives the reason for the "law" referred
+to. Mr. A.R. Wallace has been good enough to give us the following
+note:--"It was at this time that my paper on 'Protective Resemblance'
+first appeared in the 'Westminster Review,' in which I adduced the
+greater, or rather, the more continuous, importance of the female
+(in the lower animals) for the race, and my 'Theory of Birds' Nests'
+('Journal of Travel and Natural History,' No. 2) in which I applied this
+to the usually dull colours of female butterflies and birds. It is
+to these articles as well as to my letters that Darwin chiefly
+refers."--Note by Mr. Wallace, May 27th, 1902.)
+
+Down, April 30th [1868].
+
+Your letter, like so many previous ones, has interested me much. Dr.
+Allbutt's view occurred to me some time ago, and I have written a short
+discussion on it. It is, I think, a remarkable law, to which I have
+found no exception. The foundation lies in the fact that in many cases
+the eggs or seeds require nourishment and protection by the mother-form
+for some time after impregnation. Hence the spermatozoa and antherozoids
+travel in the lower aquatic animals and plants to the female, and pollen
+is borne to the female organ. As organisms rise in the scale it seems
+natural that the male should carry the spermatozoa to the female in his
+own body. As the male is the searcher, he has required and gained more
+eager passions than the female; and, very differently from you, I look
+at this as one great difficulty in believing that the males select the
+more attractive females; as far as I can discover, they are always ready
+to seize on any female, and sometimes on many females. Nothing would
+please me more than to find evidence of males selecting the more
+attractive females. I have for months been trying to persuade myself of
+this. There is the case of man in favour of this belief, and I know in
+hybrid unions of males preferring particular females, but, alas, not
+guided by colour. Perhaps I may get more evidence as I wade through my
+twenty years' mass of notes.
+
+I am not shaken about the female protected butterflies. I will grant
+(only for argument) that the life of the male is of very little
+value,--I will grant that the males do not vary, yet why has not the
+protective beauty of the female been transferred by inheritance to the
+male? The beauty would be a gain to the male, as far as we can see, as
+a protection; and I cannot believe that it would be repulsive to the
+female as she became beautiful. But we shall never convince each other.
+I sometimes marvel how truth progresses, so difficult is it for one man
+to convince another, unless his mind is vacant. Nevertheless, I myself
+to a certain extent contradict my own remark, for I believe far more in
+the importance of protection than I did before reading your articles.
+
+I do not think you lay nearly stress enough in your articles on what
+you admit in your letters: viz., "there seems to be some production of
+vividness...of colour in the male independent of protection." This I
+am making a chief point; and have come to your conclusion so far that
+I believe that intense colouring in the female sex is often checked by
+being dangerous.
+
+That is an excellent remark of yours about no known case of male alone
+assuming protective colours; but in the cases in which protection has
+been gained by dull colours, I presume that sexual selection would
+interfere with the male losing his beauty. If the male alone had
+acquired beauty as a protection, it would be most readily overlooked, as
+males are so often more beautiful than their females. Moreover, I grant
+that the life of the male is somewhat less precious, and thus there
+would be less rigorous selection with the male, so he would be less
+likely to be made beautiful through Natural Selection for protection.
+(442/2. This does not apply to sexual selection, for the greater the
+excess of males, and the less precious their lives, so much the better
+for sexual selection. [Note in original.]) But it seems to me a good
+argument, and very good if it could be thoroughly established. I do not
+know whether you will care to read this scrawl.
+
+
+LETTER 443. TO A.R. WALLACE. Down, May 5th [1868?].
+
+I am afraid I have caused you a great deal of trouble in writing to me
+at such length. I am glad to say that I agree almost entirely with
+your summary, except that I should put sexual selection as an equal,
+or perhaps as even a more important agent in giving colour than Natural
+Selection for protection. As I get on in my work I hope to get clearer
+and more decided ideas. Working up from the bottom of the scale, I have
+as yet only got to fishes. What I rather object to in your articles is
+that I do not think any one would infer from them that you place sexual
+selection even as high as No. 4 in your summary. It was very natural
+that you should give only a line to sexual selection in the summary to
+the "Westminster Review," but the result at first to my mind was that
+you attributed hardly anything to its power. In your penultimate
+note you say "in the great mass of cases in which there is great
+differentiation of colour between the sexes, I believe it is due almost
+wholly to the need of protection to the female." Now, looking to the
+whole animal kingdom, I can at present by no means admit this view; but
+pray do not suppose that because I differ to a certain extent, I do not
+thoroughly admire your several papers and your admirable generalisation
+on birds' nests. With respect to this latter point, however, although,
+following you, I suspect that I shall ultimately look at the whole case
+from a rather different point of view.
+
+You ask what I think about the gay-coloured females of Pieris. (443/1.
+See "Westminster Review," July, 1867, page 37; also Letter 440.) I
+believe I quite follow you in believing that the colours are wholly due
+to mimicry; and I further believe that the male is not brilliant from
+not having received through inheritance colour from the female, and from
+not himself having varied; in short, that he has not been influenced by
+selection.
+
+I can make no answer with respect to the elephants. With respect to
+the female reindeer, I have hitherto looked at the horns simply as the
+consequence of inheritance not having been limited by sex.
+
+Your idea about colour being concentrated in the smaller males seems
+good, and I presume that you will not object to my giving it as your
+suggestion.
+
+
+LETTER 444. TO J. JENNER WEIR. Down, May 7th [1868].
+
+I have now to thank you for no less than four letters! You are so kind
+that I will not apologise for the trouble I cause you; but it has lately
+occurred to me that you ought to publish a paper or book on the habits
+of the birds which you have so carefully observed. But should you do
+this, I do not think that my giving some of the facts for a special
+object would much injure the novelty of your work. There is such a
+multitude of points in these last letters that I hardly know what to
+touch upon. Thanks about the instinct of nidification, and for your
+answers on many points. I am glad to hear reports about the ferocious
+female bullfinch. I hope you will have another try in colouring males.
+I have now finished lepidoptera, and have used your facts about
+caterpillars, and as a caution the case of the yellow-underwings. I
+have now begun on fishes, and by comparing different classes of facts my
+views are getting a little more decided. In about a fortnight or three
+weeks I shall come to birds, and then I dare say that I shall be extra
+troublesome. I will now enclose a few queries for the mere chance of
+your being able to answer some of them, and I think it will save you
+trouble if I write them on a separate slip, and then you can sometimes
+answer by a mere "no" or "yes."
+
+Your last letter on male pigeons and linnets has interested me much, for
+the precise facts which you have given me on display are of the utmost
+value for my work. I have written to Mr. Bartlett on Gallinaceae, but I
+dare say I shall not get an answer. I had heard before, but am glad to
+have confirmation about the ruffs being the most numerous. I am greatly
+obliged to your brother for sending out circulars. I have not heard from
+him as yet. I want to ask him whether he has ever observed when several
+male pigeons are courting one female that the latter decides with which
+male she will pair. The story about the black mark on the lambs must be
+a hoax. The inaccuracy of many persons is wonderful. I should like to
+tell you a story, but it is too long, about beans growing on the wrong
+side of the pod during certain years.
+
+Queries:
+
+Does any female bird regularly sing?
+
+Do you know any case of both sexes, more especially of the female,
+[being] more brightly coloured whilst young than when come to maturity
+and fit to breed? An imaginary instance would be if the female
+kingfisher (or male) became dull coloured when adult.
+
+Do you know whether the male and female wild canary bird differ in
+plumage (though I believe I could find this out for myself), and do any
+of the domestic breeds differ sexually?
+
+Do you know any gallinaceous bird in which the female has well developed
+spurs?
+
+It is very odd that my memory should fail me, but I cannot remember
+whether, in accordance with your views, the wing of Gallus bankiva (or
+Game-Cock, which is so like the wild) is ornamental when he opens and
+scrapes it before the female. I fear it is not; but though I have often
+looked at wing of the wild and tame bird, I cannot call to mind the
+exact colours. What a number of points you have attended to; I did
+not know that you were a horticulturist. I have often marvelled at the
+different growth of the flowering and creeping branches of the ivy; but
+had no idea that they kept their character when propagated by cuttings.
+There is a S. American genus (name forgotten just now) which differs
+in an analogous manner but even greater degree, but it is difficult to
+cultivate in our hot-house. I have tried and failed.
+
+
+LETTER 445. TO J. JENNER WEIR. Down, May 30th [1868].
+
+I am glad to hear your opinion on the nest-making instinct, for I am
+Tory enough not to like to give up all old beliefs. Wallace's view
+(445/1. See Letter 440, etc.) is also opposed to a great mass of
+analogical facts. The cases which you mention of suddenly reacquired
+wildness seem curious. I have also to thank you for a previous valuable
+letter. With respect to spurs on female Gallinaceae, I applied to Mr.
+Blyth, who has wonderful systematic knowledge, and he tells me that the
+female Pavo muticus and Fire-back pheasants are spurred. From various
+interruptions I get on very slowly with my Bird MS., but have already
+often and often referred to your volume of letters, and have used
+various facts, and shall use many more. And now I am ashamed to say
+that I have more questions to ask; but I forget--you told me not to
+apologise.
+
+1. In your letter of April 14th you mention the case of about twenty
+birds which seemed to listen with much interest to an excellent piping
+bullfinch. (445/2. Quoted in the "Descent of Man" (1901), page 564. "A
+bullfinch which had been taught to pipe a German waltz...when this bird
+was first introduced into a room where other birds were kept and he
+began to sing, all the others, consisting of about twenty linnets and
+canaries, ranged themselves on the nearest side of their cages, and
+listened with the greatest interest to the new performer.") What kind of
+birds were these twenty?
+
+2. Is it true, as often stated, that a bird reared by foster-parents,
+and who has never heard the song of its own species, imitates to a
+certain extent the song of the species which it may be in the habit of
+hearing?
+
+Now for a more troublesome point. I find it very necessary to make
+out relation of immature plumage to adult plumage, both when the sexes
+differ and are alike in the adult state. Therefore, I want much to learn
+about the first plumage (answering, for instance, to the speckled state
+of the robin before it acquires the red breast) of the several varieties
+of the canary. Can you help me? What is the character or colour of the
+first plumage of bright yellow or mealy canaries which breed true to
+these tints? So with the mottled-brown canaries, for I believe that
+there are breeds which always come brown and mottled. Lastly, in the
+"prize-canaries," which have black wing- and tail-feathers during their
+first (?) plumage, what colours are the wings and tails after the first
+(?) moult or when adult? I should be particularly glad to learn this.
+Heaven have mercy on you, for it is clear that I have none. I am going
+to investigate this same point with all the breeds of fowls, as Mr.
+Tegetmeier will procure for me young birds, about two months old, of all
+the breeds.
+
+In the course of this next month I hope you will come down here on the
+Saturday and stay over the Sunday. Some months ago Mr. Bates said
+he would pay me a visit during June, and I have thought it would be
+pleasanter for you to come here when I can get him, so that you would
+have a companion if I get knocked up, as is sadly too often my bad habit
+and great misfortune.
+
+Did you ever hear of the existence of any sub-breed of the canary in
+which the male differs in plumage from the female?
+
+
+LETTER 446. TO F. MULLER. Down, June 3rd [1868].
+
+Your letter of April 22nd has much interested me. I am delighted that
+you approve of my book, for I value your opinion more than that of
+almost any one. I have yet hopes that you will think well of pangenesis.
+I feel sure that our minds are somewhat alike, and I find it a great
+relief to have some definite, though hypothetical view, when I reflect
+on the wonderful transformations of animals, the re-growth of parts, and
+especially the direct action of pollen on the mother form, etc. It often
+appears to me almost certain that the characters of the parents are
+"photographed" on the child, only by means of material atoms derived
+from each cell in both parents, and developed in the child. I am sorry
+about the mistake in regard to Leptotes. (446/1. See "Animals and
+Plants," Edition I., Volume II., page 134, where it is stated that
+Oncidium is fertile with Leptotes, a mistake corrected in the 2nd
+edition.) I daresay it was my fault, yet I took pains to avoid such
+blunders. Many thanks for all the curious facts about the unequal number
+of the sexes in crustacea, but the more I investigate this subject
+the deeper I sink in doubt and difficulty. Thanks, also, for the
+confirmation of the rivalry of Cicadae. (446/2. See "Descent of Man,"
+Edition I., Volume I., page 351, for F. Muller's observations; and for
+a reference to Landois' paper.) I have often reflected with surprise on
+the diversity of the means for producing music with insects, and still
+more with birds. We thus get a high idea of the importance of song in
+the animal kingdom. Please to tell me where I can find any account of
+the auditory organs in the orthoptera? Your facts are quite new to me.
+Scudder has described an annectant insect in Devonian strata, furnished
+with a stridulating apparatus. (446/3. The insect is no doubt Xenoneura
+antiquorum, from the Devonian rocks of New Brunswick. Scudder compared
+a peculiar feature in the wing of this species to the stridulating
+apparatus of the Locustariae, but afterwards stated that he had been led
+astray in his original description, and that there was no evidence in
+support of the comparison with a stridulating organ. See the "Devonian
+Insects of New Brunswick," reprinted in S.H. Scudder's "Fossil Insects
+of N. America," Volume I., page 179, New York, 1890.) I believe he is to
+be trusted, and if so the apparatus is of astonishing antiquity. After
+reading Landois' paper I have been working at the stridulating organ in
+the lamellicorn beetles, in expectation of finding it sexual, but I have
+only found it as yet in two cases, and in these it was equally developed
+in both sexes. I wish you would look at any of your common lamellicorns
+and take hold of both males and females and observe whether they make
+the squeaking or grating noise equally. If they do not, you could
+perhaps send me a male and female in a light little box. How curious
+it is that there should be a special organ for an object apparently so
+unimportant as squeaking. Here is another point: have you any Toucans?
+if so, ask any trustworthy hunter whether the beaks of the males, or of
+both sexes, are more brightly coloured during the breeding season than
+at other times of the year? I have also to thank you for a previous
+letter of April 3rd, with some interesting facts on the variation of
+maize, the sterility of Bignonia and on conspicuous seeds. Heaven knows
+whether I shall ever live to make use of half the valuable facts which
+you have communicated to me...
+
+
+LETTER 447. TO J. JENNER WEIR. Down, June 18th [1868].
+
+Many thanks. I am glad that you mentioned the linnet, for I had much
+difficulty in persuading myself that the crimson breast could be due to
+change in the old feathers, as the books say. I am glad to hear of the
+retribution of the wicked old she-bullfinch. You remember telling me how
+many Weirs and Jenners have been naturalists; now this morning I have
+been putting together all my references about one bird of a pair being
+killed, and a new mate being soon found; you, Jenner Weir, have given
+me some most striking cases with starlings; Dr. Jenner gives the most
+curious case of all in "Philosophical Transactions" (447/1. "Phil.
+Trans." 1824.), and a Mr. Weir gives the next most striking in
+Macgillivray. (447/2. Macgillivray's "History of British Birds," Volume
+I., page 570. See "Descent of Man" (1901), page 621.) Now, is this not
+odd? Pray remember how very glad we shall be to see you here whenever
+you can come.
+
+Did some ancient progenitor of the Weirs and Jenners puzzle his brains
+about the mating of birds, and has the question become indelibly fixed
+in all your minds?
+
+
+LETTER 448. TO A.R. WALLACE. August 19th [1868].
+
+I had become, before my nine weeks' horrid interruption of all work,
+extremely interested in sexual selection, and was making fair progress.
+In truth it has vexed me much to find that the farther I get on the more
+I differ from you about the females being dull-coloured for protection.
+I can now hardly express myself as strongly, even, as in the "Origin."
+This has much decreased the pleasure of my work. In the course of
+September, if I can get at all stronger, I hope to get Mr. J. Jenner
+Weir (who has been wonderfully kind in giving me information) to pay
+me a visit, and I will then write for the chance of your being able to
+come, and I hope bring with you Mrs. Wallace. If I could get several of
+you together it would be less dull for you, for of late I have found
+it impossible to talk with any human being for more than half an hour,
+except on extraordinary good days.
+
+(448/1. On September 16th Darwin wrote to Wallace on the same
+subject:--)
+
+You will be pleased to hear that I am undergoing severe distress about
+protection and sexual selection; this morning I oscillated with joy
+towards you; this evening I have swung back to the old position, out of
+which I fear I shall never get.
+
+
+LETTER 449. TO A.R. WALLACE.
+
+(449/1. From "Life and Letters," Volume III., page 123.)
+
+Down, September 23rd [1868].
+
+I am very much obliged for all your trouble in writing me your long
+letter, which I will keep by me and ponder over. To answer it would
+require at least 200 folio pages! If you could see how often I have
+rewritten some pages you would know how anxious I am to arrive as near
+as I can to the truth. I lay great stress on what I know takes place
+under domestication; I think we start with different fundamental
+notions on inheritance. I find it is most difficult, but not, I think,
+impossible to see how, for instance, a few red feathers appearing on the
+head of a male bird, and which are at first transmitted to both sexes,
+would come to be transmitted to males alone. It is not enough that
+females should be produced from the males with red feathers, which
+should be destitute of red feathers; but these females must have a
+latent tendency to produce such feathers, otherwise they would cause
+deterioration in the red head-feathers of their male offspring. Such
+latent tendency would be shown by their producing the red feathers when
+old, or diseased in their ovaria. But I have no difficulty in making the
+whole head red if the few red feathers in the male from the first tended
+to be sexually transmitted. I am quite willing to admit that the female
+may have been modified, either at the same time or subsequently,
+for protection by the accumulation of variations limited in their
+transmission to the female sex. I owe to your writings the consideration
+of this latter point. But I cannot yet persuade myself that females
+alone have often been modified for protection. Should you grudge the
+trouble briefly to tell me, whether you believe that the plainer head
+and less bright colours of female chaffinch, the less red on the head
+and less clean colours of female goldfinch, the much less red on the
+breast of the female bullfinch, the paler crest of golden-crested wren,
+etc., have been acquired by them for protection? I cannot think so, any
+more than I can that the considerable differences between female and
+male house-sparrow, or much greater brightness of male Parus caeruleus
+(both of which build under cover) than of female Parus, are related to
+protection. I even misdoubt much whether the less blackness of female
+blackbird is for protection.
+
+Again, can you give me reasons for believing that the moderate
+differences between the female pheasant, the female Gallus bankiva,
+the female of black grouse, the pea-hen, the female partridge, have all
+special references to protection under slightly different conditions? I,
+of course, admit that they are all protected by dull colours, derived,
+as I think, from some dull-ground progenitor; and I account partly for
+their difference by partial transference of colour from the male, and by
+other means too long to specify; but I earnestly wish to see reason
+to believe that each is specially adapted for concealment to its
+environment.
+
+I grieve to differ from you, and it actually terrifies me and makes me
+constantly distrust myself. I fear we shall never quite understand each
+other. I value the cases of bright-coloured, incubating male fisher, and
+brilliant female butterflies, solely as showing that one sex may be made
+brilliant without any necessary transference of beauty to the other sex;
+for in these cases I cannot suppose that beauty in the other sex was
+checked by selection.
+
+I fear this letter will trouble you to read it. A very short answer
+about your belief in regard to the female finches and Gallinaceae would
+suffice.
+
+
+LETTER 450. A.R. WALLACE TO CHARLES DARWIN. 9, St. Mark's Crescent,
+N.W., September 27th, 1868.
+
+Your view seems to be that variations occurring in one sex are
+transmitted either to that sex exclusively or to both sexes equally, or
+more rarely partially transferred. But we have every gradation of
+sexual colours, from total dissimilarity to perfect identity. If this is
+explained solely by the laws of inheritance, then the colours of one or
+other sex will be always (in relation to the environment) a matter of
+chance. I cannot think this. I think selection more powerful than laws
+of inheritance, of which it makes use, as shown by cases of two, three
+or four forms of female butterflies, all of which have, I have little
+doubt, been specialised for protection.
+
+To answer your first question is most difficult, if not impossible,
+because we have no sufficient evidence in individual cases of slight
+sexual difference, to determine whether the male alone has acquired his
+superior brightness by sexual selection, or the female been made duller
+by need of protection, or whether the two causes have acted. Many of the
+sexual differences of existing species may be inherited differences from
+parent forms, which existed under different conditions and had greater
+or less need of protection.
+
+I think I admitted before, the general tendency (probably) of males to
+acquire brighter tints. Yet this cannot be universal, for many female
+birds and quadrupeds have equally bright tints.
+
+To your second question I can reply more decidedly. I do think the
+females of the Gallinaceae you mention have been modified or been
+prevented from acquiring the brighter plumage of the male, by need of
+protection. I know that the Gallus bankiva frequents drier and more open
+situations than the pea-hen of Java, which is found among grassy and
+leafy vegetation, corresponding with the colours of the two. So the
+Argus pheasant, male and female, are, I feel sure, protected by their
+tints corresponding to the dead leaves of the lofty forest in which
+they dwell, and the female of the gorgeous fire-back pheasant Lophura
+viellottii is of a very similar rich brown colour.
+
+I do not, however, at all think the question can be settled by
+individual cases, but by only large masses of facts. The colours of the
+mass of female birds seem to me strictly analogous to the colours of
+both sexes of snipes, woodcocks, plovers, etc., which are undoubtedly
+protective.
+
+Now, supposing, on your view, that the colours of a male bird become
+more and more brilliant by sexual selection, and a good deal of that
+colour is transmitted to the female till it becomes positively injurious
+to her during incubation, and the race is in danger of extinction; do
+you not think that all the females who had acquired less of the male's
+bright colours, or who themselves varied in a protective direction,
+would be preserved, and that thus a good protective colouring would soon
+be acquired?
+
+If you admit that this could occur, and can show no good reason why it
+should not often occur, then we no longer differ, for this is the main
+point of my view.
+
+Have you ever thought of the red wax-tips of the Bombycilla beautifully
+imitating the red fructification of lichens used in the nest, and
+therefore the FEMALES have it too? Yet this is a very sexual-looking
+character.
+
+If sexes have been differentiated entirely by sexual selection the
+females can have no relation to environment. But in groups when both
+sexes require protection during feeding or repose, as snipes, woodcock,
+ptarmigan, desert birds and animals, green forest birds, etc., arctic
+birds of prey, and animals, then both sexes are modified for protection.
+Why should that power entirely cease to act when sexual differentiation
+exists and when the female requires protection, and why should the
+colour of so many FEMALE BIRDS seem to be protective, if it has not been
+made protective by selection.
+
+It is contrary to the principles of "Origin of Species," that colour
+should have been produced in both sexes by sexual selection and
+never have been modified to bring the female into harmony with the
+environment. "Sexual selection is less rigorous than Natural Selection,"
+and will therefore be subordinate to it.
+
+I think the case of female Pieris pyrrha proves that females alone can
+be greatly modified for protection. (450/1. My latest views on this
+subject, with many new facts and arguments, will be found in the later
+editions of my "Darwinism," Chapter X. (A.R.W.))
+
+
+LETTER 451. A.R. WALLACE TO CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+(451/1. On October 4th, 1868, Mr. Wallace wrote again on the same
+subject without adding anything of importance to his arguments of
+September 27th. We give his final remarks:--)
+
+October 4th, 1868.
+
+I am sorry to find that our difference of opinion on this point is a
+source of anxiety to you. Pray do not let it be so. The truth will come
+out at last, and our difference may be the means of setting others to
+work who may set us both right. After all, this question is only an
+episode (though an important one) in the great question of the "Origin
+of Species," and whether you or I are right will not at all affect the
+main doctrine--that is one comfort.
+
+I hope you will publish your treatise on "Sexual Selection" as a
+separate book as soon as possible; and then, while you are going on with
+your other work, there will no doubt be found some one to battle with me
+over your facts on this hard problem.
+
+
+LETTER 452. TO A.R. WALLACE. Down, October 6th [1868].
+
+Your letter is very valuable to me, and in every way very kind. I will
+not inflict a long answer, but only answer your queries. There are
+breeds (viz. Hamburg) in which both sexes differ much from each other
+and from both sexes of Gallus bankiva; and both sexes are kept constant
+by selection. The comb of the Spanish male has been ordered to be
+upright, and that of Spanish female to lop over, and this has been
+effected. There are sub-breeds of game fowl, with females very distinct
+and males almost identical; but this, apparently, is the result of
+spontaneous variation, without special selection. I am very glad to hear
+of case of female Birds of Paradise.
+
+I have never in the least doubted possibility of modifying female birds
+alone for protection, and I have long believed it for butterflies. I
+have wanted only evidence for the female alone of birds having had their
+colour modified for protection. But then I believe that the variations
+by which a female bird or butterfly could get or has got protective
+colouring have probably from the first been variations limited in their
+transmission to the female sex. And so with the variations of the
+male: when the male is more beautiful than the female, I believe the
+variations were sexually limited in their transmission to the males.
+
+
+LETTER 453. TO B.D. WALSH. Down, October 31st, 1868.
+
+(453/1. A short account of the Periodical Cicada (C. septendecim) is
+given by Dr. Sharp in the Cambridge Natural History, Insects II., page
+570. We are indebted to Dr. Sharp for calling our attention to Mr. C.L.
+Marlatt's full account of the insect in "Bulletin No. 14 [NS.] of the
+U.S. Department of Agriculture," 1898. The Cicada lives for long periods
+underground as larva and pupa, so that swarms of the adults of one
+race (septendecim) appear at intervals of 17 years, while those of the
+southern form or race (tredecim) appear at intervals of 13 years.
+This fact was first made out by Phares in 1845, but was overlooked or
+forgotten, and was only re-discovered by Walsh and Riley in 1868, who
+published a joint paper in the "American Entomologist," Volume I., page
+63. Walsh appears to have adhered to the view that the 13- and 17-year
+forms are distinct species, though, as we gather from Marlatt's paper
+(page 14), he published a letter to Mr. Darwin in which he speaks of the
+13-year form as an incipient species; see "Index to Missouri Entomolog.
+Reports Bull. 6," U.S.E.C., page 58 (as given by Marlatt). With regard
+to the cause of the difference in period of the two forms, Marlatt
+(pages 15, 16) refers doubtfully to difference of temperature as the
+determining factor. Experiments have been instituted by moving 17-year
+eggs to the south, and vice versa with 13-year eggs. The results were,
+however, not known at the time of publication of Marlatt's paper.)
+
+I am very much obliged for the extracts about the "drumming," which will
+be of real use to me.
+
+I do not at all know what to think of your extraordinary case of the
+Cicadas. Professor Asa Gray and Dr. Hooker were staying here, and I told
+them of the facts. They thought that the 13-year and the 17-year forms
+ought not to be ranked as distinct species, unless other differences
+besides the period of development could be discovered. They thought the
+mere rarity of variability in such a point was not sufficient, and I
+think I concur with them. The fact of both the forms presenting the same
+case of dimorphism is very curious. I have long wished that some one
+would dissect the forms of the male stag-beetle with smaller mandibles,
+and see if they were well developed, i.e., whether there was an
+abundance of spermatozoa; and the same observations ought, I think,
+to be made on the rarer form of your Cicada. Could you not get some
+observer, such as Dr. Hartman (453/2. Mr. Walsh sent Mr. Darwin
+an extract from Dr. Hartman's "Journal of the doings of a Cicada
+septendecim," in which the females are described as flocking round the
+drumming males. "Descent of Man" (1901), page 433.), to note whether the
+females flocked in equal numbers to the "drumming" of the rarer form as
+to the common form? You have a very curious and perplexing subject of
+investigation, and I wish you success in your work.
+
+
+LETTER 454. TO A.R. WALLACE. Down, June 15th [1869?].
+
+You must not suppose from my delay that I have not been much interested
+by your long letter. I write now merely to thank you, and just to say
+that probably you are right on all the points you touch on, except, as
+I think, about sexual selection, which I will not give up. My belief in
+it, however, is contingent on my general belief in sexual selection. It
+is an awful stretcher to believe that a peacock's tail was thus formed;
+but, believing it, I believe in the same principle somewhat modified
+applied to man.
+
+
+LETTER 455. TO G.H.K. THWAITES. Down, February 13th [N.D.]
+
+I wrote a little time ago asking you an odd question about elephants,
+and now I am going to ask you an odder. I hope that you will not think
+me an intolerable bore. It is most improbable that you could get me
+an answer, but I ask on mere chance. Macacus silenus (455/1. Macacus
+silenus L., an Indian ape.) has a great mane of hair round neck, and
+passing into large whiskers and beard. Now what I want most especially
+to know is whether these monkeys, when they fight in confinement (and
+I have seen it stated that they are sometimes kept in confinement), are
+protected from bites by this mane and beard. Any one who watched them
+fighting would, I think, be able to judge on this head. My object is to
+find out with various animals how far the mane is of any use, or a mere
+ornament. Is the male Macacus silenus furnished with longer hair than
+the female about the neck and face? As I said, it is a hundred or a
+thousand to one against your finding out any one who has kept these
+monkeys in confinement.
+
+
+LETTER 456. TO F. MULLER. Down, August 28th [1870].
+
+I have to thank you very sincerely for two letters: one of April 25th,
+containing a very curious account of the structure and morphology of
+Bonatea. I feel that it is quite a sin that your letters should not all
+be published! but, in truth, I have no spare strength to undertake any
+extra work, which, though slight, would follow from seeing your letters
+in English through the press--not but that you write almost as clearly
+as any Englishman. This same letter also contained some seeds for Mr.
+Farrer, which he was very glad to receive.
+
+Your second letter, of July 5th, was chiefly devoted to mimicry in
+lepidoptera: many of your remarks seem to me so good, that I have
+forwarded your letter to Mr. Bates; but he is out of London having his
+summer holiday, and I have not yet heard from him. Your remark about
+imitators and imitated being of such different sizes, and the lower
+surface of the wings not being altered in colour, strike me as the most
+curious points. I should not be at all surprised if your suggestion
+about sexual selection were to prove true; but it seems rather too
+speculative to be introduced in my book, more especially as my book is
+already far too speculative. The very same difficulty about brightly
+coloured caterpillars had occurred to me, and you will see in my book
+what, I believe, is the true explanation from Wallace. The same view
+probably applies in part to gaudy butterflies. My MS. is sent to the
+printers, and, I suppose, will be published in about three months:
+of course I will send you a copy. By the way, I settled with Murray
+recently with respect to your book (456/1. The translation of "Fur
+Darwin," published in 1869.), and had to pay him only 21 pounds
+2 shillings 3 pence, which I consider a very small price for the
+dissemination of your views; he has 547 copies as yet unsold. This most
+terrible war will stop all science in France and Germany for a long
+time. I have heard from nobody in Germany, and know not whether your
+brother, Hackel, Gegenbaur, Victor Carus, or my other friends are
+serving in the army. Dohrn has joined a cavalry regiment. I have not yet
+met a soul in England who does not rejoice in the splendid triumph of
+Germany over France (456/2. See Letter 239, Volume I.): it is a most
+just retribution against that vainglorious, war-liking nation. As the
+posts are all in confusion, I will not send this letter through
+France. The Editor has sent me duplicate copies of the "Revue des Cours
+Scientifiques," which contain several articles about my views; so I send
+you copies for the chance of your liking to see them.
+
+
+LETTER 457. A.R. WALLACE TO CHARLES DARWIN. Holly House, Barking, E.,
+January 27th, 1871.
+
+Many thanks for your first volume (457/1. "The Descent of Man".), which
+I have just finished reading through with the greatest pleasure and
+interest; and I have also to thank you for the great tenderness with
+which you have treated me and my heresies.
+
+On the subject of "sexual selection" and "protection," you do not yet
+convince me that I am wrong; but I expect your heaviest artillery will
+be brought up in your second volume, and I may have to capitulate. You
+seem, however, to have somewhat misunderstood my exact meaning, and I
+do not think the difference between us is quite so great as you seem to
+think it. There are a number of passages in which you argue against the
+view that the female has in any large number of cases been "specially
+modified" for protection, or that colour has generally been obtained by
+either sex for purposes of protection. But my view is, as I thought
+I had made it clear, that the female has (in most cases) been simply
+prevented from acquiring the gay tints of the male (even when there was
+a tendency for her to inherit it), because it was hurtful; and that,
+when protection is not needed, gay colours are so generally acquired
+by both sexes as to show that inheritance by both sexes of colour
+variations is the most usual, when not prevented from acting by Natural
+Selection. The colour itself may be acquired either by sexual selection
+or by other unknown causes.
+
+There are, however, difficulties in the very wide application you give
+to sexual selection which at present stagger me, though no one was or
+is more ready than myself to admit the perfect truth of the principle or
+the immense importance and great variety of its applications.
+
+Your chapters on "Man" are of intense interest--but as touching my
+special heresy, not as yet altogether convincing, though, of course, I
+fully agree with every word and every argument which goes to prove
+the "evolution" or "development" of man out of a lower form. My ONLY
+difficulties are, as to whether you have accounted for EVERY STEP of the
+development by ascertained laws.
+
+I feel sure that the book will keep up and increase your high
+reputation, and be immensely successful, as it deserves to be...
+
+
+LETTER 458. TO G.B. MURDOCH. Down, March 13th, 1871.
+
+(458/1. We are indebted to Mr. Murdoch for a draft of his letter dated
+March 10th, 1871. It is too long to be quoted at length; the following
+citations give some idea of its contents: "In your 'Descent of Man,' in
+treating of the external differences between males and females of the
+same variety, have you attached sufficient importance to the different
+amount and kind of energy expended by them in reproduction?" Mr. Murdoch
+sums up: "Is it wrong, then, to suppose that extra growth, complicated
+structure, and activity in one sex exist as escape-valves for surplus
+vigour, rather than to please or fight with, though they may serve these
+purposes and be modified by them?")
+
+I am much obliged for your valuable letter. I am strongly inclined to
+think that I have made a great and complete oversight with respect to
+the subject which you discuss. I am the more surprised at this, as I
+remember reflecting on some points which ought to have led me to your
+conclusion. By an odd chance I received the day before yesterday a
+letter from Mr. Lowne (author of an excellent book on the anatomy of
+the Blow-fly) (458/2. "The Anatomy and Physiology of the Blow-fly (Musca
+vomitaria L.)," by B.T. Lowne. London, 1870.) with a discussion very
+nearly to the same effect as yours. His conclusions were drawn from
+studying male insects with great horns, mandibles, etc. He informs me
+that his paper on this subject will soon be published in the "Transact.
+Entomolog. Society." (458/3. "Observations on Immature Sexuality and
+Alternate Generation in Insects." By B.T. Lowne. "Trans. Entomolog.
+Soc." 1871 [Read March 6th, 1871]. "I believe that certain cutaneous
+appendages, as the gigantic mandibles and thoracic horns of many males,
+are complemental to the sexual organs; that, in point of fact, they are
+produced by the excess of nutriment in the male, which in the female
+would go to form the generative organs and ova" (loc. cit., page 197).)
+I am inclined to look at your and Mr. Lowne's view as specially valuable
+from probably throwing light on the greater variability of male than
+female animals, which manifestly has much bearing on sexual selection.
+I will keep your remarks in mind whenever a new edition of my book is
+demanded.
+
+
+LETTER 459. TO GEORGE FRASER.
+
+(459/1. The following letter refers to two letters to Mr. Darwin, in
+which Mr. Fraser pointed out that illustrations of the theory of Sexual
+Selection might be found amongst British butterflies and moths. Mr.
+Fraser, in explanation of the letters, writes: "As an altogether unknown
+and far from experienced naturalist, I feared to send my letters
+for publication without, in the first place, obtaining Mr. Darwin's
+approval." The information was published in "Nature," Volume III., April
+20th, 1871, page 489. The article was referred to in the second edition
+of the "Descent of Man" (1874), pages 312, 316, 319. Mr. Fraser
+adds: "This is only another illustration of Mr. Darwin's great
+conscientiousness in acknowledging suggestions received by him from the
+most humble sources." (Letter from Mr. Fraser to F. Darwin, March 21,
+1888.)
+
+Down, April 14th [1871].
+
+I am very much obliged for your letter and the interesting facts which
+it contains, and which are new to me. But I am at present so much
+engaged with other subjects that I cannot fully consider them; and, even
+if I had time, I do not suppose that I should have anything to say worth
+printing in a scientific journal. It would obviously be absurd in me to
+allow a mere note of thanks from me to be printed. Whenever I have
+to bring out a corrected edition of my book I will well consider
+your remarks (which I hope that you will send to "Nature"), but
+the difficulty will be that my friends tell me that I have already
+introduced too many facts, and that I ought to prune rather than to
+introduce more.
+
+
+LETTER 460. TO E.S. MORSE. Down, December 3rd, 1871.
+
+I am much obliged to you for having sent me your two interesting papers,
+and for the kind writing on the cover. I am very glad to have my error
+corrected about the protective colouring of shells. (460/1. "On Adaptive
+Coloration of the Mollusca," "Boston Society of Natural History Proc."
+Volume XIV., April 5th, 1871. Mr. Morse quotes from the "Descent of
+Man," I., page 316, a passage to the effect that the colours of the
+mollusca do not in general appear to be protective. Mr. Morse goes on to
+give instances of protective coloration.) It is no excuse for my broad
+statement, but I had in my mind the species which are brightly or
+beautifully coloured, and I can as yet hardly think that the colouring
+in such cases is protective.
+
+
+LETTER 461. TO AUG. WEISMANN. Down, February 29th, 1872.
+
+I am rejoiced to hear that your eyesight is somewhat better; but I fear
+that work with the microscope is still out of your power. I have often
+thought with sincere sympathy how much you must have suffered from your
+grand line of embryological research having been stopped. It was very
+good of you to use your eyes in writing to me. I have just received your
+essay (461/1. "Ueber der Einfluss der Isolirung auf die Artbildung":
+Leipzig, 1872.); but as I am now staying in London for the sake of rest,
+and as German is at all times very difficult to me, I shall not be able
+to read your essay for some little time. I am, however, very curious to
+learn what you have to say on isolation and on periods of variation.
+I thought much about isolation when I wrote in Chapter IV. on the
+circumstances favourable to Natural Selection. No doubt there remains
+an immense deal of work to do on "Artbildung." I have only opened a path
+for others to enter, and in the course of time to make a broad and clear
+high-road. I am especially glad that you are turning your attention to
+sexual selection. I have in this country hardly found any naturalists
+who agree with me on this subject, even to a moderate extent. They think
+it absurd that a female bird should be able to appreciate the splendid
+plumage of the male; but it would take much to persuade me that the
+peacock does not spread his gorgeous tail in the presence of the female
+in order to fascinate or excite her. The case, no doubt, is much more
+difficult with insects. I fear that you will find it difficult to
+experiment on diurnal lepidoptera in confinement, for I have never heard
+of any of these breeding in this state. (461/2. We are indebted to Mr.
+Bateson for the following note: "This belief does not seem to be well
+founded, for since Darwin's time several species of Rhopalocera (e.g.
+Pieris, Pararge, Caenonympha) have been successfully bred in confinement
+without any special difficulty; and by the use of large cages members
+even of strong-flying genera, such as Vanessa, have been induced to
+breed.") I was extremely pleased at hearing from Fritz Muller that he
+liked my chapter on lepidoptera in the "Descent of Man" more than any
+other part, excepting the chapter on morals.
+
+
+LETTER 462. TO H. MULLER. Down [May, 1872].
+
+I have now read with the greatest interest your essay, which contains
+a vast amount of matter quite new to me. (462/1. "Anwendung der
+Darwin'schen Lehre auf Bienen," "Verhandl. d. naturhist. Vereins fur
+preuss. Rheinld. u. Westf." 1872. References to Muller's paper occur in
+the second edition of the "Descent of Man.") I really have no criticisms
+or suggestions to offer. The perfection of the gradation in the
+character of bees, especially in such important parts as the
+mouth-organs, was altogether unknown to me. You bring out all such facts
+very clearly by your comparison with the corresponding organs in the
+allied hymenoptera. How very curious is the case of bees and wasps
+having acquired, independently of inheritance from a common source, the
+habit of building hexagonal cells and of producing sterile workers!
+But I have been most interested by your discussion on secondary sexual
+differences; I do not suppose so full an account of such differences in
+any other group of animals has ever been published. It delights me
+to find that we have independently arrived at almost exactly the
+same conclusion with respect to the more important points deserving
+investigation in relation to sexual selection. For instance, the
+relative number of the two sexes, the earlier emergence of the males,
+the laws of inheritance, etc. What an admirable illustration you give of
+the transference of characters acquired by one sex--namely, that of the
+male of Bombus possessing the pollen-collecting apparatus. Many of
+your facts about the differences between male and female bees are
+surprisingly parallel with those which occur with birds. The reading
+your essay has given me great confidence in the efficacy of sexual
+selection, and I wanted some encouragement, as extremely few naturalists
+in England seem inclined to believe in it. I am, however, glad to find
+that Prof. Weismann has some faith in this principle.
+
+The males of Bombus follow one remarkable habit, which I think it would
+interest you to investigate this coming summer, and no one could do
+it better than you. (462/2. Mr. Darwin's observations on this curious
+subject were sent to Hermann Muller, and after his death were translated
+and published in Krause's "Gesammelte kleinere Schriften von Charles
+Darwin," 1887, page 84. The male bees had certain regular lines of
+flight at Down, as from the end of the kitchen garden to the corner of
+the "sand-walk," and certain regular "buzzing places" where they stopped
+on the wing for a moment or two. Mr. Darwin's children remember vividly
+the pleasure of helping in the investigation of this habit.) I have
+therefore enclosed a briefly and roughly drawn-up account of this habit.
+Should you succeed in making any observations on this subject, and if
+you would like to use in any way my MS. you are perfectly welcome. I
+could, should you hereafter wish to make any use of the facts, give them
+in rather fuller detail; but I think that I have given enough.
+
+I hope that you may long have health, leisure, and inclination to do
+much more work as excellent as your recent essay.
+
+
+
+2.VIII.III. EXPRESSION, 1868-1874.
+
+LETTER 463. TO F. MULLER. Down, January 30th [1868].
+
+I am very much obliged for your answers, though few in number (October
+5th), about expression. I was especially glad to hear about shrugging
+the shoulders. You say that an old negro woman, when expressing
+astonishment, wonderfully resembled a Cebus when astonished; but are you
+sure that the Cebus opened its mouth? I ask because the Chimpanzee does
+not open its mouth when astonished, or when listening. (463/1. Darwin
+in the "Expression of the Emotions," adheres to this statement as being
+true of monkeys in general.) Please have the kindness to remember that
+I am very anxious to know whether any monkey, when screaming violently,
+partially or wholly closes its eyes.
+
+
+LETTER 464. TO W. BOWMAN.
+
+(464/1. The late Sir W. Bowman, the well-known surgeon, supplied a good
+deal of information of value to Darwin in regard to the expression of
+the emotions. The gorging of the eyes with blood during screaming is
+an important factor in the physiology of weeping, and indirectly in the
+obliquity of the eyebrows--a characteristic expression of suffering. See
+"Expression of the Emotions," pages 160 and 192.)
+
+Down, March 30th [1868].
+
+I called at your house about three weeks since, and heard that you were
+away for the whole month, which I much regretted, as I wished to
+have had the pleasure of seeing you, of asking you a question, and
+of thanking you for your kindness to my son George. You did not quite
+understand the last note which I wrote to you--viz., about Bell's
+precise statement that the conjunctiva of an infant or young child
+becomes gorged with blood when the eyes are forcibly opened during
+a screaming fit. (464/2. Sir C. Bell's statement in his "Anatomy
+of Expression" (1844, page 106) is quoted in the "Expression of the
+Emotions," page 158.) I have carefully kept your previous note, in which
+you spoke doubtfully about Bell's statement. I intended in my former
+note only to express a wish that if, during your professional work, you
+were led to open the eyelids of a screaming child, you would specially
+observe this point about the eye showing signs of becoming gorged with
+blood, which interests me extremely. Could you ask any one to observe
+this for me in an eye-dispensary or hospital? But I now have to beg you
+kindly to consider one other question at any time when you have half an
+hour's leisure.
+
+When a man coughs violently from choking or retches violently, even when
+he yawns, and when he laughs violently, tears come into the eyes. Now,
+in all these cases I observe that the orbicularis muscle is more or less
+spasmodically contracted, as also in the crying of a child. So, again,
+when the muscles of the abdomen contract violently in a propelling
+manner, and the breath is, I think, always held, as during the
+evacuation of a very costive man, and as (I hear) with a woman during
+severe labour-pains, the orbicularis contracts, and tears come into
+the eyes. Sir J.E. Tennant states that tears roll down the cheeks
+of elephants when screaming and trumpeting at first being captured;
+accordingly I went to the Zoological Gardens, and the keeper made two
+elephants trumpet, and when they did this violently the orbicularis was
+invariably plainly contracted. Hence I am led to conclude that there
+must be some relation between the contraction of this muscle and the
+secretion of tears. Can you tell me what this relation is? Does the
+orbicularis press against, and so directly stimulate, the lachrymal
+gland? As a slight blow on the eye causes, by reflex action, a
+copious effusion of tears, can the slight spasmodic contraction of the
+orbicularis act like a blow? This seems hardly possible. Does the same
+nerve which runs to the orbicularis send off fibrils to the lachrymal
+glands; and if so, when the order goes for the muscle to contract,
+is nervous force sent sympathetically at the same time to the glands?
+(464/3. See "Expression of the Emotions," page 169.)
+
+I should be extremely much obliged if you [would] have the kindness to
+give me your opinion on this point.
+
+
+LETTER 465. TO F.C. DONDERS.
+
+(465/1. Mr. Darwin was indebted to Sir W. Bowman for an introduction to
+Professor Donders, whose work on Sir Charles Bell's views is quoted in
+the "Expression of the Emotions," pages 160-62.)
+
+Down, June 3rd [1870?].
+
+I do not know how to thank you enough for the very great trouble which
+you have taken in writing at such length, and for your kind expressions
+towards me. I am particularly obliged for the abstract with respect to
+Sir C. Bell's views (465/2. See "Expression of the Emotions," pages 158
+et seq.: Sir Charles Bell's view is that adopted by Darwin--viz. that
+the contraction of the muscles round the eyes counteracts the gorging of
+the parts during screaming, etc. The essay of Donders is, no doubt,
+"On the Action of the Eyelids in Determination of Blood from Expiratory
+Effort" in Beale's "Archives of Medicine," Volume V., 1870, page 20,
+which is a translation of the original in Dutch.), as I shall now
+proceed with some confidence; but I am intensely curious to read your
+essay in full when translated and published, as I hope, in the "Dublin
+Journal," as you speak of the weak point in the case--viz., that
+injuries are not known to follow from the gorging of the eye with blood.
+I may mention that my son and his friend at a military academy tell me
+that when they perform certain feats with their heads downwards their
+faces become purple and veins distended, and that they then feel an
+uncomfortable sensation in their eyes; but that as it is necessary for
+them to see, they cannot protect their eyes by closing the eyelids. The
+companions of one young man, who naturally has very prominent eyes, used
+to laugh at him when performing such feats, and declare that some day
+both eyes would start out of his head.
+
+Your essay on the physiological and anatomical relations between the
+contraction of the orbicular muscles and the secretion of tears is
+wonderfully clear, and has interested me greatly. I had not thought
+about irritating substances getting into the nose during vomiting; but
+my clear impression is that mere retching causes tears. I will, however,
+try to get this point ascertained. When I reflect that in vomiting
+(subject to the above doubt), in violent coughing from choking, in
+yawning, violent laughter, in the violent downward action of the
+abdominal muscle...and in your very curious case of the spasms (465/3.
+In some cases a slight touch to the eye causes spasms of the orbicularis
+muscle, which may continue for so long as an hour, being accompanied by
+a flow of tears. See "Expression of the Emotions," page 166.)--that in
+all these cases the orbicular muscles are strongly and unconsciously
+contracted, and that at the same time tears often certainly flow, I must
+think that there is a connection of some kind between these phenomena;
+but you have clearly shown me that the nature of the relation is at
+present quite obscure.
+
+
+LETTER 466. TO A.D. BARTLETT. 6, Queen Anne Street, W., December 19th
+[1870?].
+
+I was with Mr. Wood this morning, and he expressed himself strongly
+about your and your daughter's kindness in aiding him. He much wants
+assistance on another point, and if you would aid him, you would greatly
+oblige me. You know well the appearance of a dog when approaching
+another dog with hostile intentions, before they come close together.
+The dog walks very stiffly, with tail rigid and upright, hair on back
+erected, ears pointed and eyes directed forwards. When the dog attacks
+the other, down go the ears, and the canines are uncovered. Now, could
+you anyhow arrange so that one of your dogs could see a strange dog from
+a little distance, so that Mr. Wood could sketch the former attitude,
+viz., of the stiff gesture with erected hair and erected ears. (466/1.
+In Chapter II. of the "Expression of the Emotions" there are sketches
+of dogs in illustration of the "Principle of Antithesis," drawn by Mr.
+Riviere and by Mr. A. May (figures 5-8). Mr. T.W. Wood supplied similar
+drawings of a cat (figures 9, 10), also a sketch of the head of a
+snarling dog (figure 14).) And then he could afterwards sketch the same
+dog, when fondled by his master and wagging his tail with drooping ears.
+These two sketches I want much, and it would be a great favour to Mr.
+Wood, and myself, if you could aid him.
+
+P.S.--When a horse is turned out into a field he trots with high,
+elastic steps, and carries his tail aloft. Even when a cow frisks about
+she throws up her tail. I have seen a drawing of an elephant, apparently
+trotting with high steps, and with the tail erect. When the elephants in
+the garden are turned out and are excited so as to move quickly, do they
+carry their tails aloft? How is this with the rhinoceros? Do not trouble
+yourself to answer this, but I shall be in London in a couple of months,
+and then perhaps you will be able to answer this trifling question. Or,
+if you write about wolves and jackals turning round, you can tell me
+about the tails of elephants, or of any other animals. (466/2. In the
+"Expression of the Emotions," page 44, reference is made under the head
+of "Associated habitual movements in the lower animals," to dogs and
+other animals turning round and round and scratching the ground with
+their fore-paws when they wish to go to sleep on a carpet, or other
+similar surface.)
+
+
+LETTER 467. TO A.D. BARTLETT. Down, January 5th, [1871?]
+
+Many thanks about Limulus. I am going to ask another favour, but I do
+not want to trouble you to answer it by letter. When the Callithrix
+sciureus screams violently, does it wrinkle up the skin round the eyes
+like a baby always does? (467/1. "Humboldt also asserts that the eyes
+of the Callithrix sciureus 'instantly fill with tears when it is seized
+with fear'; but when this pretty little monkey in the Zoological Gardens
+was teased, so as to cry out loudly, this did not occur. I do not,
+however, wish to throw the least doubt on the accuracy of Humboldt's
+statement." ("The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals,"
+1872, page 137.) When thus screaming do the eyes become suffused with
+moisture? Will you ask Sutton to observe carefully? (467/2. One of the
+keepers who made many observations on monkeys for Mr. Darwin.) Could you
+make it scream without hurting it much? I should be truly obliged some
+time for this information, when in spring I come to the Gardens.
+
+
+LETTER 468. TO W. OGLE. Down, March 7th [1871].
+
+I wrote to Tyndall, but had no clear answer, and have now written to
+him again about odours. (468/1. Dr. Ogle's work on the Sense of Smell
+("Medico-Chirurgical Trans." LIII., page 268) is referred to in the
+"Expression of the Emotions," page 256.) I write now to ask you to be so
+kind (if there is no objection) to tell me the circumstances under which
+you saw a man arrested for murder. (468/2. Given in the "Expression of
+the Emotions," page 294.) I say in my notes made from your conversation:
+utmost horror--extreme pallor--mouth relaxed and open--general
+prostration--perspiration--muscle of face contracted--hair observed on
+account of having been dyed, and apparently not erected. Secondly, may
+I quote you that you have often (?) seen persons (young or old? men
+or women?) who, evincing no great fear, were about to undergo severe
+operation under chloroform, showing resignation by (alternately?)
+folding one open hand over the other on the lower part of chest (whilst
+recumbent?)--I know this expression, and think I ought to notice it.
+Could you look out for an additional instance?
+
+I fear you will think me very troublesome, especially when I remind you
+(not that I am in a hurry) about the Eustachian tube.
+
+
+LETTER 469. TO J. JENNER WEIR. Down, June 14th [1870].
+
+As usual, I am going to beg for information. Can you tell me whether
+any Fringillidae or Sylviadae erect their feathers when frightened or
+enraged? (469/1. See "Expression of the Emotions," page 99.) I want to
+show that this expression is common to all or most of the families of
+birds. I know of this only in the fowl, swan, tropic-bird, owl, ruff and
+reeve, and cuckoo. I fancy that I remember having seen nestling birds
+erect their feathers greatly when looking into nests, as is said to
+be the case with young cuckoos. I should much like to know whether
+nestlings do really thus erect their feathers. I am now at work on
+expression in animals of all kinds, and birds; and if you have any hints
+I should be very glad for them, and you have a rich wealth of facts of
+all kinds. Any cases like the following: the sheldrake pats or dances on
+the tidal sands to make the sea-worms come out; and when Mr. St. John's
+tame sheldrakes came to ask for their dinners they used to pat the
+ground, and this I should call an expression of hunger and impatience.
+How about the Quagga case? (469/2. See Letter 235, Volume I.)
+
+I am working away as hard as I can on my book; but good heavens, how
+slow my progress is.
+
+
+LETTER 470. TO F.C. DONDERS. Down, March 18th, 1871.
+
+Very many thanks for your kind letter. I have been interested by what
+you tell me about your views published in 1848, and I wish I could
+read your essay. It is clear to me that you were as near as possible in
+preceding me on the subject of Natural Selection.
+
+You will find very little that is new to you in my last book; whatever
+merit it may possess consists in the grouping of the facts and in
+deductions from them. I am now at work on my essay on Expression.
+My last book fatigued me much, and I have had much correspondence,
+otherwise I should have written to you long ago, as I often intended to
+tell you in how high a degree your essay published in Beale's Archives
+interested me. (470/1. Beale's "Archives of Medicine," Volume V., 1870.)
+I have heard others express their admiration at the complete manner in
+which you have treated the subject. Your confirmation of Sir C. Bell's
+rather loose statement has been of paramount importance for my work.
+(470/2. On the contraction of the muscles surrounding the eye. See
+"Expression of the Emotions," page 158. See Letters 464, 465.) You told
+me that I might make further enquiries from you.
+
+When a person is lost in meditation his eyes often appear as if fixed
+on a distant object (470/3. The appearance is due to divergence of the
+lines of vision produced by muscular relaxation. See "Expression of the
+Emotions," Edition II., page 239.), and the lower eyelids may be seen to
+contract and become wrinkled. I suppose the idea is quite fanciful, but
+as you say that the eyeball advances in adaptation for vision for close
+objects, would the eyeball have to be pushed backwards in adaptation for
+distant objects? (470/4. Darwin seems to have misunderstood a remark of
+Donders.) If so, can the wrinkling of the lower eyelids, which has often
+perplexed me, act in pushing back the eyeball?
+
+But, as I have said, I daresay this is quite fanciful. Gratiolet says
+that the pupil contracts in rage, and dilates enormously in terror.
+(470/5. See "Expression of the Emotions," Edition II., page 321.) I have
+not found this great anatomist quite trustworthy on such points, and am
+making enquiries on this subject. But I am inclined to believe him, as
+the old Scotch anatomist Munro says, that the iris of parrots contracts
+and dilates under passions, independently of the amount of light. Can
+you give any explanation of this statement? When the heart beats hard
+and quick, and the head becomes somewhat congested with blood in any
+illness, does the pupil contract? Does the pupil dilate in incipient
+faintness, or in utter prostration, as when after a severe race a man
+is pallid, bathed in perspiration, with all his muscles quivering? Or in
+extreme prostration from any illness?
+
+
+LETTER 471. TO W. TURNER. Down, March 28th [1871].
+
+I am much obliged for your kind note, and especially for your offer of
+sending me some time corrections, for which I shall be truly grateful. I
+know that there are many blunders to which I am very liable. There is
+a terrible one confusing the supra-condyloid foramen with another one.
+(471/1. In the first edition of the "Descent of Man," I., page 28,
+in quoting Mr. Busk "On the Caves of Gibraltar," Mr. Darwin confuses
+together the inter-condyloid foramen in the humerus with the
+supra-condyloid foramen. His attention was called to the mistake by
+Sir William Turner, to whom he had been previously indebted for other
+information on the anatomy of man. The error is one, as Sir William
+Turner points out in a letter, "which might easily arise where the
+writer is not minutely acquainted with human anatomy." In speaking of
+his correspondence with Darwin, Sir William remarks on a characteristic
+of Darwin's method of asking for information, namely, his care in
+avoiding leading questions.) This, however, I have corrected in all the
+copies struck off after the first lot of 2500. I daresay there will be
+a new edition in the course of nine months or a year, and this I will
+correct as well as I can. As yet the publishers have kept up type,
+and grumble dreadfully if I make heavy corrections. I am very far from
+surprised that "you have not committed yourself to full acceptation" of
+the evolution of man. Difficulties and objections there undoubtedly are,
+enough and to spare, to stagger any cautious man who has much knowledge
+like yourself.
+
+I am now at work at my hobby-horse essay on Expression, and I have been
+reading some old notes of yours. In one you say it is easy to see that
+the spines of the hedgehog are moved by the voluntary panniculus. Now,
+can you tell me whether each spine has likewise an oblique unstriped
+or striped muscle, as figured by Lister? (472/2. "Expression of the
+Emotions," page 101.) Do you know whether the tail-coverts of peacock or
+tail of turkey are erected by unstriped or striped muscles, and whether
+these are homologous with the panniculus or with the single oblique
+unstriped muscles going to each separate hair in man and many animals? I
+wrote some time ago to Kolliker to ask this question (and in relation to
+quills of porcupine), and I received a long and interesting letter, but
+he could not answer these questions. If I do not receive any answer (for
+I know how busy you must be), I will understand you cannot aid me.
+
+I heard yesterday that Paget was very ill; I hope this is not true. What
+a loss he would be; he is so charming a man.
+
+P.S.--As I am writing I will trouble you with one other question. Have
+you seen anything or read of any facts which could induce you to think
+that the mind being intently and long directed to any portion of
+the skin (or, indeed, any organ) would influence the action of the
+capillaries, causing them either to contract or dilate? Any information
+on this head would be of great value to me, as bearing on blushing.
+
+If I remember right, Paget seems to be a great believer in the influence
+of the mind in the nutrition of parts, and even in causing disease. It
+is awfully audacious on my part, but I remember thinking (with respect
+to the latter assertion on disease) when I read the passage that it
+seemed rather fanciful, though I should like to believe in it. Sir H.
+Holland alludes to this subject of the influence of the mind on local
+circulation frequently, but gives no clear evidence. (472/3. Ibid.,
+pages 339 et seq.)
+
+
+LETTER 472. TO W. TURNER. Down, March 29th [1871].
+
+Forgive me for troubling you with one line. Since writing my P.S. I have
+read the part on the influence of the nervous system on the nutrition of
+parts in your last edition of Paget's "Lectures." (472/1. "Lectures on
+Surgical Pathology," Edition III., revised by Professor Turner, 1870.)
+I had not read before this part in this edition, and I see how foolish I
+was. But still, I should be extremely grateful for any hint or
+evidence of the influence of mental attention on the capillary or
+local circulation of the skin, or of any part to which the mind may be
+intently and long directed. For instance, if thinking intently about a
+local eruption on the skin (not on the face, for shame might possibly
+intervene) caused it temporarily to redden, or thinking of a tumour
+caused it to throb, independently of increased heart action.
+
+
+LETTER 473. TO HUBERT AIRY.
+
+(473/1. Dr. Airy had written to Mr. Darwin on April 3rd:--
+
+"With regard to the loss of voluntary movement of the ears in man and
+monkey, may I ask if you do not think it might have been caused, as it
+is certainly compensated, by the facility and quickness in turning the
+head, possessed by them in virtue of their more erect stature, and the
+freedom of the atlanto-axial articulation? (in birds the same end is
+gained by the length and flexibility of the neck.) The importance, in
+case of danger, of bringing the eyes to help the ears would call for a
+quick turn of the head whenever a new sound was heard, and so would tend
+to make superfluous any special means of moving the ears, except in the
+case of quadrupeds and the like, that have great trouble (comparatively
+speaking) in making a horizontal turn of the head--can only do it by a
+slow bend of the whole neck." (473/2. We are indebted to Dr. Airy for
+furnishing us with a copy of his letter to Mr. Darwin, the original of
+which had been mislaid.)
+
+Down, April 5th [1871].
+
+I am greatly obliged for your letter. Your idea about the easy turning
+of the head instead of the ears themselves strikes me as very good, and
+quite new to me, and I will keep it in mind; but I fear that there are
+some cases opposed to the notion.
+
+If I remember right the hedgehog has very human ears, but birds support
+your view, though lizards are opposed to it.
+
+Several persons have pointed out my error about the platysma. (473/3.
+The error in question occurs on page 19 of the "Descent of Man," Edition
+I., where it is stated that the Platysma myoides cannot be voluntarily
+brought into action. In the "Expression of the Emotions" Darwin remarks
+that this muscle is sometimes said not to be under voluntary control,
+and he shows that this is not universally true.) Nor can I remember how
+I was misled. I find I can act on this muscle myself, now that I know
+the corners of the mouth have to be drawn back. I know of the case of a
+man who can act on this muscle on one side, but not on the other; yet
+he asserts positively that both contract when he is startled. And this
+leads me to ask you to be so kind as to observe, if any opportunity
+should occur, whether the platysma contracts during extreme terror,
+as before an operation; and secondly, whether it contracts during a
+shivering fit. Several persons are observing for me, but I receive most
+discordant results.
+
+I beg you to present my most respectful and kind compliments to your
+honoured father [Sir G.B. Airy].
+
+
+LETTER 474. TO FRANCIS GALTON.
+
+(474/1. Mr. Galton had written on November 7th, 1872, offering to send
+to various parts of Africa Darwin's printed list of questions intended
+to guide observers on expression. Mr. Galton goes on: "You do not,
+I think, mention in "Expression" what I thought was universal among
+blubbering children (when not trying to see if harm or help was coming
+out of the corner of one eye) of pressing the knuckles against the
+eyeballs, thereby reinforcing the orbicularis.")
+
+Down, November 8th [1872].
+
+Many thanks for your note and offer to send out the queries; but my
+career is so nearly closed that I do not think it worth while. What
+little more I can do shall be chiefly new work. I ought to have thought
+of crying children rubbing their eyes with their knuckles, but I did not
+think of it, and cannot explain it. As far as my memory serves, they do
+not do so whilst roaring, in which case compression would be of use. I
+think it is at the close of the crying fit, as if they wished to stop
+their eyes crying, or possibly to relieve the irritation from the salt
+tears. I wish I knew more about the knuckles and crying.
+
+What a tremendous stir-up your excellent article on prayer has made in
+England and America! (474/2. The article entitled "Statistical Inquiries
+into the Efficacy of Prayer" appeared in the "Fortnightly Review," 1872.
+In Mr. Francis Galton's book on "Enquiries into Human Faculty and its
+Development," London, 1883, a section (pages 277-94) is devoted to a
+discussion on the "Objective Efficacy of Prayer.")
+
+
+LETTER 475. TO F.C. DONDERS.
+
+(475/1. We have no means of knowing whether the observations suggested
+in the following letter were made--if not, the suggestion is worthy of
+record.)
+
+Down, December 21st, 1872.
+
+You will have received some little time ago my book on Expression, in
+writing which I was so deeply indebted to your kindness. I want now to
+beg a favour of you, if you have the means to grant it. A clergyman, the
+head of an institution for the blind in England (475/2. The Rev. R.H.
+Blair, Principal of the Worcester College: "Expression of the Emotions,"
+Edition II., page 237.), has been observing the expression of those born
+blind, and he informs me that they never or very rarely frown. He kept
+a record of several cases, but at last observed a frown on two of the
+children who he thought never frowned; and then in a foolish manner tore
+up his notes, and did not write to me until my book was published. He
+may be a bad observer and altogether mistaken, but I think it would
+be worth while to ascertain whether those born blind, when young, and
+whilst screaming violently, contract the muscles round the eyes like
+ordinary infants. And secondly, whether in after years they rarely or
+never frown. If it should prove true that infants born blind do not
+contract their orbicular muscles whilst screaming (though I can hardly
+believe it) it would be interesting to know whether they shed tears as
+copiously as other children. The nature of the affection which causes
+blindness may possibly influence the contraction of the muscles, but on
+all such points you will judge infinitely better than I can. Perhaps you
+could get some trustworthy superintendent of an asylum for the blind to
+attend to this subject. I am sure that you will forgive me asking this
+favour.
+
+
+LETTER 476. TO D. HACK TUKE. Down, December 22nd, 1872.
+
+I have now finished your book, and have read it with great interest.
+(476/1. "Influence of the Mind upon the Body. Designed to elucidate the
+Power of the Imagination." 1872.)
+
+Many of your cases are very striking. As I felt sure would be the case,
+I have learnt much from it; and I should have modified several passages
+in my book on Expression, if I had had the advantage of reading your
+work before my publication. I always felt, and said so a year ago to
+Professor Donders, that I had not sufficient knowledge of Physiology to
+treat my subject in a proper way.
+
+With many thanks for the interest which I have felt in reading your
+work...
+
+
+LETTER 477. TO A.R. WALLACE. Down, January 10th [1873].
+
+I have read your Review with much interest, and I thank you sincerely
+for the very kind spirit in which it is written. I cannot say that I am
+convinced by your criticisms. (477/1. "Quarterly Journal of Science,"
+January, 1873, page 116: "I can hardly believe that when a cat, lying
+on a shawl or other soft material, pats or pounds it with its feet, or
+sometimes sucks a piece of it, it is the persistence of the habit of
+pressing the mammary glands and sucking during kittenhood." Mr. Wallace
+goes on to say that infantine habits are generally completely lost in
+adult life, and that it seems unlikely that they should persist in a few
+isolated instances.) If you have ever actually observed a kitten sucking
+and pounding, with extended toes, its mother, and then seen the same
+kitten when a little older doing the same thing on a soft shawl, and
+ultimately an old cat (as I have seen), and do not admit that it is
+identically the same action, I am astonished. With respect to the
+decapitated frog, I have always heard of Pfluger as a most trustworthy
+observer. (477/2. Mr. Wallace speaks of "a readiness to accept the most
+marvellous conclusions or interpretations of physiologists on what
+seem very insufficient grounds," and he goes on to assert that the frog
+experiment is either incorrectly recorded or else that it "demonstrates
+volition, and not reflex action.") If, indeed, any one knows a frog's
+habits so well as to say that it never rubs off a bit of leaf or other
+object which may stick to its thigh, in the same manner as it did the
+acid, your objection would be valid. Some of Flourens' experiments, in
+which he removed the cerebral hemispheres from a pigeon, indicate that
+acts apparently performed consciously can be done without consciousness.
+I presume through the force of habit, in which case it would appear that
+intellectual power is not brought into play. Several persons have made
+suggestions and objections as yours about the hands being held up
+in astonishment; if there was any straining of the muscles, as with
+protruded arms under fright, I would agree; as it is I must keep to
+my old opinion, and I dare say you will say that I am an obstinate old
+blockhead. (477/3. The raising of the hands in surprise is explained
+("Expression of Emotions," Edition I., page 287) on the doctrine of
+antithesis as being the opposite of listlessness. Mr. Wallace's view
+(given in the 2nd edition of "Expression of the Emotions," page 300) is
+that the gesture is appropriate to sudden defence or to the giving of
+aid to another person.)
+
+The book has sold wonderfully; 9,000 copies have now been printed.
+
+
+LETTER 478. TO CHAUNCEY WRIGHT. Down, September 21st, 1874.
+
+I have read your long letter with the greatest interest, and it was
+extremely kind of you to take such great trouble. Now that you call my
+attention to the fact, I well know the appearance of persons moving
+the head from side to side when critically viewing any object; and I am
+almost sure that I have seen the same gesture in an affected person when
+speaking in exaggerated terms of some beautiful object not present.
+I should think your explanation of this gesture was the true one. But
+there seems to me a rather wide difference between inclining or moving
+the head laterally, and moving it in the same plane, as we do in
+negation, and, as you truly add, in disapprobation. It may, however, be
+that these two movements of the head have been confounded by travellers
+when speaking of the Turks. Perhaps Prof. Lowell would remember whether
+the movement was identically the same. Your remarks on the effects of
+viewing a sunset, etc., with the head inverted are very curious. (478/1.
+The letter dated September 3rd, 1874, is published in Mr. Thayer's
+"Letters" of Chauncey Wright, privately printed, Cambridge, Mass., 1878.
+Wright quotes Mr. Sophocles, a native of Greece, at the time Professor
+of Modern and Ancient Greek at Harvard University, to the effect that
+the Turks do not express affirmation by a shake of the head, but by a
+bow or grave nod, negation being expressed by a backward nod. From
+the striking effect produced by looking at a landscape with the head
+inverted, or by looking at its reflection, Chauncey Wright was led to
+the lateral movement of the head, which is characteristic of critical
+inspection--eg. of a picture. He thinks that in this way a gesture of
+deliberative assent arose which may have been confused with our ordinary
+sign of negation. He thus attempts to account for the contradictions
+between Lieber's statement that a Turk or Greek expresses "yes" by a
+shake of the head, and the opposite opinion of Prof. Sophocles, and
+lastly, Mr. Lowell's assertion that in Italy our negative shake of the
+head is used in affirmation (see "Expression of the Emotions," Edition
+II., page 289).) We have a looking-glass in the drawing-room opposite
+the flower-garden, and I have often been struck how extremely pretty
+and strange the flower garden and surrounding bushes appear when thus
+viewed. Your letter will be very useful to me for a new edition of my
+Expression book; but this will not be for a long time, if ever, as the
+publisher was misled by the very large sale at first, and printed far
+too many copies.
+
+I daresay you intend to publish your views in some essay, and I think
+you ought to do so, for you might make an interesting and instructive
+discussion.
+
+I have been half killing myself of late with microscopical work on
+plants. I begin to think that they are more wonderful than animals.
+
+P.S., January 29th, 1875.--You will see that by a stupid mistake in
+the address this letter has just been returned to me. It is by no
+means worth forwarding, but I cannot bear that you should think me
+so ungracious and ungrateful as not to have thanked you for your long
+letter.
+
+As I forget whether "Cambridge" is sufficient address, I will send this
+through Asa Gray.
+
+
+
+(PLATE: CHARLES LYELL. Engraved by G.I. (J). Stodart from a photograph.)
+
+
+
+CHAPTER 2.IX. GEOLOGY, 1840-1882.
+
+I. Vulcanicity and Earth-movements.--II. Ice-action.--III. The Parallel
+Roads of Glen Roy.--IV. Coral Reefs, Fossil and Recent.--V. Cleavage
+and Foliation.--VI. Age of the World.--VII. Geological Action of
+Earthworms.--VIII. Miscellaneous.
+
+
+2.IX.I. VULCANICITY AND EARTH-MOVEMENTS, 1840-1881.
+
+
+LETTER 479. TO DAVID MILNE. 12, Upper Gower Street, Thursday [March]
+20th [1840].
+
+I much regret that I am unable to give you any information of the kind
+you desire. You must have misunderstood Mr. Lyell concerning the object
+of my paper. (479/1. "On the Connexion of certain Volcanic Phenomena,
+and on the Formation of Mountain-chains and the Effects of Continental
+Elevations." "Trans. Geol. Soc." Volume V., 1840, pages 601-32 [March
+7th, 1838].) It is an account of the shock of February, 1835, in Chile,
+which is particularly interesting, as it ties most closely together
+volcanic eruptions and continental elevations. In that paper I notice a
+very remarkable coincidence in volcanic eruptions in S. America at very
+distant places. I have also drawn up some short tables showing, as
+it appears to me, that there are periods of unusually great volcanic
+activity affecting large portions of S. America. I have no record of any
+coincidences between shocks there and in Europe. Humboldt, by his table
+in the "Pers. Narrative" (Volume IV., page 36, English Translation),
+seems to consider the elevation of Sabrina off the Azores as connected
+with S. American subterranean activity: this connection appears to be
+exceedingly vague. I have during the past year seen it stated that a
+severe shock in the northern parts of S. America coincided with one
+in Kamstchatka. Believing, then, that such coincidences are purely
+accidental, I neglected to take a note of the reference; but I
+believe the statement was somewhere in "L'Institut" for 1839. (479/2.
+"L'Institut, Journal General des Societes et Travaux Scientifiques de la
+France et de l'Etranger," Tome VIII. page 412, Paris, 1840. In a note
+on some earthquakes in the province Maurienne it is stated that they
+occurred during a change in the weather, and at times when a south wind
+followed a north wind, etc.) I was myself anxious to see the list of the
+1200 shocks alluded to by you, but I have not been able to find out that
+the list has been published. With respect to any coincidences you may
+discover between shocks in S. America and Europe, let me venture to
+suggest to you that it is probably a quite accurate statement that
+scarcely one hour in the year elapses in S. America without an
+accompanying shock in some part of that large continent. There are many
+regions in which earthquakes take place every three and four days; and
+after the severer shocks the ground trembles almost half-hourly for
+months. If, therefore, you had a list of the earthquakes of two or
+three of these districts, it is almost certain that some of them would
+coincide with those in Scotland, without any other connection than mere
+chance.
+
+My paper will be published immediately in the "Geological Transactions,"
+and I will do myself the pleasure of sending you a copy in the course of
+(as I hope) a week or ten days. A large part of it is theoretical, and
+will be of little interest to you; but the account of the Concepcion
+shock of 1835 will, I think, be worth your perusal. I have understood
+from Mr. Lyell that you believe in some connection between the state of
+the weather and earthquakes. Under the very peculiar climate of Northern
+Chile, the belief of the inhabitants in such connection can hardly, in
+my opinion, be founded in error. It must possibly be worth your while to
+turn to pages 430-433 in my "Journal of Researches during the Voyage of
+the 'Beagle'," where I have stated this circumstance. (479/3. "Journal
+of Researches into the Natural History and Geology of the Countries
+visited during the Voyage of H.M.S. 'Beagle' round the World." London,
+1870, page 351.) On the hypothesis of the crust of the earth resting on
+fluid matter, would the influence of the moon (as indexed by the tides)
+affect the periods of the shocks, when the force which causes them is
+just balanced by the resistance of the solid crust? The fact you mention
+of the coincidence between the earthquakes of Calabria and Scotland
+appears most curious. Your paper will possess a high degree of interest
+to all geologists. I fancied that such uniformity of action, as seems
+here indicated, was probably confined to large continents, such as the
+Americas. How interesting a record of volcanic phenomena in Iceland
+would be, now that you are collecting accounts of every slight trembling
+in Scotland. I am astonished at their frequency in that quiet country,
+as any one would have called it. I wish it had been in my power to
+have contributed in any way to your researches on this most interesting
+subject.
+
+
+LETTER 480. TO L. HORNER. Down, August 29th [1844].
+
+I am greatly obliged for your kind note, and much pleased with its
+contents. If one-third of what you say be really true, and not the
+verdict of a partial judge (as from pleasant experience I much suspect),
+then should I be thoroughly well contented with my small volume which,
+small as it is, cost me much time. (480/1. "Geological Observations
+on the Volcanic Islands visited during the Voyage of H.M.S. 'Beagle'":
+London, 1844. A French translation has been made by Professor Renard
+of Ghent, and published by Reinwald of Paris in 1902.) The pleasure
+of observation amply repays itself: not so that of composition; and it
+requires the hope of some small degree of utility in the end to make up
+for the drudgery of altering bad English into sometimes a little better
+and sometimes worse. With respect to craters of elevation (480/2.
+"Geological Observations," pages 93-6.), I had no sooner printed off
+the few pages on that subject than I wished the whole erased. I utterly
+disbelieve in Von Buch and de Beaumont's views; but on the other
+hand, in the case of the Mauritius and St. Jago, I cannot, perhaps
+unphilosophically, persuade myself that they are merely the basal
+fragments of ordinary volcanoes; and therefore I thought I would suggest
+the notion of a slow circumferential elevation, the central part
+being left unelevated, owing to the force from below being spent
+and [relieved?] in eruptions. On this view, I do not consider these
+so-called craters of elevation as formed by the ejection of ashes,
+lava, etc., etc., but by a peculiar kind of elevation acting round and
+modified by a volcanic orifice. I wish I had left it all out; I trust
+that there are in other parts of the volume more facts and less theory.
+The more I reflect on volcanoes, the more I appreciate the importance
+of E. de Beaumont's measurements (480/3. Elie de Beaumont's views are
+discussed by Sir Charles Lyell both in the "Principles of Geology"
+(Edition X., 1867, Volume I. pages 633 et seq.) and in the "Elements
+of Geology" (Edition III., 1878, pages 495, 496). See also Darwin's
+"Geological Observations," Edition II., 1876, page 107.) (even if
+one does not believe them implicitly) of the natural inclination of
+lava-streams, and even more the importance of his view of the dikes,
+or unfilled fissures, in every volcanic mountain, being the proofs
+and measures of the stretching and consequent elevation which all
+such mountains must have undergone. I believe he thus unintentionally
+explains most of his cases of lava-streams being inclined at a greater
+angle than that at which they could have flowed.
+
+But excuse this lengthy note, and once more let me thank you for the
+pleasure and encouragement you have given me--which, together with
+Lyell's never-failing kindness, will help me on with South America, and,
+as my books will not sell, I sometimes want such aid. I have been lately
+reading with care A. d'Orbigny's work on South America (480/4. "Voyage
+dans l'Amerique Meridionale--execute pendant les annees 1826-33": six
+volumes, Paris, 1835-43.), and I cannot say how forcibly impressed I am
+with the infinite superiority of the Lyellian school of Geology over
+the continental. I always feel as if my books came half out of Lyell's
+brain, and that I never acknowledge this sufficiently; nor do I know how
+I can without saying so in so many words--for I have always thought that
+the great merit of the "Principles" was that it altered the whole tone
+of one's mind, and therefore that, when seeing a thing never seen by
+Lyell, one yet saw it partially through his eyes--it would have been in
+some respects better if I had done this less: but again excuse my long,
+and perhaps you will think presumptuous, discussion. Enclosed is a note
+from Emma to Mrs. Horner, to beg you, if you can, to give us the great
+pleasure of seeing you here. We are necessarily dull here, and can offer
+no amusements; but the weather is delightful, and if you could see how
+brightly the sun now shines you would be tempted to come. Pray remember
+me most kindly to all your family, and beg of them to accept our
+proposal, and give us the pleasure of seeing them.
+
+
+LETTER 481. TO C. LYELL. Down, [September, 1844].
+
+I was glad to get your note, and wanted to hear about your work. I
+have been looking to see it advertised; it has been a long task. I had,
+before your return from Scotland, determined to come up and see you; but
+as I had nothing else to do in town, my courage has gradually eased
+off, more especially as I have not been very well lately. We get so many
+invitations here that we are grown quite dissipated, but my stomach has
+stood it so ill that we are going to have a month's holidays, and go
+nowhere.
+
+The subject which I was most anxious to talk over with you I have
+settled, and having written sixty pages of my "S. American Geology," I
+am in pretty good heart, and am determined to have very little theory
+and only short descriptions. The two first chapters will, I think, be
+pretty good, on the great gravel terraces and plains of Patagonia and
+Chili and Peru.
+
+I am astonished and grieved over D'Orbigny's nonsense of sudden
+elevations. (481/1. D'Orbigny's views are referred to by Lyell in
+chapter vii. of the "Principles," Volume I. page 131. "This mud [i.e.
+the Pampean mud] contains in it recent species of shells, some of them
+proper to brackish water, and is believed by Mr. Darwin to be an
+estuary or delta deposit. M.A. D'Orbigny, however, has advanced an
+hypothesis...that the agitation and displacement of the waters of the
+ocean, caused by the elevation of the Andes, gave rise to a deluge, of
+which this Pampean mud, which reaches sometimes the height of 12,000
+feet, is the result and monument.") I must give you one of his cases:
+He finds an old beach 600 feet above sea. He finds STILL ATTACHED to the
+rocks at 300 feet six species of truly littoral shells. He finds at 20
+to 30 feet above sea an immense accumulation of chiefly littoral shells.
+He argues the whole 600 feet uplifted at one blow, because the attached
+shells at 300 feet have not been displaced. Therefore when the sea
+formed a beach at 600 feet the present littoral shells were attached
+to rocks at 300 feet depth, and these same shells were accumulating by
+thousands at 600 feet.
+
+Hear this, oh Forbes. Is it not monstrous for a professed conchologist?
+This is a fair specimen of his reasoning.
+
+One of his arguments against the Pampas being a slow deposit, is that
+mammifers are very seldom washed by rivers into the sea!
+
+Because at 12,000 feet he finds the same kind of clay with that of
+the Pampas he never doubts that it is contemporaneous with the Pampas
+[debacle?] which accompanied the right royal salute of every volcano
+in the Cordillera. What a pity these Frenchmen do not catch hold of
+a comet, and return to the good old geological dramas of Burnett and
+Whiston. I shall keep out of controversy, and just give my own facts. It
+is enough to disgust one with Geology; though I have been much pleased
+with the frank, decided, though courteous manner with which D'Orbigny
+disputes my conclusions, given, unfortunately, without facts, and
+sometimes rashly, in my journal.
+
+Enough of S. America. I wish you would ask Mr. Horner (for I forgot to
+do so, and am unwilling to trouble him again) whether he thinks there
+is too much detail (quite independent of the merits of the book) in my
+volcanic volume; as to know this would be of some real use to me. You
+could tell me when we meet after York, when I will come to town. I had
+intended being at York, but my courage has failed. I should much like
+to hear your lecture, but still more to read it, as I think reading is
+always better than hearing.
+
+I am very glad you talk of a visit to us in the autumn if you can spare
+the time. I shall be truly glad to see Mrs. Lyell and yourself here; but
+I have scruples in asking any one--you know how dull we are here. Young
+Hooker (481/2. Sir J.D. Hooker.) talks of coming; I wish he might meet
+you,--he appears to me a most engaging young man.
+
+I have been delighted with Prescott, of which I have read Volume I. at
+your recommendation; I have just been a good deal interested with W.
+Taylor's (of Norwich) "Life and Correspondence."
+
+On your return from York I shall expect a great supply of Geological
+gossip.
+
+
+LETTER 482. TO C. LYELL. [October 3rd, 1846.]
+
+I have been much interested with Ramsay, but have no particular
+suggestions to offer (482/1. "On the Denudation of South Wales and the
+Adjacent Counties of England." A.C. Ramsay, "Mem. Geol. Survey Great
+Britain," Volume I., London, 1846.); I agree with all your remarks made
+the other day. My final impression is that the only argument against
+him is to tell him to read and re-read the "Principles," and if not
+then convinced to send him to Pluto. Not but what he has well read the
+"Principles!" and largely profited thereby. I know not how carefully you
+have read this paper, but I think you did not mention to me that he does
+(page 327) (482/2. Ramsay refers the great outlines of the country to
+the action of the sea in Tertiary times. In speaking of the denudation
+of the coast, he says: "Taking UNLIMITED time into account, we can
+conceive that any extent of land might be so destroyed...If to this be
+added an EXCEEDINGLY SLOW DEPRESSION of the land and sea bottom, the
+wasting process would be materially assisted by this depression" (loc.
+cit., page 327).) believe that the main part of his great denudation
+was effected during a vast (almost gratuitously assumed) slow Tertiary
+subsidence and subsequent Tertiary oscillating slow elevation. So
+our high cliff argument is inapplicable. He seems to think his great
+subsidence only FAVOURABLE for great denudation. I believe from
+the general nature of the off-shore sea's bottoms that it is almost
+necessary; do look at two pages--page 25 of my S. American volume--on
+this subject. (482/3. "Geological Observations on S. America," 1846,
+page 25. "When viewing the sea-worn cliffs of Patagonia, in some parts
+between 800 and 900 feet in height, and formed of horizontal Tertiary
+strata, which must once have extended far seaward...a difficulty often
+occurred to me, namely, how the strata could possibly have been removed
+by the action of the sea at a considerable depth beneath its surface."
+The cliffs of St. Helena are referred to in illustration of the same
+problem; speaking of these, Darwin adds: "Now, if we had any reason
+to suppose that St. Helena had, during a long period, gone on slowly
+subsiding, every difficulty would be removed...I am much inclined to
+suspect that we shall hereafter find in all such cases that the land
+with the adjoining bed of the sea has in truth subsided..." (loc. cit.,
+pages 25-6).)
+
+The foundation of his views, viz., of one great sudden upheaval, strikes
+me as threefold. First, to account for the great dislocations. This
+strikes me as the odder, as he admits that a little northwards there
+were many and some violent dislocations at many periods during the
+accumulation of the Palaeozoic series. If you argue against him, allude
+to the cool assumption that petty forces are conflicting: look at
+volcanoes; look at recurrent similar earthquakes at same spots; look at
+repeatedly injected intrusive masses. In my paper on Volcanic Phenomena
+in the "Geol. Transactions." (482/4. "On the Connection of certain
+Volcanic Phenomena, and on the Formation of Mountain-chains and the
+Effects of Continental Elevations." "Geol. Soc. Proc." Volume II., pages
+654-60, 1838; "Trans. Geol. Soc." Volume V., pages 601-32, 1842. [Read
+March 7th, 1838.]) I have argued (and Lonsdale thought well of the
+argument, in favour, as he remarked, of your original doctrine) that if
+Hopkins' views are correct, viz., that mountain chains are subordinate
+consequences to changes of level in mass, then, as we have evidence of
+such horizontal movements in mass having been slow, the foundation of
+mountain chains (differing from volcanoes only in matter being injected
+instead of ejected) must have been slow.
+
+Secondly, Ramsay has been influenced, I think, by his Alpine insects;
+but he is wrong in thinking that there is any necessary connection
+of tropics and large insects--videlicet--Galapagos Arch., under the
+equator. Small insects swarm in all parts of tropics, though accompanied
+generally with large ones.
+
+Thirdly, he appears influenced by the absence of newer deposits on the
+old area, blinded by the supposed necessity of sediment accumulating
+somewhere near (as no doubt is true) and being PRESERVED--an example,
+as I think, of the common error which I wrote to you about. The
+preservation of sedimentary deposits being, as I do not doubt, the
+exception when they are accumulated during periods of elevation or of
+stationary level, and therefore the preservation of newer deposits would
+not be probable, according to your view that Ramsay's great Palaeozoic
+masses were denuded, whilst slowly rising. Do pray look at end of
+Chapter II., at what little I have said on this subject in my S.
+American volume. (482/5. The second chapter of the "Geological
+Observations" concludes with a Summary on the Recent Elevations of the
+West Coast of South America, (page 53).)
+
+I do not think you can safely argue that the whole surface was probably
+denuded at same time to the level of the lateral patches of Magnesian
+conglomerate.
+
+The latter part of the paper strikes me as good, but obvious.
+
+I shall send him my S. American volume for it is curious on how many
+similar points we enter, and I modestly hope it may be a half-oz. weight
+towards his conversion to better views. If he would but reject his great
+sudden elevations, how sound and good he would be. I doubt whether this
+letter will be worth the reading.
+
+
+LETTER 483. TO C. LYELL. Down [September 4th, 1849].
+
+It was very good of you to write me so long a letter, which has
+interested me much. I should have answered it sooner, but I have not
+been very well for the few last days. Your letter has also flattered
+me much in many points. I am very glad you have been thinking over the
+relation of subsidence and the accumulation of deposits; it has to me
+removed many great difficulties; please to observe that I have carefully
+abstained from saying that sediment is not deposited during periods of
+elevation, but only that it is not accumulated to sufficient thickness
+to withstand subsequent beach action; on both coasts of S. America the
+amount of sediment deposited, worn away, and redeposited, oftentimes
+must have been enormous, but still there have been no wide formations
+produced: just read my discussion (page 135 of my S. American book
+(483/1. See Letter 556, note. The discussion referred to ("Geological
+Observations on South America," 1846) deals with the causes of
+the absence of recent conchiferous deposits on the coasts of South
+America.)) again with this in your mind. I never thought of your
+difficulty (i.e. in relation to this discussion) of where was the land
+whence the three miles of S. Wales strata were derived! (483/2. In
+his classical paper "On the Denudation of South Wales and the Adjacent
+Counties of England" ("Mem. Geol. Survey," Volume I., page 297, 1846),
+Ramsay estimates the thickness of certain Palaeozoic formations in South
+Wales, and calculates the cubic contents of the strata in the area they
+now occupy together with the amount removed by denudation; and he goes
+on to say that it is evident that the quantity of matter employed to
+form these strata was many times greater than the entire amount of solid
+land they now represent above the waves. "To form, therefore, so great
+a thickness, a mass of matter of nearly equal cubic contents must have
+been worn by the waves and the outpourings of rivers from neighbouring
+lands, of which perhaps no original trace now remains" (page 334.)) Do
+you not think that it may be explained by a form of elevation which I
+have always suspected to have been very common (and, indeed, had once
+intended getting all facts together), viz. thus?--
+
+(Figure 1. A line drawing of ocean bottom subsiding beside mountains and
+continent rising.)
+
+The frequency of a DEEP ocean close to a rising continent bordered with
+mountains, seems to indicate these opposite movements of rising and
+sinking CLOSE TOGETHER; this would easily explain the S. Wales and
+Eocene cases. I will only add that I should think there would be a
+little more sediment produced during subsidence than during elevation,
+from the resulting outline of coast, after long period of rise. There
+are many points in my volume which I should like to have discussed with
+you, but I will not plague you: I should like to hear whether you think
+there is anything in my conjecture on Craters of Elevation (483/3. In
+the "Geological Observations on Volcanic Islands," 1844, pages 93-6,
+Darwin speaks of St. Helena, St. Jago and Mauritius as being bounded by
+a ring of basaltic mountains which he regards as "Craters of Elevation."
+While unable to accept the theory of Elie de Beaumont and attribute
+their formation to a dome-shaped elevation and consequent arching of the
+strata, he recognises a "very great difficulty in admitting that these
+basaltic mountains are merely the basal fragments of great volcanoes,
+of which the summits have been either blown off, or, more probably,
+swallowed by subsidence." An explanation of the origin and structure of
+these volcanic islands is suggested which would keep them in the class
+of "Craters of Elevation," but which assumes a slow elevation, during
+which the central hollow or platform having been formed "not by the
+arching of the surface, but simply by that part having been upraised to
+a less height."); I cannot possibly believe that Saint Jago or Mauritius
+are the basal fragments of ordinary volcanoes; I would sooner even admit
+E. de Beaumont's views than that--much as I would sooner in my own mind
+in all cases follow you. Just look at page 232 in my "S. America" for a
+trifling point, which, however, I remember to this day relieved my
+mind of a considerable difficulty. (483/4. This probably refers to
+a paragraph (page 232) "On the Eruptive Sources of the Porphyritic
+Claystone and Greenstone Lavas." The opinion is put forward that "the
+difficulty of tracing the streams of porphyries to their ancient and
+doubtless numerous eruptive sources, may be partly explained by the very
+general disturbance which the Cordillera in most parts has suffered";
+but, Darwin adds, "a more specific cause may be that 'the original
+points of eruption tend to become the points of injection'...On this
+view of there being a tendency in the old points of eruption to become
+the points of subsequent injection and disturbance, and consequently of
+denudation, it ceases to be surprising that the streams of lava in the
+porphyritic claystone conglomerate formation, and in other analogous
+cases, should most rarely be traceable to their actual sources." The
+latter part of this letter is published in "Life and Letters," I.,
+pages 377, 378.) I remember being struck with your discussion on the
+Mississippi beds in relation to Pampas, but I should wish to read them
+over again; I have, however, re-lent your work to Mrs. Rich, who, like
+all whom I have met, has been much interested by it. I will stop about
+my own Geology. But I see I must mention that Scrope did suggest (and I
+have alluded to him, page 118 (483/5. "Geological Observations," Edition
+II., 1876. Chapter VI. opens with a discussion "On the Separation of the
+Constituent Minerals of Lava, according to their Specific Gravities."
+Mr. Darwin calls attention to the fact that Mr. P. Scrope had speculated
+on the subject of the separation of the trachytic and basaltic series
+of lavas (page 113).), but without distinct reference and I fear not
+sufficiently, though I utterly forgot what he wrote) the separation of
+basalt and trachyte; but he does not appear to have thought about the
+crystals, which I believe to be the keystone of the phenomenon. I cannot
+but think this separation of the molten elements has played a great part
+in the metamorphic rocks: how else could the basaltic dykes have come in
+the great granitic districts such as those of Brazil? What a wonderful
+book for labour is d'Archiac!...(483/6. Possibly this refers to
+d'Archiac's "Histoire des Progres de la Geologie," 1848.)
+
+
+LETTER 484. TO LADY LYELL. Down, Wednesday night [1849?].
+
+I am going to beg a very very great favour of you: it is to translate
+one page (and the title) of either Danish or Swedish or some such
+language. I know not to whom else to apply, and I am quite dreadfully
+interested about the barnacles therein described. Does Lyell know Loven,
+or his address and title? for I must write to him. If Lyell knows him I
+would use his name as introduction; Loven I know by name as a first-rate
+naturalist.
+
+Accidentally I forgot to give you the "Footsteps," which I now return,
+having ordered a copy for myself.
+
+I sincerely hope the "Craters of Denudation" prosper; I pin my faith to
+this view. (484/1. "On Craters of Denudation, with Observations on the
+Structure and Growth of Volcanic Cones." "Proc. Geol. Soc." Volume VI.,
+1850, pages 207-34. In a letter to Bunbury (January 17th, 1850)
+Lyell wrote:..."Darwin adopts my views as to Mauritius, St. Jago, and
+so-called elevation craters, which he has examined, and was puzzled
+with."--"Life of Sir Charles Lyell," Volume II., page 158.)
+
+Please tell Sir C. Lyell that outside the crater-like mountains at St.
+Jago, even throughout a distance of two or three miles, there has been
+much denudation of the older volcanic rocks contemporaneous with those
+of the ring of mountains. (484/2. The island of St. Jago, one of the
+Cape de Verde group, is fully described in the "Volcanic Islands,"
+Chapter 1.)
+
+I hope that you will not find the page troublesome, and that you will
+forgive me asking you.
+
+
+LETTER 485. TO C. LYELL. [November 6th, 1849].
+
+I have been deeply interested in your letter, and so far, at least,
+worthy of the time it must have cost you to write it. I have not much to
+say. I look at the whole question as settled. Santorin is splendid!
+it is conclusive! it is perfect! (485/1. "The Gulf of Santorin, in the
+Grecian Archipelago, has been for two thousand years a scene of active
+volcanic operations. The largest of the three outer islands of the
+groups (to which the general name of Santorin is given) is called Thera
+(or sometimes Santorin), and forms more than two-thirds of the circuit
+of the Gulf" ("Principles of Geology," Volume II., Edition X., London,
+1868, page 65). Lyell attributed "the moderate slope of the beds in
+Thera...to their having originally descended the inclined flanks of a
+large volcanic cone..."; he refuted the theory of "Elevation Craters" by
+Leopold von Buch, which explained the slope of the rocks in a volcanic
+mountain by assuming that the inclined beds had been originally
+horizontal and subsequently tilted by an explosion.) You have read
+Dufrenoy in a hurry, I think, and added to the difficulty--it is
+the whole hill or "colline" which is composed of tuff with
+cross-stratification; the central boss or "monticule" is simply
+trachyte. Now, I have described one tuff crater at Galapagos (page 108)
+(485/2. The pages refer to Darwin's "Geological Observations on the
+Volcanic Islands, etc." 1844.) which has broken through a great solid
+sheet of basalt: why should not an irregular mass of trachyte have
+been left in the middle after the explosion and emission of mud which
+produced the overlying tuff? Or, again, I see no difficulty in a mass of
+trachyte being exposed by subsequent dislocations and bared or cleaned
+by rain. At Ascension (page 40), subsequent to the last great aeriform
+explosion, which has covered the country with fragments, there have been
+dislocations and a large circular subsidence...Do not quote Banks' case
+(485/3. This refers to Banks' Cove: see "Volcanic Islands," page 107.)
+(for there has been some denudation there), but the "elliptic one"
+(page 105), which is 1,500 yards (three-quarters of a nautical mile)
+in internal diameter...and is the very one the inclination of whose
+mud stream on tuff strata I measured (before I had ever heard the name
+Dufrenoy) and found varying from 25 to 30 deg. Albemarle Island, instead
+of being a crater of elevation, as Von Buch foolishly guessed, is formed
+of four great subaerial basaltic volcanoes (page 103), of one of which
+you might like to know the external diameter of the summit or crater
+was above three nautical miles. There are no "craters of denudation"
+at Galapagos. (485/4. See Lyell "On Craters of Denudation, with
+Observations on the Structure and Growth of Volcanic Cones," "Quart.
+Journ. Geol. Soc." Volume VI., 1850, page 207.)
+
+I hope you will allude to Mauritius. I think this is the instance on the
+largest scale of any known, though imperfectly known.
+
+If I were you I would give up consistency (or, at most, only allude in
+note to your old edition) and bring out the Craters of Denudation as
+a new view, which it essentially is. You cannot, I think, give it
+prominence as a novelty and yet keep to consistency and passages in old
+editions. I should grudge this new view being smothered in your address,
+and should like to see a separate paper. The one great channel to
+Santorin and Palma, etc., etc., is just like the one main channel
+being kept open in atolls and encircling barrier reefs, and on the same
+principle of water being driven in through several shallow breaches.
+
+I of course utterly reprobate my wild notion of circular elevation;
+it is a satisfaction to me to think that I perceived there was a screw
+loose in the old view, and, so far, I think I was of some service to
+you.
+
+Depend on it, you have for ever smashed, crushed, and abolished craters
+of elevation. There must be craters of engulfment, and of explosion
+(mere modifications of craters of eruption), but craters of denudation
+are the ones which have given rise to all the discussions.
+
+Pray give my best thanks to Lady Lyell for her translation, which was as
+clear as daylight to me, including "leglessness."
+
+
+LETTER 486. TO C. LYELL.
+
+Down [November 20th, 1849].
+
+I remembered the passage in E. de B. [Elie de Beaumont] and have now
+re-read it. I have always and do still entirely disbelieve it; in such a
+wonderful case he ought to have hammered every inch of rock up to actual
+junction; he describes no details of junction, and if I were in your
+place I would absolutely dispute the fact of junction (or articulation
+as he oddly calls it) on such evidence. I go farther than you; I do not
+believe in the world there is or has been a junction between a dike and
+stream of lava of exact shape of either (1) or (2) Figure 2].
+
+(Figures 2, 3 and 4.)
+
+If dike gave immediate origin to volcanic vent we should have craters of
+[an] elliptic shape [Figure 3]. I believe that when the molten rock in a
+dike comes near to the surface, some one two or three points will
+always certainly chance to afford an easier passage upward to the actual
+surface than along the whole line, and therefore that the dike will be
+connected (if the whole were bared and dissected) with the vent by a
+column or cone (see my elegant drawing) of lava [Figure 4]. I do not
+doubt that the dikes are thus indirectly connected with eruptive vents.
+E. de B. seems to have observed many of his T; now without he supposes
+the whole line of fissure or dike to have poured out lava (which
+implies, as above remarked, craters of an elliptic or almost linear
+shape) on both sides, how extraordinarily improbable it is, that there
+should have been in a single line of section so many intersections of
+points eruption; he must, I think, make his orifices of eruption almost
+linear or, if not so, astonishingly numerous. One must refer to what one
+has seen oneself: do pray, when you go home, look at the section of a
+minute cone of eruption at the Galapagos, page 109 (486/1. "Geological
+Observations on Volcanic Islands." London, 1890, page 238.), which is
+the most perfect natural dissection of a crater which I have ever heard
+of, and the drawing of which you may, I assure you, trust; here the
+arching over of the streams as they were poured out over the lip of
+the crater was evident, and are now thus seen united to the central
+irregular column. Again, at St. Jago I saw some horizontal sections of
+the bases of small craters, and the sources or feeders were circular. I
+really cannot entertain a doubt that E. de B. is grossly wrong, and that
+you are right in your view; but without most distinct evidence I will
+never admit that a dike joins on rectangularly to a stream of lava. Your
+argument about the perpendicularity of the dike strikes me as good.
+
+The map of Etna, which I have been just looking at, looks like a sudden
+falling in, does it not? I am not much surprised at the linear vent
+in Santorin (this linear tendency ought to be difficult to a
+circular-crater-of-elevation-believer), I think Abich (486/2.
+"Geologische Beobachtungen uber die vulkanischen Erscheinungen und
+Bildungen in Unter- und Mittel-Italien." Braunschweig, 1841.) describes
+having seen the same actual thing forming within the crater of Vesuvius.
+In such cases what outline do you give to the upper surface of the lava
+in the dike connecting them? Surely it would be very irregular and would
+send up irregular cones or columns as in my above splendid drawing.
+
+At the Royal on Friday, after more doubt and misgiving than I almost
+ever felt, I voted to recommend Forbes for Royal Medal, and that view
+was carried, Sedgwick taking the lead.
+
+I am glad to hear that all your party are pretty well. I know from
+experience what you must have gone through. From old age with suffering
+death must be to all a happy release. (486/3. This seems to refer to
+the death of Sir Charles Lyell's father, which occurred on November 8th,
+1849.)
+
+I saw Dan Sharpe the other day, and he told me he had been working at
+the mica schist (i.e. not gneiss) in Scotland, and that he was quite
+convinced my view was right. You are wrong and a heretic on this point,
+I know well.
+
+
+LETTER 487. TO C.H.L. WOODD. Down, March 4th [1850].
+
+(487/1. The paper was sent in MS., and seems not to have been published.
+Mr. Woodd was connected by marriage with Mr. Darwin's cousin, the late
+Rev. W. Darwin Fox. It was perhaps in consequence of this that Mr.
+Darwin proposed Mr. Woodd for the Geological Society.)
+
+I have read over your paper with attention; but first let me thank you
+for your very kind expressions towards myself. I really feel hardly
+competent to discuss the questions raised by your paper; I feel the
+want of mathematical mechanics. All such problems strike me as awfully
+complicated; we do not even know what effect great pressure has on
+retarding liquefaction by heat, nor, I apprehend, on expansion. The
+chief objection which strikes me is a doubt whether a mass of strata,
+when heated, and therefore in some slight degree at least softened,
+would bow outwards like a bar of metal. Consider of how many subordinate
+layers each great mass would be composed, and the mineralogical changes
+in any length of any one stratum: I should have thought that the strata
+would in every case have crumpled up, and we know how commonly in
+metamorphic strata, which have undergone heat, the subordinate layers
+are wavy and sinuous, which has always been attributed to their
+expansion whilst heated.
+
+Before rocks are dried and quarried, manifold facts show how extremely
+flexible they are even when not at all heated. Without the bowing out
+and subsequent filling in of the roof of the cavity, if I understand
+you, there would be no subsidence. Of course the crumpling up of the
+strata would thicken them, and I see with you that this might compress
+the underlying fluidified rock, which in its turn might escape by
+a volcano or raise a weaker part of the earth's crust; but I am too
+ignorant to have any opinion whether force would be easily propagated
+through a viscid mass like molten rock; or whether such viscid mass
+would not act in some degree like sand and refuse to transmit pressure,
+as in the old experiment of trying to burst a piece of paper tied
+over the end of a tube with a stick, an inch or two of sand being
+only interposed. I have always myself felt the greatest difficulty in
+believing in waves of heat coming first to this and then to that quarter
+of the world: I suspect that heat plays quite a subordinate part in the
+upward and downward movements of the earth's crust; though of course
+it must swell the strata where first affected. I can understand Sir
+J. Herschel's manner of bringing heat to unheated strata--namely, by
+covering them up by a mile or so of new strata, and then the heat would
+travel into the lower ones. But who can tell what effect this mile or
+two of new sedimentary strata would have from mere gravity on the level
+of the supporting surface? Of course such considerations do not render
+less true that the expansion of the strata by heat would have some
+effect on the level of the surface; but they show us how awfully
+complicated the phenomenon is. All young geologists have a great turn
+for speculation; I have burned my fingers pretty sharply in that way,
+and am now perhaps become over-cautious; and feel inclined to cavil at
+speculation when the direct and immediate effect of a cause in question
+cannot be shown. How neatly you draw your diagrams; I wish you would
+turn your attention to real sections of the earth's crust, and then
+speculate to your heart's content on them; I can have no doubt that
+speculative men, with a curb on, make far the best observers. I
+sincerely wish I could have made any remarks of more interest to you,
+and more directly bearing on your paper; but the subject strikes me as
+too difficult and complicated. With every good wish that you may go
+on with your geological studies, speculations, and especially
+observations...
+
+
+LETTER 488. TO C. LYELL. Down, March 24th [1853].
+
+I have often puzzled over Dana's case, in itself and in relation to the
+trains of S. American volcanoes of different heights in action at the
+same time (page 605, Volume V. "Geological Transactions." (488/1. "On
+the Connection of certain Volcanic Phenomena in South America, and on
+the Formation of Mountain Chains and Volcanoes, as the Effect of the
+same Power by which Continents are Elevated" ("Trans. Geol. Soc."
+Volume V., page 601, 1840). On page 605 Darwin records instances of the
+simultaneous activity after an earthquake of several volcanoes in
+the Cordillera.)) I can throw no light on the subject. I presume you
+remember that Hopkins (488/2. See "Report on the Geological Theories
+of Elevation and Earthquakes," by W. Hopkins, "Brit. Assoc. Rep." 1847,
+page 34.) in some one (I forget which) of his papers discusses such
+cases, and urgently wishes the height of the fluid lava was known in
+adjoining volcanoes when in contemporaneous action; he argues vehemently
+against (as far as I remember) volcanoes in action of different heights
+being connected with one common source of liquefied rock. If lava was as
+fluid as water, the case would indeed be hopeless; and I fancy we should
+be led to look at the deep-seated rock as solid though intensely hot,
+and becoming fluid as soon as a crack lessened the tension of the
+super-incumbent strata. But don't you think that viscid lava might be
+very slow in communicating its pressure equally in all directions? I
+remember thinking strongly that Dana's case within the one crater of
+Kilauea proved too much; it really seems monstrous to suppose that the
+lava within the same crater is not connected at no very great depth.
+
+When one reflects on (and still better sees) the enormous masses of lava
+apparently shot miles high up, like cannon-balls, the force seems out of
+all proportion to the mere gravity of the liquefied lava; I should think
+that a channel a little straightly or more open would determine the line
+of explosion, like the mouth of a cannon compared to the touch-hole.
+If a high-pressure boiler was cracked across, no one would think for a
+moment that the quantity of water and steam expelled at different points
+depended on the less or greater height of the water within the boiler
+above these points, but on the size of the crack at these points; and
+steam and water might be driven out both at top and bottom. May not a
+volcano be likened to a protruding and cracked portion on a vast natural
+high-pressure boiler, formed by the surrounding area of country? In
+fact, I think my simile would be truer if the difference consisted only
+in the cracked case of the boiler being much thicker in some parts than
+in others, and therefore having to expel a greater thickness or depth of
+water in the thicker cracks or parts--a difference of course absolutely
+as nothing.
+
+I have seen an old boiler in action, with steam and drops of water
+spurting out of some of the rivet-holes. No one would think whether the
+rivet-holes passed through a greater or less thickness of iron, or were
+connected with the water higher or lower within the boiler, so small
+would the gravity be compared with the force of the steam. If the boiler
+had been not heated, then of course there would be a great difference
+whether the rivet-holes entered the water high or low, so that there
+was greater or less pressure of gravity. How to close my volcanic
+rivet-holes I don't know.
+
+I do not know whether you will understand what I am driving at, and it
+will not signify much whether you do or not. I remember in old days (I
+may mention the subject as we are on it) often wishing I could get
+you to look at continental elevations as THE phenomenon, and volcanic
+outbursts and tilting up of mountain chains as connected, but quite
+secondary, phenomena. I became deeply impressed with the truth of this
+view in S. America, and I do not think you hold it, or if so make it
+clear: the same explanation, whatever it may be, which will account for
+the whole coast of Chili rising, will and must apply to the volcanic
+action of the Cordillera, though modified no doubt by the liquefied
+rock coming to the surface and reaching water, and so [being] rendered
+explosive. To me it appears that this ought to be borne in mind in your
+present subject of discussion. I have written at too great length; and
+have amused myself if I have done you no good--so farewell.
+
+
+LETTER 489. TO C. LYELL. Down, July 5th [1856].
+
+I am very much obliged for your long letter, which has interested me
+much; but before coming to the volcanic cosmogony I must say that I
+cannot gather your verdict as judge and jury (and not as advocate)
+on the continental extensions of late authors (489/1. See "Life and
+Letters," II., page 74; Letter to Lyell, June 25th, 1856: also
+letters in the sections of the present work devoted to Evolution and
+Geographical Distribution.), which I must grapple with, and which as yet
+strikes me as quite unphilosophical, inasmuch as such extensions must be
+applied to every oceanic island, if to any one, as to Madeira; and this
+I cannot admit, seeing that the skeletons, at least, of our continents
+are ancient, and seeing the geological nature of the oceanic islands
+themselves. Do aid me with your judgment: if I could honestly admit
+these great [extensions], they would do me good service.
+
+With respect to active volcanic areas being rising areas, which looks
+so pretty on the coral maps, I have formerly felt "uncomfortable" on
+exactly the same grounds with you, viz. maritime position of volcanoes;
+and still more from the immense thicknesses of Silurian, etc., volcanic
+strata, which thicknesses at first impress the mind with the idea of
+subsidence. If this could be proved, the theory would be smashed; but
+in deep oceans, though the bottom were rising, great thicknesses of
+submarine lava might accumulate. But I found, after writing Coral Book,
+cases in my notes of submarine vesicular lava-streams in the upper
+masses of the Cordillera, formed, as I believe, during subsidence,
+which staggered me greatly. With respect to the maritime position of
+volcanoes, I have long been coming to the conclusion that there must
+be some law causing areas of elevation (consequently of land) and of
+subsidence to be parallel (as if balancing each other) and closely
+approximate; I think this from the form of continents with a deep ocean
+on one side, from coral map, and especially from conversations with you
+on immense subsidences of the Carboniferous and [other] periods, and yet
+with continued great supply of sediment. If this be so, such areas,
+with opposite movements, would probably be separated by sets of parallel
+cracks, and would be the seat of volcanoes and tilts, and consequently
+volcanoes and mountains would be apt to be maritime; but why volcanoes
+should cling to the rising edge of the cracks I cannot conjecture. That
+areas with extinct volcanic archipelagoes may subside to any extent I do
+not doubt.
+
+Your view of the bottom of Atlantic long sinking with continued volcanic
+outbursts and local elevations at Madeira, Canaries, etc., grates (but
+of course I do not know how complex the phenomena are which are thus
+explained) against my judgment; my general ideas strongly lead me to
+believe in elevatory movements being widely extended. One ought, I
+think, never to forget that when a volcano is in action we have distinct
+proof of an action from within outwards. Nor should we forget, as I
+believe follows from Hopkins (489/2. "Researches in Physical Geology,"
+W. Hopkins, "Trans. Phil. Soc. Cambridge," Volume VI., 1838. See also
+"Report on the Geological Theories of Elevation and Earthquakes," W.
+Hopkins, "Brit. Assoc. Rep." page 33, 1847 (Oxford meeting).), and as I
+have insisted in my Earthquake paper, that volcanoes and mountain chains
+are mere accidents resulting from the elevation of an area, and as
+mountain chains are generally long, so should I view areas of elevation
+as generally large. (489/3. "On the Connexion of certain Volcanic
+Phenomena in S. America, and on the Formation of Mountain Chains and
+Volcanoes, as the Effect of the same Power by which Continents are
+Elevated," "Trans. Geol. Soc." Volume V., page 601, 1840. "Bearing in
+mind Mr. Hopkins' demonstration, if there be considerable elevation
+there must be fissures, and, if fissures, almost certainly unequal
+upheaval, or subsequent sinking down, the argument may be finally
+thus put: mountain chains are the effects of continental elevations;
+continental elevations and the eruptive force of volcanoes are due to
+one great motive, now in progressive action..." (loc. cit., page 629).)
+
+Your old original view that great oceans must be sinking areas, from
+there being causes making land and yet there being little land, has
+always struck me till lately as very good. But in some degree this
+starts from the assumption that within periods of which we know anything
+there was either a continent in such areas, or at least a sea-bottom of
+not extreme depth.
+
+
+LETTER 490. TO C. LYELL. King's Head Hotel, Sandown, Isle of Wight, July
+18th [1858].
+
+I write merely to thank you for the abstract of the Etna paper. (490/1.
+"On the Structure of Lavas which have Consolidated on Steep Slopes,
+with Remarks on the Mode of Origin of Mount Etna and on the Theory of
+'Craters of Elevation,'" by C. Lyell, "Phil. Trans. R. Soc." Volume
+CXLVIII., page 703, 1859.) It seems to me a very grand contribution to
+our volcanic knowledge. Certainly I never expected to see E. de B.'s
+[Elie de Beaumont] theory of slopes so completely upset. He must have
+picked out favourable cases for measurement. And such an array of facts
+he gives! You have scotched, and will see die, I now think, the Crater
+of Elevation theory. But what vitality there is in a plausible theory!
+(490/2. The rest of this letter is published in "Life and Letters," II.,
+page 129.)
+
+
+LETTER 491. TO C. LYELL. Down, November 25th [1860].
+
+I have endeavoured to think over your discussion, but not with much
+success. You will have to lay down, I think, very clearly, what
+foundation you argue from--four parts (which seems to me exceedingly
+moderate on your part) of Europe being now at rest, with one part
+undergoing movement. How it is, that from this you can argue that the
+one part which is now moving will have rested since the commencement of
+the Glacial period in the proportion of four to one, I do not pretend
+to see with any clearness; but does not your argument rest on the
+assumption that within a given period, say two or three million years,
+the whole of Europe necessarily has to undergo movement? This may
+be probable or not so, but it seems to me that you must explain the
+foundation of your argument from space to time, which at first, to me
+was very far from obvious. I can, of course, see that if you can make
+out your argument satisfactorily to yourself and others it would be most
+valuable. I can imagine some one saying that it is not fair to argue
+that the great plains of Europe and the mountainous districts of
+Scotland and Wales have been at all subjected to the same laws of
+movement. Looking to the whole world, it has been my opinion, from the
+very size of the continents and oceans, and especially from the enormous
+ranges of so many mountain-chains (resulting from cracks which follow
+from vast areas of elevation, as Hopkins argues (491/1. See "Report
+on the Geological Theories of Elevation and Earthquakes." by William
+Hopkins. "Brit. Assoc. Rep." 1847, pages 33-92; also the Anniversary
+Address to the Geological Society by W. Hopkins in 1852 ("Quart. Journ.
+Geol. Soc." Volume VIII.); in this Address, pages lxviii et seq.)
+reference is made to the theory of elevation which rests on the
+supposition "of the simultaneous action of an upheaving force at every
+point of the area over which the phenomena of elevation preserve a
+certain character of continuity...The elevated mass...becomes stretched,
+and is ultimately torn and fissured in those directions in which
+the tendency thus to tear is greatest...It is thus that the complex
+phenomena of elevation become referable to a general and simple
+mechanical cause...")) and from other reasons, it has been my opinion
+that, as a general rule, very large portions of the world have been
+simultaneously affected by elevation or subsidence. I can see that this
+does not apply so strongly to broken Europe, any more than to the Malay
+Archipelago. Yet, had I been asked, I should have said that probably
+nearly the whole of Europe was subjected during the Glacial period
+to periods of elevation and of subsidence. It does not seem to me so
+certain that the kinds of partial movement which we now see going on
+show us the kind of movement which Europe has been subjected to since
+the commencement of the Glacial period. These notions are at least
+possible, and would they not vitiate your argument? Do you not rest on
+the belief that, as Scandinavia and some few other parts are now rising,
+and a few others sinking, and the remainder at rest, so it has been
+since the commencement of the Glacial period? With my notions I
+should require this to be made pretty probable before I could put much
+confidence in your calculations. You have probably thought this all
+over, but I give you the reflections which come across me, supposing
+for the moment that you took the proportions of space at rest and in
+movement as plainly applicable to time. I have no doubt that you have
+sufficient evidence that, at the commencement of the Glacial period, the
+land in Scotland, Wales, etc., stood as high or higher than at present,
+but I forget the proofs.
+
+Having burnt my own fingers so consumedly with the Wealden, I am fearful
+for you, but I well know how infinitely more cautious, prudent, and
+far-seeing you are than I am; but for heaven's sake take care of your
+fingers; to burn them severely, as I have done, is very unpleasant.
+
+Your 2 1/2 feet for a century of elevation seems a very handsome
+allowance. can D. Forbes really show the great elevation of Chili? I am
+astounded at it, and I took some pains on the point.
+
+I do not pretend to say that you may not be right to judge of the past
+movements of Europe by those now and recently going on, yet it somehow
+grates against my judgment,--perhaps only against my prejudices.
+
+As a change from elevation to subsidence implies some great subterranean
+or cosmical change, one may surely calculate on long intervals of
+rest between. Though, if the cause of the change be ever proved to be
+astronomical, even this might be doubtful.
+
+P.S.--I do not know whether I have made clear what I think probable, or
+at least possible: viz., that the greater part of Europe has at times
+been elevated in some degree equably; at other times it has all subsided
+equably; and at other times might all have been stationary; and at other
+times it has been subjected to various unequal movements, up and down,
+as at present.
+
+
+LETTER 492. TO C. LYELL. Down, December 4th [1860].
+
+It certainly seems to me safer to rely solely on the slowness of
+ascertained up-and-down movement. But you could argue length of probable
+time before the movement became reversed, as in your letter. And might
+you not add that over the whole world it would probably be admitted that
+a larger area is NOW at rest than in movement? and this I think would be
+a tolerably good reason for supposing long intervals of rest. You might
+even adduce Europe, only guarding yourself by saying that possibly (I
+will not say probably, though my prejudices would lead me to say so)
+Europe may at times have gone up and down all together. I forget whether
+in a former letter you made a strong point of upward movement being
+always interrupted by long periods of rest. After writing to you, out
+of curiosity I glanced at the early chapters in my "Geology of South
+America," and the areas of elevation on the E. and W. coasts are so
+vast, and proofs of many successive periods of rest so striking,
+that the evidence becomes to my mind striking. With regard to the
+astronomical causes of change: in ancient days in the "Beagle" when I
+reflected on the repeated great oscillations of level on the very same
+area, and when I looked at the symmetry of mountain chains over such
+vast spaces, I used to conclude that the day would come when the slow
+change of form in the semi-fluid matter beneath the crust would be found
+to be the cause of volcanic action, and of all changes of level. And the
+late discussion in the "Athenaeum" (492/1. "On the Change of Climate
+in Different Regions of the Earth." Letters from Sir Henry James, Col.
+R.E., "Athenaeum," August 25th, 1860, page 256; September 15th, page
+355; September 29th, page 415; October 13th, page 483. Also letter from
+J. Beete Jukes, Local Director of the Geological Survey of Ireland, loc.
+cit., September 8th, page 322; October 6th, page 451.), by Sir H. James
+(though his letter seemed to me mighty poor, and what Jukes wrote good),
+reminded me of this notion. In case astronomical agencies should ever
+be proved or rendered probable, I imagine, as in nutation or precession,
+that an upward movement or protrusion of fluidified matter below might
+be immediately followed by movement of an opposite nature. This is all
+that I meant.
+
+I have not read Jamieson, or yet got the number. (492/2. Possibly
+William Jameson, "Journey from Quito to Cayambe," "Geog. Soc. Journ."
+Volume XXXI., page 184, 1861.) I was very much struck with Forbes'
+explanation of n[itrate] of soda beds and the saliferous crust, which
+I saw and examined at Iquique. (492/3. "On the Geology of Bolivia and
+Southern Peru," by D. Forbes, "Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc." Volume XVII.,
+page 7, 1861. Mr. Forbes attributes the formation of the saline deposits
+to lagoons of salt water, the communication of which with the sea has
+been cut off by the rising of the land (loc. cit., page 13).) I often
+speculated on the greater rise inland of the Cordilleras, and could
+never satisfy myself...
+
+I have not read Stur, and am awfully behindhand in many things...(492/4.
+The end of this letter is published as a footnote in "Life and Letters,"
+II., page 352.)
+
+
+(FIGURE 5. Map of part of South America and the Galapagos Archipelago.)
+
+
+LETTER 493. TO C. LYELL. Down, July 18th [1867].
+
+(493/1. The first part of this letter is published in "Life and
+Letters," III., page 71.)
+
+(493/2. Tahiti (Society Islands) is coloured blue in the map showing
+the distribution of the different kinds of reefs in "The Structure and
+Distribution of Coral Reefs," Edition III., 1889, page 185. The blue
+colour indicates the existence of barrier reefs and atolls which, on
+Darwin's theory, point to subsidence.)
+
+Tahiti is, I believe, rightly coloured, for the reefs are so far from
+the land, and the ocean so deep, that there must have been subsidence,
+though not very recently. I looked carefully, and there is no evidence
+of recent elevation. I quite agree with you versus Herschel on Volcanic
+Islands. (493/3. Sir John Herschel suggested that the accumulation on
+the sea-floor of sediment, derived from the waste of the island,
+presses down the bed of the ocean, the continent being on the other hand
+relieved of pressure; "this brings about a state of strain in the crust
+which will crack in its weakest spot, the heavy side going down, and the
+light side rising." In discussing this view Lyell writes ("Principles,"
+Volume II. Edition X., page 229), "This hypothesis appears to me of
+very partial application, for active volcanoes, even such as are on the
+borders of continents, are rarely situated where great deltas have been
+forming, whether in Pliocene or post-Tertiary times. The number, also,
+of active volcanoes in oceanic islands is very great, not only in
+the Pacific, but equally in the Atlantic, where no load of coral
+matter...can cause a partial weighting and pressing down of a supposed
+flexible crust.") Would not the Atlantic and Antarctic volcanoes be the
+best examples for you, as there then can be no coral mud to depress
+the bottom? In my "Volcanic Islands," page 126, I just suggest that
+volcanoes may occur so frequently in the oceanic areas as the surface
+would be most likely to crack when first being elevated. I find one
+remark, page 128 (493/4. "Volcanic Islands," page 128: "The islands,
+moreover, of some of the small volcanic groups, which thus border
+continents, are placed in lines related to those along which the
+adjoining shores of the continents trend" [see Figure 5].), which seems
+to me worth consideration--viz. the parallelism of the lines of eruption
+in volcanic archipelagoes with the coast lines of the nearest continent,
+for this seems to indicate a mechanical rather than a chemical
+connection in both cases, i.e. the lines of disturbance and cracking. In
+my "South American Geology," page 185 (493/5. "Geological Observations
+on South America," London, 1846, page 185.), I allude to the remarkable
+absence at present of active volcanoes on the east side of the
+Cordillera in relation to the absence of the sea on this side. Yet I
+must own I have long felt a little sceptical on the proximity of water
+being the exciting cause. The one volcano in the interior of Asia is
+said, I think, to be near great lakes; but if lakes are so important,
+why are there not many other volcanoes within other continents? I have
+always felt rather inclined to look at the position of volcanoes on the
+borders of continents, as resulting from coast lines being the lines of
+separation between areas of elevation and subsidence. But it is useless
+in me troubling you with my old speculations.
+
+
+LETTER 494. TO A.R. WALLACE. March 22nd [1869].
+
+(494/1. The following extract from a letter to Mr. Wallace refers to his
+"Malay Archipelago," 1869.)
+
+I have only one criticism of a general nature, and I am not sure that
+other geologists would agree with me. You repeatedly speak as if the
+pouring out of lava, etc., from volcanoes actually caused the subsidence
+of an adjoining area. I quite agree that areas undergoing opposite
+movements are somehow connected; but volcanic outbursts must, I think,
+be looked at as mere accidents in the swelling up of a great dome or
+surface of plutonic rocks, and there seems no more reason to conclude
+that such swelling or elevation in mass is the cause of the subsidence,
+than that the subsidence is the cause of the elevation, which latter
+view is indeed held by some geologists. I have regretted to find so
+little about the habits of the many animals which you have seen.
+
+
+LETTER 495. TO C. LYELL. Down, May 20th, 1869.
+
+I have been much pleased to hear that you have been looking at my
+S. American book (495/1. "Geological Observations on South America,"
+London, 1846.), which I thought was as completely dead and gone as any
+pre-Cambrian fossil. You are right in supposing that my memory about
+American geology has grown very hazy. I remember, however, a paper on
+the Cordillera by D. Forbes (495/2. "Geology of Bolivia and South Peru,"
+by Forbes, "Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc." Volume XVII., pages 7-62, 1861.
+Forbes admits that there is "the fullest evidence of elevation of the
+Chile coast since the arrival of the Spaniards. North of Arica, if we
+accept the evidence of M. d'Orbigny and others, the proof of elevation
+is much more decided; and consequently it may be possible that here,
+as is the case about Lima, according to Darwin, the elevation may have
+taken place irregularly in places..." (loc. cit., page 11).), with
+splendid sections, which I saw in MS., but whether "referred" to me or
+lent to me I cannot remember. This would be well worth your looking to,
+as I think he both supports and criticises my views. In Ormerod's
+Index to the Journal (495/3. "Classified Index to the Transactions,
+Proceedings and Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society."), which I
+do not possess, you would, no doubt, find a reference; but I think the
+sections would be worth borrowing from Forbes. Domeyko (495/4. Reference
+is made by Forbes in his paper on Bolivia and Peru to the work of
+Ignacio Domeyko on the geology of Chili. Several papers by this author
+were published in the "Annales des Mines" between 1840 and 1869, also in
+the "Comptes Rendus" of 1861, 1864, etc.) has published in the "Comptes
+Rendus" papers on Chili, but not, as far as I can remember, on the
+structure of the mountains. Forbes, however, would know. What you say
+about the plications being steepest in the central and generally highest
+part of the range is conclusive to my mind that there has been the chief
+axis of disturbance. The lateral thrusting has always appeared to me
+fearfully perplexing. I remember formerly thinking that all lateral
+flexures probably occurred deep beneath the surface, and have been
+brought into view by an enormous superincumbent mass having been
+denuded. If a large and deep box were filled with layers of damp paper
+or clay, and a blunt wedge was slowly driven up from beneath, would not
+the layers above it and on both sides become greatly convoluted, whilst
+those towards the top would be only slightly arched? When I spoke of
+the Andes being comparatively recent, I suppose that I referred to the
+absence of the older formations. In looking to my volume, which I have
+not done for many years, I came upon a passage (page 232) which would be
+worth your looking at, if you have ever felt perplexed, as I often was,
+about the sources of volcanic rocks in mountain chains. You have stirred
+up old memories, and at the risk of being a bore I should like to call
+your attention to another point which formerly perplexed me much--viz.
+the presence of basaltic dikes in most great granitic areas. I cannot
+but think the explanation given at page 123 of my "Volcanic Islands" is
+the true one. (495/5. On page 123 of the "Geological Observations on the
+Volcanic Islands visited during the Voyage of H.M.S. 'Beagle,'" 1844,
+Darwin quotes several instances of greenstone and basaltic dikes
+intersecting granitic and allied metamorphic rocks. He suggests that
+these dikes "have been formed by fissures penetrating into partially
+cooled rocks of the granitic and metamorphic series, and by their more
+fluid parts, consisting chiefly of hornblende oozing out, and being
+sucked into such fissures.")
+
+
+LETTER 496. TO VICTOR CARUS. Down, March 21st, 1876.
+
+The very kind expressions in your letter have gratified me deeply.
+
+I quite forget what I said about my geological works, but the papers
+referred to in your letter are the right ones. I enclose a list with
+those which are certainly not worth translating marked with a red line;
+but whether those which are not thus marked with a red line are worth
+translation you will have to decide. I think much more highly of my
+book on "Volcanic Islands" since Mr. Judd, by far the best judge on the
+subject in England, has, as I hear, learnt much from it.
+
+I think the short paper on the "formation of mould" is worth
+translating, though, if I have time and strength, I hope to write
+another and longer paper on the subject.
+
+I can assure you that the idea of any one translating my books better
+than you never even momentarily crossed my mind. I am glad that you can
+give a fairly good account of your health, or at least that it is not
+worse.
+
+
+LETTER 497. TO T. MELLARD READE. London, December 9th, 1880.
+
+I am sorry to say that I do not return home till the middle of next
+week, and as I order no pamphlets to be forwarded to me by post, I
+cannot return the "Geolog. Mag." until my return home, nor could my
+servants pick it out of the multitude which come by the post. (497/1.
+Article on "Oceanic Islands," by T. Mellard Reade, "Geol. Mag." Volume
+VIII., page 75, 1881.)
+
+As I remarked in a letter to a friend, with whom I was discussing
+Wallace's last book (497/2. Wallace's "Island Life," 1880.), the subject
+to which you refer seems to me a most perplexing one. The fact which
+I pointed out many years ago, that all oceanic islands are volcanic
+(except St. Paul's, and now this is viewed by some as the nucleus of an
+ancient volcano), seems to me a strong argument that no continent ever
+occupied the great oceans. (497/3. "During my investigations on coral
+reefs I had occasion to consult the works of many voyagers, and I
+was invariably struck with the fact that, with rare exceptions, the
+innumerable islands scattered through the Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic
+Oceans were composed either of volcanic or of modern coral rocks"
+("Geological Observations on Volcanic Islands, etc." Edition II., 1876,
+page 140).) Then there comes the statement from the "Challenger" that
+all sediment is deposited within one or two hundred miles from the
+shores, though I should have thought this rather doubtful with respect
+to great rivers like the Amazons.
+
+The chalk formerly seemed to me the best case of an ocean having
+extended where a continent now stands; but it seems that some good
+judges deny that the chalk is an oceanic deposit. On the whole, I lean
+to the side that the continents have since Cambrian times occupied
+approximately their present positions. But, as I have said, the question
+seems a difficult one, and the more it is discussed the better.
+
+
+LETTER 498. TO A. AGASSIZ. Down, January 1st, 1881.
+
+I must write a line or two to thank you much for having written to me so
+long a letter on coral reefs at a time when you must have been so busy.
+Is it not difficult to avoid believing that the wonderful elevation
+in the West Indies must have been accompanied by much subsidence,
+notwithstanding the state of Florida? (498/1. The Florida reefs cannot
+be explained by subsidence. Alexander Agassiz, who has described these
+reefs in detail ("Three Cruises of the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey
+Steamer 'Blake,'" 2 volumes, London, 1888), shows that the southern
+extremity of the peninsula "is of comparatively recent growth,
+consisting of concentric barrier-reefs, which have been gradually
+converted into land by the accumulation of intervening mud-flats" (see
+also Appendix II., page 287, to Darwin's "Coral Reefs," by T.G. Bonney,
+Edition III., 1889.)) When reflecting in old days on the configuration
+of our continents, the position of mountain chains, and especially on
+the long-continued supply of sediment over the same areas, I used to
+think (as probably have many other persons) that areas of elevation and
+subsidence must as a general rule be separated by a single great line
+of fissure, or rather of several closely adjoining lines of fissure. I
+mention this because, when looking within more recent times at charts
+with the depths of the sea marked by different tints, there seems to be
+some connection between the profound depths of the ocean and the trends
+of the nearest, though distant, continents; and I have often wished
+that some one like yourself, to whom the subject was familiar, would
+speculate on it.
+
+P.S.--I do hope that you will re-urge your views about the reappearance
+of old characters (498/2. See "Life and Letters," III., pages 245,
+246.), for, as far as I can judge, the most important views are often
+neglected unless they are urged and re-urged.
+
+I am greatly indebted to you for sending me very many most valuable
+works published at your institution.
+
+
+2.IX.II. ICE-ACTION, 1841-1882.
+
+
+LETTER 499. TO C. LYELL. [1841.]
+
+Your extract has set me puzzling very much, and as I find I am better
+at present for not going out, you must let me unload my mind on paper.
+I thought everything so beautifully clear about glaciers, but now your
+case and Agassiz's statement about the cavities in the rock formed by
+cascades in the glaciers, shows me I don't understand their structure at
+all. I wish out of pure curiosity I could make it out. (499/1. "Etudes
+sur les Glaciers," by Louis Agassiz, 1840, contains a description of
+cascades (page 343), and "des cavites interieures" (page 348).)
+
+If the glacier travelled on (and it certainly does travel on), and the
+water kept cutting back over the edge of the ice, there would be a great
+slit in front of the cascade; if the water did not cut back, the whole
+hollow and cascade, as you say, must travel on; and do you suppose the
+next season it falls down some crevice higher up? In any case, how in
+the name of Heaven can it make a hollow in solid rock, which surely must
+be a work of many years? I must point out another fact which Agassiz
+does not, as it appears to me, leave very clear. He says all the blocks
+on the surface of the glaciers are angular, and those in the moraines
+rounded, yet he says the medial moraines whence the surface rocks come
+and are a part [of], are only two lateral moraines united. Can he
+refer to terminal moraines alone when he says fragments in moraines are
+rounded? What a capital book Agassiz's is. In [reading] all the early
+part I gave up entirely the Jura blocks, and was heartily ashamed of my
+appendix (499/2. "M. Agassiz has lately written on the subject of the
+glaciers and boulders of the Alps. He clearly proves, as it appears to
+me, that the presence of the boulders on the Jura cannot be explained
+by any debacle, or by the power of ancient glaciers driving before them
+moraines...M. Agassiz also denies that they were transported by floating
+ice." ("Voyages of the 'Adventure' and 'Beagle,'" Volume III., 1839:
+"Journal and Remarks: Addenda," page 617.)) (and am so still of the
+manner in which I presumptuously speak of Agassiz), but it seems by his
+own confession that ordinary glaciers could not have transported the
+blocks there, and if an hypothesis is to be introduced the sea is much
+simpler; floating ice seems to me to account for everything as well
+as, and sometimes better than the solid glaciers. The hollows, however,
+formed by the ice-cascades appear to me the strongest hostile fact,
+though certainly, as you said, one sees hollow round cavities on present
+rock-beaches.
+
+I am glad to observe that Agassiz does not pretend that direction
+of scratches is hostile to floating ice. By the way, how do you and
+Buckland account for the "tails" of diluvium in Scotland? (499/3. Mr.
+Darwin speaks of the tails of diluvium in Scotland extending from
+the protected side of a hill, of which the opposite side, facing the
+direction from which the ice came, is marked by grooves and striae
+(loc. cit., pages 622, 623).) I thought in my appendix this made out the
+strongest argument for rocks having been scratched by floating ice.
+
+Some facts about boulders in Chiloe will, I think, in a very small
+degree elucidate some parts of Jura case. What a grand new feature all
+this ice work is in Geology! How old Hutton would have stared! (499/4.
+Sir Charles Lyell speaks of the Huttonian theory as being characterised
+by "the exclusion of all causes not supposed to belong to the present
+order of Nature" (Lyell's "Principles," Edition XII., volume I., page
+76, 1875). Sir Archibald Geikie has recently edited the third volume of
+Hutton's "Theory of the Earth," printed by the Geological Society, 1899.
+See also "The Founders of Geology," by Sir Archibald Geikie; London,
+1897.)
+
+I ought to be ashamed of myself for scribbling on so. Talking of shame,
+I have sent a copy of my "Journal" (499/5. "Journal and Remarks,"
+1832-36. See note 2, page 148.) with very humble note to Agassiz, as an
+apology for the tone I used, though I say, I daresay he has never seen
+my appendix, or would care at all about it.
+
+I did not suppose my note about Glen Roy could have been of any use to
+you--I merely scribbled what came uppermost. I made one great oversight,
+as you would perceive. I forgot the Glacier theory: if a glacier most
+gradually disappeared from mouth of Spean Valley [this] would account
+for buttresses of shingle below lowest shelf. The difficulty I put about
+the ice-barrier of the middle Glen Roy shelf keeping so long at exactly
+same level does certainly appear to me insuperable. (499/5. For a
+description of the shelves or parallel roads in Glen Roy see Darwin's
+"Observations on the Parallel Roads of Glen Roy, etc." "Phil. Trans. R.
+Soc." 1839, page 39; also Letter 517 et seq.)
+
+What a wonderful fact this breakdown of old Niagara is. How it disturbs
+the calculations about lengths of time before the river would have
+reached the lakes.
+
+I hope Mrs. Lyell will read this to you, then I shall trust for
+forgiveness for having scribbled so much. I should have sent back
+Agassiz sooner, but my servant has been very unwell. Emma is going on
+pretty well.
+
+My paper on South American boulders and "till," which latter deposit
+is perfectly characterised in Tierra del Fuego, is progressing rapidly.
+(499/6. "On the Distribution of the Erratic Boulders and on the
+Contemporaneous Unstratified Deposits of South America," "Trans. Geol.
+Soc." Volume VI., page 415, 1842.)
+
+I much like the term post-Pliocene, and will use it in my present paper
+several times.
+
+P.S.--I should have thought that the most obvious objection to the
+marine-beach theory for Glen Roy would be the limited extension of the
+shelves. Though certainly this is not a valid one, after an intermediate
+one, only half a mile in length, and nowhere else appearing, even in the
+valley of Glen Roy itself, has been shown to exist.
+
+
+LETTER 500. TO C. LYELL. 1842.
+
+I had some talk with Murchison, who has been on a flying visit into
+Wales, and he can see no traces of glaciers, but only of the trickling
+of water and of the roots of the heath. It is enough to make
+an extraneous man think Geology from beginning to end a work of
+imagination, and not founded on observation. Lonsdale, I observe, pays
+Buckland and myself the compliment of thinking Murchison not seeing as
+worth nothing; but I confess I am astonished, so glaringly clear after
+two or three days did the evidence appear to me. Have you seen last "New
+Edin. Phil. Journ.", it is ice and glaciers almost from beginning to
+end. (500/1. "The Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal," Volume XXXIII.
+(April-October), 1842, contains papers by Sir G.S. Mackenzie, Prof.
+H.G. Brown, Jean de Charpentier, Roderick Murchison, Louis Agassiz, all
+dealing with glaciers or ice; also letters to the Editor relating to
+Prof. Forbes' account of his recent observations on Glaciers, and a
+paper by Charles Darwin entitled "Notes on the Effects produced by the
+Ancient Glaciers of Carnarvonshire, and on the Boulders transported by
+Floating Ice.") Agassiz says he saw (and has laid down) the two lowest
+terraces of Glen Roy in the valley of the Spean, opposite mouth of Glen
+Roy itself, where no one else has seen them. (500/2. "The Glacial Theory
+and its Recent Progress," by Louis Agassiz, loc. cit., page 216. Agassiz
+describes the parallel terraces on the flanks of Glen Roy and Glen Spean
+(page 236), and expresses himself convinced "that the Glacial theory
+alone satisfies all the exigencies of the phenomenon" of the parallel
+roads.) I carefully examined that spot, owing to the sheep tracks
+[being] nearly but not quite parallel to the terrace. So much, again,
+for difference of observation. I do not pretend to say who is right.
+
+
+LETTER 501. TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, October 12th, 1849.
+
+I was heartily glad to get your last letter; but on my life your thanks
+for my very few and very dull letters quite scalded me. I have been very
+indolent and selfish in not having oftener written to you and kept
+my ears open for news which would have interested you; but I have not
+forgotten you. Two days after receiving your letter, there was a short
+leading notice about you in the "Gardeners' Chronicle" (501/1. The
+"Gardeners' Chronicle," 1849, page 628.); in which it is said you
+have discovered a noble crimson rose and thirty rhododendrons. I must
+heartily congratulate you on these discoveries, which will interest
+the public; and I have no doubt that you will have made plenty of most
+interesting botanical observations. This last letter shall be put with
+all your others, which are now safe together. I am very glad that
+you have got minute details about the terraces in the valleys: your
+description sounds curiously like the terraces in the Cordillera of
+Chili; these latter, however, are single in each valley; but you will
+hereafter see a description of these terraces in my "Geology of S.
+America." (501/2. "Geological Observations," pages 10 et passim.) At the
+end of your letter you speak about giving up Geology, but you must not
+think of it; I am sure your observations will be very interesting. Your
+account of the great dam in the Yangma valley is most curious, and quite
+full; I find that I did not at all understand its wonderful structure in
+your former letter. Your notion of glaciers pushing detritus into
+deep fiords (and ice floating fragments on their channels), is in many
+respects new to me; but I cannot help believing your dam is a lateral
+moraine: I can hardly persuade myself that the remains of floating ice
+action, at a period so immensely remote as when the Himalaya stood at
+a low level in the sea, would now be distinguishable. (501/3. Hooker's
+"Himalayan Journals," Volume II., page 121, 1854. In describing certain
+deposits in the Lachoong valley, Hooker writes: "Glaciers might have
+forced immense beds of gravel into positions that would dam up lakes
+between the ice and the flanks of the valley" (page 121). In a footnote
+he adds: "We are still very ignorant of many details of ice action, and
+especially of the origin of many enormous deposits which are not true
+moraines." Such deposits are referred to as occurring in the Yangma
+valley.) Your not having found scored boulders and solid rocks is an
+objection both to glaciers and floating ice; for it is certain that
+both produce such. I believe no rocks escape scoring, polishing and
+mammillation in the Alps, though some lose it easily when exposed. Are
+you familiar with appearance of ice-action? If I understand rightly, you
+object to the great dam having been produced by a glacier, owing to the
+dryness of the lateral valley and general infrequency of glaciers in
+Himalaya; but pray observe that we may fairly (from what we see in
+Europe) assume that the climate was formerly colder in India, and when
+the land stood at a lower height more snow might have fallen. Oddly
+enough, I am now inclined to believe that I saw a gigantic moraine
+crossing a valley, and formerly causing a lake above it in one of the
+great valleys (Valle del Yeso) of the Cordillera: it is a mountain of
+detritus, which has puzzled me. If you have any further opportunities,
+do look for scores on steep faces of rock; and here and there remove
+turf or matted parts to have a look. Again I beg, do not give up
+Geology:--I wish you had Agassiz's work and plates on Glaciers. (501/4.
+"Etudes sur les Glaciers." L. Agassiz, Neuchatel, 1840.) I am extremely
+sorry that the Rajah, ill luck to him, has prevented your crossing
+to Thibet; but you seem to have seen most interesting country: one is
+astonished to hear of Fuegian climate in India. I heard from the Sabines
+that you were thinking of giving up Borneo; I hope that this report may
+prove true.
+
+
+LETTER 502. TO C. LYELL. Down, May 8th [1855].
+
+The notion you refer to was published in the "Geological Journal"
+(502/1. "on the Transportal of Erratic Boulders from a lower to a higher
+Level." By C. Darwin.), Volume IV. (1848), page 315, with reference to
+all the cases which I could collect of boulders apparently higher than
+the parent rock.
+
+The argument of probable proportion of rock dropped by sea ice compared
+to land glaciers is new to me. I have often thought of the idea of the
+viscosity and enormous momentum of great icebergs, and still think that
+the notion I pointed out in appendix to Ramsay's paper is probable, and
+can hardly help being applicable in some cases. (502/2. The paper by
+Ramsay has no appendix; probably, therefore Mr. Darwin's notes were
+published separately as a paper in the "Phil. Mag.") I wonder whether
+the "Phil. Journal [Magazine?.]" would publish it, if I could get it
+from Ramsay or the Geological Society. (502/3. "On the Power of Icebergs
+to make rectilinear, uniformly-directed grooves across a Submarine
+Undulatory Surface." By C. Darwin, "Phil. Mag." Volume X., page 96,
+1855.) If you chance to meet Ramsay will you ask him whether he has it?
+I think it would perhaps be worth while just to call the N. American
+geologists' attention to the idea; but it is not worth any trouble. I am
+tremendously busy with all sorts of experiments. By the way, Hopkins at
+the Geological Society seemed to admit some truth in the idea of scoring
+by (viscid) icebergs. If the Geological Society takes so much [time] to
+judge of truth of notions, as you were telling me in regard to Ramsay's
+Permian glaciers (502/4. "On the Occurrence of angular, sub-angular,
+polished, and striated Fragments and Boulders in the Permian Breccia
+of Shropshire, Worcestershire, etc.; and on the Probable Existence of
+Glaciers and Icebergs in the Permian Epoch." By A.C. Ramsay, "Quart.
+Journ. Geol. Soc." Volume XI., page 185, 1855.), it will be as injurious
+to progress as the French Institut.
+
+
+LETTER 503. TO J.D. HOOKER. Cliff Cottage, Bournemouth, [September] 21st
+[1862].
+
+I am especially obliged to you for sending me Haast's communications.
+(503/1. "Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc." Volume XXI., pages 130, 133, 1865;
+Volume XXIII., page 342, 1867.) They are very interesting and grand
+about glacial and drift or marine glacial. I see he alludes to the
+whole southern hemisphere. I wonder whether he has read the "Origin."
+Considering your facts on the Alpine plants of New Zealand and remarks,
+I am particularly glad to hear of the geological evidence of glacial
+action. I presume he is sure to collect and send over the mountain rat
+of which he speaks. I long to know what it is. A frog and rat together
+would, to my mind, prove former connection of New Zealand to some
+continent; for I can hardly suppose that the Polynesians introduced the
+rat as game, though so esteemed in the Friendly Islands. Ramsay sent
+me his paper (503/2. "On the Glacial Origin of certain Lakes in
+Switzerland, etc." "Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc." Volume XVIII., page 185,
+1862.) and asked my opinion on it. I agree with you and think highly of
+it. I cannot doubt that it is to a large extent true; my only doubt
+is, that in a much disturbed country, I should have thought that some
+depressions, and consequently lakes, would almost certainly have been
+left. I suggested a careful consideration of mountainous tropical
+countries such as Brazil, peninsula of India, etc.; if lakes are there,
+[they are] very rare. I should fully subscribe to Ramsay's views.
+
+What presumption, as it seems to me, in the Council of Geological
+Society that it hesitated to publish the paper.
+
+We return home on the 30th. I have made up [my] mind, if I can keep up
+my courage, to start on the Saturday for Cambridge, and stay the last
+few days of the [British] Association there. I do so hope that you may
+be there then.
+
+
+LETTER 504. TO J.D. HOOKER. November 3rd [1864].
+
+When I wrote to you I had not read Ramsay. (504/1. "On the Erosion
+of Valleys and Lakes: a Reply to Sir Roderick Murchison's Anniversary
+Address to the Geographical Society." "Phil. Mag." Volume XXVIII., page
+293, 1864) How capitally it is written! It seems that there is nothing
+for style like a man's dander being put up. I think I agree largely with
+you about denudation--but the rocky-lake-basin theory is the part
+which interests me at present. It seems impossible to know how much to
+attribute to ice, running water, and sea. I did not suppose that Ramsay
+would deny that mountains had been thrown up irregularly, and that the
+depressions would become valleys. The grandest valleys I ever saw were
+at Tahiti, and here I do not believe ice has done anything; anyhow there
+were no erratics. I said in my S. American Geology (504/2. "Finally, the
+conclusion at which I have arrived with respect to the relative powers
+of rain, and sea-water on the land is, that the latter is by far the
+most efficient agent, and that its chief tendency is to widen the
+valleys, whilst torrents and rivers tend to deepen them and to remove
+the wreck of the sea's destroying action" ("Geol. Observations," pages
+66, 67).) that rivers deepen and the sea widens valleys, and I am
+inclined largely to stick to this, adding ice to water. I am sorry to
+hear that Tyndall has grown dogmatic. H. Wedgwood was saying the
+other day that T.'s writings and speaking gave him the idea of intense
+conceit. I hope it is not so, for he is a grand man of science.
+
+...I have had a prospectus and letter from Andrew Murray (504/3. See
+Volume II., Letters 379, 384, etc.) asking me for suggestions. I think
+this almost shows he is not fit for the subject, as he gives me no idea
+what his book will be, excepting that the printed paper shows that all
+animals and all plants of all groups are to be treated of. Do you know
+anything of his knowledge?
+
+In about a fortnight I shall have finished, except concluding chapter,
+my book on "Variation under Domestication"; (504/4. Published in 1868.)
+but then I have got to go over the whole again, and this will take me
+very many months. I am able to work about two hours daily.
+
+
+LETTER 505. TO J.D. HOOKER. Down [July, 1865].
+
+I was glad to read your article on Glaciers, etc., in Yorkshire. You
+seem to have been struck with what most deeply impressed me at Glen Roy
+(wrong as I was on the whole subject)--viz. the marvellous manner in
+which every detail of surface of land had been preserved for an enormous
+period. This makes me a little sceptical whether Ramsay, Jukes, etc.,
+are not a little overdoing sub-aerial denudation.
+
+In the same "Reader" (505/1. Sir J.D. Hooker wrote to Darwin, July
+13th, 1865, from High Force Inn, Middleton, Teesdale: "I am studying the
+moraines all day long with as much enthusiasm as I am capable of after
+lying in bed till nine, eating heavy breakfasts, and looking forward to
+dinner as the summum bonum of existence." The result of his work, under
+the title "Moraines of the Tees Valley," appeared in the "Reader"
+(July 15th, 1865, page 71), of which Huxley was one of the managers
+or committee-men, and Norman Lockyer was scientific editor ("Life and
+Letters of T.H. Huxley," I., page 211). Hooker describes the moraines
+and other evidence of glacial action in the upper part of the Tees
+valley, and speaks of the effect of glaciers in determining the present
+physical features of the country.) there was a striking article
+on English and Foreign Men of Science (505/2. "British and Foreign
+Science," "The Reader," loc. cit., page 61. The writer of the article
+asserts the inferiority of English scientific workers.), and I think
+unjust to England except in pure Physiology; in biology Owen and R.
+Brown ought to save us, and in Geology we are most rich.
+
+It is curious how we are reading the same books. We intend to read Lecky
+and certainly to re-read Buckle--which latter I admired greatly before.
+I am heartily glad you like Lubbock's book so much. It made me grieve
+his taking to politics, and though I grieve that he has lost his
+election, yet I suppose, now that he is once bitten, he will never give
+up politics, and science is done for. Many men can make fair M.P.'s; and
+how few can work in science like him!
+
+I have been reading a pamphlet by Verlot on "Variation of Flowers,"
+which seems to me very good; but I doubt whether it would be worth your
+reading. it was published originally in the "Journal d'Hort.," and
+so perhaps you have seen it. It is a very good plan this republishing
+separately for sake of foreigners buying, and I wish I had tried to get
+permission of Linn. Soc. for my Climbing paper, but it is now too late.
+
+Do not forget that you have my paper on hybridism, by Max Wichura.
+(505/3. Wichura, M.E., "L'Hybridisation dans le regne vegetal etudiee
+sur les Saules," "Arch. Sci. Phys. Nat." XXIII., page 129, 1865.)
+
+I hope you are returned to your work, refreshed like a giant by your
+huge breakfasts. How unlucky you are about contagious complaints with
+your children!
+
+I keep very weak, and had much sickness yesterday, but am stronger this
+morning.
+
+Can you remember how we ever first met? (505/4. See "Life and Letters,"
+II., page 19.) It was in Park Street; but what brought us together? I
+have been re-reading a few old letters of yours, and my heart is very
+warm towards you.
+
+
+LETTER 506. TO C. LYELL. Down, March 8th [1866].
+
+(506/1. In a letter from Sir Joseph Hooker to Mr. Darwin on February
+21st, 1866, the following passage occurs: "I wish I could explain to you
+my crude notions as to the Glacial period and your position towards it.
+I suppose I hold this doctrine: that there was a Glacial period, but
+that it was not one of universal cold, because I think that the
+existing distribution of glaciers is sufficiently demonstrative of the
+proposition that by comparatively slight redispositions of sea and
+land, and perhaps axis of globe, you may account for all the leading
+palaeontological phenomena." This letter was sent by Mr. Darwin to Sir
+Charles Lyell, and the latter, writing on March 1st, 1866, expresses
+his belief that "the whole globe must at times have been superficially
+cooler. Still," he adds, "during extreme excentricity the sun would make
+great efforts to compensate in perihelion for the chill of a long winter
+in aphelion in one hemisphere, and a cool summer in the other. I
+think you will turn out to be right in regard to meridional lines of
+mountain-chains by which the migrations across the equator took place
+while there was contemporaneous tropical heat of certain lowlands, where
+plants requiring heat and moisture were saved from extinction by the
+heat of the earth's surface, which was stored up in perihelion, being
+prevented from radiating off freely into space by a blanket of aqueous
+vapour caused by the melting of ice and snow. But though I am inclined
+to profit by Croll's maximum excentricity for the glacial period, I
+consider it quite subordinate to geographical causes or the relative
+position of land and sea and the abnormal excess of land in polar
+regions." In another letter (March 5th, 1866) Lyell writes: "In the
+beginning of Hooker's letter to you he speaks hypothetically of a change
+in the earth's axis as having possibly co-operated with redistribution
+of land and sea in causing the cold of the Glacial period. Now, when we
+consider how extremely modern, zoologically and botanically, the Glacial
+period is proved to be, I am shocked at any one introducing, with what I
+may call so much levity, so organic a change as a deviation in the axis
+of the planet...' (see Lyell's "Principles," 1875, Chapter XIII.; also a
+letter to Sir Joseph Hooker printed in the "Life of Sir Charles Lyell,"
+Volume II., page 410.))
+
+Many thanks for your interesting letter. From the serene elevation of
+my old age I look down with amazement at your youth, vigour, and
+indomitable energy. With respect to Hooker and the axis of the earth, I
+suspect he is too much overworked to consider now any subject properly.
+His mind is so acute and critical that I always expect to hear a torrent
+of objections to anything proposed; but he is so candid that he often
+comes round in a year or two. I have never thought on the causes of the
+Glacial period, for I feel that the subject is beyond me; but though I
+hope you will own that I have generally been a good and docile pupil
+to you, yet I must confess that I cannot believe in change of land and
+water, being more than a subsidiary agent. (506/2. In Chapter XI. of the
+"Origin," Edition V., 1869, page 451, Darwin discusses Croll's theory,
+and is clearly inclined to trust in Croll's conclusion that "whenever
+the northern hemisphere passes through a cold period the temperature of
+the southern hemisphere is actually raised..." In Edition VI., page 336,
+he expresses his faith even more strongly. Mr. Darwin apparently sent
+his MS. on the climate question, which was no doubt prepared for a
+new edition of the "Origin," to Sir Charles. The arrival of the MS. is
+acknowledged in a letter from Lyell on March 10th, 1866 ("Life of Sir
+Charles Lyell," II., page 408), in which the writer says that he is
+"more than ever convinced that geographical changes...are the principal
+and not the subsidiary causes.") I have come to this conclusion from
+reflecting on the geographical distribution of the inhabitants of the
+sea on the opposite sides of our continents and of the inhabitants of
+the continents themselves.
+
+
+LETTER 507. TO C. LYELL. Down, September 8th [1866].
+
+Many thanks for the pamphlet, which was returned this morning. I was
+very glad to read it, though chiefly as a psychological curiosity. I
+quite follow you in thinking Agassiz glacier-mad. (507/1. Agassiz's
+pamphlet, ("Geology of the Amazons") is referred to by Lyell in a letter
+written to Bunbury in September, 1866 ("Life of Sir Charles Lyell," II.,
+page 409): "Agassiz has written an interesting paper on the 'Geology of
+the Amazons,' but, I regret to say, he has gone wild about glaciers, and
+has actually announced his opinion that the whole of the great valley,
+down to its mouth in latitude 0 deg., was filled by ice..." Agassiz
+published a paper, "Observations Geologiques faites dans la Vallee de
+l'Amazone," in the "Comptes Rendus," Volume LXIV., page 1269, 1867. See
+also a letter addressed to M. Marcou, published in the "Bull. Soc. Geol.
+France," Volume XXIV., page 109, 1866.) His evidence reduces itself to
+supposed moraines, which would be difficult to trace in a forest-clad
+country; and with respect to boulders, these are not said to be angular,
+and their source cannot be known in a country so imperfectly explored.
+When I was at Rio, I was continually astonished at the depth (sometimes
+100 feet) to which the granitic rocks were decomposed in situ, and this
+soft matter would easily give rise to great alluvial accumulations; I
+well remember finding it difficult to draw a line between the alluvial
+matter and the softened rock in situ. What a splendid imagination
+Agassiz has, and how energetic he is! What capital work he would have
+done, if he had sucked in your "Principles" with his mother's milk. It
+is wonderful that he should have written such wild nonsense about the
+valley of the Amazon; yet not so wonderful when one remembers that he
+once maintained before the British Association that the chalk was all
+deposited at once.
+
+With respect to the insects of Chili, I knew only from Bates that the
+species of Carabus showed no special affinity to northern species;
+from the great difference of climate and vegetation I should not have
+expected that many insects would have shown such affinity. It is more
+remarkable that the birds on the broad and lofty Cordillera of Tropical
+S. America show no affinity with European species. The little power of
+diffusion with birds has often struck me as a most singular fact--even
+more singular than the great power of diffusion with plants. Remember
+that we hope to see you in the autumn.
+
+P.S.--There is a capital paper in the September number of "Annals
+and Magazine," translated from Pictet and Humbert, on Fossil Fish of
+Lebanon, but you will, I daresay, have received the original. (507/2.
+"Recent Researches on the Fossil Fishes of Mount Lebanon," "Ann. Mag.
+Nat. Hist." Volume XVIII., page 237, 1866.) It is capital in relation to
+modification of species; I would not wish for more confirmatory facts,
+though there is no direct allusion to the modification of species.
+Hooker, by the way, gave an admirable lecture at Nottingham; I read it
+in MS., or rather, heard it. I am glad it will be published, for it was
+capital. (507/3. Sir Joseph Hooker delivered a lecture at the Nottingham
+meeting of the British Association (1866) on "Insular Floras," published
+in the "Gardeners' Chronicle," 1867. See Letters 366-377, etc.)
+
+Sunday morning.
+
+P.S.--I have just received a letter from Asa Gray with the following
+passage, so that, according to this, I am the chief cause of Agassiz's
+absurd views:--
+
+"Agassiz is back (I have not seen him), and he went at once down to the
+National Academy of Sciences, from which I sedulously keep away, and, I
+hear, proved to them that the Glacial period covered the whole continent
+of America with unbroken ice, and closed with a significant gesture and
+the remark: 'So here is the end of the Darwin theory.' How do you like
+that?
+
+"I said last winter that Agassiz was bent on covering the whole
+continent with ice, and that the motive of the discovery he was sure
+to make was to make sure that there should be no coming down of any
+terrestrial life from Tertiary or post-Tertiary period to ours. You
+cannot deny that he has done his work effectually in a truly imperial
+way."
+
+
+LETTER 508. TO C. LYELL. Down, July 14th, 1868.
+
+Mr. Agassiz's book has been read aloud to me, and I am wonderfully
+perplexed what to think about his precise statements of the existence of
+glaciers in the Ceara Mountains, and about the drift formation near Rio.
+(508/1. "Sur la Geologie de l'Amazone," by MM. Agassiz and Continho,
+"Bull. Soc. Geol. France," Volume XXV., page 685, 1868. See also "A
+Journey in Brazil," by Professor and Mrs. Louis Agassiz, Boston, 1868.)
+There is a sad want of details. Thus he never mentions whether any of
+the blocks are angular, nor whether the embedded rounded boulders, which
+cannot all be disintegrated, are scored. Yet how can so experienced an
+observer as A. be deceived about lateral and terminal moraines? If there
+really were glaciers in the Ceara Mountains, it seems to me one of the
+most important facts in the history of the inorganic and organic world
+ever observed. Whether true or not, it will be widely believed, and
+until finally decided will greatly interfere with future progress
+on many points. I have made these remarks in the hope that you will
+coincide. If so, do you think it would be possible to persuade some
+known man, such as Ramsay, or, what would be far better, some two men,
+to go out for a summer trip, which would be in many respects delightful,
+for the sole object of observing these phenomena in the Ceara Mountains,
+and if possible also near Rio? I would gladly put my name down for 50
+pounds in aid of the expense of travelling. Do turn this over in your
+mind. I am so very sorry not to have seen you this summer, but for the
+last three weeks I have been good for nothing, and have had to stop
+almost all work. I hope we may meet in the autumn.
+
+
+LETTER 509. TO JAMES CROLL. Down, November 24th, 1868.
+
+I have read with the greatest interest the last paper which you have
+kindly sent me. (509/1. Croll discussed the power of icebergs as
+grinding and striating agents in the latter part of a paper ("On
+Geological Time, and the probable Dates of the Glacial and the Upper
+Miocene Period") published in the "Philosophical Magazine," Volume
+XXXV., page 363, 1868, Volume XXXVI., pages 141, 362, 1868. His
+conclusion was that the advocates of the Iceberg theory had formed "too
+extravagant notions regarding the potency of floating ice as a striating
+agent.") If we are to admit that all the scored rocks throughout the
+more level parts of the United States result from true glacier action,
+it is a most wonderful conclusion, and you certainly make out a very
+strong case; so I suppose I must give up one more cherished belief. But
+my object in writing is to trespass on your kindness and ask a question,
+which I daresay I could answer for myself by reading more carefully,
+as I hope hereafter to do, all your papers; but I shall feel much more
+confidence in a brief reply from you. Am I right in supposing that you
+believe that the glacial periods have always occurred alternately in the
+northern and southern hemispheres, so that the erratic deposits which I
+have described in the southern parts of America, and the glacial work in
+New Zealand, could not have been simultaneous with our Glacial period?
+From the glacial deposits occurring all round the northern hemisphere,
+and from such deposits appearing in S. America to be as recent as in the
+north, and lastly, from there being some evidence of the former lower
+descent of glaciers all along the Cordilleras, I inferred that the whole
+world was at this period cooler. It did not appear to me justifiable
+without distinct evidence to suppose that the N. and S. glacial deposits
+belonged to distinct epochs, though it would have been an immense
+relief to my mind if I could have assumed that this had been the
+case. Secondly, do you believe that during the Glacial period in one
+hemisphere the opposite hemisphere actually becomes warmer, or does
+it merely retain the same temperature as before? I do not ask these
+questions out of mere curiosity; but I have to prepare a new edition
+of my "Origin of Species," and am anxious to say a few words on this
+subject on your authority. I hope that you will excuse my troubling you.
+
+
+LETTER 510. TO J. CROLL. Down, January 31st, 1869.
+
+To-morrow I will return registered your book, which I have kept so long.
+I am most sincerely obliged for its loan, and especially for the MS.,
+without which I should have been afraid of making mistakes. If you
+require it, the MS. shall be returned. Your results have been of more
+use to me than, I think, any other set of papers which I can remember.
+Sir C. Lyell, who is staying here, is very unwilling to admit the
+greater warmth of the S. hemisphere during the Glacial period in the N.;
+but, as I have told him, this conclusion which you have arrived at from
+physical considerations, explains so well whole classes of facts in
+distribution, that I must joyfully accept it; indeed, I go so far as to
+think that your conclusion is strengthened by the facts in distribution.
+Your discussion on the flowing of the great ice-cap southward is
+most interesting. I suppose that you have read Mr. Moseley's recent
+discussion on the force of gravity being quite insufficient to account
+for the downward movement of glaciers (510/1. Canon Henry Moseley, "On
+the Mechanical Impossibility of the Descent of Glaciers by their Weight
+only." "Proc. R. Soc." Volume XVII., page 202, 1869; "Phil. Mag." Volume
+XXXVII., page 229, 1869.): if he is right, do you not think that the
+unknown force may make more intelligible the extension of the great
+northern ice-cap? Notwithstanding your excellent remarks on the work
+which can be effected within the million years (510/2. In his paper
+"On Geological Time, and the probable Date of the Glacial and the Upper
+Miocene Period" ("Phil. Mag." Volume XXXV., page 363, 1868), Croll
+endeavours to convey to the mind some idea of what a million years
+really is: "Take a narrow strip of paper, an inch broad or more, and 83
+feet 4 inches in length, and stretch it along the wall of a large hall,
+or round the walls of an apartment somewhat over 20 feet square.
+Recall to memory the days of your boyhood, so as to get some adequate
+conception of what a period of a hundred years is. Then mark off from
+one of the ends of the strip one-tenth of an inch. The one-tenth of an
+inch will then represent a hundred years, and the entire length of the
+strip a million of years" (loc. cit., page 375).), I am greatly troubled
+at the short duration of the world according to Sir W. Thomson (510/3.
+In a paper communicated to the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Lord Kelvin
+(then Sir William Thomson) stated his belief that the age of our planet
+must be more than twenty millions of years, but not more than four
+hundred millions of years ("Trans. R. Soc. Edinb." Volume XXIII., page
+157, 1861, "On the Secular Cooling of the Earth."). This subject has
+been recently dealt with by Sir Archibald Geikie in his address as
+President of the Geological Section of the British Association, 1899
+("Brit. Assoc. Report," Dover Meeting, 1899, page 718).), for I
+require for my theoretical views a very long period BEFORE the Cambrian
+formation. If it would not trouble you, I should like to hear what you
+think of Lyell's remark on the magnetic force which comes from the sun
+to the earth: might not this penetrate the crust of the earth and then
+be converted into heat? This would give a somewhat longer time during
+which the crust might have been solid; and this is the argument on which
+Sir W. Thomson seems chiefly to rest. You seem to argue chiefly on
+the expenditure of energy of all kinds by the sun, and in this respect
+Lyell's remark would have no bearing.
+
+My new edition of the "Origin" (510/4. Fifth edition, May, 1869.) will
+be published, I suppose, in about two months, and for the chance of your
+liking to have a copy I will send one.
+
+P.S.--I wish that you would turn your astronomical knowledge to the
+consideration whether the form of the globe does not become periodically
+slightly changed, so as to account for the many repeated ups and downs
+of the surface in all parts of the world. I have always thought that
+some cosmical cause would some day be discovered.
+
+
+LETTER 511. TO C. LYELL. Down, July 12th [1872].
+
+I have been glad to see the enclosed and return it. It seems to me
+very cool in Agassiz to doubt the recent upheaval of Patagonia, without
+having visited any part; and he entirely misrepresents me in saying that
+I infer upheaval from the form of the land, as I trusted entirely to
+shells embedded and on the surface. It is simply monstrous to suppose
+that the terraces stretching on a dead level for leagues along the
+coast, and miles in breadth, and covered with beds of stratified gravel,
+10 to 30 feet in thickness, are due to subaerial denudation.
+
+As for the pond of salt-water twice or thrice the density of sea-water,
+and nearly dry, containing sea-shells in the same relative proportions
+as on the adjoining coast, it almost passes my belief. Could there have
+been a lively midshipman on board, who in the morning stocked the pool
+from the adjoining coast?
+
+As for glaciation, I will not venture to express any opinion, for when
+in S. America I knew nothing about glaciers, and perhaps attributed much
+to icebergs which ought to be attributed to glaciers. On the other hand,
+Agassiz seems to me mad about glaciers, and apparently never thinks of
+drift ice.
+
+I did see one clear case of former great extension of a glacier in T.
+del Fuego.
+
+
+LETTER 512. TO J. GEIKIE.
+
+(512/1. The following letter was in reply to a request from Prof. James
+Geikie for permission to publish Mr. Darwin's views, communicated in a
+previous letter (November 1876), on the vertical position of stones in
+gravelly drift near Southampton. Prof. Geikie wrote (July 15th, 1880):
+"You may remember that you attributed the peculiar position of those
+stones to differential movements in the drift itself arising from the
+slow melting of beds of frozen snow interstratified into the gravels...I
+have found this explanation of great service even in Scotland, and
+from what I have seen of the drift-gravels in various parts of southern
+England and northern France, I am inclined to think that it has a wide
+application.")
+
+Down, July 19th, 1880.
+
+Your letter has pleased me very much, and I truly feel it an honour that
+anything which I wrote on the drift, etc., should have been of the least
+use or interest to you. Pray make any use of my letter (512/2. Professor
+James Geikie quotes the letter in "Prehistoric Europe," London, 1881
+(page 141). Practically the whole of it is given in the "Life and
+Letters," III., page 213.): I forget whether it was written carefully or
+clearly, so pray touch up any passages that you may think fit to quote.
+
+All that I have seen since near Southampton and elsewhere has
+strengthened my notion. Here I live on a chalk platform gently sloping
+down from the edge of the escarptment to the south (512/3. Id est,
+sloping down from the escarpment which is to the south.) (which is
+about 800 feet in height) to beneath the Tertiary beds to the north. The
+(512/4. From here to the end of the paragraph is quoted by Prof. Geikie,
+loc. cit., page 142.) beds of the large and broad valleys (and only of
+these) are covered with an immense mass of closely packed broken and
+angular flints; in which mass the skull of the musk-ox [musk-sheep]
+and woolly elephant have been found. This great accumulation of unworn
+flints must therefore have been made when the climate was cold, and I
+believe it can be accounted for by the larger valleys having been filled
+up to a great depth during a large part of the year with drifted frozen
+snow, over which rubbish from the upper parts of the platforms was
+washed by the summer rains, sometimes along one line and sometimes along
+another, or in channels cut through the snow all along the main course
+of the broad valleys.
+
+I suppose that I formerly mentioned to you the frequent upright position
+of elongated flints in the red clayey residue over the chalk, which
+residue gradually subsides into the troughs and pipes corroded in the
+solid chalk. This letter is very untidy, but I am tired.
+
+P.S. Several palaeolithic celts have recently been found in the great
+angular gravel-bed near Southampton in several places.
+
+
+LETTER 513. TO D. MACKINTOSH. Down, November 13th, 1880.
+
+Your discovery is a very interesting one, and I congratulate you on
+it. (513/1. "On the Precise Mode of Accumulation and Derivation of the
+Moel-Tryfan Shelly Deposits; on the Discovery of Similar High-level
+Deposits along the Eastern Slopes of the Welsh Mountains; and on the
+Existence of Drift-Zones, showing probable Variations in the Rate
+of Submergence." By D. Mackintosh, "Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc." Volume
+XXXVII., pages 351-69, 1881. [Read April 27th, 1881.]) I failed to find
+shells on Moel Tryfan, but was interested by finding ("Philosoph. Mag."
+3rd series, Volume XXI., page 184) shattered rocks (513/2. In reviewing
+the work by previous writers on the Moel-Tryfan deposits, Mackintosh
+refers to Darwin's "very suggestive description of the Moel-Tryfan
+deposits...Under the drift he saw that the surface of the slate, TO
+A DEPTH OF SEVERAL FEET, HAD BEEN SHATTERED AND CONTORTED IN A VERY
+PECULIAR MANNER." The contortion of the slate, which Mackintosh
+regarded as "the most interesting of the Moel-Tryfan phenomena," had not
+previously been regarded as "sufficiently striking to arrest attention"
+by any geologist except Darwin. The Pleistocene gravel and sand
+containing marine shells on Moel-Tryfan, about five miles south-east of
+Caernarvon, have been the subject of considerable controversy. By some
+geologists the drift deposits have been regarded as evidence of a great
+submergence in post-Pliocene times, while others have explained their
+occurrence at a height of 1300 feet by assuming that the gravel and sand
+had been thrust uphill by an advancing ice-sheet. (See H.B. Woodward,
+"Geology of England and Wales," Edition II., 1887, pages 491, 492.)
+Darwin attributed the shattering and contorting of the slates below the
+drift to "icebergs grating over the surface.") and far-distant rounded
+boulders, which I attributed to the violent impact of icebergs or
+coast-ice. I can offer no opinion on whether the more recent changes of
+level in England were or were not accompanied by earthquakes. It does
+not seem to me a correct expression (which you use probably from
+haste in your note) to speak of elevations or depressions as caused
+by earthquakes: I suppose that every one admits that an earthquake
+is merely the vibration from the fractured crust when it yields to an
+upward or downward force. I must confess that of late years I have often
+begun to suspect (especially when I think of the step-like plains of
+Patagonia, the heights of which were measured by me) that many of the
+changes of level in the land are due to changes of level in the sea.
+(513/3. This view is an agreement with the theory recently put forward
+by Suess in his "Antlitz der Erde" (Prag and Leipzig, 1885). Suess
+believes that "the local invasions and transgressions of the continental
+areas by the sea" are due to "secular movements of the hydrosphere
+itself." (See J. Geikie, F.R.S., Presidential Address before Section E
+at the Edinburgh Meeting of the British Association, "Annual Report,"
+page 794.) I suppose that there can be no doubt that when there was much
+ice piled up in the Arctic regions the sea would be attracted to them,
+and the land on the temperate regions would thus appear to have risen.
+There would also be some lowering of the sea by evaporation and the
+fixing of the water as ice near the Pole.
+
+I shall read your paper with much interest when published.
+
+
+LETTER 514. TO J. GEIKIE. Down, December 13th, 1880.
+
+You must allow me the pleasure of thanking you for the great interest
+with which I have read your "Prehistoric Europe." (514/1. "Prehistoric
+Europe: a Geological Sketch," London, 1881.) Nothing has struck me more
+than the accumulated evidence of interglacial periods, and assuredly
+the establishment of such periods is of paramount importance for
+understanding all the later changes of the earth's surface. Reading
+your book has brought vividly before my mind the state of knowledge, or
+rather ignorance, half a century ago, when all superficial matter was
+classed as diluvium, and not considered worthy of the attention of a
+geologist. If you can spare the time (though I ask out of mere idle
+curiosity) I should like to hear what you think of Mr. Mackintosh's
+paper, illustrated by a little map with lines showing the courses or
+sources of the erratic boulders over the midland counties of England.
+(514/2. "Results of a Systematic Survey, in 1878, of the Directions and
+Limits of Dispersion, Mode of Occurrence, and Relation to Drift-Deposits
+of the Erratic Blocks or Boulders of the West of England and East of
+Wales, including a Revision of Many Years' Previous Observations," D.
+Mackintosh, "Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc." Volume XXXV., page 425, 1879.) It
+is a little suspicious their ending rather abruptly near Wolverhampton,
+yet I must think that they were transported by floating ice. Fifty years
+ago I knew Shropshire well, and cannot remember anything like till, but
+abundance of gravel and sand beds, with recent marine shells. A great
+boulder (514/3. Mackintosh alludes (loc. cit., page 442) to felstone
+boulders around Ashley Heath, the highest ground between the Pennine and
+Welsh Hills north of the Wrekin; also to a boulder on the summit of the
+eminence (774 feet above sea-level), "probably the same as that noticed
+many years ago by Mr. Darwin." In a later paper, "On the Correlation
+of the Drift-Deposits of the North-West of England with those of the
+Midland and Eastern Counties" ("Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc." Volume XXXVI.,
+page 178, 1880) Mackintosh mentions a letter received from Darwin, "who
+was the first to elucidate the boulder-transporting agency of floating
+ice," containing an account of the great Ashley Heath boulder, which
+he was the first to discover and expose,...so as to find that the block
+rested on fragments of New Red Sandstone, one of which was split into
+two and deeply scored...The facts mentioned in the letter from Mr.
+Darwin would seem to show that the boulder must have fallen through
+water from floating ice with a force sufficient to split the underlying
+lump of sandstone, but not sufficient to crush it.") which I had
+undermined on the summit of Ashley Heath, 720 (?) feet above the sea,
+rested on clean blocks of the underlying red sandstone. I was also
+greatly interested by your long discussion on the Loss (514/4. For an
+account of the Loss of German geologists--"a fine-grained, more or less
+homogeneous, consistent, non-plastic loam, consisting of an intimate
+admixture of clay and carbonate of lime," see J. Geikie, loc. cit., page
+144 et seq.); but I do not feel satisfied that all has been made
+out about it. I saw much brick-earth near Southampton in some manner
+connected with the angular gravel, but had not strength enough to
+make out relations. It might be worth your while to bear in mind the
+possibility of fine sediment washed over and interstratified with thick
+beds of frozen snow, and therefore ultimately dropped irrespective of
+the present contour of the country.
+
+I remember as a boy that it was said that the floods of the Severn were
+more muddy when the floods were caused by melting snow than from the
+heaviest rains; but why this should be I cannot see.
+
+Another subject has interested me much--viz. the sliding and travelling
+of angular debris. Ever since seeing the "streams of stones" at the
+Falkland Islands (514/5. "Geological Observations on South America"
+(1846), page 19 et seq.), I have felt uneasy in my mind on this subject.
+I wish Mr. Kerr's notion could be fully elucidated about frozen snow.
+Some one ought to observe the movements of the fields of snow which
+supply the glaciers in Switzerland.
+
+Yours is a grand book, and I thank you heartily for the instruction and
+pleasure which it has given me.
+
+For heaven's sake forgive the untidiness of this whole note.
+
+
+LETTER 515. TO JOHN LUBBOCK [Lord Avebury]. Down, November 6th, 1881.
+
+If I had written your Address (515/1. Address delivered by Lord Avebury
+as President of the British Association at York in 1881. Dr. Hicks
+is mentioned as having classed the pre-Cambrian strata in "four great
+groups of immense thickness and implying a great lapse of time" and
+giving no evidence of life. Hicks' third formation was named by him the
+Arvonian ("Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc." Volume XXXVII., 1881, Proc., page
+55.) (but this requires a fearful stretch of imagination on my part) I
+should not alter what I had said about Hicks. You have the support of
+the President [of the] Geological Society (515/2. Robert Etheridge.),
+and I think that Hicks is more likely to be right than X. The latter
+seems to me to belong to the class of objectors general. If Hicks should
+be hereafter proved to be wrong about this third formation, it would
+signify very little to you.
+
+I forget whether you go as far as to support Ramsay about lakes as large
+as the Italian ones: if so, I would myself modify the passage a little,
+for these great lakes have always made me tremble for Ramsay, yet
+some of the American geologists support him about the still larger N.
+American lakes. I have always believed in the main in Ramsay's views
+from the date of publication, and argued the point with Lyell, and am
+convinced that it is a very interesting step in Geology, and that you
+were quite right to allude to it. (515/3. "Glacial Origin of Lakes in
+Switzerland, Black Forest, etc." ("Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc." Volume
+XVIII., pages 185-204, 1862). Sir John Lubbock (Lord Avebury) gives
+a brief statement of Ramsay's views concerning the origin of lakes
+(Presidential Address, Brit. Assoc. 1881, page 22): "Prof. Ramsay
+divides lakes into three classes: (1) Those which are due to irregular
+accumulations of drift, and which are generally quite shallow; (2) those
+which are formed by moraines; and (3) those which occupy true basins
+scooped by glaciers out of the solid rocks. To the latter class belong,
+in his opinion, most of the great Swiss and Italian lakes...Professor
+Ramsay's theory seems, therefore, to account for a large number of
+interesting facts." Sir Archibald Geikie has given a good summary of
+Ramsay's theory in his "Memoir of Sir Andrew Crombie Ramsay," page 361,
+London, 1895.)
+
+
+LETTER 516. TO D. MACKINTOSH. Down, February 28th, 1882.
+
+I have read professor Geikie's essay, and it certainly appears to
+me that he underrated the importance of floating ice. (516/1. "The
+Intercrossing of Erratics in Glacial Deposits," by James Geikie,
+"Scottish Naturalist," 1881.) Memory extending back for half a century
+is worth a little, but I can remember nothing in Shropshire like till
+or ground moraine, yet I can distinctly remember the appearance of many
+sand and gravel beds--in some of which I found marine shells. I think it
+would be well worth your while to insist (but perhaps you have done so)
+on the absence of till, if absent in the Western Counties, where you
+find many erratic boulders.
+
+I was pleased to read the last sentence in Geikie's essay about the
+value of your work. (516/2. The concluding paragraph reads as follows:
+"I cannot conclude this paper without expressing my admiration for the
+long-continued and successful labours of the well-known geologist whose
+views I have been controverting. Although I entered my protest against
+his iceberg hypothesis, and have freely criticised his theoretical
+opinions, I most willingly admit that the results of his unwearied
+devotion to the study of those interesting phenomena with which he is
+so familiar have laid all his fellow-workers under a debt of gratitude."
+Mr. Darwin used to speak with admiration of Mackintosh's work, carried
+on as it was under considerable difficulties.)
+
+With respect to the main purport of your note, I hardly know what to
+say. Though no evidence worth anything has as yet, in my opinion, been
+advanced in favour of a living being, being developed from inorganic
+matter, yet I cannot avoid believing the possibility of this will be
+proved some day in accordance with the law of continuity. I remember the
+time, above fifty years ago, when it was said that no substance found
+in a living plant or animal could be produced without the aid of vital
+forces. As far as external form is concerned, Eozoon shows how difficult
+it is to distinguish between organised and inorganised bodies. If it is
+ever found that life can originate on this world, the vital phenomena
+will come under some general law of nature. Whether the existence of a
+conscious God can be proved from the existence of the so-called laws
+of nature (i.e., fixed sequence of events) is a perplexing subject, on
+which I have often thought, but cannot see my way clearly. If you have
+not read W. Graham's "Creed of Science," (516/3. "The Creed of Science:
+Religious, Moral, and Social," London, 1881.), it would, I think,
+interest you, and he supports the view which you are inclined to uphold.
+
+
+2.IX.III. THE PARALLEL ROADS OF GLEN ROY, 1841-1880.
+
+(517/1. In the bare hilly country of Lochaber, in the Scotch Highlands,
+the slopes of the mountains overlooking the vale of Glen Roy are marked
+by narrow terraces or parallel roads, which sweep round the shoulders of
+the hills with "undeviating horizontality." These roads are described
+by Sir Archibald Geikie as having long been "a subject of wonderment and
+legendary story among the Highlanders, and for so many years a source
+of sore perplexity among men of science." (517/2. "The Scenery of
+Scotland," 1887, page 266.) In Glen Roy itself there are three distinct
+shelves or terraces, and the mountain sides of the valley of the Spean
+and other glens bear traces of these horizontal "roads."
+
+The first important papers dealing with the origin of this striking
+physical feature were those of MacCulloch (517/3. "Trans. Geol. Soc."
+Volume IV., page 314, 1817.) and Sir Thomas Lauder Dick (517/4. "Trans.
+R. Soc. Edinb." Volume IX., page 1, 1823.), in which the writers
+concluded that the roads were the shore-lines of lakes which once filled
+the Lochaber valleys. Towards the end of June 1838 Mr. Darwin devoted
+"eight good days" (517/5. "Life and Letters," I., page 290.) to the
+examination of the Lochaber district, and in the following year he
+communicated a paper to the Royal Society of London, in which he
+attributed their origin to the action of the sea, and regarded them
+as old sea beaches which had been raised to their present level by a
+gradual elevation of the Lochaber district.
+
+In 1840 Louis Agassiz and Buckland (517/6. "Edinb. New Phil. Journal,"
+Volume XXXIII., page 236, 1842.) proposed the glacier-ice theory; they
+described the valleys as having been filled with lakes dammed back by
+glaciers which formed bars across the valleys of Glen Roy, Glen
+Spean, and the other glens in which the hill-sides bear traces of old
+lake-margins. Agassiz wrote in 1842: "When I visited the parallel roads
+of Glen Roy with Dr. Buckland we were convinced that the glacial theory
+alone satisfied all the exigencies of the phenomenon." (517/7. Ibid.,
+page 236.)
+
+Mr. David Milne (afterwards Milne-Home) (517/8. "Trans. R. Soc. Edinb."
+Volume XVI., page 395, 1847.) in 1847 upheld the view that the ledges
+represent the shore-lines of lakes which were imprisoned in the valleys
+by dams of detrital material left in the glens during a submergence
+of 3,000 feet, at the close of the Glacial period. Chambers, in his
+"Ancient Sea Margins" (1848), expressed himself in agreement with Mr.
+Darwin's marine theory. The Agassiz-Buckland theory was supported by
+Mr. Jamieson (517/9. "Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc." Volume XIX., page 235,
+1863.), who brought forward additional evidence in favour of the glacial
+barriers. Sir Charles Lyell at first (517/10. "Elements of Geology,"
+Edition II., 1841.) accepted the explanation given by Mr. Darwin, but
+afterwards (517/11. "Antiquity of Man," 1863, pages 252 et seq.) came to
+the conclusion that the terrace-lines represent the beaches of glacial
+lakes. In a paper published in 1878 (517/12. "Phil. Trans. R. Soc."
+1879, page 663.), Prof. Prestwich stated his acceptance of the lake
+theory of MacCulloch and Sir T. Lauder Dick and of the glacial theory
+of Agassiz, but differed from these authors in respect of the age of the
+lakes and the manner of formation of the roads.
+
+The view that has now gained general acceptance is that the parallel
+roads of Glen Roy represent the shores of a lake "that came into being
+with the growth of the glaciers and vanished as these melted away."
+(517/13. Sir Archibald Geikie, loc. cit., page 269.)
+
+Mr. Darwin became a convert to the glacier theory after the publication
+of Mr. Jamieson's paper. He speaks of his own paper as "a great
+failure"; he argued in favour of sea action as the cause of the terraces
+"because no other explanation was possible under our then state of
+knowledge." Convinced of his mistake, Darwin looked upon his error as
+"a good lesson never to trust in science to the principle of exclusion."
+(517/14. "Life and Letters," I., page 69.)
+
+
+LETTER 517. TO C. LYELL. [March 9th, 1841.]
+
+I have just received your note. It is the greatest pleasure to me to
+write or talk Geology with you...
+
+I think I have thought over the whole case without prejudice, and
+remain firmly convinced they [the parallel roads] are marine beaches. My
+principal reason for doing so is what I have urged in my paper (517/15.
+"Observations on the Parallel Roads of Glen Roy, and of other parts of
+Lochaber in Scotland, with an attempt to prove that they are of Marine
+Origin." "Phil. Trans. R. Soc." 1839, page 39.), the buttress-like
+accumulations of stratified shingle on sides of valley, especially those
+just below the lowest shelf in Spean Valley.
+
+2nd. I can hardly conceive the extension of the glaciers in front of the
+valley of Kilfinnin, where I found a new road--where the sides of Great
+Glen are not very lofty.
+
+3rd. The flat watersheds which I describe in places where there are
+no roads, as well as those connected with "roads." These remain
+unexplained.
+
+I might continue to add many other such reasons, all of which, however,
+I daresay would appear trifling to any one who had not visited the
+district. With respect to equable elevation, it cannot be a valid
+objection to any one who thinks of Scandinavia or the Pampas. With
+respect to the glacier theory, the greatest objection appears to me the
+following, though possibly not a sound one. The water has beyond doubt
+remained very long at the levels of each shelf--this is unequivocally
+shown by the depth of the notch or beach formed in many places in
+the hard mica-slate, and the large accumulations or buttresses of
+well-rounded pebbles at certain spots on the level of old beaches. (The
+time must have been immense, if formed by lakes without tides.) During
+the existence of the lakes their drainage must have been at the head of
+the valleys, and has given the flat appearance of the watersheds. All
+this is very clear for four of the shelves (viz., upper and lower in
+Glen Roy, the 800-foot one in Glen Spean, and the one in Kilfinnin), and
+explains the coincidence of "roads" with the watersheds more simply than
+my view, and as simply as the common lake theory. But how was the Glen
+Roy lake drained when the water stood at level of the middle "road"? It
+must (for there is no other exit whatever) have been drained over the
+glacier. Now this shelf is full as narrow in a vertical line and
+as deeply worn horizontally into the mountain side and with a large
+accumulation of shingle (I can give cases) as the other shelves. We
+must, therefore, on the glacier theory, suppose that the surface of
+the ice remained at exactly the same level, not being worn down by the
+running water, or the glacier moved by its own movement during the very
+long period absolutely necessary for a quiet lake to form such a beach
+as this shelf presents in its whole course. I do not know whether I have
+explained myself clearly. I should like to know what you think of this
+difficulty. I shall much like to talk over the Jura case with you. I am
+tired, so goodbye.
+
+
+LETTER 518. TO L. HORNER. Down [1846].
+
+(518/1. It was agreed at the British Association meeting held at
+Southampton in 1846 "That application be made to Her Majesty's
+Government to direct that during the progress of the Ordnance
+Trigonometrical Surveys in the North of Scotland, the so-called Parallel
+Roads of Glen Roy and the adjoining country be accurately surveyed, with
+the view of determining whether they are truly parallel and horizontal,
+the intervening distances, and their elevations above the present
+sea-level" ("British Association Report," 1846, page xix). The survey
+was undertaken by the Government Ordnance Survey Office under Col. Sir
+Henry James, who published the results in 1874 ("Notes on the Parallel
+Roads of Glen Roy"); the map on which the details are given is sheet 63
+(one-inch scale).)
+
+In following your suggestion in drawing out something about Glen Roy for
+the Geological Committee, I have been completely puzzled how to do it.
+I have written down what I should say if I had to meet the head of the
+Survey and wished to persuade him to undertake the task; but as I have
+written it, it is too long, ill expressed, seems as if it came from
+nobody and was going to nobody, and therefore I send it to you in
+despair, and beg you to turn the subject in your mind. I feel a
+conviction if it goes through the Geological part of Ordnance Survey it
+will be swamped, and as it is a case for mere accurate measurements it
+might, I think without offence, go to the head of the real Surveyors.
+
+If Agassiz or Buckland are on the Committee they will sneer at the whole
+thing and declare the beaches are those of a glacier-lake, than which I
+am sure I could convince you that there never was a more futile theory.
+
+I look forward to Southampton (518/2. The British Association meeting
+(1846).) with much interest, and hope to hear to-morrow that the
+lodgings are secured to us. You cannot think how thoroughly I enjoyed
+our geological talks, and the pleasure of seeing Mrs. Horner and
+yourself here. (518/3. This letter is published in the privately printed
+"Memoir of Leonard Horner," II., page 103.)
+
+[Here follows Darwin's Memorandum.]
+
+The Parallel Roads of Glen Roy, in Scotland, have been the object of
+repeated examination, but they have never hitherto been levelled with
+sufficient accuracy. Sir T. Lauder Dick (518/4. "On the Parallel Roads
+of Lochaber" (with map and plates), by Sir Thomas Lauder Dick, "Trans.
+R. Soc. Edinb." Volume IX., page 1, 1823.) procured the assistance of an
+engineer for this purpose, but owing to the want of a true ground-plan
+it was impossible to ascertain their exact curvature, which, as far as
+could be estimated, appeared equal to that of the surface of the sea.
+Considering how very rarely the sea has left narrow and well-defined
+marks of its action at any considerable height on the land, and more
+especially considering the remarkable observations by M. Bravais (518/5.
+"On the Lines of Ancient Level of the Sea in Finmark," by M. A. Bravais,
+translated from "Voyages de la Commission Scientifique du Nord, etc.";
+"Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc." Volume I., page 534, 1845.) on the ancient
+sea-beaches of Scandinavia, showing the they are not strictly parallel
+to each other, and that the movement has been greater nearer the
+mountains than on the coast, it appears highly desirable that the roads
+of Glen Roy should be examined with the utmost care during the execution
+of the Ordnance Survey of Scotland. The best instruments and the most
+accurate measurements being necessary for this end almost precludes the
+hope of its being ever undertaken by private individuals; but by the
+means at the disposal of the Ordnance, measurements would be easily made
+even more accurate than those of M. Bravais. It would be desirable to
+take two lines of the greatest possible length in the district, and at
+nearly right angles to each other, and to level from the beach at one
+extremity to that at the other, so that it might be ascertained whether
+the curvature does exactly correspond with that of the globe, or, if
+not, what is the direction of the line of greatest elevation. Much
+attention would be requisite in fixing on either the upper or lower edge
+of the ancient beaches as the standard of measurement, and in rendering
+this line conspicuous. The heights of the three roads, one above
+the other and above the level of the sea, ought to be accurately
+ascertained. Mr. Darwin observed one short beach-line north of Glen Roy,
+and he has indicated, on the authority of Sir David Brewster, others
+in the valley of the Spey. If these could be accurately connected, by
+careful measurements of their absolute heights or by levelling, with
+those of Glen Roy, it would make a most valuable addition to our
+knowledge on this subject. Although the observations here specified
+would probably be laborious, yet, considering how rarely such evidence
+is afforded in any quarter of the world, it cannot be doubted that one
+of the most important problems in Geology--namely, the exact manner in
+which the crust of the earth rises in mass--would be much elucidated,
+and a great service done to geological science.
+
+
+LETTER 519. R. CHAMBERS TO D. MILNE-HOME. St. Andrews, September 7th,
+1847.
+
+I have had a letter to-day from Mr. Charles Darwin, beseeching me to
+obtain for him a copy of your paper on Glen Roy. (519/1. No doubt Mr.
+Milne's paper "On the Parallel Roads of Lochaber," "Trans. R. Soc.
+Edinb." Volume XVI., page 395, 1849. [Read March 1st and April 5th,
+1847.]) I am sure you will have pleasure in sending him one; his
+address is "Down, Farnborough, Kent." I have again read over your paper
+carefully, and feel assured that the careful collection and statement of
+facts which are found in it must redound to your credit with all candid
+persons. The suspicions, however, which I obtained some time ago as to
+land-straits and heights of country being connected with sea-margins and
+their ordinary memorials still possesses me, and I am looking forward to
+some means of further testing the Glen Roy mystery. If my suspicion turn
+out true, I shall at once be regretful on your account, and shall feel
+it as a great check and admonition to myself not to be too confident
+about anything in science till it has been proved over and over again.
+The ground hereabouts is now getting clear of the crops; perhaps when I
+am in town a few days hence we may be able to make some appointment for
+an examination of the beaches of the district, my list of which has been
+greatly enlarged during the last two months.
+
+
+LETTER 520. TO R. CHAMBERS. September 11th, 1847.
+
+I hope you will read the first part of my paper before you go [to Glen
+Roy], and attend to the manner in which the lines end in Glen Collarig.
+I wish Mr. Milne had read it more carefully. He misunderstands me in
+several respects, but [I] suppose it is my own fault, for my paper is
+most tediously written. Mr. Milne fights me very pleasantly, and I plead
+guilty to his rebuke about "demonstration." (520/1. See Letter 521,
+note.) I do not know what you think; but Mr. Milne will think me as
+obstinate as a pig when I say that I think any barriers of detritus at
+the mouth of Glen Roy, Collarig and Glaster more utterly impossible
+than words can express. I abide by all that I have written on that head.
+Conceive such a mass of detritus having been removed, without great
+projections being left on each side, in the very close proximity to
+every little delta preserved on the lines of the shelves, even on the
+shelf 4, which now crosses with uniform breadth the spot where the
+barrier stood, with the shelves dying gradually out, etc. To my mind it
+is monstrous. Oddly enough, Mr. Milne's description of the mouth of Loch
+Treig (I do not believe that valley has been well examined in its upper
+end) leaves hardly a doubt that a glacier descended from it, and, if the
+roads were formed by a lake of any kind, I believe it must have been
+an ice-lake. I have given in detail to Lyell my several reasons for
+not thinking ice-lakes probable (520/2. Mr. Darwin gives some arguments
+against the glacier theory in the letter (517) to Sir Charles Lyell;
+but the letter alluded to is no doubt the one written to Lyell on
+"Wednesday, 8th" (Letter 522), in which the reasons are fully stated.);
+but to my mind they are incomparably more probable than detritus of
+rock-barriers. Have you ever attended to glacier action? After having
+seen N. Wales, I can no more doubt the former existence of gigantic
+glaciers than I can the sun in the heaven. I could distinguish in N.
+Wales to a certain extent icebergs from glacier action (Lyell has shown
+that icebergs at the present day score rocks), and I suspect that in
+Lochaber the two actions are united, and that the scored rock on the
+watersheds, when tideways, were rubbed and bumped by half-stranded
+icebergs. You will, no doubt, attend to Glen Glaster. Mr. Milne, I
+think, does not mention whether shelf 4 enters it, which I should like
+to know, and especially he does not state whether rocks worn on their
+upper faces are found on the whole 212 [feet] vertical course of this
+Glen down to near L. Loggan, or whether only in the upper part; nor does
+he state whether these rocks are scored, or polished, or moutonnees, or
+whether there are any "perched" boulders there or elsewhere. I suspect
+it would be difficult to distinguish between a river-bed and tidal
+channel. Mr. Milne's description of the Pass of Mukkul, expanding to a
+width of several hundred yards 21 feet deep in the shoalest part, and
+with a worn islet in the middle, sounds to me much more like a tidal
+channel than a river-bed. There must have been, on the latter view,
+plenty of fresh water in those days. With respect to the coincidence
+of the shelves with the now watersheds, Mr. Milne only gives half of my
+explanation. Please read page 65 of my paper. (520/3. "Observations
+on the Parallel Roads of Glen Roy, and of other Parts of Lochaber in
+Scotland, with an Attempt to Prove that they are of Marine Origin."
+"Phil. Trans. R. Soc." 1839, page 39. [Read February 7th, 1839.]) I
+allude only to the head of Glen Roy and Kilfinnin as silted up. I did
+not know Mukkul Pass; and Glen Roy was so much covered up that I did not
+search it well, as I was not able to walk very well. It has been an old
+conjectural belief of mine that a rising surface becomes stationary,
+not suddenly, but by the movement becoming very slow. Now, this would
+greatly aid the tidal currents cutting down the passes between the
+mountains just before, and to the level of, the stationary periods.
+The currents in the fiords in T. del Fuego in a narrow crooked part are
+often most violent; in other parts they seem to silt up.
+
+Shall you do any levelling? I believe all the levelling has been
+[done] in Glen Roy, nearly parallel to the Great Glen of Scotland. For
+inequalities of elevation, the valley of the Spean, at right angles to
+the apparent axes of elevation, would be the one to examine. If you go
+to the head of Glen Roy, attend to the apparent shelf above the highest
+one in Glen Roy, lying on the south side of Loch Spey, and therefore
+beyond the watershed of Glen Roy. It would be a crucial case. I was
+too unwell on that day to examine it carefully, and I had no levelling
+instruments. Do these fragments coincide in level with Glen Gluoy shelf?
+
+MacCulloch talks of one in Glen Turret above the shelf. I could not see
+it. These would be important discoveries. But I will write no more, and
+pray your forgiveness for this long, ill-written outpouring. I am very
+glad you keep to your subject of the terraces. I have lately observed
+that you have one great authority (C. Prevost), [not] that authority
+signifies a [farthing?] on your side respecting your heretical and
+damnable doctrine of the ocean falling. You see I am orthodox to the
+burning pitch.
+
+
+LETTER 521. TO D. MILNE-HOME. Down, [September] 20th, [1847].
+
+I am much obliged by your note. I returned from London on Saturday, and
+I found then your memoir (521/1. "On the Parallel Roads of Lochaber,
+with Remarks on the Change of Relative Levels of Sea and Land in
+Scotland, and on the Detrital Deposits in that Country," "Trans. R.
+Soc. Edinb." Volume XVI., page 395, 1849. [Read March 1st and April 5th,
+1847.]), which I had not then received, owing to the porter having been
+out when I last sent to the Geological Society. I have read your paper
+with the greatest interest, and have been much struck with the novelty
+and importance of many of your facts. I beg to thank you for the
+courteous manner in which you combat me, and I plead quite guilty to
+your rebuke about demonstration. (521/2. Mr. Milne quotes a passage from
+Mr. Darwin's paper ("Phil. Trans. R. Soc." 1839, page 56), in which the
+latter speaks of the marine origin of the parallel roads of Lochaber as
+appearing to him as having been demonstrated. Mr. Milne adds: "I regret
+that Mr. Darwin should have expressed himself in these very decided and
+confident terms, especially as his survey was incomplete; for I venture
+to think that it can be satisfactorily established that the parallel
+roads of Lochaber were formed by fresh-water lakes" (Milne, loc. cit.,
+page 400).) You have misunderstood my paper on a few points, but I do
+not doubt that is owing to its being badly and tediously written. You
+will, I fear, think me very obstinate when I say that I am not in the
+least convinced about the barriers (521/3. Mr. Milne believed that the
+lower parts of the valleys were filled with detritus, which constituted
+barriers and thus dammed up the waters into lakes.): they remain to me
+as improbable as ever. But the oddest result of your paper on me (and I
+assure you, as far as I know myself, it is not perversity) is that I
+am very much staggered in favour of the ice-lake theory of Agassiz and
+Buckland (521/4. Agassiz and Buckland believed that the lakes which
+formed the "roads" were confined by glaciers or moraines. See "The
+Glacial Theory and its Recent Progress," by Louis Agassiz, "Edinb. New
+Phil. Journ." Volume XXXIII., page 217, 1842 (with map).): until I read
+your important discovery of the outlet in Glen Glaster I never thought
+this theory at all tenable. (521/5. Mr. Milne discovered that the middle
+shelf of Glen Roy, which Mr. Darwin stated was "not on a level with
+any watershed" (Darwin, loc. cit., page 43), exactly coincided with a
+watershed at the head of Glen Glaster (Milne, loc. cit., page 398).) Now
+it appears to me that a very good case can be made in its favour. I am
+not, however, as yet a believer in the ice-lake theory, but I tremble
+for the result. I have had a good deal of talk with Mr. Lyell on
+the subject, and from his advice I am going to send a letter to the
+"Scotsman," in which I give briefly my present impression (though there
+is not space to argue with you on such points as I think I could argue),
+and indicate what points strike me as requiring further investigation
+with respect, chiefly, to the ice-lake theory, so that you will not care
+about it...
+
+P.S.--Some facts mentioned in my "Geology of S. America," page 24
+(521/6. The creeks which penetrate the western shores of Tierra del
+Fuego are described as "almost invariably much shallower close to
+the open sea at their mouths than inland...This shoalness of the
+sea-channels near their entrances probably results from the quantity of
+sediment formed by the wear and tear of the outer rocks exposed to
+the full force of the open sea. I have no doubt that many lakes--for
+instance, in Scotland--which are very deep within, and are separated
+from the sea apparently only by a tract of detritus, were originally
+sea-channels, with banks of this nature near their mouths, which have
+since been upheaved" ("Geol. Obs. S. America," page 24, footnote.), with
+regard to the shoaling of the deep fiords of T. del Fuego near their
+mouths, and which I have remarked would tend, with a little elevation,
+to convert such fiords into lakes with a great mound-like barrier of
+detritus at their mouths, might, possibly, have been of use to you with
+regard to the lakes of Glen Roy.
+
+
+LETTER 522. TO C. LYELL. Down, Wednesday, 8th.
+
+Many thanks for your paper. (522/1. "On the Ancient Glaciers of
+Forfarshire." "Proc. Geol. Soc." Volume III., page 337, 1840.) I do
+admire your zeal on a subject on which you are not immediately at work.
+I will give my opinion as briefly as I can, and I have endeavoured my
+best to be honest. Poor Mrs. Lyell will have, I foresee, a long letter
+to read aloud, but I will try to write better than usual. Imprimis, it
+is provoking that Mr. Milne (522/2. "On the Parallel Roads of Lochaber,
+etc." "Trans. R. Soc. Edinb." Volume XVI., page 395, 1849. [Read March
+1st and April 5th, 1847.]) has read my paper (522/3. "Observations on
+the Parallel Roads of Glen Roy, etc." "Phil. Trans. R. Soc." 1839, page
+39. [Read February 7th, 1839.].) with little attention, for he makes
+me say several things which I do not believe--as, that the water sunk
+suddenly! (page 10), that the Valley of Glen Roy, page 13, and Spean was
+filled up with detritus to level of the lower shelf, against which there
+is, I conceive, good evidence, etc., but I suppose it is the consequence
+of my paper being most tediously written. He gives me a just snub for
+talking of demonstration, and he fights me in a very pleasant manner.
+Now for business. I utterly disbelieve in the barriers (522/4. See note,
+Letter 521.) for his lakes, and think he has left that point exactly
+where it was in the time of MacCulloch (522/5. "On the Parallel Roads of
+Glen Roy." "Geol. Trans." Volume IV., page 314, 1817 (with several maps
+and sections).) and Dick. (522/6. "On the Parallel Roads of Lochaber."
+"Trans. R. Soc. Edinb." Volume IX., page 1, 1823.) Indeed, in showing
+that there is a passage at Glen Glaster at the level of the intermediate
+shelf, he makes the difficulty to my mind greater. (522/7. See Letter
+521, note.) When I think of the gradual manner in which the two upper
+terraces die out at Glen Collarig and at the mouth of Glen Roy, the
+smooth rounded form of the hills there, and the lower shelf retaining
+its usual width where the immense barrier stood, I can deliberately
+repeat "that more convincing proofs of the non-existence of the
+imaginary Loch Roy could scarcely have been invented with full play
+given to the imagination," etc.: but I do not adhere to this remark
+with such strength when applied to the glacier-lake theory. Oddly, I was
+never at all staggered by this theory until now, having read Mr. Milne's
+argument against it. I now can hardly doubt that a great glacier did
+emerge from Loch Treig, and this by the ice itself (not moraine) might
+have blocked up the three outlets from Glen Roy. I do not, however, yet
+believe in the glacier theory, for reasons which I will presently give.
+
+There are three chief hostile considerations in Mr. Milne's paper.
+First, the Glen [shelf?], not coinciding in height with the upper one
+[outlet?], from observations giving 12 feet, 15 feet, 29 feet, 23 feet:
+if the latter are correct the terrace must be quite independent, and the
+case is hostile; but Mr. Milne shows that there is one in Glen Roy 14
+feet below the upper one, and a second one again (which I observed)
+beneath this, and then we come to the proper second shelf. Hence there
+is no great improbability in an independent shelf having been found in
+Glen Gluoy.
+
+This leads me to Mr. Milne's second class of facts (obvious to every
+one), namely the non-extension of the three shelves beyond Glen Roy; but
+I abide by what I have written on that point, and repeat that if in Glen
+Roy, where circumstances have been so favourable for the preservation
+or formation of the terraces, a terrace could be formed quite plain for
+three-quarters of a mile with hardly a trace elsewhere, we cannot argue,
+from the non-existence of shelves, that water did not stand at the same
+levels in other valleys. Feeling absolutely convinced that there was no
+barrier of detritus at the mouth of Glen Roy, and pretty well convinced
+that there was none of ice, the manner in which the terraces die out
+when entering Glen Spean, which must have been a tideway, shows on
+what small circumstances the formation of these shelves depended. With
+respect to the non-existence of shelves in other parts of Scotland, Mr.
+Milne shows that many others do exist, and their heights above the sea
+have not yet been carefully measured, nor have even those of Glen
+Roy, which I suspect are all 100 feet too high. Moreover, according to
+Bravais (522/8. "On the Lines of Ancient Level of the Sea in Finmark."
+By A. Bravais, Member of the Scientific Commission of the North. "Quart.
+Journ. Geol. Soc." Volume I., page 534, 1845 (a translation).), we
+must not feel sure that either the absolute height or the intermediate
+heights between the terraces would be at all the same at distant points.
+In levelling the terraces in Lochaber, all, I believe, have been taken
+in Glen Roy, nearly N. and S. There should be levels taken at right
+angles to this line and to the Great Glen of Scotland or chief line of
+elevation.
+
+Thirdly, the nature of the outlets from the supposed lakes. This appears
+to me the best and newest part of the paper. If Sir James Clark would
+like to attend to any particular points, direct his attention to this:
+especially to follow Glen Glaster from Glen Roy to L. Laggan. Mr. Milne
+describes this as an old and great river-course with a fall of 212 feet.
+He states that the rocks are smooth on upper face and rough on lower,
+but he does not mention whether this character prevails throughout the
+whole 212 vertical feet--a most important consideration; nor does he
+state whether these rocks are polished or scratched, as might have
+happened even to a considerable depth beneath the water (Mem. great
+icebergs in narrow fiords of T. del Fuego (522/9. In the "Voyage of the
+'Beagle'" a description is given of the falling of great masses of ice
+from the icy cliffs of the glaciers with a crash that "reverberates
+like the broadside of a man-of-war, through the lonely channels" which
+intersect the coast-line of Tierra del Fuego. Loc. cit., page 246.))
+by the action of icebergs, for that icebergs transported boulders on to
+terraces, I have no doubt. Mr. Milne's description of the outlets of
+his lake sound to me more like tidal channels, nor does he give any
+arguments how such are to be distinguished from old river-courses.
+I cannot believe in the body of fresh water which must, on the lake
+theory, have flowed out of them. At the Pass of Mukkul he states that
+the outlet is 70 feet wide and the rocky bottom 21 feet below the level
+of the shelf, and that the gorge expands to the eastwards into a broad
+channel of several hundred yards in width, divided in the middle by what
+has formerly been a rocky islet, against which the waters of this large
+river had chafed in issuing from the pass. We know the size of the river
+at the present day which would flow out through this pass, and it seems
+to me (and in the other given cases) to be as inadequate; the whole
+seems to me far easier explained by a tideway than by a formerly more
+humid climate.
+
+With respect to the very remarkable coincidence between the shelves and
+the outlets (rendered more remarkable by Mr. Milne's discovery of the
+outlet to the intermediate shelf at Glen Glaster (522/10. See Letter
+521, note.)), Mr. Milne gives only half of my explanation; he alludes
+to (and disputes) the smoothing and silting-up action, which I still
+believe in. I state: If we consider what must take place during
+the gradual rise of a group of islands, we shall have the currents
+endeavouring to cut down and deepen some shallow parts in the channels
+as they are successively brought near the surface, but tending from the
+opposition of tides to choke up others with littoral deposits. During
+a long interval of rest, from the length of time allowed to the above
+processes, the tendency would often prove effective, both in forming, by
+accumulation of matter, isthmuses, and in keeping open channels. Hence
+such isthmuses and channels just kept open would oftener be formed at
+the level which the waters held at the interval of rest, than at any
+other (page 65). I look at the Pass of Mukkul (21 feet deep, Milne) as a
+channel just kept open, and the head of Glen Roy (where there is a
+great bay silted up) and of Kilfinnin (at both which places there are
+level-topped mounds of detritus above the level of the terraces) as
+instances of channels filled up at the stationary levels. I have long
+thought it a probable conjecture that when a rising surface becomes
+stationary it becomes so, not at once, but by the movements first
+becoming very slow; this would greatly favour the cutting down many gaps
+in the mountains to the level of the stationary periods.
+
+GLACIER THEORY.
+
+If a glacialist admitted that the sea, before the formation of the
+terraces, covered the country (which would account for land-straits
+above level of terraces), and that the land gradually emerged, and if
+he supposed his lakes were banked by ice alone, he would make out, in my
+opinion, the best case against the marine origin of the terraces. From
+the scattered boulders and till, you and I must look at it as certain
+that the sea did cover the whole country, and I abide quite by my
+arguments from the buttresses, etc., that water of some kind receded
+slowly from the valleys of Lochaber (I presume Mr. Milne admits this).
+Now, I do not believe in the ice-lake theory, from the following weak
+but accumulating reasons: because, 1st, the receding water must have
+been that of a lake in Glen Spean, and of the sea in the other valleys
+of Scotland, where I saw similar buttresses at many levels; 2nd, because
+the outlets of the supposed lakes as already stated seem, from Mr.
+Milne's statements, too much worn and too large; 3rd, when the lake
+stood at the three-quarters of a mile shelf the water from it must have
+flowed over ice itself for a very long time, and kept at the same exact
+level: certainly this shelf required a long time for its formation; 4th,
+I cannot believe a glacier would have blocked up the short, very wide
+valley of Kilfinnin, the Great Glen of Scotland also being very low
+there; 5th, the country at some places where Mr. Milne has described
+terraces is not mountainous, and the number of ice-lakes appears to me
+very improbable; 6th, I do not believe any lake could scoop the rocks
+so much as they are at the entrance to Loch Treig or cut them off at the
+head of Upper Glen Roy; 7th, the very gradual dying away of the terraces
+at the mouth of Glen Roy does not look like a barrier of any kind; 8th,
+I should have expected great terminal moraines across the mouth of Glen
+Roy, Glen Collarig, and Glaster, at least at the bottom of the valleys.
+Such, I feel pretty sure, do not exist.
+
+I fear I must have wearied you with the length of this letter, which
+I have not had time to arrange properly. I could argue at great length
+against Mr. Milne's theory of barriers of detritus, though I could help
+him in one way--viz., by the soundings which occur at the entrances of
+the deepest fiords in T. del Fuego. I do not think he gives the smallest
+satisfaction with respect to the successive and comparatively sudden
+breakage of his many lakes.
+
+Well, I enjoyed my trip to Glen Roy very much, but it was time thrown
+away. I heartily wish you would go there; it should be some one who
+knows glacier and iceberg action, and sea action well. I wish the Queen
+would command you. I had intended being in London to-morrow, but one of
+my principal plagues will, I believe, stop me; if I do I will assuredly
+call on you. I have not yet read Mr. Milne on Elevation (522/11. "On
+a Remarkable Oscillation of the Sea, observed at Various Places on the
+Coasts of Great Britain in the First Week of July, 1843." "Trans. R.
+Soc. Edinb." Volume XV., page 609, 1844.), so will keep his paper for a
+day or two.
+
+P.S.--As you cannot want this letter, I wish you would return it to me,
+as it will serve as a memorandum for me. Possibly I shall write to Mr.
+Chambers, though I do not know whether he will care about what I think
+on the subject. This letter is too long and ill-written for Sir J.
+Clark.
+
+
+LETTER 523. TO LADY LYELL. [October 4th, 1847.]
+
+I enclose a letter from Chambers, which has pleased me very much (which
+please return), but I cannot feel quite so sure as he does. If the
+Lochaber and Tweed roads really turn out exactly on a level, the sea
+theory is proved. What a magnificent proof of equality of elevation,
+which does not surprise me much; but I fear I see cause of doubt, for
+as far as I remember there are numerous terraces, near Galashiels, with
+small intervals of height, so that the coincidence of height might be
+cooked. Chambers does not seem aware of one very striking coincidence,
+viz., that I made by careful measurement my Kilfinnin terrace 1202 feet
+above sea, and now Glen Gluoy is 1203 feet, according to the recent more
+careful measurements. Even Agassiz (523/1. "On the Glacial Theory," by
+Louis Agassiz, "Edinb. New Phil. Journ." Volume XXXIII., page 217, 1842.
+The parallel terraces are dealt with by Agassiz, pages 236 et seq.)
+would be puzzled to block up Glen Gluoy and Kilfinnin by the same
+glacier, and then, moreover, the lake would have two outlets. With
+respect to the middle terrace of Glen Roy--seen by Chambers in the Spean
+(figured by Agassiz, and seen by myself but not noticed, as I thought
+it might have been a sheep track)--it might yet have been formed on the
+ice-lake theory by two independent glaciers going across the Spean, but
+it is very improbable that two such immense ones should not have been
+united into one. Chambers, unfortunately, does not seem to have visited
+the head of the Spey, and I have written to propose joining funds and
+sending some young surveyor there. If my letter is published in the
+"Scotsman," how Buckland (523/2. Professor Buckland may be described as
+joint author, with Agassiz, of the Glacier theory.), as I have foreseen,
+will crow over me: he will tell me he always knew that I was wrong, but
+now I shall have rather ridiculously to say, "but I am all right again."
+
+I have been a good deal interested in Miller (523/3. Hugh Miller's
+"First Impressions of England and its People," London, 1847.), but I
+find it not quick reading, and Emma has hardly begun it yet. I rather
+wish the scenic descriptions were shorter, and that there was a little
+less geologic eloquence.
+
+Lyell's picture now hangs over my chimneypiece, and uncommonly glad I am
+to have it, and thank you for it.
+
+
+LETTER 524. TO C. LYELL. Down, September 6th [1861].
+
+I think the enclosed is worth your reading. I am smashed to atoms about
+Glen Roy. My paper was one long gigantic blunder from beginning to end.
+Eheu! Eheu! (524/1. See "Life and Letters," I., pages 68, 69, also pages
+290, 291.)
+
+
+LETTER 525. TO C. LYELL. Down, September 22nd [1861].
+
+I have read Mr. Jamieson's last letter, like the former ones, with very
+great interest. (525/1. Mr. Jamieson visited Glen Roy in August 1861 and
+in July 1862. His paper "On the Parallel Roads of Glen Roy, and their
+Place in the History of the Glacial Period," was published in the
+"Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society" in 1863, Volume XIX.,
+page 235. His latest contribution to this subject was published in the
+"Quarterly Journal," Volume XLVIII., page 5, 1892.) What a problem you
+have in hand! It beats manufacturing new species all to bits. It would
+be a great personal consolation to me if Mr. J. can admit the sloping
+Spean terrace to be marine, and would remove one of my greatest
+difficulties--viz. the vast contrast of Welsh and Lochaber valleys. But
+then, as far as I dare trust my observations, the sloping terraces ran
+far up the Roy valley, so as to reach not far below the lower shelf. If
+the sloping fringes are marine and the shelves lacustrine, all I can
+say is that nature has laid a shameful trap to catch an unwary wretch. I
+suppose that I have underrated the power of lakes in producing pebbles;
+this, I think, ought to be well looked to. I was much struck in Wales
+on carefully comparing the glacial scratches under a lake (formed by a
+moraine and which must have existed since the Glacial epoch) and above
+water, and I could perceive NO difference. I believe I saw many such
+beds of good pebbles on level of lower shelf, which at the time I could
+not believe could have been found on shores of lake. The land-straits
+and little cliffs above them, to which I referred, were quite above the
+highest shelf; they may be of much more ancient date than the shelves.
+Some terrace-like fringes at head of the Spey strike me as very
+suspicious. Mr. J. refers to absence of pebbles at considerable heights:
+he must remember that every storm, every deer, every hare which runs
+tends to roll pebbles down hill, and not one ever goes up again. I
+may mention that I particularly alluded to this on S. Ventanao (525/2.
+"Geolog. Obs. on South America," page 79. "On the flanks of the
+mountains, at a height of 300 or 400 feet above the plain, there were
+a few small patches of conglomerate and breccia, firmly cemented by
+ferruginous matter to the abrupt and battered face of the quartz--traces
+being thus exhibited of ancient sea-action.") in N. Patagonia, a great
+isolated rugged quartz-mountain 3,000 feet high, and I could find not
+one pebble except on one very small spot, where a ferruginous spring had
+firmly cemented a few to the face of mountain. If the Lochaber lakes had
+been formed by an ice-period posterior to the (marine?) sloping terraces
+in the Spean, would not Mr. J. have noticed gigantic moraines across the
+valley opposite the opening of Lake Treig? I go so far as not to like
+making the elevation of the land in Wales and Scotland considerably
+different with respect to the ice-period, and still more do I dislike
+it with respect to E. and W. Scotland. But I may be prejudiced by having
+been so long accustomed to the plains of Patagonia. But the equality of
+level (barring denudation) of even the Secondary formations in Britain,
+after so many ups and downs, always impresses my mind, that, except when
+the crust-cracks and mountains are formed, movements of elevation and
+subsidence are generally very equable.
+
+But it is folly my scribbling thus. You have a grand problem, and heaven
+help you and Mr. Jamieson through it. It is out of my line nowadays, and
+above and beyond me.
+
+
+LETTER 526. TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, September 28th [1861].
+
+It is, I believe, true that Glen Roy shelves (I remember your Indian
+letter) were formed by glacial lakes. I persuaded Mr. Jamieson, an
+excellent observer, to go and observe them; and this is his result.
+There are some great difficulties to be explained, but I presume this
+will ultimately be proved the truth...
+
+
+LETTER 527. TO C. LYELL. Down, October 1st [1861].
+
+Thank you for the most interesting correspondence. What a wonderful case
+that of Bedford. (527/1. No doubt this refers to the discovery of flint
+implements in the Valley of the Ouse, near Bedford, in 1861 (see Lyell's
+"Antiquity of Man," pages 163 et seq., 1863.) I thought the problem
+sufficiently perplexing before, but now it beats anything I ever heard
+of. Far from being able to give any hypothesis for any part, I cannot
+get the facts into my mind. What a capital observer and reasoner Mr.
+Jamieson is. The only way that I can reconcile my memory of Lochaber
+with the state of the Welsh valleys is by imagining a great barrier,
+formed by a terminal moraine, at the mouth of the Spean, which the
+river had to cut slowly through, as it drained the lowest lake after
+the Glacial period. This would, I can suppose, account for the sloping
+terraces along the Spean. I further presume that sharp transverse
+moraines would not be formed under the waters of the lake, where the
+glacier came out of L. Treig and abutted against the opposite side of
+the valley. A nice mess I made of Glen Roy! I have no spare copy of
+my Welsh paper (527/2. "Notes on the Effects produced by the Ancient
+Glaciers of Caernarvonshire, and on the Boulders transported by Floating
+Ice," "Edinb. New Phil. Journ." Volume XXXIII., page 352, 1842.); it
+would do you no good to lend it. I suppose I thought that there must
+have been floating ice on Moel Tryfan. I think it cannot be disputed
+that the last event in N. Wales was land-glaciers. I could not decide
+where the action of land-glaciers ceased and marine glacial action
+commenced at the mouths of the valleys.
+
+What a wonderful case the Bedford case. Does not the N. American view of
+warmer or more equable period, after great Glacial period, become much
+more probable in Europe?
+
+But I am very poorly to-day, and very stupid, and hate everybody and
+everything. One lives only to make blunders. I am going to write a
+little book for Murray on Orchids (527/3. "On the Various Contrivances
+by which Orchids are Fertilised by Insects," London, 1862.), and to-day
+I hate them worse than everything. So farewell, in a sweet frame of
+mind.
+
+
+LETTER 528. TO C. LYELL. Down, October 14th [1861].
+
+I return Jamieson's capital letter. I have no comments, except to say
+that he has removed all my difficulties, and that now and for evermore I
+give up and abominate Glen Roy and all its belongings. It certainly is
+a splendid case, and wonderful monument of the old Ice-period. You ought
+to give a woodcut. How many have blundered over those horrid shelves!
+
+That was a capital paper by Jamieson in the last "Geol. Journal."
+(528/1. "On the Drift and Rolled Gravel of the North of Scotland,"
+"Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc." Volume XVI., page 347, 1860.) I was never
+before fully convinced of the land glacialisation of Scotland before,
+though Chambers tried hard to convince me.
+
+I must say I differ rather about Ramsay's paper; perhaps he pushes it
+too far. (528/2. "On the Glacial Origin of Certain Lakes, etc." "Quart.
+Journ. Geol. Soc." Volume XVIII., page 185. See Letter 503.) It struck
+me the more from remembering some years ago marvelling what could be
+the meaning of such a multitude of lakes in Friesland and other northern
+districts. Ramsay wrote to me, and I suggested that he ought to compare
+mountainous tropical regions with northern regions. I could not remember
+many lakes in any mountainous tropical country. When Tyndall talks of
+every valley in Switzerland being formed by glaciers, he seems to forget
+there are valleys in the tropics; and it is monstrous, in my opinion,
+the accounting for the Glacial period in the Alps by greater height
+of mountains, and their lessened height, if I understand, by glacial
+erosion. "Ne sutor ultra crepidam," I think, applies in this case to
+him. I am hard at work on "Variation under Domestication." (528/3.
+Published 1868.)
+
+P.S.--I am rather overwhelmed with letters at present, and it has just
+occurred to me that perhaps you will forward my note to Mr. Jamieson; as
+it will show that I entirely yield. I do believe every word in my Glen
+Roy paper is false.
+
+
+LETTER 529. TO C. LYELL. Down, October 20th [1861].
+
+Notwithstanding the orchids, I have been very glad to see Jamieson's
+letter; no doubt, as he says, certainty will soon be reached.
+
+With respect to the minor points of Glen Roy, I cannot feel easy with
+a mere barrier of ice; there is so much sloping, stratified detritus in
+the valleys. I remember that you somewhere have stated that a running
+stream soon cuts deeply into a glacier. I have been hunting up all old
+references and pamphlets, etc., on shelves in Scotland, and will
+send them off to Mr. J., as they possibly may be of use to him if he
+continues the subject. The Eildon Hills ought to be specially examined.
+Amongst MS. I came across a very old letter from me to you, in which I
+say: "If a glacialist admitted that the sea, before the formation of the
+shelves, covered the country (which would account for the land-straits
+above the level of the shelves), and if he admitted that the land
+gradually emerged, and if he supposed that his lakes were banked up by
+ice alone, he would make out, in my opinion, the best case against the
+marine origin of the shelves." (529/1. See Letter 522.) This seems very
+much what you and Mr. J. have come to.
+
+The whole glacial theory is really a magnificent subject.
+
+
+LETTER 530. TO C. LYELL. Down, April 1st [1862].
+
+I am not quite sure that I understand your difficulty, so I must give
+what seems to me the explanation of the glacial lake theory at some
+little length. You know that there is a rocky outlet at the level of
+all the shelves. Please look at my map. (530/1. The map accompanying
+Mr. Darwin's paper in the "Phil. Trans. R. Soc." 1839.) I suppose whole
+valley of Glen Spean filled with ice; then water would escape from
+an outlet at Loch Spey, and the highest shelf would be first formed.
+Secondly, ice began to retreat, and water will flow for short time over
+its surface; but as soon as it retreated from behind the hill marked
+Craig Dhu, where the outlet on level of second shelf was discovered by
+Milne (530/2. See note, Letter 521.), the water would flow from it and
+the second shelf would be formed. This supposes that a vast barrier
+of ice still remains under Ben Nevis, along all the lower part of the
+Spean. Lastly, I suppose the ice disappeared everywhere along L. Loggan,
+L. Treig, and Glen Spean, except close under Ben Nevis, where it still
+formed a barrier, the water flowing out at level of lowest shelf by the
+Pass of Mukkul at head of L. Loggan. This seems to me to account for
+everything. It presupposes that the shelves were formed towards the
+close of the Glacial period. I come up to London to read on Thursday a
+short paper at the Linnean Society. Shall I call on Friday morning at
+9.30 and sit half an hour with you? Pray have no scruple to send a line
+to Queen Anne Street to say "No" if it will take anything out of you. If
+I do not hear, I will come.
+
+
+LETTER 531. TO J. PRESTWICH. Down, January 3rd, 1880.
+
+You are perfectly right. (531/1. Prof. Prestwich's paper on Glen Roy was
+published in the "Phil. Trans. R. Soc." for 1879, page 663.) As soon as
+I read Mr. Jamieson's article on the parallel roads, I gave up the ghost
+with more sighs and groans than on almost any other occasion in my life.
+
+
+
+2.IX.IV. CORAL REEFS, FOSSIL AND RECENT, 1841-1881.
+
+
+LETTER 532. TO C. LYELL. Shrewsbury, Tuesday, 6th [July, 1841].
+
+Your letter was forwarded me here. I was the more glad to receive it, as
+I never dreamed of your being able to find time to write, now that you
+must be so very busy; and I had nothing to tell you about myself, else I
+should have written. I am pleased to hear how extensive and successful
+a trip you appear to have made. You must have worked hard, and got your
+Silurian subject well in your head, to have profited by so short an
+excursion. How I should have enjoyed to have followed you about the
+coral-limestone. I once was close to Wenlock (532/1. The Wenlock
+limestone (Silurian) contains an abundance of corals. "The rock seems
+indeed to have been formed in part by massive sheets and bunches of
+coral" (Geikie, "Text-book of Geology," 1882, page 678.), something such
+as you describe, and made a rough drawing, I remember, of the masses of
+coral. But the degree in which the whole mass was regularly stratified,
+and the quantity of mud, made me think that the reefs could never have
+been like those in the Pacific, but that they most resembled those on
+the east coast of Africa, which seem (from charts and descriptions)
+to confine extensive flats and mangrove swamps with mud, or like some
+imperfect ones about the West India Islands, within the reefs of which
+there are large swamps. All the reefs I have myself seen could be
+associated only with nearly pure calcareous rocks. I have received a
+description of a reef lying some way off the coast near Belize (terra
+firma), where a thick bed of mud seems to have invaded and covered a
+coral reef, leaving but very few islets yet free from it. But I can
+give you no precise information without my notes (even if then) on these
+heads...
+
+Bermuda differs much from any other island I am acquainted with. At
+first sight of a chart it resembles an atoll; but it differs from this
+structure essentially in the gently shelving bottom of the sea all round
+to some distance; in the absence of the defined circular reefs, and, as
+a consequence, of the defined central pool or lagoon; and lastly, in
+the height of the land. Bermuda seems to be an irregular, circular, flat
+bank, encrusted with knolls and reefs of coral, with land formed on one
+side. This land seems once to have been more extensive, as on some parts
+of the bank farthest removed from the island there are little pinnacles
+of rock of the same nature as that of the high larger islands. I cannot
+pretend to form any precise notion how the foundation of so anomalous an
+island has been produced, but its whole history must be very different
+from that of the atolls of the Indian and Pacific oceans--though, as
+I have said, at first glance of the charts there is a considerable
+resemblance.
+
+
+LETTER 533. TO C. LYELL. [1842.]
+
+Considering the probability of subsidence in the middle of the great
+oceans being very slow; considering in how many spaces, both large ones
+and small ones (within areas favourable to the growth of corals), reefs
+are absent, which shows that their presence is determined by peculiar
+conditions; considering the possible chance of subsidence being more
+rapid than the upward growth of the reefs; considering that reefs not
+very rarely perish (as I cannot doubt) on part, or round the whole, of
+some encircled islands and atolls: considering these things, I admit as
+very improbable that the polypifers should continue living on and
+above the same reef during a subsidence of very many thousand feet; and
+therefore that they should form masses of enormous thickness, say at
+most above 5,000 feet. (533/1. "...As we know that some inorganic causes
+are highly injurious to the growth of coral, it cannot be expected that
+during the round of change to which earth, air, and water are exposed,
+the reef-building polypifers should keep alive for perpetuity in any
+one place; and still less can this be expected during the progressive
+subsidences...to which by our theory these reefs and islands have been
+subjected, and are liable" ("The Structure and Distribution of Coral
+Reefs," page 107: London, 1842).) This admission, I believe, is in no
+way fatal to the theory, though it is so to certain few passages in my
+book.
+
+In the areas where the large groups of atolls stand, and where likewise
+a few scattered atolls stand between such groups, I always imagined that
+there must have been great tracts of land, and that on such large tracts
+there must have been mountains of immense altitudes. But not, it appears
+to me, that one is only justified in supposing that groups of islands
+stood there. There are (as I believe) many considerable islands and
+groups of islands (Galapagos Islands, Great Britain, Falkland Islands,
+Marianas, and, I believe, Viti groups), and likewise the majority of
+single scattered islands, all of which a subsidence between 4,000
+and 5,000 feet would entirely submerge or would leave only one or two
+summits above water, and hence they would produce either groups of
+nothing but atolls, or of atolls with one or two encircled islands. I
+am far from wishing to say that the islands of the great oceans have not
+subsided, or may not continue to subside, any number of feet, but if the
+average duration (from all causes of destruction) of reefs on the same
+spot is limited, then after this limit has elapsed the reefs would
+perish, and if the subsidence continued they would be carried down; and
+if the group consisted only of atolls, only open ocean would be left; if
+it consisted partly or wholly of encircled islands, these would be left
+naked and reefless, but should the area again become favourable for
+growth of reefs, new barrier-reefs might be formed round them. As an
+illustration of this notion of a certain average duration of reefs on
+the same spot, compared with the average rate of subsidence, we may take
+the case of Tahiti, an island of 7,000 feet high. Now here the present
+barrier-reefs would never be continued upwards into an atoll, although,
+should the subsidence continue at a period long after the death of the
+present reefs, new ones might be formed high up round its sides and
+ultimately over it. The case resolves itself into: what is the ordinary
+height of groups of islands, of the size of existing groups of atolls
+(excepting as many of the highest islands as there now ordinarily occur
+encircling barrier-reefs in the existing groups of atolls)? and likewise
+what is the height of the single scattered islands standing between such
+groups of islands? Subsidence sufficient to bury all these islands (with
+the exception of as many of the highest as there are encircled islands
+in the present groups of atolls) my theory absolutely requires, but no
+more. To say what amount of subsidence would be required for this end,
+one ought to know the height of all existing islands, both single ones
+and those in groups, on the face of the globe--and, indeed, of half a
+dozen worlds like ours. The reefs may be of much greater [thickness]
+than that just sufficient on an average to bury groups of islands; and
+the probability of the thickness being greater seems to resolve itself
+into the average rate of subsidence allowing upward growth, and average
+duration of reefs on the same spot. Who will say what this rate and
+what this duration is? but till both are known, we cannot, I think, tell
+whether we ought to look for upraised coral formations (putting on one
+side denudation) above the unknown limit, say between 3,000 and 5,000
+feet, necessary to submerge groups of common islands. How wretchedly
+involved do these speculations become.
+
+
+LETTER 534. TO E. VON MOJSISOVICS. Down, January 29th, 1879.
+
+I thank you cordially for the continuation of your fine work on the
+Tyrolese Dolomites (534/1. "Dolomitriffe Sudtirols und Venetiens":
+Wien, 1878.), with its striking engravings and the maps, which are quite
+wonderful from the amount of labour which they exhibit, and its extreme
+difficulty. I well remember more than forty years ago examining a
+section of Silurian limestone containing many corals, and thinking to
+myself that it would be for ever impossible to discover whether the
+ancient corals had formed atolls or barrier reefs; so you may well
+believe that your work will interest me greatly as soon as I can find
+time to read it. I am much obliged for your photograph, and from its
+appearance rejoice to see that much more good work may be expected from
+you.
+
+I enclose my own photograph, in case you should like to possess a copy.
+
+
+LETTER 535. TO A. AGASSIZ.
+
+(535/1. Part of this letter is published in "Life and Letters," III.,
+pages 183, 184.)
+
+Down, May 5th, 1881.
+
+It was very good of you to write to me from Tortugas, as I always feel
+much interested in hearing what you are about, and in reading your
+many discoveries. It is a surprising fact that the peninsula of Florida
+should have remained at the same level for the immense period requisite
+for the accumulation of so vast a pile of debris. (535/2. Alexander
+Agassiz published a paper on "The Tortugas and Florida Reefs" in the
+"Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci." XI., page 107, 1885. See also his
+"Three Cruises of the 'Blake,'" Volume I., 1888.)
+
+You will have seen Mr. Murray's views on the formation of atolls and
+barrier reefs. (535/3. "On the Structure and Origin of Coral Reefs and
+Islands," "Proc. R. Soc. Edin." Volume X., page 505, 1880. Prof. Bonney
+has given a summary of Sir John Murray's views in Appendix II. of the
+third edition of Darwin's "Coral Reefs," 1889.) Before publishing my
+book, I thought long over the same view, but only as far as ordinary
+marine organisms are concerned, for at that time little was known of the
+multitude of minute oceanic organisms. I rejected this view, as from
+the few dredgings made in the 'Beagle' in the S. Temperate regions, I
+concluded that shells, the smaller corals, etc., etc., decayed and were
+dissolved when not protected by the deposition of sediment; and sediment
+could not accumulate in the open ocean. Certainly shells, etc., were
+in several cases completely rotten, and crumbled into mud between my
+fingers; but you will know well whether this is in any degree common. I
+have expressly said that a bank at the proper depth would give rise
+to an atoll, which could not be distinguished from one formed during
+subsidence. I can, however, hardly believe, in the former presence of as
+many banks (there having been no subsidence) as there are atolls in
+the great oceans, within a reasonable depth, on which minute oceanic
+organisms could have accumulated to the thickness of many hundred feet.
+I think that it has been shown that the oscillations from great waves
+extend down to a considerable depth, and if so the oscillating water
+would tend to lift up (according to an old doctrine propounded by
+Playfair) minute particles lying at the bottom, and allow them to be
+slowly drifted away from the submarine bank by the slightest current.
+Lastly, I cannot understand Mr. Murray, who admits that small calcareous
+organisms are dissolved by the carbonic acid in the water at great
+depths, and that coral reefs, etc., etc., are likewise dissolved near
+the surface, but that this does not occur at intermediate depths, where
+he believes that the minute oceanic calcareous organisms accumulate
+until the bank reaches within the reef-building depth. But I suppose
+that I must have misunderstood him.
+
+Pray forgive me for troubling you at such a length, but it has occurred
+to me that you might be disposed to give, after your wide experience,
+your judgment. If I am wrong, the sooner I am knocked on the head and
+annihilated so much the better. It still seems to me a marvellous thing
+that there should not have been much and long-continued subsidence in
+the beds of the great oceans. I wish that some doubly rich millionaire
+would take it into his head to have borings made in some of the Pacific
+and Indian atolls, and bring home cores for slicing from a depth of 500
+or 600 feet. (535/4. In 1891 a Committee of the British Association was
+formed for the investigation of an atoll by means of boring. The Royal
+Society took up the scheme, and an expedition was sent to Funafuti, with
+Prof. Sollas as leader. Another expedition left Sydney in 1897 under the
+direction of Prof. Edgeworth David, and a deeper boring was made. The
+Reports will be published in the "Philosophical Transactions," and will
+contain Prof. David's notes upon the boring and the island generally,
+Dr. Hinde's description of the microscopic structure of the cores and
+other examinations of them, carried on at the Royal College of Science,
+South Kensington. The boring reached a depth of 1114 feet; the cores
+were found to consist entirely of reef-forming corals in situ and in
+fragments, with foraminifera and calcareous algae; at the bottom there
+were no traces of any other kind of rock. It seems, therefore, to us,
+that unless it can be proved that reef-building corals began their work
+at depths of at least 180 fathoms--far below that hitherto assigned--the
+result gives the strongest support to Darwin's theory of subsidence; the
+test which Darwin wished to be applied has been fairly tried, and the
+verdict is entirely in his favour.)
+
+
+2.IX.V. CLEAVAGE AND FOLIATION, 1846-1856.
+
+
+LETTER 536. TO D. SHARPE.
+
+(536/1. The following eight letters were written at a time when the
+subjects of cleavage and foliation were already occupying the minds of
+several geologists, including Sharpe, Sorby, Rogers, Haughton, Phillips,
+and Tyndall. The paper by Sharpe referred to was published in 1847
+("Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc." Volume III.), and his ideas were amplified
+in two later papers (ibid., Volume V., 1849, and "Phil. Trans." 1852).
+Darwin's own views, based on his observations during the "Beagle"
+expedition, had appeared in Chapter XIII. of "South America" (1846) and
+in the "Manual of Scientific Enquiry" (1849), but are perhaps nowhere
+so clearly expressed as in this correspondence. His most important
+contribution to the question was in establishing the fact that foliation
+is often a part of the same process as cleavage, and is in nowise
+necessarily connected with planes of stratification. Herein he was
+opposed to Lyell and the other geologists of the day, but time has
+made good his position. The postscript to Letter 542 is especially
+interesting. We are indebted to Mr. Harker, of St. John's College, for
+this note.)
+
+Down, August 23rd [1846?].
+
+I must just send one line to thank you for your note, and to say
+how heartily glad I am that you stick to the cleavage and foliation
+question. Nothing will ever convince me that it is not a noble subject
+of investigation, which will lead some day to great views. I think it
+quite extraordinary how little the subject seems to interest British
+geologists. You will, I think live to see the importance of your paper
+recognised. (536/2. Probably the paper "On Slaty Cleavage." "Quart.
+Journ. Geol. Soc." Volume III., page 74, 1847.) I had always thought
+that Studer was one of the few geologists who had taken a correct and
+enlarged view on the subject.
+
+
+LETTER 537. TO D. SHARPE. Down [November 1846].
+
+I have been much interested with your letter, and am delighted that
+you have thought my few remarks worth attention. My observations on
+foliation are more deserving confidence than those on cleavage; for
+during my first year in clay-slate countries, I was quite unaware of
+there being any marked difference between cleavage and stratification; I
+well remember my astonishment at coming to the conclusion that they
+were totally different actions, and my delight at subsequently reading
+Sedgwick's views (537/1. "Remarks on the Structure of Large Mineral
+Masses, and especially on the Chemical Changes produced in the
+Aggregation of Stratified Rocks during different periods after their
+Deposition." "Trans. Geol. Soc." Volume III., page 461, 1835. In the
+section of this paper dealing with cleavage (page 469) Prof. Sedgwick
+lays stress on the fact that "the cleavage is in no instance parallel
+to the true beds."); hence at that time I was only just getting out of
+a mist with respect to cleavage-laminae dipping inwards on mountain
+flanks. I have certainly often observed it--so often that I thought
+myself justified in propounding it as usual. I might perhaps have been
+in some degree prejudiced by Von Buch's remarks, for which in those
+days I had a somewhat greater deference than I now have. The Mount at
+M. Video (page 146 of my book (537/2. "Geol. Obs. S. America." page 146.
+The mount is described as consisting of hornblendic slate; "the laminae
+of the slate on the north and south side near the summit dip inwards."))
+is certainly an instance of the cleavage-laminae of a hornblendic schist
+dipping inwards on both sides, for I examined this hill carefully
+with compass in hand and notebook. I entirely admit, however, that a
+conclusion drawn from striking a rough balance in one's mind is worth
+nothing compared with the evidence drawn from one continuous line of
+section. I read Studer's paper carefully, and drew the conclusion stated
+from it; but I may very likely be in an error. I only state that I have
+frequently seen cleavage-laminae dipping inwards on mountain sides;
+that I cannot give up, but I daresay a general extension of the rule (as
+might justly be inferred from the manner of my statement) would be quite
+erroneous. Von Buch's statement is in his "Travels in Norway" (537/3.
+"Travels through Norway and Lapland during the years 1806-8": London,
+1813.); I have unfortunately lost the reference, and it is a high crime,
+I confess, even to refer to an opinion without a precise reference. If
+you never read these travels they might be worth skimming, chiefly as an
+amusement; and if you like and will send me a line by the general
+post of Monday or Tuesday, I will either send it up with Hopkins on
+Wednesday, or bring it myself to the Geological Society. I am very glad
+you are going to read Hopkins (537/4. "Researches in Physical Geology,"
+by W. Hopkins. "Phil. Trans. R. Soc." 1839, page 381; ibid, 1842, page
+43, etc.); his views appear to me eminently worth well comprehending;
+false views and language appear to me to be almost universally held by
+geologists on the formation of fissures, dikes and mountain chains. If
+you would have the patience, I should be glad if you would read in my
+"Volcanic Islands" from page 65, or even pages 54 to 72--viz., on
+the lamination of volcanic rocks; I may add that I sent the series
+of specimens there described to Professor Forbes of Edinburgh, and he
+thought they bore out my views.
+
+There is a short extract from Prof. Rogers (537/5. "On Cleavage of
+Slate-strata." "Edinburgh New Phil. Journ." Volume XLI., page 422,
+1846.) in the last "Edinburgh New Phil. Journal," well worth your
+attention, on the cleavage of the Appalachian chain, and which seems far
+more uniform in the direction of dip than in any case which I have met
+with; the Rogers doctrine of the ridge being thrown up by great waves
+I believe is monstrous; but the manner in which the ridges have been
+thrown over (as if by a lateral force acting on one side on a higher
+level than on the other) is very curious, and he now states that the
+cleavage is parallel to the axis-planes of these thrown-over ridges.
+Your case of the limestone beds to my mind is the greatest difficulty
+on any mechanical doctrine; though I did not expect ever to find
+actual displacement, as seems to be proved by your shell evidence. I am
+extremely glad you have taken up this most interesting subject in such
+a philosophical spirit; I have no doubt you will do much in it; Sedgwick
+let a fine opportunity slip away. I hope you will get out another
+section like that in your letter; these are the real things wanted.
+
+
+LETTER 538. TO D. SHARPE. Down, [January 1847].
+
+I am very much obliged for the MS., which I return. I do not quite
+understand from your note whether you have struck out all on this point
+in your paper: I much hope not; if you have, allow me to urge on you to
+append a note, briefly stating the facts, and that you omitted them in
+your paper from the observations not being finished.
+
+I am strongly tempted to suspect that the cleavage planes will be proved
+by you to have slided a little over each other, and to have been planes
+of incipient tearing, to use Forbes' expression in ice; it will in that
+case be beautifully analogical with my laminated lavas, and these in
+composition are intimately connected with the metamorphic schists.
+
+The beds without cleavage between those with cleavage do not weigh quite
+so heavily on me as on you. You remember, of course, Sedgwick's facts
+of limestone, and mine of sandstone, breaking in the line of cleavage,
+transversely to the planes of deposition. If you look at cleavage as
+I do, as the result of chemical action or crystalline forces,
+super-induced in certain places by their mechanical state of tension,
+then it is not surprising that some rocks should yield more or less
+readily to the crystalline forces.
+
+I think I shall write to Prof. Forbes (538/1. Prof. D. Forbes.) of
+Edinburgh, with whom I corresponded on my laminated volcanic rocks, to
+call his early attention to your paper.
+
+
+LETTER 539. TO D. SHARPE. Down, October 16th [1851].
+
+I am very much obliged to you for telling me the results of your
+foliaceous tour, and I am glad you are drawing up an account for the
+Royal Society. (539/1. "On the Arrangement of the Foliation and Cleavage
+of the Rocks of the North of Scotland." "Phil. Trans. R. Soc." 1852,
+page 445, with Plates XXIII. and XXIV.) I hope you will have a good
+illustration or map of the waving line of junction of the slate and
+schist with uniformly directed cleavage and foliation. It strikes me as
+crucial. I remember longing for an opportunity to observe this point.
+All that I say is that when slate and the metamorphic schists occur in
+the same neighbourhood, the cleavage and foliation are uniform: of
+this I have seen many cases, but I have never observed slate overlying
+mica-slate. I have, however, observed many cases of glossy clay-slate
+included within mica-schist and gneiss. All your other observations on
+the order, etc., seem very interesting. From conversations with Lyell,
+etc., I recommend you to describe in a little detail the nature of the
+metamorphic schists; especially whether there are quasi-substrata of
+different varieties of mica-slate or gneiss, etc.; and whether you
+traced such quasi beds into the cleavage slate. I have not the least
+doubt of such facts occurring, from what I have seen (and described at
+M. Video) of portions of fine chloritic schists being entangled in the
+midst of a gneiss district. Have you had any opportunity of tracing a
+bed of marble? This, I think, from reasons given at page 166 of my
+"S. America," would be very interesting. (539/2. "I have never had an
+opportunity of tracing, for any distance, along the line both of strike
+and dip, the so-called beds in the metamorphic schists, but I strongly
+suspect that they would not be found to extend, with the same character,
+very far in the line either of their dip or strike. Hence I am led to
+believe that most of the so-called beds are of the nature of complex
+folia, and have not been separately deposited. Of course, this view
+cannot be extended to THICK masses included in the metamorphic series,
+which are of totally different composition from the adjoining schists,
+and which are far-extended, as is sometimes the case with quartz
+and marble; these must generally be of the nature of true strata"
+("Geological Observations," page 166).) A suspicion has sometimes
+occurred to me (I remember more especially when tracing the clay-slate
+at the Cape of Good Hope turning into true gneiss) that possibly all the
+metamorphic schists necessarily once existed as clay-slate, and that
+the foliation did not arise or take its direction in the metamorphic
+schists, but resulted simply from the pre-existing cleavage. The
+so-called beds in the metamorphic schists, so unlike common cleavage
+laminae, seems the best, or at least one argument against such a
+suspicion. Yet I think it is a point deserving your notice. Have you
+thought at all over Rogers' Law, as he reiterates it, of cleavage being
+parallel to his axes-planes of elevation?
+
+If you know beforehand, will you tell me when your paper is read, for
+the chance of my being able to attend? I very seldom leave home, as I
+find perfect quietude suits my health best.
+
+
+(PLATE: CHARLES DARWIN, Cir. 1854. Maull & Fox, photo. Walker &
+Cockerell, ph. sc.)
+
+
+LETTER 540. TO C. LYELL. Down, January 10th, 1855.
+
+I received your letter yesterday, but was unable to answer it, as I had
+to go out at once on business of importance. I am very glad that you
+are reconsidering the subject of foliation; I have just read over what
+I have written on the subject, and admire it very much, and abide by it
+all. (540/1. "Geological Observations on South America," Chapter VI.,
+1846.) You will not readily believe how closely I attended to the
+subject, and in how many and wide areas I verified my remarks. I see I
+have put pretty strongly the mechanical view of origin; but I might even
+then, but was afraid, have put my belief stronger. Unfortunately I have
+not D. Sharpe's paper here to look over, but I think his chief points
+[are] (1) the foliation forming great symmetrical curves, and (2)
+the proof from effects of form of shell (540/2. This refers to the
+distortion of shells in cleaved rocks.) of the mechanical action in
+cleaved rocks. The great curvature would be, I think, a grand discovery
+of Sharpe's, but I confess there is some want of minuteness in the
+statement of Sharpe which makes me wish to see his facts confirmed. That
+the foliation and cleavage are parts of curves I am quite prepared,
+from what I have seen, to believe; but the simplicity and grandeur of
+Sharpe's curves rather stagger me. I feel deeply convinced that when
+(and I and Sharpe have seen several most striking and obvious examples)
+great neighbouring or alternating regions of true metamorphic schists
+and clay-slate have their foliations and cleavage parallel, there is
+no way of escaping the conclusion, that the layers of pure quartz,
+feldspar, mica, chlorite, etc., etc., are due not to original
+deposition, but to segregation; and this is I consider the point which I
+have established. This is very odd, but I suspect that great metamorphic
+areas are generally derived from the metamorphosis of clay-slate, and
+not from alternating layers of ordinary sedimentary matter. I think you
+have exactly put the chief difficulty in its strongest light--viz. what
+would be the result of pure or nearly pure layers of very different
+mineralogical composition being metamorphosed? I believe even such might
+be converted into an ordinary varying mass of metamorphic schists. I am
+certain of the correctness of my account of patches of chlorite schists
+enclosed in other schist, and of enormous quartzose veins of segregation
+being absolutely continuous and contemporaneous with the folia of
+quartz, and such, I think, might be the result of the folia crossing
+a true stratum of quartz. I think my description of the wonderful and
+beautiful laminated volcanic rocks at Ascension would be worth your
+looking at. (540/3. "Geological Observations on S. America," pages 166,
+167; also "Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands," Chapter
+III. (Ascension), 1844.)
+
+
+LETTER 541. TO C. LYELL. Down, January 14th [1855].
+
+We were yesterday and the day before house-hunting, so I could not
+answer your letter. I hope we have succeeded in a house, after infinite
+trouble, but am not sure, in York Place, Baker Street.
+
+I do not doubt that I either read or heard from Sharpe about the
+Grampians; otherwise from my own old suspicion I should not have
+inserted the passage in the manual.
+
+The laminated rocks at Ascension are described at page 54. (541/1.
+"Volcanic Islands," page 54. "Singular laminated beds alternating with
+and passing into obsidian.")
+
+As far as my experience has gone, I should speak only of clay-slate
+being associated with mica-slate, for when near the metamorphic schists
+I have found stratification so gone that I should not dare to speak of
+them as overlying them. With respect to the difficulty of beds of quartz
+and marble, this has for years startled me, and I have longed (since I
+have felt its force) to have some opportunity of testing this point,
+for without you are sure that the beds of quartz dip, as well as strike,
+parallel to the foliation, the case is only just like true strata of
+sandstone included in clay-slate and striking parallel to the cleavage
+of the clay-slate, but of course with different dip (excepting in those
+rare cases when cleavage and stratification are parallel). Having this
+difficulty before my eyes, I was much struck with MacCulloch's statement
+(page 166 of my "S. America") about marble in the metamorphic series not
+forming true strata.
+
+(FIGURE 6.)
+
+Your expectation of the metamorphic schists sending veins into
+neighbouring rocks is quite new to me; but I much doubt whether you have
+any right to assume fluidity from almost any amount of molecular
+change. I have seen in fine volcanic sandstone clear evidence of all
+the calcareous matter travelling at least 4 1/2 feet in distance to
+concretions on either hand (page 113 of "S. America") (541/2. "Some
+of these concretions (flattened spherical concretions composed of hard
+calcareous sandstone, containing a few shells, occurring in a bed of
+sandstone) were 4 feet in diameter, and in a horizontal line 9 feet
+apart, showing that the calcareous matter must have been drawn to the
+centres of attraction from a distance of four feet and a half on both
+sides" ("Geological Observations on S. America," page 113).) I have not
+examined carefully, from not soon enough seeing all the difficulties;
+but I believe, from what I have seen, that the folia in the metamorphic
+schists (I do not here refer to the so-called beds) are not of great
+length, but thin out, and are succeeded by others; and the notion I have
+of the molecular movements is shown in the indistinct sketch herewith
+sent [Figure 6]. The quartz of the strata might here move into the
+position of the folia without much more movement of molecules than in
+the formation of concretions. I further suspect in such cases as this,
+when there is a great original abundance of quartz, that great branching
+contemporaneous veins of segregation (as sometimes called) of quartz
+would be formed. I can only thus understand the relation which exists
+between the distorted foliation (not appearing due to injection) and the
+presence of such great veins.
+
+I believe some gneiss, as the gneiss-granite of Humboldt, has been as
+fluid as granite, but I do not believe that this is usually the case,
+from the frequent alternations of glossy clay and chlorite slates, which
+we cannot suppose to have been melted.
+
+I am far from wishing to doubt that true sedimentary strata have been
+converted into metamorphic schists: all I can say is, that in the three
+or four great regions, where I could ascertain the relations of the
+metamorphic schists to the neighbouring cleaved rocks, it was impossible
+(as it appeared to me) to admit that the foliation was due to aqueous
+deposition. Now that you intend agitating the subject, it will soon be
+cleared up.
+
+
+LETTER 542. TO C. LYELL. 27, York Place, Baker Street [1855].
+
+I have received your letter from Down, and I have been studying my S.
+American book.
+
+I ought to have stated [it] more clearly, but undoubtedly in W. Tierra
+del Fuego, where clay-slate passes by alternation into a grand district
+of mica-schist, and in the Chonos Islands and La Plata, where glossy
+slates occur within the metamorphic schists, the foliation is parallel
+to the cleavage--i.e. parallel in strike and dip; but here comes, I am
+sorry and ashamed to say, a great hiatus in my reasoning. I have assumed
+that the cleavage in these neighbouring or intercalated beds was (as in
+more distant parts) distinct from stratification. If you choose to
+say that here the cleavage was or might be parallel to true bedding,
+I cannot gainsay it, but can only appeal to apparent similarity to
+the great areas of uniformity of strike and high angle--all certainly
+unlike, as far as my experience goes, to true stratification. I have
+long known how easily I overlook flaws in my own reasoning, and this is
+a flagrant case. I have been amused to find, for I had quite forgotten,
+how distinctly I give a suspicion (top of page 155) to the idea, before
+Sharpe, of cleavage (not foliation) being due to the laminae forming
+parts of great curves. (542/1. "I suspect that the varying and opposite
+dips (of the cleavage-planes) may possibly be accounted for by the
+cleavage-laminae...being parts of large abrupt curves, with their
+summits cut off and worn down" ("Geological Observations on S. America,"
+page 155). I well remember the fine section at the end of a region where
+the cleavage (certainly cleavage) had been most uniform in strike and
+most variable in dip.
+
+I made with really great care (and in MS. in detail) observations on
+a case which I believe is new, and bears on your view of metamorphosis
+(page 149, at bottom). (Ibid., page 149.)
+
+(FIGURE 7.)
+
+In a clay-slate porphyry region, where certain thin sedimentary layers
+of tuff had by self-attraction shortened themselves into little curling
+pieces, and then again into crystals of feldspar of large size, and
+which consequently were all strictly parallel, the series was perfect
+and beautiful. Apparently also the rounded grains of quartz had in other
+parts aggregated themselves into crystalline nodules of quartz. [Figure
+7.]
+
+I have not been able to get Sorby yet, but shall not probably have
+anything to write on it. I am delighted you have taken up the subject,
+even if I am utterly floored.
+
+P.S.--I have a presentiment it will turn out that when clay-slate has
+been metamorphosed the foliation in the resultant schist has been due
+generally (if not, as I think, always) to the cleavage, and this to a
+certain degree will "save my bacon" (please look at my saving clause,
+page 167) (542/2. "As in some cases it appears that where a fissile rock
+has been exposed to partial metamorphic action (for instance, from
+the irruption of granite) the foliation has supervened on the already
+existing cleavage-planes; so, perhaps in some instances, the foliation
+of a rock may have been determined by the original planes of deposition
+or of oblique current laminae. I have, however, myself never seen such
+a case, and I must maintain that in most extensive metamorphic areas the
+foliation is the extreme result of that process, of which cleavage is
+the first effect" (Ibid., page 167).), but [with] other rocks than that,
+stratification has been the ruling agent, the strike, but not the dip,
+being in such cases parallel to any adjoining clay-slate. If this be
+so, pre-existing planes of division, we must suppose on my view of the
+cause, determining the lines of crystallisation and segregation, and
+not planes of division produced for the first time during the act of
+crystallisation, as in volcanic rocks. If this should ever be proved, I
+shall not look back with utter shame at my work.
+
+
+LETTER 543. TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, September 8th [1856].
+
+I got your letter of the 1st this morning, and a real good man you have
+been to write. Of all the things I ever heard, Mrs. Hooker's pedestrian
+feats beat them. My brother is quite right in his comparison of "as
+strong as a woman," as a type of strength. Your letter, after what
+you have seen in the Himalayas, etc., gives me a wonderful idea of the
+beauty of the Alps. How I wish I was one-half or one-quarter as strong
+as Mrs. Hooker: but that is a vain hope. You must have had some very
+interesting work with glaciers, etc. When will the glacier structure
+and motion ever be settled! When reading Tyndall's paper it seemed to me
+that movement in the particles must come into play in his own doctrine
+of pressure; for he expressly states that if there be pressure on all
+sides, there is no lamination. I suppose I cannot have understood him,
+for I should have inferred from this that there must have been movement
+parallel to planes of pressure. (543/1. Prof. Tyndall had published
+papers "On Glaciers," and "On some Physical Properties of Ice" ("Proc.
+R. Inst." 1854-58) before the date of this letter. In 1856 he wrote
+a paper entitled "Observations on 'The Theory of the Origin of Slaty
+Cleavage,' by H.C. Sorby." "Phil. Mag." XII., 1856, page 129.)
+
+Sorby read a paper to the Brit. Assoc., and he comes to the conclusion
+that gneiss, etc., may be metamorphosed cleavage or strata; and I
+think he admits much chemical segregation along the planes of division.
+(543/2. "On the Microscopical Structure of Mica-schist:" "Brit. Ass.
+Rep." 1856, page 78. See also Letters 540-542.) I quite subscribe to
+this view, and should have been sorry to have been so utterly wrong, as
+I should have been if foliation was identical with stratification.
+
+I have been nowhere and seen no one, and really have no news of any kind
+to tell you. I have been working away as usual, floating plants in salt
+water inter alia, and confound them, they all sink pretty soon, but at
+very different rates. Working hard at pigeons, etc., etc. By the way,
+I have been astonished at the differences in the skeletons of domestic
+rabbits. I showed some of the points to Waterhouse, and asked him
+whether he could pretend that they were not as great as between species,
+and he answered, "They are a great deal more." How very odd that no
+zoologist should ever have thought it worth while to look to the real
+structure of varieties...
+
+
+2.IX.VI. AGE OF THE WORLD, 1868-1877.
+
+
+LETTER 544. TO J. CROLL. Down, September 19th, 1868.
+
+I hope that you will allow me to thank you for sending me your papers
+in the "Phil. Magazine." (544/1. Croll published several papers in
+the "Philosophical Magazine" between 1864 and the date of this letter
+(1868).) I have never, I think, in my life been so deeply interested
+by any geological discussion. I now first begin to see what a million
+means, and I feel quite ashamed of myself at the silly way in which I
+have spoken of millions of years. I was formerly a great believer in the
+power of the sea in denudation, and this was perhaps natural, as most of
+my geological work was done near sea-coasts and on islands. But it is a
+consolation to me to reflect that as soon as I read Mr. Whitaker's paper
+(544/2. "On Subaerial Denudation," and "On Cliffs and Escarpments of
+the Chalk and Lower Tertiary Beds," "Geol. Mag." Volume IV., page 447,
+1867.) on the escarpments of England, and Ramsay (544/3. "Quart. Journ.
+Geol. Soc." Volume XVIII., page 185, 1862. "On the Glacial Origin of
+certain Lakes in Switzerland, the Black Forest, Great Britain, Sweden,
+North America, and elsewhere.') and Jukes' papers (544/4. "Quart. Journ.
+Geol. Soc." Volume XVIII., page 378, 1862. "On the Mode of Formation of
+some River-Valleys in the South of Ireland."), I gave up in my own mind
+the case; but I never fully realised the truth until reading your papers
+just received. How often I have speculated in vain on the origin of the
+valleys in the chalk platform round this place, but now all is clear. I
+thank you cordially for having cleared so much mist from before my eyes.
+
+
+LETTER 545. TO T. MELLARD READE. Down, February 9th, 1877.
+
+I am much obliged for your kind note, and the present of your essay.
+I have read it with great interest, and the results are certainly most
+surprising. (545/1. Presidential Address delivered by T. Mellard Reade
+before the Liverpool Geological Society ("Proc. Liverpool Geol. Soc."
+Volume III., pt. iii., page 211, 1877). See also "Examination of a
+Calculation of the Age of the Earth, based upon the hypothesis of the
+Permanence of Oceans and Continents." "Geol. Mag." Volume X., page 309,
+1883.) It appears to me almost monstrous that Professor Tait should
+say that the duration of the world has not exceeded ten million years.
+(545/2. "Lecture on Some Recent Advances in Physical Science," by P.G.
+Tait, London, 1876.) The argument which seems the most weighty in favour
+of the belief that no great number of millions of years have elapsed
+since the world was inhabited by living creatures is the rate at which
+the temperature of the crust increases, and I wish that I could see this
+argument answered.
+
+
+LETTER 546. TO J. CROLL. Down, August 9th, 1877.
+
+I am much obliged for your essay, which I have read with the greatest
+interest. With respect to the geological part, I have long wished to see
+the evidence collected on the time required for denudation, and you have
+done it admirably. (546/1. In a paper "On the Tidal Retardation Argument
+for the Age of the Earth" ("Brit. Assoc. Report," 1876, page 88), Croll
+reverts to the influence of subaerial denudation in altering the form of
+the earth as an objection to the argument from tidal retardation. He had
+previously dealt with this subject in "Climate and Time," Chapter
+XX., London, 1875.) I wish some one would in a like spirit compare
+the thickness of sedimentary rocks with the quickest estimated rate of
+deposition by a large river, and other such evidence. Your main argument
+with respect to the sun seems to me very striking.
+
+My son George desires me to thank you for his copy, and to say how much
+he has been interested by it.
+
+
+2.IX.VII. GEOLOGICAL ACTION OF EARTHWORMS, 1880-1882.
+
+"My whole soul is absorbed with worms just at present." (From a letter
+to Sir W. Thistleton-Dyer, November 26th, 1880.)
+
+
+LETTER 547. TO T.H. FARRER (Lord Farrer).
+
+(547/1. The five following letters, written shortly before and after the
+publication of "The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of
+Worms," 1881, deal with questions connected with Mr. Darwin's work on
+the habits and geological action of earthworms.)
+
+Down, October 20th, 1880.
+
+What a man you are to do thoroughly whatever you undertake to do! The
+supply of specimens has been magnificent, and I have worked at them for
+a day and a half. I find a very few well-rounded grains of brick in
+the castings from over the gravel walk, and plenty over the hole in the
+field, and over the Roman floor. (547/2. See "The Formation of Vegetable
+Mould," 1881, pages 178 et seq. The Roman remains formed part of a villa
+discovered at Abinger, Surrey. Excavations were carried out, under Lord
+Farrer's direction, in a field adjoining the ground in which the Roman
+villa was first found, and extended observations were made by Lord
+Farrer, which led Mr. Darwin to conclude that a large part of the fine
+vegetable mould covering the floor of the villa had been brought up
+from below by worms.) You have done me the greatest possible service
+by making me more cautious than I should otherwise have been--viz., by
+sending me the rubbish from the road itself; in this rubbish I find
+very many particles, rounded (I suppose) by having been crushed, angles
+knocked off, and somewhat rolled about. But not a few of the particles
+may have passed through the bodies of worms during the years since the
+road was laid down. I still think that the fragments are ground in the
+gizzards of worms, which always contain bits of stone; but I must try
+and get more evidence. I have to-day started a pot with worms in very
+fine soil, with sharp fragments of hard tiles laid on the surface, and
+hope to see in the course of time whether any of those become rounded. I
+do not think that more specimens from Abinger would aid me...
+
+
+LETTER 548. TO G.J. ROMANES. Down, March 7th.
+
+I was quite mistaken about the "Gardeners' Chronicle;" in my index there
+are only the few enclosed and quite insignificant references having any
+relation to the minds of animals. When I returned to my work, I found
+that I had nearly completed my statement of facts about worms plugging
+up their burrows with leaves (548/1. Chapter II., of "The Formation
+of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms," 1881, contains a
+discussion on the intelligence shown by worms in the manner of plugging
+up their burrows with leaves (pages 78 et seq.).), etc., etc., so I
+waited until I had naturally to draw up a few concluding remarks. I hope
+that it will not bore you to read the few accompanying pages, and in the
+middle you will find a few sentences with a sort of definition of, or
+rather discussion on, intelligence. I am altogether dissatisfied with
+it. I tried to observe what passed in my own mind when I did the work
+of a worm. If I come across a professed metaphysician, I will ask him
+to give me a more technical definition, with a few big words about the
+abstract, the concrete, the absolute, and the infinite; but seriously, I
+should be grateful for any suggestions, for it will hardly do to assume
+that every fool knows what "intelligent" means. (548/2. "Mr. Romanes,
+who has specially studied the minds of animals, believes that we can
+safely infer intelligence only when we see an individual profiting
+by its own experience...Now, if worms try to drag objects into their
+burrows, first in one way and then in another, until they at last
+succeed, they profit, at least in each particular instance, by
+experience" ("The Formation of Vegetable Mould," 1881, page 95).) You
+will understand that the MS. is only the first rough copy, and will need
+much correction. Please return it, for I have no other copy--only a few
+memoranda. When I think how it has bothered me to know what I mean by
+"intelligent," I am sorry for you in your great work on the minds of
+animals.
+
+I daresay that I shall have to alter wholly the MS.
+
+
+LETTER 549. TO FRANCIS GALTON. Down, March 8th [1881].
+
+Very many thanks for your note. I have been observing the [worm] tracks
+on my walks for several months, and they occur (or can be seen) only
+after heavy rain. As I know that worms which are going to die (generally
+from the parasitic larva of a fly) always come out of their burrows,
+I have looked out during these months, and have usually found in the
+morning only from one to three or four along the whole length of my
+walks. On the other hand, I remember having in former years seen scores
+or hundreds of dead worms after heavy rain. (549/1. "After heavy
+rain succeeding dry weather, an astonishing number of dead worms may
+sometimes be seen lying on the ground. Mr. Galton informs me that on
+one occasion (March, 1881), the dead worms averaged one for every
+two-and-a-half paces in length on a walk in Hyde Park, four paces in
+width" (loc. cit., page 14).) I cannot possibly believe that worms are
+drowned in the course of even three or four days' immersion; and I am
+inclined to conclude that the death of sickly (probably with parasites)
+worms is thus hastened. I will add a few words to what I have said about
+these tracks. Occasionally worms suffer from epidemics (of what nature I
+know not) and die by the million on the surface of the ground. Your ruby
+paper answers capitally, but I suspect that it is only for dimming the
+light, and I know not how to illuminate worms by the same intensity of
+light, and yet of a colour which permits the actinic rays to pass. I
+have tried drawing triangles of damp paper through a small cylindrical
+hole, as you suggested, and I can discover no source of error. (549/2.
+Triangles of paper were used in experiments to test the intelligence of
+worms (loc. cit., page 83).) Nevertheless, I am becoming more doubtful
+about the intelligence of worms. The worst job is that they will do
+their work in a slovenly manner when kept in pots (549/3. Loc. cit.,
+page 75.), and I am beyond measure perplexed to judge how far such
+observations are trustworthy.
+
+
+LETTER 550. TO E. RAY LANKESTER.
+
+(550/1. Mr. Lankester had written October 11th, 1881, to thank Mr.
+Darwin for the present of the Earthworm book. He asks whether Darwin
+knows of "any experiments on the influence of sea-water on earthworms.
+I have assumed that it is fatal to them. But there is a littoral species
+(Pontodrilus of Perrier) found at Marseilles." Lankester adds, "It is
+a great pleasure and source of pride to me to see my drawing of the
+earthworm's alimentary canal figuring in your pages."
+
+Down, October 13th [1881].
+
+I have been much pleased and interested by your note. I never actually
+tried sea-water, but I was very fond of angling when a boy, and as I
+could not bear to see the worms wriggling on the hook, I dipped them
+always first in salt water, and this killed them very quickly. I
+remember, though not very distinctly, seeing several earthworms dead on
+the beach close to where a little brook entered, and I assumed that they
+had been brought down by the brook, killed by the sea-water, and cast
+on shore. With your skill and great knowledge, I have no doubt that you
+will make out much new about the anatomy of worms, whenever you take up
+the subject again.
+
+
+LETTER 551. TO J.H. GILBERT. Down, January, 12th, 1882.
+
+I have been much interested by your letter, for which I thank you
+heartily. There was not the least cause for you to apologise for not
+having written sooner, for I attributed it to the right cause, i.e. your
+hands being full of work.
+
+Your statement about the quantity of nitrogen in the collected castings
+is most curious, and much exceeds what I should have expected. In lately
+reading one of your and Mr. Lawes' great papers in the "Philosophical
+Transactions" (551/1. The first Report on "Agricultural, Botanical,
+and Chemical Results of Experiments on the Mixed Herbage of Permanent
+Grassland, conducted for many years in succession on the same land," was
+published in the "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society" in
+1880, the second paper appeared in the "Phil. Trans." for 1882, and the
+third in the "Phil. Trans." of 1900, Volume 192, page 139.) (the value
+and importance of which cannot, in my opinion, be exaggerated) I
+was struck with the similarity of your soil with that near here; and
+anything observed here would apply to your land. Unfortunately I have
+never made deep sections in this neighbourhood, so as to see how deep
+the worms burrow, except in one spot, and here there had been left on
+the surface of the chalk a little very fine ferruginous sand, probably
+of Tertiary age; into this the worms had burrowed to a depth of 55 and
+61 inches. I have never seen here red castings on the surface, but it
+seems possible (from what I have observed with reddish sand) that much
+of the red colour of the underlying clay would be discharged in passing
+through the intestinal canal.
+
+Worms usually work near the surface, but I have noticed that at certain
+seasons pale-coloured earth is brought up from beneath the outlying
+blackish mould on my lawn; but from what depth I cannot say. That some
+must be brought up from a depth of four or five or six feet is certain,
+as the worms retire to this depth during very dry and very cold weather.
+As worms devour greedily raw flesh and dead worms, they could devour
+dead larvae, eggs, etc., etc., in the soil, and thus they might locally
+add to the amount of nitrogen in the soil, though not of course if the
+whole country is considered. I saw in your paper something about
+the difference in the amount of nitrogen at different depths in the
+superficial mould, and here worms may have played a part. I wish that
+the problem had been before me when observing, as possibly I might have
+thrown some little light on it, which would have pleased me greatly.
+
+
+2.IX.VIII. MISCELLANEOUS, 1846-1878.
+
+(552/1. The following four letters refer to questions connected with the
+origin of coal.)
+
+
+LETTER 552. TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, May [1846].
+
+I am delighted that you are in the field, geologising or
+palaeontologising. I beg you to read the two Rogers' account of the
+Coal-fields of N. America; in my opinion they are eminently instructive
+and suggestive. (552/1. "On the Physical Structure of the Appalachian
+Chain," by W.B. and H.D. Rogers. Boston, 1843. See also "Geology of
+Pennsylvania," by H.D. Rogers. 4 volumes. London and Philadelphia,
+1843.) I can lend you their resume of their own labours, and, indeed, I
+do not know that their work is yet published in full. L. Horner gives
+a capital balance of difficulties on the Coal-theory in his last
+Anniversary Address, which, if you have not read, will, I think,
+interest you. (552/2. "Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc." Volume II., 1846, page
+170.) In a paper just read an author (552/3. "On the Remarkable Fossil
+Trees lately discovered near St. Helen's." By E.W. Binney. "Phil.
+Mag." Volume XXIV., page 165, 1844. On page 173 the author writes: "The
+Stigmaria or Sigillaria, whichever name is to be retained... was a
+tree that undoubtedly grew in water.") throws out the idea that the
+Sigillaria was an aquatic plant (552/4. See "Life and Letters," I.,
+pages 356 et seq.)--I suppose a Cycad-Conifer with the habits of the
+mangrove. From simple geological reasoning I have for some time been led
+to suspect that the great (and great and difficult it is) problem of
+the Coal would be solved on the theory of the upright plants having been
+aquatic. But even on such, I presume improbable notion, there are, as it
+strikes me, immense difficulties, and none greater than the width of the
+coal-fields. On what kind of coast or land could the plants have lived?
+It is a grand problem, and I trust you will grapple with it. I shall
+like much to have some discussion with you. When will you come here
+again? I am very sorry to infer from your letter that your sister has
+been ill.
+
+
+LETTER 553. TO J.D. HOOKER. [June 2nd, 1847.]
+
+I received your letter the other day, full of curious facts, almost all
+new to me, on the coal-question. (553/1. Sir Joseph Hooker deals with
+the formation of coal in his classical paper "On the Vegetation of the
+Carboniferous Period, as compared with that of the Present Day." "Mem.
+Geol. Surv. Great Britain," Volume II., pt. ii., 1848.) I will bring
+your note to Oxford (553/2. The British Association met at Oxford in
+1847.), and then we will talk it over. I feel pretty sure that some of
+your purely geological difficulties are easily solvable, and I can, I
+think, throw a very little light on the shell difficulty. Pray put
+no stress in your mind about the alternate, neatly divided, strata of
+sandstone and shale, etc. I feel the same sort of interest in the coal
+question as a man does watching two good players at play, he knowing
+little or nothing of the game. I confess your last letter (and this
+you will think very strange) has almost raised Binney's notion (an old,
+growing hobby-horse of mine) to the dignity of an hypothesis (553/3.
+Binney suggested that the Coal-plants grew in salt water. (See Letters
+102, 552.) Recent investigations have shown that several of the plants
+of the Coal period possessed certain anatomical peculiarities, which
+indicate xerophytic characteristics, and lend support to the view that
+some at least of the plants grew in seashore swamps.), though very far
+yet below the promotion of being properly called a theory.
+
+I will bring the remainder of my species-sketch to Oxford to go over
+your remarks. I have lately been getting a good many rich facts. I saw
+the poor old Dean of Manchester (553/4. Dean Herbert.) on Friday, and
+he received me very kindly. He looked dreadfully ill, and about an hour
+afterwards died! I am most sincerely sorry for it.
+
+
+LETTER 554. TO J.D. HOOKER. [May 12th, 1847.]
+
+I cannot resist thanking you for your most kind note. Pray do not
+think that I was annoyed by your letter. I perceived that you had been
+thinking with animation, and accordingly expressed yourself strongly,
+and so I understood it. Forefend me from a man who weighs every
+expression with Scotch prudence. I heartily wish you all success in your
+noble problem, and I shall be very curious to have some talk with you
+and hear your ultimatum. (554/1. The above paragraph was published in
+"Life and Letters," I., page 359.) I do really think, after Binney's
+pamphlet (554/2. "On the Origin of Coal," "Mem. Lit. Phil. Soc."
+Manchester Volume VIII., page 148, 1848.), it will be worth your while
+to array your facts and ideas against an aquatic origin of the coal,
+though I do not know whether you object to freshwater. I am sure I have
+read somewhere of the cones of Lepidodendron being found round the
+stump of a tree, or am I confusing something else? How interesting all
+rooted--better, it seems from what you say, than upright--specimens
+become.
+
+I wish Ehrenberg would undertake a microscopical hunt for infusoria in
+the underclay and shales; it might reveal something. Would a comparison
+of the ashes of terrestrial peat and coal give any clue? (554/3. In an
+article by M. F. Rigaud on "La Formation de la Houille," published in
+the "Revue Scientifique," Volume II., page 385, 1894, the author lays
+stress on the absence of certain elements in the ash of coals, which
+ought to be present, on the assumption that the carbon has been derived
+from plant tissues. If coal consists of altered vegetable debris, we
+ought to find a certain amount of alkalies and phosphoric acid in
+its ash. Had such substances ever been present, it is difficult to
+understand how they could all have been removed by the solvent action of
+water. (Rigaud's views are given at greater length in an article on the
+"Structure and Formation of Coal," "Science Progress," Volume II., pages
+355 and 431, 1895.)) Peat ashes are good manure, and coal ashes, except
+mechanically, I believe are of little use. Does this indicate that the
+soluble salts have been washed out? i.e., if they are NOT present. I go
+up to Geological Council to-day--so farewell.
+
+(554/4. In a letter to Sir Joseph Hooker, October 6th, 1847, Mr. Darwin,
+in referring to the origin of Coal, wrote: "...I sometimes think it
+could not have been formed at all. Old Sir Anthony Carlisle once said to
+me gravely that he supposed Megatherium and such cattle were just sent
+down from heaven to see whether the earth would support them, and I
+suppose the coal was rained down to puzzle mortals. You must work the
+coal well in India.")
+
+
+LETTER 555. TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, May 22nd, 1860.
+
+Lyell tells me that Binney has published in Proceedings of Manchester
+Society a paper trying to show that Coal plants must have grown in very
+marine marshes. (555/1. "On the Origin of Coal," by E.W. Binney, "Mem.
+Lit. Phil. Soc. Manchester," Volume VIII., 1848, page 148. Binney
+examines the evidence on which dry land has been inferred to exist
+during the formation of the Coal Measures, and comes to the conclusion
+that the land was covered by water, confirming Brongniart's opinion that
+Sigillaria was an aquatic plant. He believes the Sigillaria "grew in
+water, on the deposits where it is now discovered, and that it is the
+plant which in a great measure contributed to the formation of our
+valuable beds of coal." (Loc. cit., page 193.)) Do you remember how
+savage you were long years ago at my broaching such a conjecture?
+
+
+LETTER 556. TO L. HORNER. Down [1846?].
+
+I am truly pleased at your approval of my book (556/1. "Geological
+Observations on South America," London, 1846.): it was very kind of
+you taking the trouble to tell me so. I long hesitated whether I
+would publish it or not, and now that I have done so at a good cost of
+trouble, it is indeed highly satisfactory to think that my labour has
+not been quite thrown away.
+
+I entirely acquiesce in your criticism on my calling the Pampean
+formation "recent" (556/2. "We must, therefore, conclude that the
+Pampean formation belongs, in the ordinary geological sense of the word,
+to the Recent Period." ("Geol. Obs." page 101).); Pleistocene would have
+been far better. I object, however, altogether on principle (whether I
+have always followed my principle is another question) to designate any
+epoch after man. It breaks through all principles of classification
+to take one mammifer as an epoch. And this is presupposing we know
+something of the introduction of man: how few years ago all beds earlier
+than the Pleistocene were characterised as being before the monkey
+epoch. It appears to me that it may often be convenient to speak of an
+Historical or Human deposit in the same way as we speak of an Elephant
+bed, but that to apply it to an epoch is unsound.
+
+I have expressed myself very ill, and I am not very sure that my notions
+are very clear on this subject, except that I know that I have often
+been made wroth (even by Lyell) at the confidence with which people
+speak of the introduction of man, as if they had seen him walk on the
+stage, and as if, in a geological chronological sense, it was more
+important than the entry of any other mammifer.
+
+You ask me to do a most puzzling thing, to point out what is newest in
+my volume, and I found myself incapable of doing almost the same for
+Lyell. My mind goes from point to point without deciding: what has
+interested oneself or given most trouble is, perhaps quite falsely,
+thought newest. The elevation of the land is perhaps more carefully
+treated than any other subject, but it cannot, of course, be called new.
+I have made out a sort of index, which will not take you a couple of
+minutes to skim over, and then you will perhaps judge what seems newest.
+The summary at the end of the book would also serve same purpose.
+
+I do not know where E. de B. [Elie de Beaumont] has lately put forth
+on the recent elevation of the Cordillera. He "rapported" favourably
+on d'Orbigny, who in late times fires off a most Royal salute; every
+volcano bursting forth in the Andes at the same time with their
+elevation, the debacle thus caused depositing all the Pampean mud and
+all the Patagonian shingle! Is not this making Geology nice and simple
+for beginners?
+
+We have been very sorry to hear of Bunbury's severe illness; I believe
+the measles are often dangerous to grown-up people. I am very glad that
+your last account was so much better.
+
+I am astonished that you should have had the courage to go right through
+my book. It is quite obvious that most geologists find it far easier to
+write than to read a book.
+
+Chapter I. and II.--Elevation of the land: equability on E. coast as
+shown by terraces, page 19; length on W. coast, page 53; height at
+Valparaiso, page 32; number of periods of rest at Coquimbo, page 49;
+elevation within Human period near Lima greater than elsewhere observed;
+the discussion (page 41) on non-horizontality of terraces perhaps one of
+newest features--on formation of terraces rather newish.
+
+Chapter III., page 65.--Argument of horizontal elevation of Cordillera
+I believe new. I think the connection (page 54) between earthquake
+[shocks] and insensible rising important.
+
+Chapter IV.--The strangeness of the (Eocene) mammifers, co-existing with
+recent shells.
+
+Chapter V.--Curious pumiceous infusorial mudstone (page 118) of
+Patagonia; climate of old Tertiary period, page 134. The subject which
+has been most fertile in my mind is the discussion from page 135 to end
+of chapter on the accumulation of fossiliferous deposits. (556/3. The
+last section of Chapter V. treats of "the Absence of extensive modern
+Conchiferous Deposits in South America; and on the contemporaneousness
+of the older Tertiary Deposits at distant points being due to
+contemporaneous movements of subsidence." Darwin expresses the view that
+"the earth's surface oscillates up and down; and...during the elevatory
+movements there is but a small chance of durable fossiliferous deposits
+accumulating" (loc. cit., page 139).)
+
+Chapter VI.--Perhaps some facts on metamorphism, but chiefly on the
+layers in mica-slate, etc., being analogous to cleavage.
+
+Chapter VII.--The grand up-and-down movements (and vertical silicified
+trees) in the Cordillera: see summary, page 204 and page 240. Origin of
+the Claystone porphyry formation, page 170.
+
+Chapter VIII., page 224.--Mixture of Cretaceous and Oolitic forms (page
+226)--great subsidence. I think (page 232) there is some novelty in
+discussion on axes of eruption and injection. (page 247) Continuous
+volcanic action in the Cordillera. I think the concluding summary (page
+237) would show what are the most salient features in the book.
+
+
+LETTER 557. TO C. LYELL. Shrewsbury [August 10th, 1846].
+
+I was delighted to receive your letter, which was forwarded here to
+me. I am very glad to hear about the new edition of the "Principles,"
+(557/1. The seventh edition of the "Principles of Geology" was published
+in 1847.), and I most heartily hope you may live to bring out half a
+dozen more editions. There would not have been such books as d'Orbigny's
+S. American Geology (557/2. "Voyage dans l'Amerique meridionale execute
+pendant les Annees 1826-37." 6 volumes, Paris, 1835-43.) published, if
+there had been seven editions of the "Principles" distributed in France.
+I am rather sorry about the small type; but the first edition, my old
+true love, which I never deserted for the later editions, was also in
+small type. I much fear I shall not be able to give any assistance to
+Book III. (557/3. This refers to Book III. of the "Principles"--"Changes
+of the Organic World now in Progress.") I think I formerly gave my
+few criticisms, but I will read it over again very soon (though I
+am striving to finish my S. American Geology (557/4. "Geological
+Observations on South America" was published in 1846.)) and see whether
+I can give you any references. I have been thinking over the subject,
+and can remember no one book of consequence, as all my materials (which
+are in an absolute chaos on separate bits of paper) have been picked out
+of books not directly treating of the subjects you have discussed, and
+which I hope some day to attempt; thus Hooker's "Antarctic Flora" I have
+found eminently useful (557/5. "Botany of the Antarctic Voyage of H.M.S.
+'Erebus' and 'Terror' in the Years 1839-43." I., "Flora Antarctica." 2
+volumes, London, 1844-47.), and yet I declare I do not know what
+precise facts I could refer you to. Bronn's "Geschichte" (557/6.
+"Naturgeschichte der drei Reiche." H.E. Bronn, Stuttgart, 1834-49.)
+which you once borrowed) is the only systematic book I have met with on
+such subjects; and there are no general views in such parts as I have
+read, but an immense accumulation of references, very useful to follow
+up, but not credible in themselves: thus he gives hybrids from ducks and
+fowls just as readily as between fowls and pheasants! You can have it
+again if you like. I have no doubt Forbes' essay, which is, I suppose,
+now fairly out, will be very good under geographical head. (557/7. "On
+the Connection between the Distribution of the existing Fauna and Flora
+of the British Isles, and the Geological Changes which have affected
+their Area, especially during the Epoch of the Northern Drift," by E.
+Forbes. "Memoirs of Geological Survey," Volume I., page 336, 1846.)
+Kolreuter's German book is excellent on hybrids, but it will cost you a
+good deal of time to work out any conclusion from his numerous details.
+(557/8. Joseph Gottlieb Kolreuter's "Vorlaufige Nachricht von eininigen
+das Geschlecht der Pflanzen betreffenden Versuchen und Beobachtungen."
+Leipzig, 1761.) With respect to variation I have found nothing--but
+minute details scattered over scores of volumes. But I will look over
+Book III. again. What a quantity of work you have in hand! I almost wish
+you could have finished America, and thus have allowed yourself rather
+more time for the old "Principles"; and I am quite surprised that you
+could possibly have worked your own new matter in within six weeks. Your
+intention of being in Southampton will much strengthen mine, and I shall
+be very glad to hear some of your American Geology news.
+
+
+LETTER 558. TO L. HORNER. Down, Sunday [January 1847].
+
+Your most agreeable praise of my book is enough to turn my head; I am
+really surprised at it, but shall swallow it with very much gusto...
+(558/1. "Geological Observations in S. America," London, 1846.)
+
+E. de Beaumont measured the inclination with a sextant and artificial
+horizon, just as you take the height of the sun for latitude.
+
+With respect to my Journal, I think the sketches in the second edition
+(558/2. "Journal of Researches into the Natural History and Geology of
+the Countries visited during the Voyage of H.M.S. 'Beagle.'" Edition II.
+London, 1845.) are pretty accurate; but in the first they are not so,
+for I foolishly trusted to my memory, and was much annoyed to find how
+hasty and inaccurate many of my remarks were, when I went over my huge
+pile of descriptions of each locality.
+
+If ever you meet anyone circumstanced as I was, advise him not, on any
+account, to give any sketches until his materials are fully worked out.
+
+What labour you must be undergoing now; I have wondered at your patience
+in having written to me two such long notes. How glad Mrs. Horner will
+be when your address is completed. (558/3. Anniversary Address of the
+President ("Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc." Volume III., page xxii, 1847).) I
+must say that I am much pleased that you will notice my volume in your
+address, for former Presidents took no notice of my two former volumes.
+
+I am exceedingly glad that Bunbury is going on well.
+
+
+LETTER 559. TO C. LYELL. Down, July 3rd [1849].
+
+I don't know when I have read a book so interesting (559/1. "A Second
+Visit to the United States of North America." 2 volumes, London, 1849.);
+some of your stories are very rich. You ought to be made Minister of
+Public Education--not but what I should think even that beneath the
+author of the old "Principles." Your book must, I should think, do
+a great deal of good and set people thinking. I quite agree with the
+"Athenaeum" that you have shown how a man of science can bring his
+powers of observation to social subjects. (559/2. "Sir Charles Lyell,
+besides the feelings of a gentleman, seems to carry with him the best
+habits of scientific observation into other strata than those of clay,
+into other 'formations' than those of rock or river-margin." "The
+Athenaeum," June 23rd, 1849, page 640.) You have made H. Wedgwood, heart
+and soul, an American; he wishes the States would annex us, and was all
+day marvelling how anyone who could pay his passage money was so foolish
+as to remain here.
+
+
+LETTER 560. TO C. LYELL. Down, [December, 1849].
+
+(560/1. In this letter Darwin criticises Dana's statements in his volume
+on "Geology," forming Volume X. of the "Wilkes Exploring Expedition,"
+1849.)
+
+...Dana is dreadfully hypothetical in many parts, and often as "d--d
+cocked sure" as Macaulay. He writes however so lucidly that he is very
+persuasive. I am more struck with his remarks on denudation than you
+seem to be. I came to exactly the same conclusion in Tahiti, that the
+wonderful valleys there (on the opposite extreme of the scale of wonder
+[to] the valleys of New South Wales) were formed exclusively by fresh
+water. He underrates the power of sea, no doubt, but read his remarks
+on valleys in the Sandwich group. I came to the conclusion in S. America
+(page 67) that the main effect of fresh water is to deepen valleys, and
+sea to widen them; I now rather doubt whether in a valley or fiord...the
+sea would deepen the rock at its head during the elevation of the land.
+I should like to tour on the W. coast of Scotland, and attend to this.
+I forget how far generally the shores of fiords (not straits) are
+cliff-formed. It is a most interesting subject.
+
+I return once again to Coral. I find he does not differ so much in
+detail with me regarding areas of subsidence; his map is coloured on
+some quite unintelligible principle, and he deduces subsidence from the
+vaguest grounds, such as that the N. Marianne Islands must have subsided
+because they are small, though long in volcanic action: and that the
+Marquesas subsided because they are penetrated by deep bays, etc., etc.
+I utterly disbelieve his statements that most of the atolls have
+been lately raised a foot or two. He does not condescend to notice
+my explanation for such appearances. He misrepresents me also when he
+states that I deduce, without restriction, elevation from all fringing
+reefs, and even from islands without any reefs! If his facts are true,
+it is very curious that the atolls decrease in size in approaching the
+vast open ocean S. of the Sandwich Islands. Dana puts me in a passion
+several times by disputing my conclusions without condescending to
+allude to my reasons; thus, regarding S. Lorenzo elevation, he is
+pleased to speak of my "characteristic accuracy" (560/2. Dana's
+"Geology" (Wilkes expedition), page 590.), and then gives difficulties
+(as if his own) when they are stated by me, and I believe explained
+by me--whereas he only alludes to a few of the facts. So in Australian
+valleys, he does not allude to my several reasons. But I am forgetting
+myself and running on about what can only interest myself. He strikes me
+as a very clever fellow; I wish he was not quite so grand a generaliser.
+I see little of interest except on volcanic action and denudation, and
+here and there scattered remarks; some of the later chapters are very
+bald.
+
+
+LETTER 561. TO J.D. DANA. Down, December 5th, 1849.
+
+I have not for some years been so much pleased as I have just been
+by reading your most able discussion on coral reefs. I thank you most
+sincerely for the very honourable mention you make of me. (561/1.
+"United States Exploring Expedition during the Years 1839-42 under the
+Command of Charles Wilkes, U.S.N." Volume X., "Geology," by J.D. Dana,
+1849.) This day I heard that the atlas has arrived, and this completes
+your munificent present to me. I have not yet come to the chapter
+on subsidence, and in that I fancy we shall disagree, but in the
+descriptive part our agreement has been eminently satisfactory to me,
+and far more than I ever ventured to anticipate. I consider that now
+the subsidence theory is established. I have read about half through
+the descriptive part of the "Volcanic Geology" (561/2. Part of Dana's
+"Geology" is devoted to volcanic action.) (last night I ascended the
+peaks of Tahiti with you, and what I saw in my short excursion was most
+vividly brought before me by your descriptions), and have been most
+deeply interested by it. Your observations on the Sandwich craters
+strike me as the most important and original of any that I have read
+for a long time. Now that I have read yours, I believe I saw at the
+Galapagos, at a distance, instances of those most curious fissures of
+eruption. There are many points of resemblance between the Galapagos and
+Sandwich Islands (even to the shape of the mound-like hills)--viz., in
+the liquidity of the lavas, absence of scoriae, and tuff-craters. Many
+of your scattered remarks on denudation have particularly interested me;
+but I see that you attribute less to sea and more to running water than
+I have been accustomed to do. After your remarks in your last very kind
+letter I could not help skipping on to the Australian valleys (561/3.
+Ibid., pages 526 et seq.: "The Formation of Valleys, etc., in New South
+Wales."), on which your remarks strike me as exceedingly ingenious and
+novel, but they have not converted me. I cannot conceive how the great
+lateral bays could have been scooped out, and their sides rendered
+precipitous by running water. I shall go on and read every word of your
+excellent volume.
+
+If you look over my "Geological Instructions" you will be amused to
+see that I urge attention to several points which you have elaborately
+discussed. (561/4. "A Manual of Scientific Enquiry, prepared for the use
+of Her Majesty's Navy, and adapted for Travellers in General." Edited by
+Sir John F.W. Herschel, Bart. London, 1849 (Section VI., "Geology." By
+Charles Darwin).) I lately read a paper of yours on Chambers' book, and
+was interested by it. I really believe the facts of the order described
+by Chambers, in S. America, which I have described in my Geolog. volume.
+This leads me to ask you (as I cannot doubt that you will have much
+geological weight in N. America) to look to a discussion at page 135
+in that volume on the importance of subsidence to the formation of
+deposits, which are to last to a distant age. This view strikes me as of
+some importance.
+
+When I meet a very good-natured man I have that degree of badness of
+disposition in me that I always endeavour to take advantage of him;
+therefore I am going to mention some desiderata, which if you can supply
+I shall be very grateful, but if not no answer will be required.
+
+Thank you for your "Conspectus Crust.," but I am sorry to say I am not
+worthy of it, though I have always thought the Crustacea a beautiful
+subject. (561/5. "Conspectus Crustaceorum in orbis terrarum
+circumnavigatione, C. Wilkes duce, collectorum." Cambridge (U.S.A.),
+1847.)
+
+
+LETTER 562. TO C. LYELL. [Down, March 9th, 1850.]
+
+I am uncommonly much obliged to you for your address, which I had not
+expected to see so soon, and which I have read with great interest.
+(562/1. Anniversary Address of the President, "Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc."
+Volume VI., page 32, 1850.) I do not know whether you spent much time
+over it, but it strikes me as extra well arranged and written--done
+in the most artistic manner, to use an expression which I particularly
+hate. Though I am necessarily pretty well familiar with your ideas from
+your conversation and books, yet the whole had an original freshness
+to me. I am glad that you broke through the routine of the President's
+addresses, but I should be sorry if others did. Your criticisms on
+Murchison were to me, and I think would be to many, particularly
+acceptable. (562/2. In a paper "On the Geological Structure of the Alps,
+etc." ("Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc." Volume V., page 157, 1849) Murchison
+expressed his belief that the apparent inversion of certain Tertiary
+strata along the flanks of the Alps afforded "a clear demonstration of
+a sudden operation or catastrophe." It is this view of paroxysmal energy
+that Lyell criticises in the address.) Capital, that metaphor of the
+clock. (562/3. "In a word, the movement of the inorganic world is
+obvious and palpable, and might be likened to the minute-hand of
+a clock, the progress of which can be seen and heard, whereas the
+fluctuations of the living creation are nearly invisible, and resemble
+the motion of the hour-hand of a timepiece" (loc. cit., page xlvi).) I
+shall next February be much interested by seeing your hour-hand of the
+organic world going.
+
+Many thanks for your kindness in taking the trouble to tell me of the
+anniversary dinner. What a compliment that was which Lord Mahon paid me!
+I never had so great a one. He must be as charming a man as his wife is
+a woman, though I was formerly blind to his merit. Bunsen's speech must
+have been very interesting and very useful, if any orthodox clergyman
+were present. Your metaphor of the pebbles of pre-existing languages
+reminds me that I heard Sir J. Herschel at the Cape say how he wished
+some one would treat language as you had Geology, and study the existing
+causes of change, and apply the deduction to old languages.
+
+We are all pretty flourishing here, though I have been retrograding a
+little, and I think I stand excitement and fatigue hardly better than in
+old days, and this keeps me from coming to London. My cirripedial task
+is an eternal one; I make no perceptible progress. I am sure that they
+belong to the hour-hand, and I groan under my task.
+
+
+LETTER 563. C. LYELL TO CHARLES DARWIN. April 23rd, 1855.
+
+I have seen a good deal of French geologists and palaeontologists
+lately, and there are many whom I should like to put on the R.S. Foreign
+List, such as D'Archiac, Prevost, and others. But the man who has made
+the greatest sacrifices and produced the greatest results, who has, in
+fact, added a new period to the calendar, is Barrande.
+
+The importance of his discoveries as they stand before the public fully
+justify your choice of him; but what is unpublished, and which I
+have seen, is, if possible, still more surprising. Thirty genera of
+gasteropods (150 species) and 150 species of lamellibranchiate bivalves
+in the Silurian! All obtained by quarries opened solely by him for
+fossils. A man of very moderate fortune spending nearly all his capital
+on geology, and with success.
+
+E. Forbes' polarity doctrines are nearly overturned by the unpublished
+discoveries of Barrande. (563/1. See note, Letter 41, Volume I.)
+
+I have called Barrande's new period Cambrian (see "Manual," 5th
+edition), and you will see why. I could not name it Protozoic, but had
+Barrande called it Bohemian, I must have adopted that name. All the
+French will rejoice if you confer an honour on Barrande. Dana is well
+worthy of being a foreign member.
+
+Should you succeed in making Barrande F.R.S., send me word.
+
+
+LETTER 564. TO J.D. HOOKER. June 5th [1857].
+
+(564/1. The following, which bears on the subject of medals, forms part
+of the long letter printed in the "Life and Letters," II., page 100.)
+
+I do not quite agree with your estimate of Richardson's merits. Do, I
+beg you (whenever you quietly see), talk with Lyell on Prestwich: if
+he agrees with Hopkins, I am silenced; but as yet I must look at the
+correlation of the Tertiaries as one of the highest and most frightfully
+difficult tasks a man could set himself, and excellent work, as I
+believe, P. has done. (564/2. Prof. Prestwich had published numerous
+papers dealing with Tertiary Geology before 1857. The contributions
+referred to are probably those "On the Correlation of the Lower
+Tertiaries of England with those of France and Belgium," "Quart. Journ.
+Geol. Soc." Volume X., 1854, page 454; and "On the Correlation of the
+Middle Eocene Tertiaries of England, France, and Belgium," ibid., XII.,
+1856, page 390.) I confess I do not value Hopkins' opinion on such a
+point. I confess I have never thought, as you show ought to be done, on
+the future. I quite agree, under all circumstances, with the propriety
+of Lindley. How strange no new geologists are coming forward! Are there
+not lots of good young chemists and astronomers or physicists? Fitton
+is the only old geologist left who has done good work, except Sedgwick.
+Have you thought of him? He would be a brilliant companion for Lindley.
+Only it would never do to give Lyell a Copley and Sedgwick a Royal in
+the same year. It seems wrong that there should be three Natural Science
+medals in the same year. Lindley, Sedgwick, and Bunsen sounds well,
+and Lyell next year for the Copley. (564/3. In 1857 a Royal medal was
+awarded to John Lindley; Lyell received the Copley in 1858, and Bunsen
+in 1860.) You will see that I am speculating as a mere idle amateur.
+
+
+LETTER 565. TO S.P. WOODWARD. Down, May 27th [1856].
+
+I am very much obliged to you for having taken the trouble to answer
+my query so fully. I can now be at rest, for from what you say and from
+what little I remember Forbes said, my point is unanswerable. The case
+of Terebratula is to the point as far as it goes, and is negative.
+I have already attempted to get a solution through geographical
+distribution by Dr. Hooker's means, and he finds that the same genera
+which have very variable species in Europe have other very variable
+species elsewhere. This seems the general rule, but with some few
+exceptions. I see from the several reasons which you assign, that there
+is no hope of comparing the same genus at two different periods, and
+seeing whether the tendency to vary is greater at one period in such
+genus than at another period. The variability of certain genera or
+groups of species strikes me as a very odd fact. (565/1. The late Dr.
+Neumayr has dealt, to some extent, with this subject in "Die Stamme des
+Thierreichs," Volume I., Wien, 1889.)
+
+I shall have no points, as far as I can remember, to suggest for your
+reconsideration, but only some on which I shall have to beg for a little
+further information. However, I feel inclined very much to dispute your
+doctrine of islands being generally ancient in comparison, I presume,
+with continents. I imagine you think that islands are generally remnants
+of old continents, a doctrine which I feel strongly disposed to doubt. I
+believe them generally rising points; you, it seems, think them sinking
+points.
+
+
+LETTER 566. TO T.H. HUXLEY. Down, April 14th [1860].
+
+Many thanks for your kind and pleasant letter. I have been much
+interested by "Deep-sea Soundings,", and will return it by this post, or
+as soon as I have copied a few sentences. (566/1. Specimens of the mud
+dredged by H.M.S. "Cyclops" were sent to Huxley for examination, who
+gave a brief account of them in Appendix A of Capt. Dayman's Report,
+1858, under the title "Deep-sea Soundings in the North Atlantic.")
+I think you said that some one was investigating the soundings. I
+earnestly hope that you will ask the some one to carefully observe
+whether any considerable number of the calcareous organisms are more or
+less friable, or corroded, or scaling; so that one might form some crude
+notion whether the deposition is so rapid that the foraminifera are
+preserved from decay and thus are forming strata at this profound depth.
+This is a subject which seems to me to have been much neglected in
+examining soundings.
+
+Bronn has sent me two copies of his Morphologische Studien uber die
+Gestaltungsgesetze." (H.G. Bronn, "Morphologische Studien uber die
+Gestaltungsgesetze der Naturkorper uberhaupt und der organischen
+insbesondere": Leipzig, 1858.) It looks elementary. If you will write
+you shall have the copy; if not I will give it to the Linnean Library.
+
+I quite agree with the letter from Lyell that your extinguished
+theologians lying about the cradle of each new science, etc., etc., is
+splendid. (566/2. "Darwiniana, Collected Essays," Volume II., page 52.)
+
+
+LETTER 567. TO T.H. HUXLEY. May 10th [1862 or later].
+
+I have been in London, which has prevented my writing sooner. I am very
+sorry to hear that you have been ill: if influenza, I can believe in any
+degree of prostration of strength; if from over-work, for God's sake do
+not be rash and foolish. You ask for criticisms; I have none to give,
+only impressions. I fully agree with your "skimming-of-pot theory," and
+very well you have put it. With respect [to] contemporaneity I nearly
+agree with you, and if you will look to the d--d book, 3rd edition, page
+349 you will find nearly similar remarks. (567/1. "When the marine forms
+are spoken of as having changed simultaneously throughout the world, it
+must not be supposed that this expression relates to the same year, or
+to the same century, or even that it has a very strict geological sense;
+for if all the marine animals now living in Europe, and all those that
+lived in Europe during the Pleistocene period (a very remote period as
+measured by years, including the whole Glacial epoch), were compared
+with those now existing in South America or in Australia, the most
+skilful naturalist would hardly be able to say whether the present or
+the Pleistocene inhabitants of Europe resembled most closely those of
+the Southern hemisphere." "Origin," Edition VI., page 298. The passage
+in Edition III., page 350, is substantially the same.) But at page 22
+of your Address, in my opinion you put your ideas too far. (567/2.
+Anniversary Address to the Geological Society of London ("Quart. Journ.
+Geol. Soc." Volume XVIII., page xl, 1862). As an illustration of the
+misleading use of the term "contemporaneous" as employed by geologists,
+Huxley gives the following illustration: "Now suppose that, a million
+or two of years hence, when Britain has made another dip beneath the sea
+and has come up again, some geologist applies this doctrine [i.e.,
+the doctrine of the Contemporaneity of the European and of the North
+American Silurians: proof of contemporaneity is considered to be
+established by the occurrence of 60 per cent. of species in common], in
+comparing the strata laid bare by the upheaval of the bottom, say, of
+St. George's Channel with what may then remain of the Suffolk Crag.
+Reasoning in the same way, he will at once decide the Suffolk Crag and
+the St. George's Channel beds to be contemporaneous; although we happen
+to know that a vast period...of time...separates the two" (loc. cit.,
+page xlv). This address is republished in the "Collected Essays," Volume
+VIII.; the above passage is at page 284.) I cannot think that
+future geologists would rank the Suffolk and St. George's strata as
+contemporaneous, but as successive sub-stages; they rank N. America
+and British stages as contemporaneous, notwithstanding a percentage
+of different species (which they, I presume, would account for by
+geographical difference) owing to the parallel succession of the forms
+in both countries. For terrestrial productions I grant that great errors
+may creep in (567/3. Darwin supposes that terrestrial productions have
+probably not changed to the same extent as marine organisms. "If the
+Megatherium, Mylodon...had been brought to Europe from La Plata, without
+any information in regard to their geological position, no one would
+have suspected that they had co-existed with sea shells all still
+living" ("Origin," Edition VI., page 298).); but I should require
+strong evidence before believing that, in countries at all well-known,
+so-called Silurian, Devonian, and Carboniferous strata could
+be contemporaneous. You seem to me on the third point, viz., on
+non-advancement of organisation, to have made a very strong case. I have
+not knowledge or presumption enough to criticise what you say. I have
+said what I could at page 363 of "Origin." It seems to me that the whole
+case may be looked at from several points of view. I can add only
+one miserable little special case of advancement in cirripedes. The
+suspicion crosses me that if you endeavoured your best you would say
+more on the other side. Do you know well Bronn in his last Entwickelung
+(or some such word) on this subject? it seemed to me very well done.
+(567/4. Probably "Untersuchungen uber die Entwickelungsgesetze der
+organischen Welt wahrend der Bildungszeit unserer Erdoberflache,"
+Stuttgart, 1858. Translated by W.S. Dallas in the "Ann. and Mag. Nat.
+Hist." Volume IV., page 81.) I hope before you publish again you will
+read him again, to consider the case as if you were a judge in a court
+of appeal; it is a very important subject. I can say nothing against
+your side, but I have an "inner consciousness" (a highly philosophical
+style of arguing!) that something could be said against you; for I
+cannot help hoping that you are not quite as right as you seem to be.
+Finally, I cannot tell why, but when I finished your Address I felt
+convinced that many would infer that you were dead against change of
+species, but I clearly saw that you were not. I am not very well, so
+good-night, and excuse this horrid letter.
+
+
+LETTER 568. TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, June 30th [1866].
+
+I have heard from Sulivan (who, poor fellow, gives a very bad account
+of his own health) about the fossils (568/1. In a letter to Huxley (June
+4th, 1866) Darwin wrote: "Admiral Sulivan several years ago discovered
+an astonishingly rich accumulation of fossil bones not far from the
+Straits [of Magellan]...During many years it has seemed to me extremely
+desirable that these should be collected; and here is an excellent
+opportunity.")... The place is Gallegos, on the S. coast of Patagonia.
+Sulivan says that in the course of two or three days all the boats in
+the ship could be filled twice over; but to get good specimens out of
+the hardish rock two or three weeks would be requisite. It would be a
+grand haul for Palaeontology. I have been thinking over your lecture.
+(568/2. A lecture on "Insular Floras" given at the British Association
+meeting at Nottingham, August 27th, 1866, published in the "Gard.
+Chron." 1867.) Will it not be possible to give enlarged drawings of
+some leading forms of trees? You will, of course, have a large map, and
+George tells me that he saw at Sir H. James', at Southampton, a map of
+the world on a new principle, as seen from within, so that almost 4/5ths
+of the globe was shown at once on a large scale. Would it not be worth
+while to borrow one of these from Sir H. James as a curiosity to hang
+up?
+
+Remember you are to come here before Nottingham. I have almost finished
+the last number of H. Spencer, and am astonished at its prodigality of
+original thought. But the reflection constantly recurred to me that each
+suggestion, to be of real value to science, would require years of work.
+It is also very unsatisfactory, the impossibility of conjecturing where
+direct action of external circumstances begins and ends--as he candidly
+owns in discussing the production of woody tissue in the trunks of trees
+on the one hand, and on the other in spines and the shells of nuts. I
+shall like to hear what you think of this number when we meet.
+
+
+LETTER 569. TO A. GAUDRY. Down, November 17th, 1868.
+
+On my return home after a short absence I found your note of Nov. 9th,
+and your magnificent work on the fossil animals of Attica. (569/1. The
+"Geologie de l'Attique," 2 volumes 4to, 1862-7, is the only work of
+Gaudry's of this date in Mr. Darwin's library.) I assure you that I feel
+very grateful for your generosity, and for the honour which you have
+thus conferred on me. I know well, from what I have already read of
+extracts, that I shall find your work a perfect mine of wealth. One long
+passage which Sir C. Lyell quotes from you in the 10th and last edition
+of the "Principles of Geology" is one of the most striking which I
+have ever read on the affiliation of species. (569/2. The quotation
+in Lyell's "Principles," Edition X., Volume II., page 484, is from M.
+Gaudry's "Animaux Fossiles de Pikermi," 1866, page 34:--
+
+"In how different a light does the question of the nature of species now
+present itself to us from that in which it appeared only twenty years
+ago, before we had studied the fossil remains of Greece and the allied
+forms of other countries. How clearly do these fossil relics point to
+the idea that species, genera, families, and orders now so distinct have
+had common ancestors. The more we advance and fill up the gaps, the more
+we feel persuaded that the remaining voids exist rather in our knowledge
+than in nature. A few blows of the pickaxe at the foot of the Pyrenees,
+of the Himalaya, of Mount Pentelicus in Greece, a few diggings in the
+sandpits of Eppelsheim, or in the Mauvaises Terres of Nebraska, have
+revealed to us the closest connecting links between forms which seemed
+before so widely separated. How much closer will these links be drawn
+when Palaeontology shall have escaped from its cradle!")
+
+
+LETTER 570. A. SEDGWICK TO CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+(570/1. In May, 1870, Darwin "went to the Bull Hotel, Cambridge, to see
+the boys, and for a little rest and enjoyment." (570/2. See "Life and
+Letters," III., 125.) The following letter was received after his return
+to Down.)
+
+Trinity College, Cambridge, May 30th, 1870.
+
+My dear Darwin,
+
+Your very kind letter surprised me. Not that I was surprised at the
+pleasant and very welcome feeling with which it was written. But I could
+not make out what I had done to deserve the praise of "extraordinary
+kindness to yourself and family." I would most willingly have done
+my best to promote the objects of your visit, but you gave me no
+opportunity of doing so. I was truly grieved to find that my joy at
+seeing you again was almost too robust for your state of nerves, and
+that my society, after a little while, became oppressive to you. But I
+do trust that your Cambridge visit has done you no constitutional harm;
+nay, rather that it has done you some good. I only speak honest truth
+when I say that I was overflowing with joy when I saw you, and saw you
+in the midst of a dear family party, and solaced at every turn by
+the loving care of a dear wife and daughters. How different from my
+position--that of a very old man, living in cheerless solitude! May god
+help and cheer you all with the comfort of hopeful hearts--you and your
+wife, and your sons and daughters!
+
+You were talking about my style of writing,--I send you my last
+specimen, and it will probably continue to be my last. It is the
+continuation of a former pamphlet of which I have not one spare copy.
+I do not ask you to read it. It is addressed to the old people in my
+native Dale of Dent, on the outskirts of Westmorland. While standing
+at the door of the old vicarage, I can see down the valley the Lake
+mountains--Hill Bell at the head of Windermere, about twenty miles off.
+On Thursday next (D.V.) I am to start for Dent, which I have not visited
+for full two years. Two years ago I could walk three or four miles with
+comfort. Now, alas! I can only hobble about on my stick.
+
+I remain your true-hearted old friend A. Sedgwick.
+
+
+LETTER 571. TO C. LYELL. Down, September 3rd [1874].
+
+Many thanks for your very kind and interesting letter. I was glad to
+hear at Southampton from Miss Heathcote a good account of your health
+and strength.
+
+With respect to the great subject to which you refer in your P.S.,
+I always try to banish it from my mind as insoluble; but if I were
+circumstanced as you are, no doubt it would recur in the dead of the
+night with painful force. Many persons seem to make themselves quite
+easy about immortality (571/1. See "Life and Letters," I., page 312.)
+and the existence of a personal God, by intuition; and I suppose that I
+must differ from such persons, for I do not feel any innate conviction
+on any such points.
+
+We returned home about ten days ago from Southampton, and I enjoyed
+my holiday, which did me much good. But already I am much fatigued by
+microscope and experimental work with insect-eating plants.
+
+When at Southampton I was greatly interested by looking at the odd
+gravel deposits near at hand, and speculating about their formation. You
+once told me something about them, but I forget what; and I think that
+Prestwich has written on the superficial deposits on the south coasts,
+and I must find out his paper and read it. (571/2. Prof. Prestwich
+contributed several papers to the Geological Society on the Superficial
+Deposits of the South of England.)
+
+From what I have seen of Mr. Judd's papers I have thought that he would
+rank amongst the few leading British geologists.
+
+
+LETTER 572. TO J.D. HOOKER.
+
+(572/1. The following letter was written before Mr. Darwin knew that Sir
+Charles Lyell was to be buried in Westminster Abbey, a memorial which
+thoroughly satisfied him. See "Life and Letters," III., 197.)
+
+Down, February 23rd, 1875.
+
+I have just heard from Miss Buckley of Lyell's death. I have long felt
+opposed to the present rage for testimonials; but when I think how
+Lyell revolutionised Geology, and aided in the progress of so many other
+branches of science, I wish that something could be done in his honour.
+On the other hand it seems to me that a poor testimonial would be worse
+than none; and testimonials seem to succeed only when a man has been
+known and loved by many persons, as in the case of Falconer and Forbes.
+Now, I doubt whether of late years any large number of scientific men
+did feel much attachment towards Lyell; but on this head I am very ill
+fitted to judge. I should like to hear some time what you think, and if
+anything is proposed I should particularly wish to join in it. We have
+both lost as good and as true a friend as ever lived.
+
+
+LETTER 573. TO J.D. HOOKER.
+
+(573/1. This letter shows the difficulty which the inscription for Sir
+Charles Lyell's memorial gave his friends. The existing inscription is,
+"Charles Lyell...Author of 'The Principles of Geology'...Throughout
+a long and laborious life he sought the means of deciphering the
+fragmentary records of the Earth's history in the patient investigation
+of the present order of Nature, enlarging the boundaries of knowledge,
+and leaving on Scientific thought an enduring influence..."
+
+Down, June 21st [1876].
+
+I am sorry for you about the inscription, which has almost burst me. We
+think there are too many plurals in yours, and when read aloud it hisses
+like a goose. I think the omission of some words makes it much stronger.
+"World" (573/2. The suggested sentence runs: "he gave to the world the
+results of his labour, etc.") is much stronger and truer than "public."
+As Lyell wrote various other books and memoirs, I have some little
+doubt about the "Principles of Geology." People here do not like your
+"enduring value": it sounds almost an anticlimax. They do not much like
+my "last (or endure) as long as science lasts." If one reads a sentence
+often enough, it always becomes odious.
+
+God help you.
+
+
+LETTER 574. TO OSWALD HEER. Down, March 8th [1875].
+
+I thank you for your very kind and deeply interesting letter of March
+1st, received yesterday, and for the present of your work, which no
+doubt I shall soon receive from Dr. Hooker. (574/1. "Flora Fossilis
+Arctica," Volume III., 1874, sent by Prof. Heer through Sir Joseph
+Hooker.) The sudden appearance of so many Dicotyledons in the Upper
+Chalk appears to me a most perplexing phenomenon to all who believe
+in any form of evolution, especially to those who believe in extremely
+gradual evolution, to which view I know that you are strongly opposed.
+(574/2. The volume referred to contains a paper on the Cretaceous
+Flora of the Arctic Zone (Spitzbergen and Greenland), in which several
+dicotyledonous plants are described. In a letter written by Heer to
+Darwin the author speaks of a species of poplar which he describes as
+the oldest Dicotyledon so far recorded.) The presence of even one true
+Angiosperm in the Lower Chalk makes me inclined to conjecture that
+plants of this great division must have been largely developed in
+some isolated area, whence owing to geographical changes, they at last
+succeeded in escaping, and spread quickly over the world. (574/3. No
+satisfactory evidence has so far been brought forward of the occurrence
+of fossil Angiosperms in pre-Cretaceous rocks. The origin of the
+Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons remains one of the most difficult and
+attractive problems of Palaeobotany.) (574/4. See Letters 395, 398.) But
+I fully admit that this case is a great difficulty in the views which I
+hold. Many as have been the wonderful discoveries in Geology during the
+last half-century, I think none have exceeded in interest your results
+with respect to the plants which formerly existed in the Arctic regions.
+How I wish that similar collections could be made in the Southern
+hemisphere, for instance in Kerguelen's Land.
+
+The death of Sir C. Lyell is a great loss to science, but I do not think
+to himself, for it was scarcely possible that he could have retained his
+mental powers, and he would have suffered dreadfully from their loss.
+The last time I saw him he was speaking with the most lively interest
+about his last visit to you, and I was grieved to hear from him a very
+poor account of your health. I have been working for some time on a
+special subject, namely insectivorous plants. I do not know whether the
+subject will interest you, but when my book is published I will have the
+pleasure of sending you a copy.
+
+I am very much obliged for your photograph, and enclose one of myself.
+
+
+LETTER 574*. TO S.B.J. SKERTCHLY. March 2nd, 1878.
+
+It is the greatest possible satisfaction to a man nearly at the close
+of his career to believe that he has aided or stimulated an able and
+energetic fellow-worker in the noble cause of science. Therefore your
+letter has deeply gratified me. I am writing this away from home, as my
+health failed, and I was forced to rest; and this will account for the
+delay in answering your letter. No doubt on my return home I shall find
+the memoir which you have kindly sent me. I shall read it with much
+interest, as I have heard something of your work from Prof. Geikie, and
+have read his admirable "Ice Age." (574/5. "The Great Ice Age and its
+Relation to the Antiquity of Man": London, 1874. By James Geikie.) I
+have noticed the criticisms on your work, but such opposition must
+be expected by every one who draws fine grand conclusions, and such
+assuredly are yours as abstracted in your letter. (574/6. Mr. S.B.J.
+Skertchly recorded "the discovery of palaeolithic flint implements,
+mammalian bones, and fresh-water shells in brick-earths below the
+Boulder-clay of East Anglia," in a letter published in the "Geol. Mag."
+Volume III., page 476, 1876. (See also "The Fenland, Past and Present."
+S.H. Miller and S.B.J. Skertchly, London, 1878.) The conclusions of Mr.
+Skertchly as to the pre-Glacial age of the flint implements were not
+accepted by some authorities. (See correspondence in "Nature," Volume
+XV., 1877, pages 141, 142.) We are indebted to Mr. Marr for calling
+our attention to Mr. Skertchly's discovery.) What magnificent progress
+Geology has made within my lifetime!
+
+I shall have very great pleasure in sending you any of my books with my
+autograph, but I really do not know which to send. It will cost you only
+the trouble of a postcard to tell me which you would like, and it shall
+soon be sent. Forgive this untidy note, as it is rather an effort to
+write.
+
+With all good wishes for your continued success in science and for your
+happiness...
+
+
+
+CHAPTER 2.X.--BOTANY, 1843-1871.
+
+2.X.I. Miscellaneous.--2.X.II. Melastomaceae.--2.X.III. Correspondence
+with John Scott.
+
+
+2.X.I. MISCELLANEOUS, 1843-1862.
+
+(PLATE: SIR JOSEPH HOOKER, 1897. From a Photograph by W.J. Hawker
+Wimborne. Walker & Cockerell, ph. sc.)
+
+
+LETTER 575. TO WILLIAM JACKSON HOOKER. Down, March 12th [1843].
+
+...When you next write to your son, will you please remember me kindly
+to him and give him my best thanks for his note? I had the pleasure
+yesterday of reading a letter from him to Mr. Lyell of Kinnordy, full of
+the most interesting details and descriptions, and written (if I may be
+permitted to make such a criticism) in a particularly agreeable style.
+It leads me anxiously to hope, even more than I did before, that he will
+publish some separate natural history journal, and not allow (if it can
+be avoided) his materials to be merged in another work. I am very glad
+to hear you talk of inducing your son to publish an Antarctic Flora.
+I have long felt much curiosity for some discussion on the general
+character of the flora of Tierra del Fuego, that part of the globe
+farthest removed in latitude from us. How interesting will be a strict
+comparison between the plants of these regions and of Scotland and
+Shetland. I am sure I may speak on the part of Prof. Henslow that all
+my collection (which gives a fair representation of the Alpine flora of
+Tierra del Fuego and of Southern Patagonia) will be joyfully laid at his
+disposal.
+
+
+LETTER 576. TO JOHN LINDLEY. Down, Saturday [April 8th, 1843].
+
+I take the liberty, at the suggestion of Dr. Royle, of forwarding to you
+a few seeds, which have been found under very singular circumstances.
+They have been sent to me by Mr. W. Kemp, of Galashiels, a (partially
+educated) man, of whose acuteness and accuracy of observation, from
+several communications on geological subjects, I have a VERY HIGH
+opinion. He found them in a layer under twenty-five feet thickness of
+white sand, which seems to have been deposited on the margins of an
+anciently existing lake. These seeds are not known to the provincial
+botanists of the district. He states that some of them germinated in
+eight days after being planted, and are now alive. Knowing the interest
+you took in some raspberry seeds, mentioned, I remember, in one of your
+works, I hope you will not think me troublesome in asking you to have
+these seeds carefully planted, and in begging you so far to oblige me as
+to take the trouble to inform me of the result. Dr. Daubeny has started
+for Spain, otherwise I would have sent him some. Mr. Kemp is anxious to
+publish an account of his discovery himself, so perhaps you will be so
+kind as to communicate the result to me, and not to any periodical. The
+chance, though appearing so impossible, of recovering a plant lost to
+any country if not to the world, appears to me so very interesting, that
+I hope you will think it worth while to have these seeds planted, and
+not returned to me.
+
+
+LETTER 577. TO C. LYELL. [September, 1843.]
+
+An interesting fact has lately, as it were, passed through my hands. A
+Mr. Kemp (almost a working man), who has written on "parallel roads,"
+and has corresponded with me (577/1. In a letter to Henslow, Darwin
+wrote: "If he [Mr. Kemp] had not shown himself a most careful and
+ingenious observer, I should have thought nothing of the case."), sent
+me in the spring some seeds, with an account of the spot where they
+were found, namely, in a layer at the bottom of a deep sand pit, near
+Melrose, above the level of the river, and which sand pit he thinks must
+have been accumulated in a lake, when the whole features of the valleys
+were different, ages ago; since which whole barriers of rock, it
+appears, must have been worn down. These seeds germinated freely, and
+I sent some to the Horticultural Society, and Lindley writes to me that
+they turn out to be a common Rumex and a species of Atriplex, which
+neither he nor Henslow (as I have since heard) have ever seen, and
+certainly not a British plant! Does this not look like a vivification of
+a fossil seed? It is not surprising, I think, that seeds should last ten
+or twenty thousand [years], as they have lasted two or three [thousand
+years] in the Druidical mounds, and have germinated.
+
+When not building, I have been working at my volume on the volcanic
+islands which we visited; it is almost ready for press...I hope you will
+read my volume, for, if you don't, I cannot think of anyone else who
+will! We have at last got our house and place tolerably comfortable, and
+I am well satisfied with our anchorage for life. What an autumn we have
+had: completely Chilian; here we have had not a drop of rain or a cloudy
+day for a month. I am positively tired of the fine weather, and long for
+the sight of mud almost as much as I did when in Peru.
+
+(577/2. The vitality of seeds was a subject in which Darwin continued to
+take an interest. In July, 1855 ("Life and Letters," II., page 65),
+he wrote to Hooker: "A man told me the other day of, as I thought, a
+splendid instance--and splendid it was, for according to his evidence
+the seed came up alive out of the lower part of the London Clay! I
+disgusted him by telling him that palms ought to have come up."
+
+In the "Gardeners' Chronicle," 1855, page 758, appeared a notice (half
+a column in length) by Darwin on the "Vitality of Seeds." The facts
+related refer to the "Sand-walk" at Down; the wood was planted in 1846
+on a piece of pasture land laid down as grass in 1840. In 1855, on the
+soil being dug in several places, Charlock (Brassica sinapistrum) sprang
+up freely. The subject continued to interest him, and we find a note
+dated July 2nd, 1874, in which Darwin recorded that forty-six plants
+of Charlock sprang up in that year over a space (14 x 7 feet) which had
+been dug to a considerable depth. In the course of the article in the
+"Gardeners' Chronicle," Darwin remarks: "The power in seeds of retaining
+their vitality when buried in damp soil may well be an element in
+preserving the species, and therefore seeds may be specially endowed
+with this capacity; whereas the power of retaining vitality in a dry
+artificial condition must be an indirect, and in one sense accidental,
+quality in seeds of little or no use to the species."
+
+The point of view expressed in the letter to Lyell above given is of
+interest in connection with the research of Horace Brown and F. Escombe
+(577/3. "Proc. Roy. Soc." Volume LXII., page 160.) on the remarkable
+power possessed by dry seeds of resistance to the temperature of liquid
+air. The point of the experiment is that life continues at a temperature
+"below that at which ordinary chemical reactions take place." A still
+more striking demonstration of the fact has been made by Thiselton-Dyer
+and Dewar who employed liquid hydrogen as a refrigerant. (577/4. Read
+before the British Association (Dover), 1899, and published in the
+"Comptes rendus," 1899, and in the "Proc. R. Soc." LXV., page 361,
+1899.) The connection between these facts and the dormancy of buried
+seeds is only indirect; but inasmuch as the experiment proves the
+possibility of life surviving a period in which no ordinary chemical
+change occurs, it is clear that they help one to believe in greatly
+prolonged dormancy in conditions which tend to check metabolism. For a
+discussion of the bearing of their results on the life-problem, and for
+the literature of the subject, reference should be made to the paper by
+Brown and Escombe. See also C. de Candolle "On Latent Life in Seeds,"
+"Brit. Assoc. Report," 1896, page 1023 and F. Escombe, "Science
+Progress," Volume I., N.S., page 585, 1897.)
+
+
+LETTER 578. TO J.S. HENSLOW. Down, Saturday [November 5th, 1843].
+
+I sent that weariful Atriplex to Babington, as I said I would, and
+he tells me that he has reared a facsimile by sowing the seeds of A.
+angustifolia in rich soil. He says he knows the A. hastata, and that it
+is very different. Until your last note I had not heard that Mr. Kemp's
+seeds had produced two Polygonums. He informs me he saw each plant bring
+up the husk of the individual seed which he planted. I believe myself in
+his accuracy, but I have written to advise him not to publish, for as
+he collected only two kinds of seeds--and from them two Polygomuns, two
+species or varieties of Atriplex and a Rumex have come up, any one would
+say (as you suggested) that more probably all the seeds were in the
+soil, than that seeds, which must have been buried for tens of thousands
+of years, should retain their vitality. If the Atriplex had turned out
+new, the evidence would indeed have been good. I regret this result of
+poor Mr. Kemp's seeds, especially as I believed, from his statements and
+the appearance of the seeds, that they did germinate, and I further have
+no doubt that their antiquity must be immense. I am sorry also for the
+trouble you have had. I heard the other day through a circuitous course
+how you are astonishing all the clodhoppers in your whole part of the
+county: and [what is] far more wonderful, as it was remarked to me, that
+you had not, in doing this, aroused the envy of all the good surrounding
+sleeping parsons. What good you must do to the present and all
+succeeding generations. (578/1. For an account of Professor Henslow's
+management of his parish of Hitcham see "Memoir of the Rev. John Stevens
+Henslow, M.A." by the Rev. Leonard Jenyns: 8vo, London, 1862.)
+
+
+LETTER 579. TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, November 14th [1855].
+
+You well know how credulous I am, and therefore you will not be
+surprised at my believing the Raspberry story (579/1. This probably
+refers to Lindley's story of the germination of raspberry seeds taken
+from a barrow 1600 years old.): a very similar case is on record in
+Germany--viz., seeds from a barrow; I have hardly zeal to translate it
+for the "Gardeners' Chronicle." (579/2. "Vitality of Seeds," "Gardeners'
+Chronicle," November 17th, 1855, page 758.) I do not go the whole
+hog--viz., that sixty and two thousand years are all the same, for I
+should imagine that some slight chemical change was always going on in a
+seed. Is this not so? The discussions have stirred me up to send my very
+small case of the charlock; but as it required some space to give all
+details, perhaps Lindley will not insert; and if he does, you, you worse
+than an unbelieving dog, will not, I know, believe. The reason I do
+not care to try Mr. Bentham's plan is that I think it would be very
+troublesome, and it would not, if I did not find seed, convince me
+myself that none were in the earth, for I have found in my salting
+experiments that the earth clings to the seeds, and the seeds are very
+difficult to find. Whether washing would do I know not; a gold-washer
+would succeed, I daresay.
+
+
+LETTER 580. TO W.J. HOOKER.
+
+Testimonial from Charles Darwin, Esq., M.A., F.R.S. and G.S., late
+Naturalist to Captain Fitz-Roy's Voyage.
+
+Down House, Farnborough, August 25th, 1845.
+
+I have heard with much interest that your son, Dr. Hooker, is a
+candidate for the Botanical Chair at Edinburgh. From my former
+attendance at that University, I am aware how important a post it is for
+the advancement of science, and I am therefore the more anxious for your
+son's success, from my firm belief that no one will fulfil its duties
+with greater zeal or ability. Since his return from the famous Antarctic
+expedition, I have had, as you are aware, much communication with him,
+with respect to the collections brought home by myself, and on other
+scientific subjects; and I cannot express too strongly my admiration
+at the accuracy of his varied knowledge, and at his powers of
+generalisation. From Dr. Hooker's disposition, no one, in my opinion,
+is more fitted to communicate to beginners a strong taste for those
+pursuits to which he is himself so ardently devoted. For the sake of
+the advancement of Botany in all its branches, your son has my warmest
+wishes for his success.
+
+
+LETTER 581. TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, Thursday [June 11th, 1847].
+
+Many thanks for your kindness about the lodgings--it will be of great
+use to me. (581/1. The British Association met at Oxford in 1847.)
+Please let me know the address if Mr. Jacobson succeeds, for I think I
+shall go on the 22nd and write previously to my lodgings. I have since
+had a tempting invitation from Daubeny to meet Henslow, etc., but upon
+the whole, I believe, lodgings will answer best, for then I shall have a
+secure solitary retreat to rest in.
+
+I am extremely glad I sent the Laburnum (581/2. This refers to the
+celebrated form known as Cytisus Adami, of which a full account is given
+in "Variation of Animals and Plants," Volume I., Edition II., page 413.
+It has been supposed to be a seminal hybrid or graft-hybrid between C.
+laburnum and C. purpureus. It is remarkable for bearing "on the same
+tree tufts of dingy red, bright yellow, and purple flowers, borne on
+branches having widely different leaves and manner of growth." In a
+paper by Camuzet in the "Annales de la Societe d'Horticulture de Paris,
+XIII., 1833, page 196, the author tries to show that Cytisus Adami is
+a seminal hybrid between C. alpinus and C. laburnum. Fuchs ("Sitz. k.
+Akad. Wien," Bd. 107) and Beijerinck ("K. Akad. Amsterdam," 1900) have
+spoken on Cytisus Adami, but throw no light on the origin of the hybrid.
+See letters to Jenner Weir in the present volume.): the raceme grew in
+centre of tree, and had a most minute tuft of leaves, which presented
+no unusual appearance: there is now on one raceme a terminal bilateral
+[i.e., half yellow, half purple] flower, and on other raceme a single
+terminal pure yellow and one adjoining bilateral flower. If you would
+like them I will send them; otherwise I would keep them to see whether
+the bilateral flowers will seed, for Herbert (581/3. Dean Herbert.) says
+the yellow ones will. Herbert is wrong in thinking there are no somewhat
+analogous facts: I can tell you some, when we meet. I know not whether
+botanists consider each petal and stamen an individual; if so, there
+seems to me no especial difficulty in the case, but if a flower-bud is a
+unit, are not their flowers very strange?
+
+I have seen Dillwyn in the "Gardeners' Chronicle," and was disgusted
+at it, for I thought my bilateral flowers would have been a novelty for
+you.
+
+(581/4. In a letter to Hooker, dated June 2nd, 1847, Darwin makes a bold
+suggestion as to floral symmetry:--)
+
+I send you a tuft of the quasi-hybrid Laburnum, with two kinds of
+flowers on same stalk, and with what strikes [me] as very curious
+(though I know it has been observed before), namely, a flower
+bilaterally different: one other, I observe, has half its calyx purple.
+Is this not very curious, and opposed to the morphological idea that a
+flower is a condensed continuous spire of leaves? Does it not look as
+if flowers were normally bilateral; just in the same way as we now know
+that the radiating star-fish, etc., are bilateral? The case reminds me
+of those insects with exactly half having secondary male characters and
+the other half female.
+
+(581/5. It is interesting to note his change of view in later years.
+In an undated letter written to Mr. Spencer, probably in 1873, he
+says: "With respect to asymmetry in the flowers themselves, I remain
+contented, from all that I have seen, with adaptation to visits of
+insects. There is, however, another factor which it is likely enough may
+have come into play--viz., the protection of the anthers and pollen
+from the injurious effects of rain. I think so because several flowers
+inhabiting rainy countries, as A. Kerner has lately shown, bend their
+heads down in rainy weather.")
+
+
+LETTER 582. TO J.D. HOOKER. June [1855].
+
+(582/1. This is an early example of Darwin's interest in the movements
+of plants. Sleeping plants, as is well-known, may acquire a rhythmic
+movement differing from their natural period, but the precise experiment
+here described has not, as far as known, been carried out. See Pfeffer,
+"Periodische Bewegungen," 1875, page 32.)
+
+I thank you much for Hedysarum: I do hope it is not very precious,
+for, as I told you, it is for probably a most foolish purpose. I read
+somewhere that no plant closes its leaves so promptly in darkness, and I
+want to cover it up daily for half an hour, and see if I can TEACH IT to
+close by itself, or more easily than at first in darkness. I am rather
+puzzled about its transmission, from not knowing how tender it is...
+
+
+LETTER 583. TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, July 19th, 1856.
+
+I thank you warmly for the very kind manner with which you have taken my
+request. It will, in truth, be a most important service to me; for it is
+absolutely necessary that I should discuss single and double creations,
+as a very crucial point on the general origin of species, and I must
+confess, with the aid of all sorts of visionary hypotheses, a very
+hostile one. I am delighted that you will take up possibility of
+crossing, no botanist has done so, which I have long regretted, and I am
+glad to see that it was one of A. De Candolle's desiderata. By the way,
+he is curiously contradictory on subject. I am far from expecting that
+no cases of apparent impossibility will be found; but certainly I expect
+that ultimately they will disappear; for instance, Campanulaceae seems
+a strong case, but now it is pretty clear that they must be liable to
+crossing. Sweet-peas (583/1. In Lathyrus odoratus the absence of the
+proper insect has been supposed to prevent crossing. See "Variation
+under Domestication," Edition II., Volume II., page 68; but the
+explanation there given for Pisum may probably apply to Lathyrus.),
+bee-orchis, and perhaps hollyhocks are, at present, my greatest
+difficulties; and I find I cannot experimentise by castrating
+sweet-peas, without doing fatal injury. Formerly I felt most interest
+on this point as one chief means of eliminating varieties; but I feel
+interest now in other ways. One general fact [that] makes me believe in
+my doctrine (583/2. The doctrine which has been epitomised as "Nature
+abhors perpetual self-fertilisation," and is generally known as
+Knight's Law or the Knight-Darwin Law, is discussed by Francis Darwin in
+"Nature," 1898. References are there given to the chief passages in
+the "Origin of Species," etc., bearing on the question. See Letter 19,
+Volume I.), is that NO terrestrial animal in which semen is liquid is
+hermaphrodite except with mutual copulation; in terrestrial plants in
+which the semen is dry there are many hermaphrodites. Indeed, I do wish
+I lived at Kew, or at least so that I could see you oftener. To return
+again to subject of crossing: I have been inclined to speculate so far,
+as to think (my!?) notion (I say MY notion, but I think others have put
+forward nearly or quite similar ideas) perhaps explains the frequent
+separation of the sexes in trees, which I think I have heard remarked
+(and in looking over the mono- and dioecious Linnean classes in Persoon
+seems true) are very apt to have sexes separated; for [in] a tree having
+a vast number of flowers on the same individual, or at least the same
+stock, each flower, if only hermaphrodite on the common plan, would
+generally get its own pollen or only pollen from another flower on
+same stock,--whereas if the sexes were separate there would be a better
+chance of occasional pollen from another distinct stock. I have thought
+of testing this in your New Zealand Flora, but I have no standard of
+comparison, and I found myself bothered by bushes. I should propound
+that some unknown causes had favoured development of trees and bushes
+in New Zealand, and consequent on this there had been a development
+of separation of sexes to prevent too much intermarriage. I do not, of
+course, suppose the prevention of too much intermarriage the only good
+of separation of sexes. But such wild notions are not worth troubling
+you with the reading of.
+
+
+LETTER 584. TO J.D. HOOKER. Moor Park [May 2nd, 1857].
+
+The most striking case, which I have stumbled on, on apparent, but
+false relation of structure of plants to climate, seems to be Meyer
+and Doege's remark that there is not one single, even moderately-sized,
+family at the Cape of Good Hope which has not one or several species
+with heath-like foliage; and when we consider this together with the
+number of true heaths, any one would have been justified, had it not
+been for our own British heaths (584/1. It is well known that plants
+with xerophytic characteristics are not confined to dry climates; it
+is only necessary to mention halophytes, alpine plants and certain
+epiphytes. The heaths of Northern Europe are placed among the xerophytes
+by Warming ("Lehrbuch der okologischen Pflanzengeographie," page 234,
+Berlin, 1896).), in saying that heath-like foliage must stand in direct
+relation to a dry and moderately warm climate. Does this not strike you
+as a good case of false relation? I am so pleased with this place and
+the people here, that I am greatly tempted to bring Etty here, for she
+has not, on the whole, derived any benefit from Hastings. With thanks
+for your never failing assistance to me...
+
+I remember that you were surprised at number of seeds germinating in
+pond mud. I tried a fourth pond, and took about as much mud (rather
+more than in former case) as would fill a very large breakfast cup, and
+before I had left home 118 plants had come up; how many more will be up
+on my return I know not. This bears on chance of birds by their muddy
+feet transporting fresh-water plants.
+
+This would not be a bad dodge for a collector in country when plants
+were not in seed, to collect and dry mud from ponds.
+
+
+LETTER 585. TO ASA GRAY. Down [1857].
+
+I am very glad to hear that you think of discussing the relative ranges
+of the identical and allied U. States and European species, when
+you have time. Now this leads me to make a very audacious remark in
+opposition to what I imagine Hooker has been writing (585/1. See Letter
+338, Volume I.), and to your own scientific conscience. I presume he
+has been urging you to finish your great "Flora" before you do anything
+else. Now I would say it is your duty to generalise as far as you safely
+can from your as yet completed work. Undoubtedly careful discrimination
+of species is the foundation of all good work; but I must look at such
+papers as yours in Silliman as the fruit. As careful observation is far
+harder work than generalisation, and still harder than speculation, do
+you not think it very possible that it may be overvalued? It ought never
+to be forgotten that the observer can generalise his own observations
+incomparably better than any one else. How many astronomers have
+laboured their whole lives on observations, and have not drawn a single
+conclusion; I think it is Herschel who has remarked how much better it
+would be if they had paused in their devoted work and seen what they
+could have deduced from their work. So do pray look at this side of the
+question, and let us have another paper or two like the last admirable
+ones. There, am I not an audacious dog!
+
+You ask about my doctrine which led me to expect that trees would tend
+to have separate sexes. I am inclined to believe that no organic being
+exists which perpetually self-fertilises itself. This will appear very
+wild, but I can venture to say that if you were to read my observations
+on this subject you would agree it is not so wild as it will at first
+appear to you, from flowers said to be always fertilised in bud, etc. It
+is a long subject, which I have attended to for eighteen years. Now, it
+occurred to me that in a large tree with hermaphrodite flowers, we will
+say it would be ten to one that it would be fertilised by the pollen of
+its own flower, and a thousand or ten thousand to one that if crossed
+it would be crossed only with pollen from another flower of same tree,
+which would be opposed to my doctrine. Therefore, on the great principle
+of "Nature not lying," I fully expected that trees would be apt to be
+dioecious or monoecious (which, as pollen has to be carried from flower
+to flower every time, would favour a cross from another individual of
+the same species), and so it seems to be in Britain and New Zealand. Nor
+can the fact be explained by certain families having this structure
+and chancing to be trees, for the rule seems to hold both in genera and
+families, as well as in species.
+
+I give you full permission to laugh your fill at this wild speculation;
+and I do not pretend but what it may be chance which, in this case, has
+led me apparently right. But I repeat that I feel sure that my doctrine
+has more probability than at first it appears to have. If you had not
+asked, I should not have written at such length, though I cannot give
+any of my reasons.
+
+The Leguminosae are my greatest opposers: yet if I were to trust to
+observations on insects made during many years, I should fully expect
+crosses to take place in them; but I cannot find that our garden
+varieties ever cross each other. I do NOT ask you to take any trouble
+about it, but if you should by chance come across any intelligent
+nurseryman, I wish you would enquire whether they take any pains
+in raising the varieties of papilionaceous plants apart to prevent
+crossing. (I have seen a statement of naturally formed crossed Phaseoli
+near N. York.) The worst is that nurserymen are apt to attribute all
+varieties to crossing.
+
+Finally I incline to believe that every living being requires an
+occasional cross with a distinct individual; and as trees from the mere
+multitude of flowers offer an obstacle to this, I suspect this obstacle
+is counteracted by tendency to have sexes separated. But I have
+forgotten to say that my maximum difficulty is trees having
+papilionaceous flowers: some of them, I know, have their keel-petals
+expanded when ready for fertilisation; but Bentham does not believe
+that this is general: nevertheless, on principle of nature not lying, I
+suspect that this will turn out so, or that they are eminently sought by
+bees dusted with pollen. Again I do NOT ask you to take trouble, but if
+strolling under your Robinias when in full flower, just look at stamens
+and pistils whether protruded and whether bees visit them. I must just
+mention a fact mentioned to me the other day by Sir W. Macarthur, a
+clever Australian gardener: viz., how odd it was that his Erythrinas in
+N.S. Wales would not set a seed, without he imitated the movements of
+the petals which bees cause. Well, as long as you live, you will never,
+after this fearfully long note, ask me why I believe this or that.
+
+
+LETTER 586. TO ASA GRAY. June 18th [1857].
+
+It has been extremely kind of you telling me about the trees: now with
+your facts, and those from Britain, N. Zealand, and Tasmania I shall
+have fair materials for judging. I am writing this away from home, but
+I think your fraction of 95/132 is as large as in other cases, and is at
+least a striking coincidence.
+
+I thank you much for your remarks about my crossing notions, to which,
+I may add, I was led by exactly the same idea as yours, viz., that
+crossing must be one means of eliminating variation, and then I wished
+to make out how far in animals and vegetables this was possible.
+Papilionaceous flowers are almost dead floorers to me, and I cannot
+experimentise, as castration alone often produces sterility. I am
+surprised at what you say about Compositae and Gramineae. From what I
+have seen of latter they seemed to me (and I have watched wheat,
+owing to what L. de Longchamps has said on their fertilisation in bud)
+favourable for crossing; and from Cassini's observations and Kolreuter's
+on the adhesive pollen, and C.C. Sprengel's, I had concluded that the
+Compositae were eminently likely (I am aware of the pistil brushing
+out pollen) to be crossed. (586/1. This is an instance of the curious
+ignorance of the essential principles of floral mechanism which was to
+be found even among learned and accomplished botanists such as Gray,
+before the publication of the "Fertilisation of Orchids." Even in 1863
+we find Darwin explaining the meaning of dichogamy in a letter to Gray.)
+If in some months' time you can find time to tell me whether you have
+made any observations on the early fertilisation of plants in these two
+orders, I should be very glad to hear, as it would save me from great
+blunder. In several published remarks on this subject in various genera
+it has seemed to me that the early fertilisation has been inferred
+from the early shedding of the pollen, which I think is clearly a false
+inference. Another cause, I should think, of the belief of fertilisation
+in the bud, is the not-rare, abnormal, early maturity of the pistil as
+described by Gartner. I have hitherto failed in meeting with detailed
+accounts of regular and normal impregnation in the bud. Podostemon and
+Subularia under water (and Leguminosae) seem and are strongest cases
+against me, as far as I as yet know. I am so sorry that you are so
+overwhelmed with work; it makes your VERY GREAT kindness to me the more
+striking.
+
+It is really pretty to see how effectual insects are. A short time ago
+I found a female holly sixty measured yards from any other holly, and
+I cut off some twigs and took by chance twenty stigmas, cut off their
+tops, and put them under the microscope: there was pollen on every one,
+and in profusion on most! weather cloudy and stormy and unfavourable,
+wind in wrong direction to have brought any.
+
+
+LETTER 587. TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, January 12th [1858].
+
+I want to ask a question which will take you only few words to answer.
+It bears on my former belief (and Asa Gray strongly expressed opinion)
+that Papilionaceous flowers were fatal to my notion of there being no
+eternal hermaphrodites. First let me say how evidence goes. You will
+remember my facts going to show that kidney-beans require visits of bees
+to be fertilised. This has been positively stated to be the case with
+Lathyrus grandiflorus, and has been very partially verified by me.
+Sir W. Macarthur tells me that Erythrina will hardly seed in Australia
+without the petals are moved as if by bee. I have just met the statement
+that, with common bean, when the humble-bees bite holes at the base
+of the flower, and therefore cease visiting the mouth of the corolla,
+"hardly a bean will set." But now comes a much more curious statement,
+that [in] 1842-43, "since bees were established at Wellington (New
+Zealand), clover seeds all over the settlement, WHICH IT DID NOT
+BEFORE." (587/1. See Letter 362, Volume I.) The writer evidently has no
+idea what the connection can be. Now I cannot help at once connecting
+this statement (and all the foregoing statements in some degree support
+each other, as all have been advanced without any sort of theory) with
+the remarkable absence of Papilionaceous plants in N. Zealand. I see in
+your list Clianthus, Carmichaelia (four species), a new genus, a shrub,
+and Edwardsia (is latter Papilionaceous?). Now what I want to know is
+whether any of these have flowers as small as clover; for if they
+have large flowers they may be visited by humble-bees, which I think I
+remember do exist in New Zealand; and which humble-bees would not visit
+the smaller clover. Even the very minute little yellow clover in England
+has every flower visited and revisited by hive-bees, as I know by
+experience. Would it not be a curious case of correlation if it could be
+shown to be probable that herbaceous and small Leguminosae do not exist
+because when [their] seeds [are] washed ashore (!!!) no small bees exist
+there. Though this latter fact must be ascertained. I may not prove
+anything, but does it not seem odd that so many quite independent facts,
+or rather statements, should point all in one direction, viz., that bees
+are necessary to the fertilisation of Papilionaceous flowers?
+
+
+LETTER 588. TO JOHN LUBBOCK (Lord Avebury). Sunday [1859].
+
+Do you remember calling my attention to certain flowers in the truss
+of Pelargoniums not being true, or not having the dark shade on the two
+upper petals? I believe it was Lady Lubbock's observation. I find, as
+I expected, it is always the central or sub-central flower; but what is
+far more curious, the nectary, which is blended with the peduncle of
+the flowers, gradually lessens and quite disappears (588/1. This fact
+is mentioned in Maxwell Masters' "Vegetable Teratology" (Ray Society's
+Publications), 1869, page 221.), as the dark shade on the two upper
+petals disappears. Compare the stalk in the two enclosed parcels, in
+each of which there is a perfect flower.
+
+Now, if your gardener will not be outrageous, do look over your
+geraniums and send me a few trusses, if you can find any, having the
+flowers without the marks, sending me some perfect flowers on same
+truss. The case seems to me rather a pretty one of correlation of
+growth; for the calyx also becomes slightly modified in the flowers
+without marks.
+
+
+LETTER 589. TO MAXWELL MASTERS. Down, April 7th [1860].
+
+I hope that you will excuse the liberty which I take in writing to you
+and begging a favour. I have been very much interested by the abstract
+(too brief) of your lecture at the Royal Institution. Many of the facts
+alluded to are full of interest for me. But on one point I should be
+infinitely obliged if you could procure me any information: namely, with
+respect to sweet-peas. I am a great believer in the natural crossing of
+individuals of the same species. But I have been assured by Mr. Cattell
+(589/1. The nurseryman he generally dealt with.), of Westerham, that the
+several varieties of sweet-pea can be raised close together for a number
+of years without intercrossing. But on the other hand he stated that
+they go over the beds, and pull up any false plant, which they very
+naturally attribute to wrong seeds getting mixed in the lot. After many
+failures, I succeeded in artificially crossing two varieties, and the
+offspring out of the same pod, instead of being intermediate, was very
+nearly like the two pure parents; yet in one, there was a trace of the
+cross, and these crossed peas in the next generation showed still more
+plainly their mongrel origin. Now, what I want to know is, whether there
+is much variation in sweet-peas which might be owing to natural crosses.
+What I should expect would be that they would keep true for many years,
+but that occasionally, perhaps at long intervals, there would be a
+considerable amount of crossing of the varieties grown close together.
+Can you give, or obtain from your father, any information on this head,
+and allow me to quote your authority? It would really be a very great
+favour and kindness.
+
+
+LETTER 590. TO J.D. HOOKER.
+
+(590/1. The genera Scaevola and Leschenaultia, to which the following
+letter refers, belong to the Goodeniaceae (Goodenovieae, Bentham &
+Hooker), an order allied to the Lobeliaceae, although the mechanism
+of fertilisation resembles rather more nearly that of Campanula. The
+characteristic feature of the flower in this order is the indusium, or,
+as Delpino (590/2. Delpino's observations on Dichogamy, summarised by
+Hildebrand in "Bot. Zeitung," 1870, page 634.) calls it, the "collecting
+cup": this cuplike organ is a development of the style, and serves the
+same function as the hairs on the style of Campanula, namely, that of
+taking the pollen from the anthers and presenting it to the visiting
+insect. During this stage the immature stigma is at the bottom of the
+cup, and though surrounded by pollen is incapable of being pollinated.
+In most genera of the order the pollen is pushed out of the indusium by
+the growth of the style or stigma, very much as occurs in Lobelia or
+the Compositae. Finally the style emerges from the indusium (590/3.
+According to Hamilton ("Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales," X., 1895, page
+361) the stigma rarely grows beyond the indusium in Dampiera. In the
+same journal (1885-6, page 157, and IX., 1894, page 201) Hamilton
+has given a number of interesting observations on Goodenia, Scaevola,
+Selliera, Brunonia. There seem to be mechanisms for cross- and also
+for self-fertilisation.), the stigmas open out and are pollinated from
+younger flowers. The mechanism of fertilisation has been described by
+F. Muller (590/4. In a letter to Hildebrand published in the "Bot.
+Zeitung," 1868, page 113.), and more completely by Delpino (loc. cit.).
+
+Mr. Bentham wrote a paper (590/5. "Linn. Soc. Journal," 1869, page 203.)
+on the style and stigma in the Goodenovieae, where he speaks of Mr.
+Darwin's belief that fertilisation takes place outside the indusium.
+This statement, which we imagine Mr. Bentham must have had from an
+unpublished source, was incomprehensible to him as long as he confined
+his work to such genera as Goodenia, Scaevola, Velleia, Coelogyne,
+in which the mechanism is much as above described; but on examining
+Leschenaultia the meaning became clear. Bentham writes of this
+genus:--"The indusium is usually described as broadly two-lipped,
+without any distinct stigma. The fact appears to be that the upper less
+prominent lip is stigmatic all over, inside and out, with a transverse
+band of short glandular hairs at its base outside, while the lower more
+prominent lip is smooth and glabrous, or with a tuft of rigid hairs.
+Perhaps this lower lip and the upper band of hairs are all that
+correspond to the indusium of other genera; and the so-called upper lip,
+outside of which impregnation may well take place, as observed by Mr.
+Darwin, must be regarded as the true stigma."
+
+Darwin's interest in the Goodeniaceae was due to the mechanism being
+apparently fitted for self-fertilisation. In 1871 a writer signing
+himself F.W.B. made a communication to the "Gardeners' Chronicle"
+(590/6. 1871, page 1103.), in which he expresses himself as "agreeably
+surprised" to find Leschenaultia adapted for self-fertilisation, or at
+least for self-pollinisation. This led Darwin to publish a short note in
+the same journal, in which he describes the penetration of pollen-tubes
+into the viscid surface on the outside of the indusium. (590/7. 1871,
+page 1166. He had previously written in the "Journal of Horticulture and
+Cottage Gardener," May 28th, 1861, page 151:--"Leschenaultia formosa has
+apparently the most effective contrivance to prevent the stigma of one
+flower ever receiving a grain of pollen from another flower; for the
+pollen is shed in the early bud, and is there shut up round the stigma
+within a cup or indusium. But some observations led me to suspect that
+nevertheless insect agency here comes into play; for I found by holding
+a camel-hair pencil parallel to the pistil, and moving it as if it were
+a bee going to suck the nectar, the straggling hairs of the brush opened
+the lip of the indusium, entered it, stirred up the pollen, and brought
+out some grains. I did this to five flowers, and marked them. These
+five flowers all set pods; whereas only two other pods set on the whole
+plant, though covered with innumerable flowers...I wrote to Mr. James
+Drummond, at Swan River in Australia,...and he soon wrote to me that he
+had seen a bee cleverly opening the indusium and extracting pollen.")
+He also describes how a brush, pushed into the flower in imitation of
+an insect, presses "against the slightly projecting lower lip of the
+indusium, opens it, and some of the hairs enter and become smeared
+with pollen." The yield of pollen is therefore differently arranged in
+Leschenaultia; for in the more typical genera it depends on the growth
+of the style inside the indusium. Delpino, however (see Hildebrand's
+version, loc. cit.), describes a similar opening of the cup produced by
+pressure on the hairs in some genera of the order.)
+
+Down, June 7th [1860].
+
+Best and most beloved of men, I supplicate and entreat you to observe
+one point for me. Remember that the Goodeniaceae have weighed like an
+incubus for years on my soul. It relates to Scaevola microcarpa. I
+find that in bud the indusium collects all the pollen splendidly, but,
+differently from Leschenaultia, cannot be afterwards easily opened.
+Further, I find that at an early stage, when the flower first opens, a
+boat-shaped stigma lies at the bottom of the indusium, and further
+that this stigma, after the flower has some time expanded, grows very
+rapidly, when the plant is kept hot, and pushes out of the indusium a
+mass of pollen; and at same time two horns project at the corners of the
+indusium. Now the appearance of these horns makes me suppose that these
+are the stigmatic surfaces. Will you look to this? for if they be by the
+relative position of the parts (with indusium and stigma bent at right
+angles to style) [I am led to think] that an insect entering a flower
+could not fail to have [its] whole back (at the period when, as I have
+seen, a whole mass of pollen is pushed out) covered with pollen, which
+would almost certainly get rubbed on the two horns. Indeed, I doubt
+whether, without this aid, pollen would get on to the horns. What
+interests me in the case is the analogy in result with the Lobelia, but
+by very different means. In Lobelia the stigma, before it is mature,
+pushes by its circular brush of hairs the pollen out of the conjoined
+anthers; here the indusium collects pollen, and then the growth of the
+stigma pushes it out. In the course of about 1 1/2 hour, I found an
+indusium with hairs on the outer edge perfectly clogged with pollen, and
+horns protruded, which before the 1 1/2 hour had not one grain of pollen
+outside the indusium, and no trace of protruding horns. So you will see
+how I wish to know whether the horns are the true stigmatic surfaces. I
+would try the case experimentally by putting pollen on the horns, but my
+greenhouse is so cold, and my plant so small, and in such a little pot,
+that I suppose it would not seed...
+
+The little length of stigmatic horns at the moment when pollen is forced
+out of the indusium, compared to what they ultimately attain, makes me
+fancy that they are not then mature or ready, and if so, as in Lobelia,
+each flower must be fertilised by pollen from another and earlier
+flower.
+
+How curious that the indusium should first so cleverly collect pollen
+and then afterwards push it out! Yet how closely analogous to Campanula
+brushing pollen out of the anther and retaining it on hairs till the
+stigma is ready. I am going to try whether Campanula sets seed without
+insect agency.
+
+
+LETTER 591. TO J.D. HOOKER.
+
+(591/1. The following letters are given here rather than in
+chronological order, as bearing on the Leschenaultia problem. The latter
+part of Letter 591 refers to the cleistogamic flowers of Viola.)
+
+Down, May 1st [1862].
+
+If you can screw out time, do look at the stigma of the blue
+Leschenaultia biloba. I have just examined a large bud with the indusium
+not yet closed, and it seems to me certain that there is no stigma
+within. The case would be very important for me, and I do not like to
+trust solely to myself. I have been impregnating flowers, but it is
+rather difficult...
+
+I have just looked again at Viola canina. The case is odder: only 2
+stamens which embrace the stigma have pollen; the 3 other stamens have
+no anther-cells and no pollen. These 2 fertile anthers are of different
+shape from the 3 sterile others, and the scale representing the
+lower lip is larger and differently shaped from the 4 other scales
+representing 4 other petals.
+
+In V. odorata (single flower) all five stamens produce pollen. But I
+daresay all this is known.
+
+
+LETTER 592. TO J.D. HOOKER. November 3rd [1862].
+
+Do you remember the scarlet Leschenaultia formosa with the sticky margin
+outside the indusium? Well, this is the stigma--at least, I find the
+pollen-tubes here penetrate and nowhere else. What a joke it would be if
+the stigma is always exterior, and this by far the greatest difficulty
+in my crossing notions should turn out a case eminently requiring insect
+aid, and consequently almost inevitably ensuring crossing. By the
+way, have you any other Goodeniaceae which you could lend me, besides
+Leschenaultia and Scaevola, of which I have seen enough?
+
+I had a long letter the other day from Crocker of Chichester; he has the
+real spirit of an experimentalist, but has not done much this summer.
+
+
+LETTER 593. TO F. MULLER. Down, April 9th and 15th [1866].
+
+I am very much obliged by your letter of February 13th, abounding with
+so many highly interesting facts. Your account of the Rubiaceous plant
+is one of the most extraordinary that I have ever read, and I am glad
+you are going to publish it. I have long wished some one to observe the
+fertilisation of Scaevola, and you must permit me to tell you what I
+have observed. First, for the allied genus of Leschenaultia: utterly
+disbelieving that it fertilises itself, I introduced a camel-hair brush
+into the flower in the same way as a bee would enter, and I found that
+the flowers were thus fertilised, which never otherwise happens; I then
+searched for the stigma, and found it outside the indusium with the
+pollen-tubes penetrating it; and I convinced Dr. Hooker that botanists
+were quite wrong in supposing that the stigma lay inside the indusium.
+In Scaevola microcarpa the structure is very different, for the immature
+stigma lies at the base within the indusium, and as the stigma grows it
+pushes the pollen out of the indusium, and it then clings to the hairs
+which fringe the tips of the indusium; and when an insect enters the
+flower, the pollen (as I have seen) is swept from these long hairs on to
+the insect's back. The stigma continues to grow, but is not apparently
+ready for impregnation until it is developed into two long protruding
+horns, at which period all the pollen has been pushed out of the
+indusium. But my observations are here at fault, for I did not observe
+the penetration of the pollen-tubes. The case is almost parallel with
+that of Lobelia. Now, I hope you will get two plants of Scaevola, and
+protect one from insects, leaving the other uncovered, and observe the
+results, both in the number of capsules produced, and in the average
+number of seeds in each. It would be well to fertilise half a dozen
+flowers under the net, to prove that the cover is not injurious to
+fertility.
+
+With respect to your case of Aristolochia, I think further observation
+would convince you that it is not fertilised only by larvae, for in a
+nearly parallel case of an Arum and a Aristolochia, I found that insects
+flew from flower to flower. I would suggest to you to observe any cases
+of flowers which catch insects by their probosces, as occurs with
+some of the Apocyneae (593/1. Probably Asclepiadeae. See H. Muller,
+"Fertilisation of Flowers," page 396.); I have never been able to
+conceive for what purpose (if any) this is effected; at the same time,
+if I tempt you to neglect your zoological work for these miscellaneous
+observations I shall be guilty of a great crime.
+
+To return for a moment to the indusium: how curious it is that the
+pollen should be thus collected in a special receptacle, afterwards to
+be swept out by insects' agency!
+
+I am surprised at what you tell me about the fewness of the flowers of
+your native orchids which produce seed-capsules. What a contrast with
+our temperate European species, with the exception of some species of
+Ophrys!--I now know of three or four cases of self-fertilising orchids,
+but all these are provided with means for an occasional cross.
+
+I am sorry to say Dr. Cruger is dead from a fever.
+
+I received yesterday your paper in the "Botanische Zeitung" on the wood
+of climbing plants. (593/2. Fritz Muller, "Ueber das Holz einiger um
+Desterro wachsenden Kletterpflanzen." "Botanische Zeitung," 1866, pages
+57, 65.) I have read as yet only your very interesting and curious
+remarks on the subject as bearing on the change of species; you have
+pleased me by the very high compliments which you pay to my paper. I
+have been at work since March 1st on a new English edition (593/3. The
+4th Edition.) of my "Origin," of which when published I will send you a
+copy. I have much regretted the time it has cost me, as it has stopped
+my other work. On the other hand, it will be useful for a new third
+German edition, which is now wanted. I have corrected it largely, and
+added some discussions, but not nearly so much as I wished to do, for,
+being able to work only two hours daily, I feared I should never get it
+finished. I have taken some facts and views from your work "Fur Darwin";
+but not one quarter of what I should like to have quoted.
+
+
+LETTER 594. TO A.G. MORE. Down, June 24th, 1860.
+
+I hope that you will forgive the liberty which I take in writing to you
+and requesting a favour. Mr. H.C. Watson has given me your address, and
+has told me that he thought that you would be willing to oblige me. Will
+you please to read the enclosed, and then you will understand what I
+wish observed with respect to the bee-orchis. (594/1. Ophrys apifera.)
+What I especially wish, from information which I have received since
+publishing the enclosed, is that the state of the pollen-masses should
+be noted in flowers just beginning to wither, in a district where the
+bee-orchis is extremely common. I have been assured that in parts of
+Isle of Wight, viz., Freshwater Gate, numbers occur almost crowded
+together: whether anything of this kind occurs in your vicinity I know
+not; but, if in your power, I should be infinitely obliged for any
+information. As I am writing, I will venture to mention another wish
+which I have: namely, to examine fresh flowers and buds of the Aceras,
+Spiranthes, marsh Epipactis, and any other rare orchis. The point which
+I wish to examine is really very curious, but it would take too long
+space to explain. Could you oblige me by taking the great trouble to
+send me in an old tin canister any of these orchids, permitting me, of
+course, to repay postage? It would be a great kindness, but perhaps I am
+unreasonable to make such a request. If you will inform me whether you
+have leisure so far to oblige me, I would tell you my movements, for on
+account of my own health and that of my daughter, I shall be on the move
+for the next two or three weeks.
+
+I am sure I have much cause to apologise for the liberty which I have
+taken...
+
+
+LETTER 595. TO A.G. MORE. Down, August 3rd, 1860.
+
+I thank you most sincerely for sending me the Epipactis [palustris]. You
+can hardly imagine what an interesting morning's work you have given me,
+as the rostellum exhibited a quite new modification of structure. It has
+been extremely kind of you to take so very much trouble for me. Have you
+looked at the pollen-masses of the bee-Ophrys? I do not know whether the
+Epipactis grows near to your house: if it does, and any object takes you
+to the place (pray do not for a moment think me so very unreasonable
+as to ask you to go on purpose), would you be so kind [as] to watch
+the flowers for a quarter of an hour, and mark whether any insects (and
+what?) visit these flowers.
+
+I should suppose they would crawl in by depressing the terminal portion
+of the labellum; and that when within the flower this terminal portion
+would resume its former position; and lastly, that the insect in
+crawling out would not depress the labellum, but would crawl out at back
+of flower. (595/1. The observations of Mr. William Darwin on Epipactis
+palustris given in the "Fertilisation of Orchids," Edition II., 1877,
+page 99, bear on this point. The chief fertilisers are hive-bees, which
+are too big to crawl into the flower. They cling to the labellum, and
+by depressing it open up the entrance to the flower. Owing to the
+elasticity of the labellum and its consequent tendency to spring up
+when released, the bees, "as they left the flower, seemed to fly rather
+upwards." This agrees with Darwin's conception of the mechanism of the
+flower as given in the first edition of the Orchid book, 1862, page 100,
+although at that time he imagined that the fertilising insect crawled
+into the flower. The extreme flexibility and elasticity of the labellum
+was first observed by Mr. More (see first edition, page 99). The
+description of the flower given in the above letter to Mr. More is not
+quite clear; the reader is referred to the "Fertilisation of Orchids,"
+loc. cit.) An insect crawling out of a recently opened flower would,
+I believe, have parts of the pollen-masses adhering to the back or
+shoulder. I have seen this in Listera. How I should like to watch the
+Epipactis.
+
+If you can it any time send me Spiranthes or Aceras or O. ustulata, you
+would complete your work of kindness.
+
+P.S.--If you should visit the Epipactis again, would you gather a few of
+the lower flowers which have been opened for some time and have begun
+to wither a little, and observe whether pollen is well cleared out of
+anther-case. I have been struck with surprise that in nearly all the
+lower flowers sent by you, though much of the pollen has been removed,
+yet a good deal of pollen is left wasted within the anthers. I observed
+something of this kind in Cephalanthera grandiflora. But I fear that you
+will think me an intolerable bore.
+
+
+LETTER 596. TO A.G. MORE. Down, August 5th, 1860.
+
+I am infinitely obliged for your most clearly stated observations on
+the bee-orchis. It is now perfectly clear that something removes the
+pollen-masses far more with you than in this neighbourhood. But I am
+utterly puzzled about the foot-stalk being so often cut through. I
+should suspect snails. I yesterday found thirty-nine flowers, and of
+them only one pollen-mass in three flowers had been removed, and as
+these were extremely much-withered flowers I am not quite sure of
+the truth of this. The wind again is a new element of doubt. Your
+observations will aid me extremely in coming to some conclusion. (596/1.
+Mr. More's observations on the percentage of flowers in which the
+pollinia were absent are quoted in "Fertilisation of Orchids," Edition
+I., page 68.) I hope in a day or two to receive some day-moths, on the
+probosces of which I am assured the pollen-masses of the bee-orchis
+still adhere (596/2. He was doomed to disappointment. On July 17th,
+1861, he wrote to Mr. More:--"I found the other day a lot of bee-Ophrys
+with the glands of the pollinia all in their pouches. All facts point
+clearly to eternal self-fertilisation in this species; yet I cannot
+swallow the bitter pill. Have you looked at any this year?")...
+
+I wrote yesterday to thank you for the Epipactis. For the chance of your
+liking to look at what I have found: take a recently opened flower, drag
+gently up the stigmatic surface almost any object (the side of a hooked
+needle), and you will find the cap of the hemispherical rostellum comes
+off with a touch, and being viscid on under-surface, clings to needle,
+and as pollen-masses are already attached to the back of rostellum, the
+needle drags out much pollen. But to do this, the curiously projecting
+and fleshy summits of anther-cases must at some time be pushed back
+slightly. Now when an insect's head gets into the flower, when the flap
+of the labellum has closed by its elasticity, the insect would naturally
+creep out by the back-side of the flower. And mark when the insect flies
+to another flower with the pollen-masses adhering to it, if the flap of
+labellum did not easily open and allow free ingress to the insect, it
+would surely rub off the pollen on the upper petals, and so not leave
+it on stigma. It is to know whether I have rightly interpreted the
+structure of this whole flower that I am so curious to see how insects
+act. Small insects, I daresay, would crawl in and out and do nothing. I
+hope that I shall not have wearied you with these details.
+
+If you would like to see a pretty and curious little sight, look
+to Orchis pyramidalis, and you will see that the sticky glands are
+congenitally united into a saddle-shaped organ. Remove this under
+microscope by pincers applied to foot-stalk of pollen-mass, and look
+quickly at the spontaneous movement of the saddle-shaped organs and see
+how beautifully adapted to seize proboscis of moth.
+
+
+LETTER 597. TO J.D. HOOKER December 4th [1860].
+
+Many thanks about Apocynum and Meyen.
+
+The latter I want about some strange movements in cells of Drosera,
+which Meyen alone seems to have observed. (597/1. No observations of
+Meyen are mentioned in "Insectivorous Plants.") It is very curious, but
+Trecul disbelieves that Drosera really clasps flies! I should very much
+wish to talk over Drosera with you. I did chloroform it, and the leaves
+which were already expanded did not recover thirty seconds of exposure
+for three days. I used the expression weight for the bit of hair which
+caused movement and weighed 1/78000 of a grain; but I do not believe it
+is weight, and what it is, I cannot after many experiments conjecture.
+(597/2. The doubt here expressed as to whether the result is due to
+actual weight is interesting in connection with Pfeffer's remarkable
+discovery that a smooth object in contact with the gland produces no
+effect if the plant is protected from all vibration; on an ordinary
+table the slight shaking which reaches the plant is sufficient to make
+the body resting on the gland tremble, and thus produce a series of
+varying pressures--under these circumstances the gland is irritated, and
+the tentacle moves. See Pfeffer, "Untersuchungen aus d. bot. Institut
+zu Tubingen," Volume I., 1885, page 483; also "Insectivorous Plants,"
+Edition II., page 22.) The movement in this case does not depend on
+the chemical nature of substance. Latterly I have tried experiments on
+single glands, and a microscopical atom of raw meat causes such rapid
+movement that I could see it move like hand of clock. In this case it
+is the nature of the object. It is wonderful the rapidity of the
+absorption: in ten seconds weak solution of carbonate of ammonia changes
+not the colour, but the state of contents within the glands. In two
+minutes thirty seconds juice of meat has been absorbed by gland and
+passed from cell to cell all down the pedicel (or hair) of the gland,
+and caused the sap to pass from the cells on the upper side of the
+pedicel to the lower side, and this causes the curvature of the pedicel.
+I shall work away next summer when Drosera opens again, for I am much
+interested in subject. After the glandular hairs have curved, the oddest
+changes take place--viz., a segregation of the homogeneous pink fluid
+and necessary slow movements in the thicker matter. By Jove, I sometimes
+think Drosera is a disguised animal! You know that I always so like
+telling you what I do, that you must forgive me scribbling on my beloved
+Drosera. Farewell. I am so very glad that you are going to reform your
+ways; I am sure that you would have injured your health seriously. There
+is poor Dana has done actually nothing--cannot even write a letter--for
+a year, and it is hoped that in another YEAR he may quite recover.
+
+After this homily, good night, my dear friend. Good heavens, I ought
+not to scold you, but thank you, for writing so long and interesting a
+letter.
+
+
+LETTER 598. TO E. CRESY. Down, December 12th [1860?].
+
+After writing out the greater part of my paper on Drosera, I thought of
+so many points to try, and I wished to re-test the basis of one large
+set of experiments, namely, to feel still more sure than I am, that a
+drop of plain water never produces any effect, that I have resolved
+to publish nothing this year. For I found in the record of my daily
+experiments one suspicious case. I must wait till next summer. It will
+be difficult to try any solid substances containing nitrogen, such
+as ivory; for two quite distinct causes excite the movement, namely,
+mechanical irritation and presence of nitrogen. When a solid substance
+is placed on leaf it becomes clasped, but is released sooner than when a
+nitrogenous solid is clasped; yet it is difficult (except with raw meat
+and flies) to be sure of the result, owing to differences in vigour of
+different plants. The last experiments which I tried before my
+plants became too languid are very curious, and were tried by putting
+microscopical atoms on the gland itself of single hairs; and it is
+perfectly evident that an atom of human hair, 1/76000 of a grain (as
+ascertained by weighing a length of hair) in weight, causes conspicuous
+movement. I do not believe (for atoms of cotton thread acted) it is the
+chemical nature; and some reasons make me doubt whether it is
+actual weight; it is not the shadow; and I am at present, after many
+experiments, confounded to know what the cause is. That these atoms did
+really act and alter the state of the contents of all the cells in the
+glandular hair, which moved, was perfectly clear. But I hope next summer
+to make out a good deal more...
+
+
+LETTER 599. TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, May 14th [1861].
+
+I have been putting off writing from day to day, as I did not wish to
+trouble you, till my wish for a little news will not let me rest...
+
+I have no news to tell you, for I have had no interesting letters for
+some time, and have not seen a soul. I have been going through the
+"Cottage Gardener" of last year, on account chiefly of Beaton's articles
+(599/1. Beaton was a regular contributor to the "Cottage Gardener," and
+wrote various articles on cross breeding, etc., in 1861. One of these
+was in reply to a letter published in the "Cottage Gardener," May
+14th, 1861, page 112, in which Darwin asked for information as to the
+Compositae and the hollyhock being crossed by insect visitors. In the
+number for June 8th, 1861, page 211, Darwin wrote on the variability of
+the central flower of the carrot and the peloria of the central flower
+in Pelargonium. An extract from a letter by Darwin on Leschenaultia,
+"Cottage Gardener," May 28th, 1861, page 151, is given in Letter 590,
+note.); he strikes me as a clever but d--d cock-sure man (as Lord
+Melbourne said), and I have some doubts whether to be much trusted. I
+suspect he has never recorded his experiment at the time with care. He
+has made me indignant by the way he speaks of Gartner, evidently
+knowing nothing of his work. I mean to try and pump him in the
+"Cottage Gardener," and shall perhaps defend Gartner. He alludes to me
+occasionally, and I cannot tell with what spirit. He speaks of "this Mr.
+Darwin" in one place as if I were a very noxious animal.
+
+Let me have a line about poor Henslow pretty soon.
+
+(599/2. In a letter of May 18th, 1861, Darwin wrote again:--)
+
+By the way, thanks about Beaton. I have now read more of his writings,
+and one answer to me in "Cottage Gardener." I can plainly see that he is
+not to be trusted. He does not well know his own subject of crossing.
+
+
+LETTER 600. TO J.D. HOOKER.
+
+(600/1. Part of this letter has been published in "Life and Letters,"
+III., page 265.)
+
+2, Hesketh Crescent, Torquay [1861].
+
+...The beauty of the adaptation of parts seems to me unparalleled. I
+should think or guess [that] waxy pollen was most differentiated. In
+Cypripedium, which seems least modified, and a much exterminated group,
+the grains are single. In all others, as far as I have seen, they are in
+packets of four; and these packets cohere into many wedge-formed masses
+in Orchis, into eight, four, and finally two. It seems curious that
+a flower should exist which could, at most, fertilise only two other
+flowers, seeing how abundant pollen generally is; this fact I look at
+as explaining the perfection of the contrivance by which the pollen,
+so important from its fewness, is carried from flower to flower. By the
+way, Cephalanthera has single pollen-grains, but this seems to be a case
+of degradation, for the rostellum is utterly aborted. Oddly, the
+columns of pollen are here kept in place by very early penetration of
+pollen-tubes into the edge of the stigma; nevertheless, it receives more
+pollen by insect agency. Epithecia [Dichaea] has done me one good little
+turn. I often speculated how the caudicle of Orchis had been formed.
+(600/2. The gradation here suggested is thoroughly worked out in the
+"Fertilisation of Orchids," Edition I., page 323, Edition II., page
+257.) I had noticed slight clouds in the substance half way down; I
+have now dissected them out, and I find they are pollen-grains fairly
+embedded and useless. If you suppose the pollen-grains to abort in
+the lower half of the pollinia of Epipactis, but the parallel elastic
+threads to remain and cohere, you have the caudicle of Orchis, and can
+understand the few embedded and functionless pollen-grains. I must not
+look at any more exotic orchids: hearty thanks for your offer. But if
+you would make one single observation for me on Cypripedium, I should
+be glad. Asa Gray writes to me that the outside of the pollen-masses
+is sticky in this genus; I find that the whole mass consists of
+pollen-grains immersed in a sticky brownish thick fluid. You could tell
+by a mere lens and penknife. If it is, as I find it, pollen could not
+get on the stigma without insect aid. Cypripedium confounds me much.
+I conjecture that drops of nectar are secreted by the surface of the
+labellum beneath the anthers and in front of the stigma, and that the
+shield over the anthers and the form of labellum is to compel insects
+to insert their proboscis all round both organs. (600/3. This view was
+afterwards given up.) It would be troublesome for you to look at this,
+as it is always bothersome to catch the nectar secreting, and the cup of
+the labellum gets filled with water by gardener's watering.
+
+I have examined Listera ovata, cordata, and Neottia nidus avis: the
+pollen is uniform; I suspect you must have seen some observation founded
+on a mistake from the penetration and hardening of sticky fluid from the
+rostellum, which does penetrate the pollen a little.
+
+It is mere virtue which makes me not wish to examine more orchids; for
+I like it far better than writing about varieties of cocks and hens and
+ducks. Nevertheless, I have just been looking at Lindley's list in
+the "Vegetable Kingdom," and I cannot resist one or two of his great
+division of Arethuseae, which includes Vanilla. And as I know so well
+the Ophreae, I should like (God forgive me) any one of the Satyriadae,
+Disidae and Corycidae.
+
+I fear my long lucubrations will have wearied you, but it has amused me
+to write, so forgive me.
+
+
+LETTER 601. TO J.D. HOOKER.
+
+(601/1. Part of the following letter is published in the "Life and
+Letters," the remainder, with the omission of part bearing on the
+Glen Roy problem, is now given as an example of the varied botanical
+assistance Darwin received from Sir Joseph Hooker. For the part relating
+to Verbascum see the "Variation of Animals and Plants," Edition II.,
+1875, Volume II., page 83. The point is that the white and yellow
+flowered plants which occur in two species of Verbascum are undoubted
+varieties, yet "the sterility which results from the crossing of the
+differently coloured varieties of the same species is fully as great as
+that which occurs in many cases when distinct species are crossed."
+
+The sterility of the long-styled form (B) of Linum grandiflorum, with
+its own pollen is described in "Forms of Flowers," Edition II., page 87:
+his conclusions on the short-styled form (A) differ from those in the
+present letter.)
+
+September 28th [1861].
+
+I am going to beg for help, and I will explain why I want it.
+
+You offer Cypripedium; I should be very glad of a specimen, and of any
+good-sized Vandeae, or indeed any orchids, for this reason: I never
+thought of publishing separately, and therefore did not keep specimens
+in spirits, and now I should be very glad of a few woodcuts to
+illustrate my few remarks on exotic orchids. If you can send me any,
+send them by post in a tin canister on middle of day of Saturday,
+October 5th, for Sowerby will be here.
+
+Secondly: Have you any white and yellow varieties of Verbascum which
+you could give me, or propagate for me, or LEND me for a year? I have
+resolved to try Gartner's wonderful and repeated statement, that pollen
+of white and yellow varieties, whether used on the varieties or on
+DISTINCT species, has different potency. I do not think any experiment
+can be more important on the origin of species; for if he is correct we
+certainly have what Huxley calls new physiological species arising. I
+should require several species of Verbascum besides the white and yellow
+varieties of the same species. It will be tiresome work, but if I can
+anyhow get the plants, it shall be tried.
+
+Thirdly: Can you give me seeds of any Rubiaceae of the sub-order
+Cinchoneae, as Spermacoce, Diodia, Mitchella, Oldenlandia? Asa Gray says
+they present two forms like Primula. I am sure that this subject is
+well worth working out. I have just almost proved a very curious case
+in Linum grandiflorum which presents two forms, A and B. Pollen of A is
+perfectly fertile on stigma of A. But pollen of B is absolutely barren
+on its own stigma; you might as well put so much flour on it. It
+astounded me to see the stigmas of B purple with its own pollen; and
+then put a few grains of similar-looking pollen of A on them, and the
+germen immediately and always swelled; those not thus treated never
+swelling.
+
+Fourthly: Can you give me any very hairy Saxifraga (for their functions)
+[i.e. the functions of the hairs]?
+
+I send you a resume of my requests, to save you trouble. Nor would I ask
+for so much aid if I did not think all these points well worth trying to
+investigate.
+
+My dear old friend, a letter from you always does me a world of good.
+And, the Lord have mercy on me, what a return I make.
+
+
+LETTER 602. TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, October 4th [1861].
+
+Will you have the kindness to read the enclosed, and look at the
+diagram. Six words will answer my question. It is not an important
+point, but there is to me an irresistible charm in trying to make out
+homologies. (602/1. In 1880 he wrote to Mr. Bentham: "It was very kind
+of you to write to me about the Orchideae, for it has pleased me to an
+extreme degree that I could have been of the least use to you about the
+nature of the parts."--"Life and Letters," III., page 264.) You know
+the membranous cup or clinandrum, in many orchids, behind the stigma and
+rostellum: it is formed of a membrane which unites the filament of the
+normal dorsal anther with the edges of the pistil. The clinandrum is
+largely developed in Malaxis, and is of considerable importance in
+retaining the pollinia, which as soon as the flower opens are quite
+loose.
+
+The appearance and similarity of the tissues, etc., at once gives
+suspicion that the lateral membranes of the clinandrum are the two other
+and rudimentary anthers, which in Orchis and Cephalanthera, etc., exist
+as mere papillae, here developed and utilised.
+
+Now for my question. Exactly in the middle of the filament of the
+normal anther, and exactly in the middle of the lateral membrane of the
+clinandrum, and running up to the same height, are quite similar bundles
+of spiral vessels; ending upwards almost suddenly. Now is not this
+structure a good argument that I interpret the homologies of the sides
+of clinandrum rightly? (602/2. Though Robert Brown made use of the
+spiral vessels of orchids, yet according to Eichler, "Bluthendiagramme,"
+1875, Volume I., page 184, Darwin was the first to make substantial
+additions to the conclusions deducible from the course of the vessels in
+relation to the problem of the morphology of these plants. Eichler
+gives Darwin's diagram side by side with that of Van Tieghem without
+attempting to decide between the differences in detail by which they are
+characterised.)
+
+I find that the great Bauer does not draw very correctly! (602/3. F.
+Bauer, whom Pritzel calls "der grosste Pflanzenmaler." The reference is
+to his "Illustrations of Orchidaceous Plants, with Notes and Prefatory
+Remarks by John Lindley," London, 1830-38, Folio. See "Fertilisation
+of Orchids," Edition II., page 82.) And, good Heavens, what a jumble he
+makes on functions.
+
+
+LETTER 603. TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, October 22nd. [1861].
+
+Acropera is a beast,--stigma does not open, everything seems contrived
+that it shall NOT be anyhow fertilised. There is something very odd
+about it, which could only be made out by incessant watching on several
+individual plants.
+
+I never saw the very curious flower of Canna; I should say the pollen
+was deposited where it is to prevent inevitable self-fertilisation.
+You have no time to try the smallest experiment, else it would be worth
+while to put pollen on some stigmas (supposing that it does not seed
+freely with you). Anyhow, insects would probably carry pollen from
+flower to flower, for Kurr states the tube formed by pistil, stamen and
+"nectarblatt" secretes (I presume internally) much nectar. Thanks for
+sending me the curious flower.
+
+Now I want much some wisdom; though I must write at considerable length,
+your answer may be very brief.
+
+(FIGURE 8.--FLORAL DIAGRAM OF AN ORCHID. The "missing bundle" could not
+be found in some species.)
+
+In R. Brown's admirable paper in the "Linnean Transacts." (603/4. Volume
+XVI., page 685.) he suggests (and Lindley cautiously agrees) that the
+flower of orchids consists of five whorls, the inner whorl of the two
+whorls of anthers being all rudimentary, and when the labellum presents
+ridges, two or three of the anthers of both whorls [are] combined with
+it. In the ovarium there are six bundles of vessels: R. Brown judged by
+transverse sections. It occurred to me, after what you said, to trace
+the vessels longitudinally, and I have succeeded well. Look at my
+diagram [Figure 8] (which please return, for I am transported with
+admiration at it), which shows the vessels which I have traced, one
+bundle to each of fifteen theoretical organs, and no more. You will see
+the result is nothing new, but it seems to confirm strongly R. Brown,
+for I have succeeded (perhaps he did, but he does not say so) in tracing
+the vessels belonging to each organ in front of each other to the same
+bundle in the ovarium: thus the vessels going to the lower sepal, to
+the side of the labellum, and to one stigma (when there are two) all
+distinctly branch from one ovarian bundle. So in other cases, but I have
+not completely traced (only seen) that going to the rostellum. But here
+comes my only point of novelty: in all orchids as yet looked at (even
+one with so simple a labellum as Gymnadenia and Malaxis) the vessels on
+the two sides of the labellum are derived from the bundle which goes to
+the lower sepal, as in the diagram. This leads me to conclude that the
+labellum is always a compound organ. Now I want to know whether it
+is conceivable that the vessels coming from one main bundle should
+penetrate an organ (the labellum) which receives its vessels from
+another main bundle? Does it not imply that all that part of the
+labellum which is supplied by vessels coming from a lateral bundle must
+be part of a primordially distinct organ, however closely the two may
+have become united? It is curious in Gymnadenia to trace the middle
+anterior bundle in the ovarium: when it comes to the orifice of the
+nectary it turns and runs right down it, then comes up the opposite side
+and runs to the apex of the labellum, whence each side of the nectary
+is supplied by vessels from the bundles, coming from the lower sepals.
+Hence even the thin nectary is essentially, I infer, tripartite; hence
+its tendency to bifurcation at its top. This view of the labellum always
+consisting of three organs (I believe four when thick, as in Mormodes,
+at base) seems to me to explain its great size and tripartite form,
+compared with the other petals. Certainly, if I may trust the vessels,
+the simple labellum of Gymnadenia consists of three organs soldered
+together. Forgive me for writing at such length; a very brief answer
+will suffice. I am desperately interested in the subject: the destiny
+of the whole human race is as nothing to the course of vessels of
+orchids...
+
+What plant has the most complex single stigma and pistil? The most
+complex I, in my ignorance, can think of is in Iris. I want to know
+whether anything beats in modification the rostellum of Catasetum.
+To-morrow I mean to be at Catasetum. Hurrah! What species is it? It
+is wonderfully different from that which Veitch sent me, which was C.
+saccatum.
+
+According to the vessels, an orchid flower consists of three sepals and
+two petals free; and of a compound organ (its labellum), consisting
+of one petal and of two (or three) modified anthers; and of a second
+compound body consisting of three pistils, one normal anther, and two
+modified anthers often forming the sides of the clinandrum.
+
+
+LETTER 604. TO JOHN LINDLEY.
+
+(604/1. It was in the autumn of 1861 that Darwin made up his mind to
+publish his Orchid work as a book, rather than as a paper in the Linnean
+Society's "Journal." (604/2. See "Life and Letters," III., page 266.)
+The following letter shows that the new arrangement served as an
+incitement to fresh work.)
+
+Down, October 25th [1861?]
+
+Mr. James Veitch has been most generous. I did not know that you had
+spoken to him. If you see him pray say I am truly grateful; I dare not
+write to a live Bishop or a Lady, but if I knew the address of "Rucker"?
+and might use your name as introduction, I might write. I am half mad on
+the subject. Hooker has sent me many exotics, but I stopped him, for I
+thought I should make a fool of myself; but since I have determined to
+publish I much regret it.
+
+
+(FIGURE 9.--HABENARIA CHLORANTHA (Longitudinal course of bundles).)
+
+(605/1. The three upper curved outlines, two of which passing through
+the words "upper sepal," "upper petal," "lower sepal," were in red in
+the original; for explanation see text.)
+
+
+LETTER 605. TO J.D. HOOKER.
+
+(605/2. The following letter is of interest because it relates to one of
+the two chief difficulties Darwin met with in working out the morphology
+of the orchid flower. In the orchid book (605/3. Edition I., page 303.)
+he wrote, "This anomaly [in Habenaria] is so far of importance, as it
+throws some doubt on the view which I have taken of the labellum being
+always an organ compounded of one petal and two petaloid stamens." That
+is to say, it leaves it open for a critic to assert that the vessels
+which enter the sides of the labellum are lateral vessels of the petal
+and do not necessarily represent petaloid stamens. In the sequel he
+gives a satisfactory answer to the supposed objector.)
+
+Down, November 10th, [1861].
+
+For the love of God help me. I believe all my work (about a
+fortnight) is useless. Look at this accursed diagram (Figure 9) of the
+butterfly-orchis [Habenaria], which I examined after writing to you
+yesterday, when I thought all my work done. Some of the ducts of the
+upper sepal (605/4. These would be described by modern morphologists as
+lower, not upper, sepals, etc. Darwin was aware that he used these terms
+incorrectly.) and upper petal run to the wrong bundles on the column. I
+have seen no such case.
+
+This case apparently shows that not the least reliance can be placed on
+the course of ducts. I am sure of my facts.
+
+There is great adhesion and extreme displacement of parts where the
+organs spring from the top of the ovarium. Asa Gray says ducts are very
+early developed, and it seems to me wonderful that they should pursue
+this course. It may be said that the lateral ducts in the labellum
+running into the antero-lateral ovarian bundle is no argument that the
+labellum consists of three organs blended together.
+
+In desperation (and from the curious way the base of upper petals are
+soldered at basal edges) I fancied the real form of upper sepal, upper
+petal and lower sepal might be as represented by red lines, and that
+there had been an incredible amount of splitting of sepals and petals
+and subsequent fusion.
+
+This seems a monstrous notion, but I have just looked at Bauer's drawing
+of allied Bonatea, and there is a degree of lobing of petals and sepals
+which would account for anything.
+
+Now could you spare me a dry flower out of your Herbarium of Bonatea
+speciosa (605/5. See "Fertilisation of Orchids," Edition I., page 304
+(note), where the resemblances between the anomalous vessels of Bonatea
+and Habenaria are described. On November 14th, 1861, he wrote to Sir
+Joseph: "You are a true friend in need. I can hardly bear to let the
+Bonatea soak long enough."), that I might soak and look for ducts. If
+I cannot explain the case of Habenaria all my work is smashed. I was a
+fool ever to touch orchids.
+
+
+LETTER 606. TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, November 17th [1861].
+
+What two very interesting and useful letters you have sent me. You
+rather astound me with respect to value of grounds of generalisation
+in the morphology of plants. It reminds me that years ago I sent you
+a grass to name, and your answer was, "It is certainly Festuca
+(so-and-so), but it agrees as badly with the description as most
+plants do." I have often laughed over this answer of a great
+botanist...Lindley, from whom I asked for an orchid with a simple
+labellum, has most kindly sent me a lot of what he marks "rare" and
+"rarissima" of peloric orchids, etc., but as they are dried I know not
+whether they will be of use. He has been most kind, and has suggested
+my writing to Lady D. Nevill, who has responded in a wonderfully kind
+manner, and has sent a lot of treasures. But I must stop; otherwise,
+by Jove, I shall be transformed into a botanist. I wish I had been one;
+this morphology is surprisingly interesting. Looking to your note, I
+may add that certainly the fifteen alternating bundles of spiral vessels
+(mingled with odd beadlike vessels in some cases) are present in many
+orchids. The inner whorl of anther ducts are oftenest aborted. I must
+keep clear of Apostasia, though I have cast many a longing look at it in
+Bauer. (606/1. Apostasia has two fertile anthers like Cypripedium. It
+is placed by Engler and Prantl in the Apostasieae or Apostasiinae, among
+the Orchideae, by others in a distinct but closely allied group.)
+
+I hope I may be well enough to read my own paper on Thursday, but I
+have been very seedy lately. (606/2. "On the two Forms, or Dimorphic
+Condition, in the Species of the Genus Primula," "Linn. Soc. Journ."
+1862. He did read the paper, but it cost him the next day in bed. "Life
+and Letters," III., page 299.) I see there is a paper at the Royal on
+the same night, which will more concern you, on fossil plants of Bovey
+(606/3. Oswald Heer, "The Fossil Flora of Bovey Tracey," "Phil. Trans.
+R. Soc." 1862, page 1039.), so that I suppose I shall not have you; but
+you must read my paper when published, as I shall very much like to hear
+what you think. It seems to me a large field for experiment. I shall
+make use of my Orchid little volume in illustrating modification of
+species doctrine, but I keep very, very doubtful whether I am not doing
+a foolish action in publishing. How I wish you would keep to your old
+intention and write a book on plants. (606/4. Possibly a book similar to
+that described in Letter 696.)
+
+
+LETTER 607. TO G. BENTHAM. Down, November 26th [1861].
+
+Our notes have crossed on the road. I know it is an honour to have a
+paper in the "Transactions," and I am much obliged to you for proposing
+it, but I should greatly prefer to publish in the "Journal." Nor does
+this apply exclusively to myself, for in old days at the Geological
+Society I always protested against an abstract appearing when the paper
+itself might appear. I abominate also the waste of time (and it would
+take me a day) in making an abstract. If the referee on my paper should
+recommend it to appear in the "Transactions," will you be so kind as to
+lay my earnest request before the Council that it may be permitted to
+appear in the "Journal?"
+
+You must be very busy with your change of residence; but when you are
+settled and have some leisure, perhaps you will be so kind as to give me
+some cases of dimorphism, like that of Primula. Should you object to my
+adding them to those given me by A. Gray? By the way, I heard from A.
+Gray this morning, and he gives me two very curious cases in Boragineae.
+
+
+LETTER 608. TO JOHN LINDLEY.
+
+(608/1. In the following fragment occurs the earliest mention of
+Darwin's work on the three sexual forms of Catasetum tridentatum. Sir
+R. Schomburgk (608/2. "Trans. Linn. Soc." XVII., page 522.) described
+Catasetum tridentatum, Monacanthus viridis and Myanthus barbatus
+occurring on a single plant, but it remained for Darwin to make out that
+they are the male, female and hermaphrodite forms of a single species.
+(608/3. "Fertilisation of Orchids," Edition I., page 236; Edition II.,
+page 196.)
+
+With regard to the species of Acropera (Gongora) (608/4. Acropera
+Loddigesii = Gongora galeata: A. luteola = G. fusca ("Index Kewensis").)
+he was wrong in his surmise. The apparent sterility seems to be
+explicable by Hildebrand's discovery (608/5. "Bot. Zeitung," 1863
+and 1865.) that in some orchids the ovules are not developed until
+pollinisation has occurred. (608/6. "Fertilisation of Orchids," Edition
+II., page 172. See Letter 633.))
+
+Down, December 15th [1861].
+
+I am so nearly ready for press that I will not ask for anything more;
+unless, indeed, you stumbled on Mormodes in flower. As I am writing I
+will just mention that I am convinced from the rudimentary state of
+the ovules, and from the state of the stigma, that the whole plant of
+Acropera luteola (and I believe A. Loddigesii) is male. Have you ever
+seen any form from the same countries which could be the females? Of
+course no answer is expected unless you have ever observed anything to
+bear on this. I may add [judging from the] state of the ovules and of
+the pollen [that]:--
+
+Catasetum tridentatum is male (and never seeds, according to Schomburgk,
+whom you have accidentally misquoted in the "Vegetable Kingdom").
+Monacanthus viridis is female. Myanthus barbatus is the hermaphrodite
+form of same species.
+
+
+LETTER 609. TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, December 18th [1861].
+
+Thanks for your note. I have not written for a long time, for I always
+fancy, busy as you are, that my letters must be a bore; though I like
+writing, and always enjoy your notes. I can sympathise with you about
+fear of scarlet fever: to the day of my death I shall never forget all
+the sickening fear about the other children, after our poor little baby
+died of it. The "Genera Plantarum" must be a tremendous work, and no
+doubt very valuable (such a book, odd as it may appear, would be very
+useful even to me), but I cannot help being rather sorry at the length
+of time it must take, because I cannot enter on and understand your
+work. Will you not be puzzled when you come to the orchids? It seems to
+me orchids alone would be work for a man's lifetime; I cannot somehow
+feel satisfied with Lindley's classification; the Malaxeae and
+Epidendreae seem to me very artificially separated. (609/1. Pfitzer (in
+the "Pflanzenfamilien") places Epidendrum in the Laeliinae-Cattleyeae,
+Malaxis in the Liparidinae. He states that Bentham united the Malaxideae
+and Epidendreae.) Not that I have seen enough to form an opinion worth
+anything.
+
+Your African plant seems to be a vegetable Ornithorhynchus, and indeed
+much more than that. (609/2. See Sir J.D. Hooker, "On Welwitschia, a new
+genus of Gnetaceae." "Linn. Soc. Trans." XXIV., 1862-3.) The more I read
+about plants the more I get to feel that all phanerogams seem comparable
+with one class, as lepidoptera, rather than with one kingdom, as the
+whole insecta. (609/3. He wrote to Hooker (December 28th, 1861): "I
+wrote carelessly about the value of phanerogams; what I was thinking of
+was that the sub-groups seemed to blend so much more one into another
+than with most classes of animals. I suspect crustacea would show more
+difference in the extreme forms than phanerogams, but, as you say, it is
+wild speculation. Yet it is very strange what difficulty botanists seem
+to find in grouping the families together into masses.")
+
+Thanks for your comforting sentence about the accursed ducts (accursed
+though they be, I should like nothing better than to work at them in the
+allied orders, if I had time). I shall be ready for press in three
+or four weeks, and have got all my woodcuts drawn. I fear much that
+publishing separately will prove a foolish job, but I do not care much,
+and the work has greatly amused me. The Catasetum has not flowered yet!
+
+In writing to Lindley about an orchid which he sent me, I told him a
+little about Acropera, and in answer he suggests that Gongora may be its
+female. He seems dreadfully busy, and I feel that I have more right to
+kill you than to kill him; so can you send me one or at most two dried
+flowers of Gongora? if you know the habitat of Acropera luteola, a
+Gongora from the same country would be the best, but any true Gongora
+would do; if its pollen should prove as rudimentary as that of
+Monacanthus relatively to Catasetum, I think I could easily perceive it
+even in dried specimens when well soaked.
+
+I have picked a little out of Lecoq, but it is awful tedious hunting.
+
+Bates is getting on with his natural history travels in one volume.
+(609/4. H.W. Bates, the "Naturalist on the Amazons," 1863. See Volume
+I., Letters 123, 148, also "Life and Letters," Volume II., page 381.) I
+have read the first chapter in MS., and I think it will be an excellent
+book and very well written; he argues, in a good and new way to me,
+that tropical climate has very little direct relation to the gorgeous
+colouring of insects (though of course he admits the tropics have a far
+greater number of beautiful insects) by taking all the few genera common
+to Britain and Amazonia, and he finds that the species proper to the
+latter are not at all more beautiful. I wonder how this is in species of
+the same restricted genera of plants.
+
+If you can remember it, thank Bentham for getting my Primula paper
+printed so quickly. I do enjoy getting a subject off one's hands
+completely.
+
+I have now got dimorphism in structure in eight natural orders just like
+Primula. Asa Gray sent me dried flowers of a capital case in Amsinkia
+spectabilis, one of the Boragineae. I suppose you do not chance to have
+the plant alive at Kew.
+
+
+LETTER 610. TO A.G. MORE. Down, June 7th, 1862.
+
+If you are well and have leisure, will you kindly give me one bit of
+information: Does Ophrys arachnites occur in the Isle of Wight? or do
+the intermediate forms, which are said to connect abroad this species
+and the bee-orchis, ever there occur?
+
+Some facts have led me to suspect that it might just be possible, though
+improbable in the highest degree, that the bee [orchis] might be the
+self-fertilising form of O. arachnites, which requires insects' aid,
+something [in the same way] as we have self-fertilising flowers of
+the violet and others requiring insects. I know the case is widely
+different, as the bee is borne on a separate plant and is incomparably
+commoner. This would remove the great anomaly of the bee being a
+perpetual self-fertiliser. Certain Malpighiaceae for years produce only
+one of the two forms. What has set my head going on this is receiving
+to-day a bee having one alone of the best marked characters of O.
+arachnites. (610/1. Ophrys arachnites is probably more nearly allied to
+O. aranifera than to O. apifera. For a case somewhat analogous to
+that suggested see the description of O. scolopax in "Fertilisation of
+Orchids," Edition II., page 52.) Pray forgive me troubling you.
+
+
+LETTER 611. TO G. BENTHAM. Down, June 22nd [1862?].
+
+Here is a piece of presumption! I must think that you are mistaken in
+ranking Hab[enaria] chlorantha (611/1. In Hooker's "Students' Flora,"
+1884, page 395, H. chlorantha is given as a subspecies of H. bifolia.
+Sir J.D. Hooker adds that they are "according to Darwin, distinct, and
+require different species of moths to fertilise them. They vary in the
+position and distances of their anther-cells, but intermediates occur."
+See "Fertilisation of Orchids," Edition II., page 73.) as a variety of
+H. bifolia; the pollen-masses and stigma differ more than in most of the
+best species of Orchis. When I first examined them I remember telling
+Hooker that moths would, I felt sure, fertilise them in a different
+manner; and I have just had proof of this in a moth sent me with the
+pollinia (which can be easily recognised) of H. chlorantha attached to
+its proboscis, instead of to the sides of its face, as an H. bifolia.
+
+Forgive me scribbling this way; but when a man gets on his hobby-horse
+he always is run away with. Anyhow, nothing here requires any answer.
+
+
+LETTER 612. TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, [September] 14th [1862].
+
+Your letter is a mine of wealth, but first I must scold you: I cannot
+abide to hear you abuse yourself, even in joke, and call yourself a
+stupid dog. You, in fact, thus abuse me, because for long years I have
+looked up to you as the man whose opinion I have valued more on any
+scientific subject than any one else in the world. I continually
+marvel at what you know, and at what you do. I have been looking at the
+"Genera" (612/1. "Genera Plantarum," by Bentham and Hooker, Volume I.,
+Part I., 1862.), and of course cannot judge at all of its real value,
+but I can judge of the amount of condensed facts under each family and
+genus.
+
+I am glad you know my feeling of not being able to judge about one's own
+work; but I suspect that you have been overworking. I should think you
+could not give too much time to Wellwitchia (I spell it different every
+time I write it) (612/2. "On Welwitschia," "Linn. Soc. Trans." [1862],
+XXIV., 1863.); at least I am sure in the animal kingdom monographs
+cannot be too long on the osculant groups.
+
+Hereafter I shall be excessively glad to read a paper about Aldrovanda
+(612/3. See "Insectivorous Plants," page 321.), and am very much obliged
+for reference. It is pretty to see how the caught flies support Drosera;
+nothing else can live.
+
+Thanks about plants with two kinds of anthers. I presume (if an included
+flower was a Cassia) (612/4. Todd has described a species of Cassia with
+an arrangement of stamens like the Melastomads. See Chapter 2.X.II.)
+that Cassia is like lupines, but with some stamens still more
+rudimentary. If I hear I will return the three Melastomads; I do not
+want them, and, indeed, have cuttings. I am very low about them, and
+have wasted enormous labour over them, and cannot yet get a glimpse of
+the meaning of the parts. I wish I knew any botanical collector to whom
+I could apply for seeds in their native land of any Heterocentron or
+Monochoetum; I have raised plenty of seedlings from your plants, but
+I find in other cases that from a homomorphic union one generally gets
+solely the parent form. Do you chance to know of any botanical collector
+in Mexico or Peru? I must not now indulge myself with looking after
+vessels and homologies. Some future time I will indulge myself. By the
+way, some time I want to talk over the alternation of organs in flowers
+with you, for I think I must have quite misunderstood you that it was
+not explicable.
+
+I found out the Verbascum case by pure accident, having transplanted
+one for experiment, and finding it to my astonishment utterly sterile.
+I formerly thought with you about rarity of natural hybrids, but I am
+beginning to change: viz., oxlips (not quite proven), Verbascum, Cistus
+(not quite proven), Aegilops triticoides (beautifully shown by Godron),
+Weddell's and your orchids (612/5. For Verbascum see "Animals and
+Plants," Edition II., Volume I., page 356; for Cistus, Ibid., Edition
+II., Volume I., page 356, Volume II., page 122; for Aegilops, Ibid.,
+Edition II., Volume I., page 330, note.), and I daresay many others
+recorded. Your letters are one of my greatest pleasures in life, but I
+earnestly beg you never to write unless you feel somewhat inclined, for
+I know how hard you work, as I work only in the morning it is different
+with me, and is only a pleasant relaxation. You will never know how much
+I owe to you for your constant kindness and encouragement.
+
+
+LETTER 613. TO JOHN LUBBOCK (Lord Avebury). Cliff Cottage, Bournemouth,
+Hants, September 2nd [1862].
+
+Hearty thanks for your note. I am so glad that your tour answered so
+splendidly. My poor patients (613/1. Mrs. Darwin and one of her sons,
+both recovering from scarlet fever.) got here yesterday, and are doing
+well, and we have a second house for the well ones. I write now in great
+haste to beg you to look (though I know how busy you are, but I cannot
+think of any other naturalist who would be careful) at any field of
+common red clover (if such a field is near you) and watch the hive-bees:
+probably (if not too late) you will see some sucking at the mouth of the
+little flowers and some few sucking at the base of the flowers, at holes
+bitten through the corollas. All that you will see is that the bees put
+their heads deep into the [flower] head and rout about. Now, if you see
+this, do for Heaven's sake catch me some of each and put in spirits and
+keep them separate. I am almost certain that they belong to two castes,
+with long and short proboscids. This is so curious a point that it seems
+worth making out. I cannot hear of a clover field near here.
+
+
+LETTER 614. TO JOHN LUBBOCK (Lord Avebury). Cliff Cottage, Bournemouth,
+Wednesday, September 3rd [1862].
+
+I beg a million pardons. Abuse me to any degree, but forgive me: it
+is all an illusion (but almost excusable) about the bees. (614/1.
+H. Muller, "Fertilisation of Flowers," page 186, describes hive-bees
+visiting Trifolium pratense for the sake of the pollen. Darwin may
+perhaps have supposed that these were the variety of bees whose
+proboscis was long enough to reach the nectar. In "Cross and Self
+Fertilisation," page 361, Darwin describes hive-bees apparently
+searching for a secretion on the calyx. In the same passage in "Cross
+and Self Fertilisation" he quotes Muller as stating that hive-bees
+obtain nectar from red clover by breaking apart the petals. This seems
+to us a misinterpretation of the "Befruchtung der Blumen," page 224.) I
+do so hope that you have not wasted any time from my stupid blunder. I
+hate myself, I hate clover, and I hate bees.
+
+
+(FIGURE 10.--DIAGRAM OF CRUCIFEROUS FLOWER.
+
+FIGURE 11.--DISSECTION OF CRUCIFEROUS FLOWER.
+
+Laid flat open, showing by dotted lines the course of spiral vessels
+in all the organs; sepals and petals shown on one side alone, with the
+stamens on one side above with course of vessels indicated, but not
+prolonged. Near side of pistil with one spiral vessel cut away.)
+
+
+LETTER 615. TO J.D. HOOKER. Cliff Cottage, Bournemouth, September 11th,
+1862.
+
+You once told me that Cruciferous flowers were anomalous in alternation
+of parts, and had given rise to some theory of dedoublement.
+
+Having nothing on earth to do here, I have dissected all the spiral
+vessels in a flower, and instead of burning my diagrams [Figures 10 and
+11], I send them to you, you miserable man. But mind, I do not want you
+to send me a discussion, but just some time to say whether my notions
+are rubbish, and then burn the diagrams. It seems to me that all parts
+alternate beautifully by fours, on the hypothesis that two short
+stamens of outer whorl are aborted (615/1. The view given by Darwin is
+(according to Eichler) that previously held by Knuth, Wydler, Chatin,
+and others. Eichler himself believes that the flower is dimerous, the
+four longer stamens being produced by the doubling or splitting of the
+upper (i.e. antero-posterior) pair of stamens. If this view is correct,
+and there are good reasons for it, it throws much suspicion on the
+evidence afforded by the course of vessels, for there is no trace of the
+common origin of the longer stamens in the diagram (Figure 11). Again,
+if Eichler is right, the four vessels shown in the section of the ovary
+are misleading. Darwin afterwards gave a doubtful explanation of this,
+and concluded that the ovary is dimerous. See Letter 616.); and this
+view is perhaps supported by their being so few, only two sub-bundles
+in the two lateral main bundles, where I imagine two short stamens
+have aborted, but I suppose there is some valid objection against this
+notion. The course of the side vessels in the sepals is curious, just
+like my difficulty in Habenaria. (615/2. See Letter 605.) I am surprised
+at the four vessels in the ovarium. Can this indicate four confluent
+pistils? anyhow, they are in the right alternating position. The nectary
+within the base of the shorter stamens seems to cause the end sepals
+apparently, but not really, to arise beneath the lateral sepals.
+
+I think you will understand my diagrams in five minutes, so forgive me
+for bothering you. My writing this to you reminds me of a letter which I
+received yesterday from Claparede, who helped the French translatress
+of the "Origin" (615/3. The late Mlle. Royer.), and he tells me he had
+difficulty in preventing her (who never looked at a bee's cell) from
+altering my whole description, because she affirmed that an hexagonal
+prism must have an hexagonal base! Almost everywhere in the "Origin,"
+when I express great doubt, she appends a note explaining the
+difficulty, or saying that there is none whatever!! (615/4. See
+"Life and Letters," II., page 387.) It is really curious to know what
+conceited people there are in the world (people, for instance, after
+looking at one Cruciferous flower, explain their homologies).
+
+This is a nice, but most barren country, and I can find nothing to
+look at. Even the brooks and ponds produce nothing. The country is like
+Patagonia. my wife is almost well, thank God, and Leonard is wonderfully
+improved ...Good God, what an illness scarlet fever is! The doctor
+feared rheumatic fever for my wife, but she does not know her risk. It
+is now all over.
+
+
+(FIGURE 12.)
+
+
+LETTER 616. TO J.D. HOOKER. Cliff Cottage, Bournemouth, Thursday Evening
+[September 18th, 1862].
+
+Thanks for your pleasant note, which told me much news, and upon the
+whole good, of yourselves. You will be awfully busy for a time, but I
+write now to say that if you think it really worth while to send me a
+few Dielytra, or other Fumariaceous plant (which I have already tried
+in vain to find here) in a little tin box, I will try and trace the
+vessels; but please observe, I do not know that I shall have time, for I
+have just become wonderfully interested in experimenting on Drosera with
+poisons, etc. If you send any Fumariaceous plant, send if you can, also
+two or three single balsams. After writing to you, I looked at vessels
+of ovary of a sweet-pea, and from this and other cases I believe that in
+the ovary the midrib vessel alone gives homologies, and that the vessels
+on the edge of the carpel leaf often run into the wrong bundle, just
+like those on the sides of the sepals. Hence I [suppose] in Crucifers
+that the ovarium consists of two pistils; AA [Figure 12] being the
+midrib vessels, and BB being those formed of the vessels on edges of the
+two carpels, run together, and going to wrong bundles. I came to this
+conclusion before receiving your letter.
+
+I wonder why Asa Gray will not believe in the quaternary arrangement;
+I had fancied that you saw some great difficulty in the case, and that
+made me think that my notion must be wrong.
+
+
+LETTER 617. TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, September 27th [1862].
+
+Masdevallia turns out nothing wonderful (617/1. This may refer to the
+homologies of the parts. He was unable to understand the mechanism of
+the flower.--"Fertilisation of Orchids," Edition II., page 136.); I was
+merely stupid about it; I am not the less obliged for its loan, for if
+I had lived till 100 years old I should have been uneasy about it. It
+shall be returned the first day I send to Bromley. I have steamed the
+other plants, and made the sensitive plant very sensitive, and
+shall soon try some experiments on it. But after all it will only be
+amusement. Nevertheless, if not causing too much trouble, I should be
+very glad of a few young plants of this and Hedysarum in summer (617/2.
+Hedysarum or Desmodium gyrans, the telegraph-plant.), for this kind
+of work takes no time and amuses me much. Have you seeds of Oxalis
+sensitiva, which I see mentioned in books? By the way, what a fault it
+is in Henslow's "Botany" that he gives hardly any references; he alludes
+to great series of experiments on absorption of poison by roots, but
+where to find them I cannot guess. Possibly the all-knowing Oliver may
+know. I can plainly see that the glands of Drosera, from rapid power
+(almost instantaneous) of absorption and power of movement, give
+enormous advantage for such experiments. And some day I will enjoy
+myself with a good set to work; but it will be a great advantage if I
+can get some preliminary notion on other sensitive plants and on roots.
+
+Oliver said he would speak about some seeds of Lythrum hyssopifolium
+being preserved for me. By the way, I am rather disgusted to find
+I cannot publish this year on Lythrum salicaria; I must make 126
+additional crosses. All that I expected is true, but I have plain
+indication of much higher complexity. There are three pistils of
+different structure and functional power, and I strongly suspect
+altogether five kinds of pollen all different in this one species!
+(617/3. See "Forms of Flowers," Edition II., page 138.)
+
+By any chance have you at Kew any odd varieties of the common potato? I
+want to grow a few plants of every variety, to compare flowers, leaves,
+fruit, etc., as I have done with peas, etc. (617/4. "Animals and
+Plants," Edition II., Volume I., page 346. Compare also the similar
+facts with regard to cabbages, loc. cit., page 342. Some of the original
+specimens are in the Botanical Museum at Cambridge.)
+
+
+LETTER 618. J.D. HOOKER TO CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+(618/1. The following is part of Letter 144, Volume I. It refers to
+reviews of "Fertilisation of Orchids" in the "Gardeners' Chronicle,"
+1862, pages 789, 863, 910, and in the "Natural History Review," October,
+1862, page 371.)
+
+November 7th, 1862.
+
+Dear old Darwin,
+
+I assure you it was not my fault! I worried Lindley over and over again
+to notice your orchid book in the "Chronicle" by the very broadest hints
+man could give. (618/2. See "Life and Letters," III., page 273.) At
+last he said, "really I cannot, you must do it for me," and so I
+did--volontiers. Lindley felt that he ought to have done it himself, and
+my main effort was to write it "a la Lindley," and in this alone I have
+succeeded--that people all think it is exactly Lindley's style!!! which
+diverts me vastly. The fact is, between ourselves, I fear that poor L.
+is breaking up--he said that he could not fix his mind on your book. He
+works himself beyond his mental or physical powers.
+
+And now, my dear Darwin, I may as well make a clean breast of it, and
+tell you that I wrote the "Nat. Hist. Review" notice too--to me a very
+difficult task, and one I fancied I failed in, comparatively. Of this
+you are no judge, and can be none; you told me to tell Oliver it pleased
+you, and so I am content and happy.
+
+
+LETTER 619. TO W.E. DARWIN. Down, 4th [about 1862-3?]
+
+I have been looking at the fertilisation of wheat, and I think possibly
+you might find something curious. I observed in almost every one of
+the pollen-grains, which had become empty and adhered to (I suppose the
+viscid) branching hairs of the stigma, that the pollen-tube was always
+(?) emitted on opposite side of grain to that in contact with the branch
+of the stigma. This seems very odd. The branches of the stigma are
+very thin, formed apparently of three rows of cells of hardly greater
+diameter than pollen-tube. I am astonished that the tubes should be able
+to penetrate the walls. The specimens examined (not carefully by me)
+had pollen only during few hours on stigma; and the mere SUSPICION has
+crossed me that the pollen-tubes crawl down these branches to the base
+and then penetrate the stigmatic tissue. (619/1. See Strasburger's "Neue
+Untersuchungen uber den Befruchtungsvorgang bei den Phanerogamen," 1884.
+In Alopecurus pratensis he describes the pollen as adhering to the end
+of a projection from the stigma where it germinates; the tube crawls
+along or spirally round this projection until it reaches the angle where
+the stigmatic branch is given off; here it makes an entrance and travels
+in the middle lamella between two cells.) The paleae open for a
+short period for stigma to be dusted, and then close again, and such
+travelling down would take place under protection. High powers and good
+adjustment are necessary. Ears expel anthers when kept in water in room;
+but the paleae apparently do not open and expose stigma; but the stigma
+could easily be artificially impregnated.
+
+If I were you I would keep memoranda of points worth attending to.
+
+
+2.X.II. MELASTOMACEAE, 1862-1881.
+
+(620/1. The following series of letters (620-630) refers to the
+Melastomaceae and certain other flowers of analogous form. In 1862
+Darwin attempted to explain the existence of two very different sets of
+stamens in these plants as a case of dimorphism, somewhat analogous to
+the state of things in Primula. In this view he was probably wrong,
+but this does not diminish the interest of the crossing experiments
+described in the letters. The persistence of his interest in this part
+of the subject is shown in the following passage from his Preface to the
+English translation of H. Muller's "Befruchtung der Blumen"; the passage
+is dated February, 1882, but was not published until the following year.
+
+"There exist also some few plants the flowers of which include two sets
+of stamens, differing in the shape of the anthers and in the colour of
+the pollen; and at present no one knows whether this difference has
+any functional significance, and this is a point which ought to be
+determined."
+
+It is not obvious why he spoke of the problem as if no light had been
+thrown on it, since in 1881 Fritz Muller had privately (see Letter 629)
+offered an explanation which Darwin was strongly inclined to accept.
+(620/2. H. Muller published ("Nature," August 4th, 1881) a letter
+from his brother Fritz giving the theory in question for Heeria. Todd
+("American Naturalist," April 1882), described a similar state of things
+in Solanum rostratum and in Cassia: and H.O. Forbes ("Nature," August
+1882, page 386) has done the same for Melastoma. In Rhexia virginica Mr.
+W.H. Leggett ("Bulletin Torrey Bot. Club, New York," VIII., 1881, page
+102) describes the curious structure of the anther, which consists of
+two inflated portions and a tubular part connecting the two. By pressing
+with a blunt instrument on one of the ends, the pollen is forced out
+in a jet through a fine pore in the other inflated end. Mr. Leggett has
+seen bees treading on the anthers, but could not get near enough to
+see the pollen expelled. In the same journal, Volume IX., page 11,
+Mr. Bailey describes how in Heterocentron roseum, "upon pressing the
+bellows-like anther with a blunt pencil, the pollen was ejected to
+a full inch in distance." On Lagerstroemia as comparable with the
+Melastomads see Letter 689.) Fritz Muller's theory with regard to
+the Melastomads and a number of analogous cases in other genera are
+discussed in H. Muller's article in "Kosmos" (620/3. "Kosmos," XIII.,
+1883, page 241.), where the literature is given. F. Muller's theory is
+that in Heeria the yellow anthers serve merely as a means of attracting
+pollen-collecting bees, while the longer stamens with purple or crimson
+anthers supply pollen for fertilising purposes. If Muller is right the
+pollen from the yellow anthers would not normally reach the stigma. The
+increased vigour observed in the seedlings from the yellow anthers
+would seem to resemble the good effect of a cross between different
+individuals of the same species as worked out in "Cross and Self
+Fertilisation," for it is difficult to believe that the pollen of the
+purple anthers has become, by adaptation, less effective than that
+of the yellow anthers. In the letters here given there is some
+contradiction between the statements as to the position of the two
+sets of stamens in relation to the sepals. According to Eichler
+("Bluthendiagramme, II., page 482) the longer stamens may be either
+epipetalous or episepalous in this family.
+
+The work on the Melastomads is of such intrinsic importance that we have
+thought it right to give the correspondence in considerable detail; we
+have done so in spite of the fact that Darwin arrived at no
+definite conclusion, and in spite of an element of confusion and
+unsatisfactoriness in the series of letters. This applies also to Letter
+629, written after Darwin had learned Fritz Muller's theory, which is
+obscured by some errors or slips of the pen.)
+
+
+LETTER 620. TO G. BENTHAM. Down, February 3rd [1862?]
+
+As you so kindly helped me before on dimorphism, will you forgive me
+begging for a little further information, if in your power to give it?
+The case is that of the Melastomads with eight stamens, on which I have
+been experimenting. I am perplexed by opposed statements: Lindley says
+the stamens which face the petals are sterile; Wallich says in Oxyspora
+paniculata that the stamens which face the sepals are destitute of
+pollen; I find plenty of apparently good pollen in both sets of stamens
+in Heterocentron [Heeria], Monochoetum, and Centradenia. Can you throw
+any light on this? But there is another point on which I am more anxious
+for information. Please look at the enclosed miserable diagram. I find
+that the pollen of the yellow petal-facing stamens produce more than
+twice as much seed as the pollen of the purple sepal-facing stamens.
+This is exactly opposed to Lindley's statement--viz., that the
+petal-facing stamens are sterile. But I cannot at present believe that
+the case has any relation to abortion; it is hardly possible to believe
+that the longer and very curious stamens, which face the sepals in
+this Heterocentron, are tending to be rudimentary, though their
+pollen applied to their own flowers produces so much less seed. It is
+conformable with what we see in Primula that the [purple] sepal-facing
+anthers, which in the plant seen by me stood quite close on each side
+of the stigma, should have been rendered less fitted to fertilise the
+stigma than the stamens on the opposite side of the flower. Hence the
+suspicion has crossed me that if many plants of the Heterocentron roseum
+were examined, half would be found with the pistil nearly upright,
+instead of being rectangularly bent down, as shown in the diagram
+(620/4. According to Willis, "Flowering Plants and Ferns," 1897, Volume
+II., page 252, the style in Monochoetum, "at first bent downwards, moves
+slowly up till horizontal."); or, if the position of pistil is fixed,
+that in half the plants the petal-facing stamens would bend down, and in
+the other half of the plants the sepal-facing stamens would bend down as
+in the diagram. I suspect the former case, as in Centradenia I find the
+pistil nearly straight. Can you tell me? (620/5. No reply by Mr.
+Bentham to this or the following queries has been found.) Can the name
+Heterocentron have any reference to such diversity? Would it be
+asking too great a favour to ask you to look at dried specimens of
+Heterocentron roseum (which would be best), or of Monochoetum, or any
+eight-stamened Melastomad, of which you have specimens from several
+localities (as this would ensure specimens having been taken from
+distinct plants), and observe whether the pistil bends differently or
+stamens differently in different plants? You will at once see that, if
+such were the fact, it would be a new form of dimorphism, and would open
+up a large field of inquiry with respect to the potency of the pollen in
+all plants which have two sets of stamens--viz., longer and shorter. Can
+you forgive me for troubling you at such unreasonable length? But it is
+such waste of time to experiment without some guiding light. I do not
+know whether you have attended particularly to Melastoma; if you
+have not, perhaps Hooker or Oliver may have done so. I should be very
+grateful for any information, as it will guide future experiments.
+
+P.S.--Do you happen to know, when there are only four stamens, whether
+it is the petal or sepal-facers which are preserved? and whether in the
+four-stamened forms the pistil is rectangularly bent or is straight?
+
+
+LETTER 621. TO ASA GRAY. Down, February 16th [1862?].
+
+I have been trying a few experiments on Melastomads; and they seem to
+indicate that the pollen of the two curious sets of anthers (i.e. the
+petal-facers and the sepal-facers) have very different powers; and it
+does not seem that the difference is connected with any tendency to
+abortion in the one set. Now I think I can understand the structure of
+the flower and means of fertilisation, if there be two forms,--one with
+the pistil bent rectangularly out of the flower, and the other with it
+nearly straight.
+
+Our hot-house and green-house plants have probably all descended by
+cuttings from a single plant of each species; so I can make out nothing
+from them. I applied in vain to Bentham and Hooker; but Oliver picked
+out some sentences from Naudin, which seem to indicate differences in
+the position of the pistil.
+
+I see that Rhexia grows in Massachusetts; and I suppose has two
+different sets of stamens. Now, if in your power, would you observe the
+position of the pistil in different plants, in lately opened flowers
+of the same age? (I specify this because in Monochaetum I find great
+changes of position in the pistils and stamens, as flower gets old).
+Supposing that my prophecy should turn out right, please observe whether
+in both forms the passage into the flower is not [on] the upper side
+of the pistil, owing to the basal part of the pistil lying close to the
+ring of filaments on the under side of the flower. Also I should like to
+know the colour of the two sets of anthers. This would take you only a
+few minutes, and is the only way I see that I can find out whether these
+plants are dimorphic in this peculiar way--i.e., only in the position
+of the pistil (621/1. In Exacum and in Saintpaulia the flowers are
+dimorphic in this sense: the style projects to either the right or the
+left side of the corolla, from which it follows that a right-handed
+flower would fertilise a left-handed one, and vice versa. See Willis,
+"Flowering Plants and Ferns," 1897, Volume I., page 73.) and in its
+relation to the two kinds of pollen. I am anxious about this, because if
+it should prove so, it will show that all plants with longer and shorter
+or otherwise different anthers will have to be examined for dimorphism.
+
+
+LETTER 622. TO ASA GRAY. March 15th [1862].
+
+...I wrote some little time ago about Rhexia; since then I have been
+carefully watching and experimenting on another genus, Monochaetum; and
+I find that the pistil is first bent rectangularly (as in the sketch
+sent), and then in a few days becomes straight: the stamens also move.
+If there be not two forms of Rhexia, will you compare the position of
+the part in young and old flowers? I have a suspicion (perhaps it will
+be proved wrong when the seed-capsules are ripe) that one set of anthers
+are adapted to the pistil in early state, and the other set for it
+in its later state. If bees visit the Rhexia, for Heaven's sake watch
+exactly how the anther and stigma strike them, both in old and young
+flowers, and give me a sketch.
+
+Again I say, do not hate me.
+
+
+LETTER 623. TO J.D. HOOKER. Leith Hill Place, Dorking, Thursday, 15th
+[May 1862].
+
+You stated at the Linnean Society that different sets of seedling
+Cinchona (623/1. Cinchona is apparently heterostyled: see "Forms of
+Flowers," Edition II., page 134.) grew at very different rate, and from
+my Primula case you attributed it probably to two sorts of pollen. I
+confess I thought you rash, but I now believe you were quite right.
+I find the yellow and crimson anthers of the same flower in the
+Melastomatous Heterocentron roseum have different powers; the yellow
+producing on the same plant thrice as many seeds as the crimson anthers.
+I got my neighbour's most skilful gardener to sow both kinds of seeds,
+and yesterday he came to me and said it is a most extraordinary thing
+that though both lots have been treated exactly alike, one lot all
+remain dwarfs and the other lot are all rising high up. The dwarfs were
+produced by the pollen of the crimson anthers. In Monochaetum ensiferum
+the facts are more complex and still more strange; as the age and
+position of the pistils comes into play, in relation to the two kinds of
+pollen. These facts seem to me so curious that I do not scruple to ask
+you to see whether you can lend me any Melastomad just before flowering,
+with a not very small flower, and which will endure for a short time a
+greenhouse or sitting-room; when fertilised and watered I could send it
+to Mr. Turnbull's to a cool stove to mature seed. I fully believe the
+case is worth investigation.
+
+P.S.--You will not have time at present to read my orchid book; I never
+before felt half so doubtful about anything which I published. When you
+read it, do not fear "punishing" me if I deserve it.
+
+Adios. I am come here to rest, which I much want.
+
+Whenever you have occasion to write, pray tell me whether you have
+Rhododendron Boothii from Bhootan, with a smallish yellow flower,
+and pistil bent the wrong way; if so, I would ask Oliver to look for
+nectary, for it is an abominable error of Nature that must be corrected.
+I could hardly believe my eyes when I saw the pistil.
+
+
+LETTER 624. TO ASA GRAY. January 19th [1863].
+
+I have been at those confounded Melastomads again; throwing good money
+(i.e. time) after bad. Do you remember telling me you could see no
+nectar in your Rhexia? well, I can find none in Monochaetum, and Bates
+tells me that the flowers are in the most marked manner neglected by
+bees and lepidoptera in Amazonia. Now the curious projections or horns
+to the stamens of Monochaetum are full of fluid, and the suspicion
+occurs to me that diptera or small hymenoptera may puncture these horns
+like they puncture (proved since my orchid book was published) the dry
+nectaries of true Orchis. I forget whether Rhexia is common; but I very
+much wish you would next summer watch on a warm day a group of flowers,
+and see whether they are visited by small insects, and what they do.
+
+
+LETTER 625. TO I.A. HENRY. Down, January 20th [1863].
+
+...You must kindly permit me to mention any point on which I want
+information. If you are so inclined, I am curious to know from
+systematic experiments whether Mr. D. Beaton's statement that the pollen
+of two shortest anthers of scarlet Pelargonium produce dwarf plants
+(625/1. See "Animals and Plants," Edition II., Volume II., page 150, for
+a brief account of Darwin's experiments on this genus. Also loc. cit.,
+page 338 (note), for a suggested experiment.), in comparison with plants
+produced from the same mother-plant by the pollen of longer stamens from
+the same flower. It would aid me much in some laborious experiments on
+Melastomads. I confess I feel a little doubtful; at least, I feel pretty
+nearly sure that I know the meaning of short stamens in most plants.
+This summer (for another object) I crossed Queen of Scarlet Pelargonium
+with pollen of long and short stamens of multiflora alba, and it so
+turns out that plants from short stamens are the tallest; but I believe
+this to have been mere chance. My few crosses in Pelargonium were made
+to get seed from the central peloric or regular flower (I have got one
+from peloric flower by pollen of peloric), and this leads me to suggest
+that it would be very interesting to test fertility of peloric flowers
+in three ways,--own peloric pollen on peloric stigma, common pollen
+on peloric stigma, peloric pollen on common stigma of same species. My
+object is to discover whether with change of structure of flower there
+is any change in fertility of pollen or of female organs. This might
+also be tested by trying peloric and common pollen on stigma of a
+distinct species, and conversely. I believe there is a peloric and
+common variety of Tropaeolum, and a peloric or upright and common
+variation of some species of Gloxinia, and the medial peloric flowers of
+Pelargonium, and probably others unknown to me.
+
+
+LETTER 626. TO I.A. HENRY. Hartfield, May 2nd [1863].
+
+In scarlet dwarf Pelargonium, you will find occasionally an additional
+and abnormal stamen on opposite and lower side of flower. Now the pollen
+of this one occasional short stamen, I think, very likely would produce
+dwarf plants. If you experiment on Pelargonium I would suggest your
+looking out for this single stamen.
+
+I observed fluctuations in length of pistil in Phloxes, but thought it
+was mere variability.
+
+If you could raise a bed of seedling Phloxes of any species except
+P. Drummondii, it would be highly desirable to see if two forms are
+presented, and I should be very grateful for information and flowers for
+inspection. I cannot remember, but I know that I had some reason to look
+after Phloxes. (626/1. See "Forms of Flowers," Edition II., page 119,
+where the conjecture is hazarded that Phlox subulata shows traces of a
+former heterostyled condition.)
+
+I do not know whether you have used microscopes much yet. It adds
+immensely to interest of all such work as ours, and is indeed
+indispensable for much work. Experience, however, has fully convinced me
+that the use of the compound without the simple microscope is absolutely
+injurious to progress of N[atural] History (excepting, of course, with
+Infusoria). I have, as yet, found no exception to the rule, that when a
+man has told me he works with the compound alone his work is valueless.
+
+
+LETTER 627. TO ASA GRAY. March 20th [1863].
+
+I wrote to him [Dr. H. Cruger, of Trinidad] to ask him to observe what
+the insects did in the flowers of Melastomaceae: he says not proper
+season yet, but that on one species a small bee seemed busy about the
+horn-like appendages to the anthers. It will be too good luck if
+my study of the flowers in the greenhouse has led me to right
+interpretation of these appendages.
+
+
+LETTER 628. TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, November 28th [1871].
+
+If you had come here on Sunday I should have asked you whether you could
+give me seed or seedlings of any Melastomad which would flower soon to
+experiment on! I wrote also to J. Scott to ask if he could give me seed.
+
+Several years ago I raised a lot of seedlings of a Melastomad greenhouse
+bush (Monochaetus or some such name) (628/1. Monochaetum.) from stigmas
+fertilised separately by the two kinds of pollen, and the seedlings
+differed remarkably in size, and whilst young, in appearance; and I
+never knew what to think of the case (so you must not use it), and
+have always wished to try again, but they are troublesome beasts to
+fertilise.
+
+On the other hand I could detect no difference in the product from
+the two coloured anthers of Clarkia. (628/2. Clarkia has eight stamens
+divided into two groups which differ in the colour of the anthers.) If
+you want to know further particulars of my experiments on Monochaetum
+(?) and Clarkia, I will hunt for my notes. You ask about difference in
+pollen in the same species. All dimorphic and trimorphic plants present
+such difference in function and in size. Lythrum and the trimorphic
+Oxalis are the most wonderful cases. The pollen of the closed imperfect
+cleistogamic flowers differ in the transparency of the integument, and
+I think in size. The latter point I could ascertain from my notes. The
+pollen or female organs must differ in almost every individual in some
+manner; otherwise the pollen of varieties and even distinct individuals
+of same varieties would not be so prepotent over the individual plant's
+own pollen. Here follows a case of individual differences in function of
+pollen or ovules or both. Some few individuals of Reseda odorata and R.
+lutea cannot be fertilised, or only very rarely, by pollen of the same
+plant, but can by pollen of any other individual. I chanced to have two
+plants of R. odorata in this state; so I crossed them and raised five
+seedlings, all of which were self sterile and all perfectly fertile
+with pollen of any other individual mignonette. So I made a self sterile
+race! I do not know whether these are the kinds of facts which you
+require.
+
+Think whether you can help me to seed or better seedlings (not cuttings)
+of any Melastomad.
+
+
+LETTER 629. TO F. MULLER. Down, March 20th, 1881.
+
+I have received the seeds and your most interesting letter of February
+7th. The seeds shall be sown, and I shall like to see the plants
+sleeping; but I doubt whether I shall make any more detailed
+observations on this subject, as, now that I feel very old, I require
+the stimulus of some novelty to make me work. This stimulus you
+have amply given me in your remarkable view of the meaning of the
+two-coloured stamens in many flowers. I was so much struck with this
+fact with Lythrum, that I began experimenting on some Melastomaceae,
+which have two sets of extremely differently coloured anthers. After
+reading your letter I turned to my notes (made 20 years ago!) to see
+whether they would support or contradict your suggestion. I cannot tell
+yet, but I have come across one very remarkable result, that seedlings
+from the crimson anthers were not 11/20ths of the size of seedlings from
+the yellow anthers of the same flowers. Fewer good seeds were produced
+by the crimson pollen. I concluded that the shorter stamens were
+aborting, and that the pollen was not good. (629/1. "Shorter stamens"
+seems to be a slip of the pen for "longer,"--unless the observations
+were made on some genus in which the structure is unusual.) The mature
+pollen is incoherent, and must be [word illegible] against the visiting
+insect's body. I remembered this, and I find it said in my EARLY
+notes that bees would never visit the flowers for pollen. This made
+me afterwards write to the late Dr. Cruger in the West Indies, and he
+observed for me the flowers, and saw bees pressing the anthers with
+their mandibles from the base upwards, and this forced a worm-like
+thread of pollen from the terminal pore, and this pollen the bees
+collected with their hind legs. So that the Melastomads are not opposed
+to your views.
+
+I am now working on the habits of worms, and it tires me much to change
+my subject; so I will lay on one side your letter and my notes, until I
+have a week's leisure, and will then see whether my facts bear on your
+views. I will then send a letter to "Nature" or to the Linn. Soc., with
+the extract of your letter (and this ought to appear in any case), with
+my own observations, if they appear worth publishing. The subject had
+gone out of my mind, but I now remember thinking that the imperfect
+action of the crimson stamens might throw light on hybridism. If this
+pollen is developed, according to your view, for the sake of attracting
+insects, it might act imperfectly, as well as if the stamens were
+becoming rudimentary. (629/2. As far as it is possible to understand the
+earlier letters it seems that the pollen of the shorter stamens, which
+are adapted for attracting insects, is the most effective.) I do not
+know whether I have made myself intelligible.
+
+
+LETTER 630. TO W. THISELTON-DYER. Down, March 21st [1881].
+
+I have had a letter from Fritz Muller suggesting a novel and very
+curious explanation of certain plants producing two sets of anthers
+of different colour. This has set me on fire to renew the laborious
+experiments which I made on this subject, now 20 years ago. Now, will
+you be so kind as to turn in your much worked and much holding head,
+whether you can think of any plants, especially annuals, producing
+2 such sets of anthers. I believe that this is the case with Clarkia
+elegans, and I have just written to Thompson for seeds. The Lythraceae
+must be excluded, as these are heterostyled.
+
+I have got seeds from Dr. King of some Melastomaceae, and will write
+to Veitch to see if I can get the Melastomaceous genera Monochaetum and
+Heterocentron or some such name, on which I before experimented. Now,
+if you can aid me, I know that you will; but if you cannot, do not write
+and trouble yourself.
+
+
+2.X.III. CORRESPONDENCE WITH JOHN SCOTT, 1862-1871.
+
+"If he had leisure he would make a wonderful observer, to my judgment;
+I have come across no one like him."--Letter to J.D. Hooker, May 29th
+[1863].
+
+
+(631/1. The following group of letters to John Scott, of whom some
+account is given elsewhere (Volume I., Letters 150 and 151, and Index.)
+deal chiefly with experimental work in the fertilisation of flowers. In
+addition to their scientific importance, several of the letters are
+of special interest as illustrating the encouragement and friendly
+assistance which Darwin gave to his correspondent.)
+
+
+LETTER 631. JOHN SCOTT TO CHARLES DARWIN. Edinburgh Botanic Gardens,
+November 11th, 1862.
+
+I take the liberty of addressing you for the purpose of directing your
+attention to an error in one of your ingenious explanations of the
+structural adaptations of the Orchidaceae in your late work. This occurs
+in the genus Acropera, two species of which you assume to be unisexual,
+and so far as known represented by male individuals only. Theoretically
+you have no doubt assigned good grounds for this view; nevertheless,
+experimental observations that I am now making have already convinced me
+of its fallacy. And I thus hurriedly, and as you may think prematurely,
+direct your attention to it, before I have seen the final result of my
+own experiment, that you might have the longer time for reconsidering
+the structure of this genus for another edition of your interesting
+book, if indeed it be not already called for. I am furthermore induced
+to communicate the results of my yet imperfect experiments in the belief
+that the actuating principle of your late work is the elicitation of
+truth, and that you will gladly avail yourself of this even at the
+sacrifice of much ingenious theoretical argumentation.
+
+Since I have had an opportunity of perusing your work on orchid
+fertilisation, my attention has been particularly directed to the
+curiously constructed floral organs of Acropera. I unfortunately have
+as yet had only a few flowers for experimental enquiry, otherwise my
+remarks might have been clearer and more satisfactory. Such as they are,
+however, I respectfully lay [them] before you, with a full assurance
+of their veracity, and I sincerely trust that as such you will receive
+them.
+
+Your observations seem to have been chiefly directed to the A. luteola,
+mine to the A. Loddigesii, which, however, as you remark, is in a very
+similar constructural condition with the former; having the same narrow
+stigmatic chamber, abnormally developed placenta, etc. In regard to the
+former point--contraction of stigmatic chamber--I may remark that
+it does not appear to be absolutely necessary that the pollen-masses
+penetrate this chamber for effecting fecundation. Thus a raceme was
+produced upon a plant of A. Loddigesii in the Botanic Gardens here
+lately; upon this I left only six flowers. These I attempted to
+fertilise, but with two only of the six have I been successful: I
+succeeded in forcing a single pollen-mass into the stigmatic chamber
+of one of the latter, but I failed to do this on the other; however, by
+inserting a portion of a pedicel with a pollinium attached, I caused
+the latter to adhere, with a gentle press, to the mouth of the stigmatic
+chamber. Both of these, as I have already remarked, are nevertheless
+fertilised; one of them I have cut off for examination, and its
+condition I will presently describe; the other is still upon the plant,
+and promises fair to attain maturity. In regard to the other four
+flowers, I may remark that though similarly fertilised--part having
+pollinia inserted, others merely attached--they all withered and dropped
+off without the least swelling of the ovary. Can it be, then, that this
+is really an [andro-monoecious] species?--part of the flowers male,
+others truly hermaphrodite.
+
+In making longitudinal sections of the fertilised ovary before
+mentioned, I found the basal portion entirely destitute of ovules, their
+place being substituted by transparent cellular ramification of the
+placentae. As I traced the placentae upwards, the ovules appeared,
+becoming gradually more abundant towards its apex. A transverse section
+near the apex of the ovary, however, still exhibited a more than
+ordinary placental development--i.e. [congenitally?] considered--each
+end giving off two branches, which meet each other in the centre of the
+ovary, the ovules being irregularly and sparingly disposed upon their
+surfaces.
+
+In regard to the mere question of fertilisation, then, I am perfectly
+satisfied, but there are other points which require further elucidation.
+Among these I may particularly refer to the contracted stigmatic
+chamber, and the slight viscidity of its disk. The latter, however,
+may be a consequence of uncongenial conditions--as you do not mention
+particularly its examination by any author in its natural habitat. If
+such be the case, the contracted stigmatic chamber will offer no real
+difficulty, should the viscous exudations be only sufficient to render
+the mouth adhesive. For, as I have already shown, the pollen-tubes may
+be emitted in this condition, and effect fecundation without being in
+actual contact with the stigmatic surface, as occurs pretty regularly in
+the fertilisation of the Stapelias, for example. But, indeed, your
+own discovery of the independent germinative capabilities of the
+pollen-grains of certain Orchidaceae is sufficiently illustrative of
+this.
+
+I may also refer to the peculiar abnormal condition that many at least
+of the ovaries present in a comparative examination of the placentae,
+and of which I beg to suggest the following explanation, though it is as
+yet founded on limited observations. In examining certain young ovaries
+of A. Loddigesii, I found some of them filled with the transparent
+membranous fringes of more or less distinctly cellular matter, which,
+from your description of the ovaries of luteola, appears to differ
+simply in the greater development in the former species. Again, in
+others I found small mammillary bodies, which appeared to be true
+ovules, though I could not perfectly satisfy myself as to the existence
+of the micropyle or nucleus. I unfortunately neglected to apply any
+chemical test. The fact, however, that in certain of the examined
+ovaries few or none of the latter bodies occurred--the placenta alone
+being developed in an irregular membranous form, taken in conjunction
+with the results of my experiments--before alluded to--on their
+fertilisation, leads me to infer that two sexual conditions are
+presented by the flowers of this plant. In short, that many of the
+ovaries are now normally abortive, though Nature occasionally makes
+futile efforts for their perfect development, in the production of
+ovuloid bodies; these then I regard as the male flowers. The others that
+are still capable of fertilisation, and likewise possessing male
+organs, are hermaphrodite, and must, I think, from the results of your
+comparative examinations, present a somewhat different condition; as it
+can scarcely be supposed that ovules in the condition you describe could
+ever be fertilised.
+
+This is at least the most plausible explanation I can offer for the
+different results in my experiments on the fertilisation of apparently
+similar morphologically constructed flowers; others may, however, occur
+to you. Here there is not, as in the Catasetum, any external change
+visible in the respective unisexual and bisexual flowers. And yet it
+would appear from your researches that the ovules of Acropera are in a
+more highly atrophied condition than occurs in Catasetum, though, as
+you likewise remark, M. Neumann has never succeeded in fertilising C.
+tridentatum. If there be not, then, an arrangement of the reproductive
+structures, such as I have indicated, how can the different results in
+M. Neumann's experiments and mine be accounted for? However, as you
+have examined many flowers of both A. luteola and Loddigesii, such a
+difference in the ovulary or placental structures could scarcely
+have escaped your observation. But, be this as it may, the--to me at
+least--demonstrated fact still remains, that certain flowers of A.
+Loddigesii are capable of fertilisation, and that, though there are good
+grounds for supposing that important physiological changes are going on
+in the sexual phenomena of this species, there is no evidence whatever
+for supposing that external morphological changes have so masked certain
+individuals as to prevent their recognition.
+
+I would now, sir, in conclusion beg you to excuse me for this
+infringement upon your valuable time, as I have been induced to
+write you in the belief that you have had negative results from
+other experimenters, before you ventured to propose your theoretical
+explanation, and consequently that you have been unknowingly led into
+error. I will continue, as opportunities present themselves, to examine
+the many peculiarities you have pointed out in this as well as others of
+the Orchid family; and at present I am looking forward with anxiety for
+the maturation of the ovary of A. Loddigesii, which will bear testimony
+to the veracity of the remarks I have ventured to lay before you.
+
+
+LETTER 632. TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, 18th [November 1862].
+
+Strange to say, I have only one little bother for you to-day, and that
+is to let me know about what month flowers appear in Acropera Loddigesii
+and luteola; for I want extremely to beg a few more flowers, and if I
+knew the time I would keep a memorandum to remind you. Why I want these
+flowers is (and I am much alarmed) that Mr. J. Scott, of Bot. Garden of
+Edinburgh (do you know anything of him?) has written me a very long and
+clever letter, in which he confirms most of my observations; but tells
+me that with much difficulty he managed to get pollen into orifice, or
+as far as mouth of orifice, of six flowers of A. Loddigesii (the ovarium
+of which I did not examine), and two pods set; one he gathered, and saw
+a very few ovules, as he thinks, on the large and mostly rudimentary
+placenta. I shall be most curious to hear whether the other pod produces
+a good lot of seed. He says he regrets that he did not test the ovules
+with chemical agents: does he mean tincture of iodine? He suggests that
+in a state of nature the viscid matter may come to the very surface of
+stigmatic chamber, and so pollen-masses need not be inserted. This is
+possible, but I should think improbable. Altogether the case is very
+odd, and I am very uneasy, for I cannot hope that A. Loddigesii is
+hermaphrodite and A. luteola the male of the same species. Whenever I
+can get Acropera would be a very good time for me to look at Vanda in
+spirits, which you so kindly preserved for me.
+
+
+LETTER 633. TO J. SCOTT.
+
+(633/1. The following is Darwin's reply to the above letter from Scott.
+In the first edition of "Fertilisation of Orchids" (page 209) he assumed
+that the sexes in Acropera, as in Catasetum, were separate. In the
+second edition (page 172) he writes: "I was, however, soon convinced
+of my error by Mr. Scott, who succeeded in artificially fertilising
+the flowers with their own pollen. A remarkable discovery by Hildebrand
+(633/2. "Bot. Zeitung," 1863 and 1865.), namely, that in many orchids
+the ovules are not developed unless the stigma is penetrated by the
+pollen-tubes...explains the state of the ovarium in Acropera, as
+observed by me." In regard to this subject see Letter 608.)
+
+Down, November 12th, 1862.
+
+I thank you most sincerely for your kindness in writing to me, and for
+[your] very interesting letter. Your fact has surprised me greatly, and
+has alarmed me not a little, for if I am in error about Acropera I may
+be in error about Catasetum. Yet when I call to mind the state of
+the placentae in A. luteola, I am astonished that they should produce
+ovules. You will see in my book that I state that I did not look at the
+ovarium of A. Loddigesii. Would you have the kindness to send me word
+which end of the ovarium is meant by apex (that nearest the flower?),
+for I must try and get this species from Kew and look at its ovarium.
+I shall be extremely curious to hear whether the fruit, which is now
+maturing, produces a large number of good and plump seed; perhaps you
+may have seen the ripe capsules of other Vandeae, and may be able
+to form some conjecture what it ought to produce. In the young,
+unfertilised ovaria of many Vandeae there seemed an infinitude of
+ovules. In desperation it occurs to me as just possible, as almost
+everything in nature goes by gradation, that a properly male flower
+might occasionally produce a few seeds, in the same manner as female
+plants sometimes produce a little pollen. All your remarks seem to me
+excellent and very interesting, and I again thank you for your kindness
+in writing to me. I am pleased to observe that my description of the
+structure of Acropera seems to agree pretty well with what you have
+observed. Does it not strike you as very difficult to understand
+how insects remove the pollinia and carry them to the stigmas? Your
+suggestion that the mouth of the stigmatic cavity may become charged
+with viscid matter and thus secure the pollinia, and that the
+pollen-tubes may then protrude, seems very ingenious and new to me; but
+it would be very anomalous in orchids, i.e. as far as I have seen. No
+doubt, however, though I tried my best, I shall be proved wrong in many
+points. Botany is a new subject to me. With respect to the protrusion
+of pollen-tubes, you might like to hear (if you do not already know the
+fact) that, as I saw this summer, in the little imperfect flowers of
+Viola and Oxalis, which never open, the pollen-tubes always come out of
+the pollen-grain, whilst still in the anthers, and direct themselves in
+a beautiful manner to the stigma seated at some little distance. I hope
+that you will continue your very interesting observations.
+
+
+LETTER 634. TO J. SCOTT. Down, November 19th [1862].
+
+I am much obliged for your letter, which is full of interesting matter.
+I shall be very glad to look at the capsule of the Acropera when
+ripe, and pray present my thanks to Mr. MacNab. (634/1. See Letter 608
+(Lindley, December 15th, 1861). Also "Fertilisation of Orchids," Edition
+II., page 172, for an account of the observations on Acropera which were
+corrected by Scott.) I should like to keep it till I could get a capsule
+of some other member of the Vandeae for comparison, but ultimately all
+the seeds shall be returned, in case you would like to write any
+notice on the subject. It was, as I said (634/2. Letter 633.), only
+"in desperation" that I suggested that the flower might be a male and
+occasionally capable of producing a few seeds. I had forgotten Gartner's
+remark; in fact, I know only odds and ends of Botany, and you know far
+more. One point makes the above view more probable in Acropera than in
+other cases, viz. the presence of rudimentary placentae or testae, for
+I cannot hear that these have been observed in the male plants. They do
+not occur in male Lychnis dioica, but next spring I will look to male
+holly flowers. I fully admit the difficulty of similarity of stigmatic
+chamber in the two Acroperas. As far as I remember, the blunt end of
+pollen-mass would not easily even stick in the orifice of the chamber.
+Your view may be correct about abundance of viscid matter, but seems
+rather improbable. Your facts about female flowers occurring where males
+alone ought to occur is new to me; if I do not hear that you object, I
+will quote the Zea case on your authority in what I am now writing on
+the varieties of the maize. (634/3. See "Animals and Plants," Edition
+II., Volume I., page 339: "Mr. Scott has lately observed the rarer case
+of female flowers on a true male panicle, and likewise hermaphrodite
+flowers." Scott's paper on the subject is in "Trans. Bot. Soc.
+Edinburgh," Volume VIII. See Letter 151, Volume I.) I am glad to hear
+that you are now working on the most curious subject of parthenogenesis.
+I formerly fancied that I observed female Lychnis dioica seeded without
+pollen. I send by this post a paper on Primula, which may interest you.
+(634/4. "Linn. Soc. Journal," 1862.) I am working on the subject, and if
+you should ever observe any analogous case I should be glad to hear. I
+have added another very clever pamphlet by Prof. Asa Gray. Have you a
+copy of my Orchis book? If you have not, and would like one, I should be
+pleased to send one. I plainly see that you have the true spirit of an
+experimentalist and good observer. Therefore, I ask whether you have
+ever made any trials on relative fertility of varieties of plants (like
+those I quote from Gartner on the varieties of Verbascum). I much
+want information on this head, and on those marvellous cases (as some
+Lobelias and Crinum passiflora) in which a plant can be more easily
+fertilised by the pollen of another species than by its own good pollen.
+I am compelled to write in haste. With many thanks for your kindness.
+
+
+LETTER 635. TO J. SCOTT. Down, 20th [1862?].
+
+What a magnificent capsule, and good Heavens, what a number of seeds!
+I never before opened pods of larger orchids. It did not signify a
+few seed being lost, as it would be hopeless to estimate number in
+comparison with other species. If you sow any, had you not better sow
+a good many? so I enclose small packet. I have looked at the seeds; I
+never saw in the British orchids nearly so many empty testae; but
+this goes for nothing, as unnatural conditions would account for it. I
+suspect, however, from the variable size and transparency, that a
+good many of the seeds when dry (and I have put the capsule on my
+chimney-piece) will shrivel up. So I will wait a month or two till I get
+the capsule of some large Vandeae for comparison. It is more likely that
+I have made some dreadful blunder about Acropera than that it should be
+male yet not a perfect male. May there be some sexual relation between
+A. Loddigesii and luteola; they seem very close? I should very much like
+to examine the capsule of the unimpregnated flower of A. Loddigesii.
+I have got both species from Kew, but whether we shall have skill to
+flower them I know not. One conjectures that it is imperfect male; I
+still should incline to think it would produce by seed both sexes.
+But you are right about Primula (and a very acute thought it was):
+the long-styled P. sinensis, homomorphically fertilised with own-form
+pollen, has produced during two successive homomorphic generations only
+long-styled plants. (635/1. In "Forms of Flowers," Edition II., page
+216, a summary of the transmission of forms in the "homomorphic" unions
+of P. sinensis is given. Darwin afterwards used "illegitimate" for
+homomorphic, and "legitimate" for "heteromorphic" ("Forms of Flowers,"
+Edition i., page 24).) The short-styled the same, i.e. produced
+short-styled for two generations with the exception of a single plant.
+I cannot say about cowslips yet. I should like to hear your case of the
+Primula: is it certainly propagated by seed?
+
+
+LETTER 636. TO J. SCOTT. Down, December 3rd, [1862?].
+
+What a capital observer you are! and how well you have worked the
+primulas. All your facts are new to me. It is likely that I overrate the
+interest of the subject; but it seems to me that you ought to publish a
+paper on the subject. It would, however, greatly add to the value if you
+were to cover up any of the forms having pistil and anther of the same
+height, and prove that they were fully self-fertile. The occurrence of
+dimorphic and non-dimorphic species in the same genus is quite the
+same as I find in Linum. (636/1. Darwin finished his paper on Linum
+in December 1862, and it was published in the "Linn. Soc. Journal" in
+1863.) Have any of the forms of Primula, which are non-dimorphic, been
+propagated for some little time by seed in garden? I suppose not. I
+ask because I find in P. sinensis a third rather fluctuating form,
+apparently due to culture, with stigma and anthers of same height.
+I have been working successive generations homomorphically of this
+Primula, and think I am getting curious results; I shall probably
+publish next autumn; and if you do not (but I hope you will) publish
+yourself previously, I should be glad to quote in abstract some of your
+facts. But I repeat that I hope you will yourself publish. Hottonia is
+dimorphic, with pollen of very different sizes in the two forms. I think
+you are mistaken about Siphocampylus, but I feel rather doubtful in
+saying this to so good an observer. In Lobelia the closed pistil grows
+rapidly, and pushes out the pollen and then the stigma expands, and the
+flower in function is monoecious; from appearance I believe this is the
+case with your plant. I hope it is so, for this plant can hardly require
+a cross, being in function monoecious; so that dimorphism in such a case
+would be a heavy blow to understanding its nature or good in all other
+cases. I see few periodicals: when have you published on Clivia? I
+suppose that you did not actually count the seeds in the hybrids in
+comparison with those of the parent-forms; but this is almost necessary
+after Gartner's observations. I very much hope you will make a good
+series of comparative trials on the same plant of Tacsonia. (636/2. See
+Scott in "Linn. Soc. Journal," VIII.) I have raised 700-800 seedlings
+from cowslips, artificially fertilised with care; and they presented not
+a hair's-breadth approach to oxlips. I have now seed in pots of cowslip
+fertilised by pollen of primrose, and I hope they will grow; I have also
+got fine seedlings from seed of wild oxlips; so I hope to make out the
+case. You speak of difficulties on Natural Selection: there are indeed
+plenty; if ever you have spare time (which is not likely, as I am sure
+you must be a hard worker) I should be very glad to hear difficulties
+from one who has observed so much as you have. The majority of
+criticisms on the "Origin" are, in my opinion, not worth the paper they
+are printed on. Sir C. Lyell is coming out with what, I expect, will
+prove really good remarks. (636/3. Lyell's "Antiquity of Man" was
+published in the spring of 1863. In the "Life and Letters," Volume III.,
+pages 8, 11, Darwin's correspondence shows his deep disappointment at
+what he thought Lyell's half-heartedness in regard to evolution. See
+Letter 164, Volume I.) Pray do not think me intrusive; but if you
+would like to have any book I have published, such as my "Journal of
+Researches" or the "Origin," I should esteem it a compliment to be
+allowed to send it. Will you permit me to suggest one experiment, which
+I should much like to see tried, and which I now wish the more from
+an extraordinary observation by Asa Gray on Gymnadenia tridentata (in
+number just out of Silliman's N. American Journal) (636/4. In Gymnadenia
+tridentata, according to Asa Gray, the anther opens in the bud, and the
+pollen being somewhat coherent falls on the stigma and on the rostellum
+which latter is penetrated by the pollen-tubes. "Fertilisation of
+Orchids," Edition II., page 68. Asa Gray's papers are in "American
+Journal of Science," Volume XXXIV., 1862, and XXXVI., 1863.); namely,
+to split the labellum of a Cattleya, or of some allied orchis, remove
+caudicle from pollen-mass (so that no loose grains are about) and put it
+carefully into the large tongue-like rostellum, and see if pollen-tubes
+will penetrate, or better, see if capsule will swell. Similar
+pollen-masses ought to be put on true stigmas of two or three other
+flowers of same plants for comparison. It is to discover whether
+rostellum yet retains some of its primordial function of being
+penetrated by pollen-tubes. You will be sorry that you ever entered
+into correspondence with me. But do not answer till at leisure, and as
+briefly as you like. My handwriting, I know, is dreadfully bad. Excuse
+this scribbling paper, as I can write faster on it, and I have a rather
+large correspondence to keep up.
+
+
+LETTER 637. TO J. SCOTT. Down, January 21st, 1863.
+
+I thank you for your very interesting letter; I must answer as briefly
+as I can, for I have a heap of other letters to answer. I strongly
+advise you to follow up and publish your observations on the
+pollen-tubes of orchids; they promise to be very interesting. If you
+could prove what I only conjectured (from state of utriculi in rostellum
+and in stigma of Catasetum and Acropera) that the utriculi somehow
+induce, or are correlated with, penetration of pollen-tubes you will
+make an important physiological discovery. I will mention, as worth
+your attention (and what I have anxiously wished to observe, if time had
+permitted, and still hope to do)--viz., the state of tissues or cells
+of stigma in an utterly sterile hybrid, in comparison with the same
+in fertile parent species; to test these cells, immerse stigmas for
+48 hours in spirits of wine. I should expect in hybrids that the cells
+would not show coagulated contents. It would be an interesting discovery
+to show difference in female organs of hybrids and pure species. Anyhow,
+it is worth trial, and I recommend you to make it, and publish if
+you do. The pollen-tubes directing themselves to stigma is also very
+curious, though not quite so new, but well worth investigation when
+you get Cattleya, etc., in flower. I say not so new, for remember small
+flowers of Viola and Oxalis; or better, see Bibliography in "Natural
+History Review," No. VIII., page 419 (October, 1862) for quotation
+from M. Baillon on pollen-tubes finding way from anthers to stigma in
+Helianthemum. I should doubt gum getting solid from [i.e. because of]
+continued secretion. Why not sprinkle fresh plaster of Paris and make
+impenetrable crust? (637/1. The suggestion that the stigma should be
+covered with a crust of plaster of Paris, pierced by a hole to allow the
+pollen-tubes to enter, bears a resemblance to Miyoshi's experiments with
+germinating pollen and fungal spores. See "Pringsheim's Jahrbucher,"
+1895; "Flora," 1894.) You might modify experiment by making little hole
+in one lower corner, and see if tubes find it out. See in my future
+paper on Linum pollen and stigma recognising each other. If you will
+tell me that pollen smells the stigma I will try and believe you; but
+I will not believe the Frenchman (I forget who) who says that stigma of
+Vanilla actually attracts mechanically, by some unknown force, the solid
+pollen-masses to it! Read Asa Gray in 2nd Review of my Orchis book on
+pollen of Gymnadenia penetrating rostellum. I can, if you like, lend
+you these Reviews; but they must be returned. R. Brown, I remember, says
+pollen-tubes separate from grains before the lower ends of tubes reach
+ovules. I saw, and was interested by, abstract of your Drosera paper
+(637/2. A short note on the irritability of Drosera in the "Trans. Bot.
+Soc. Edin." Volume VII.); we have been at very much the same work.
+
+
+LETTER 638. TO J. SCOTT. Down, February 16th [1863].
+
+Absence from home has prevented me from answering you sooner. I should
+think that the capsule of Acropera had better be left till it shows some
+signs of opening, as our object is to judge whether the seeds are good;
+but I should prefer trusting to your better judgment. I am interested
+about the Gongora, which I hope hereafter to try myself, as I have just
+built a small hot-house.
+
+Asa Gray's observations on the rostellum of Gymnadenia are very
+imperfect, yet worth looking at. Your case of Imatophyllum is most
+interesting (638/1. A sucker of Imatophyllum minatum threw up a shoot
+in which the leaves were "two-ranked instead of four-ranked," and showed
+other differences from the normal.--"Animals and Plants," Edition II.,
+Volume I., page 411.); even if the sport does not flower it will be
+worth my giving. I did not understand, or I had forgotten, that a single
+frond on a fern will vary; I now see that the case does come under
+bud-variation, and must be given by me. I had thought of it only
+as proof [of] inheritance in cryptogams; I am much obliged for your
+correction, and will consult again your paper and Mr. Bridgeman's.
+(638/2. The facts are given in "Animals and Plants," Edition II., Volume
+I., page 408.) I enclose varieties of maize from Asa Gray. Pray do not
+thank me for trusting you; the thanks ought to go the other way. I
+felt a conviction after your first letter that you were a real lover of
+Natural History.
+
+If you can advance good evidence showing that bisexual plants are more
+variable than unisexual, it will be interesting. I shall be very glad to
+read the discussion which you are preparing. I admit as fully as any
+one can do that cross-impregnation is the great check to endless
+variability; but I am not sure that I understand your view. I do not
+believe that the structure of Primula has any necessary relation to
+a tendency to a dioecious structure, but seeing the difference in the
+fertility of the two forms, I felt bound unwillingly to admit that they
+might be a step towards dioeciousness; I allude to this subject in
+my Linum paper. (638/3. "Linn. Soc. Journal," 1863.) Thanks for your
+answers to my other queries. I forgot to say that I was at Kew the other
+day, and I find that they can give me capsules of several Vandeae.
+
+
+LETTER 639. TO J. SCOTT. Down, March 24th [1863].
+
+Your letter, as every one you have written, has greatly interested me.
+If you can show that certain individual Passifloras, under certain known
+or unknown conditions of life, have stigmas capable of fertilisation
+by pollen from another species, or from another individual of its own
+species, yet not by its own individual pollen (its own individual pollen
+being proved to be good by its action on some other species), you will
+add a case of great interest to me; and which in my opinion would be
+quite worth your publication. (639/1. Cases nearly similar to those
+observed by Scott were recorded by Gartner and Kolreuter, but in these
+instances only certain individuals were self-impotent. In "Animals and
+Plants," Edition II., Volume II., page 114, where the phenomenon is
+fully discussed, Scott's observations ("Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin." 1863)
+are given as the earliest, except for one case recorded by Lecoq
+("Fecondation," 1862). Interesting work was afterwards done by
+Hildebrand and Fritz Muller, as illustrated in many of the letters
+addressed to the latter.) I always imagined that such recorded cases
+must be due to unnatural conditions of life; and think I said so in the
+"Origin." (639/2. See "Origin of Species," Edition I., page 251, for
+Herbert's observations on self-impotence in Hippeastrum. In spite of
+the uniformness of the results obtained in many successive years, Darwin
+inferred that the plants must have been in an "unnatural state.") I am
+not sure that I understand your result, [nor] whether it means what I
+have above obscurely expressed. If you can prove the above, do publish;
+but if you will not publish I earnestly beg you to let me have the facts
+in detail; but you ought to publish, for I may not use the facts for
+years. I have been much interested by what you say on the rostellum
+exciting pollen to protrude tubes; but are you sure that the rostellum
+does excite them? Would not tubes protrude if placed on parts of column
+or base of petals, etc., near to the stigma? Please look at the
+"Cottage Gardener" (or "Journal of Horticulture") (639/3. "Journal of
+Horticulture" and "Cottage Gardener," March 31st, 1863. A short note
+describing Cruger's discovery of self-fertilisation in Cattleya,
+Epidendrum, etc., and referring to the work of "an excellent observer,
+Mr. J. Scott." Darwin adds that he is convinced that he has underrated
+the power of tropical orchids occasionally to produce seeds without the
+aid of insects.) to be published to-morrow week for letter of mine, in
+which I venture to quote you, and in which you will see a curious fact
+about unopened orchid flowers setting seed in West Indies. Dr. Cruger
+attributes protrusion of tubes to ants carrying stigmatic secretion to
+pollen (639/4. In Cruger's paper ("Linn. Soc. Journ." VIII., 1865; read
+March 3rd 1864) he speaks of the pollen-masses in situ being acted on by
+the stigmatic secretion, but no mention is made of the agency of ants.
+He describes the pollen-tubes descending "from the [pollen] masses still
+in situ down into the ovarian canal."); but this is mere hypothesis.
+Remember, pollen-tubes protrude within anther in Neottia nidus-avis. I
+did think it possible or probable that perfect fertilisation might have
+been effected through rostellum. What a curious case your Gongora must
+be: could you spare me one of the largest capsules? I want to estimate
+the number of seed, and try my hand if I can make them grow. This,
+however, is a foolish attempt, for Dr. Hooker, who was here a day or two
+ago, says they cannot at Calcutta, and yet imported species have seeded
+and have naturally spread on to the adjoining trees! Dr. Cruger thinks I
+am wrong about Catasetum: but I cannot understand his letter. He admits
+there are three forms in two species; and he speaks as if the sexes
+were separate in some and that others were hermaphrodites (639/5.
+Cruger ("Linn. Soc. Journal," VIII., page 127) says that the apparently
+hermaphrodite form is always sterile in Trinidad. Darwin modified
+his account in the second edition of the orchid book.); but I cannot
+understand what he means. He has seen lots of great humble-bees buzzing
+about the flowers with the pollinia sticking to their backs! Happy man!!
+I have the promise, but not yet surety, of some curious results with
+my homomorphic seedling cowslips: these have not followed the rule of
+Chinese Primula; homomorphic seedlings from short-styled parent have
+presented both forms, which disgusts me.
+
+You will see that I am better; but still I greatly fear that I must have
+a compulsory holiday. With sincere thanks and hearty admiration at your
+powers of observation...
+
+My poor P. scotica looks very sick which you so kindly sent me. (639/6.
+Sent by Scott, January 6th, 1863.)
+
+
+LETTER 640. TO J. SCOTT. April 12th [1863].
+
+I really hardly know how to thank you enough for your very interesting
+letter. I shall certainly use all the facts which you have given me (in
+a condensed form) on the sterility of orchids in the work which I am now
+slowly preparing for publication. But why do you not publish these facts
+in a separate little paper? (640/1. See Letter 642, note, for reference
+to Scott's paper.) They seem to me well worth it, and you really ought
+to get your name known. I could equally well use them in my book. I
+earnestly hope that you will experiment on Passiflora, and let me give
+your results. Dr. A. Gray's observations were made loosely; he said in
+a letter he would attend this summer further to the case, which clearly
+surprised him much. I will say nothing about the rostellum, stigmatic
+utriculi, fertility of Acropera and Catasetum, for I am completely
+bewildered: it will rest with you to settle these points by your
+excellent observations and experiments. I must own I never could help
+doubting Dr. Hooker's case of the poppy. You may like to hear what I
+have seen this morning: I found (640/2. See Letter 658.) a primrose
+plant with flowers having three pistils, which when pulled asunder,
+without any tearing, allowed pollen to be placed on ovules. This I did
+with three flowers--pollen-tubes did not protrude after several days.
+But this day, the sixteenth (N.B.--primulas seem naturally slowly
+fertilised), I found many tubes protruded, and, what is very odd, they
+certainly seemed to have penetrated the coats of the ovules, but in
+no one instance the foramen of the ovule!! I mention this because
+it directly bears on your explanation of Dr. Cruger's case. (640/3.
+Cruger's case here referred to is doubtless the cleistogamic
+fertilisation of Epidendrum, etc. Scott discusses the question of
+self-fertilisation at great length in a letter to Darwin dated April,
+and obviously written in 1863. In Epidendrum he observed a viscid matter
+extending from the stigmatic chamber to the anther: pollen-tubes had
+protruded from the anther not only where it was in contact with the
+viscid matter, but also from the central part, and these spread "over
+the anterior surface of the rostellum downward into the stigma." Cruger
+believed the viscid matter reaching the anther was a necessary condition
+for the germination of the pollen-grains. Scott points out that the
+viscid matter is produced in large quantity only after the pollen-grains
+have penetrated the stigma, and that it is, in fact, a consequence, not
+a preliminary to fertilisation. He finally explains Cruger's case thus:
+"The greater humidity and equability of temperature consequent on
+such conditions [i.e. on the flowers being closed] is, I believe, the
+probable cause of these abnormally conditioned flowers so frequently
+fertilising themselves." Scott also calls attention to the danger
+of being deceived by fungal hyphae in observations on germination of
+pollen.) I believe that your explanation is right; I should never have
+thought of it; yet this was stupid of me, for I remember thinking that
+the almost closed imperfect flowers of Viola and Oxalis were related
+to the protrusion of the pollen-tubes. My case of the Aceras with the
+aborted labellum squeezed against stigma supports your view. (640/4. See
+"Fertilisation of Orchids," Edition II., page 258: the pollen germinated
+within the anther of a monstrous flower.) Dr. Cruger's notion about the
+ants was a simple conjecture. About cryptogamic filaments, remember Dr.
+C. says that the unopened flowers habitually set fruit. I think that you
+will change your views on the imperfect flowers of Viola and Oxalis...
+
+
+LETTER 641. (?)
+
+
+LETTER 642. TO J. SCOTT. May 2nd [1863].
+
+I have left home for a fortnight to see if I can, with little hope,
+improve my health. The parcel of orchid pods, which you have so kindly
+sent me, has followed me. I am sure you will forgive the liberty which I
+take in returning you the postage stamps. I never heard of such a scheme
+as that you were compelled to practise to fertilise the Gongora! (642/1.
+See "Fertilisation of Orchids," Edition, II., page 169. "Mr. Scott tried
+repeatedly, but in vain, to force the pollen-masses into the stigma of
+Gongora atro-purpurea and truncata; but he readily fertilised them by
+cutting off the clinandrum and placing pollen-masses on the now exposed
+stigma.") It is a most curious problem what plan Nature follows in this
+genus and Acropera. (642/2. In the "Fertilisation of Orchids," Edition
+II., page 169, Darwin speculates as to the possible fertilisation of
+Acropera by an insect with pollen-masses adhering to the extremity of
+its abdomen. It would appear that this guess (which does not occur in
+the first edition) was made before he heard of Cruger's observation on
+the allied genus Gongora, which is visited by a bee with a long tongue,
+which projects, when not in use, beyond and above the tip of the
+abdomen. Cruger believes that this tongue is the pollinating agent.
+Cruger's account is in the "Journal of the Linn. Soc." VIII., 1865,
+page 130.) Some day I will try and estimate how many seeds there are in
+Gongora. I suppose and hope you have kept notes on all your observations
+on orchids, for, with my broken health and many other subjects, I do not
+know whether I shall ever have time to publish again; though I have a
+large collection of notes and facts ready. I think you show your wisdom
+in not wishing to publish too soon; a young author who publishes every
+trifle gets, sometimes unjustly, to be disregarded. I do not pretend
+to be much of a judge; but I can conscientiously say that I have never
+written one word to you on the merit of your letters that I do not fully
+believe in. Please remember that I should very much wish for a copy of
+your paper on sterility of individual orchids (642/3. "On the Individual
+Sterility and Cross-Impregnation of Certain Species of Oncidium." [Read
+June 2nd, 1864.] "Linn. Soc. Journal," VIII., 1865. This paper gives a
+full account of the self-sterility of Oncidium in cases where the pollen
+was efficient in fertilising other individuals of the same species and
+of distinct species. Some of the facts were given in Scott's paper,
+"Experiments on the Fertilisation of Orchids in the Royal Botanic Garden
+of Edinburgh," published in the "Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinb." 1863. It
+is probably to the latter paper that Darwin refers.) and on Drosera.
+(642/4. "Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh," Volume VII.) Thanks for [note]
+about Campanula perfoliata. I have asked Asa Gray for seeds, to whom
+I have mentioned your observations on rostellum, and asked him to
+look closer to the case of Gymnadenia. (642/5. See "Fertilisation
+of Orchids," Edition II., page 68.) Let me hear about the sporting
+Imatophyllum if it flowers. Perhaps I have blundered about Primula; but
+certainly not about mere protrusion of pollen-tubes. I have been idly
+watching bees of several genera and diptera fertilising O. morio at this
+place, and it is a very pretty sight. I have confirmed in several ways
+the entire truth of my statement that there is no vestige of nectar in
+the spur; but the insects perforate the inner coat. This seems to me a
+curious little fact, which none of my reviewers have noticed.
+
+
+LETTER 643. TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, May 23rd [1863].
+
+You can confer a real service on a good man, John Scott, the writer of
+the enclosed letter, by reading it and giving me your opinion. I assure
+[you] John Scott is a truly remarkable man. The part struck out is
+merely that he is not comfortable under Mr. McNab, and this part must be
+considered as private. Now the question is, what think you of the offer?
+Is expense of living high at Darjeeling? May I say it is healthy? Will
+he find the opportunity for experimental observations, which are a
+passion with him? It seems to me rather low pay. Will you advise me for
+him? I shall say that as far as experiments in hand at the Botanical
+Garden in Edinburgh are concerned, it would be a pity to hesitate to
+accept the offer.
+
+J. Scott is head of the propagating department. I know you will not
+grudge aiding by your advice a good man. I shall tell him that I have
+not the slightest power to aid him in any way for the appointment. I
+should think voyage out and home ought to be paid for?
+
+
+LETTER 644. TO JOHN SCOTT. Down, May 25th, 1863.
+
+Now for a few words on science. I do not think I could be mistaken about
+the stigma of Bolbophyllum (644/1. Bolbophyllum is remarkable for the
+closure of the stigmatic cavity which comes on after the flower has been
+open a little while, instead of after fertilisation, as in other genera.
+Darwin connects the fact with the "exposed condition of the whole
+flower."--"Fertilisation of Orchids," Edition II., page 137.); I had
+the plant alive from Kew, and watched many flowers. That is a most
+remarkable observation on foreign pollen emitting tubes, but not causing
+orifice to close (644/2. See Scott, "Bot. Soc. Edin." 1863, page 546,
+note. He applied pollinia from Cypripedium and Asclepias to flowers of
+Tricopilia tortilis; and though the pollen germinated, the stigmatic
+chamber remained open, yet it invariably closes eighteen hours after the
+application of its own pollen.); it would have been interesting to have
+observed how close an alliance of form would have acted on the orifice
+of the stigma. It will probably be so many years, if ever, [before] I
+work up my observations on Drosera, that I will not trouble you to send
+your paper, for I could not now find time to read it. If you have spare
+copy of your Orchid paper, please send it, but do not get a copy of the
+journal, for I can get one, and you must often want to buy books. Let me
+know when it is published. I have been glad to hear about Mercurialis,
+but I will not accept your offer of seed on account of time, time, time,
+and weak health. For the same reason I must give up Primula mollis.
+What a wonderful, indefatigable worker you are! You seem to have made a
+famous lot of interesting experiments. D. Beaton once wrote that no
+man could cross any species of Primula. You have apparently proved the
+contrary with a vengeance. Your numerous experiments seem very well
+selected, and you will exhaust the subject. Now when you have completed
+your work you should draw up a paper, well worth publishing, and give
+a list of all the dimorphic and non-dimorphic forms. I can give you,
+on the authority of Prof. Treviranus in "Bot. Zeitung," case of P.
+longiflora non-dimorphic. I am surprised at your cowslips in this state.
+Is it a common yellow cowslip? I have seen oxlips (which from some
+experiments I now look at as certainly natural hybrids) in same state.
+If you think the Botanical Society of Edinburgh would not do justice
+and publish your paper, send it to me to be communicated to the Linnean
+Society. I will delay my paper on successive dimorphic generations in
+Primula (644/3. Published in the "Journ. Linn. Soc." X., 1869 [1868].)
+till yours appears, so as in no way to interfere with your paper.
+Possibly my results may be hardly worth publishing, but I think they
+will; the seedlings from two successive homomorphic generations seem
+excessively sterile. I will keep this letter till I hear from Dr.
+Hooker. I shall be very glad if you try Passiflora. Your experiments on
+Primula seem so well chosen that whatever the result is they will be of
+value. But always remember that not one naturalist out of a dozen cares
+for really philosophical experiments.
+
+
+LETTER 645. TO J. SCOTT. Down, May 31st [1863].
+
+I am unwell, and must write briefly. I am very much obliged for the
+"Courant." (645/1. The Edinburgh "Evening Courant" used to publish
+notices of the papers read at the Botanical Society of Edinburgh. The
+paper referred to here was Scott's on Oncidium.) The facts will be of
+highest use to me. I feel convinced that your paper will have permanent
+value. Your case seems excellently and carefully worked out. I agree
+that the alteration of title was unfortunate, but, after all, title does
+not signify very much. So few have attended to such points that I do
+not expect any criticism; but if so, I should think you had much better
+reply, but I could if you wished it much. I quite understand about the
+cases being individual sterility; so Gartner states it was with him.
+Would it be worth while to send a corrected copy of the "Courant" to the
+"Gardeners' Chronicle?" (645/2. An account of Scott's work appeared in
+the "Gardeners' Chronicle," June 13th, 1863, which is, at least partly,
+a reprint of the "Courant," since it contains the awkward sentence
+criticised by Darwin and referred to below. The title is "On the
+Fertilisation of Orchids," which was no doubt considered unfortunate as
+not suggesting the subject of the paper, and as being the same as that
+of Darwin's book.) I did not know that you had tried Lobelia fulgens:
+can you give me any particulars on the number of plants and kinds used,
+etc., that I may quote, as in a few days I shall be writing on this
+whole subject? No one will ever convince me that it is not a very
+important subject to philosophical naturalists. The Hibiscus seems a
+very curious case, and I agree with your remarks. You say that you are
+glad of criticisms (by the way avoid "former and latter," the reader is
+always forced to go back to look). I think you would have made the
+case more striking if you had first showed that the pollen of
+Oncidium sphacelatum was good; secondly, that the ovule was capable of
+fertilisation; and lastly, shown that the plant was impotent with its
+own pollen. "Impotence of organs capable of elimination"--capable here
+strictly refers to organs; you mean to impotence. To eliminate impotence
+is a curious expression; it is removing a non-existent quality. But
+style is a trifle compared with facts, and you are capable of writing
+well. I find it a good rule to imagine that I want to explain the case
+in as few and simple words as possible to one who knows nothing of the
+subject. (645/3. See Letter 151, Volume I.) I am tired. In my opinion
+you are an excellent observer.
+
+
+LETTER 646. TO J. SCOTT. Down, June 6th, 1863.
+
+I fear that you think that I have done more than I have with respect to
+Dr. Hooker. I did not feel that I had any right to ask him to remember
+you for a colonial appointment: all that I have done is to speak most
+highly of your scientific merits. Of course this may hereafter fructify.
+I really think you cannot go on better, for educational purposes, than
+you are now doing,--observing, thinking, and some reading beat, in my
+opinion, all systematic education. Do not despair about your style; your
+letters are excellently written, your scientific style is a little
+too ambitious. I never study style; all that I do is to try to get
+the subject as clear as I can in my own head, and express it in the
+commonest language which occurs to me. But I generally have to think a
+good deal before the simplest arrangement and words occur to me. Even
+with most of our best English writers, writing is slow work; it is a
+great evil, but there is no help for it. I am sure you have no cause to
+despair. I hope and suppose your sending a paper to the Linnean Society
+will not offend your Edinburgh friends; you might truly say that you
+sent the paper to me, and that (if it turns out so) I thought it worth
+communicating to the Linnean Society. I shall feel great interest in
+studying all your facts on Primula, when they are worked out and the
+seed counted. Size of capsules is often very deceptive. I am astonished
+how you can find time to make so many experiments. If you like to send
+me your paper tolerably well written, I would look it over and suggest
+any criticisms; but then this would cause you extra copying. Remember,
+however, that Lord Brougham habitually wrote everything important three
+times over. The cases of the Primulae which lose by variation their
+dimorphic characters seem to me very interesting. I find that the
+mid-styled (by variation) P. sinensis is more fertile with own pollen,
+even, than a heteromorphic union! If you have time it will be very good
+to experiment on Linum Lewisii. I wrote formerly to Asa Gray begging for
+seed. If you have time, I think experiments on any peloric flowers would
+be useful. I shall be sorry (and I am certain it is a mistake on the
+part of the Society) if your orchid paper is not printed in extenso.
+I am now at work compiling all such cases, and shall give a very full
+abstract of all your observations. I hope to add in autumn some from
+you on Passiflora. I would suggest to you the advantage, at present,
+of being very sparing in introducing theory in your papers (I formerly
+erred much in Geology in that way): LET THEORY GUIDE YOUR OBSERVATIONS,
+but till your reputation is well established be sparing in publishing
+theory. It makes persons doubt your observations. How rarely R. Brown
+ever indulged in theory: too seldom perhaps! Do not work too hard,
+and do not be discouraged because your work is not appreciated by the
+majority.
+
+
+LETTER 647. TO J. SCOTT. July 2nd [1863?]
+
+Many thanks for capsules. I would give table of the Auricula (647/1.
+In Scott's paper ("Linn. Soc. Journ." VIII.) many experiments on the
+Auricula are recorded.), especially owing to enclosed extract, which you
+can quote. Your facts about varying fertility of the primulas will be
+appreciated by but very few botanists; but I feel sure that the day will
+come when they will be valued. By no means modify even in the slightest
+degree any result. Accuracy is the soul of Natural History. It is hard
+to become accurate; he who modifies a hair's breadth will never be
+accurate. It is a golden rule, which I try to follow, to put every fact
+which is opposed to one's preconceived opinion in the strongest light.
+Absolute accuracy is the hardest merit to attain, and the highest merit.
+Any deviation is ruin. Sincere thanks for all your laborious trials on
+Passiflora. I am very busy, and have got two of my sons ill--I very much
+fear with scarlet fever; if so, no more work for me for some days or
+weeks. I feel greatly interested about your Primula cases. I think it
+much better to count seed than to weigh. I wish I had never weighed;
+counting is more accurate, though so troublesome.
+
+
+LETTER 648. TO J. SCOTT. Down, 25th [1863?]
+
+From what you say I looked again at "Bot. Zeitung." (648/1. "Ueber
+Dichogamie," "Bot. Zeit." January 1863.) Treviranus speaks of P.
+longiflora as short-styled, but this is evidently a slip of the pen, for
+further on, I see, he says the stigma always projects beyond anthers.
+Your experiments on coloured primroses will be most valuable if proved
+true. (648/2. The reference seems to be to Scott's observation that the
+variety rubra of the primrose was sterile when crossed with pollen
+from the common primrose. Darwin's caution to Scott was in some
+measure justified, for in his experiments on seedlings raised by
+self-fertilisation of the Edinburgh plants, he failed to confirm Scott's
+result. See "Forms of Flowers," Edition II., page 225. Scott's facts are
+in the "Journal Linn. Soc." VIII., page 97 (read February 4th, 1864).) I
+will advise to best of my power when I see MS. If evidence is not good
+I would recommend you, for your reputation's sake, to try them again. It
+is not likely that you will be anticipated, and it is a great thing
+to fully establish what in future time will be considered an important
+discovery (or rediscovery, for no one has noticed Gartner's facts). I
+will procure coloured primroses for next spring, but you may rely I will
+not publish before you. Do not work too hard to injure your health. I
+made some crosses between primrose and cowslip, and I send the results,
+which you may use if you like. But remember that I am not quite
+certain that I well castrated the short-styled primrose; I believe any
+castration would be superfluous, as I find all [these] plants sterile
+when insects are excluded. Be sure and save seed of the crossed
+differently coloured primroses or cowslips which produced least seed,
+to test the fertility of the quasi-hybrid seedlings. Gartner found the
+common primrose and cowslip very difficult to cross, but he knew nothing
+on dimorphism. I am sorry about delay [of] your orchid paper; I should
+be glad of abstract of your new observations of self-sterility in
+orchids, as I should probably use the new facts. There will be an
+important paper in September in "Annals and Magazine of Natural
+History," on ovules of orchids being formed after application of pollen,
+by Dr. F. Hildebrand of Bonn. (648/3. "Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist." XII., 1863,
+page 169. The paper was afterwards published in the "Bot. Zeitung,"
+1863.)
+
+
+LETTER 649. TO J. SCOTT. Down, November 7th [1863].
+
+Every day that I could do anything, I have read a few pages of your
+paper, and have now finished it, and return it registered. (649/1.
+This refers to the MS. of Scott's paper on the Primulaceae, "Linn. Soc.
+Journ." VIII. [February 4th, 1864] 1865.) It has interested me deeply,
+and is, I am sure, an excellent memoir. It is well arranged, and in most
+parts well written. In the proof sheets you can correct a little
+with advantage. I have suggested a few alterations in pencil for your
+consideration, and have put in here and there a slip of paper. There
+will be no occasion to rewrite the paper--only, if you agree with me, to
+alter a few pages. When finished, return it to me, and I will with the
+highest satisfaction communicate it to the Linnean Society. I should be
+proud to be the author of the paper. I shall not have caused much delay,
+as the first meeting of the Society was on November 5th. When your
+Primula paper is finished, if you are so inclined, I should like to
+hear briefly about your Verbascum and Passiflora experiments. I tried
+Verbascum, and have got the pods, but do not know when I shall be able
+to see to the results. This subject might make another paper for you. I
+may add that Acropera luteola was fertilised by me, and had produced two
+fine pods. I congratulate you on your excellent paper.
+
+P.S.--In the summary to Primula paper can you conjecture what is the
+typical or parental form, i.e. equal, long or short styled?
+
+
+LETTER 650. TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, [January 24th, 1864].
+
+(650/1. Darwin's interest in Scott's Primula work is shown by the
+following extracts from a letter to Hooker of January 24th, 1864,
+written, therefore, before the paper was read, and also by the
+subsequent correspondence with Hooker and Asa Gray. The first part of
+this letter illustrates Darwin's condition during a period of especially
+bad health.)
+
+As I do nothing all day I often get fidgety, and I now fancy that
+Charlie or some of your family [are] ill. When you have time let me have
+a short note to say how you all are. I have had some fearful sickness;
+but what a strange mechanism one's body is; yesterday, suddenly, I had
+a slight attack of rheumatism in my back, and I instantly became almost
+well, and so wonderfully strong that I walked to the hot-houses, which
+must be more than a hundred yards. I have sent Scott's paper to the
+Linnean Society; I feel sure it is really valuable, but I fear few
+will care about it. Remember my URGENT wish to be able to send the poor
+fellow a word of praise from any one. I have had work to get him to
+allow me to send the paper to the Linnean Society, even after it was
+written out.
+
+
+LETTER 651. TO J. SCOTT. Down, February 9th, 1864.
+
+(651/1. Scott's paper on Primulaceae was read at the Linnean Society on
+February 4th, 1864.)
+
+The President, Mr. Bentham, I presume, was so much struck by your paper
+that he sent me a message to know whether you would like to be elected
+an associate. As only one is elected annually, this is a decided honour.
+The enclosed list shows what respectable men are associates. I
+enclose the rules of admission. I feel sure that the rule that if no
+communication is received within three years the associate is considered
+to have voluntarily withdrawn, is by no means rigorously adhered to.
+Therefore, I advise you to accept; but of course the choice is quite
+free. You will see there is no payment. You had better write to me on
+this subject, as Dr. Hooker or I will propose you.
+
+
+LETTER 652. TO J.D. HOOKER. September 13th, 1864.
+
+I have been greatly interested by Scott's paper. I probably overrate
+it from caring for the subject, but it certainly seems to me one of the
+very most remarkable memoirs on such subjects which I have ever read.
+From the subject being complex, and the style in parts obscure, I
+suppose very few will read it. I think it ought to be noticed in the
+"Natural History Review," otherwise the more remarkable facts will never
+be known. Try and persuade Oliver to do it; with the summary it would
+not be troublesome. I would offer, but I have sworn to myself I will do
+nothing till my volume on "Variation under Domestication" is complete.
+I know you will not have time to read Scott, and therefore I will just
+point out the new and, as they seem to me, important points.
+
+Firstly, the red cowslip, losing its dimorphic structure and changing
+so extraordinarily in its great production of seed with its own pollen,
+especially being nearly sterile when fertilised by, or fertilising,
+the common cowslip. The analogous facts with red and white primrose.
+Secondly, the utter dissimilarity of action of the pollen of long- and
+short-styled form of one species in crossing with a distinct species.
+And many other points. Will you suggest to Oliver to review this paper?
+if he does so, and if it would be of any service to him, I would (as
+I have attended so much to these subjects) just indicate, with pages,
+leading and new points. I could send him, if he wishes, a separate and
+spare copy marked with pencil.
+
+
+LETTER 653. TO ASA GRAY. September 13th [1864].
+
+(653/1. In September, 1864, Darwin wrote to Asa Gray describing Scott's
+work on the Primulaceae as:--)
+
+A paper which has interested me greatly by a gardener, John Scott;
+it seems to me a most remarkable production, though written rather
+obscurely in parts, but worth the labour of studying. I have just
+bethought me that for the chance of your noticing it in the "Journal,"
+I will point out the new and very remarkable facts. I have paid the poor
+fellow's passage out to India, where I hope he will succeed, as he is a
+most laborious and able man, with the manners almost of a gentleman.
+
+(653/2. The following is an abstract of the paper which was enclosed in
+the letter to Asa Gray.)
+
+Pages 106-8. Red cowslip by variation has become non-dimorphic, and with
+this change of structure has become much more productive of seed than
+even the heteromorphic union of the common cowslip. Pages 91-2, similar
+case with Auricula; on the other hand a non-dimorphic variety of P.
+farinosa (page 115) is less fertile. These changes, or variations,
+in the generative system seem to me very remarkable. But far more
+remarkable is the fact that the red cowslip (pages 106-8) is very
+sterile when fertilising, or fertilised by the common cowslip. Here we
+have a new "physiological species." Analogous facts given (page 98) on
+the crossing of red and white primroses with common primroses. It is
+very curious that the two forms of the same species (pages 93, 94, 95,
+and 117) hybridise with extremely different degrees of facility with
+distinct species.
+
+He shows (page 94) that sometimes a cross with a quite distinct species
+yields more seed than a homomorphic union with own pollen. He shows
+(page 111) that of the two homomorphic unions possible with each
+dimorphic species the short-styled (as I stated) is the most sterile,
+and that my explanation is probably true. There is a good summary to the
+paper.
+
+
+LETTER 654. TO J.D. HOOKER.
+
+(654/1. The following letters to Hooker, April 1st, April 5th and May
+22nd, refer to Darwin's scheme of employing Scott as an assistant at
+Down, and to Scott's appointment to the Botanic Garden at Calcutta.)
+
+Down, April 1st, 1864.
+
+I shall not at present allude to your very interesting letter (which as
+yet has been read to me only twice!), for I am full of a project which I
+much want you to consider.
+
+You will have seen Scott's note. He tells me he has no plans for
+the future. Thinking over all his letters, I believe he is a truly
+remarkable man. He is willing to follow suggestions, but has much
+originality in varying his experiments. I believe years may pass before
+another man appears fitted to investigate certain difficult and tedious
+points--viz. relative fertility of varieties of plants, including
+peloric and other monsters (already Scott has done excellent work
+on this head); and, secondly, whether a plant's own pollen is less
+effective than that of another individual. Now, if Scott is moderate
+in his wishes, I would pay him for a year or two to work and publish on
+these or other such subjects which might arise. But I dare not have
+him here, for it would quite overwork me. There would not be plants
+sufficient for his work, and it would probably be an injury to himself,
+as it would put him out of the way of getting a good situation. Now, I
+believe you have gardeners at Kew who work and learn there without pay.
+What do you think of having Scott there for a year or two to work and
+experiment? I can see enormous difficulties. In the first place you
+will not perhaps think the points indicated so highly important as I do.
+Secondly, he would require ground in some out-of-the-way place where the
+plants could be covered by a net, which would be unsightly. On the other
+hand, I presume you would like a series of memoirs published on work
+done at Kew, which I am fully convinced would have permanent value. It
+would, of course I conceive, be absolutely necessary that Scott should
+be under the regular orders of the superintendent. The only way I can
+fancy that it could be done would be to explain to the superintendent
+that I temporarily supported Scott solely for the sake of science, and
+appeal to his kindness to assist him. If you approved of having
+him (which I can see is improbable), and you simply ordered the
+superintendent to assist him, I believe everything would go to
+loggerheads. As for Scott himself, it would be of course an advantage to
+him to study the cultivation at Kew. You would get to know him, and if
+he really is a good man you could perhaps be able to recommend him to
+some situation at home or abroad. Pray turn this [over] in your mind. I
+have no idea whether Scott would like the place, but I can see that
+he has a burning zeal for science. He told me that his parents were in
+better circumstances, and that he chose a gardener's life solely as the
+best way of following science. I may just add that in his last letter he
+gives me the results of many experiments on different individuals of the
+same species of orchid, showing the most remarkable diversity in their
+sexual condition. It seems to me a grievous loss that such a man should
+have all his work cut short. Please remember that I know nothing of him
+excepting from his letters: these show remarkable talent, astonishing
+perseverance, much modesty, and what I admire, determined difference
+from me on many points.
+
+What will Sir William say?
+
+
+LETTER 655. TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, April 5th [1864].
+
+I see my scheme for Scott has invincible difficulties, and I am very
+much obliged to you for explaining them at such length. If ever I get
+decently well, and Scott is free and willing, I will have him here for
+a couple of years to work out several problems, which otherwise would
+never be done. I cannot see what will become of the poor fellow. I
+enclose a little pamphlet from him, which I suppose is not of much
+scientific value, but is surprising as the work of a gardener. If
+you have time do just glance over it. I never heard anything so
+extraordinary as what you say about poisoning plants, etc.
+
+...The post has just come in. Your interest about Scott is
+extraordinarily kind, and I thank you cordially. It seems absurd to
+say so, but I suspect that X is prejudiced against Scott because he
+partially supports my views. (655/1. In a letter to Scott (dated June
+11th) Darwin warns him to keep his views "pretty quiet," and quotes
+Hooker's opinion that "if it is known that you agree at all with my
+views on species it is enough to make you unpopular in Edinburgh.")
+
+You must not trust my former letter about Clematis. I worked on too
+old a plant, and blundered. I have now gone over the work again. It
+is really curious that the stiff peduncles are acted upon by a bit of
+thread weighing .062 of a grain.
+
+Clematis glandulosa was a valuable present to me. My gardener showed
+it to me and said, "This is what they call a Clematis," evidently
+disbelieving it. So I put a little twig to the peduncle, and the next
+day my gardener said, "You see it is a Clematis, for it feels." That's
+the way we make out plants at Down.
+
+My dear old friend, God bless you!
+
+
+LETTER 656. TO J.D. HOOKER. [May 22nd, 1864].
+
+What a good kind heart you have got. You cannot tell how your letter has
+pleased me. I will write to Scott and ask him if he chooses to go out
+and risk engagement. If he will not he must want all energy. He says
+himself he wants stoicism, and is too sensitive. I hope he may not want
+courage. I feel sure he is a remarkable man, with much good in him, but
+no doubt many errors and blemishes. I can vouch for his high intellect
+(in my judgment he is the best observer I ever came across); for his
+modesty, at least in correspondence; and there is something high-minded
+in his determination not to receive money from me. I shall ask him
+whether he can get a good character for probity and sobriety, and
+whether he can get aid from his relations for his voyage out. I will
+help, and, if necessary, pay the whole voyage, and give him enough to
+support him for some weeks at Calcutta. I will write when I hear from
+him. God bless you; you, who are so overworked, are most generous to
+take so much trouble about a man you have had nothing to do with.
+
+(656/1. Scott had left the Botanic Gardens at Edinburgh in March 1864,
+chagrined at what, justly or unjustly, he considered discouragement and
+slight. The Indian offer was most gladly and gratefully accepted.)
+
+
+LETTER 657. TO J. SCOTT. Down, November 1st, 1871.
+
+Dr. Hooker has forwarded to me your letter as the best and simplest plan
+of explaining affairs. I am sincerely grieved to hear of the pecuniary
+problem which you have undergone, but now fortunately passed. I assure
+you that I have never entertained any feelings in regard to you which
+you suppose. Please to remember that I distinctly stated that I did not
+consider the sum which I advanced as a loan, but as a gift; and surely
+there is nothing discreditable to you, under the circumstances, in
+receiving a gift from a rich man, as I am. Therefore I earnestly beg
+you to banish the whole subject from your mind, and begin laying up
+something for yourself in the future. I really cannot break my word and
+accept payment. Pray do not rob me of my small share in the credit of
+aiding to put the right man in the right place. You have done good work,
+and I am sure will do more; so let us never mention the subject again.
+
+I am, after many interruptions, at work again on my essay on Expression,
+which was written out once many months ago. I have found your remarks
+the best of all which have been sent me, and so I state.
+
+
+
+CHAPTER 2.XI.--BOTANY, 1863-1881.
+
+2.XI.I. Miscellaneous, 1863-1866.--2.XI.II. Correspondence with Fritz
+Muller, 1865-1881.--2.XI.III. Miscellaneous, 1868-1881.
+
+
+2.XI.I. MISCELLANEOUS, 1863-1866.
+
+
+LETTER 658. TO D. OLIVER. Down [April, 1863].
+
+(658/1. The following letter illustrates the truth of Sir W.
+Thiselton-Dyer's remark that Darwin was never "afraid of his facts."
+(658/2. "Charles Darwin" (Nature Series), 1882, page 43.) The entrance
+of pollen-tubes into the nucellus by the chalaza, instead of through the
+micropyle, was first fully demonstrated by Treub in his paper "Sur les
+Casuarinees et leur place dans le Systeme naturel," published in the
+"Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg," X., 1891. Two years later Miss Benson gave
+an account of a similar phenomenon in certain Amentiferae ("Trans. Linn.
+Soc." 1888-94, page 409). This chalazogamic method of fertilisation has
+since been recognised in other flowering plants, but not, so far as we
+are aware, in the genus Primula.)
+
+It is a shame to trouble [you], but will you tell me whether the ovule
+of Primula is "anatropal," nearly as figured by Gray, page 123, "Lessons
+in Botany," or rather more tending to "amphitropal"? I never looked at
+such a point before. Why I am curious to know is because I put pollen
+into the ovarium of monstrous primroses, and now, after sixteen days,
+and not before (the length of time agrees with slowness of natural
+impregnation), I find abundance of pollen-tubes emitted, which cling
+firmly to the ovules, and, I think I may confidently state, penetrate
+the ovule. But here is an odd thing: they never once enter at (what I
+suppose to be) the "orifice," but generally at the chalaza...Do you
+know how pollen-tubes go naturally in Primula? Do they run down walls
+of ovarium, and then turn up the placenta, and so debouch near the
+"orifices" of the ovules?
+
+If you thought it worth while to examine ovules, I would see if there
+are more monstrous flowers, and put pollen into the ovarium, and send
+you the flowers in fourteen or fifteen days afterwards. But it is rather
+troublesome. I would not do it unless you cared to examine the ovules.
+Like a foolish and idle man, I have wasted a whole morning over them...
+
+In two ovules there was an odd appearance, as if the outer coat of ovule
+at the chalaza end (if I understand the ovule) had naturally opened or
+withered where most of the pollen-tubes seemed to penetrate, which made
+me at first think this was a widely open foramen. I wonder whether the
+ovules could be thus fertilised?
+
+
+LETTER 659. TO D. OLIVER. Down [April, 1863].
+
+Many thanks about the Primula. I see that I was pretty right about the
+ovules. I have been thinking that the apparent opening at the chalaza
+end must have been withering or perhaps gnawing by some very minute
+insects, as the ovarium is open at the upper end. If I have time I will
+have another look at pollen-tubes, as, from what you say, they ought
+to find their way to the micropyle. But ovules to me are far more
+troublesome to dissect than animal tissue; they are so soft, and muddy
+the water.
+
+
+LETTER 660. TO MAXWELL MASTERS. Down, April 6th [1863].
+
+I have been very glad to read your paper on Peloria. (660/1. "On the
+Existence of Two Forms of Peloria." "Natural History Review," April,
+1863, page 258.) For the mere chance of the following case being new
+I send it. A plant which I purchased as Corydalis tuberosa has, as you
+know, one nectary--short, white, and without nectar; the pistil is bowed
+towards the true nectary; and the hood formed by the inner petals slips
+off towards the opposite side (all adaptations to insect agency, like
+many other pretty ones in this family). Now on my plants there are
+several flowers (the fertility of which I will observe) with both
+nectaries equal and purple and secreting nectar; the pistil is straight,
+and the hood slips off either way. In short, these flowers have the
+exact structure of Dielytra and Adlumia. Seeing this, I must look at
+the case as one of reversion; though it is one of the spreading of
+irregularity to two sides.
+
+As columbine [Aquilegia] has all petals, etc., irregular, and as
+monkshood [Aconitum] has two petals irregular, may not the case given by
+Seringe, and referred to [by] you (660/2. "Seringe describes and figures
+a flower [of Aconitum] wherein all the sepals were helmet-shaped," and
+the petals similarly affected. Maxwell Masters, op. cit., page 260.),
+by you be looked at as reversion to the columbine state? Would it be
+too bold to suppose that some ancient Linaria, or allied form, and
+some ancient Viola, had all petals spur-shaped, and that all cases of
+"irregular peloria" in these genera are reversions to such imaginary
+ancient form? (660/3. "'Regular or Congenital Peloria' would include
+those flowers which, contrary to their usual habit, retain throughout
+the whole of their growth their primordial regularity of form and
+equality of proportion. 'Irregular or Acquired Peloria,' on the other
+hand, would include those flowers in which the irregularity of growth
+that ordinarily characterises some portions of the corolla is manifested
+in all of them." Maxwell Masters, loc. cit.)
+
+It seems to me, in my ignorance, that it would be advantageous to
+consider the two forms of Peloria WHEN OCCURRING IN THE VERY SAME
+SPECIES as probably due to the same general law--viz., one as reversion
+to very early state, and the other as reversion to a later state when
+all the petals were irregularly formed. This seems at least to me a
+priori a more probable view than to look at one form of Peloria as due
+to reversion and the other as something distinct. (660/4. See Maxwell
+Masters, "Vegetable Teratology," 1869, page 235; "Variation of Animals
+and Plants," Edition II., Volume II., page 33.)
+
+What do you think of this notion?
+
+
+LETTER 661. TO P.H. GOSSE.
+
+(661/1. The following was written in reply to Mr. Gosse's letter of May
+30th asking for a solution of his difficulties in fertilising Stanhopea.
+It is reprinted by the kind permission of Mr. Edmund Gosse from his
+delightful book, the "Life of Philip Henry Gosse," London, 1890, page
+299.)
+
+Down, June 2nd, 1863.
+
+It would give me real pleasure to resolve your doubts, but I cannot.
+I can give only suspicions and my grounds for them. I should think the
+non-viscidity of the stigmatic hollow was due to the plant not living
+under its natural conditions. Please see what I have said on Acropera.
+An excellent observer, Mr. J. Scott, of the Botanical Gardens,
+Edinburgh, finds all that I say accurate, but, nothing daunted, he with
+the knife enlarged the orifice and forced in pollen-masses; or he simply
+stuck them into the contracted orifice without coming into contact
+with the stigmatic surface, which is hardly at all viscid, when, lo and
+behold, pollen-tubes were emitted and fine seed capsules obtained. This
+was effected with Acropera Loddigesii; but I have no doubt that I have
+blundered badly about A. luteola. I mention all this because, as Mr.
+Scott remarks, as the plant is in our hot-houses, it is quite incredible
+it ever could be fertilised in its native land. The whole case is an
+utter enigma to me. Probably you are aware that there are cases (and
+it is one of the oddest facts in Physiology) of plants which, under
+culture, have their sexual functions in so strange a condition, that
+though their pollen and ovules are in a sound state and can fertilise
+and be fertilised by distinct but allied species, they cannot fertilise
+themselves. Now, Mr. Scott has found this the case with certain orchids,
+which again shows sexual disturbance. He had read a paper at the
+Botanical Society of Edinburgh, and I daresay an abstract which I have
+seen will appear in the "Gardeners' Chronicle"; but blunders have crept
+in in copying, and parts are barely intelligible. How insects act with
+your Stanhopea I will not pretend to conjecture. In many cases I believe
+the acutest man could not conjecture without seeing the insect at
+work. I could name common English plants in this predicament. But the
+musk-orchis [Herminium monorchis] is a case in point. Since publishing,
+my son and myself have watched the plant and seen the pollinia
+removed, and where do you think they invariably adhere in dozens of
+specimens?--always to the joint of the femur with the trochanter of the
+first pair of legs, and nowhere else. When one sees such adaptation as
+this, it would be hopeless to conjecture on the Stanhopea till we know
+what insect visits it. I have fully proved that my strong suspicion was
+correct that with many of our English orchids no nectar is excreted, but
+that insects penetrate the tissues for it. So I expect it must be with
+many foreign species. I forgot to say that if you find that you cannot
+fertilise any of your exotics, take pollen from some allied form, and it
+is quite probable that will succeed. Will you have the kindness to look
+occasionally at your bee-Ophrys near Torquay, and see whether pollinia
+are ever removed? It is my greatest puzzle. Please read what I have said
+on it, and on O. arachnites. I have since proved that the account of the
+latter is correct. I wish I could have given you better information.
+
+P.S.--If the Flowers of the Stanhopea are not too old, remove
+pollen-masses from their pedicels, and stick them with a little liquid
+pure gum to the stigmatic cavity. After the case of the Acropera, no one
+can dare positively say that they would not act.
+
+
+LETTER 662. TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, Saturday, 5th [December 1863].
+
+I am very glad that this will reach you at Kew. You will then get rest,
+and I do hope some lull in anxiety and fear. Nothing is so dreadful in
+this life as fear; it still sickens me when I cannot help remembering
+some of the many illnesses our children have endured. My father, who
+was a sceptical man, was convinced that he had distinctly traced several
+cases of scarlet fever to handling letters from convalescents.
+
+The vases (662/1. Probably Wedgwood ware.) did come from my sister
+Susan. She is recovering, and was much pleased to hear that you liked
+them; I have now sent one of your notes to her, in which you speak of
+them as "enchanting," etc. I have had a bad spell--vomiting, every
+day for eleven days, and some days many times after every meal. It is
+astonishing the degree to which I keep up some strength. Dr. Brinton was
+here two days ago, and says he sees no reason [why] I may not recover my
+former degree of health. I should like to live to do a little more work,
+and often I feel sure I shall, and then again I feel that my tether is
+run out.
+
+Your Hastings note, my dear old fellow, was a Copley Medal to me and
+more than a Copley Medal: not but what I know well that you overrate
+what I have been able to do. (662/2. The proposal to give the medal
+to Darwin failed in 1863, but his friends were successful in 1864: see
+"Life and Letters," III., page 28.) Now that I am disabled, I feel more
+than ever what a pleasure observing and making out little difficulties
+is. By the way, here is a very little fact which may interest you. A
+partridge foot is described in "Proc. Zoolog. Soc." with a huge ball of
+earth attached to it as hard as rock. (662/3. "Proc. Zool. Soc." 1863,
+page 127, by Prof. Newton, who sent the foot to Darwin: see "Origin,"
+Edition VI., page 328.) Bird killed in 1860. Leg has been sent me, and I
+find it diseased, and no doubt the exudation caused earth to accumulate;
+now already thirty-two plants have come up from this ball of earth.
+
+By Jove! I must write no more. Good-bye, my best of friends.
+
+There is an Italian edition of the "Origin" preparing. This makes the
+fifth foreign edition--i.e. in five foreign countries. Owen will not be
+right in telling Longmans that the book would be utterly forgotten in
+ten years. Hurrah!
+
+
+LETTER 663. TO D. OLIVER. Down, February 17th [1864].
+
+Many thanks for the Epacrids, which I have kept, as they will interest
+me when able to look through the microscope.
+
+Dr. Cruger has sent me the enclosed paper, with power to do what I think
+fit with it. He would evidently prefer it to appear in the "Nat. Hist.
+Review." Please read it, and let me have your decision pretty soon. Some
+germanisms must be corrected; whether woodcuts are necessary I have not
+been able to pay attention enough to decide. If you refuse, please send
+it to the Linnean Society as communicated by me. (663/1. H. Cruger's
+"A Few Notes on the Fecundation of Orchids, etc." [Read March, 1864.]
+"Linn. Soc. Journ." VIII., 1864-5, page 127.) The paper has interested
+me extremely, and I shall have no peace till I have a good boast. The
+sexes are separate in Catasetum, which is a wonderful relief to me, as I
+have had two or three letters saying that the male C. tridentatum seeds.
+(663/2. See footnote Letter 608 on the sexual relation between the three
+forms known as Catasetum tridentatum, Monacanthus viridis, and Myanthus
+barbatus. For further details see Darwin, "Linn. Soc. Journ." VI., 1862,
+page 151, and "Fertilisation of Orchids," Edition II., page 196.) It
+is pretty clear to me that two or three forms are confounded under this
+name. Observe how curiously nearly perfect the pollen of the female is,
+according to Cruger,--certainly more perfect than the pollen from the
+Guyana species described by me. I was right in the manner in which the
+pollen adheres to the hairy back of the humble-bee, and hence the
+force of the ejection of the pollina. (663/3. This view was given in
+"Fertilisation of Orchids," Edition I., 1862, page 230.) I am still more
+pleased that I was right about insects gnawing the fleshy labellum.
+This is important, as it explains all the astounding projections on the
+labellum of Oncidium, Phalaenopsis, etc.
+
+Excuse all my boasting. It is the best medicine for my stomach. Tell me
+whether you mean to take up orchids, as Hooker said you were thinking of
+doing. Do you know Coryanthes, with its wonderful basket of water? See
+what Cruger says about it. It beats everything in orchids. (663/4. For
+Coryanthes see "Fertilisation of Orchids," Edition II., page 173.)
+
+
+LETTER 664. TO J.D. HOOKER. Down [September 13th, 1864].
+
+Thanks for your note of the 5th. You think much and greatly too much
+of me and my doings; but this is pleasant, for you have represented for
+many years the whole great public to me.
+
+I have read with interest Bentham's address on hybridism. I am glad
+that he is cautious about Naudin's view, for I cannot think that it will
+hold. (664/1. C. Naudin's "Nouvelles Recherches sur l'Hydridite dans les
+Vegetaux." The complete paper, with coloured plates, was presented to
+the Academy in 1861, and published in full in the "Nouvelles Archives
+de Museum d'Hist. Nat." Volume I., 1865, page 25. The second part only
+appeared in the "Ann. Sci. Nat." XIX., 1863. Mr. Bentham's address
+dealing with hybridism is in "Proc. Linn. Soc." VIII., 1864, page ix.
+A review of Naudin is given in the "Natural History Review," 1864,
+page 50. Naudin's paper is of much interest, as containing a mechanical
+theory of reproduction of the same general character as that of
+pangenesis. In the "Variation of Animals and Plants," Edition II.,
+Volume II., page 395, Darwin states that in his treatment of hybridism
+in terms of gemmules he is practically following Naudin's treatment of
+the same theme in terms of "essences." Naudin, however, does not clearly
+distinguish between hybrid and pure gemmules, and makes the assumption
+that the hybrid or mixed essences tend constantly to dissociate into
+pure parental essences, and thus lead to reversion. It is to this view
+that Darwin refers when he says that Naudin's view throws no light on
+the reversion to long-lost characters. His own attempt at explaining
+this fact occurs in "Variation under Domestication," II., Edition II.,
+page 395. Mr. Bateson ("Mendel's Principle of Heredity," Cambridge,
+1902, page 38) says: "Naudin clearly enuntiated what we shall henceforth
+know as the Mendelian conception of the dissociation of characters of
+cross-breds in the formation of the germ-cells, though apparently he
+never developed this conception." It is remarkable that, as far as we
+know, Darwin never in any way came across Mendel's work. One of Darwin's
+correspondents, however, the late Mr. T. Laxton, of Stamford, was close
+on the trail of Mendelian principle. Mr. Bateson writes (op. cit., page
+181): "Had he [Laxton] with his other gifts combined this penetration
+which detects a great principle hidden in the thin mist of 'exceptions,'
+we should have been able to claim for him that honour which must ever
+be Mendel's in the history of discovery.") The tendency of hybrids
+to revert to either parent is part of a wider law (which I am fully
+convinced that I can show experimentally), namely, that crossing races
+as well as species tends to bring back characters which existed in
+progenitors hundreds and thousands of generations ago. Why this should
+be so, God knows. But Naudin's view throws no light, that I can see,
+on this reversion of long-lost characters. I wish the Ray Society would
+translate Gartner's "Bastarderzeugung"; it contains more valuable matter
+than all other writers put together, and would do great service
+if better known. (664/2. "Versuche uber die Bastarderzeugung im
+Pflanzenreich": Stuttgart, 1849.)
+
+
+LETTER 665. TO T.H. HUXLEY.
+
+(665/1. Mr. Huxley had doubted the accuracy of observations on Catasetum
+published in the "Fertilisation of Orchids." In what formed the
+postscript to the following letter, Darwin wrote: "I have had more
+Catasetums,--all right, you audacious 'caviller.'")
+
+Down, October 31st [1862].
+
+In a little book, just published, called the "Three Barriers" (a
+theological hash of old abuse of me), Owen gives to the author a new
+resume of his brain doctrine; and I thought you would like to hear of
+this. He ends with a delightful sentence. "No science affords more scope
+or easier ground for the caviller and controversialist; and these do
+good by preventing scholars from giving more force to generalisations
+than the master propounding them does, or meant his readers or hearers
+to give."
+
+You will blush with pleasure to hear that you are of some use to the
+master.
+
+
+LETTER 666. TO J.D. HOOKER. [February, 1864?]
+
+I shall write again. I write now merely to ask, if you have Naravelia
+(666/1. Ranunculaceae.) (the Clematis-like plant told me by Oliver),
+to try and propagate me a plant at once. Have you Clematis cirrhosa? It
+will amuse me to tell you why Clematis interests me, and why I should
+so very much like to have Naravelia. The leaves of Clematis have no
+spontaneous movement, nor have the internodes; but when by growth the
+peduncles of leaves are brought into contact with any object, they bend
+and catch hold. The slightest stimulus suffices, even a bit of cotton
+thread a few inches long; but the stimulus must be applied during six
+or twelve hours, and when the peduncles once bend, though the touching
+object be removed, they never get straight again. Now mark the
+difference in another leaf-climber--viz., Tropaeolum: here the young
+internodes revolve day and night, and the peduncles of the leaves are
+thus brought into contact with an object, and the slightest momentary
+touch causes them to bend in any direction and catch the object, but as
+the axis revolves they must be often dragged away without catching, and
+then the peduncles straighten themselves again, and are again ready to
+catch. So that the nervous system of Clematis feels only a prolonged
+touch--that of Tropaeolum a momentary touch: the peduncles of the latter
+recover their original position, but Clematis, as it comes into contact
+by growth with fixed objects, has no occasion to recover its position,
+and cannot do so. You did send me Flagellaria, but most unfortunately
+young plants do not have tendrils, and I fear my plant will not get them
+for another year, and this I much regret, as these leaf-tendrils seem
+very curious, and in Gloriosa I could not make out the action, but
+I have now a young plant of Gloriosa growing up (as yet with simple
+leaves) which I hope to make out. Thank Oliver for decisive answer about
+tendrils of vines. It is very strange that tendrils formed of modified
+leaves and branches should agree in all their four highly remarkable
+properties. I can show a beautiful gradation by which LEAVES produce
+tendrils, but how the axis passes into a tendril utterly puzzles me. I
+would give a guinea if vine-tednrils could be found to be leaves.
+
+(666/2. It is an interesting fact that Darwin's work on climbing plants
+was well advanced before he discovered the existence of the works of
+Palm, Mohl, and Dutrochet on this subject. On March 22nd, 1864, he
+wrote to Hooker:--"You quite overrate my tendril work, and there is no
+occasion to plague myself about priority." In June he speaks of having
+read "two German books, and all, I believe, that has been written on
+climbers, and it has stirred me up to find that I have a good deal of
+new matter.")
+
+
+LETTER 667. TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, June 2nd [1864].
+
+You once offered me a Combretum. (667/1. The two forms of shoot in C.
+argenteum are described in "Climbing Plants," page 41.) I having C.
+purpureum, out of modesty like an ass refused. Can you now send me
+a plant? I have a sudden access of furor about climbers. Do you grow
+Adlumia cirrhosa? Your seed did not germinate with me. Could you have
+a seedling dug up and potted? I want it fearfully, for it is a
+leaf-climber, and therefore sacred.
+
+I have some hopes of getting Adlumia, for I used to grow the plant,
+and seedlings have often come up, and we are now potting all minute
+reddish-coloured weeds. (667/2. We believe that the Adlumia which came
+up year by year in flower boxes in the Down verandah grew from seed
+supplied by Asa Gray.) I have just got a plant with sensitive axis,
+quite a new case; and tell Oliver I now do not care at all how many
+tendrils he makes axial, which at one time was a cruel torture to me.
+
+
+LETTER 668. TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, November 3rd [1864].
+
+Many thanks for your splendid long letter. But first for business.
+Please look carefully at the enclosed specimen of Dicentra
+thalictriformis, and throw away. (668/1. Dicentra thalictrifolia, a
+Himalayan species of Fumariaceae, with leaf-tendrils.) When the plant
+was young I concluded certainly that the tendrils were axial, or
+modified branches, which Mohl says is the case with some Fumariaceae.
+(668/2. "Ueber den Bau und das Winden der Ranken und Schlingpflanzen.
+Eine gekronte Preisschrift," 4to, Tubingen, 1827. At page 43 Mohl
+describes the tips of the branches of Fumaria [Corydalis] clavicualta
+as being developed into tendrils, as well as the leaves. For this reason
+Darwin placed the plant among the tendril-bearers rather than among the
+true leaf-climbers: see "Climbing Plants," Edition II., 1875, page 121.)
+You looked at them here and agreed. But now the plant is old, what I
+thought was a branch with two leaves and ending in a tendril looks
+like a gigantic leaf with two compound leaflets, and the terminal part
+converted into a tendril. For I see buds in the fork between supposed
+branch and main stem. Pray look carefully--you know I am profoundly
+ignorant--and save me from a horrid mistake.
+
+
+LETTER 669. TO J.D. HOOKER.
+
+(669/1. The following is interesting, as containing a foreshadowing of
+the chemotaxis of antherozoids which was shown to exist by Pfeffer in
+1881: see "Untersuchungen aus dem botanischen Institut zu Tubingen,"
+Volume I., page 363. There are several papers by H.J. Carter on the
+reproduction of the lower organisms in the "Annals and Magazine of
+Natural History" between 1855 and 1865.)
+
+Down, Sunday, 22nd, and Saturday, 28th [October, 1865].
+
+I have been wading through the "Annals and Mag. of N. History." for last
+ten years, and have been interested by several papers, chiefly, however,
+translations; but none have interested me more than Carter's on lower
+vegetables, infusoria, and protozoa. Is he as good a workman as he
+appears? for if so he would deserve a Royal medal. I know it is not new;
+but how wonderful his account of the spermatozoa of some dioecious alga
+or conferva, swimming and finding the minute micropyle in a distinct
+plant, and forcing its way in! Why, these zoospores must possess some
+sort of organ of sense to guide their locomotive powers to the small
+micropyle; and does not this necessarily imply something like a nervous
+system, in the same way as complemental male cirripedes have organs of
+sense and locomotion, and nothing else but a sack of spermatozoa?
+
+
+LETTER 670. TO F. HILDEBRAND. May 16th, 1866.
+
+Since writing to you before, I have read your admirable memoir on
+Salvia (670/1. "Pringsheim's Jahrbucher," Volume IV., 1866.), and it has
+interested me almost as much as when I first investigated the structure
+of orchids. Your paper illustrates several points in my "Origin of
+Species," especially the transition of organs. Knowing only two or three
+species in the genus, I had often marvelled how one cell of the anther
+could have been transformed into the moveable plate or spoon; and how
+well you show the gradations. But I am surprised that you did not more
+strongly insist on this point.
+
+I shall be still more surprised if you do not ultimately come to the
+same belief with me, as shown by so many beautiful contrivances,--that
+all plants require, from some unknown cause, to be occasionally
+fertilised by pollen from a distinct individual.
+
+
+(PLATE: FRITZ MULLER.)
+
+
+2.XI.II. CORRESPONDENCE WITH FRITZ MULLER, 1865-1881.
+
+(671/1. The letters from Darwin to Muller are given as a separate group,
+instead of in chronological sequence with the other botanical letters,
+as better illustrating the uninterrupted friendship and scientific
+comradeship of the two naturalists.)
+
+
+LETTER 671. TO F. MULLER. Down, October 17th [1865].
+
+I received about a fortnight ago your second letter on climbing plants,
+dated August 31st. It has greatly interested me, and it corrects and
+fills up a great hiatus in my paper. As I thought you could not object,
+I am having your letter copied, and will send the paper to the Linnean
+Society. (671/2. "Notes on some of the Climbing Plants near Desterro"
+[1865], "Linn. Soc. Journ." IX., 1867.) I have slightly modified the
+arrangement of some parts and altered only a few words, as you write as
+good English as an Englishman. I do not quite understand your account of
+the arrangement of the leaves of Strychnos, and I think you use the word
+"bracteae" differently to what English authors do; therefore I will get
+Dr. Hooker to look over your paper.
+
+I cannot, of course, say whether the Linnean Society will publish your
+paper; but I am sure it ought to do so. As the Society is rather poor,
+I fear that it will give only a few woodcuts from your truly admirable
+sketches.
+
+
+LETTER 672. TO F. MULLER.
+
+(672/1. In Darwin's book on Climbing Plants, 1875 (672/2. First given
+as a paper before the Linnean Society, and published in the "Linn. Soc.
+Journ." Volume IX.,), he wrote (page 205): "The conclusion is forced on
+our minds that the capacity of revolving, on which most climbing plants
+depend, is inherent, though undeveloped, in almost every plant in the
+vegetable Kingdom"--a conclusion which was verified in the "Power of
+Movement in Plants." The present letter is interesting in referring
+to Fritz Muller's observations on the "revolving nutation," or
+circumnutation of Alisma macrophylla and Linum usitatissimum, the latter
+fact having been discovered by F. Muller's daughter Rosa. This
+was probably the earliest observation on the circumnutation of a
+non-climbing plant, and Muller, in a paper dated 1868, and published in
+Volume V. of the "Jenaische Zeitschrift," page 133, calls attention to
+its importance in relation to the evolution of the habit of climbing.
+The present letter was probably written in 1865, since it refers to
+Muller's paper read before the Linnean Soc. on December 7th, 1865. If
+so, the facts on circumnutation must have been communicated to Darwin
+some years before their publication in the "Jenaische Zeitschrift.")
+
+Down, December 9th [1865].
+
+I have received your interesting letter of October 10th, with its new
+facts on branch-tendrils. If the Linnean Society publishes your paper
+(672/3. Ibid., 1867, page 344.), as I am sure it ought to do, I will
+append a note with some of these new facts.
+
+I forwarded immediately your MS. to Professor Max Schultze, but I did
+not read it, for German handwriting utterly puzzles me, and I am so
+weak, I am capable of no exertion. I took the liberty, however, of
+asking him to send me a copy, if separate ones are printed, and I
+reminded him about the Sponge paper.
+
+You will have received before this my book on orchids, and I wish I
+had known that you would have preferred the English edition. Should the
+German edition fail to reach you, I will send an English one. That is a
+curious observation of your daughter about the movement of the apex of
+the stem of Linum, and would, I think, be worth following out. (672/4.
+F. Muller, "Jenaische Zeitschrift," Bd. V., page 137. Here, also, are
+described the movements of Alisma.) I suspect many plants move a little,
+following the sun; but all do not, for I have watched some pretty
+carefully.
+
+I can give you no zoological news, for I live the life of the most
+secluded hermit.
+
+I occasionally hear from Ernest Hackel, who seems as determined as you
+are to work out the subject of the change of species. You will have seen
+his curious paper on certain medusae reproducing themselves by seminal
+generation at two periods of growth.
+
+(672/5. On April 3rd, 1868, Darwin wrote to F. Muller: "Your diagram of
+the movements of the flower-peduncle of the Alisma is extremely curious.
+I suppose the movement is of no service to the plant, but shows how
+easily the species might be converted into a climber. Does it bend
+through irritability when rubbed?"
+
+
+LETTER 673. TO F. MULLER. Down, September 25th [1866].
+
+I have just received your letter of August 2nd, and am, as usual,
+astonished at the number of interesting points which you observe. It
+is quite curious how, by coincidence, you have been observing the same
+subjects that have lately interested me.
+
+Your case of the Notylia is quite new to me (673/1. See F. Muller, "Bot.
+Zeitung," 1868, page 630; "Fertilisation of Orchids," Edition II., page
+171.); but it seems analogous with that of Acropera, about the sexes
+of which I blundered greatly in my book. I have got an Acropera now in
+flower, and have no doubt that some insect, with a tuft of hairs on its
+tail, removes by the tuft, the pollinia, and inserts the little viscid
+cap and the long pedicel into the narrow stigmatic cavity, and leaves
+it there with the pollen-masses in close contact with, but not inserted
+into, the stigmatic cavity. I find I can thus fertilise the flowers, and
+so I can with Stanhopea, and I suspect that this is the case with your
+Notylia. But I have lately had an orchis in flower--viz. Acineta,
+which I could not anyhow fertilise. Dr. Hildebrand lately wrote a paper
+(673/2. "Bot. Zeitung," 1863, 1865.) showing that with some orchids
+the ovules are not mature and are not fertilised until months after
+the pollen-tubes have penetrated the column, and you have independently
+observed the same fact, which I never suspected in the case of Acropera.
+The column of such orchids must act almost like the spermatheca of
+insects. Your orchis with two leaf-like stigmas is new to me; but I
+feel guilty at your wasting your valuable time in making such beautiful
+drawings for my amusement.
+
+Your observations on those plants being sterile which grow separately,
+or flower earlier than others, are very interesting to me: they would be
+worth experimenting on with other individuals. I shall give in my next
+book several cases of individual plants being sterile with their
+own pollen. I have actually got on my list Eschscholtzia (673/3. See
+"Animals and Plants," II., Edition II., page 118.) for fertilising with
+its own pollen, though I did not suspect it would prove sterile, and
+I will try next summer. My object is to compare the rate of growth of
+plants raised from seed fertilised by pollen from the same flower and by
+pollen from a distinct plant, and I think from what I have seen I shall
+arrive at interesting results. Dr. Hildebrand has lately described
+a curious case of Corydalis cava which is quite sterile with its own
+pollen, but fertile with pollen of any other individual plant of the
+species. (673/4. "International Horticultural Congress," London, 1866,
+quoted in "Variation of Animals and Plants," Edition II., Volume
+II., page 113.) What I meant in my paper on Linum about plants being
+dimorphic in function alone, was that they should be divided into two
+equal bodies functionally but not structurally different. I have been
+much interested by what you say on seeds which adhere to the valves
+being rendered conspicuous. You will see in the new edition of the
+"Origin" (673/5. "Origin of Species," Edition IV., 1866, page 238. A
+discussion on the origin of beauty, including the bright colours of
+flowers and fruits.) why I have alluded to the beauty and bright colours
+of fruit; after writing this it troubled me that I remembered to have
+seen brilliantly coloured seed, and your view occurred to me. There is a
+species of peony in which the inside of the pod is crimson and the seeds
+dark purple. I had asked a friend to send me some of these seeds, to
+see if they were covered with anything which could prove attractive to
+birds. I received some seeds the day after receiving your letter, and I
+must own that the fleshy covering is so thin that I can hardly believe
+it would lead birds to devour them; and so it was in an analogous case
+with Passiflora gracilis. How is this in the cases mentioned by you? The
+whole case seems to me rather a striking one.
+
+I wish I had heard of Mikania being a leaf-climber before your paper
+was printed (673/6. See "Climbing Plants (3rd thousand, 1882), page 116.
+Mikania and Mutisia both belong to the Compositae. Mikania scandens is a
+twining plant: it is another species which, by its leaf-climbing habit,
+supplies a transition to the tendril-climber Mutisia. F. Muller's
+paper is in "Linn. Soc. Journ." IX., page 344.), for we thus get a
+good gradation from M. scandens to Mutisia, with its little modified,
+leaf-like tendrils.
+
+I am glad to hear that you can confirm (but render still more wonderful)
+Hackel's most interesting case of Linope. Huxley told me that he thought
+the case would somehow be explained away.
+
+
+LETTER 674. TO F. MULLER. Down [Received January 24th, 1867].
+
+I have so much to thank you for that I hardly know how to begin. I have
+received the bulbils of Oxalis, and your most interesting letter of
+October 1st. I planted half the bulbs, and will plant the other half
+in the spring. The case seems to me very curious, and until trying some
+experiments in crossing I can form no conjecture what the abortion of
+the stamens in so irregular a manner can signify. But I fear from what
+you say the plant will prove sterile, like so many others which increase
+largely by buds of various kinds. Since I asked you about Oxalis, Dr.
+Hildebrand has published a paper showing that a great number of species
+are trimorphic, like Lythrum, but he has tried hardly any experiments.
+(674/1. Hildebrand's work, published in the "Monatsb. d. Akad. d. Wiss.
+Berlin," 1866, was chiefly on herbarium specimens. His experimental work
+was published in the "Bot. Zeitung," 1871.)
+
+I am particularly obliged for the information and specimens of Cordia
+(674/2. Cordiaceae: probably dimorphic.), and shall be most grateful for
+seed. I have not heard of any dimorphic species in this family. Hardly
+anything in your letter interested me so much as your account and
+drawing of the valves of the pod of one of the Mimoseae with the really
+beautiful seeds. I will send some of these seeds to Kew to be planted.
+But these seeds seem to me to offer a very great difficulty. They do
+not seem hard enough to resist the triturating power of the gizzard of a
+gallinaceous bird, though they must resist that of some other birds;
+for the skin is as hard as ivory. I presume that these seeds cannot
+be covered with any attractive pulp? I soaked one of the seeds for ten
+hours in warm water, which became only very slightly mucilaginous.
+I think I will try whether they will pass through a fowl uninjured.
+(674/3. The seeds proved to be those of Adenanthera pavonina. The
+solution of the difficulty is given in the following extract from a
+letter to Muller, March 2nd, 1867: "I wrote to India on the subject,
+and I hear from Mr. J. Scott that parrots are eager for the seeds, and,
+wonderful as the fact is, can split them open with their beaks; they
+first collect a large number in their beaks, and then settle themselves
+to split them, and in doing so drop many; thus I have no doubt they are
+disseminated, on the same principle that the acorns of our oaks are most
+widely disseminated." Possibly a similar explanation may hold good
+for the brightly coloured seeds of Abrus precatorius.) I hope you will
+observe whether any bird devours them; and could you get any young man
+to shoot some and observe whether the seeds are found low down in
+the intestines? It would be well worth while to plant such seeds with
+undigested seeds for comparison. An opponent of ours might make a
+capital case against us by saying that here beautiful pods and seeds
+have been formed not for the good of the plant, but for the good of
+birds alone. These seeds would make a beautiful bracelet for one of my
+daughters, if I had enough. I may just mention that Euonymus europoeus
+is a case in point: the seeds are coated by a thin orange layer, which I
+find is sufficient to cause them to be devoured by birds.
+
+I have received your paper on Martha [Posoqueria (674/4. "Bot. Zeitung,"
+1866.)]; it is as wonderful as the most wonderful orchis; Ernst Hackel
+brought me the paper and stayed a day with me. I have seldom seen a
+more pleasant, cordial, and frank man. He is now in Madeira, where he is
+going to work chiefly on the Medusae. His great work is now published,
+and I have a copy; but the german is so difficult I can make out but
+little of it, and I fear it is too large a work to be translated. Your
+fact about the number of seeds in the capsule of the Maxillaria (674/5.
+See "Animals and Plants," Edition II., Volume II., page 115.) came just
+at the right time, as I wished to give one or two such facts. Does this
+orchid produce many capsules? I cannot answer your question about the
+aerial roots of Catasetum. I hope you have received the new edition
+of the "Origin." Your paper on climbing plants (674/6. "Linn. Soc.
+Journal," IX., 1867, page 344.) is printed, and I expect in a day or two
+to receive the spare copies, and I will send off three copies as before
+stated, and will retain some in case you should wish me to send them to
+any one in Europe, and will transmit the remainder to yourself.
+
+
+LETTER 675. TO F. MULLER. Down [received February 24th, 1867].
+
+Your letter of November 2nd contained an extraordinary amount of
+interesting matter. What a number of dimorphic plants South Brazil
+produces: you observed in one day as many or more dimorphic genera than
+all the botanists in Europe have ever observed. When my present book
+is finished I shall write a final paper upon these plants, so that I
+am extremely glad to hear of your observations and to see the dried
+flowers; nevertheless, I should regret MUCH if I prevented you from
+publishing on the subject. Plumbago (675/1. Plumbago has not been shown
+to be dimorphic.) is quite new to me, though I had suspected it. It is
+curious how dimorphism prevails by groups throughout the world,
+showing, as I suppose, that it is an ancient character; thus Hedyotis is
+dimorphic in India (675/2. Hedyotis was sent to Darwin by F. Muller; it
+seems possible, therefore, that Hedyotis was written by mistake for some
+other Rubiaceous plant, perhaps Oldenlandia, which John Scott sent him
+from India.); the two other genera in the same sub-family with Villarsia
+are dimorphic in Europe and Ceylon; a sub-genus of Erythroxylon (675/3.
+No doubt Sethia.) is dimorphic in Ceylon, and Oxalis with you and at the
+Cape of Good Hope. If you can find a dimorphic Oxalis it will be a new
+point, for all known species are trimorphic or monomorphic. The case of
+Convolvulus will be new, if proved. I am doubtful about Gesneria (675/4.
+Neither Convolvulus nor Gesneria have been shown to be dimorphic.),
+and have been often myself deceived by varying length of pistil.
+A difference in the size of the pollen-grains would be conclusive
+evidence; but in some cases experiments by fertilisation can alone
+decide the point. As yet I know of no case of dimorphism in flowers
+which are very irregular; such flowers being apparently always
+sufficiently visited and crossed by insects.
+
+
+LETTER 676. TO F. MULLER. Down, April 22nd [1867].
+
+I am very sorry your papers on climbing plants never reached you. They
+must be lost, but I put the stamps on myself and I am sure they were
+right. I despatched on the 20th all the remaining copies, except one for
+myself. Your letter of March 4th contained much interesting matter, but
+I have to say this of all your letters. I am particularly glad to hear
+that Oncidium flexuosum (676/1. See "Animals and Plants," Edition II.,
+Volume II., page 114. Observations on Oncidium were made by John Scott,
+and in Brazil by F. Muller, who "fertilised above one hundred flowers of
+the above-mentioned Oncidium flexuosum, which is there endemic, with
+its own pollen, and with that taken from distinct plants: all the former
+were sterile, whilst those fertilised by pollen from any OTHER PLANT of
+the same species were fertile.') is endemic, for I always thought that
+the cases of self-sterility with orchids in hot-houses might have been
+caused by their unnatural conditions. I am glad, also, to hear of the
+other analogous cases, all of which I will give briefly in my book
+that is now printing. The lessened number of good seeds in the
+self-fertilising Epidendrums is to a certain extent a new case.
+You suggest the comparison of the growth of plants produced from
+self-fertilised and crossed seeds. I began this work last autumn, and
+the result, in some cases, has been very striking; but only, as far as
+I can yet judge, with exotic plants which do not get freely crossed by
+insects in this country. In some of these cases it is really a wonderful
+physiological fact to see the difference of growth in the plants
+produced from self-fertilised and crossed seeds, both produced by the
+same parent-plant; the pollen which has been used for the cross having
+been taken from a distinct plant that grew in the same flower-pot. Many
+thanks for the dimorphic Rubiaceous plant. Three of your Plumbagos have
+germinated, but not as yet any of the Lobelias. Have you ever thought of
+publishing a work which might contain miscellaneous observations on all
+branches of Natural History, with a short description of the country and
+of any excursions which you might take? I feel certain that you might
+make a very valuable and interesting book, for every one of your
+letters is so full of good observations. Such books, for instance Bates'
+"Travels on the Amazons," are very popular in England. I will give your
+obliging offer about Brazilian plants to Dr. Hooker, who was to have
+come here to-day, but has failed. He is an excellent good fellow, as
+well as naturalist. He has lately published a pamphlet, which I think
+you would like to read; and I will try and get a copy and send you.
+(676/2. Sir J.D. Hooker's lecture on Insular Floras, given before
+the British Association in August, 1866, is doubtless referred to. It
+appeared in the "Gardeners' Chronicle," and was published as a pamphlet
+in January, 1867. This fact helps to fix the date of the present
+letter.)
+
+
+LETTER 677. TO F. MULLER.
+
+(677/1. The following refers to the curious case of Eschscholtzia
+described in "Cross and Self-Fertilisation," pages 343-4. The offspring
+of English plants after growing for two generations in Brazil became
+self-sterile, while the offspring of Brazilian plants became partly
+self-fertile in England.)
+
+January 30th [1868].
+
+...The flowers of Eschscholtzia when crossed with pollen from a distinct
+plant produced 91 per cent. of capsules; when self-fertilised the
+flowers produced only 66 per cent. of capsules. An equal number of
+crossed and self-fertilised capsules contained seed by weight in the
+proportion of 100 to 71. Nevertheless, the self-fertilised flowers
+produced an abundance of seed. I enclose a few crossed seeds in hopes
+that you will raise a plant, cover it with a net, and observe whether it
+is self-fertile; at the same time allowing several uncovered plants to
+produce capsules, for the sterility formerly observed by you seems to me
+very curious.
+
+
+LETTER 678. TO F. MULLER. Down, November 28th [1868].
+
+You end your letter of September 9th by saying that it is a very
+dull one; indeed, you make a very great mistake, for it abounds with
+interesting facts and thoughts. Your account of the tameness of the
+birds which apparently have wandered from the interior, is very curious.
+But I must begin on another subject: there has been a great and very
+vexatious, but unavoidable delay in the publication of your book.
+(678/1. "Facts and Arguments for Darwin," 1869, a translation by the
+late Mr. Dallas of F. Muller's "Fur Darwin," 1864: see Volume I., Letter
+227.) Prof. Huxley agrees with me that Mr. Dallas is by far the best
+translator, but he is much overworked and had not quite finished the
+translation about a fortnight ago. He has charge of the Museum at York,
+and is now trying to get the situation of Assistant Secretary at the
+Geological Society; and all the canvassing, etc., and his removal, if
+he gets the place, will, I fear, cause more than a month's delay in the
+completion of the translation; and this I very much regret.
+
+I am particularly glad to hear that you intend to repeat my experiments
+on illegitimate offspring, for no one's observations can be trusted
+until repeated. You will find the work very troublesome, owing to the
+death of plants and accidents of all kinds. Some dimorphic plant will
+probably prove too sterile for you to raise offspring; and others too
+fertile for much sterility to be expected in their offspring. Primula
+is bad on account of the difficulty of deciding which seeds may be
+considered as good. I have earnestly wished that some one would repeat
+these experiments, but I feared that years would elapse before any
+one would take the trouble. I received your paper on Bignonia in "Bot.
+Zeit." and it interested me much. (678/2. See "Variation of Animals
+and Plants," Edition II., Volume II., page 117. Fritz Muller's paper,
+"Befruchtungsversuche an Cipo alho (Bignonia)," "Botanische Zeitung,"
+September 25th, 1868, page 625, contains an interesting foreshadowing of
+the generalisation arrived at in "Cross and Self-Fertilisation." Muller
+wrote: "Are the three which grow near each other seedlings from the same
+mother-plant or perhaps from seeds of the same capsule? Or have they,
+from growing in the same place and under the same conditions, become so
+like each other that the pollen of one has hardly any more effect on
+the others than their own pollen? Or, on the contrary, were the plants
+originally one--i.e., are they suckers from a single stock, which
+have gained a slight degree of mutual fertility in the course of an
+independent life? Or, lastly, is the result 'ein neckische Zufall,'"
+(The above is a free translation of Muller's words.)) I am convinced
+that if you can prove that a plant growing in a distant place under
+different conditions is more effective in fertilisation than one
+growing close by, you will make a great step in the essence of sexual
+reproduction.
+
+Prof. Asa Gray and Dr. Hooker have been staying here, and, oddly
+enough, they knew nothing of your paper on Martha (678/3. F. Muller has
+described ("Bot. Zeitung," 1866, page 129) the explosive mechanism by
+which the pollen is distributed in Martha (Posoqueria) fragrans. He
+also gives an account of the remarkable arrangement for ensuring
+cross-fertilisation. See "Forms of Flowers," Edition II., page 131.),
+though the former was aware of the curious movements of the stamens, but
+so little understood the structure of the plant that he thought it was
+probably a dimorphic species. Accordingly, I showed them your drawings
+and gave them a little lecture, and they were perfectly charmed with
+your account. Hildebrand (678/4. See Letter 206, Volume I.) has repeated
+his experiments on potatoes, and so have I, but this summer with no
+result.
+
+
+LETTER 679. TO F. MULLER. Down, March 14th [1869].
+
+I received some time ago a very interesting letter from you with many
+facts about Oxalis, and about the non-seeding and spreading of one
+species. I may mention that our common O. acetosella varies much
+in length of pistils and stamens, so that I at first thought it was
+certainly dimorphic, but proved it by experiment not to be so. Boiseria
+(679/1. This perhaps refers to Boissiera (Ladizabala).) has after all
+seeded well with me when crossed by opposite form, but very sparingly
+when self-fertilised. Your case of Faramea astonishes me. (679/2. See
+"Forms of Flowers," Edition II., page 129. Faramea is placed among the
+dimorphic species.) Are you sure there is no mistake? The difference
+in size of flower and wonderful difference in size and structure of
+pollen-grains naturally make me rather sceptical. I never fail to admire
+and to be surprised at the number of points to which you attend. I go
+on slowly at my next book, and though I never am idle, I make but slow
+progress; for I am often interrupted by being unwell, and my subject
+of sexual selection has grown into a very large one. I have also had
+to correct a new edition of my "Origin," (679/3. The 5th edition.), and
+this has taken me six weeks, for science progresses at railroad speed.
+I cannot tell you how rejoiced I am that your book is at last out; for
+whether it sells largely or not, I am certain it will produce a great
+effect on all capable judges, though these are few in number.
+
+P.S.--I have just received your letter of January 12th. I am greatly
+interested by what you say on Eschscholtzia; I wish your plants had
+succeeded better. It seems pretty clear that the species is much more
+self-sterile under the climate of Brazil than here, and this seems to me
+an important result. (679/4. See Letter 677.) I have no spare seeds at
+present, but will send for some from the nurseryman, which, though not
+so good for our purpose, will be worth trying. I can send some of my own
+in the autumn. You could simply cover up separately two or three single
+plants, and see if they will seed without aid,--mine did abundantly.
+Very many thanks for seeds of Oxalis: how I wish I had more strength and
+time to carry on these experiments, but when I write in the morning, I
+have hardly heart to do anything in the afternoon. Your grass is most
+wonderful. You ought to send account to the "Bot. Zeitung." Could you
+not ascertain whether the barbs are sensitive, and how soon they
+become spiral in the bud? Your bird is, I have no doubt, the Molothrus
+mentioned in my "Journal of Travels," page 52, as representing a North
+American species, both with cuckoo-like habits. I know that seeds from
+same spike transmitted to a certain extent their proper qualities; but
+as far as I know, no one has hitherto shown how far this holds good, and
+the fact is very interesting. The experiment would be well worth trying
+with flowers bearing different numbers of petals. Your explanation
+agrees beautifully with the hypothesis of pangenesis, and delights me.
+If you try other cases, do draw up a paper on the subject of inheritance
+of separate flowers for the "Bot. Zeitung" or some journal. Most men,
+as far as my experience goes, are too ready to publish, but you seem
+to enjoy making most interesting observations and discoveries, and are
+sadly too slow in publishing.
+
+
+LETTER 680. TO F. MULLER. Barmouth, July 18th, 1869.
+
+I received your last letter shortly before leaving home for this place.
+Owing to this cause and to having been more unwell than usual I have
+been very dilatory in writing to you. When I last heard, about six or
+eight weeks ago, from Mr. Murray, one hundred copies of your book had
+been sold, and I daresay five hundred may now be sold. (680/1. "Facts
+and Arguments for Darwin," 1869: see Volume I., Letter 227.) This will
+quite repay me, if not all the money; for I am sure that your book will
+have got into the hands of a good many men capable of understanding it:
+indeed, I know that it has. But it is too deep for the general public.
+I sent you two or three reviews--one of which, in the "Athenaeum," was
+unfavourable; but this journal has abused me, and all who think with me,
+for many years. (680/2. "Athenaeum," 1869, page 431.) I enclose two more
+notices, not that they are worth sending: some other brief notices have
+appeared. The case of the Abitulon sterile with some individuals is
+remarkable (680/3. "Bestaubungsversuche an Abutilon-Arten." "Jenaische
+Zeitschr." VII., 1873, page 22.): I believe that I had one plant of
+Reseda odorata which was fertile with own pollen, but all that I have
+tried since were sterile except with pollen from some other individual.
+I planted the seeds of the Abitulon, but I fear that they were crushed
+in the letter. Your Eschscholtzia plants were growing well when I left
+home, to which place we shall return by the end of this month, and I
+will observe whether they are self-sterile. I sent your curious account
+of the monstrous Begonia to the Linnean Society, and I suppose it will
+be published in the "Journal." (680/4. "On the Modification of the
+Stamens in a Species of Begonia." "Journ. Linn. Soc." XI., 1871, page
+472.) I sent the extract about grafted orange trees to the "Gardeners'
+Chronicle," where it appeared. I have lately drawn up some notes for a
+French translation of my Orchis book: I took out your letters to make an
+abstract of your numerous discussions, but I found I had not strength
+or time to do so, and this caused me great regret. I have [in the French
+edition] alluded to your work, which will also be published in English,
+as you will see in my paper, and which I will send you. (680/5. "Notes
+on the Fertilisation of Orchids." "Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist." 1869, Volume
+IV., page 141. The paper gives an English version of the notes prepared
+for the French edition of the Orchid book.)
+
+P.S.--By an odd chance, since I wrote the beginning of this letter, I
+have received one from Dr. Hooker, who has been reading "Fur Darwin": he
+finds that he has not knowledge enough for the first part; but says
+that Chapters X. and XI. "strike me as remarkably good." He is also
+particularly struck with one of your highly suggestive remarks in the
+note to page 119. Assuredly all who read your book will greatly profit
+by it, and I rejoice that it has appeared in English.
+
+
+LETTER 681. TO F. MULLER. Down, December 1st [1869].
+
+I am much obliged for your letter of October 18th, with the curious
+account of Abutilon, and for the seeds. A friend of mine, Mr. Farrer,
+has lately been studying the fertilisation of Passiflora (681/1. See
+Letters 701 and 704.), and concluded from the curiously crooked passage
+into the nectary that it could not be fertilised by humming-birds; but
+that Tacsonia was thus fertilised. Therefore I sent him the passage from
+your letter, and I enclose a copy of his answer. If you are inclined to
+gratify him by making a few observations on this subject I shall be
+much obliged, and will send them on to him. I enclose a copy of my rough
+notes on your Eschscholtzia, as you might like to see them. Somebody has
+sent me from Germany two papers by you, one with a most curious account
+of Alisma (681/2. See Letter 672.), and the other on crustaceans. Your
+observations on the branchiae and heart have interested me extremely.
+
+Alex. Agassiz has just paid me a visit with his wife. He has been in
+England two or three months, and is now going to tour over the Continent
+to see all the zoologists. We liked him very much. He is a great admirer
+of yours, and he tells me that your correspondence and book first
+made him believe in evolution. This must have been a great blow to his
+father, who, as he tells me, is very well, and so vigorous that he can
+work twice as long as he (the son) can.
+
+Dr. Meyer has sent me his translation of Wallace's "Malay Archipelago,"
+which is a valuable work; and as I have no use for the translation,
+I will this day forward it to you by post, but, to save postage, via
+England.
+
+
+LETTER 682. TO F. MULLER. Down, May 12th [1870].
+
+I thank you for your two letters of December 15th and March 29th, both
+abounding with curious facts. I have been particularly glad to hear in
+your last about the Eschscholtzia (682/1. See Letter 677.); for I am now
+rearing crossed and self-fertilised plants, in antagonism to each other,
+from your semi-sterile plants so that I may compare this comparative
+growth with that of the offspring of English fertile plants. I have
+forwarded your postscript about Passiflora, with the seeds, to Mr.
+Farrer, who I am sure will be greatly obliged to you; the turning up of
+the pendant flower plainly indicates some adaptation. When I next go to
+London I will take up the specimens of butterflies, and show them to
+Mr. Butler, of the British Museum, who is a learned lepidopterist
+and interested on the subject. This reminds me to ask you whether you
+received my letter [asking] about the ticking butterfly, described at
+page 33 of my "Journal of Researches"; viz., whether the sound is in
+anyway sexual? Perhaps the species does not inhabit your island. (682/2.
+Papilio feronia, a Brazilian species capable of making "a clicking
+noise, similar to that produced by a toothed wheel passing under a
+spring catch."--"Journal," 1879, page 34.)
+
+The case described in your last letter of the trimorphic monocotyledon
+Pontederia is grand. (682/3. This case interested Darwin as the only
+instance of heterostylism in Monocotyledons. See "Forms of Flowers,"
+Edition II., page 183. F. Muller's paper is in the "Jenaische
+Zeitschrift," 1871.) I wonder whether I shall ever have time to recur
+to this subject; I hope I may, for I have a good deal of unpublished
+material.
+
+Thank you for telling me about the first-formed flower having additional
+petals, stamens, carpels, etc., for it is a possible means of transition
+of form; it seems also connected with the fact on which I have insisted
+of peloric flowers being so often terminal. As pelorism is strongly
+inherited (and [I] have just got a curious case of this in a leguminous
+plant from India), would it not be worth while to fertilise some of
+your early flowers having additional organs with pollen from a similar
+flower, and see whether you could not make a race thus characterised?
+(682/4. See Letters 588, 589. Also "Variation under Domestication,"
+Edition II., Volume I., pages 388-9.) Some of your Abutilons have
+germinated, but I have been very unfortunate with most of your seed.
+
+You will remember having given me in a former letter an account of
+a very curious popular belief in regard to the subsequent progeny
+of asses, which have borne mules; and now I have another case almost
+exactly like that of Lord Morton's mare, in which it is said the shape
+of the hoofs in the subsequent progeny are affected. (Pangenesis will
+turn out true some day!) (682/5. See "Animals and Plants," Edition
+II., Volume I., page 435. For recent work on telegony see Ewart's
+"Experimental Investigations on Telegony," "Phil. Trans. R. Soc." 1899.
+A good account of the subject is given in the "Quarterly Review," 1899,
+page 404. See also Letter 275, Volume I.)
+
+A few months ago I received an interesting letter and paper from your
+brother, who has taken up a new and good line of investigation, viz.,
+the adaptation in insects for the fertilisation of flowers.
+
+The only scientific man I have seen for several months is Kolliker, who
+came here with Gunther, and whom I liked extremely.
+
+I am working away very hard at my book on man and on sexual selection,
+but I do not suppose I shall go to press till late in the autumn.
+
+
+LETTER 683. TO F. MULLER. Down, January 1st, 1874.
+
+No doubt I owe to your kindness two pamphlets received a few days ago,
+which have interested me in an extraordinary degree. (683/1. This refers
+to F. Muller's "Bestaubungsversuche an Abutilon-Arten" in the "Jenaische
+Zeitschr." Volume VII., which are thus referred to by Darwin ("Cross
+and Self Fert." pages 305-6): "Fritz Muller has shown by his valuable
+experiments on hybrid Abutilons, that the union of brothers and sisters,
+parents and children, and of other near relations is highly injurious to
+the fertility of the offspring." The Termite paper is in the same volume
+(viz., VII.) of the "Jenaische Zeitschr.") It is quite new to me what
+you show about the effects of relationship in hybrids--that is to say,
+as far as direct proof is concerned. I felt hardly any doubt on the
+subject, from the fact of hybrids becoming more fertile when grown in
+number in nursery gardens, exactly the reverse of what occurred with
+Gartner. (683/2. When many hybrids are grown together the pollination by
+near relatives is minimised.) The paper on Termites is even still more
+interesting, and the analogy with cleistogene flowers is wonderful.
+(683/3. On the back of his copy of Muller's paper Darwin wrote: "There
+exist imperfectly developed male and female Termites, with wings much
+shorter than those of queen and king, which serve to continue the
+species if a fully developed king and queen do not after swarming (which
+no doubt is for an occasional cross) enter [the] nest. Curiously like
+cleistogamic flowers.") The manner in which you refer to to my chapter
+on crossing is one of the most elegant compliments which I have ever
+received.
+
+I have directed to be sent to you Belt's "Nicaragua," which seems to me
+the best Natural History book of travels ever published. Pray look to
+what he says about the leaf-carrying ant storing the leaves up in a
+minced state to generate mycelium, on which he supposes that the larvae
+feed. Now, could you open the stomachs of these ants and examine the
+contents, so as to prove or disprove this remarkable hypothesis? (683/4.
+The hypothesis has been completely confirmed by the researches of
+Moller, a nephew of F. Muller's: see his "Brasilische Pilzblumen"
+("Botan. Mittheilgn. aus den Tropen," hrsg. von A.F.W. Schimper, Heft
+7).)
+
+
+LETTER 684. TO F. MULLER. Down, May 9th, 1877.
+
+I have been particularly glad to receive your letter of March 25th on
+Pontederia, for I am now printing a small book on heterostyled plants,
+and on some allied subjects. I feel sure you will not object to my
+giving a short account of the flowers of the new species which you have
+sent me. I am the more anxious to do so as a writer in the United States
+has described a species, and seems to doubt whether it is heterostyled,
+for he thinks the difference in the length of the pistil depends merely
+on its growth! In my new book I shall use all the information and
+specimens which you have sent me with respect to the heterostyled
+plants, and your published notices.
+
+One chapter will be devoted to cleistogamic species, and I will just
+notice your new grass case. My son Francis desires me to thank you much
+for your kindness with respect to the plants which bury their seeds.
+
+I never fail to feel astonished, when I receive one of your letters, at
+the number of new facts you are continually observing. With respect to
+the great supposed subterranean animal, may not the belief have arisen
+from the natives having seen large skeletons embedded in cliffs? I
+remember finding on the banks of the Parana a skeleton of a Mastodon,
+and the Gauchos concluded that it was a borrowing animal like the
+Bizcacha. (684/1. On the supposed existence in Patagonia of a gigantic
+land-sloth, see "Natural Science," XIII., 1898, page 288, where
+Ameghino's discovery of the skin of Neomylodon listai was practically
+first made known, since his privately published pamphlet was
+not generally seen. The animal was afterwards identified with a
+Glossotherium, closely allied to Owen's G. Darwini, which has been named
+Glossotherium listai or Grypotherium domesticum. For a good account of
+the discoveries see Smith Woodward in "Natural Science," XV., 1899, page
+351, where the literature is given.)
+
+
+LETTER 685. TO F. MULLER. Down, May 14th [1877].
+
+I wrote to you a few days ago to thank you about Pontederia, and now
+I am going to ask you to add one more to the many kindnesses which you
+have done for me. I have made many observations on the waxy secretion on
+leaves which throw off water (e.g., cabbage, Tropoeolum), and I am now
+going to continue my observations. Does any sensitive species of Mimosa
+grow in your neighbourhood? If so, will you observe whether the leaflets
+keep shut during long-continued warm rain. I find that the leaflets open
+if they are continuously syringed with water at a temperature of about
+19 deg C., but if the water is at a temperature of 33-35 deg C., they
+keep shut for more than two hours, and probably longer. If the plant is
+continuously shaken so as to imitate wind the leaflets soon open. How is
+this with the native plants during a windy day? I find that some other
+plants--for instance, Desmodium and Cassia--when syringed with water,
+place their leaves so that the drops fall quickly off; the position
+assumed differing somewhat from that in the so-called sleep. Would you
+be so kind as to observe whether any [other] plants place their leaves
+during rain so as to shoot off the water; and if there are any such
+I should be very glad of a leaf or two to ascertain whether they are
+coated with a waxy secretion. (685/1. See Letters 737-41.)
+
+There is another and very different subject, about which I intend to
+write, and should be very glad of a little information. Are earthworms
+(Lumbricus) common in S. Brazil (685/2. F. Muller's reply is given in
+"Vegetable Mould," page 122.), and do they throw up on the surface of
+the ground numerous castings or vermicular masses such as we so commonly
+see in Europe? Are such castings found in the forests beneath the dead
+withered leaves? I am sure I can trust to your kindness to forgive me
+for asking you so many questions.
+
+
+LETTER 686. TO F. MULLER. Down, July 24th, 1878.
+
+Many thanks for the five kinds of seeds; all have germinated, and the
+Cassia seedlings have interested me much, and I daresay that I shall
+find something curious in the other plants. Nor have I alone profited,
+for Sir J. Hooker, who was here on Sunday, was very glad of some of the
+seeds for Kew. I am particularly obliged for the information about the
+earthworms. I suppose the soil in your forests is very loose, for in
+ground which has lately been dug in England the worms do not come to the
+surface, but deposit their castings in the midst of the loose soil.
+
+I have some grand plants (and I formerly sent seeds to Kew) of the
+cleistogamic grass, but they show no signs of producing flowers of any
+kind as yet. Your case of the panicle with open flowers being sterile
+is parallel to that of Leersia oryzoides. I have always fancied that
+cross-fertilisation would perhaps make such panicles fertile. (686/1.
+The meaning of this sentence is somewhat obscure. Darwin apparently
+implies that the perfect flowers, borne on the panicles which
+occasionally emerge from the sheath, might be fertile if pollinated from
+another individual. See "Forms of Flowers," page 334.)
+
+I am working away as hard as I can at all the multifarious kinds of
+movements of plants, and am trying to reduce them to some simple rules,
+but whether I shall succeed I do not know.
+
+I have sent the curious lepidopteron case to Mr. Meldola.
+
+
+LETTER 687. F. MULLER TO CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+(687/1. In November, 1880, on receipt of an account of a flood in Brazil
+from which Fritz Muller had barely escaped with his life ("Life and
+Letters," III., 242); Darwin immediately wrote to Hermann Muller begging
+to be allowed to help in making good any loss in books or scientific
+instruments that his brother had sustained. It is this offer of help
+that is referred to in the first paragraph of the following letter:
+Darwin repeats the offer in Letter 690.)
+
+Blumenau, Sa Catharina, Brazil, January 9th, 1881.
+
+I do not know how to express [to] you my deep heartfelt gratitude for
+the generous offer which you made to my brother on hearing of the
+late dreadful flood of the Itajahy. From you, dear sir, I should have
+accepted assistance without hesitation if I had been in need of it; but
+fortunately, though we had to leave our house for more than a week, and
+on returning found it badly damaged, my losses have not been very great.
+
+I must thank you also for your wonderful book on the movements of
+plants, which arrived here on New Year's Day. I think nobody else will
+have been delighted more than I was with the results which you have
+arrived at by so many admirably conducted experiments and observations;
+since I observed the spontaneous revolving movement of Alisma I had seen
+similar movements in so many and so different plants that I felt much
+inclined to consider spontaneous revolving movement or circumnutation as
+common to all plants and the movements of climbing plants as a
+special modification of that general phenomenon. And this you have now
+convincingly, nay, superabundantly, proved to be the case.
+
+I was much struck with the fact that with you Maranta did not sleep for
+two nights after having its leaves violently shaken by wind, for here we
+have very cold nights only after storms from the west or south-west,
+and it would be very strange if the leaves of our numerous species of
+Marantaceae should be prevented by these storms to assume their usual
+nocturnal position, just when nocturnal radiation was most to be feared.
+It is rather strange, also, that Phaseolus vulgaris should not sleep
+during the early part of the summer, when the leaves are most likely to
+be injured during cold nights. On the contrary, it would not do any harm
+to many sub-tropical plants, that their leaves must be well illuminated
+during the day in order that they may assume at night a vertical
+position; for, in our climate at least, cold nights are always preceded
+by sunny days.
+
+Of nearly allied plants sleeping very differently I can give you
+some more instances. In the genus Olyra (at least, in the one species
+observed by me) the leaves bend down vertically at night; now,
+in Endlicher's "Genera plantarum" this genus immediately precedes
+Strephium, the leaves of which you saw rising vertically.
+
+In one of two species of Phyllanthus, growing as weeds near my house,
+the leaves of the erect branches bend upwards at night, while in the
+second species, with horizontal branches, they sleep like those of
+Phyllanthus Niruri or of Cassia. In this second species the tips of
+the branches also are curled downwards at night, by which movement
+the youngest leaves are yet better protected. From their vertical
+nyctitropic position the leaves of this Phyllanthus might return to
+horizontality, traversing 90 deg, in two ways, either to their own or to
+the opposite side of the branch; on the latter way no rotation would be
+required, while on the former each leaf must rotate on its own axis in
+order that its upper surface may be turned upwards. Thus the way to the
+wrong side appears to be even less troublesome. And indeed, in some rare
+cases I have seen three, four or even almost all the leaves of one side
+of a branch horizontally expanded on the opposite side, with their upper
+surfaces closely appressed to the lower surfaces of the leaves of that
+side.
+
+This Phyllanthus agrees with Cassia not only in its manner of sleeping,
+but also by its leaves being paraheliotropic. (687/2. Paraheliotropism
+is the movement by which some leaves temporarily direct their edges to
+the source of light. See "Movements of Plants," page 445.) Like those of
+some Cassiae its leaves take an almost perfectly vertical position, when
+at noon, on a summer day, the sun is nearly in the zenith; but I doubt
+whether this paraheliotropism will be observable in England. To-day,
+though continuing to be fully exposed to the sun, at 3 p.m. the leaves
+had already returned to a nearly horizontal position. As soon as there
+are ripe seeds I will send you some; of our other species of Phyllanthus
+I enclose a few seeds in this letter.
+
+In several species of Hedychium the lateral halves of the leaves when
+exposed to bright sunshine, bend downwards so that the lateral margins
+meet. It is curious that a hybrid Hedychium in my garden shows scarcely
+any trace of this paraheliotropism, while both the parent species are
+very paraheliotropic.
+
+Might not the inequality of the cotyledons of Citrus and of Pachira be
+attributed to the pressure, which the several embryos enclosed in the
+same seed exert upon each other? I do not know Pachira aquatica, but
+[in] a species, of which I have a tree in my garden, all the seeds
+are polyembryonic, and so were almost all the seeds of Citrus which I
+examined. With Coffea arabica also seeds including two embryos are
+not very rare; but I have not yet observed whether in this case the
+cotyledons be inequal.
+
+I repeated to-day Duval-Jouve's measurements on Bryophyllum calycinum
+(687/3. "Power of Movement in Plants," page 237. F. Muller's
+measurements show, however, that there is a tendency in the leaves to be
+more highly inclined at night than in the middle of the day, and so far
+they agree with Duval-Jouve's results.); but mine did not agree with
+his; they are as follows:--
+
+Distances in mm. between the tips of the upper pair of leaves.
+
+     January 9th, 1881    3 A.M.    1 P.M.    6 P.M.
+     1st plant             54        43        36
+     2nd plant             28        25        23
+     3rd plant             28        27        27
+     4th plant             51        46        39
+     5th plant             61        52        45
+     _______________________________________________
+
+                          222       193       170
+
+
+LETTER 688. TO F. MULLER. Down, February 23rd, 1881.
+
+Your letter has interested me greatly, as have so many during many past
+years. I thought that you would not object to my publishing in "Nature"
+(688/1. "Nature," March 3rd, 1881, page 409.) some of the more striking
+facts about the movements of plants, with a few remarks added to show
+the bearing of the facts. The case of the Phyllanthus (688/2. See
+Letter 687.), which turns up its leaves on the wrong side, is most
+extraordinary and ought to be further investigated. Do the leaflets
+sleep on the following night in the usual manner? Do the same leaflets
+on successive nights move in the same strange manner? I was particularly
+glad to hear of the strongly marked cases of paraheliotropism. I shall
+look out with much interest for the publication about the figs. (688/3.
+F. Muller published on Caprification in "Kosmos," 1882.) The creatures
+which you sketch are marvellous, and I should not have guessed that they
+were hymenoptera. Thirty or forty years ago I read all that I could find
+about caprification, and was utterly puzzled. I suggested to Dr.
+Cruger in Trinidad to investigate the wild figs, in relation to their
+cross-fertilisation, and just before he died he wrote that he had
+arrived at some very curious results, but he never published, as I
+believe, on the subject.
+
+I am extremely glad that the inundation did not so greatly injure your
+scientific property, though it would have been a real pleasure to me to
+have been allowed to have replaced your scientific apparatus. (688/4.
+See Letter 687.) I do not believe that there is any one in the world who
+admires your zeal in science and wonderful powers of observation more
+than I do. I venture to say this, as I feel myself a very old man, who
+probably will not last much longer.
+
+P.S.--With respect to Phyllanthus, I think that it would be a good
+experiment to cut off most of the leaflets on one side of the petiole,
+as soon as they are asleep and vertically dependent; when the pressure
+is thus removed, the opposite leaflets will perhaps bend beyond their
+vertically dependent position; if not, the main petiole might be a
+little twisted so that the upper surfaces of the dependent and now
+unprotected leaflets should face obliquely the sky when the morning
+comes. In this case diaheliotropism would perhaps conquer the ordinary
+movements of the leaves when they awake, and [assume] their diurnal
+horizontal position. As the leaflets are alternate, and as the upper
+surface will be somewhat exposed to the dawning light, it is perhaps
+diaheliotropism which explains your extraordinary case.
+
+
+LETTER 689. TO F. MULLER. Down, April 12th, 1881.
+
+I have delayed answering your last letter of February 25th, as I was
+just sending to the printers the MS. of a very little book on the habits
+of earthworms, of which I will of course send you a copy when published.
+I have been very much interested by your new facts on paraheliotropism,
+as I think that they justify my giving a name to this kind of movement,
+about which I long doubted. I have this morning drawn up an account of
+your observations, which I will send in a few days to "Nature." (689/1.
+"Nature," 1881, page 603. Curious facts are given on the movements
+of Cassia, Phyllanthus, sp., Desmodium sp. Cassia takes up a sunlight
+position unlike its own characteristic night-position, but resembling
+rather that of Haematoxylon (see "Power of Movement," figure 153, page
+369). One species of Phyllanthus takes up in sunshine the nyctitropic
+attitude of another species. And the same sort of relation occurs in the
+genus Bauhinia.) I have thought that you would not object to my giving
+precedence to paraheliotropism, which has been so little noticed. I will
+send you a copy of "Nature" when published. I am glad that I was not
+in too great a hurry in publishing about Lagerstroemia. (689/2.
+Lagerstraemia was doubtfully placed among the heterostyled plants
+("Forms of Flowers," page 167). F. Muller's observations showed that a
+totally different interpretation of the two sizes of stamen is possible.
+Namely, that one set serves merely to attract pollen-collecting bees,
+who in the act of visiting the flowers transfer the pollen of the longer
+stamens to other flowers. A case of this sort in Heeria, a Melastomad,
+was described by Muller ("Nature," August 4th, 1881, page 308), and the
+view was applied to the cases of Lagerstroemia and Heteranthera at
+a later date ("Nature," 1883, page 364). See Letters 620-30.) I have
+procured some plants of Melastomaceae, but I fear that they will not
+flower for two years, and I may be in my grave before I can repeat my
+trials. As far as I can imperfectly judge from my observations, the
+difference in colour of the anthers in this family depends on one set
+of anthers being partially aborted. I wrote to Kew to get plants with
+differently coloured anthers, but I learnt very little, as describers of
+dried plants do not attend to such points. I have, however, sowed seeds
+of two kinds, suggested to me as probable. I have, therefore, been
+extremely glad to receive the seeds of Heteranthera reniformis. As far
+as I can make out it is an aquatic plant; and whether I shall succeed
+in getting it to flower is doubtful. Will you be so kind as to send me
+a postcard telling me in what kind of station it grows. In the course
+of next autumn or winter, I think that I shall put together my notes (if
+they seem worth publishing) on the use or meaning of "bloom" (689/3.
+See Letters 736-40.), or the waxy secretion which makes some leaves
+glaucous. I think that I told you that my experiments had led me to
+suspect that the movement of the leaves of Mimosa, Desmodium and Cassia,
+when shaken and syringed, was to shoot off the drops of water. If you
+are caught in heavy rain, I should be very much obliged if you would
+keep this notion in your mind, and look to the position of such leaves.
+You have such wonderful powers of observation that your opinion would be
+more valued by me than that of any other man. I have among my notes one
+letter from you on the subject, but I forget its purport. I hope, also,
+that you may be led to follow up your very ingenious and novel view
+on the two-coloured anthers or pollen, and observe which kind is most
+gathered by bees.
+
+
+LETTER 690. TO F. MULLER. [Patterdale], June 21st, 1881.
+
+I should be much obliged if you could without much trouble send me seeds
+of any heterostyled herbaceous plants (i.e. a species which would
+flower soon), as it would be easy work for me to raise some illegitimate
+seedlings to test their degree of infertility. The plant ought not
+to have very small flowers. I hope that you received the copies of
+"Nature," with extracts from your interesting letters (690/1. "Nature,"
+March 3rd, 1881, Volume XXIII., page 409, contains a letter from C.
+Darwin on "Movements of Plants," with extracts from Fritz Muller's
+letter. Another letter, "On the Movements of Leaves," was published in
+"Nature," April 28th, 1881, page 603, with notes on leaf-movements sent
+to Darwin by Muller.), and I was glad to see a notice in "Kosmos" on
+Phyllanthus. (690/2. "Verirrte Blatter," by Fritz Muller ("Kosmos,"
+Volume V., page 141, 1881). In this article an account is given of a
+species of Phyllanthus, a weed in Muller's garden. See Letter 687.) I
+am writing this note away from my home, but before I left I had the
+satisfaction of seeing Phyllanthus sleeping. Some of the seeds which
+you so kindly sent me would not germinate, or had not then germinated.
+I received a letter yesterday from Dr. Breitenbach, and he tells me
+that you lost many of your books in the desolating flood from which you
+suffered. Forgive me, but why should you not order, through your brother
+Hermann, books, etc., to the amount of 100 pounds, and I would send
+a cheque to him as soon as I heard the exact amount? This would be no
+inconvenience to me; on the contrary, it would be an honour and lasting
+pleasure to me to have aided you in your invaluable scientific work to
+this small and trifling extent. (690/3. See Letter 687, also "Life and
+Letters," III., page 242.)
+
+
+LETTER 691. TO F. MULLER.
+
+(691/1. The following extract from a letter to F. Muller shows what was
+the nature of Darwin's interest in the effect of carbonate of ammonia on
+roots, etc. He was, we think, wrong in adhering to the belief that the
+movements of aggregated masses are of an amoeboid nature. The masses
+change shape, just as clouds do under the moulding action of the wind.
+In the plant cell the moulding agent is the flowing protoplasm, but the
+masses themselves are passive.)
+
+September 10th, 1881.
+
+Perhaps you may remember that I described in "Insectivorous Plants"
+a really curious phenomenon, which I called the aggregation of the
+protoplasm in the cells of the tentacles. None of the great German
+botanists will admit that the moving masses are composed of protoplasm,
+though it is astonishing to me that any one could watch the movement
+and doubt its nature. But these doubts have led me to observe analogous
+facts, and I hope to succeed in proving my case.
+
+
+LETTER 692. TO F. MULLER. Down, November 13th, 1881.
+
+I received a few days ago a small box (registered) containing dried
+flower-heads with brown seeds somewhat sculptured on the sides. There
+was no name, and I should be much obliged if some time you would tell me
+what these seeds are. I have planted them.
+
+I sent you some time ago my little book on earthworms, which, though
+of no importance, has been largely read in England. I have little or
+nothing to tell you about myself. I have for a couple of months been
+observing the effects of carbonate of ammonia on chlorophyll and on the
+roots of certain plants (692/1. Published under the title "The Action of
+Carbonate of Ammonia on the Roots of Certain Plants and on Chlorophyll
+Bodies," "Linn. Soc. Journ." XIX., 1882, pages 239-61, 262-84.), but the
+subject is too difficult for me, and I cannot understand the meaning of
+some strange facts which I have observed. The mere recording new facts
+is but dull work.
+
+Professor Wiesner has published a book (692/2. See Letter 763.), giving
+a different explanation to almost every fact which I have given in my
+"Power of Movement in Plants." I am glad to say that he admits that
+almost all my statements are true. I am convinced that many of his
+interpretations of the facts are wrong, and I am glad to hear that
+Professor Pfeffer is of the same opinion; but I believe that he is
+right and I wrong on some points. I have not the courage to retry all my
+experiments, but I hope to get my son Francis to try some fresh ones to
+test Wiesner's explanations. But I do not know why I have troubled you
+with all this.
+
+
+LETTER 693. TO F. MULLER. [4, Bryanston Street], December 19th, 1881.
+
+I hope that you may find time to go on with your experiments on such
+plants as Lagerstroemia, mentioned in your letter of October 29th, for
+I believe you will arrive at new and curious results, more especially if
+you can raise two sets of seedlings from the two kinds of pollen.
+
+Many thanks for the facts about the effect of rain and mud in relation
+to the waxy secretion. I have observed many instances of the lower side
+being protected better than the upper side, in the case, as I believe,
+of bushes and trees, so that the advantage in low-growing plants is
+probably only an incidental one. (693/1. The meaning is here obscure: it
+appears to us that the significance of bloom on the lower surface of the
+leaves of both trees and herbs depends on the frequency with which all
+or a majority of the stomata are on the lower surface--where they are
+better protected from wet (even without the help of bloom) than on the
+exposed upper surface. On the correlation between bloom and stomata, see
+Francis Darwin "Linn. Soc. Journ." XXII., page 99.) As I am writing away
+from my home, I have been unwilling to try more than one leaf of the
+Passiflora, and this came out of the water quite dry on the lower
+surface and quite wet on the upper. I have not yet begun to put my notes
+together on this subject, and do not at all know whether I shall be able
+to make much of it. The oddest little fact which I have observed is that
+with Trifolium resupinatum, one half of the leaf (I think the right-hand
+side, when the leaf is viewed from the apex) is protected by waxy
+secretion, and not the other half (693/2. In the above passage "leaf"
+should be "leaflet": for a figure of Trifolium resupinatum see Letter
+740.); so that when the leaf is dipped into water, exactly half the leaf
+comes out dry and half wet. What the meaning of this can be I cannot
+even conjecture. I read last night your very interesting article in
+"Kosmos" on Crotalaria, and so was very glad to see the dried leaves
+sent by you: it seems to me a very curious case. I rather doubt whether
+it will apply to Lupinus, for, unless my memory deceives me, all the
+leaves of the same plant sometimes behaved in the same manner; but I
+will try and get some of the same seeds of the Lupinus, and sow them in
+the spring. Old age, however, is telling on me, and it troubles me to
+have more than one subject at a time on hand.
+
+(693/3. In a letter to F. Muller (September 10, 1881) occurs a sentence
+which may appropriately close this series: "I often feel rather ashamed
+of myself for asking for so many things from you, and for taking up so
+much of your valuable time, but I can assure you that I feel grateful.")
+
+
+2.XI.III. MISCELLANEOUS, 1868-1881.
+
+
+LETTER 694. TO G. BENTHAM. Down, April 22nd, 1868.
+
+I have been extremely much pleased by your letter, and I take it as
+a very great compliment that you should have written to me at such
+length...I am not at all surprised that you cannot digest pangenesis:
+it is enough to give any one an indigestion; but to my mind the idea
+has been an immense relief, as I could not endure to keep so many large
+classes of facts all floating loose in my mind without some thread of
+connection to tie them together in a tangible method.
+
+With respect to the men who have recently written on the crossing
+of plants, I can at present remember only Hildebrand, Fritz Muller,
+Delpino, and G. Henslow; but I think there are others. I feel sure that
+Hildebrand is a very good observer, for I have read all his papers, and
+during the last twenty years I have made unpublished observations on
+many of the plants which he describes. [Most of the criticisms which I
+sometimes meet with in French works against the frequency of crossing I
+am certain are the result of mere ignorance. I have never hitherto found
+the rule to fail that when an author describes the structure of a flower
+as specially adapted for self-fertilisation, it is really adapted for
+crossing. The Fumariaceae offer a good instance of this, and Treviranus
+threw this order in my teeth; but in Corydalis Hildebrand shows how
+utterly false the idea of self-fertilisation is. This author's paper
+on Salvia (694/1. Hildebrand, "Pringsheim's Jahrbucher," IV.) is really
+worth reading, and I have observed some species, and know that he is
+accurate]. (694/2. The passage within [] was published in the "Life
+and Letters," III., page 279.) Judging from a long review in the "Bot.
+Zeitung", and from what I know of some the plants, I believe Delpino's
+article especially on the Apocynaea, is excellent; but I cannot read
+Italian. (694/3. Hildebrand's paper in the "Bot. Zeitung," 1867, refers
+to Delpino's work on the Asclepiads, Apocyneae and other Orders.)
+Perhaps you would like just to glance at such pamphlets as I can lay my
+hands on, and therefore I will send them, as if you do not care to see
+them you can return them at once; and this will cause you less trouble
+than writing to say you do not care to see them. With respect to
+Primula, and one point about which I feel positive is that the Bardfield
+and common oxlips are fundamentally distinct plants, and that the
+common oxlip is a sterile hybrid. (694/4. For a general account of
+the Bardfield oxlip (Primula elatior) see Miller Christy, "Linn. Soc.
+Journ." Volume XXXIII., page 172, 1897.) I have never heard of the
+common oxlip being found in great abundance anywhere, and some amount
+of difference in number might depend on so small a circumstance as the
+presence of some moth which habitually sucked the primrose and cowslip.
+To return to the subject of crossing: I am experimenting on a very large
+scale on the difference in power and growth between plants raised from
+self-fertilised and crossed seeds, and it is no exaggeration to say that
+the difference in growth and vigour is sometimes truly wonderful. Lyell,
+Huxley, and Hooker have seen some of my plants, and been astonished; and
+I should much like to show them to you. I always supposed until lately
+that no evil effects would be visible until after several generations
+of self-fertilisation, but now I see that one generation sometimes
+suffices, and the existence of dimorphic plants and all the wonderful
+contrivances of orchids are quite intelligible to me.
+
+
+LETTER 695. TO T.H. FARRER (Lord Farrer). Down, June 5th, 1868.
+
+I must write a line to cry peccavi. I have seen the action in Ophrys
+exactly as you describe, and am thoroughly ashamed of my inaccuracy.
+(695/1. See "Fertilisation of Orchids," Edition II., page 46, where
+Lord Farrer's observations on the movement of the pollinia in Ophrys
+muscifera are given.) I find that the pollinia do not move if kept in a
+very damp atmosphere under a glass; so that it is just possible, though
+very improbable, that I may have observed them during a very damp day.
+
+I am not much surprised that I overlooked the movement in Habenaria, as
+it takes so long. (695/2. This refers to Peristylus viridis, sometimes
+known as Habenaria viridis. Lord Farrer's observations are given in
+"Fertilisation of Orchids," Edition II., page 63.)
+
+I am glad you have seen Listera; it requires to be seen to believe in
+the co-ordination in the position of the parts, the irritability,
+and the chemical nature of the viscid fluid. This reminds me that
+I carefully described to Huxley the shooting out of the pollinia in
+Catasetum, and received for an answer, "Do you really think that I can
+believe all that!" (695/3. See Letter 665.)
+
+
+LETTER 696. TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, December 2nd, 1868.
+
+It is a splendid scheme, and if you make only a beginning on a "Flora,"
+which shall serve as an index to all papers on curious points in the
+life-history of plants, you will do an inestimable good service. Quite
+recently I was asked by a man how he could find out what was known on
+various biological points in our plants, and I answered that I knew of
+no such book, and that he might ask half a dozen botanists before one
+would chance to remember what had been published on this or that point.
+Not long ago another man, who had been experimenting on the quasi-bulbs
+on the leaves of Cardamine, wrote to me to complain that he could not
+find out what was known on the subject. It is almost certain that some
+early or even advanced students, if they found in their "Flora" a
+line or two on various curious points, with references for further
+investigation, would be led to make further observations. For instance,
+a reference to the viscid threads emitted by the seeds of Compositae, to
+the apparatus (if it has been described) by which Oxalis spurts out its
+seeds, to the sensitiveness of the young leaves of Oxalis acetosella
+with reference to O. sensitiva. Under Lathyrus nissolia it would [be]
+better to refer to my hypothetical explanation of the grass-like leaves
+than to nothing. (696/1. No doubt the view given in "Climbing Plants,"
+page 201, that L. nissolia has been evolved from a form like L. aphaca.)
+Under a twining plant you might say that the upper part of the shoot
+steadily revolves with or against the sun, and so, when it strikes
+against any object it turns to the right or left, as the case may be.
+If, again, references were given to the parasitism of Euphrasia,
+etc., how likely it would be that some young man would go on with the
+investigation; and so with endless other facts. I am quite enthusiastic
+about your idea; it is a grand idea to make a "Flora" a guide for
+knowledge already acquired and to be acquired. I have amused myself by
+speculating what an enormous number of subjects ought to be introduced
+into a Eutopian (696/2. A mis-spelling of Utopian.) Flora, on the
+quickness of the germination of the seeds, on their means of dispersal;
+on the fertilisation of the flower, and on a score of other points,
+about almost all of which we are profoundly ignorant. I am glad to read
+what you say about Bentham, for my inner consciousness tells me that
+he has run too many forms together. Should you care to see an elaborate
+German pamphlet by Hermann Muller on the gradation and distinction of
+the forms of Epipactis and of Platanthera? (696/3. "Verhand. d. Nat.
+Ver. f. Pr. Rh. u. Wesfal." Jahrg. XXV.: see "Fertilisation of Orchids,"
+Edition II., pages 74, 102.) It may be absurd in me to suggest, but I
+think you would find curious facts and references in Lecoq's enormous
+book (696/4. "Geographie Botanique," 9 volumes, 1854-58.), in Vaucher's
+four volumes (696/5. "Plantes d'Europe," 4 volumes, 1841.), in
+Hildebrand's "Geschlechter Vertheilung" (696/6 "Geschlechter Vertheilung
+bei den Pflanzen," 1 volume, Leipzig, 1867.), and perhaps in Fournier's
+"De la Fecondation." (696/7. "De la Fecondation dans les Phanerogames,"
+par Eugene Fournier: thesis published in Paris in 1863. The facts noted
+in Darwin's copy are the explosive stamens of Parietaria, the submerged
+flowers of Alisma containing air, the manner of fertilisation of
+Lopezia, etc.) I wish you all success in your gigantic undertaking;
+but what a pity you did not think of it ten years ago, so as to have
+accumulated references on all sorts of subjects. Depend upon it, you
+will have started a new era in the floras of various countries. I can
+well believe that Mrs. Hooker will be of the greatest possible use to
+you in lightening your labours and arranging your materials.
+
+
+LETTER 697. TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, December 5th, 1868.
+
+...Now I want to beg for assistance for the new edition of "Origin."
+Nageli himself urges that plants offer many morphological differences,
+which from being of no service cannot have been selected, and which he
+accounts for by an innate principle of progressive development. (697/1.
+Nageli's "Enstehung und Begriff der Naturhistorischen Art." An address
+delivered at the public session of the Royal Academy of Sciences of
+Munich, March 28th, 1865; published by the Academy. Darwin's copy is the
+2nd edition; it bears signs, in the pencilled notes on the margins, of
+having been read with interest. Much of it was translated for him by a
+German lady, whose version lies with the original among his pamphlets.
+At page 27 Nageli writes: "It is remarkable that the useful adaptations
+which Darwin brings forward in the case of animals, and which may be
+discovered in numbers among plants, are exclusively of a physiological
+kind, that they always show the formation or transformation of an
+organ to a special function. I do not know among plants a morphological
+modification which can be explained on utilitarian principles." Opposite
+this passage Darwin has written "a very good objection": but Nageli's
+sentence seems to us to be of the nature of a truism, for it is clear
+that any structure whose evolution can be believed to have come about
+by Natural Selection must have a function, and the case falls into
+the physiological category. The various meanings given to the term
+morphological makes another difficulty. Nageli cannot use it in the
+sense of "structural"--in which sense it is often applied, since that
+would mean that no plant structures have a utilitarian origin. The
+essence of morphology (in the better and more precise sense) is descent;
+thus we say that a pollen-grain is morphologically a microspore. And
+this very example serves to show the falseness of Nageli's view, since
+a pollen-grain is an adaptation to aerial as opposed to aquatic
+fertilisation. In the 5th edition of the "Origin," 1869, page 151,
+Darwin discusses Nageli's essay, confining himself to the simpler
+statement that there are many structural characters in plants to which
+we cannot assign uses. See Volume I., Letter 207.) I find old notes
+about this difficulty; but I have hitherto slurred it over. Nageli gives
+as instances the alternate and spiral arrangement of leaves, and the
+arrangement of the cells in the tissues. Would you not consider as a
+morphological difference the trimerous, tetramerous, etc., divisions
+of flowers, the ovules being erect or suspended, their attachment being
+parietal or placental, and even the shape of the seed when of no service
+to the plant.
+
+Now, I have thought, and want to show, that such differences follow in
+some unexplained manner from the growth or development of plants which
+have passed through a long series of adaptive changes. Anyhow, I want
+to show that these differences do not support the idea of progressive
+development. Cassini states that the ovaria on the circumference and
+centre of Compos. flowers differ in essential characters, and so do
+the seeds in sculpture. The seeds of Umbelliferae in the same relative
+positions are coelospermous and orthospermous. There is a case given by
+Augt. St. Hilaire of an erect and suspended ovule in the same ovarium,
+but perhaps this hardly bears on the point. The summit flower, in Adoxa
+and rue differ from the lower flowers. What is the difference in flowers
+of the rue? how is the ovarium, especially in the rue? As Augt. St.
+Hilaire insists on the locularity of the ovarium varying on the same
+plant in some of the Rutaceae, such differences do not speak, as it
+seems to me, in favour of progressive development. Will you turn
+the subject in your mind, and tell me any more facts. Difference in
+structure in flowers in different parts of the same plant seems best
+to show that they are the result of growth or position or amount of
+nutriment.
+
+I have got your photograph (697/2. A photograph by Mrs. Cameron.) over
+my chimneypiece, and like it much; but you look down so sharp on me that
+I shall never be bold enough to wriggle myself out of any contradiction.
+
+Owen pitches into me and Lyell in grand style in the last chapter of
+volume 3 of "Anat. of Vertebrates." He is a cool hand. He puts words
+from me in inverted commas and alters them. (697/3. The passage referred
+to seems to be in Owen's "Anatomy of Vertebrata," III., pages 798, 799,
+note. "I deeply regretted, therefore, to see in a 'Historical Sketch'
+of the Progress of Enquiry into the origin of species, prefixed to the
+fourth edition of that work (1866), that Mr. Darwin, after affirming
+inaccurately and without evidence, that I admitted Natural Selection to
+have done something toward that end, to wit, the 'origin of species,'
+proceeds to remark: 'It is surprising that this admission should not
+have been made earlier, as Prof. Owen now believes that he promulgated
+the theory of Natural Selection in a passage read before the Zoological
+Society in February, 1850, ("Trans." Volume IV., page 15).'" The first
+of the two passages quoted by Owen from the fourth edition of the
+"Origin" runs: "Yet he [Prof. Owen] at the same time admits that Natural
+Selection MAY [our italics] have done something towards this end." In
+the sixth edition of the "Origin," page xviii., Darwin, after referring
+to a correspondence in the "London Review" between the Editor of that
+Journal and Owen, goes on: "It appeared manifest to the editor, as well
+as to myself, that Prof. Owen claimed to have promulgated the theory of
+Natural Selection before I had done so;...but as far as it is possible
+to understand certain recently published passages (Ibid. ["Anat. of
+Vert."], Volume III., page 798), I have either partly or wholly again
+fallen into error. It is consolatory to me that others find Prof. Owen's
+controversial writings as difficult to understand and to reconcile with
+each other, as I do. As far as the mere enunciation of the principle
+of Natural Selection is concerned, it is quite immaterial whether or
+no Prof. Owen preceded me, for both of us, as shown in this historical
+sketch, were long ago preceded by Dr. Wells and Mr. Matthews.")
+
+
+LETTER 698. TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, December 29th, 1868.
+
+Your letter is quite invaluable, for Nageli's essay (698/1. See
+preceding Letter.) is so clever that it will, and indeed I know it has
+produced a great effect; so that I shall devote three or four pages
+to an answer. I have been particularly struck by your statements about
+erect and suspended ovules. You have given me heart, and I will fight my
+battle better than I should otherwise have done. I think I cannot resist
+throwing the contrivances in orchids into his teeth. You say nothing
+about the flowers of the rue. (698/2. For Ruta see "Origin," Edition
+V., page 154.) Ask your colleagues whether they know anything about the
+structure of the flower and ovarium in the uppermost flower. But don't
+answer on purpose.
+
+I have gone through my long Index of "Gardeners' Chronicle," which was
+made solely for my own use, and am greatly disappointed to find, as I
+fear, hardly anything which will be of use to you. (698/3. For Hooker's
+projected biological book, see Letter 696.) I send such as I have for
+the chance of their being of use.
+
+
+LETTER 699. TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, January 16th [1869].
+
+Your two notes and remarks are of the utmost value, and I am greatly
+obliged to you for your criticism on the term. "Morphological" seems
+quite just, but I do not see how I can avoid using it. I found, after
+writing to you, in Vaucher about the Rue (699/1. "Plantes d'Europe,"
+Volume I., page 559, 1841.), but from what you say I will speak more
+cautiously. It is the Spanish Chesnut that varies in divergence. Seeds
+named Viola nana were sent me from Calcutta by Scott. I must refer
+to the plants as an "Indian species," for though they have produced
+hundreds of closed flowers, they have not borne one perfect flower.
+(699/2. The cleistogamic flowers of Viola are used in the discussion on
+Nageli's views. See "Origin," Edition V., page 153.) You ask whether I
+want illustrations "of ovules differing in position in different flowers
+on the same plant." If you know of such cases, I should certainly much
+like to hear them. Again you speak of the angle of leaf-divergence
+varying and the variations being transmitted. Was the latter point put
+in in a hurry to round the sentence, or do you really know of cases?
+
+Whilst looking for notes on the variability of the divisions of the
+ovarium, position of the ovules, aestivation, etc., I found remarks
+written fifteen or twenty years ago, showing that I then supposed that
+characters which were nearly uniform throughout whole groups must be
+of high vital importance to the plants themselves; consequently I was
+greatly puzzled how, with organisms having very different habits
+of life, this uniformity could have been acquired through Natural
+Selection. Now, I am much inclined to believe, in accordance with
+the view given towards the close of my MS., that the near approach
+to uniformity in such structures depends on their not being of vital
+importance, and therefore not being acted on by Natural Selection.
+(699/3. This view is given in the "Origin," Edition VI., page 372.) If
+you have reflected on this point, what do you think of it? I hope that
+you approved of the argument deduced from the modifications in the small
+closed flowers.
+
+It is only about two years since last edition of "Origin," and I am
+fairly disgusted to find how much I have to modify, and how much I ought
+to add; but I have determined not to add much. Fleeming Jenkin has given
+me much trouble, but has been of more real use to me than any other
+essay or review. (699/4. On Fleeming Jenkin's review, "N. British
+Review," June, 1867, see "Life and Letters," III., page 107.)
+
+
+LETTER 700. TO J.D. HOOKER. Down [January 22nd, 1869].
+
+Your letter is quite splenditious. I am greatly tempted, but shall,
+I hope, refrain from using some of your remarks in my chapter on
+Classification. It is very true what you say about unimportant
+characters being so important systematically; yet it is hardly
+paradoxical bearing in mind that the natural system is genetic, and that
+we have to discover the genealogies anyhow. Hence such parts as organs
+of generation are so useful for classification though not concerned with
+the manner of life. Hence use for same purpose of rudimentary organs,
+etc. You cannot think what a relief it is that you do not object to this
+view, for it removes PARTLY a heavy burden from my shoulders. If I lived
+twenty more years and was able to work, how I should have to modify the
+"Origin," and how much the views on all points will have to be modified!
+Well, it is a beginning, and that is something...
+
+
+LETTER 701. TO T.H. FARRER (Lord Farrer). Down, August 10th, 1869.
+
+Your view seems most ingenious and probable; but ascertain in a good
+many cases that the nectar is actually within the staminal tube.
+(701/1. It seems that Darwin did not know that the staminal tube in
+the diadelphous Leguminosae serves as a nectar-holder, and this is
+surprising, as Sprengel was aware of the fact.) One can see that if
+there is to be a split in the tube, the law of symmetry would lead it
+to be double, and so free one stamen. Your view, if confirmed, would be
+extremely well worth publication before the Linnean Society. It is to me
+delightful to see what appears a mere morphological character found
+to be of use. It pleases me the more as Carl Nageli has lately been
+pitching into me on this head. Hooker, with whom I discussed the
+subject, maintained that uses would be found for lots more structures,
+and cheered me by throwing my own orchids into my teeth. (701/2. See
+Letters 697-700.)
+
+All that you say about changed position of the peduncle in bud, in
+flower, and in seed, is quite new to me, and reminds me of analogous
+cases with tendrils. (701/3. See Vochting, "Bewegung der Bluthen und
+Fruchte," 1882; also Kerner, "Pflanzenleben," Volume I., page 494,
+Volume II., page 121.) This is well worth working out, and I dare say
+the brush of the stigma.
+
+With respect to the hairs or filaments (about which I once spoke) within
+different parts of flowers, I have a splendid Tacsonia with perfectly
+pendent flowers, and there is only a microscopical vestige of the corona
+of coloured filaments; whilst in most common passion-flowers the flowers
+stand upright, and there is the splendid corona which apparently would
+catch pollen. (701/4. Sprengel ("Entdeckte Geheimniss," page 164)
+imagined that the crown of the Passion-flower served as a nectar-guide
+and as a platform for insects, while other rings of filaments served
+to keep rain from the nectar. F. Muller, quoted in H. Muller
+("Fertilisation," page 268), looks at the crowns of hairs, ridges in
+some species, etc., as gratings serving to imprison flies which attract
+the fertilising humming-birds. There is, we believe, no evidence that
+the corona catches pollen. See Letter 704, note.)
+
+On the lower side of corolla of foxglove there are some fine hairs, but
+these seem of not the least use (701/5. It has been suggested that the
+hairs serve as a ladder for humble bees; also that they serve to keep
+out "unbidden guests.")--a mere purposeless exaggeration of down on
+outside--as I conclude after watching the bees at work, and afterwards
+covering up some plants; for the protected flowers rarely set any seed,
+so that the hairy lower part of corolla does not come into contact with
+stigma, as some Frenchman says occurs with some other plants, as Viola
+odorata and I think Iris.
+
+I heartily wish I could accept your kind invitation, for I am not by
+nature a savage, but it is impossible. Forgive my dreadful handwriting,
+none of my womenkind are about to act as amanuensis.
+
+
+LETTER 702. TO WILLIAM C. TAIT.
+
+(702/1. Mr. Tait, to whom the following letter is addressed, was
+resident in Portugal. His kindness in sending plants of Drosophyllum
+lusitanicum is acknowledged in "Insectivorous Plants.")
+
+Down, March 12th, 1869.
+
+I have received your two letters of March 2nd and 5th, and I really do
+not know how to thank you enough for your extraordinary kindness and
+energy. I am glad to hear that the inhabitants notice the power of the
+Drosophyllum to catch flies, for this is the subject of my studies.
+(702/2. The natives are said to hang up plants of Drosophyllum in their
+cottages to act as fly-papers ("Insectivorous Plants," page 332).) I
+have observed during several years the manner in which this is effected,
+and the results produced in several species of Drosera, and in the
+wonderful American Dionoea, the leaves of which catch insects just like
+a steel rat-trap. Hence I was most anxious to learn how the Drosophyllum
+would act, so that the Director of the Royal Gardens at Kew wrote some
+years ago to Portugal to obtain specimens for me, but quite failed.
+So you see what a favour you have conferred on me. With Drosera it is
+nothing less than marvellous how minute a fraction of a grain of any
+nitrogenised matter the plant can detect; and how differently it behaves
+when matter, not containing nitrogen, of the same consistence, whether
+fluid or solid, is applied to the glands. It is also exquisitely
+sensitive to a weight of even the 1/70000 of a grain. From what I can
+see of the glands on Drosophyllum I suspect that I shall find only
+the commencement, or nascent state of the wonderful capacities of the
+Drosera, and this will be eminently interesting to me. My MS. on this
+subject has been nearly ready for publication during some years, but
+when I shall have strength and time to publish I know not.
+
+And now to turn to other points in your letter. I am quite ignorant of
+ferns, and cannot name your specimen. The variability of ferns passes
+all bounds. With respect to your Laugher Pigeons, if the same with
+the two sub-breeds which I kept, I feel sure from the structure of
+the skeleton, etc., that it is a descendant of C. livia. In regard
+to beauty, I do not feel the difficulty which you and some others
+experience. In the last edition of my "Origin" I have discussed the
+question, but necessarily very briefly. (702/3. Fourth Edition, page
+238.) A new and I hope amended edition of the "Origin" is now passing
+through the press, and will be published in a month or two, and it will
+give me great pleasure to send you a copy. Is there any place in London
+where parcels are received for you, or shall I send it by post? With
+reference to dogs' tails, no doubt you are aware that a rudimentary
+stump is regularly inherited by certain breeds of sheep-dogs, and by
+Manx cats. You speak of a change in the position of the axis of the
+earth: this is a subject quite beyond me, but I believe the astronomers
+reject the idea. Nevertheless, I have long suspected that some
+periodical astronomical or cosmical cause must be the agent of the
+incessant oscillations of level in the earth's crust. About a month
+ago I suggested this to a man well capable of judging, but he could not
+conceive any such agency; he promised, however, to keep it in mind. I
+wish I had time and strength to write to you more fully. I had intended
+to send this letter off at once, but on reflection will keep it till I
+receive the plants.
+
+
+LETTER 703. TO H. MULLER. Down, March 14th, 1870.
+
+I think you have set yourself a new, very interesting, and difficult
+line of research. As far as I know, no one has carefully observed the
+structure of insects in relation to flowers, although so many have
+now attended to the converse relation. (703/1. See Letter 462, also H.
+Muller, "Fertilisation of Flowers," English Translation, page 30, on
+"The insects which visit flowers." In Muller's book references are
+given to several of his papers on this subject.) As I imagine few or
+no insects are adapted to suck the nectar or gather the pollen of
+any single family of plants, such striking adaptations can hardly, I
+presume, be expected in insects as in flowers.
+
+
+LETTER 704. TO T.H. FARRER (Lord Farrer).
+
+Down, May 28th, 1870.
+
+I suppose I must have known that the stamens recovered their former
+position in Berberis (704/1. See Farrer, "Nature," II., 1870, page 164.
+Lord Farrer was before H. Muller in making out the mechanism of the
+barberry.), for I formerly tried experiments with anaesthetics, but I
+had forgotten the facts, and I quite agree with you that it is a
+sound argument that the movement is not for self-fertilisation. The
+N. American barberries (Mahonia) offer a good proof to what an extent
+natural crossing goes on in this genus; for it is now almost impossible
+in this country to procure a true specimen of the two or three forms
+originally introduced.
+
+I hope the seeds of Passiflora will germinate, for the turning up of the
+pendent flower must be full of meaning. (704/2. Darwin had (May 12th,
+1870) sent to Farrer an extract from a letter from F. Muller, containing
+a description of a Passiflora visited by humming-birds, in which the
+long flower-stalk curls up so that "the flower itself is upright."
+Another species visited by bees is described as having "dependent
+flowers." In a letter, June 29th, 1870, Mr. Farrer had suggested that P.
+princeps, which he described as having sub-erect flowers, is fitted for
+humming-birds' visits. In another letter, October 13th, 1869, he
+says that Tacsonia, which has pendent flowers and no corona, is not
+fertilised by insects in English glass-houses, and may be adapted for
+humming-birds. See "Life and Letters," III., page 279, for Farrer's
+remarks on Tacsonia and Passiflora; also H. Muller's "Fertilisation of
+Flowers," page 268, for what little is known on the subject; also Letter
+701 in the present volume.) I am so glad that you are able to occupy
+yourself a little with flowers: I am sure it is most wise in you, for
+your own sake and children's sakes.
+
+Some little time ago Delpino wrote to me praising the Swedish book on
+the fertilisation of plants; as my son George can read a little Swedish,
+I should like to have it back for a time, just to hear a little what it
+is about, if you would be so kind as to return it by book-post.
+(704/3. Severin Axell, "Om anordningarna for de Fanerogama Vaxternas
+Befruktning," Stockholm, 1869.)
+
+I am going steadily on with my experiments on the comparative growth
+of crossed and self-fertilised plants, and am now coming to some very
+curious anomalies and some interesting results. I forget whether I
+showed you any of them when you were here for a few hours. You ought
+to see them, as they explain at a glance why Nature has taken such
+extraordinary pains to ensure frequent crosses between distinct
+individuals.
+
+If in the course of the summer you should feel any inclination to come
+here for a day or two, I hope that you will propose to do so, for we
+should be delighted to see you...
+
+
+LETTER 705. TO ASA GRAY. Down, December 7th, 1870.
+
+I have been very glad to receive your letter this morning. I have for
+some time been wishing to write to you, but have been half worked to
+death in correcting my uncouth English for my new book. (705/1.
+"Descent of Man.") I have been glad to hear of your cases appearing like
+incipient dimorphism. I believe that they are due to mere variability,
+and have no significance. I found a good instance in Nolana prostrata,
+and experimented on it, but the forms did not differ in fertility. So it
+was with Amsinckia, of which you told me. I have long thought that such
+variations afforded the basis for the development of dimorphism. I was
+not aware of such cases in Phlox, but have often admired the arrangement
+of the anthers, causing them to be all raked by an inserted proboscis. I
+am glad also to hear of your curious case of variability in ovules, etc.
+
+I said that I had been wishing to write to you, and this was about your
+Drosera, which after many fluctuations between life and death, at last
+made a shoot which I could observe. The case is rather interesting; but
+I must first remind you that the filament of Dionoea is not sensitive
+to very light prolonged pressure, or to nitrogenous matter, but is
+exquisitely sensitive to the slightest touch. (705/2. In another
+connection the following reference to Dionoea is of some interest: "I am
+sure I never heard of Curtis's observations on Dionoea, nor have I met
+with anything more than general statements about this plant or about
+Nepenthes catching insects." (From a letter to Sir J.D. Hooker, July
+12th, 1860.)) In our Drosera the filaments are not sensitive to a slight
+touch, but are sensitive to prolonged pressure from the smallest object
+of any nature; they are also sensitive to solid or fluid nitrogenous
+matter. Now in your Drosera the filaments are not sensitive to a rough
+touch or to any pressure from non-nitrogenous matter, but are sensitive
+to solid or fluid nitrogenous matter. (705/3. Drosera filiformis: see
+"Insectivorous Plants," page 281. The above account does not entirely
+agree with Darwin's published statement. The filaments moved when bits
+of cork or cinder were placed on them; they did not, however, respond
+to repeated touches with a needle, thus behaving differently from D.
+rotundifolia. It should be remembered that the last-named species is
+somewhat variable in reacting to repeated touches.) Is it not curious
+that there should be such diversified sensitiveness in allied plants?
+
+I received a very obliging letter from Mr. Morgan, but did not see him,
+as I think he said he was going to start at once for the Continent. I am
+sorry to hear rather a poor account of Mrs. Gray, to whom my wife and I
+both beg to be very kindly remembered.
+
+
+LETTER 706. TO C.V. RILEY.
+
+(706/1. In Riley's opinion his most important work was the series
+entitled "Annual Report on the Noxious, Beneficial, and other Insects
+of the State of Missouri" (Jefferson City), beginning in 1869. These
+reports were greatly admired by Mr. Darwin, and his copies of them,
+especially of Nos. 3 and 4, show signs of careful reading.)
+
+Down, June 1st [1871].
+
+I received some little time ago your report on noxious insects, and have
+now read the whole with the greatest interest. (706/2. "Third Annual
+Report on the Noxious, Beneficial, and other Insects of the State of
+Missouri" (Jefferson City, Mo.). The mimetic case occurs at page 67; the
+1875 pupae of Pterophorus periscelidactylus, the "Grapevine Plume," have
+pupae either green or reddish brown, the former variety being found on
+the leaves, the latter on the brown stems of the vine.) There are a vast
+number of facts and generalisations of value to me, and I am struck with
+admiration at your powers of observation.
+
+The discussion on mimetic insects seems to me particularly good and
+original. Pray accept my cordial thanks for the instruction and interest
+which I have received.
+
+What a loss to Natural Science our poor mutual friend Walsh has been; it
+is a loss ever to be deplored...
+
+Your country is far ahead of ours in some respects; our Parliament would
+think any man mad who should propose to appoint a State Entomologist.
+
+
+LETTER 707A. TO C.V. RILEY.
+
+(706A/1. We have found it convenient to place the two letters to Riley
+together, rather than separate them chronologically.)
+
+Down, September 28th, 1881.
+
+I must write half a dozen lines to say how much interested I have been
+by your "Further Notes" on Pronuba which you were so kind as to send me.
+(706A/2. "Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci." 1880.) I had read the various
+criticisms, and though I did not know what answer could be made, yet I
+felt full confidence in your result, and now I see that I was right...If
+you make any further observation on Pronuba it would, I think, be well
+worth while for you to observe whether the moth can or does occasionally
+bring pollen from one plant to the stigma of a distinct one (706A/3.
+Riley discovered the remarkable fact that the Yucca moth (Pronuba
+yuccasella) lays its eggs in the ovary of Yucca flowers, which it has
+previously pollinated, thus making sure of a supply of ovules for the
+larvae.), for I have shown that the cross-fertilisation of the flowers
+on the same plant does very little good; and, if I am not mistaken,
+you believe that Pronuba gathers pollen from the same flower which she
+fertilises.
+
+What interesting and beautiful observations you have made on the
+metamorphoses of the grasshopper-destroying insects.
+
+
+LETTER 707. TO F. HILDEBRAND. Down, February 9th [1872].
+
+Owing to other occupations I was able to read only yesterday your
+paper on the dispersal of the seeds of Compositae. (707/1. "Ueber die
+Verbreitungsmittel der Compositenfruchte." "Bot. Zeitung," 1872, page
+1.) Some of the facts which you mention are extremely interesting.
+
+I write now to suggest as worthy of your examination the curious
+adhesive filaments of mucus emitted by the achenia of many Compositae,
+of which no doubt you are aware. My attention was first called to the
+subject by the achenia of an Australian Pumilio (P. argyrolepis), which
+I briefly described in the "Gardeners' Chronicle," 1861, page 5. As the
+threads of mucus dry and contract they draw the seeds up into a vertical
+position on the ground. It subsequently occurred to me that if these
+seeds were to fall on the wet hairs of any quadruped they would adhere
+firmly, and might be carried to any distance. I was informed that
+Decaisne has written a paper on these adhesive threads. What is the
+meaning of the mucus so copiously emitted from the moistened seeds of
+Iberis, and of at least some species of Linum? Does the mucus serve as
+a protection against their being devoured, or as a means of attachment.
+(707/2. Various theories have been suggested, e.g., that the slime by
+anchoring the seed to the soil facilitates the entrance of the radicle
+into the soil: the slime has also been supposed to act as a temporary
+water-store. See Klebs in Pfeffer's "Untersuchungen aus dem Bot. Inst.
+zu Tubingen," I., page 581.) I have been prevented reading your paper
+sooner by attempting to read Dr. Askenasy's pamphlet, but the German is
+too difficult for me to make it all out. (707/3. E. Askenasy, "Beitrage
+zur Kritik der Darwin'schen Lehre." Leipzig, 1872.) He seems to follow
+Nageli completely. I cannot but think that both much underrate the
+utility of various parts of plants; and that they greatly underrate
+the unknown laws of correlated growth, which leads to all sorts of
+modifications, when some one structure or the whole plant is modified
+for some particular object.
+
+
+LETTER 708. TO T.H. FARRER. (Lord Farrer).
+
+(708/1. The following letter refers to a series of excellent
+observations on the fertilisation of Leguminosae, made by Lord Farrer in
+the autumn of 1869, in ignorance of Delpino's work on the subject. The
+result was published in "Nature," October 10th and 17th, 1872, and
+is full of interesting suggestions. The discovery of the mechanism in
+Coronilla mentioned in a note was one of the cases in which Lord Farrer
+was forestalled.)
+
+Down [1872].
+
+I declare I am almost as sorry as if I had been myself
+forestalled--indeed, more so, for I am used to it. It is, however, a
+paramount, though bothersome duty in every naturalist to try and make
+out all that has been done by others on the subject. By all means
+publish next summer your confirmation and a summary of Delpino's
+observations, with any new ones of your own. Especially attend about the
+nectary exterior to the staminal tube. (708/2. This refers to a species
+of Coronilla in which Lord Farrer made the remarkable discovery that the
+nectar is secreted on the outside of the calyx. See "Nature," July 2nd,
+1874, page 169; also Letter 715.) This will in every way be far better
+than writing to Delpino. It would not be at all presumptuous in you to
+criticise Delpino. I am glad you think him so clever; for so it struck
+me.
+
+Look at hind legs yourself of some humble and hive-bees; in former take
+a very big individual (if any can be found) for these are the females,
+the males being smaller, and they have no pollen-collecting apparatus.
+I do not remember where it is figured--probably in Kirby & Spence--but
+actual inspection better...
+
+Please do not return any of my books until all are finished, and do not
+hurry.
+
+I feel certain you will make fine discoveries.
+
+
+LETTER 709. TO T.H. FARRER. (Lord Farrer). Sevenoaks, October 13th,
+1872.
+
+I must send you a line to say how extremely good your article appears to
+me to be. It is even better than I thought, and I remember thinking it
+very good. I am particularly glad of the excellent summary of evidence
+about the common pea, as it will do for me hereafter to quote; nocturnal
+insects will not do. I suspect that the aboriginal parent had bluish
+flowers. I have seen several times bees visiting common and sweet
+peas, and yet varieties, purposely grown close together, hardly ever
+intercross. This is a point which for years has half driven me mad,
+and I have discussed it in my "Var. of Animals and Plants under Dom."
+(709/1. In the second edition (1875) of the "Variation of Animals and
+Plants," Volume I., page 348, Darwin added, with respect to the rarity
+of spontaneous crosses in Pisum: "I have reason to believe that this
+is due to their stignas being prematurely fertilised in this country
+by pollen from the same flower." This explanation is, we think, almost
+certainly applicable to Lathyrus odoratus, though in Darwin's latest
+publication on the subject he gives reasons to the contrary. See "Cross
+and Self-Fertilisation," page 156, where the problem is left unsolved.
+Compare Letter 714 to Delpino. In "Life and Letters," III., page 261,
+the absence of cross-fertilisation is explained as due to want of
+perfect adaptation between the pea and our native insects. This is
+Hermann Muller's view: see his "Fertilisation of Flowers," page 214.
+See Letter 583, note.) I now suspect (and I wish I had strength to
+experimentise next spring) that from changed climate both species
+are prematurely fertilised, and therefore hardly ever cross. When
+artificially crossed by removal of own pollen in bud, the offspring are
+very vigorous.
+
+Farewell.--I wish I could compel you to go on working at fertilisation
+instead of so insignificant a subject as the commerce of the country!
+
+You pay me a very pretty compliment at the beginning of your paper.
+
+
+LETTER 710. TO J.D. HOOKER.
+
+(710/1. The following letters to Sir J.D. Hooker and the late Mr.
+Moggridge refer to Moggridge's observation that seeds stored in the nest
+of the ant Atta at Mentone do not germinate, though they are certainly
+not dead. Moggridge's observations are given in his book, "Harvesting
+Ants and Trap-Door Spiders," 1873, which is full of interesting details.
+The book is moreover remarkable in having resuscitated our knowledge of
+the existence of the seed-storing habit. Mr. Moggridge points out that
+the ancients were familiar with the facts, and quotes the well-known
+fable of the ant and the grasshopper, which La Fontaine borrowed from
+Aesop. Mr. Moggridge (page 5) goes on: "So long as Europe was taught
+Natural History by southern writers the belief prevailed; but no sooner
+did the tide begin to turn, and the current of information to flood from
+north to south, than the story became discredited."
+
+In Moggridge's "supplement" on the same subject, published in 1874, the
+author gives an account of his experiments made at Darwin's suggestion,
+and concludes (page 174) that "the vapour of formic acid is incapable
+of rendering the seeds dormant after the manner of the ants," and
+that indeed "its influence is always injurious to the seeds, even when
+present only in excessively minute quantities." Though unable to explain
+the method employed, he was convinced "that the non-germination of the
+seeds is due to some direct influence voluntarily exercised by the ants,
+and not merely to the conditions found in the nest" (page 172). See
+Volume I., Letter 251.)
+
+Down, February 21st [1873].
+
+You have given me exactly the information which I wanted.
+
+Geniuses jump. I have just procured formic acid to try whether its
+vapour or minute drops will delay germination of fresh seeds; trying
+others at same time for comparison. But I shall not be able to try them
+till middle of April, as my despotic wife insists on taking a house in
+London for a month from the middle of March.
+
+I am glad to hear of the Primer (710/2. "Botany" (Macmillan's Science
+Primers).); it is not at all, I think, a folly. Do you know Asa Gray's
+child book on the functions of plants, or some such title? It is very
+good in giving an interest to the subject.
+
+By the way, can you lend me the January number of the "London Journal of
+Botany" for an article on insect-agency in fertilisation?
+
+
+LETTER 711. TO J. TRAHERNE MOGGRIDGE. Down, August 27th, 1873.
+
+I thank you for your very interesting letter, and I honour you for your
+laborious and careful experiments. No one knows till he tries how many
+unexpected obstacles arise in subjecting plants to experiments.
+
+I can think of no suggestions to make; but I may just mention that I
+had intended to try the effects of touching the dampened seeds with the
+minutest drop of formic acid at the end of a sharp glass rod, so as to
+imitate the possible action of the sting of the ant. I heartily hope
+that you may be rewarded by coming to some definite result; but I fail
+five times out of six in my own experiments. I have lately been trying
+some with poor success, and suppose that I have done too much, for I
+have been completely knocked up for some days.
+
+
+LETTER 712. TO J. TRAHERNE MOGGRIDGE. Down, March 10th, 1874.
+
+I am very sorry to hear that the vapour experiments have failed; but
+nothing could be better, as it seems to me, than your plan of enclosing
+a number of the ants with the seeds. The incidental results on the power
+of different vapours in killing seeds and stopping germination appear
+very curious, and as far as I know are quite new.
+
+P.S.--I never before heard of seeds not germinating except during a
+certain season; it will be a very strange fact if you can prove this.
+(712/1. Certain seeds pass through a resting period before germination.
+See Pfeffer's "Pflanzenphysiologie," Edition I., Volume II., page III.)
+
+
+LETTER 713. TO H. MULLER. Down, May 30th, 1873.
+
+I am much obliged for your letter received this morning. I write now
+chiefly to give myself the pleasure of telling you how cordially I
+admire the last part of your book, which I have finished. (713/1.
+"Die Befruchtung der Blumen durch Insekten": Leipzig, 1873. An English
+translation was published in 1883 by Prof. D'Arcy Thompson. The
+"Prefatory Notice" to this work (February 6th, 1882) is almost the last
+of Mr. Darwin's writings. See "Life and Letters," page 281.) The whole
+discussion seems to me quite excellent, and it has pleased me not a
+little to find that in the rough MS. of my last chapter I have arrived
+on many points at nearly the same conclusions that you have done, though
+we have reached them by different routes. (713/2. "The Effects of Cross
+and Self-Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom": London, 1876.)
+
+
+LETTER 714. TO F. DELPINO. Down, June 25th [1873].
+
+I thank you sincerely for your letter. I am very glad to hear about
+Lathyrus odoratus, for here in England the vars. never cross, and
+yet are sometimes visited by bees. (714/1. In "Cross and
+Self-Fertilisation," page 156, Darwin quotes the information received
+from Delpino and referred to in the present letter--namely, that it
+is the fixed opinion of the Italian gardeners that the varieties do
+intercross. See Letter 709.) Pisum sativum I have also many times seen
+visited by Bombus. I believe the cause of the many vars. not crossing
+is that under our climate the flowers are self-fertilised at an early
+period, before the corolla is fully expanded. I shall examine this point
+with L. odoratus. I have read H. Muller's book, and it seems to me very
+good. Your criticism had not occurred to me, but is, I think just--viz.
+that it is much more important to know what insects habitually visit any
+flower than the various kinds which occasionally visit it. Have you seen
+A. Kerner's book "Schutzmittel des Pollens," 1873, Innsbruck. (714/2.
+Afterwards translated by Dr. Ogle as "Flowers and their Unbidden
+Guests," with a prefatory letter by Charles Darwin, 1878.) It is very
+interesting, but he does not seem to know anything about the work of
+other authors.
+
+I have Bentham's paper in my house, but have not yet had time to read a
+word of it. He is a man with very sound judgment, and fully admits the
+principle of evolution.
+
+I have lately had occasion to look over again your discussion on
+anemophilous plants, and I have again felt much admiration at your work.
+(714/3. "Atti della Soc. Italiana di Scienze Nat." Volume XIII.)
+
+(714/4. In the beginning of August, 1873, Darwin paid the first of
+several visits to Lord Farrer's house at Abinger. When sending copies of
+Darwin's letters for the "Life and Letters," Lord Farrer was good enough
+to add explanatory notes and recollections, from which we quote the
+following sketch.)
+
+"Above my house are some low hills, standing up in the valley, below the
+chalk range on the one hand and the more distant range of Leith Hill
+on the other, with pretty views of the valley towards Dorking in one
+direction and Guildford in the other. They are composed of the less
+fertile Greensand strata, and are covered with fern, broom, gorse, and
+heath. Here it was a particular pleasure of his to wander, and his
+tall figure, with his broad-brimmed Panama hat and long stick like an
+alpenstock, sauntering solitary and slow over our favourite walks, is
+one of the pleasantest of the many pleasant associations I have with the
+place."
+
+
+LETTER 715. TO T.H. FARRER (Lord Farrer).
+
+(715/1. The following note by Lord Farrer explains the main point of
+the letter, which, however, refers to the "bloom" problem as well as to
+Coronilla:--
+
+"I thought I had found out what puzzled us in Coronilla varia: in most
+of the Papilionaceae, when the tenth stamen is free, there is nectar in
+the staminal tube, and the opening caused by the free stamen enables the
+bee to reach the nectar, and in so doing the bee fertilises the plant.
+In Coronilla varia, and in several other species of Coronilla, there is
+no nectar in the staminal tube or in the tube of the corolla. But
+there are peculiar glands with nectar on the outside of the calyx, and
+peculiar openings in the tube of the corolla through which the proboscis
+of the bee, whilst entering the flower in the usual way and dusting
+itself with pollen, can reach these glands, thus fertilising the plant
+in getting the nectar. On writing this to Mr. Darwin, I received the
+following characteristic note.
+
+The first postscript relates to the rough ground behind my house, over
+which he was fond of strolling. It had been ploughed up and then allowed
+to go back, and the interest was to watch how the numerous species of
+weeds of cultivation which followed the plough gradually gave way in the
+struggle for existence to the well-known and much less varied flora of
+an English common.")
+
+Bassett, Southampton, August 14th, 1873.
+
+You are the man to conquer a Coronilla. (715/2. In a former letter to
+Lord Farrer, Darwin wrote: "Here is a maxim for you, 'It is disgraceful
+to be beaten by a Coronilla.'") I have been looking at the half-dried
+flowers, and am prepared to swear that you have solved the mystery.
+The difference in the size of the cells on the calyx under the vexillum
+right down to the common peduncle is conspicuous. The flour still
+adhered to this side; I see little bracteae or stipules apparently with
+glandular ends at the base of the calyces. Do these secrete? It seems
+to me a beautiful case. When I saw the odd shape of the base of the
+vexillum, I concluded that it must have some meaning, but little dreamt
+what that was. Now there remains only the one serious point--viz.the
+separation of the one stamen. I daresay that you are right in that
+nectar was originally secreted within the staminal tube; but why has not
+the one stamen long since cohered? The great difference in structure
+for fertilisation within the same genus makes one believe that all such
+points are vary variable. (715/3. Coronilla emerus is of the ordinary
+papilionaceous type.) With respect to the non-coherence of the one
+stamen, do examine some flower-buds at a very early age; for parts which
+are largely developed are often developed to an unusual degree at a
+very early age, and it seems to me quite possible that the base of the
+vexillum (to which the single stamen adhered) might thus be developed,
+and thus keep it separate for a time from the other stamens. The
+cohering stamens to the right and left of the single one seem to me
+to be pushed out a little laterally. When you have finished your
+observations, you really ought to send an account with a diagram to
+"Nature," recalling your generalisation about the diadelphous structure,
+and now explaining the exception of Coronilla. (715/4. The observations
+were published in "Nature," Volume X., 1874, page 169.)
+
+Do add a remark how almost every detail of structure has a meaning where
+a flower is well examined.
+
+Your observations pleased me so much that I could not sit still for half
+an hour.
+
+Please to thank Mr. Payne (715/5. Lord Farrer's gardener.) for his
+remarks, which are of value to me, with reference to Mimosa. I am
+very much in doubt whether opening the sashes can act by favouring the
+evaporation of the drops; may not the movement of the leaves shake off
+the drops, or change their places? If Mr. Payne remembers any plant
+which is easily injured by drops, I wish he would put a drop or two on
+a leaf on a bright day, and cover the plant with a clean bell-glass,
+and do the same for another plant, but without a bell-glass over it, and
+observe the effects.
+
+Thank you much for wishing to see us again at Abinger, and it is very
+doubtful whether it will be Coronilla, Mr. Payne, the new garden, the
+children, E. [Lady Farrer], or yourself which will give me the most
+pleasure to see again.
+
+P.S. 1.--It will be curious to note in how many years the rough ground
+becomes quite uniform in its flora.
+
+P.S. 2.--One may feel sure that periodically nectar was secreted within
+the flower and then secreted by the calyx, as in some species of Iris
+and orchids. This latter being taken advantage of in Coronilla would
+allow of the secretion within the flower ceasing, and as this change was
+going on in the two secretions, all the parts of the flower would become
+modified and correlated.
+
+
+LETTER 716. TO J. BURDON SANDERSON. Down, Tuesday, September 9th [1873].
+
+(716/1. Sir J. Burdon Sanderson showed that in Dionoea movement
+is accompanied by electric disturbances closely analogous to those
+occurring in muscle (see "Nature," 1874, pages 105, 127; "Proc. R. Soc."
+XXI., and "Phil. Trans." Volume CLXXIII., 1883, where the results are
+finally discussed).)
+
+I will send up early to-morrow two plants [of Dionoea] with five goodish
+leaves, which you will know by their being tied to sticks. Please
+remember that the slightest touch, even by a hair, of the three
+filaments on each lobe makes the leaf close, and it will not open for
+twenty-four hours. You had better put 1/4 in. of water into the saucers
+of the pots. The plants have been kept too cool in order to retard
+them. You had better keep them rather warm (i.e. temperature of warm
+greenhouse) for a day, and in a good light.
+
+I am extremely glad you have undertaken this subject. If you get a
+positive result, I should think you ought to publish it separately, and
+I could quote it; or I should be most glad to introduce any note by you
+into my account.
+
+I have no idea whether it is troublesome to try with the thermo-electric
+pile any change of temperature when the leaf closes. I could detect none
+with a common thermometer. But if there is any change of temperature I
+should expect it would occur some eight to twelve or twenty-four
+hours after the leaf has been given a big smashed fly, and when it is
+copiously secreting its acid digestive fluid.
+
+I forgot to say that, as far as I can make out, the inferior surface of
+the leaf is always in a state of tension, and that the contraction is
+confined to the upper surface; so that when this contraction ceases or
+suddenly fails (as by immersion in boiling water) the leaf opens again,
+or more widely than is natural to it.
+
+Whenever you have quite finished, I will send for the plants in their
+basket. My son Frank is staying at 6, Queen Anne Street, and comes home
+on Saturday afternoon, but you will not have finished by that time.
+
+P.S. I have repeated my experiment on digestion in Drosera with complete
+success. By giving leaves a very little weak hydrochloric acid, I can
+make them digest albumen--i.e. white of egg--quicker than they can do
+naturally. I most heartily thank you for all your kindness. I have been
+pretty bad lately, and must work very little.
+
+
+LETTER 717. TO J. BURDON SANDERSON. September 13th [1873].
+
+How very kind it was of you to telegraph to me. I am quite delighted
+that you have got a decided result. Is it not a very remarkable fact? It
+seems so to me, in my ignorance. I wish I could remember more distinctly
+what I formerly read of Du Bois Raymond's results. My poor memory never
+serves me for more than a vague guide. I really think you ought to try
+Drosera. In a weak solution of phosphate of ammonia (viz. 1 gr. to 20
+oz. of water) it will contract in about five minutes, and even more
+quickly in pure warm water; but then water, I suppose, would prevent
+your trial. I forget, but I think it contracts pretty quickly (i.e. in
+an hour or two) with a large drop of a rather stronger solution of the
+phosphate, or with an atom of raw meat on the disc of the leaf.
+
+
+LETTER 718. TO J.D. HOOKER. October 31st, 1873.
+
+Now I want to tell you, for my own pleasure, about the movements of
+Desmodium.
+
+1. When the plant goes to sleep, the terminal leaflets hang vertically
+down, but the petioles move up towards the axis, so that the dependent
+leaves are all crowded round it. The little leaflets never go to sleep,
+and this seems to me very odd; they are at their games of play as late
+as 11 o'clock at night and probably later. (718/1. Stahl ("Botanische
+Zeitung," 1897, page 97) has suggested that the movements of the dwarf
+leaflets in Desmodium serve to shake the large terminal leaflets, and
+thus increase transpiration. According to Stahl's view their movement
+would be more useful at night than by day, because stagnation of the
+transpiration-current is more likely to occur at night.)
+
+2. If the plant is shaken or syringed with tepid water, the terminal
+leaflets move down through about an angle of 45 deg, and the petioles
+likewise move about 11 deg downwards; so that they move in an opposite
+direction to what they do when they go to sleep. Cold water or air
+produces the same effect as does shaking. The little leaflets are not
+in the least affected by the plant being shaken or syringed. I have no
+doubt, from various facts, that the downward movement of the terminal
+leaflets and petioles from shaking and syringing is to save them from
+injury from warm rain.
+
+3. The axis, the main petiole, and the terminal leaflets are all,
+when the temperature is high, in constant movement, just like that of
+climbing plants. This movement seems to be of no service, any more than
+the incessant movement of amoeboid bodies. The movement of the terminal
+leaflets, though insensible to the eye, is exactly the same as that of
+the little lateral leaflets--viz. from side to side, up and down,
+and half round their own axes. The only difference is that the little
+leaflets move to a much greater extent, and perhaps more rapidly; and
+they are excited into movement by warm water, which is not the case with
+the terminal leaflet. Why the little leaflets, which are rudimentary in
+size and have lost their sleep-movements and their movements from
+being shaken, should not only have retained, but have their spontaneous
+movements exaggerated, I cannot conceive. It is hardly credible that
+it is a case of compensation. All this makes me very anxious to examine
+some plant (if possible one of the Leguminosae) with either the terminal
+or lateral leaflets greatly reduced in size, in comparison with the
+other leaflets on the same leaf. Can you or any of your colleagues think
+of any such plant? It is indirectly on this account that I so much want
+the seeds of Lathyrus nissolia.
+
+I hear from Frank that you think that the absence of both lateral
+leaflets, or of one alone, is due to their having dropped off; I thought
+so at first, and examined extremely young leaves from the tips of the
+shoots, and some of them presented the same characters. Some appearances
+make me think that they abort by becoming confluent with the main
+petiole.
+
+I hear also that you doubt about the little leaflets ever standing not
+opposite to each other: pray look at the enclosed old leaf which
+has been for a time in spirits, and can you call the little leaflets
+opposite? I have seen many such cases on both my plants, though few so
+well marked.
+
+
+LETTER 719. TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, October 23rd [1873].
+
+How good you have been about the plants; but indeed I did not intend
+you to write about Drosophyllum, though I shall be very glad to have
+a specimen. Experiments on other plants lead to fresh experiments.
+Neptunia is evidently a hopeless case. I shall be very glad of the other
+plants whenever they are ready. I constantly fear that I shall become to
+you a giant of bores.
+
+I am delighted to hear that you are at work on Nepenthes, and I hope
+that you will have good luck. It is good news that the fluid is acid;
+you ought to collect a good lot and have the acid analysed. I hope
+that the work will give you as much pleasure as analogous work has me.
+(719/1. Hooker's work on Nepenthes is referred to in "Insectivorous
+Plants," page 97: see also his address at the Belfast meeting of the
+British Association, 1874.) I do not think any discovery gave me more
+pleasure than proving a true act of digestion in Drosera.
+
+
+LETTER 720. TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, November 24th, 1873.
+
+I have been greatly interested by Mimosa albida, on which I have been
+working hard. Whilst your memory is pretty fresh, I want to ask a
+question. When this plant was most sensitive, and you irritated it, did
+the opposite leaflets shut up quite close, as occurs during sleep, when
+even a lancet could not be inserted between the leaflets? I can never
+cause the leaflets to come into contact, and some reasons make me doubt
+whether they ever do so except during sleep; and this makes me wish much
+to hear from you. I grieve to say that the plant looks more unhealthy,
+even, than it was at Kew. I have nursed it like the tenderest infant;
+but I was forced to cut off one leaf to try the bloom, and one was
+broken by the manner of packing. I have never syringed (with tepid
+water) more than one leaf per day; but if it dies, I shall feel like a
+murderer. I am pretty well convinced that I shall make out my case of
+movements as a protection against rain lodging on the leaves. As far as
+I have as yet made out, M. albida is a splendid case.
+
+I have had no time to examine more than one species of Eucalyptus. The
+seedlings of Lathyrus nissolia are very interesting to me; and there is
+something wonderful about them, unless seeds of two distinct leguminous
+species have got somehow mingled together.
+
+
+LETTER 721. TO W. THISELTON-DYER. Down, December 4th, 1873.
+
+As Hooker is so busy, I should be very much obliged if you could give
+me the name of the enclosed poor specimen of Cassia. I want much to
+know its name, as its power of movement, when it goes to sleep, is very
+remarkable. Linnaeus, I find, was aware of this. It twists each separate
+leaflet almost completely round (721/1. See "Power of Movement in
+Plants," Figure 154, page 370.), so that the lower surface faces the
+sky, at the same time depressing them all. The terminal leaflets are
+pointed towards the base of the leaf. The whole leaf is also raised
+up about 12 deg. When I saw that it possessed such complex powers of
+movement, I thought it would utilise its power to protect the leaflets
+from rain. Accordingly I syringed the plant for two minutes, and it was
+really beautiful to see how each leaflet on the younger leaves twisted
+its short sub-petiole, so that the blade was immediately directed at
+an angle between 45 and 90 deg to the horizon. I could not resist the
+pleasure of just telling you why I want to know the name of the Cassia.
+I should add that it is a greenhouse plant. I suppose that there will
+not be any better flowers till next summer or autumn.
+
+
+LETTER 722. TO T. BELT.
+
+(722/1. Belt's account, discussed in this letter, is probably that
+published in his "Naturalist in Nicaragua" (1874), where he describes
+"the relation between the presence of honey-secreting glands on plants,
+and the protection to the latter secured by the attendance of ants
+attracted by the honey." (Op. cit., pages 222 et seq.))
+
+Thursday [1874?].
+
+Your account of the ants and their relations seems to me to possess
+extraordinary interest. I do not doubt that the excretion of sweet fluid
+by the glands is in your cases of great advantage to the plants by means
+of the ants, but I cannot avoid believing that primordially it is a
+simple excretion, as occasionally occurs from the surface of the leaves
+of lime trees. It is quite possible that the primordial excretion may
+have been beneficially increased to serve the plant. In the common
+laurel [Prunus laurocerasus] of our gardens the hive-bees visit
+incessantly the glands of the young leaves, on their under sides; and I
+should altogether doubt whether their visits or the occasional visits of
+ants was of any service to the laurel. The stipules of the common vetch
+secrete largely during sunshine, and hive-bees collect the sweet fluid.
+So I think it is with the common bean.
+
+I am writing this away from home, and I have come away to get some rest,
+having been a good deal overworked. I shall read your book with great
+interest when published, but will not trouble you to send the MS., as I
+really have no spare strength or time. I believe that your book, judging
+by the chapter sent, will be extremely valuable.
+
+
+LETTER 723. TO J.D. HOOKER.
+
+(723/1. The following letter refers to Darwin's prediction as to the
+manner in which Hedychium (Zinziberaceae) is fertilised. Sir J.D. Hooker
+seems to have made inquiries in India in consequence of which
+Darwin received specimens of the moth which there visits the flower,
+unfortunately so much broken as to be useless (see "Life and Letters,"
+III., page 284).)
+
+Down, March 25th [1874].
+
+I am glad to hear about the Hedychium, and how soon you have got an
+answer! I hope that the wings of the Sphinx will hereafter prove to
+be bedaubed with pollen, for the case will then prove a fine bit of
+prophecy from the structure of a flower to special and new means of
+fertilisation.
+
+By the way, I suppose you have noticed what a grand appearance the plant
+makes when the green capsules open, and display the orange and crimson
+seeds and interior, so as to attract birds, like the pale buff flowers
+to attract dusk-flying lepidoptera. I presume you do not want seeds of
+this plant, as I have plenty from artificial fertilisation.
+
+(723/2. In "Nature," June 22nd, 1876, page 173, Hermann Muller
+communicated F. Muller's observation on the fertilisation of a
+bright-red-flowered species of Hedychium, which is visited by
+Callidryas, chiefly the males of C. Philea. The pollen is carried by the
+tips of the butterfly's wing, to which it is temporarily fixed by the
+slimy layer produced by the degeneration of the anther-wall.
+
+
+LETTER 724. TO W. THISELTON-DYER. Down, June 4th [1874].
+
+I am greatly obliged to you about the Opuntia, and shall be glad if you
+can remember Catalpa. I wish some facts on the action of water, because
+I have been so surprised at a stream not acting on Dionoea and Drosera.
+(724/1. See Pfeffer, "Untersuchungen Bot. Inst. zu Tubingen," Bd.
+I., 1885, page 518. Pfeffer shows that in some cases--Drosera, for
+instance--water produces movement only when it contains fine particles
+in suspension. According to Pfeffer the stamens of Berberis, and the
+stigma of Mimulus, are both stimulated by gelatine, the action of which
+is, generally speaking, equivalent to that of water.) Water does not
+act on the stamens of Berberis, but it does on the stigma of Mimulus.
+It causes the flowers of the bedding-out Mesembryanthemum and Drosera
+to close, but it has not this effect on Gazania and the daisy, so I can
+make out no rule.
+
+I hope you are going on with Nepenthes; and if so, you will perhaps like
+to hear that I have just found out that Pinguicula can digest albumen,
+gelatine, etc. If a bit of glass or wood is placed on a leaf, the
+secretion is not increased; but if an insect or animal-matter is thus
+placed, the secretion is greatly increased and becomes feebly acid,
+which was not the case before. I have been astonished and much disturbed
+by finding that cabbage seeds excite a copious secretion, and am now
+endeavouring to discover what this means. (724/2. Clearly it had not
+occurred to Darwin that seeds may supply nitrogenous food as well as
+insects: see "Insectivorous Plants," page 390.) Probably in a few days'
+time I shall have to beg a little information from you, so I will write
+no more now.
+
+P.S. I heard from Asa Gray a week ago, and he tells me a beautiful fact:
+not only does the lid of Sarracenia secrete a sweet fluid, but there
+is a line or trail of sweet exudation down to the ground so as to tempt
+insects up. (724/3. A dried specimen of Sarracenia, stuffed with cotton
+wool, was sometimes brought from his study by Mr. Darwin, and made the
+subject of a little lecture to visitors of natural history tastes.)
+
+
+LETTER 725. TO W. THISELTON-DYER. Down, June 23rd, 1874.
+
+I wrote to you about a week ago, thanking you for information on cabbage
+seeds, asking you the name of Luzula or Carex, and on some other points;
+and I hope before very long to receive an answer. You must now, if you
+can, forgive me for being very troublesome, for I am in that state in
+which I would sacrifice friend or foe. I have ascertained that bits
+of certain leaves, for instance spinach, excite much secretion in
+Pinguicula, and that the glands absorb matter from the leaves. Now this
+morning I have received a lot of leaves from my future daughter-in-law
+in North Wales, having a surprising number of captured insects on them,
+a good many leaves, and two seed-capsules. She informs me that the
+little leaves had excited secretion; and my son and I have ascertained
+this morning that the protoplasm in the glands beneath the little leaves
+has undoubtedly undergone aggregation. Therefore, absurd as it
+may sound, I am prepared to affirm that Pinguicula is not only
+insectivorous, but graminivorous, and granivorous! Now I want to beg you
+to look under the simple microscope at the enclosed leaves and seeds,
+and, if you possibly can, tell me their genera. The little narrow leaves
+are remarkable (725/1. Those of Erica tetralix.); they are fleshy, with
+the edges much curled from the axis of the plant, and bear a few long
+glandular hairs; these grow in little tufts. These are the commonest in
+Pinguicula, and seem to afford most nutritious matter. A second leaf is
+like a miniature sycamore. With respect to the seeds, I suppose that
+one is a Carex; the other looks like that of Rumex, but is enclosed in a
+globular capsule. The Pinguicula grew on marshy, low, mountainous land.
+
+I hope you will think this subject sufficiently interesting to make you
+willing to aid me as far as you can. Anyhow, forgive me for being so
+very troublesome.
+
+
+LETTER 726. TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, August 30th [1874].
+
+I am particularly obliged for your address. (726/1. Presidential address
+(Biological Section) at the Belfast meeting of the British Association,
+1874.) It strikes me as quite excellent, and has interested me in the
+highest degree. Nor is this due to my having worked at the subject, for
+I feel sure that I should have been just as much struck, perhaps more
+so, if I had known nothing about it. You could not, in my opinion, have
+put the case better. There are several lights (besides the facts) in
+your essay new to me, and you have greatly honoured me. I heartily
+congratulate you on so splendid a piece of work. There is a misprint at
+page 7, Mitschke for Nitschke. There is a partial error at page 8, where
+you say that Drosera is nearly indifferent to organic substances. This
+is much too strong, though they do act less efficiently than organic
+with soluble nitrogenous matter; but the chief difference is in the
+widely different period of subsequent re-expansion. Thirdly, I did not
+suggest to Sanderson his electrical experiments, though, no doubt, my
+remarks led to his thinking of them.
+
+Now for your letter: you are very generous about Dionoea, but some of
+my experiments will require cutting off leaves, and therefore injuring
+plants. I could not write to Lady Dorothy [Nevill]. Rollisson says that
+they expect soon a lot from America. If Dionoea is not despatched, have
+marked on address, "to be forwarded by foot-messenger."
+
+Mrs. Barber's paper is very curious, and ought to be published (726/2.
+Mrs. Barber's paper on the pupa of Papilio Nireus assuming different
+tints corresponding to the objects to which it was attached, was
+communicated by Mr. Darwin to the "Trans. Entomolog. Soc." 1874.); but
+when you come here (and REMEMBER YOU OFFERED TO COME) we will consult
+where to send it. Let me hear when you recommence on Cephalotus or
+Sarracenia, as I think I am now on right track about Utricularia, after
+wasting several weeks in fruitless trials and observations. The negative
+work takes five times more time than the positive.
+
+
+LETTER 727. TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, September 18th [1874].
+
+I have had a splendid day's work, and must tell you about it.
+
+Lady Dorothy sent me a young plant of U[tricularia] montana (727/1. See
+"Life and Letters," III., page 327, and "Insectivorous Plants," page
+431.), which I fancy is the species you told me of. The roots or
+rhizomes (for I know not which they are; I can see no scales or
+internodes or absorbent hairs) bear scores of bladders from 1/20 to
+1/100 of an inch in diameter; and I traced these roots to the depth of 1
+1/2 in. in the peat and sand. The bladders are like glass, and have the
+same essential structure as those of our species, with the exception
+that many exterior parts are aborted. Internally the structure is
+perfect, as is the minute valvular opening into the bladder, which is
+filled with water. I then felt sure that they captured subterranean
+insects, and after a time I found two with decayed remnants, with clear
+proof that something had been absorbed, which had generated protoplasm.
+When you are here I shall be very curious to know whether they are roots
+or rhizomes.
+
+Besides the bladders there are great tuber-like swellings on the
+rhizomes; one was an inch in length and half in breadth. I suppose
+these must have been described. I strongly suspect that they serve as
+reservoirs for water. (727/2. The existence of water-stores is quite
+in accordance with the epiphytic habit of the plant.) But I shall
+experimentise on this head. A thin slice is a beautiful object, and
+looks like coarsely reticulated glass.
+
+If you have an old plant which could be turned out of its pot (and can
+spare the time), it would be a great gain to me if you would tear off a
+bit of the roots near the bottom, and shake them well in water, and see
+whether they bear these minute glass-like bladders. I should also much
+like to know whether old plants bear the solid bladder-like bodies near
+the upper surface of the pot. These bodies are evidently enlargements
+of the roots or rhizomes. You must forgive this long letter, and
+make allowance for my delight at finding this new sub-group of
+insect-catchers. Sir E. Tennent speaks of an aquatic species of
+Utricularia in Ceylon, which has bladders on its roots, and rises
+annually to the surface, as he says, by this means. (727/3. Utricularia
+stellaris. Emerson Tennent's "Ceylon," Volume I., page 124, 1859.)
+
+We shall be delighted to see you here on the 26th; if you will let us
+know your train we will send to meet you. You will have to work like a
+slave while you are here.
+
+
+LETTER 728. TO J. JENNER WEIR.
+
+(728/1. In 1870 Mr. Jenner Weir wrote to Darwin: "My brother has but
+two kinds of laburnum, viz., Cytisus purpureus, very erect, and Cytisus
+alpinus, very pendulous. He has several stocks of the latter grafted
+with the purple one; and this year, the grafts being two years old,
+I saw in one, fairly above the stock, about four inches, a raceme of
+purely yellow flowers with the usual dark markings, and above them a
+bunch of purely purple flowers; the branches of the graft in no way
+showed an intermediate character, but had the usual rigid growth of
+purpureus."
+
+Early in July 1875, when Darwin was correcting a new edition of
+"Variation under Domestication," he again corresponded with Mr. Weir on
+the subject.)
+
+Down, July 8th [1875].
+
+I thank you cordially. The case interests me in a higher degree than
+anything which I have heard for a very long time. Is it your brother
+Harrison W., whom I know? I should like to hear where the garden is.
+There is one other very important point which I am most anxious to
+hear--viz., the nature of the leaves at the base of the yellow racemes,
+for leaves are always there produced with the yellow laburnums, and I
+suppose so in the case of C. purpureus. As the tree has produced yellow
+racemes several times, do you think you could ask your brother to cut
+off and send me by post in a box a small branch of the purple stock with
+the pods or leaves of the yellow sport? (728/2. "The purple stock" here
+means the supposed C. purpureus, on which a yellow-flowered branch was
+borne.) This would be an immense favour, for then I would cut the point
+of junction longitudinally and examine slice under the microscope, to be
+able to state no trace of bud of yellow kind having been inserted. I do
+not suspect anything of the kind, but it is sure to be said that your
+brother's gardener, either by accident or fraud, inserted a bud. Under
+this point of view it would be very good to gather from your brother how
+many times the yellow sport has appeared. The case appears to me so
+very important as to be worth any trouble. Very many thanks for all
+assistance so kindly given.
+
+I will of course send a copy of new edition of "Variation under
+Domestication" when published in the autumn.
+
+
+LETTER 729. TO J. JENNER WEIR.
+
+(729/1. On July 9th Mr. Weir wrote to say that a branch of the Cytisus
+had been despatched to Down. The present letter was doubtless
+written after Darwin had examined the specimen. In "Variation under
+Domestication," Edition II., Volume I., page 417, note, he gives for a
+case recorded in the "Gardeners' Chronicle" in 1857 the explanation here
+offered (viz. that the graft was not C. purpureus but C. Adami), and
+adds, "I have ascertained that this occurred in another instance." This
+second instance is doubtless Mr. Weir's.)
+
+Down, July 10th, 1875.
+
+I do not know how to thank you enough; pray give also my thanks and kind
+remembrances to your brother. I am sure you will forgive my expressing
+my doubts freely, as I well know that you desire the truth more than
+anything else. I cannot avoid the belief that some nurseryman has sold
+C[ytisus] Adami to your brother in place of the true C. purpureus. The
+latter is a little bush only 3 feet high (Loudon), and when I read your
+account, it seemed to me a physical impossibility that a sporting branch
+of C. alpinus could grow to any size and be supported on the extremely
+delicate branches of C. purpureus. If I understand rightly your letter,
+you consider the tuft of small shoots on one side of the sporting C.
+alpinus from Weirleigh as C. purpureus; but these shoots are certainly
+those of C. Adami. I earnestly beg you to look at the specimens
+enclosed. The branch of the true C. purpureus is the largest which
+I could find. If C. Adami was sold to your brother as C. purpureus,
+everything is explained; for then the gardener has grafted C. Adami on
+C. alpinus, and the former has sported in the usual manner; but has not
+sported into C. purpureus, only into C. alpinus. C. Adami does not sport
+less frequently into C. purpureus than into C. alpinus. Are the purple
+flowers borne on moderately long racemes? If so, the plant is certainly
+C. Adami, for the true C. purpureus bears flowers close to the branches.
+I am very sorry to be so troublesome, but I am very anxious to hear
+again from you.
+
+C. purpureus bears "flowers axillary, solitary, stalked."
+
+P.S.--I think you said that the purple [tree] at Weirleigh does not
+seed, whereas the C. purpureus seeds freely, as you may see in enclosed.
+C. Adami never produces seeds or pods.
+
+
+LETTER 730. TO E. HACKEL.
+
+(730/1. The following extract refers to Darwin's book on "Cross and
+Self-Fertilisation.")
+
+November 13th, 1875.
+
+I am now busy in drawing up an account of ten years' experiments in the
+growth and fertility of plants raised from crossed and self-fertilised
+flowers. It is really wonderful what an effect pollen from a distinct
+seedling plant, which has been exposed to different conditions of life,
+has on the offspring in comparison with pollen from the same flower or
+from a distinct individual, but which has been long subjected to the
+same conditions. The subject bears on the very principle of life, which
+seems almost to require changes in the conditions.
+
+
+LETTER 731. TO G.J. ROMANES.
+
+(731/1. The following extract from a letter to Romanes refers to Francis
+Darwin's paper, "Experiments on the Nutrition of Drosera rotundifolia."
+"Linn. Soc. Journ." [1878], published 1880, page 17.)
+
+August 9th [1876].
+
+The second point which delights me, seeing that half a score of
+botanists throughout Europe have published that the digestion of meat by
+plants is of no use to them (a mere pathological phenomenon, as one man
+says!), is that Frank has been feeding under exactly similar conditions
+a large number of plants of Drosera, and the effect is wonderful. On
+the fed side the leaves are much larger, differently coloured, and more
+numerous; flower-stalks taller and more numerous, and I believe far
+more seed capsules,--but these not yet counted. It is particularly
+interesting that the leaves fed on meat contain very many more starch
+granules (no doubt owing to more protoplasm being first formed); so that
+sections stained with iodine, of fed and unfed leaves, are to the naked
+eye of very different colours.
+
+There, I have boasted to my heart's content, and do you do the same, and
+tell me what you have been doing.
+
+
+LETTER 732. TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, October 25th [1876].
+
+If you can put the following request into any one's hands pray do so;
+but if not, ignore my request, as I know how busy you are.
+
+I want any and all plants of Hoya examined to see if any imperfect
+flowers like the one enclosed can be found, and if so to send them to
+me, per post, damp. But I especially want them as young as possible.
+
+They are very curious. I have examined some sent me from Abinger (732/1.
+Lord Farrer's house.), but they were a month or two too old, and every
+trace of pollen and anthers had disappeared or had never been developed.
+Yet a very fine pod with apparently good seed had been formed by one
+such flower. (732/2. The seeds did not germinate; see the account of
+Hoya carnosa in "Forms of Flowers," page 331.)
+
+
+LETTER 733. TO G.J. ROMANES.
+
+(733/1. Published in the "Life of Romanes," page 62.)
+
+Down, August 10th [1877].
+
+When I went yesterday I had not received to-day's "Nature," and I
+thought that your lecture was finished. (733/2. Abstract of a lecture
+on "Evolution of Nerves and Nervo-Systems," delivered at the Royal
+Institution, May 25th, 1877. "Nature," July 19th, August 2nd, August
+9th, 1877.) This final part is one of the grandest essays which I ever
+read.
+
+It was very foolish of me to demur to your lines of conveyance like the
+threads in muslin (733/3. "Nature," August 2nd, page 271.), knowing how
+you have considered the subject: but still I must confess I cannot feel
+quite easy. Everyone, I suppose, thinks on what he has himself seen, and
+with Drosera, a bit of meat put on any one gland on its disc causes
+all the surrounding tentacles to bend to this point, and here there can
+hardly be differentiated lines of conveyance. It seems to me that the
+tentacles probably bend to that point wherever a molecular wave strikes
+them, which passes through the cellular tissue with equal ease in all
+directions in this particular case. (733/4. Speaking generally, the
+transmission takes place more readily in the longitudinal direction than
+across the leaf: see "Insectivorous Plants," page 239.) But what a fine
+case that of the Aurelia is! (733/5. Aurelia aurita, one of the medusae.
+"Nature," pages 269-71.)
+
+
+LETTER 734. TO W. THISELTON-DYER. 6, Queen Anne Street [December 1876].
+
+Tell Hooker I feel greatly aggrieved by him: I went to the Royal Society
+to see him for once in the chair of the Royal, to admire his dignity and
+enjoy it, and lo and behold, he was not there. My outing gave me much
+satisfaction, and I was particularly glad to see Mr. Bentham, and to see
+him looking so wonderfully well and young. I saw lots of people, and it
+has not done me a penny's worth of harm, though I could not get to sleep
+till nearly four o'clock.
+
+
+LETTER 735. TO D. OLIVER. Down, October, 13th [1876?].
+
+You must be a clair-voyant or something of that kind to have sent me
+such useful plants. Twenty-five years ago I described in my father's
+garden two forms of Linum flavum (thinking it a case of mere variation);
+from that day to this I have several times looked, but never saw the
+second form till it arrived from Kew. Virtue is never its own reward:
+I took paper this summer to write to you to ask you to send me flowers,
+[so] that I might beg plants of this Linum, if you had the other form,
+and refrained, from not wishing to trouble you. But I am now sorry
+I did, for I have hardly any doubt that L. flavum never seeds in any
+garden that I have seen, because one form alone is cultivated by slips.
+(735/1. Id est, because, the plant being grown from slips, one form
+alone usually occurs in any one garden. It is also arguable that it is
+grown by slips because only one form is common, and therefore seedlings
+cannot be raised.)
+
+
+(736/1. The following five letters refer to Darwin's work on "bloom"--a
+subject on which he did not live to complete his researches:--
+
+One of his earliest letters on this subject was addressed in August,
+1873, to Sir Joseph Hooker (736/2. Published in "Life and Letters,"
+III., page 339.):
+
+"I want a little information from you, and if you do not yourself know,
+please to enquire of some of the wise men of Kew.
+
+"Why are the leaves and fruit of so many plants protected by a thin
+layer of waxy matter (like the common cabbage), or with fine hair, so
+that when such leaves or fruit are immersed in water they appear as if
+encased in thin glass? It is really a pretty sight to put a pod of the
+common pea, or a raspberry, into water. I find several leaves are thus
+protected on the under surface and not on the upper.
+
+"How can water injure the leaves, if indeed this is at all the case?"
+
+On this latter point Darwin wrote to the late Lord Farrer:
+
+"I am now become mad about drops of water injuring leaves. Please ask
+Mr. Payne (736/3. Lord Farrer's gardener.) whether he believes, FROM
+HIS OWN EXPERIENCE, that drops of water injure leaves or fruit in his
+conservatories. It is said that the drops act as burning-glasses; if
+this is true, they would not be at all injurious on cloudy days. As
+he is so acute a man, I should very much like to hear his opinion. I
+remember when I grew hothouse orchids I was cautioned not to wet their
+leaves; but I never then thought on the subject."
+
+The next letter, though of later date than some which follow it, is
+printed here because it briefly sums his results and serves as guide to
+the letters dealing with the subject.)
+
+
+LETTER 736. TO W. THISELTON-DYER.
+
+(736/4. Published in "Life and Letters," III., page 341.)
+
+Down, September 5th [1877].
+
+One word to thank you. I declare, had it not been for your kindness,
+we should have broken down. As it is we have made out clearly that with
+some plants (chiefly succulent) the bloom checks evaporation--with
+some certainly prevents attacks of insects; with SOME sea-shore plants
+prevents injury from salt water, and, I believe, with a few prevents
+injury from pure water resting on the leaves. This latter is as yet
+the most doubtful and the most interesting point in relation to the
+movements of plants.
+
+(736/5. Modern research, especially that of Stahl on transpiration
+("Bot. Zeitung," 1897, page 71) has shown that the question is more
+complex than it appeared in 1877. Stahl's point of view is that moisture
+remaining on a leaf checks the transpiration-current; and by thus
+diminishing the flow of mineral nutriment interferes with the process of
+assimilation. Stahl's idea is doubtless applicable to the whole problem
+of bloom on leaves. For other references to bloom see letters 685, 689
+and 693.)
+
+
+LETTER 737. TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, August 19th, 1873.
+
+The next time you walk round the garden ask Mr. Smith (737/1. Probably
+John Smith (1798-1888), for some years Curator, Royal Gardens, Kew.), or
+any of your best men, what they think about injury from watering during
+sunshine. One of your men--viz., Mr. Payne, at Abinger, who seems very
+acute--declares that you may water safely any plant out of doors in
+sunshine, and that you may do the same for plants under glass if the
+sashes are opened. This seems to me very odd, but he seems positive
+on the point, and acts on it in raising splendid grapes. Another good
+gardener maintains that it is only COLD water dripping often on the
+same point of a leaf that ever injures it. I am utterly perplexed, but
+interested on the point. Give me what you learn when you come to Down.
+
+I should like to hear what plants are believed to be most injured by
+being watered in sunshine, so that I might get such.
+
+I expect that I shall be utterly beaten, as on so many other points;
+but I intend to make a few experiments and observations. I have already
+convinced myself that drops of water do NOT act as burning lenses.
+
+
+LETTER 738. TO J.D. HOOKER. December 20th [1873].
+
+I find that it is no use going on with my experiments on the evil
+effects of water on bloom-divested leaves. Either I erred in the early
+autumn or summer in some incomprehensible manner, or, as I suspect to be
+the case, water is only injurious to leaves when there is a good supply
+of actinic rays. I cannot believe that I am all in the wrong about the
+movements of the leaves to shoot off water.
+
+The upshot of all this is that I want to keep all the plants from Kew
+until the spring or early summer, as it is mere waste of time going on
+at present.
+
+
+LETTER 739. TO W. THISELTON-DYER. Down, July 22nd [1877].
+
+Many thanks for seeds of the Malva and information about Averrhoa, which
+I perceived was sensitive, as A. carambola is said to be; and about
+Mimosa sensitiva. The log-wood [Haematoxylon] has interested me much.
+The wax is very easily removed, especially from the older leaves, and I
+found after squirting on the leaves with water at 95 deg, all the older
+leaves became coated, after forty-eight hours, in an astonishing manner
+with a black Uredo, so that they looked as if sprinkled with soot and
+water. But not one of the younger leaves was affected. This has set
+me to work to see whether the "bloom" is not a protection against
+parasites. As soon as I have ascertained a little more about the case
+(and generally I am quite wrong at first) I will ask whether I could
+have a very small plant, which should never be syringed with water above
+60 deg, and then I suspect the leaves would not be spotted, as were the
+older ones on the plant, when it arrived from Kew, but nothing like what
+they were after my squirting.
+
+In an old note of yours (which I have just found) you say that you have
+a sensitive Schrankia: could this be lent me?
+
+I have had lent me a young Coral-tree (Erythrina), which is very sickly,
+yet shows odd sleep movements. I suppose I could buy one, but Hooker
+told me first to ask you for anything.
+
+Lastly, have you any seaside plants with bloom? I find that drops of
+sea-water corrode sea-kale if bloom is removed; also the var. littorum
+of Triticum repens. (By the way, my plants of the latter, grown in pots
+here, are now throwing up long flexible green blades, and it is very odd
+to see, ON THE SAME CULM, the rigid grey bloom-covered blades and the
+green flexible ones.) Cabbages, ill-luck to them, do not seem to be
+hurt by salt water. Hooker formerly told me that Salsola kali, a var. of
+Salicornia, one species of Suaeda, Euphorbia peplis, Lathyrus maritimus,
+Eryngium maritimum, were all glaucous and seaside plants. It is very
+improbable that you have any of these or of foreigners with the same
+attributes.
+
+God forgive me: I hope that I have not bored you greatly.
+
+By all the rules of right the leaves of the logwood ought to move (as if
+partially going to sleep) when syringed with tepid water. The leaves
+of my little plant do not move at all, and it occurs to me as possible,
+though very improbable, that it would be different with a larger plant
+with perhaps larger leaves. Would you some day get a gardener to syringe
+violently, with water kept in a hothouse, a branch on one of your
+largest logwood plants and observe [whether?] leaves move together
+towards the apex of leaf?
+
+By the way, what astonishing nonsense Mr. Andrew Murray has been
+writing about leaves and carbonic acid! I like to see a man behaving
+consistently...
+
+What a lot I have scribbled to you!
+
+
+(FIGURE 13. Leaf of Trifolium resupinatum (from a drawing by Miss
+Pertz).)
+
+
+LETTER 740. TO W. THISELTON-DYER. [August, 1877.]
+
+There is no end to my requests. Can you spare me a good plant (or even
+two) of Oxalis sensitiva? The one which I have (formerly from Kew) has
+been so maltreated that I dare not trust my results any longer.
+
+Please give the enclosed to Mr. Lynch. (740/1. Mr. Lynch, now Curator
+of the Cambridge Botanic Garden, was at this time in the R. Bot. Garden,
+Kew. Mr. Lynch described the movements of Averrhoa bilimbi in the "Linn.
+Soc. Journ," Volume XVI., page 231. See also "The Power of Movement in
+Plants," page 330.) The spontaneous movements of the Averrhoa are very
+curious.
+
+You sent me seeds of Trifolium resupinatum, and I have raised plants,
+and some former observations which I did not dare to trust have proved
+accurate. It is a very little fact, but curious. The half of the lateral
+leaflets (marked by a cross) on the lower side have no bloom and are
+wetted, whereas the other half has bloom and is not wetted, so that the
+two sides look different to the naked eye. The cells of the eipdermis
+appear of a different shape and size on the two sides of the leaf
+[Figure 13].
+
+When we have drawings and measurements of cells made, and are sure of
+our facts, I shall ask you whether you know of any case of the same leaf
+differing histologically on the two sides, for Hooker always says you
+are a wonderful man for knowing what has been made out.
+
+(740/2. The biological meaning of the curious structure of the leaves of
+Trifolium resupinatum remains a riddle. The stomata and (speaking from
+memory) the trichomes differ on the two halves of the lateral leaflets.)
+
+
+LETTER 741. TO L. ERRERA.
+
+(741/1. Professor L. Errera, of Brussels wrote, as a student, to Darwin,
+asking permission to send the MS. of an essay by his friend S. Gevaert
+and himself on cross and self-fertilisation, and which was afterwards
+published in the "Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg." XVII., 1878. The terms
+xenogamy, geitonogamy, and autogamy were first suggested by Kerner in
+1876; their definition will be found at page 9 of Ogle's translation
+of Kerner's "Flowers and their Unbidden Guests," 1878. In xenogamy the
+pollen comes from another PLANT; in geitonogamy from another FLOWER
+on the same PLANT; in autogamy from the androecium of the fertilised
+FLOWER. Allogamy embraces xenogamy and geitonogamy.)
+
+Down, October 4th, 1877.
+
+I have now read your MS. The whole has interested me greatly, and
+is very clearly written. I wish that I had used some such terms as
+autogamy, xenogamy, etc...I entirely agree with you on the a priori
+probability of geitonogamy being more advantageous than autogamy; and
+I cannot remember having ever expressed a belief that autogamy, as a
+general rule, was better than geitonogamy; but the cases recorded by
+me seem too strong not to make me suspect that there was some unknown
+advantage in autogamy. In one place I insert the caution "if this
+be really the case," which you quote. (741/2. See "Cross and
+Self-Fertilisation," pages 352, 386. The phrase referred to occurs in
+both passages; that on page 386 is as follows: "We have also seen reason
+to suspect that self-fertilisation is in some peculiar manner beneficial
+to certain plants; but if this be really the case, the benefit thus
+derived is far more than counterbalanced by a cross with a fresh stock
+or with a slightly different variety." Errera and Gevaert conclude
+(pages 79-80) that the balance of the available evidence is in favour of
+the belief that geitonogamy is intermediate, in effectiveness, between
+autogamy and xenogamy.) I shall be very glad to be proved to be
+altogether in error on this point.
+
+Accept my thanks for pointing out the bad erratum at page 301. I hope
+that you will experimentise on inconspicuous flowers (741/3. See Miss
+Bateson, "Annals of Botany," 1888, page 255, "On the Cross-Fertilisation
+of Inconspicuous Flowers:" Miss Bateson showed that Senecio vulgaris
+clearly profits by cross-fertilisation; Stellaria media and Capsella
+bursa-pastoris less certainly.); if I were not too old and too much
+occupied I would do so myself.
+
+Finally let me thank you for the kind manner in which you refer to my
+work, and with cordial good wishes for your success...
+
+
+LETTER 742. TO W. THISELTON-DYER. Down, October 9th, 1877.
+
+One line to thank you much about Mertensia. The former plant has begun
+to make new leaves, to my great surprise, so that I shall be now well
+supplied. We have worked so well with the Averrhoa that unless the
+second species arrives in a very good state it would be superfluous to
+send it. I am heartily glad that you and Mrs. Dyer are going to have
+a holiday. I will look at you as a dead man for the next month, and
+nothing shall tempt me to trouble you. But before you enter your grave
+aid me if you can. I want seeds of three or four plants (not Leguminosae
+or Cruciferae) which produce large cotyledons. I know not in the least
+what plants have large cotyledons. Why I want to know is as follows: The
+cotyledons of Cassia go to sleep, and are sensitive to a touch; but what
+has surprised me much is that they are in constant movement up and down.
+So it is with the cotyledons of the cabbage, and therefore I am very
+curious to ascertain how far this is general.
+
+
+LETTER 743. TO W. THISELTON-DYER. Down, October 11th [1877].
+
+The fine lot of seeds arrived yesterday, and are all sown, and will be
+most useful. If you remember, pray thank Mr. Lynch for his aid. I had
+not thought of beech or sycamore, but they are now sown.
+
+Perhaps you may like to see a rough copy of the tracing of movements
+of one of the cotyledons of red cabbage, and you can throw it into
+the fire. A line joining the two cotyledons stood facing a north-east
+window, and the day was uniformly cloudy. A bristle was gummed to one
+cotyledon, and beyond it a triangular bit of card was fixed, and in
+front a vertical glass. A dot was made in the glass every quarter or
+half hour at the point where the end of the bristle and the apex of card
+coincided, and the dots were joined by straight lines. The observations
+were from 10 a.m. to 8.45 p.m. During this time the enclosed figure was
+described; but between 4 p.m. and 5.38 p.m. the cotyledon moved so that
+the prolonged line was beyond the limits of the glass, and the course
+is here shown by an imaginary dotted line. The cotyledon of Primula
+sinensis moved in closely analogous manner, as do those of a Cassia.
+Hence I expect to find such movements very general with cotyledons,
+and I am inclined to look at them as the foundation for all the other
+adaptive movements of leaves. They certainly are of the so-called sleep
+of plants.
+
+I hope I have not bothered you. Do not answer. I am all on fire at the
+work.
+
+I have had a short and very prosperous note from Asa Gray, who says
+Hooker is very prosperous, and both are tremendously hard at work.
+(743/1. "Hooker is coming over, and we are going in summer to the Rocky
+Mountains together, according to an old promise of mine." Asa Gray to
+G.F. Wright, May 24th, 1877 ("Letters of Asa Gray," II., page 666).)
+
+
+LETTER 744. TO H. MULLER. Down, January 1st [1878?].
+
+I must write two or three lines to thank you cordially for your very
+handsome and very interesting review of my last book in "Kosmos,"
+which I have this minute finished. (744/1. "Forms of Flowers," 1877. H.
+Muller's article is in "Kosmos," II., page 286.) It is wonderful how you
+have picked out everything important in it. I am especially glad that
+you have called attention to the parallelism between illegitimate
+offspring of heterostyled plants and hybrids. Your previous article in
+"Kosmos" seemed to me very important, but for some unknown reason the
+german was very difficult, and I was sadly overworked at the time, so
+that I could not understand a good deal of it. (744/2. "Kosmos," II.,
+pages 11, 128. See "Forms of Flowers," Edition II., page 308.) But I
+have put it on one side, and when I have to prepare a new edition of my
+book I must make it out. It seems that you attribute such cases as that
+of the dioecious Rhamnus and your own of Valeriana to the existence of
+two forms with larger and smaller flowers. I cannot follow the steps
+by which such plants have been rendered dioecious, but when I read your
+article with more care I hope I shall understand. (744/3. See "Forms of
+Flowers," Edition II., pages 9 and 304. H. Muller's view is briefly that
+conspicuous and less conspicuous varieties occurred, and that the former
+were habitually visited first by insects; thus the less conspicuous form
+would play the part of females and their pollen would tend to become
+superfluous. See H. Muller in "Kosmos," II.) If you have succeeded
+in explaining this class of cases I shall heartily rejoice, for they
+utterly perplexed me, and I could not conjecture what their meaning was.
+It is a grievous evil to have no faculty for new languages.
+
+With the most sincere respect and hearty good wishes to you and all your
+family for the new year...
+
+P.S.--What interesting papers your wonderful brother has lately been
+writing!
+
+
+LETTER 745. TO W. THISELTON-DYER.
+
+(745/1. This letter refers to the purchase of instruments for the
+Jodrell Laboratory in the Royal Gardens, Kew. "The Royal Commission on
+Scientific Instruction and the Advancement of Science, commonly spoken
+of as the Devonshire Commission, in its fourth Report (1874), page 10,
+expressed the opinion that 'it is highly desirable that opportunities
+for the pursuit of investigations in Physiological Botany should be
+afforded at Kew to those persons who may be inclined to follow that
+branch of science.' Effect was given to this recommendation by the
+liberality of the late T.J. Phillips-Jodrell, M.A., who built and
+equipped the small laboratory, which has since borne his name, at his
+own expense. It was completed and immediately brought into use in 1876."
+The above is taken from the "Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information," R.
+Botanic Gardens, Kew, 1901, page 102, which also gives a list of work
+carried out in the laboratory between 1876 and 1900.)
+
+Down, March 14th, 1878.
+
+I have a very strong opinion that it would be the greatest possible
+pity if the Phys[iological] Lab., now that it has been built, were
+not supplied with as many good instruments as your funds can possibly
+afford. It is quite possible that some of them may become antiquated
+before they are much or even at all used. But this does not seem to me
+any argument at all against getting them, for the Laboratory cannot be
+used until well provided; and the mere fact of the instruments being
+ready may suggest to some one to use them. You at Kew, as guardians and
+promoters of botanical science, will then have done all in your power,
+and if your Lab. is not used the disgrace will lie at the feet of the
+public. But until bitter experience proves the contrary I will never
+believe that we are so backward. I should think the German laboratories
+would be very good guides as to what to get; but Timiriazeff of Moscow,
+who travelled over Europe to see all Bot. Labs., and who seemed so
+good a fellow, would, I should think, give the best list of the most
+indispensable instruments. Lately I thought of getting Frank or
+Horace to go to Cambridge for the use of the heliostat there; but our
+observations turned out of less importance than I thought, yet if there
+had been one at Kew we should probably have used it, and might have
+found out something curious. It is impossible for me to predict whether
+or not we should ever want this or that instrument, for we are guided
+in our work by what turns up. Thus I am now observing something about
+geotropism, and I had no idea a few weeks ago that this would have been
+necessary. In a short time we might earnestly wish for a centrifugal
+apparatus or a heliostat. In all such cases it would make a great
+difference if a man knew that he could use a particular instrument
+without great loss of time. I have now given my opinion, which is very
+decided, whether right or wrong, and Frank quite agrees with me. You
+can, of course, show this letter to Hooker.
+
+
+LETTER 746. TO F. LUDWIG. Down, May 29th, 1878.
+
+I thank you sincerely for the trouble which you have taken in sending
+me so long and interesting a letter, together with the specimens.
+Gradations are always very valuable, and you have been remarkably
+successful in discovering the stages by which the Plantago has become
+gyno-dioecious. (746/1. See F. Ludwig, "Zeitsch. f. d. Geo. Naturwiss."
+Bd. LII., 1879. Professor Ludwig's observations are quoted in the
+preface to "Forms of Flowers," Edition II., page ix.) Your view of its
+origin, from being proterogynous, seems to me very probable, especially
+as the females are generally the later-flowering plants. If you can
+prove the reverse case with Thymus your view will manifestly be rendered
+still more probable. I have never felt satisfied with H. Muller's view,
+though he is so careful and admirable an observer. (746/2. See "Forms
+of Flowers," Edition II., page 308. Also letter 744.) It is more than
+seventeen years since I attended to Plantago, and when nothing had been
+published on the subject, and in consequence I omitted to attend to
+several points; and now, after so long an interval, I cannot pretend to
+say to which of your forms the English one belongs; I well remember that
+the anther of the females contained a good deal [of] pollen, though not
+one sound grain.
+
+P.S.--Delpino is Professor of Botany in Genoa, Italy (746/3. Now at
+Naples.); I have always found him a most obliging correspondent.
+
+
+LETTER 747. TO W. THISELTON-DYER. Down, August 24th [1878].
+
+Many thanks for seeds of Trifolium resupinatum, which are invaluable to
+us. I enclose seeds of a Cassia, from Fritz Muller, and they are well
+worth your cultivation; for he says they come from a unique, large and
+beautiful tree in the interior, and though looking out for years, he
+has never seen another specimen. One of the most splendid, largest and
+rarest butterflies in S. Brazil, he has never seen except near this
+one tree, and he has just discovered that its caterpillars feed on its
+leaves.
+
+I have just been looking at fine young pods beneath the ground of
+Arachis. (747/1. Arachis hypogoea, cultivated for its "ground nuts.") I
+suppose that the pods are not withdrawn when ripe from the ground;
+but should this be the case kindly inform me; if I do not hear I shall
+understand that [the] pods ripen and are left permanently beneath the
+ground.
+
+If you ever come across heliotropic or apheliotropic aerial roots on
+a plant not valuable (but which should be returned), I should like
+to observe them. Bignonia capreolata, with its strongly apheliotropic
+tendrils (which I had from Kew), is now interesting me greatly. Veitch
+tells me it is not on sale in any London nursery, as I applied to him
+for some additional plants. So much for business.
+
+I have received from the Geographical Soc. your lecture, and read it
+with great interest. (747/2. "On Plant-Distribution as a field for
+Geographical Research." "Geog. Soc. Proc." XXII., 1878, page 412.) But
+it ought not merely to be read; it requires study. The sole criticism
+which I have to make is that parts are too much condensed: but, good
+Lord, how rare a fault is this! You do not quote Saporta, I think; and
+some of his work on the Tertiary plants would have been useful to you.
+In a former note you spoke contemptuously of your lecture: all I can
+say is that I never heard any one speak more unjustly and shamefully of
+another than you have done of yourself!
+
+
+LETTER 748. TO H. MULLER. Down, September 20th, 1878.
+
+I am working away on some points in vegetable physiology, but though
+they interest me and my son, yet they have none of the fascination which
+the fertilisation of flowers possesses. Nothing in my life has ever
+interested me more than the fertilisation of such plants as Primula and
+Lythrum, or again Anacamptis (748/1. Orchis pyramidalis.) or Listera.
+
+
+LETTER 749. TO H. MULLER. Down, February 12th [1879].
+
+I have just heard that some misfortune has befallen you, and that you
+have been treated shamefully. (749/1. Hermann Muller was accused by
+the Ultramontane party of introducing into his school-teaching crude
+hypotheses ("unreife Hypothesen"), which were assumed to have a harmful
+influence upon the religious sentiments of his pupils. Attempts were
+made to bring about Muller's dismissal, but the active hostility of his
+opponents, which he met in a dignified spirit, proved futile. ("Prof.
+Dr. Hermann Muller von Lippstadt. Ein Gedenkblatt," von Ernst Krause.
+"Kosmos," VII., page 393, 1883.)) I grieve deeply to hear this, and as
+soon as you can find a few minutes to spare, I earnestly beg you to let
+me hear what has happened.
+
+
+LETTER 750. TO A. STEPHEN WILSON.
+
+(750/1. The following letters refer to two forms of wheat cultivated in
+Russia under the names Kubanka and Saxonka, which had been sent to Mr.
+Darwin by Dr. Asher from Samara, and were placed in the hands of Mr.
+Wilson that he might test the belief prevalent in Russia that Kubanka
+"grown repeatedly on inferior soil," assumes "the form of Saxonka." Mr.
+Wilson's paper of 1880 gives the results of his inquiry. He concludes
+(basing his views partly on analogous cases and partly on his study of
+the Russian wheats) that the supposed transformation is explicable in
+chief part by the greater fertility of the Saxonka wheat leading to
+extermination of the other form. According to Mr. Wilson, therefore,
+the Saxonka survivors are incorrectly assumed to be the result of the
+conversion of one form into the other.)
+
+Down, April 24th, 1878.
+
+I send you herewith some specimens which may perhaps interest you, as
+you have so carefully studied the varieties of wheat. Anyhow, they are
+of no use to me, as I have neither knowledge nor time sufficient. They
+were sent me by the Governor of the Province of Samara, in Russia, at
+the request of Dr. Asher (son of the great Berlin publisher) who farmed
+for some years in the province. The specimen marked Kubanka is a very
+valuable kind, but which keeps true only when cultivated in fresh
+steppe-land in Samara, and in Saratoff. After two years it degenerates
+into the variety Saxonica, or its synonym Ghirca. The latter alone is
+imported into this country. Dr. Asher says that it is universally known,
+and he has himself witnessed the fact, that if grain of the Kubanka is
+sown in the same steppe-land for more than two years it changes into
+Saxonica. He has seen a field with parts still Kubanka and the remainder
+Saxonica. On this account the Government, in letting steppe-land,
+contracts that after two years wheat must not be sown until an interval
+of eight years. The ears of the two kinds appear different, as you will
+see, but the chief difference is in the quality of the grains. Dr. Asher
+has witnessed sales of equal weights of Kubanka and Saxonica grain,
+and the price of the former was to that of the latter as 7 to 4. The
+peasants say that the change commences in the terminal grain of the
+ear. The most remarkable point, as Dr. Asher positively asserts, is that
+there are no intermediate varieties; but that a grain produces a plant
+yielding either true Kubanka or true Saxonica. He thinks that it would
+be interesting to sow here both kinds in good and bad wheat soil and
+observe the result. Should you think it worth while to make any such
+trial, and should you require further information, Dr. Asher, whose
+address I enclose, will be happy to give any in his power.
+
+
+LETTER 751. TO A. STEPHEN WILSON. Basset, Southampton, April 29th
+[1878].
+
+Your kind note and specimens have been forwarded to me here, where I
+am staying at my son's house for a fortnight's complete rest, which
+I required from rather too hard work. For this reason I will not now
+examine the seeds, but will wait till returning home, when, with my son
+Francis' aid, I will look to them.
+
+I always felt, though without any good reason, rather sceptical about
+Prof. Buckman's experiment, and I afterwards heard that a most wicked
+and cruel trick had been played on him by some of the agricultural
+students at Cirencester, who had sown seeds unknown to him in his
+experimental beds. Whether he ever knew this I did not hear.
+
+I am exceedingly glad that you are willing to look into the Russian
+wheat case. It may turn out a mare's nest, but I have often incidentally
+observed curious facts when making what I call "a fool's experiment."
+
+
+LETTER 752. TO A. STEPHEN WILSON. Down, March 5th, 1879.
+
+I have just returned home after an absence of a week, and your letter
+was not forwarded to me; I mention this to account for my apparent
+discourtesy in not having sooner thanked you. You have worked out
+the subject with admirable care and clearness, and your drawings are
+beautiful. I suspected that there was some error in the Russian belief,
+but I did not think of the explanation which you have almost proved
+to be the true one. It is an extremely interesting instance of a more
+fertile variety beating out a less fertile one, and, in this case, one
+much more valuable to man. With respect to publication, I am at a
+loss to advise you, for I live a secluded life and do not see many
+periodicals, or hear what is done at the various societies. It seems to
+me that your paper should be published in some agricultural journal; for
+it is not simply scientific, and would therefore not be published by the
+Linnean or Royal Societies.
+
+Would the Royal Agricultural Society be a fitting place? Unfortunately
+I am not a member, and could not myself present it. Unless you think
+of some better journal, there is the "Agricultural Gazette": I have
+occasionally suggested articles for publication to the editor (though
+personally unknown to me) which he has always accepted.
+
+Permit me again to thank you for the thorough manner in which you have
+worked out this case; to kill an error is as good a service as, and
+sometimes even better than, the establishing a new truth or fact.
+
+
+LETTER 753. TO A. STEPHEN WILSON. Down, February 13th, 1880.
+
+It was very kind of you to send me two numbers of the "Gardeners'
+Chronicle" with your two articles, which I have read with much interest.
+(753/1. "Gardeners' Chronicle," 1879, page 652; 1880, pages 108, 173.)
+You have quite convinced me, whatever Mr. Asher may say to the contrary.
+I want to ask you a question, on the bare chance of your being able to
+answer it, but if you cannot, please do not take the trouble to write.
+The lateral branches of the silver fir often grow out into knobs through
+the action of a fungus, Aecidium; and from these knobs shoots grow
+vertically (753/2. The well-known "Witches-Brooms," or "Hexen-Besen,"
+produced by the fungus Aecidium elatinum.) instead of horizontally, like
+all the other twigs on the same branch. Now the roots of Cruciferae and
+probably other plants are said to become knobbed through the action of
+a fungus: now, do these knobs give rise to rootlets? and, if so, do they
+grow in a new or abnormal direction? (753/3. The parasite is probably
+Plasmodiophora: in this case no abnormal rootlets have been observed, as
+far as we know.)
+
+
+LETTER 754. TO W. THISELTON-DYER. Down, June 18th, 1879.
+
+The plants arrived last night in first-rate order, and it was very very
+good of you to take so much trouble as to hunt them up yourself. They
+seem exactly what I wanted, and if I fail it will not be for want of
+perfect materials. But a confounded painter (I beg his pardon) comes
+here to-night, and for the next two days I shall be half dead with
+sitting to him; but after then I will begin to work at the plants and
+see what I can do, and very curious I am about the results.
+
+I have to thank you for two very interesting letters. I am delighted
+to hear, and with surprise, that you care about old Erasmus D. God only
+knows what I shall make of his life--it is such new kind of work to me.
+(754/1. "Erasmus Darwin." By Ernst Krause. Translated from the German by
+W.S. Dallas: with a preliminary notice by Charles Darwin. London, 1879.
+See "Life and Letters," III., pages 218-20.)
+
+Thanks for case of sleeping Crotalaria--new to me. I quite agree to
+every word you say about Ball's lecture (754/2. "On the Origin of the
+Flora of the European Alps," "Geogr. Soc. Proc." Volume I., 1879,
+page 564. See Letter 395, Volume II.)--it is, as you say, like Sir W.
+Thomson's meteorite. (754/3. In 1871 Lord Kelvin (Presidential Address
+Brit. Assoc.) suggested that meteorites, "the moss-grown fragments from
+the ruins of another world," might have introduced life to our planet.)
+It is really a pity; it is enough to make Geographical Distribution
+ridiculous in the eyes of the world. Frank will be interested about the
+Auriculas; I never attended to this plant, for the powder did [not] seem
+to me like true "bloom." (754/4. See Francis Darwin, on the relation
+between "bloom" on leaves and the distribution of the stomata. "Linn.
+Soc. Journ." Volume XXII., page 114.) This subject, however, for the
+present only, has gone to the dogs with me.
+
+I am sorry to hear of such a struggle for existence at Kew; but I have
+often wondered how it is that you are all not killed outright.
+
+I can most fully sympathise with you in your admiration of your little
+girl. There is nothing so charming in this world, and we all in this
+house humbly adore our grandchild, and think his little pimple of a nose
+quite beautiful.
+
+
+LETTER 755. TO G. BENTHAM. Down, February 16th, 1880.
+
+I have had real pleasure in signing Dyer's certificate. (755/1. As a
+candidate for the Royal Society.) It was very kind in you to write to me
+about the Orchideae, for it has pleased me to an extreme degree that I
+could have been of the least use to you about the nature of the parts.
+They are wonderful creatures, these orchids, and I sometimes think with
+a glow of pleasure, when I remember making out some little point in
+their method of fertilisation. (755/2. Published in "Life and Letters,"
+III., page 288.) With respect to terms, no doubt you will be able to
+improve them greatly, for I knew nothing about the terms as used in
+other groups of plants. Could you not invent some quite new term for
+gland, implying viscidity? or append some word to gland. I used for
+cirripedes "cement gland."
+
+Your present work must be frightfully difficult. I looked at a few dried
+flowers, and could make neither heads nor tails of them; and I well
+remember wondering what you would do with them when you came to the
+group in the "Genera Plantarum." I heartily wish you safe through your
+work,...
+
+
+LETTER 756. TO F.M. BALFOUR. Down, September 4th, 1880.
+
+I hope that you will not think me a great bore, but I have this minute
+finished reading your address at the British Association; and it has
+interested me so much that I cannot resist thanking you heartily for the
+pleasure derived from it, not to mention the honour which you have done
+me. (756/1. Presidential address delivered by Prof. F.M. Balfour before
+the Biological Section at the British Association meeting at Swansea
+(1880).) The recent progress of embryology is indeed splendid. I have
+been very stupid not to have hitherto read your book, but I have had of
+late no spare time; I have now ordered it, and your address will make
+it the more interesting to read, though I fear that my want of knowledge
+will make parts unintelligible to me. (756/2. "A Treatise on Comparative
+Embryology," 2 volumes. London, 1880.) In my recent work on plants I
+have been astonished to find to how many very different stimuli the
+same small part--viz., the tip of the radicle--is sensitive, and has
+the power of transmitting some influence to the adjoining part of
+the radicle, exciting it to bend to or from the source of irritation
+according to the needs of the plant (756/3. See Letter 757.); and all
+this takes place without any nervous system! I think that such facts
+should be kept in mind when speculating on the genesis of the nervous
+system. I always feel a malicious pleasure when a priori conclusions are
+knocked on the head: and therefore I felt somewhat like a devil when I
+read your remarks on Herbert Spencer (756/4. Prof. Balfour discussed
+Mr. Herbert Spencer's views on the genesis of the nervous system, and
+expressed the opinion that his hypothesis was not borne out by recent
+discoveries. "The discovery that nerves have been developed from
+processes of epithelial cells gives a very different conception of their
+genesis to that of Herbert Spencer, which makes them originate from
+the passage of nervous impulses through a track of mingled colloids..."
+(loc. cit., page 644.))...Our recent visit to Cambridge was a brilliant
+success to us all, and will ever be remembered by me with much pleasure.
+
+
+LETTER 757. TO JAMES PAGET.
+
+(757/1. During the closing years of his life, Darwin began to
+experimentise on the possibility of producing galls artificially. A
+letter to Sir J.D. Hooker (November 3rd, 1880) shows the interest which
+he felt in the question:--
+
+"I was delighted with Paget's essay (757/2. An address on "Elemental
+Pathology," delivered before the British Medical Association, August
+1880, and published in the Journal of the Association.); I hear that
+he has occasionally attended to this subject from his youth...I am very
+glad he has called attention to galls: this has always seemed to me a
+profoundly interesting subject; and if I had been younger would take it
+up."
+
+His interest in this subject was connected with his ever-present wish
+to learn something of the causes of variation. He imagined to himself
+wonderful galls caused to appear on the ovaries of plants, and by these
+means he thought it possible that the seed might be influenced, and thus
+new varieties arise. (757/3. There would have been great difficulties
+about this line of research, for when the sexual organs of plants
+are deformed by parasites (in the way he hoped to effect by poisons)
+sterility almost always results. See Molliard's "Les Cecidies Florales,"
+"Ann. Sci. Nat." 1895, Volume I., page 228.) He made a considerable
+number of experiments by injecting various reagents into the tissues of
+leaves, and with some slight indications of success. (757/4. The above
+passage is reprinted, with alterations, from "Life and Letters," III.,
+page 346.)
+
+The following letter to the late Sir James Paget refers to the same
+subject.)
+
+Down, November 14th, 1880.
+
+I am very much obliged for your essay, which has interested me greatly.
+What indomitable activity you have! It is a surprising thought that the
+diseases of plants should illustrate human pathology. I have the German
+"Encyclopaedia," and a few weeks ago told my son Francis that the
+article on the diseases of plants would be well worth his study; but I
+did not know it was written by Dr. Frank, for whom I entertain a high
+respect as a first-rate observer and experimentiser, though for some
+unknown reason he has been a good deal snubbed in Germany. I can give
+you one good case of regrowth in plants, recently often observed by me,
+though only externally, as I do not know enough of histology to follow
+out details. It is the tip of the radicle of a germinating common bean.
+The case is remarkable in some respects, for the tip is sensitive to
+various stimuli, and transmits an order, causing the upper part of
+the radicle to bend. When the tip (for a length of about 1 mm.) is cut
+transversely off, the radicle is not acted on by gravitation or other
+irritants, such as contact, etc., etc., but a new tip is regenerated
+in from two to four days, and then the radicle is again acted on by
+gravitation, and will bend to the centre of the earth. The tip of the
+radicle is a kind of brain to the whole growing part of the radicle!
+(757/5. We are indebted to Mr. Archer-Hind for the translation of the
+following passage from Plato ("Timaeus," 90A): "The reason is every
+man's guardian genius (daimon), and has its habitation in our brain; it
+is this that raises man (who is a plant, not of earth but of heaven) to
+an erect posture, suspending the head and root of us from the heavens,
+which are the birthplace of our soul, and keeping all the body upright."
+On the perceptions of plants, see "Nature," November 14th, 1901--a
+lecture delivered at the Glasgow meeting of the British Association by
+Francis Darwin. See also Bonitz, "Index Aristotelicus," S.V. phuton.)
+
+My observation will be published in about a week's time, and I would
+have sent you the book, but I do not suppose that there is anything else
+in the book which would interest you. I am delighted that you have
+drawn attention to galls. They have always seemed to me profoundly
+interesting. Many years ago I began (but failed for want of time,
+strength, and health, as on infinitely many other occasions) to
+experimentise on plants, by injecting into their tissues some alkaloids
+and the poison of wasps, to see if I could make anything like galls.
+If I remember rightly, in a few cases the tissues were thickened and
+hardened. I began these experiments because if by different poisons I
+could have affected slightly and differently the tissues of the same
+plant, I thought there would be no insuperable difficulty in the fittest
+poisons being developed by insects so as to produce galls adapted for
+them. Every character, as far as I can see, is apt to vary. Judging from
+one of your sentences you will smile at this.
+
+To any one believing in my pangenesis (if such a man exists) there does
+not seem to me any extreme difficulty in understanding why plants have
+such little power of regeneration; for there is reason to think that
+my imaginary gemmules have small power of passing from cell to cell.
+(757/6. On regeneration after injury, see Massart, "La Cicatrisation
+chez les Vegetaux," in Volume 57 (1898) of the "Memoires Couronnes,"
+published by the Royal Academy of Belgium. An account of the literature
+is given by the author.)
+
+Forgive me for scribbling at such unreasonable length; but you are to
+blame for having interested me so much.
+
+P.S.--Perhaps you may remember that some two years ago you asked me to
+lunch with you, and proposed that I should offer myself again. Whenever
+I next come to London, I will do so, and thus have the pleasure of
+seeing you.
+
+
+LETTER 758. TO W. THISELTON-DYER.
+
+(758/1. "The Power of Movement in Plants" was published early in
+November, 1880. Sir W. Thiselton-Dyer, in writing to thank Darwin for
+a copy of the book, had (November 20th) compared a structure in
+the seedling Welwitschia with the "peg" of Cucurbita (see "Power
+of Movement," page 102). Dyer wrote: "One peculiar feature in the
+germinating embryo is a lateral hypocotyledonary process, which
+eventually serves as an absorbent organ, by which the nutriment of the
+endosperm is conveyed to the seedling. Such a structure was quite new to
+me, and Bower and I were disposed to see in it a representative of
+the foot in Selaginella, when I saw the account of Flahault's 'peg.'"
+Flahault, it should be explained, was the discoverer of the curious
+peg in Cucurbita. Prof. Bower wrote a paper ("On the Germination and
+Histology of the seedling of Welwitschia mirabilis" in the "Quart.
+Journ. Microscop. Sci." XXI., 1881, page 15.)
+
+Down, November 28th [1880].
+
+Very many thanks for your most kind note, but you think too highly of
+our work--not but what this is very pleasant.
+
+I am deeply interested about Welwitschia. When at work on the pegs or
+projections I could not imagine how they were first developed, before
+they could have been of mere mechanical use. Now it seems possible that
+a circle between radicle and hypocotyl may be permeable to fluids, and
+thus have given rise to projections so as to expose larger surface.
+Could you test Welwitschia with permanganate of potassium: if, like my
+pegs, the lower surface would be coloured brown like radicle, and upper
+surface left white like hypocotyl. If such an idea as yours, of an
+absorbing organ, had ever crossed my mind, I would have tried many
+hypocotyls in weak citrate of ammonia, to see if it penetrated on line
+of junction more easily than elsewhere. I daresay the projection in
+Abronia and Mirabilis may be an absorbent organ. It was very good fun
+bothering the seeds of Cucurbita by planting them edgeways, as would
+never naturally occur, and then the peg could not act properly. Many of
+the Germans are very contemptuous about making out use of organs; but
+they may sneer the souls out of their bodies, and I for one shall think
+it the most interesting part of natural history. Indeed, you are greatly
+mistaken if you doubt for one moment on the very great value of your
+constant and most kind assistance to us. I have not seen the pamphlet,
+and shall be very glad to keep it. Frank, when he comes home, will
+be much interested and pleased with your letter. Pray give my kindest
+remembrance to Mrs. Dyer.
+
+This is a very untidy note, but I am very tired with dissecting worms
+all day. Read the last chapter of our book, and then you will know the
+whole contents.
+
+
+LETTER 759. TO H. VOCHTING. Down, December 16th, 1880.
+
+Absence from home has prevented me from sooner thanking you for your
+kind present of your several publications. I procured some time ago your
+"Organbilding" (759/1. "Organbildung im Pflanzenreich," 1878.) etc., but
+it was too late for me to profit by it for my book, as I was correcting
+the press. I read only parts, but my son Francis read the whole with
+care and told me much about it, which greatly interested me. I also read
+your article in the "Bot. Zeitung." My son began at once experimenting,
+to test your views, and this very night will read a paper before the
+Linnean Society on the roots of Rubus (759/2. Francis Darwin, "The
+Theory of the Growth of Cuttings" ("Linn. Soc. Journ." XVIII.). [I take
+this opportunity of expressing my regret that at page 417, owing to
+neglect of part of Vochting's facts, I made a criticism of his argument
+which cannot be upheld.--F.D.].), and I think that you will be pleased
+to find how well his conclusions agree with yours. He will of course
+send you a copy of his paper when it is printed. I have sent him your
+letter, which will please him if he agrees with me; for your letter has
+given me real pleasure, and I did not at all know what the many great
+physiologists of Germany, Switzerland, and Holland would think of it
+["The Power of Movement," etc.]. I was quite sorry to read Sachs' views
+about root-forming matter, etc., for I have an unbounded admiration for
+Sachs. In this country we are dreadfully behind in Physiological Botany.
+
+
+LETTER 760. TO A. DE CANDOLLE. Down, January 24th, 1881.
+
+It was extremely kind of you to write me so long and valuable a
+letter, the whole of which deserves careful consideration. I have been
+particularly pleased at what you say about the new terms used, because I
+have often been annoyed at the multitude of new terms lately invented in
+all branches of Biology in Germany; and I doubted much whether I was not
+quite as great a sinner as those whom I have blamed. When I read your
+remarks on the word "purpose" in your "Phytographie," I vowed that I
+would not use it again; but it is not easy to cure oneself of a vicious
+habit. It is also difficult for any one who tries to make out the use of
+a structure to avoid the word purpose. I see that I have probably gone
+beyond my depth in discussing plurifoliate and unifoliate leaves; but
+in such a case as that of Mimosa albida, where rudiments of additional
+leaflets are present, we must believe that they were well developed in
+the progenitor of the plant. So again, when the first true leaf differs
+widely in shape from the older leaves, and resembles the older leaves in
+allied species, is it not the most simple explanation that such leaves
+have retained their ancient character, as in the case of the embryos of
+so many animals?
+
+Your suggestion of examining the movements of vertical leaves with an
+equal number of stomata on both sides, with reference to the light,
+seems to me an excellent one, and I hope that my son Francis may follow
+it up. But I will not trouble you with any more remarks about our book.
+My son will write to you about the diagram.
+
+Let me add that I shall ever remember with pleasure your visit here last
+autumn.
+
+
+LETTER 761. TO J. LUBBOCK (Lord Avebury). Down, April 16th [1881].
+
+Will you be so kind as to send and lend me the Desmodium gyrans by the
+bearer who brings this note.
+
+Shortly after you left I found my notice of the seeds in the "Gardeners'
+Chronicle," which please return hereafter, as I have no other copy.
+(761/1. "Note on the Achenia of Pumilio argyrolepis." "Gardeners'
+Chronicle," 1861, page 4.) I do not think that I made enough about the
+great power of absorption of water by the corolla-like calyx or pappus.
+It seems to me not unlikely that the pappus of other Compositae may be
+serviceable to the seeds, whilst lying on the ground, by absorbing the
+dew which would be especially apt to condense on the fine points and
+filaments of the pappus. Anyhow, this is a point which might be easily
+investigated. Seeds of Tussilago, or groundsel (761/2. It is not clear
+whether Tussilago or groundsel (Senecio vulgaris) is meant; or whether
+he was not sure which of the two plants becomes slimy when wetted.),
+emit worm-like masses of mucus, and it would be curious to ascertain
+whether wetting the pappus alone would suffice to cause such secretion.
+(761/3. See Letter 707.)
+
+
+LETTER 762. TO G.J. ROMANES. Down, April 18th, 1881.
+
+I am extremely glad of your success with the flashing light. (762/1.
+Romanes' paper on the effect of intermittent light on heliotropism was
+the "Proc. Royal Soc." Volume LIV., page 333.) If plants are acted on by
+light, like some of the lower animals, there is an additional point of
+interest, as it seems to me, in your results. Most botanists believe
+that light causes a plant to bend to it in as direct a manner as light
+affects nitrate of silver. I believe that it merely tells the plant to
+which side to bend, and I see indications of this belief prevailing even
+with Sachs. Now it might be expected that light would act on a plant in
+something the same manner as on the lower animals. As you are at work on
+this subject, I will call your attention to another point. Wiesner, of
+Vienna (who has lately published a great book on heliotropism) finds
+that an intermittent light, say of 20 minutes, produces the same
+effect as a continuous light of, say 60 m. (762/2. Wiesner's papers on
+heliotropism are in the "Denkschriften" of the Vienna Academy, Volumes
+39 and 43.) So that Van Tieghem, in the first part of his book which has
+just appeared, remarks, the light during 40 m. out of the 60 m. produced
+no effect. I observed an analogous case described in my book. (762/3.
+"Power of Movement," page 459.)
+
+Wiesner and Van Tieghem seem to think that this is explained by
+calling the whole process "induction," borrowing a term used by some
+physico-chemists (of whom I believe Roscoe is one) and implying an
+agency which does not produce any effect for some time, and continues
+its effect for some time after the cause has ceased. I believe that
+photographic paper is an instance. I must ask Leonard (762/4. Mr.
+Darwin's son.) whether an interrupted light acts on it in the same
+manner as on a plant. At present I must still believe in my explanation
+that it is the contrast between light and darkness which excites a
+plant.
+
+I have forgotten my main object in writing--viz., to say that I believe
+(and have so stated) that seedlings vary much in their sensitiveness
+to light; but I did not prove this, for there are many difficulties,
+whether the time of incipient curvature or the amount of curvature is
+taken as the criterion. Moreover they vary according to age, and
+perhaps from vigour of growth, and there seems inherent variability,
+as Strasburger (whom I quote) found with spores. If the curious anomaly
+observed by you is due to varying sensitiveness, ought not all the
+seedlings to bend if the flashes were at longer intervals of time?
+According to my notion of contrast between light and darkness being the
+stimulus, I should expect that if flashes were made sufficiently slow
+it would be a powerful stimulus, and that you would suddenly arrive at
+a period when the result would SUDDENLY become great. On the other hand,
+as far as my experience goes, what one expects rarely happens.
+
+
+LETTER 763. TO JULIUS WIESNER. Down, October 4th, 1881.
+
+I thank you sincerely for your very kind letter, and for the present of
+your new work. (763/1. "Das Bewegungsvermogen der Pflanze," 1881. One of
+us has given some account of Wiesner's book in the presidential address
+to Section D of the British Association, 1891. Wiesner's divergence
+from Darwin's views is far-reaching, and includes the main thesis of
+the "Power of Movement." See "Life and Letters," III., page 336, for an
+interesting letter to Wiesner.) My son Francis, if he had been at home,
+would have likewise sent his thanks. I will immediately begin to read
+your book, and when I have finished it will write again. But I read
+german so very slowly that your book will take me a considerable time,
+for I cannot read for more than half an hour each day. I have, also,
+been working too hard lately, and with very little success, so that I am
+going to leave home for a time and try to forget science.
+
+I quite expect that you will find some gross errors in my work, for you
+are a very much more skilful and profound experimentalist than I am.
+Although I always am endeavouring to be cautious and to mistrust myself,
+yet I know well how apt I am to make blunders. Physiology, both animal
+and vegetable, is so difficult a subject, that it seems to me to
+progress chiefly by the elimination or correction of ever-recurring
+mistakes. I hope that you will not have upset my fundamental notion
+that various classes of movement result from the modification of a
+universally present movement of circumnutation.
+
+I am very glad that you will again discuss the view of the turgescence
+of the cells being the cause of the movement of parts. I adopted De
+Vries' views as seeming to me the most probable, but of late I have felt
+more doubts on this head. (763/2. See "Power of Movement," page 2. De
+Vries' work is published in the "Bot. Zeitung," 1879, page 830.)
+
+
+LETTER 764. TO J.D. HOOKER. Glenrhydding House, Patterdale, Penrith,
+June 15th, 1881.
+
+It was real pleasure to me to see once again your well-known handwriting
+on the outside of your note. I do not know how long you have returned
+from Italy, but I am very sorry that you are so bothered already with
+work and visits. I cannot but think that you are too kind and civil
+to visitors, and too conscientious about your official work. But a man
+cannot cure his virtues, any more than his vices, after early youth;
+so you must bear your burthen. It is, however, a great misfortune for
+science that you have so very little spare time for the "Genera." I can
+well believe what an awful job the palms must be. Even their size must
+be very inconvenient. You and Bentham must hate the monocotyledons, for
+what work the Orchideae must have been, and Gramineae and Cyperaceae
+will be. I am rather despondent about myself, and my troubles are of an
+exactly opposite nature to yours, for idleness is downright misery to
+me, as I find here, as I cannot forget my discomfort for an hour. I have
+not the heart or strength at my age to begin any investigation lasting
+years, which is the only thing which I enjoy; and I have no little jobs
+which I can do. So I must look forward to Down graveyard as the sweetest
+place on earth. This place is magnificently beautiful, and I enjoy the
+scenery, though weary of it; and the weather has been very cold and
+almost always hazy.
+
+I am so glad that your tour has answered for Lady Hooker. We return home
+on the first week of July, and should be truly glad to aid Lady Hooker
+in any possible manner which she will suggest.
+
+I have written to my gardener to send you plants of Oxalis corniculata
+(and seeds if possible). I should think so common a weed was never asked
+for before,--and what a poor return for the hundreds of plants which I
+have received from Kew! I hope that I have not bothered you by writing
+so long a note, and I did not intend to do so.
+
+If Asa Gray has returned with you, please give him my kindest
+remembrances.
+
+
+LETTER 765. TO J.D. HOOKER. October 22nd, 1881.
+
+I am investigating the action of carbonate of ammonia on chlorophyll,
+which makes me want the plants in my list. (765/1. "The Action of
+Carbonate of Ammonia on Chlorophyll Bodies." "Linn. Soc. Journ." XIX.,
+page 262, 1882.) I have incidentally observed one point in Euphorbia,
+which has astonished me--viz. that in the fine fibrous roots of
+Euphorbia, the alternate rows of cells in their roots must differ
+physiologically, though not in external appearance, as their contents
+after the action of carbonate of ammonia differ most conspicuously...
+
+Wiesner of Vienna has just published a book vivisecting me in the most
+courteous, but awful manner, about the "Power of Movement in Plants."
+(765/2. See Letter 763, note.) Thank heaven, he admits almost all my
+facts, after re-trying all my experiments; but gives widely different
+interpretation of the facts. I think he proves me wrong in several
+cases, but I am convinced that he is utterly erroneous and fanciful
+in other explanations. No man was ever vivisected in so sweet a manner
+before, as I am in this book.
+
+
+
+CHAPTER 2.XII.
+
+VIVISECTION AND MISCELLANEOUS SUBJECTS, 1867-1882.
+
+2.XII.I. VIVISECTION, 1875-1882.
+
+
+LETTER 766. TO LORD PLAYFAIR.
+
+(766/1. A Bill was introduced to the House of Commons by Messrs. Lyon
+Playfair, Walpole and Ashley, in the spring of 1875, but was withdrawn
+on the appointment of a Royal Commission to inquire into the whole
+question. Some account of the Anti-Vivisection agitation, the
+introduction of bills, and the appointment of a Royal Commission
+is given in the "Life and Letters," III., page 201, where the more
+interesting of Darwin's letters on the question are published.)
+
+Down, May 26th, 1875.
+
+I hope that you will excuse my troubling you once again. I received some
+days ago a letter from Prof. Huxley, in Edinburgh, who says with respect
+to your Bill: "the professors here are all in arms about it, and as the
+papers have associated my name with the Bill, I shall have to repudiate
+it publicly, unless something can be done. But what in the world is to
+be done?" (766/2. The letter is published in full in Mr. L. Huxley's
+interesting chapter on the vivisection question in his father's "Life,"
+I., page 438.) Dr. Burdon Sanderson is in nearly the same frame of mind
+about it. The newspapers take different views of the purport of
+the Bill, but it seems generally supposed that it would prevent
+demonstrations on animals rendered insensible, and this seems to me
+a monstrous provision. It would, moreover, probably defeat the end
+desired; for Dr. B. Sanderson, who demonstrates to his class on animals
+rendered insensible, told me that some of his students had declared
+to him that unless he had shown them what he had, they would have
+experimented on live animals for themselves. Certainly I do not believe
+that any one could thoroughly understand the action of the heart without
+having seen it in action. I do not doubt that you wish to aid the
+progress of Physiology, and at the same time save animals from all
+useless suffering; and in this case I believe that you could not do
+a greater service than to warn the Home Secretary with respect to the
+appointment of Royal Commissioners, that ordinary doctors know little or
+nothing about Physiology as a science, and are incompetent to judge of
+its high importance and of the probability of its hereafter conferring
+great benefits on mankind.
+
+
+LETTER 767. TO LORD PLAYFAIR. Down, May 28th.
+
+I must write one line to thank you for your very kind letter, and to say
+that, after despatching my last note, it suddenly occurred to me that I
+had been rude in calling one of the provisions of your Bill "monstrous"
+or "absurd"--I forget which. But when I wrote the expression it was
+addressed to the bigots who, I believed, had forced you to a compromise.
+I cannot understand what Dr. B. Sanderson could have been about not to
+have objected with respect to the clause of not demonstrating on animals
+rendered insensible. I am extremely sorry that you have had trouble and
+vexation on the subject. It is a most disagreeable and difficult one. I
+am not personally concerned, as I never tried an experiment on a living
+animal, nor am I a physiologist; but I know enough to see how ruinous
+it would be to stop all progress in so grand a science as Physiology. I
+commenced the agitation amongst the physiologists for this reason,
+and because I have long felt very keenly on the question of useless
+vivisection, and believed, though without any good evidence, that there
+was not always, even in this country, care enough taken. Pray forgive me
+this note, so much about myself...
+
+
+LETTER 768. TO G.J. ROMANES.
+
+(768/1. Published in "Life of Romanes," page 61, under 1876-77.)
+
+Down, June 4th [1876].
+
+Your letter has made me as proud and conceited as ten peacocks. (768/2.
+This may perhaps refer to Darwin being elected the only honorary member
+of the Physiological Society, a fact that was announced in a letter from
+Romanes June 1st, 1876, published in the "Life" of Romanes, page 50.
+Dr. Sharpey was subsequently elected a second honorary member.) I am
+inclined to think that writing against the bigots about vivisection is
+as hopeless as stemming a torrent with a reed. Frank, who has just
+come here, and who sputters with indignation on the subject, takes an
+opposite line, and perhaps he is right; anyhow, he had the best of an
+argument with me on the subject...It seems to me the physiologists are
+now in the position of a persecuted religious sect, and they must grin
+and bear the persecution, however cruel and unjust, as well as they can.
+
+
+LETTER 769. TO T. LAUDER BRUNTON.
+
+(769/1. In November, 1881, an absolutely groundless charge was brought
+by the Victoria Street Society for the Protection of Animals from
+Vivisection against Dr. Ferrier for an infringement of the Vivisection
+Act. The experiment complained of was the removal of the brain of a
+monkey and the subsequent testing of the animal's powers of reacting to
+certain treatment. The fact that the operation had been performed six
+months before the case came into court would alone have been fatal to
+the prosecution. Moreover, it was not performed by Dr. Ferrier, but
+by another observer, who was licensed under the Act to keep the monkey
+alive after the operation, which was performed under anaesthetics.
+Thus the prosecution completely broke down, and the case was dismissed.
+(769/2. From the "British Medical Journal," November 19th, 1881. See
+also "Times," November 18th, 1881.) The sympathy with Dr. Ferrier in
+the purely scientific and medical world was very strong, and the British
+Medical Association undertook the defence. The prosecution did good in
+one respect, inasmuch as it led to the formation of the Science Defence
+Association, to which reference is made in some of Mr. Darwin's letters
+to Sir Lauder Brunton. The Association still exists, and continues to do
+good work.
+
+Part of the following letter was published in the "British Medical
+Journal," December 3rd, 1881.)
+
+Down, November 19th, 1881.
+
+I saw in some paper that there would probably be a subscription to pay
+Dr. Ferrier's legal expenses in the late absurd and wicked prosecution.
+As I live so retired I might not hear of the subscription, and I should
+regret beyond measure not to have the pleasure and honour of showing my
+sympathy [with] and admiration of Dr. Ferrier's researches. I know that
+you are his friend, as I once met him at your house; so I earnestly beg
+you to let me hear if there is any means of subscribing, as I should
+much like to be an early subscriber. I am sure that you will forgive me
+for troubling you under these circumstances.
+
+P.S.--I finished reading a few days ago the several physiological and
+medical papers which you were so kind as to send me. (769/3. Some of
+Lauder Brunton's publications.) I was much interested by several of
+them, especially by that on night-sweating, and almost more by others on
+digestion. I have seldom been made to realise more vividly the wondrous
+complexity of our whole system. How any one of us keeps alive for a day
+is a marvel!
+
+
+LETTER 770. T. LAUDER BRUNTON TO CHARLES DARWIN. 50, Welbeck Street,
+London, November 21st, 1881.
+
+I thank you most sincerely for your kind letter and your offer of
+assistance to Dr. Ferrier. There is at present no subscription list, as
+the British Medical Association have taken up the case, and ought to
+pay the expenses. Should these make such a call upon the funds of the
+Association as to interfere with its other objects, the whole or part
+of the expenses will be paid by those who have subscribed to a guarantee
+fund. To this fund there are already a number of subscribers, whose
+names are taken by Professor Gerald Yeo, one of the secretaries of the
+Physiological Society. They have not subscribed a definite sum, but have
+simply fixed a maximum which they will subscribe, if necessary, on the
+understanding that only so much as is required shall be asked from each
+subscriber in proportion to his subscription. It is proposed to send
+by-and-by a list of the most prominent members of this guarantee fund
+to the "Times" and other papers, and not only every scientific man, but
+every member of the medical profession, will rejoice to see your name
+in the list. Dr. Ferrier has been quite worn out by the worry of this
+prosecution, or, as it might well be called, persecution, and has gone
+down to Shanklin for a couple of days. He returns this afternoon, and I
+have sent on your letter to await his arrival, knowing as I do that it
+will be to him like cold water to a thirsty soul.
+
+
+LETTER 771. TO T. LAUDER BRUNTON. Down, November 22nd, 1881.
+
+Many thanks for your very kind and interesting letter...
+
+I write now to beg a favour. I do not in the least know what others
+have guaranteed in relation to Dr. Ferrier. (771/1. In a letter dated
+November 27th, 1881, Sir Lauder Brunton wrote in reply to Mr. Darwin's
+inquiry as to the amount of the subscriptions: "When I ascertain
+what they intend to give under the new conditions--viz., that the
+subscriptions are not to be applied to Ferrier's defence, but to the
+defence of others who may be attacked and to a diffusion of knowledge
+regarding the nature and purposes of vivisection, I will let you
+know...") Would twenty guineas be sufficient? If not, will you kindly
+take the trouble to have my name put down for thirty or forty guineas,
+as you may think best. If, on the other hand, no one else has guaranteed
+for as much as twenty guineas, will you put me down for ten or fifteen
+guineas, though I should like to give twenty best.
+
+You can understand that I do not wish to be conspicuous either by too
+little or too much; so I beg you to be so very kind as to act for me. I
+have a multitude of letters which I must answer, so excuse haste.
+
+
+LETTER 772. TO T. LAUDER BRUNTON.
+
+(772/1. The following letter was written in reply to Sir T. Lauder
+Brunton's suggestion that Mr. Darwin should be proposed as President of
+the Science Defence Association.)
+
+4, Bryanston Street, Portman Square, December 17th, 1881.
+
+I have been thinking a good deal about the suggestion which you made
+to me the other day, on the supposition that you could not get some man
+like the President of the College of Physicians to accept the office. My
+wife is strongly opposed to my accepting the office, as she feels sure
+that the anxiety thus caused would tell heavily on my health. But
+there is a much stronger objection suggested to me by one of my
+relations--namely, no man ought to allow himself to be placed at the
+head (though only nominally so) of an associated movement, unless he
+has the means of judging of the acts performed by the association, after
+hearing each point discussed. This occurred to me when you spoke to
+me, and I think that I said something to this effect. Anyhow, I have in
+several analogous cases acted on this principle.
+
+Take, for instance, any preliminary statement which the Association may
+publish. I might feel grave doubts about the wisdom or justice of some
+points, and this solely from my not having heard them discussed. I am
+therefore inclined to think that it would not be right in me to accept
+the nominal Presidency of your Association, and thus have to act
+blindly.
+
+As far as I can at present see, I fear that I must confine my assistance
+to subscribing as large a sum to the Association as any member gives.
+
+I am sorry to trouble you, but I have thought it best to tell you at
+once of the doubts which have arisen in my mind.
+
+
+LETTER 773. TO LAUDER BRUNTON.
+
+(773/1. Sir T. Lauder Brunton had written (February 12th) to Mr. Darwin
+explaining that two opinions were held as to the constitution of the
+proposed Science Defence Association: one that it should consist of
+a small number of representative men; the other that it should, if
+possible, embrace every medical practitioner in the country. Sir Lauder
+Brunton adds: "I should be very greatly obliged if you would kindly say
+what you think of the two schemes.")
+
+Down, February 14th, 1882.
+
+I am very much obliged for your information in regard to the
+Association, about which I feel a great interest. It seems to me highly
+desirable that the Association should include as many medical and
+scientific men as possible throughout the whole country, who could
+illumine those capable of illumination on the necessity of physiological
+research; but that the Association should be governed by a council of
+powerful men, not too many in number. Such a council, as representing
+a large body of medical men, would have more power in the eyes of
+vote-hunting politicians than a small body representing only themselves.
+
+From what I see of country practitioners, I think that their annual
+subscription ought to be very small. But would it not be possible to
+add to the rules some such statement as the following one: "That by a
+donation of... pounds, or of any larger sum, from those who feel a deep
+interest in the progress of medical science, the donor shall become a
+life member." I, for one, would gladly subscribe 50 or 100 pounds. If
+such a plan were approved by the leading medical men of London, two or
+three thousand pounds might at once be collected; and if any such
+sum could be announced as already subscribed, when the program of the
+Association is put forth, it would have, as I believe, a considerable
+influence on the country, and would attract the attention of country
+practitioners. The Anti-Corn Law League owed much of its enormous power
+to several wealthy men laying down 1,000 pounds; for the subscription of
+a good sum of money is the best proof of earnest conviction. You asked
+for my opinion on the above points, and I have given it freely, though
+well aware that from living so retired a life my judgment cannot be
+worth much.
+
+Have you read Mr. Gurney's articles in the "Fortnightly" and "Cornhill?"
+(773/2. "Fortnightly Review," XXX., page 778; "Cornhill Magazine," XLV.,
+page 191. The articles are by the late Edmund Gurney, author of "The
+power of Sound," 1880.) They seem to me very clever, though obscurely
+written; and I agree with almost everything he says, except with some
+passages which appear to imply that no experiments should be tried
+unless some immediate good can be predicted, and this is a gigantic
+mistake contradicted by the whole history of science.
+
+P.S.--That is a curious fact about babies. I remember hearing on good
+authority that very young babies when moved are apt to clutch hold of
+anything, and I thought of your explanation; but your case during sleep
+is a much more interesting one. Very many thanks for the book, which I
+much wanted to see; it shall be sent back to-day, as from you, to the
+Society.
+
+
+2.XII.II. MISCELLANEOUS SUBJECTS, 1867-1882.
+
+
+LETTER 774. TO CANON FARRAR.
+
+(774/1. The lecture which forms the subject of this letter was one
+delivered by Canon Farrar at the Royal Institution, "On Some Defects in
+Public School Education.")
+
+Down, March 5th, 1867.
+
+I am very much obliged for your kind present of your lecture. We have
+read it aloud with the greatest interest, and I agree to every word. I
+admire your candour and wonderful freedom from prejudice; for I feel an
+inward conviction that if I had been a great classical scholar I should
+never have been able to have judged fairly on the subject. As it is, I
+am one of the root and branch men, and would leave classics to be learnt
+by those alone who have sufficient zeal and the high taste requisite
+for their appreciation. You have indeed done a great public service in
+speaking out so boldly. Scientific men might rail forever, and it would
+only be said that they railed at what they did not understand. I was
+at school at Shrewsbury under a great scholar, Dr. Butler; I
+learnt absolutely nothing, except by amusing myself by reading and
+experimenting in chemistry. Dr. Butler somehow found this out, and
+publicly sneered at me before the whole school for such gross waste of
+time; I remember he called me a Pococurante (774/2. Told in "Life and
+Letters," I., page 35.), which, not understanding, I thought was a
+dreadful name. I wish you had shown in your lecture how science could
+practically be taught in a great school; I have often heard it objected
+that this could not be done, and I never knew what to say in answer.
+
+I heartily hope that you may live to see your zeal and labour produce
+good fruit.
+
+
+LETTER 775. TO HERBERT SPENCER. Down, December 9th [1867].
+
+I thank you very sincerely for your kind present of your "First
+Principles." (775/1. "This must have been the second edition." (Note by
+Mr. Spencer.)) I earnestly hope that before long I may have strength to
+study the work as it ought to be studied, for I am certain to find
+or re-find much that is deeply interesting. In many parts of your
+"Principles of Biology" I was fairly astonished at the prodigality of
+your original views. (775/2. See "Life and Letters," III., pages 55,
+56.) Most of the chapters furnished suggestions for whole volumes of
+future researches. As I have heard that you have changed your residence,
+I am forced to address this to Messrs. Williams & Norgate; and for the
+same reason I gave some time ago the same address to Mr. Murray for a
+copy of my book on variation, etc., which is now finished, but delayed
+by the index-maker.
+
+
+LETTER 776. TO T.H. HUXLEY.
+
+(776/1. This letter refers to a movement set on foot at a meeting held
+at the Freemasons' Tavern, on November 16th, 1872, of which an account
+is given in the "Times" of November 23rd, 1872, at which Mark Pattison,
+Mr. Henry Sidgwick, Sir Benjamin Brodie, Professors Rolleston, Seeley,
+Huxley, etc., were present. The "Times" says that the meeting was held
+"by members of the Universities and others interested in the promotion
+of mature study and scientific research in England." One of the
+headings of the "Program of Discussion" was "The Abolition of Prize
+Fellowships.")
+
+Sevenoaks, October 22nd [1872].
+
+I have been glad to sign and forward the paper, for I have very long
+thought it a sin that the immense funds of the Universities should be
+wasted in Fellowships, except a few for paying for education. But when
+I was at Cambridge it would have been an unjustifiable sneer to have
+spoken of the place as one for education, always excepting the men who
+went in for honours. You speak of another resolution "in the interest
+of the anti-letter-writing association"--but alas, this never arrived!
+I should like a society formed so that every one might receive pleasant
+letters and never answer them.
+
+We return home on Saturday, after three weeks of the most astounding
+dullness, doing nothing and thinking of nothing. I hope my Brain likes
+it--as for myself, it is dreadful doing nothing. (776/2. Darwin returned
+to Down from Sevenoaks on Saturday, October 26th, 1872, which fixes the
+date of the letter.)
+
+
+LETTER 777. TO LADY DERBY. Down, Saturday [1874?].
+
+If you had called here after I had read the article you would have found
+a much perplexed man. (777/1. Probably Sir W. Crookes' "Researches in
+the Phenomena of Spiritualism" (reprinted from the "Quarterly Journal of
+Science"), London, 1874. Other papers by Crookes are in the "Proceedings
+of the Society for Psychical Research.") I cannot disbelieve Mr.
+Crooke's statement, nor can I believe in his result. It has removed
+some of my difficulty that the supposed power is not an anomaly, but is
+common in a lesser degree to various persons. It is also a consolation
+to reflect that gravity acts at any distance, in some wholly unknown
+manner, and so may nerve-force. Nothing is so difficult to decide as
+where to draw a just line between scepticism and credulity. It was
+a very long time before scientific men would believe in the fall of
+aerolites; and this was chiefly owing to so much bad evidence, as in the
+present case, being mixed up with the good. All sorts of objects were
+said to have been seen falling from the sky. I very much hope that a
+number of men, such as Professor Stokes, will be induced to witness Mr.
+Crooke's experiments.
+
+
+(778/1. The two following extracts may be given in further illustration
+of Darwin's guiding principle in weighing evidence. He wrote to Robert
+Chambers, April 30th, 1861: "Thanks also for extract out of newspaper
+about rooks and crows; I wish I dared trust it. I see in cutting the
+pages [of Chambers' book, "Ice and Water"]...that you fulminate against
+the scepticism of scientific men. You would not fulminate quite so much
+if you had had so many wild-goose chases after facts stated by men
+not trained to scientific accuracy. I often vow to myself that I will
+utterly disregard every statement made by any one who has not shown the
+world he can observe accurately." In a letter to Dr. Dohrn, of Naples,
+January 4th, 1870, Darwin wrote: "Forgive me for suggesting one
+caution; as Demosthenes said, 'Action, action, action,' was the soul of
+eloquence, so is caution almost the soul of science.")
+
+
+LETTER 778. TO J. BURDON SANDERSON. Down, July 16th, 1875.
+
+Some little time ago Mr. Simon (778/1. Now Sir John Simon) sent me the
+last Report, and your statements about contagion deeply interested me.
+By the way, if you see Mr. Simon, and can remember it, will you thank
+him for me; I was so busy at the time that I did not write. Having been
+in correspondence with Paget lately on another subject, I mentioned to
+him an analogy which has struck me much, now that we know that sheep-pox
+is fungoid; and this analogy pleased him. It is that of fairy rings,
+which are believed to spread from a centre, and when they intersect the
+intersecting portion dies out, as the mycelium cannot grow where it has
+grown during previous years. So, again, I have never seen a ring within
+a ring; this seems to me a parallel case to a man commonly having the
+smallpox only once. I imagine that in both cases the mycelium must
+consume all the matter on which it can subsist.
+
+
+LETTER 779. TO A. GAPITCHE.
+
+(779/1. The following letter was written to the author (under the
+pseudonym of Gapitche) of a pamphlet entitled "Quelques mots sur
+l'Eternite du Corps Humaine" (Nice, 1880). Mr. Gapitche's idea was
+that man might, by perfect adaptation to his surroundings, indefinitely
+prolong the duration of life. We owe Mr. Darwin's letter to the kindness
+of Herr Vetter, editor of the well-known journal "Kosmos.")
+
+Down, February 24th, 1880.
+
+I suppose that no one can prove that death is inevitable, but the
+evidence in favour of this belief is overwhelmingly strong from the
+evidence of all other living creatures. I do not believe that it is by
+any means invariably true that the higher organisms always live longer
+than the lower ones. Elephants, parrots, ravens, tortoises, and some
+fish live longer than man. As evolution depends on a long succession of
+generations, which implies death, it seems to me in the highest degree
+improbable that man should cease to follow the general law of evolution,
+and this would follow if he were to be immortal.
+
+This is all that I can say.
+
+
+LETTER 780. TO J. POPPER.
+
+(780/1. Mr. Popper had written about a proposed flying machine in which
+birds were to take a part.)
+
+Down, February 15th, 1881.
+
+I am sorry to say that I cannot give you the least aid, as I have never
+attended to any mechanical subjects. I should doubt whether it would be
+possible to train birds to fly in a certain direction in a body, though
+I am aware that they have been taught some tricks. Their mental powers
+are probably much below those of mammals. It is said, and I suppose
+truly, that an eagle will carry a lamb. This shows that a bird may have
+great power for a short distance. I cannot remember your essay with
+sufficient distinctness to make any remarks on it. When a man is old and
+works hard, one subject drives another out of his head.
+
+
+LETTER 781. TO T.H. HUXLEY. Worthing, September 9th, 1881.
+
+(781/1. Mr. Anthony Rich left his house at Worthing as a legacy to Mr.
+Huxley. See Huxley's "Life and Letters," II., pages 286, 287.)
+
+We have been paying Mr. Rich a little visit, and he has often spoken of
+you, and I think he enjoyed much your and Mrs. Huxley's visit here.
+But my object in writing now is to tell you something, which I am
+very doubtful whether it is worth while for you to hear, because it is
+uncertain. My brother Erasmus has left me half his fortune, which is
+very considerable. Therefore, I thought myself bound to tell Mr. Rich of
+this, stating the large amount, as far as the executors as yet know it
+roughly. I then added that my wife and self thought that, under these
+new circumstances, he was most fully justified in altering his will and
+leaving his property in some other way. I begged him to take a week to
+consider what I had told him, and then by letter to inform me of the
+result. But he would not, however, hardly allow me to finish what I had
+to say, and expressed a firm determination not to alter his will, adding
+that I had five sons to provide for. After a short pause he implied (but
+unfortunately he here became very confused and forgot a word, which on
+subsequent reflection I think was probably "reversionary")--he implied
+that there was a chance, whether good or bad I know not, of his becoming
+possessed of some other property, and he finished by saying distinctly,
+"I will bequeath this to Huxley." What the amount may be (I fear not
+large), and what the chance may be, God only knows; and one cannot
+cross-examine a man about his will. He did not bind me to secrecy, so I
+think I am justified in telling you what passed, but whether it is wise
+on my part to send so vague a story, I am not at all sure; but as a
+general rule it is best to tell everything. As I know that you hate
+writing letters, do not trouble yourself to answer this.
+
+P.S.--On further reflection I should like to hear that you receive this
+note safely. I have used up all my black-edged paper.
+
+
+LETTER 782. TO ANTHONY RICH. Down, February 4th, 1882.
+
+It is always a pleasure to me to receive a letter from you. I am very
+sorry to hear that you have been more troubled than usual with your old
+complaint. Any one who looked at you would think that you had passed
+through life with few evils, and yet you have had an unusual amount of
+suffering. As a turnkey remarked in one of Dickens' novels, "Life is
+a rum thing." (782/1. This we take to be an incorrect version of Mr.
+Roker's remark (in reference to Tom Martin, the Butcher), "What a rum
+thing Time is, ain't it, Neddy?" ("Pickwick," Chapter XLII.). A careful
+student finds that women are also apostrophised as "rum": see the
+remarks of the dirty-faced man ("Pickwick," Chapter XIV.).) As for
+myself, I have been better than usual until about a fortnight ago,
+when I had a cough, and this pulled me down and made me miserable to a
+strange degree; but my dear old wife insisted on my taking quinine, and,
+though I have very little faith in medicine, this, I think, has done me
+much good. Well, we are both so old that we must expect some troubles: I
+shall be seventy-three on Feb. 12th. I have been glad to hear about the
+pine-leaves, and you are the first man who has confirmed my account that
+they are drawn in by the base, with a very few exceptions. (782/2. "The
+Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms," 1881, page
+71.) With respect to your Wandsworth case, I think that if I had heard
+of it before publishing, I would have said nothing about the ledges
+(782/3. "Ledges of Earth on Steep Hill-sides" (ibid., page 278).);
+for the Grisedale case (782/4. "The steep, grass-covered sides of a
+mountainous valley in Westmorland, called Grisedale, were marked in
+many places with innumerable, almost horizontal, little ledges...Their
+formation was in no way connected with the action of worms (and their
+absence is an inexplicable fact)...(ibid., page 282.), mentioned in my
+book and observed whilst I was correcting the proof-sheets, made me feel
+rather doubtful. Yet the Corniche case (782/5. Ibid., page 281.) shows
+that worms at least aid in making the ledges. Nevertheless, I wish I had
+said nothing about the confounded ledges. The success of this worm book
+has been almost laughable. I have, however, been plagued with an
+endless stream of letters on the subject; most of them very foolish
+and enthusiastic, but some containing good facts, which I have used in
+correcting yesterday the "sixth Thousand."
+
+Your friend George's work about the viscous state of the earth and tides
+and the moon has lately been attracting much attention (782/6. Published
+in the "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society," 1879, 1880,
+1881.), and all the great judges think highly of the work. He intends to
+try for the Plumian Professorship of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy
+at Cambridge, which is a good and honourable post of about 800 pounds
+a year. I think that he will get it (782/7. He was elected Plumian
+Professor of Astronomy and Experimental Philosophy in 1883.) when
+Challis is dead, and he is very near his end. He has all the great
+men--Sir W. Thomson, Adams, Stokes, etc.--on his side. He has lately
+been chief examiner for the Mathematical Tripos, which was tremendous
+work; and the day before yesterday he started for Southampton for
+a five-weeks' tour to Jamaica for complete rest, to see the Blue
+Mountains, and escape the rigour of the early spring. I believe that
+George will some day be a great scientific swell. The War Office has
+just offered Leonard a post in the Government Survey at Southampton, and
+very civilly told him to go down and inspect the place, and accept or
+not as he liked. So he went down, but has decided that it would not
+be worth his while to accept, as it would entail his giving up his
+expedition (on which he had been ordered) to Queensland, in Australia,
+to observe the Transit of Venus. (782/8. Major Leonard Darwin, late
+R.E., served in several scientific expeditions, including the Transits
+of Venus of 1874 and 1882.) Dear old William at Southampton has not been
+very well, but is now better. He has had too much work--a willing horse
+is always overworked--and all the arrangements for receiving the British
+Association there this summer have been thrown on his shoulders.
+
+But, good Heavens! what a deal I have written about my sons. I have had
+some hard work this autumn with the microscope; but this is over, and
+I have only to write out the papers for the Linnean Society. (782/9.
+i. "The Action of Carbonate of Ammonia on the Roots of Certain plants."
+[Read March 16th, 1882.] "Journ. Linn. Soc." Volume XIX., 1882, page
+239. ii. "The Action of Carbonate of Ammonia on Chlorophyll-bodies."
+[Read March 6th, 1882.] Ibid., page 262.) We have had a good many
+visitors; but none who would have interested you, except perhaps Mrs.
+Ritchie, the daughter of Thackeray, who is a most amusing and pleasant
+person. I have not seen Huxley for some time, but my wife heard this
+morning from Mrs. Huxley, who wrote from her bed, with a bad account
+of herself and several of her children; but none, I hope, are at all
+dangerously ill. Farewell, my kind, good friend.
+
+Many thanks about the picture, which if I survive you, and this I do not
+expect, shall be hung in my study as a perpetual memento of you.
+
+(782/10. The concluding chapter of the "Life and Letters" gives some
+account of the gradual failure in health which was perceptible in the
+last year of Mr. Darwin's life. He died on April 19th, 1882, in his 74th
+year.)
+
+THE END.
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+ [The German a-, o-, u-diaeresis are treated as a, o, u, not as ae, oe,
+ ue.]
+
+ Aberrant genera, Darwin's work on.
+
+ Abich, on Vesuvius.
+
+ Abinger, excavations of Roman villa at.
+ -plants from.
+
+ Abinger Hall, Darwin visits.
+ -Lord Farrer's recollections of Darwin at.
+
+ Abiogenesis, Huxley's address on Biogenesis and.
+
+ Abortion, Romanes on.
+
+ Abrolhos, plants from the.
+
+ Abromia.
+
+ Abrus precatorius, dispersal of seeds.
+
+ Abstract, Darwin's dislike of writing papers in.
+
+ Abstract, the name applied by Darwin to the "Origin."
+
+ Abutilon, F. Muller's experiments on.
+
+ Abyssinia, flora of.
+
+ "Academy," Darwin's opinion of the.
+
+ Acanthaceae.
+
+ Acceleration of development, Cope and Hyatt on retardation and.
+ -reference in the "Origin" to.
+
+ Accumulation, of deposits in relation to earth-movements.
+ -of specific differences.
+ -of sterility.
+ -of varieties.
+
+ Accuracy, difficult to attain.
+ -the soul of Natural History.
+
+ Aceras, fertilisation of.
+ -monstrous flower.
+
+ Acineta, Darwin unable to fertilise.
+
+ Aconitum, peloria and reversion.
+
+ Acropera, atrophy of ovules.
+ -Darwin's mistake over.
+ -fertilisation of.
+ -relation to Gongora.
+ -J. Scott's work on.
+
+ Acropera Loddigesii, abnormal structure of ovary.
+ -Darwin's account of flower.
+ -artificial fertilisation.
+ -relation to A. luteola.
+ -J. Scott's observations.
+ -two sexual conditions of.
+ -A. luteola, Darwin's observations on.
+ -fertilisation of.
+ -flowers of.
+ -structure of ovary.
+
+ Adaptation, Darwin's difficulty in understanding.
+ -hybrids and.
+ -not the governing law in Geographical Distribution.
+ -more clearly seen in animals than plants.
+ -Natural Selection and.
+ -in orchids.
+ -resemblances due to.
+ -in Woodpecker.
+
+ Adenanthera pavonina, seed-dispersal by Parrots.
+
+ Adenocarpus, a Mediterranean genus in the Cameroons.
+
+ Adlumia.
+
+ Adoxa, difference in flowers of same plant.
+
+ Aecidium elatinum, Witches'-Broom fungus.
+
+ Aegialitis Sanctae-helenae.
+
+ Aegilops triticoides, hybrids.
+
+ Affaiblissement, A. St. Hilaire on.
+
+ Africa, connection with Ceylon.
+ -connection with India.
+ -continent of Lemuria and.
+ -considered by Murchison oldest continent.
+ -plants of equatorial mountains of.
+
+ Africa (East,) coral reefs on coast.
+
+ Africa (South), plants of.
+ -relation of floras of Western Europe to.
+
+ Africa (West), botanical relation to Java.
+
+ Agassiz, Alex., "Three Cruises of the 'Blake.'"
+ -his belief in evolution the result of F. Muller's writings.
+ -account of Florida Coral-reefs.
+ -letters to.
+ -visits Down.
+
+ Agassiz, Louis Jean Rodolphe (1807-73): entered a college at Bienne at the
+ age of ten, and from 1822 to 1824 he was a student at the Academy of
+ Lausanne.  Agassiz afterwards spent some years as a student in the
+ Universities of Zurich, Heidelberg, and Munich, where he gained a
+ reputation as a skilled fencer.  It was at Heidelberg that his studies took
+ a definite turn towards Natural History.  He took a Ph.D. degree at
+ Erlangen in 1829.  Agassiz published his first paper in "Isis" in 1828, and
+ for many years devoted himself chiefly to Ichthyology.  During a visit to
+ Paris he became acquainted with Cuvier and Alexander von Humboldt; in 1833,
+ through the liberality of the latter, he began the publication of his
+ "Recherches sur les Poissons Fossiles," and in 1840 he completed his
+ "Etudes sur les Glaciers."  In 1846 Agassiz went to Boston, where he
+ lectured in the Lowell Institute, and in the following year became
+ Professor of Geology and Zoology at Cambridge.  During the last
+ twenty-seven years of his life Agassiz lived in America, and exerted a
+ great influence on the study of Natural History in the United States.  In
+ 1836 he received the Wollaston Medal of the Geological Society of London,
+ and in 1861 he was selected for the Copley Medal of the Royal Society.  In
+ 1873 Agassiz dictated an article to Mrs. Agassiz on "Evolution and
+ Permanence of Type," in which he repeated his strong conviction against the
+ views embodied in the "Origin of Species."  See "Life, Letters, and Works
+ of Louis Agassiz," by Jules Marcou, 2 volumes, New York, 1896; "Louis
+ Agassiz:  his Life and Correspondence," edited by Elizabeth Cary Agassiz, 2
+ volumes, London, 1885; "Smithsonian Report," 1873, page 198.
+ -attack on "Origin."
+ -Darwin's criticism of book on Brazil.
+ -Darwin's opinion of.
+ -views on creation of species.
+ -on geographical distribution.
+ -"Methods of Study" by.
+ -misstatement of Darwin's views.
+ -Walsh on.
+ -"Etudes sur les Glaciers."
+ -Darwin on glacier work of.
+ -on glaciers in Ceara Mts.
+ -glacier-ice-lake theory of Parallel Roads of Glen Roy.
+ -on glacier moraines.
+ -on rock-cavities formed by glacier-cascades.
+ -on Darwin's theory.
+ -on Geology of the Amazons.
+ -doubts recent upheaval of Patagonia.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Age of the world.
+
+ Aggressive plants, introduction of.
+
+ Agricultural Society, experiments on potatoes.
+
+ Airy, H. letter to.
+
+ Albemarle Island, Darwin's collection of plants from.
+ -volcanoes of.
+
+ Aldrovanda.
+
+ Alerse ("Alerce"), occurrence in Chiloe.
+
+ Algae, movement of male-cells to female organ.
+
+ Alisma, F. Muller's observations on.
+ -submerged flowers of.
+
+ Alisma macrophylla, circumnutation of.
+
+ Allbutt, Prof. Clifford, on sperm-cells.
+
+ Allen, Grant, review by Romanes of his "Physiological Aesthetics."
+
+ Allen, J.A., on colours of birds.
+ -on mammals and birds of Florida.
+
+ Allogamy, use of term.
+
+ Almond, seedling peaches resembling.
+
+ Alopecurus pratensis, fertilisation of.
+
+ Alpine floras, Arctic and.
+ -of Azores, Canaries and Madeira.
+ -absence of, in southern islands.
+ -Ball on origin of flora.
+ -Darwin's work on.
+ -of United States.
+ -existence prior to Glacial period.
+ -Ice-action in New Zealand, and.
+ -Ball on origin of.
+
+ Alpine insects.
+
+ Alpine plants.
+ -change due to transplanting.
+ -slight change in isolated forms.
+ -as evidence of continental land at close of Glacial period.
+
+ Alps, Australian.
+ -Murchison on structure of.
+ -submergence.
+ -Tyndall's book on.
+
+ Alternate generations, in Hydrozoa.
+
+ Amazonia, Insects of.
+
+ Amazons, L. Agassiz on glacial phenomena in valley of.
+ -L. Agassiz on geology of.
+ -Bates on lepidoptera of.
+ -sedimentation off mouth of.
+
+ Amber, extinct plants preserved in.
+
+ Amblyopsis, a blind cave-fish, effect of conditions on.
+
+ Ameghino, Prof., discovery of Neomylodon Listai.
+
+ America (North), are European birds blown to?
+ -Falconer on elephants.
+ -fauna and flora of Japan and.
+ -flora of.
+ -mammalian fauna.
+ -introduction of European weeds.
+ -subsidence during Glacial period.
+ -western European plants and flora of.
+ -contrast during Tertiary period between South and.
+ -former greater distinction between fauna of South and.
+ -glaciation of South and.
+ -Rogers on coal-fields.
+
+ America (South), Bollaert's "Antiquities" of.
+ -Araucarian fossil wood from.
+ -Carabi of.
+ -elevation of coast.
+ -fauna of.
+ -floras of Australia and.
+ -geology of.
+ -Darwin's "Geological Observations" on.
+ -deposition of sediment on coast.
+ -European plants in.
+ -frequency of earthquakes.
+ -D. Forbes on geology of.
+ -W. Jameson on geology of.
+ -D'Orbigny on.
+ -volcanic eruptions.
+ -Wallace opposed to continent uniting New Zealand, Australia and.
+
+ American War.
+
+ Ammonia, Darwin's work on effect on roots of carbonate of.
+
+ Ammonites, degeneration of.
+ -reversion.
+ -of S. America.
+
+ Amsinckia.
+
+ Amsinckia spectabilis, dimorphism of.
+
+ Anacamptis (=Orchis pyramidalis), fertilisation of.
+
+ Anacharis (=Elodea Canadensis), spread of.
+
+ Analogy, difference between homology and.
+
+ Anamorphism, Huxley on.
+
+ Anatifera, illustrating difficulty in nomenclature.
+
+ Anatomy of Vertebrata, Owen's attack on Darwin and Lyell in.
+
+ "Ancient Sea Margins," by R. Chambers.
+
+ Anderson-Henry, Isaac (1799?-1884): of Edinburgh, was educated as a
+ lawyer, but devoted himself to horticulture, more particularly to
+ experimental work on grafting and hybridisation.  As President of the
+ Botanical Society of Edinburgh he delivered two addresses on
+ "Hybridisation or Crossing of Plants," of which a full abstract was
+ published in the "Gardeners' Chronicle," April 13th, 1867, page 379, and
+ December 21st, 1867, page 1296. See obit. notice in "Gardeners'
+ Chronicle," September 27th, 1884, page 400.
+ -letter to.
+
+ Andes, Darwin on geology of.
+ -high-road for European plants.
+ -comparatively recent origin.
+
+ Anemophilous plants, Delpino's work on.
+
+ Angiosperms, origin of.
+
+ Angraecum sesquipedale, Duke of Argyll on.
+
+ Animal Intelligence, Romanes on.
+
+ Animals, difference between plants and.
+ -resemblance to plants.
+
+ Annuals, adapted to short seasons.
+ -Hildebrand on percentages of.
+
+ Anoplotherium, occurrence in Eocene of S. America.
+
+ Ansted, David Thomas, F.R.S. (1814-80): Fellow of Jesus College, Cambridge,
+ Professor of Geology at King's College, London, author of several papers
+ and books on geological subjects (see "Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc." Volume
+ XXXVII., page 43.)
+ -letter to.
+
+ Antarctic continent, Darwin on existence of Tertiary.
+ -hypothetical.
+
+ "Antarctic Flora," Sir J.D. Hooker's.
+
+ Antarctic floras.
+ -Darwin at work on.
+
+ Antarctic islands, plants of.
+
+ Antarctic Land.
+
+ "Anti-Jacobin," quiz on Erasmus Darwin in.
+
+ "Antiquity of Man," Sir Charles Lyell's.
+ -cautious views on species.
+ -Darwin's criticism of.
+ -Extract on Natural Selection from.
+ -Falconer on.
+ -Owen's criticism on.
+
+ Antirrhinum, peloric flowers.
+
+ Ants, account in "Origin" of Slave-.
+ -Forel's work on.
+ -Moggridge on Harvesting-.
+ -F. Muller's observations on neuter.
+ -storing leaves for plant-culture.
+
+ Apathus, living in nests of Bombus.
+
+ Apes, comparison as regards advance in intellect between man and.
+ -ears of anthropoid.
+
+ Aphides, absence of wings in viviparous.
+
+ Aphis, Huxley on.
+
+ Apostasia, morphology of flowers.
+
+ Appalachian chain, Rogers on cleavage of.
+
+ Apteryx, Owen on.
+ -wings of.
+
+ Aquilegia, Hooker and Thomson on.
+ -variation in.
+ -peloria and reversion.
+
+ Arachis hypogaea, Darwin on.
+
+ Arachnidae.
+
+ Araucaria, abundant in Secondary period.
+
+ Araucarian wood, fossil in S. America.
+
+ Arca, Morse on.
+
+ Archaeopteryx.
+
+ Archer-Hind, R.D., translation of passage from Plato by.
+
+ Archetype, Owen's book on.
+ -Owen's term.
+
+ d'Archiac's "Histoire des Progres de la Geologie."
+ -candidate for Royal Society Foreign list.
+
+ Arctic animals, protective colours.
+
+ Arctic climate, cause of present.
+
+ Arctic expeditions, Darwin on.
+
+ Arctic floras.
+ -relation between Alpine and.
+ -relation between Antarctic and.
+ -Hooker's Essay on.
+ -Darwin's admiration of Hooker's Essay.
+ -migration of.
+
+ Arctic regions, few plants common to Europe and N. America not ranging
+ to.
+ -range of plants.
+ -northern limit of vegetation formerly lower.
+ -ice piled up in.
+ -previous existence of plants in.
+
+ Arenaria verna, range.
+
+ Argus pheasant, colour.
+ -unadorned head.
+
+ Argyll, Duke of, attack on Romanes in "Nature."
+ -rejoinder by Romanes in "Nature."
+ -Hooker on.
+ -letter to.
+ -"Reign of Law" by.
+
+ Aristolochia, fertilisation of.
+
+ Aristotle, reference to.
+
+ Ark, Fitz-Roy on extinction of Mastodon owing to construction of.
+
+ Armadillo.
+
+ Army, measurement of soldiers of U.S.A.
+
+ Artemia, Schmankewitsch's experiments on.
+
+ Ascension Island, plants of.
+ -earth-movements.
+ -volcanic rocks.
+
+ Ascidians, budding of.
+
+ Asclepiadeae, fertilisation of.
+
+ Ash, comparison of peat and coal.
+
+ Asher, Dr., sends Russian wheat to Darwin.
+
+ Ashley.
+
+ Ashley Heath, Mackintosh on boulders of.
+
+ Askenasy, E., on Darwinism.
+
+ Aspicarpa.
+
+ Ass, hybrids between mare and.
+
+ Asterias.
+
+ Astragalus hypoglottis, range of.
+
+ Astronomical causes, crust-movements due to.
+
+ Asturian plants in Ireland.
+
+ Atavism, use of term by Duchesne.
+ -Kollmann on.
+
+ Athenaeum Club, Huxley's election.
+
+ "Athenaeum," correspondence on Darwin's statements on rate of increase
+ of elephants.
+ -Darwin's opinion of.
+ -abuse of Darwin.
+
+ Atlantic islands, peculiar genera and their origin.
+
+ Atlantis, America and.
+ -Canary I. and.
+ -Darwin's disbelief in.
+ -Heer's map.
+ -Wollaston's.
+
+ Atolls, Darwin's wish for investigation by boring of coral.
+ -Darwin on Murray's theory.
+ -Darwin's work on.
+
+ Atomogenesis, term suggested as substitute for pangenesis.
+
+ Atriplex, buried seeds found in sandpit near Melrose.
+
+ Attica, Gaudry on fossil animals.
+
+ Auckland Island, flora.
+
+ Audubon, J.J., on antics of birds during courtship.
+ -"Ornithological Biography."
+
+ Aurelia, Romanes on.
+
+ Auricula, dimorphism of.
+ -experiments on.
+
+ Austen, Godwin, on changes of level on English coast.
+
+ Australia, caves of.
+ -character of fauna.
+ -flora of.
+ -Hooker on flora.
+ -relation of flora to S. America.
+ -relation of flora to S. Africa.
+ -European plants in.
+ -local plants in S.W.
+ -naturalised plants.
+ -plants on mountains.
+ -fossil plants.
+ -dichogamy of trees in.
+ -as illustrating rate and progress of evolution.
+ -Mastodon from.
+ -products of, compared with those of Asia.
+ -submergence.
+
+ Australian savages and Natural Selection.
+
+ Australian species, occurrence in Malay Archipelago and Philippines.
+
+ Autobiographical recollections, Charles Darwin's.
+
+ Autobiography, extract from Darwin's.
+
+ Autogamy, Kerner's term.
+
+ Automatism, Huxley's Essay.
+
+ Avebury, Lord.
+ -address at British Association meeting at York (1881).
+ -on the Finns and Kjokken moddings.
+ -letters to.
+ -on the "Origin."
+ -"Prehistoric Times."
+ -on the Progress of Science.
+ -on Seedlings.
+ -story of Darwin told by.
+ -Darwin regrets his entrance into politics.
+ -on Ramsay's lake-theory.
+
+ Averrhoa, Darwin's work on.
+
+ Axell, Severin, book on fertilisation of plants.
+
+ Axon, W.E., letter from Darwin to Mrs. E. Talbot published by.
+
+ Aye Aye, Owen on the.
+
+ Azara.
+
+ Azores, organic relation with America.
+ -birds.
+ -European birds as chance wanderers to.
+ -erratic blocks.
+ -flora.
+ -European plants in.
+ -Miocene beds in.
+ -relation to Madeira and Canaries.
+ -Watson on the.
+ -Orchids from.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Babies, habit of clutching objects.
+
+ Babington, Prof. Charles C., at the British Association (Manchester,
+ 1861).
+ -"British Flora."
+ -Darwin sends seeds of Atriplex to.
+
+ Baden-Powell, Prof.
+
+ Baer.
+
+ Bagehot, W., article in "Fortnightly Review" on Physics and Politics.
+
+ Bahia Blanca, collection of plants from.
+
+ Bailey, on Heterocentron roseum.
+
+ Baillon, on pollen-tubes of Helianthemum.
+
+ Baker's Flora of the Mauritius and Seychelles.
+
+ Balancement, G. St. Hilaire's law of.
+
+ Balanidae, Darwin's work on.
+
+ Balanus, questions of nomenclature.
+
+ Balfour, F.M. (1851-82): Professor of Animal Morphology at Cambridge.
+ He was born 1851, and was killed, with his guide, on the Aiguille
+ Blanche, near Courmayeur, in July 1882.  (See "Life and Letters," III.,
+ page 250.)
+ -letter to.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Ball, J., on origin of Alpine flora.
+
+ Ball, P., "The effects of Use and Disuse."
+
+ Balsaminaceae, genera of.
+
+ Banks' Cove, volcano of.
+
+ Barber, C., on graft-hybrids of sugar-cane.
+
+ Barber, Mrs., on Papilio nireus.
+
+ Barberry, abundance in N. America.
+ -dispersal of seeds by birds.
+ -Lord Farrer and H. Muller on floral mechanism.
+ -movement of stamens.
+
+ Barbs, see Pigeons.
+
+ Bardfield Oxlip (Primula elatior).
+
+ Barnacles, Darwin's work on.
+ -metamorphosis in.
+ -F. Muller on.
+ -nomenclature.
+ -of Secondary Period.
+ -advance in.
+ -complemental males compared with plants.
+
+ Barneoud, on irregular flowers.
+
+ "Baronne Prevost," Rivers on the rose.
+
+ Barrande, Joachim (died 1883): devoted himself to the investigation of
+ the Palaeozoic fossils of Bohemia, his adopted country.  His greatest
+ work was the "Systeme Silurien de la Boheme," of which twenty-two
+ volumes were published before his death.  He was awarded the Wollaston
+ Medal of the Geological Society in 1855.  Barrande propounded the
+ doctrine of "colonies."  He found that in the Silurian strata of
+ Bohemia, containing a normal succession of fossils, exceptional bands
+ occurred which yielded fossils characteristic of a higher zone.  He
+ named these bands "colonies," and explained their occurrence by
+ supposing that the later fauna represented in these "precursory bands"
+ had already appeared in a neighbouring region, and that by some means
+ communication was opened at intervals between this region and that in
+ which the normal Silurian series was being deposited.  This apparent
+ intercalation of younger among older zones has now been accounted for by
+ infoldings and faulting of the strata.  See J.E. Marr, "On the Pre-
+ Devonian Rocks of Bohemia," "Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc." Volume XXXVI.,
+ page 591 (1880); also "Defense des Colonies," by J. Barrande (Prag,
+ 1861), and Geikie's "Text-book of Geology" (1893), page 773.
+ -candidature for Royal medal.
+ -candidate for Royal Society foreign list.
+ -work on Colonies.
+ -Lyell on work of.
+
+ Barriers to plant distribution in America.
+
+ Barrow, on Emberiza longicauda.
+ -"Travels in S. Africa."
+
+ Barrow, Sir J., connection with naval expeditions.
+
+ Barrow, germination of seeds from a.
+
+ Bartlett, Abraham Dee (1812-97): was resident superintendent of the
+ Zoological Society's Gardens in Regent's Park from 1859 to 1897.  He
+ communicated several papers to the Zoological Society.  His knowledge was
+ always at the service of Mr. Darwin, who had a sincere respect for him.
+ -letters to.
+
+ Barton, on trees of N. America.
+
+ Basalt, association with granite.
+ -separation of trachyte and.
+
+ Basques, H. Christy on the.
+ -Hooker on Finns and.
+
+ Bastian, "The Beginnings of Life."
+
+ Bat, natural selection and increase in size of wings.
+
+ Bates, Henry Walter (1825-92): was born at Leicester, and after an
+ apprenticeship in a hosiery business he became a clerk in Allsopp's
+ brewery.  He did not remain long in this uncongenial position, for in 1848
+ he embarked for Para with Mr. Wallace, whose acquaintance he had made at
+ Leicester some years previously.  Mr. Wallace left Brazil after four years'
+ sojourn, and Bates remained for seven more years.  He suffered much ill-
+ health and privation, but in spite of adverse circumstances he worked
+ unceasingly:  witness the fact that his collection of insects numbered
+ 14,000 specimens.  He became Assistant Secretary to the Royal Geographical
+ Society in 1864, a post which he filled up to the time of his death in
+ 1892.  In Mr. Clodd's interesting memoir prefixed to his edition of the
+ "Naturalist on the Amazons," 1892, the editor pays a warm and well-weighed
+ tribute to Mr. Bates's honourable and lovable personal character.  See also
+ "Life and Letters," II., page 380.
+ -"A Naturalist on the Amazons."
+ -Darwin's opinion of his work.
+ -on insect fauna of Amazon Valley.
+ -on lepidoptera of Amazons.
+ -letter from Hooker to.
+ -letters to.
+ -letter to Hooker from.
+ -Darwin reviews paper by.
+ -on flower of Monochaetum.
+ -on insects of Chili.
+ -supplies Darwin with facts for sexual selection.
+
+ Bateson, Miss A., on cross fertilisation in inconspicuous flowers.
+
+ Bateson, W., on breeding lepidoptera in confinement.
+ -Mendel's "Principles of Heredity."
+
+ Batrachians, Kollmann on rudimentary digits.
+
+ Bauer, F., drawings by.
+
+ Bauhinia, sleep-movements of leaves.
+
+ Beaches, S. American raised.
+
+ "Beagle" (H.M.S.), circumstance of Darwin joining.
+ -Darwin's views on species when on.
+ -FitzRoy and voyage of.
+ -return of.
+ -voyage.
+
+ Beans, holes bitten by bees in flowers.
+ -extra-floral nectaries of.
+
+ Bear, comparison with whale.
+ -modification of.
+
+ Beaton, Donald (1802-63): Biographical notices in the "Journal of
+ Horticulture" and the "Cottage Gardener," XIII., page 153, and "Journ.
+ Hort." 1863, pages 349 and 415, are referred to in Britten & Boulger's
+ "Biographical Index of Botanists," 1893.  Dr. Masters tells us that
+ Beaton had a "first-rate reputation as a practical gardener, and was
+ esteemed for his shrewdness and humour."
+ -Darwin on work of.
+ -on Pelargonium.
+
+ Beatson, on land birds in S. Helena.
+
+ Beaufort.
+
+ Beaufort, Captain, asks Darwin for information as to collecting.
+
+ Beaumont, Elie de (1798-1874): was a pupil in the Ecole Polytechnique
+ and afterwards in the Ecole des Mines.  In 1820 he accompanied M.
+ Brochant de Villiers to England in order to study the principles of
+ geological mapping, and to report on the English mines and metallurgical
+ establishments.  For several years M. de Beaumont was actively engaged
+ in the preparation of the geological map of France, which was begun in
+ 1825, and in 1835 he succeeded M. B. de Villiers in the Chair of Geology
+ at the Ecole des Mines.  In 1853 he was elected Perpetual Secretary of
+ the French Academy, and in 1861 he became Vice-President of the Conseil
+ General des Mines and a Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour.  Elie de
+ Beaumont is best known among geologists as the author of the "Systemes
+ des Montagnes" and other publications, in which he put forward his
+ theories on the origin of mountain ranges and on kindred subjects.
+ ("Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc." Volume XXXI.; "Proc." page xliii, 1875.)
+ -on lines of elevation.
+ -on elevation in Cordilleras.
+ -elevation-crater theory.
+ -Darwin's disbelief in views and work of.
+ -on lava and dykes.
+ -Lyell's refutation of his theory.
+ -measurement of natural inclination of lava-streams.
+
+ Beauty, criticism by J. Morley of Darwin's phraseology in regard to.
+ -discussion on.
+ -lepidoptera and display of.
+ -Wallace on.
+ -Darwin's discussion on origin.
+ -in female animals.
+ -in plumage of male and female birds.
+ -of seeds and fruits.
+ -Shaw on.
+ -standards of.
+
+ Bedford, flint implements found near.
+
+ Beech, in Chonos I.
+ -in T. del Fuego and Chili.
+ -Miquel on distribution.
+
+ Bee-Ophrys (Ophrys apifera), see Bee-Orchis.
+
+ Bee-Orchis, Darwin's experiments on crossing.
+ -fertilisation.
+ -self-fertilisation.
+ -intermediate forms between Ophrys arachnites and.
+
+ Bees, combs.
+ -Haughton on cells of.
+ -and instinct.
+ -referred to in "Descent of Man."
+ -New Zealand clover and.
+ -acquisition of power of building cells.
+ -Darwin's observations on.
+ -agents in fertilisation of papilionaceous flowers.
+ -as pollen collectors.
+ -difference between sexes.
+ -H. Muller on.
+ -and parthenogenesis.
+ -regular lines of flight at Down.
+
+ Beet, graft-hybrids.
+
+ Beete-Jukes, alluded to in De la Beche's presidential address.
+
+ Beetles, bivalves distributed by.
+ -Forel's work on.
+ -nest-inhabiting.
+ -stag-.
+ -stridulating organs.
+
+ "Befruchtung der Blumen," H. Muller's, the outcome of Darwin's
+ "Fertilisation of Orchids."
+
+ Begonia, monstrous flowers.
+ -B. frigida, Hooker on.
+
+ Begoniaceae, genera of.
+
+ Behring Straits, spreading of plants from.
+
+ Belize, coral reefs near.
+
+ Bell, on Owen's "Edinburgh Review" article.
+
+ Bell, Sir C., "Anatomy of Expression."
+
+ Belt, T., on conspicuously coloured animals distasteful to birds.
+ -letter to.
+ -"The Naturalist in Nicaragua."
+
+ Ben Nevis, Ice-barrier under.
+
+ Benson, Miss, on Chalazogamy in Amentiferae.
+
+ Bentham, George (1800-83): son of Sir Samuel Bentham, and nephew of Jeremy,
+ the celebrated authority on jurisprudence.  Sir Samuel Bentham was at first
+ in the Russian service, and afterwards in that of his own country, where he
+ attained the rank of Inspector-General of Naval Works.  George Bentham was
+ attracted to botany during a "caravan tour" through France in 1816, when he
+ set himself to work out the names of flowers with De Candolle's "Flore
+ Francaise."  During this period he entered as a student of the Faculte de
+ Theologie at Tours.  About 1820 he was turned to the study of philosophy,
+ probably through an acquaintance with John Stuart Mill.  He next became the
+ manager of his father's estates near Montpellier, and it was here that he
+ wrote his first serious work, an "Essai sur la Classification des Arts et
+ Sciences."  In 1826 the Benthams returned to England, where he made many
+ friends, among whom was Dr. Arnott; and it was in his company that Bentham,
+ in 1824, paid a long visit to the Pyrenees, the fruits of which was his
+ first botanical work, "Catalogue des Plantes indigenes des Pyrenees, etc."
+ 1826.  About this time Bentham entered Lincoln's Inn with a view to being
+ called to the Bar, but the greater part of his energies was given to
+ helping his Uncle Jeremy, and to independent work in logic and
+ jurisprudence.  He published his "Outlines of a New System of Logic"
+ (1827), but the merit of his work was not recognised until 1850.  In 1829
+ Bentham finally gave up the Bar and took up his life's work as a botanist.
+ In 1854 he presented his collections and books (valued at 6,000 pounds) to
+ the Royal Gardens, Kew, and for the rest of his life resided in London, and
+ worked daily at the Herbarium.  His work there began with the "Flora of
+ Hong Kong," which was followed by that of Australia published in 1867 in
+ seven volumes octavo.  At the same time the "Genera Plantarum" was being
+ planned; it was begun, with Dr. Hooker as a collaborator, in 1862, and
+ concluded in 1883.  With this monumental work his labours ended; "his
+ strength...suddenly gave way...his visits to Kew ended, and lingering on
+ under increasing debility, he died of old age on September 10th last"
+ (1883.)
+ The amount of work that he accomplished was gigantic and of the most
+ masterly character.  In speaking of his descriptive work the writer (Sir
+ J.D. Hooker) of the obituary notice in "Nature" (October 2nd, 1884), from
+ which many of the above facts are taken, says that he had "no superior
+ since the days of Linnaeus and Robert Brown, and he has left no equal
+ except Asa Gray" ("Athenaeum," December 31st, 1850; "Contemporary Review,"
+ May, 1873; "George Bentham, F.R.S." By Sir J.D. Hooker, "Annals Bot."
+ Volume XII., 1898).
+ -mentioned.
+ -address to Linnean Society.
+ -Darwin's criticism on address.
+ -letters to.
+ -extract from letter to.
+ -views on species and on "Origin."
+ -on fertilisation mechanism in Goodeniaceae.
+ -on hybridism.
+ -runs too many forms together.
+ -on Scott's Primula paper.
+
+ Berberis, Pfeffer on stamens.
+
+ Berkeley, Miles Joseph (1803-89): was educated at Rugby and Christ's
+ College, Cambridge; he took orders in 1827.  Berkeley is described by
+ Sir William Thiselton-Dyer as "the virtual founder of British Mycology"
+ and as the first to treat the subject of the pathology of plants in a
+ systematic manner.  In 1857 he published his "Introduction to
+ Cryptogamic Botany."  ("Annals of Botany," Volume XI., 1897, page ix;
+ see also an obituary notice by Sir Joseph Hooker in the "Proc. Royal
+ Society," Volume XLVII., page ix, 1890.)
+ -address by.
+ -experiments on saltwater and seed-dispersal.
+ -letter to.
+ -mentioned.
+ -notice of Darwin's work by.
+
+ Bermudas, American plants in.
+ -coral-reefs.
+
+ Berzelius, on flints.
+
+ Bhootan, Rhododendron Boothii from.
+
+ Bible, chronology of.
+
+ Biffen, R., potato grafts.
+
+ Bignonia, F. Muller's paper on.
+ -B. capreolata, tendrils of.
+
+ Binney, Edward William F.R.S. (1812-81): contributed numerous papers to the
+ Royal, Palaeontographical, Geological, and other Societies, on Upper
+ Carboniferous and Permian Rocks; his most important work deals with the
+ internal structure of Coal-Measure plants.  In a paper "On the Origin of
+ Coal," published in the "Memoirs of the Manchester Literary and
+ Philosophical Society," Volume VIII., page 148, in 1848, Binney expressed
+ the view that the sediments of the Coal Period were marine rather than
+ estuarine, and were deposited on the floor of an ocean, which was
+ characterised by a "uniformity and shallowness unknown" in any oceanic area
+ of the present day.
+ -on marshes of Coal period.
+ -on coal and coal plants.
+
+ Biogenesis, Huxley's address on abiogenesis and.
+
+ Biology, Huxley's "Course of Practical Instruction" in.
+
+ Biology of plants, Hooker's scheme for a Flora, with notes on.
+
+ Birds, as agents of dispersal of plants.
+ -blown to Madeira.
+ -climate and effect on American.
+ -coloration of.
+ -comparison with mammals.
+ -as isolated groups.
+ -of Madeira.
+ -modification in.
+ -Andrew Murray on Wallace's theory of nests.
+ -Wallace's theory of nests.
+ -agents in dispersal of land-molluscs.
+ -antics during courtship.
+ -courtesy towards own image.
+ -expression of fear by erection of feathers.
+ -means of producing music.
+ -spurs on female.
+ -pairing.
+ -polygamy.
+ -proportion of sexes.
+ -sexual selection and colour.
+ -attracted by singing of bullfinch.
+ -tameness in Brazilian species.
+ -occurrence of unpaired.
+ -Weir's observations on.
+
+ Bird of paradise, and polygamy.
+
+ Birmingham, British Association meeting (1849).
+
+ Bivalves, means of dispersal of freshwater.
+
+ Bizcacha, burrowing animal of Patagonia.
+
+ Blackbird, variation in tufted.
+
+ Blair, Rev. R.H., observations on the blind.
+
+ Blake, paper on Elephants in "Geologist."
+
+ Blanford, H.F., on an Indo-oceanic continent.
+
+ Blanford, W.T., obituary notice of Neumayr by.
+
+ Blind, expression of those born.
+
+ Blomefield, L., see Jenyns, L.
+
+ Bloom, Darwin's work on.
+ -F. Darwin on connection between stomata and (see also Darwin, F.)
+ -effect of rain on.
+ -on leaf of Trifolium resupinatum.
+ -protection against parasites.
+ -on seashore plants.
+
+ Blow-fly, Lowne on the.
+
+ Blyth, Edward (1810-73): distinguished for his knowledge of Indian birds
+ and mammals.  He was for twenty years Curator of the Museum of the
+ Asiatic Society of Bengal, a collection which was practically created by
+ his exertions.  Gould spoke of him as "the founder of the study" of
+ Zoology in India.  His published writings are voluminous, and include,
+ in addition to those bearing his name, numerous articles in the "Field,
+ Land and Water," etc., under the signature "Zoophilus" or "Z."  He also
+ communicated his knowledge to others with unsparing generosity, yet--
+ doubtless the chief part of his "extraordinary fund of information" died
+ with him.  Darwin had much correspondence with him, and always spoke of
+ him with admiration for his powers of observation and for his judgment.
+  The letters to Blyth have unfortunately not come into our hands.  The
+ indebtedness of Darwin to Blyth may be roughly gauged by the fact that
+ the references under his name in the index to "Animals and Plants"
+ occupy nearly a column.  For further information about Blyth see Grote's
+ introduction to the "Catalogue of Mammals and Birds of Burma, by the
+ late E. Blyth" in the "Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal," Part
+ II., Extra number, August 1875; also an obituary notice published at the
+ time of his death in the "Field."  Mr. Grote's Memoir contains a list of
+ Blyth's writings which occupies nearly seven pages of the "Journal."  We
+ are indebted to Professor Newton for calling our attention to the
+ sources of this note.
+ -reference to letter from.
+ -visits Down.
+ -on Gallinaceae.
+
+ Blytt, Axel Gudbrand (1843-98): the son of the well-known systematist M.N.
+ Blytt.  He was attached to the Christiania Herbarium in 1865, and in 1880
+ became Professor of Botany in the University.  His best-known work is the
+ essay referred to above, but he was also known for purely systematic work
+ in Botany as well as for meteorological and geological contributions to
+ science.  The above facts are taken from C. Holtermann's obituary notice in
+ the "Berichte der Deutschen Bot. Gesell." Volume XVII., 1899.
+ -essay on immigration of Norwegian flora during alternating rainy and
+ dry periods.
+ -letter to.
+
+ Bog-Mammoth.
+
+ Boiler, comparison with volcano.
+
+ Boissier, on plants of S. Spain.
+
+ Boissiera, crossing experiments on.
+
+ Bolbophyllum, Darwin's account of.
+
+ Bolivia, geology of.
+
+ Bollaert's "Antiquities of S. America."
+
+ Bombus, diversity in generative organs.
+ -Psithyrus in nests of.
+ -Pollen-collecting apparatus of male.
+
+ Bombycilla, protective colours.
+
+ Bombyx, sexes in.
+
+ Bonaparte, L., on Basque and Finnish language.
+
+ Bonatea speciosa, F. Muller on.
+ -structure of flower.
+
+ Bonney's Edition of Darwin's "Coral Reefs."
+ -"Charles Lyell and Modern Geology."
+
+ Bonnier, G., on alpine plants.
+
+ Boragineae, dimorphism in.
+
+ Borneo, New Zealand and Australian plants in.
+ -temperate plants in lowlands.
+ -possible region for remains of early man.
+
+ Bory's Flora of Bourbon.
+
+ Bosquet, cirripede monograph sent by Darwin to.
+ -gives Darwin note on fossil Chthamalus.
+
+ Botanical collections (national) consolidation at Kew.
+
+ Botanist, Darwin as.
+
+ Botany, philosophical spirit in study of.
+
+ Boulders, transport of erratic (see also Erratic blocks).
+ -Darwin on Ashley Heath.
+ -in Glen Roy.
+ -on Moel Tryfan.
+
+ Bourbon, Bory's Flora of.
+
+ Bournemouth, Darwin's visit to.
+
+ Bovey Tracey, Heer on fossil plants of.
+
+ Bower, Prof. F.O., on Welwitschia.
+
+ Bower-bird, Bartlett's experiments on.
+ -colours discriminated by.
+
+ Bowman, W., Letters to.
+ -supplies Darwin with facts on Expression.
+
+ Brachiopods, Morse on.
+ -Silurian.
+
+ Brackish-water plants.
+
+ Bradshaw, H., translation of Hebrew letter by.
+
+ Brain, Owen on.
+ -evolution in man.
+ -Wallace on Natural Selection and Evolution of.
+
+ Branchipus, Schmankewitsch's experiments on.
+
+ Branta, mentioned in reference to nomenclature of Barnacles.
+
+ Brassica sinapistrum, germination at Down of old seeds.
+
+ Braun, A., convert to Darwin's views.
+
+ Bravais, on lines of old sea-level in Finmark.
+
+ Brazil, L. Agassiz's book on.
+ -Agassiz on glacial phenomena in.
+ -F. Muller's residence in.
+ -plants on mountains of.
+ -basalt in association with granite.
+ -Darwin on origin of lakes in.
+ -dimorphism of plants in S.
+
+ Bree, Dr., on Celts.
+ -misrepresents Darwin.
+
+ Breeders, views on Selection held by.
+
+ Breeding, chapter in "Origin" on.
+
+ Brehm, on birds.
+
+ Breitenbach, Dr.
+
+ Brewster, Sir D., on Glen Roy.
+
+ Bridgeman.
+
+ Brinton, Dr., attends Darwin.
+
+ British Association,
+ Meetings:  Belfast (1874), Birmingham (1849), Cambridge (1862), Ipswich
+ (1851), Leeds (1858), Liverpool (1870), Manchester (1861), Norwich
+ (1868), Nottingham (1866), Oxford (1847), Oxford (1860), Southampton
+ (1846), Swansea (1880), York (1881).
+ Addresses:  Berkeley, Fawcett, Hooker, Hooker on Insular Floras, (see
+ also Hooker, Sir J.D.), Huxley on Abiogenesis, Lord Kelvin, Wallace on
+ Birds' Nests.
+
+ British Association, Committee for investigation of Coral Atoll by
+ boring.
+
+ British Medical Association, undertakes defence of Dr. Ferrier.
+
+ British Museum, disposal of Botanical Collections.
+
+ Brodie, Sir Benjamin.
+
+ Brongniart, Ad., on Sigillaria.
+
+ Bronn, H.G., Letter to.
+ -on German translation of "Origin."
+ -reference in his translation of "Origin" to tails of mice as difficulty
+ opposed to Natural Selection.
+ -on Natural Selection.
+ -"Entwickelung."
+ -"Morphologische Studien."
+ -"Naturgeschische der drei Reiche."
+
+ Brougham, Lord, on Structure of Bees' cells.
+ -habit of writing everything important three times.
+
+ Brown, H.T., and F. Escombe, on vitality of seeds.
+ -on influence of varying amounts of CO2 on plants.
+
+ Brown, R., accompanies Flinders on Australian voyage.
+ -meets Darwin.
+ -dilatoriness over King's collection.
+ -illness.
+ -on course of vessels in orchid flowers.
+ -mentioned.
+ -on pollen-tubes.
+ -seldom indulged in theory.
+
+ Brulle, Gaspard-Auguste (1809-73): held a post in the Natural History
+ Museum, Paris, from 1833 to 1839; on leaving Paris he occupied the chair
+ of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy at Dijon.  ("Note sur la Vie et les
+ Travaux Entomologiques d'Auguste Brulle" by E. Desmarest.  "Ann. Soc.
+ Entom." Volume II., page 513.)
+ -reference to work by.
+ -his pupils' eagerness to hear Darwin's views.
+
+ Brunonia, Hamilton on fertilisation mechanism.
+
+ Brunton, Sir T. Lauder, letters to.
+ -letter to Darwin from.
+
+ Brydges and Anderson, collection of S. American plants.
+
+ Bryophyllum calycinum, Duval-Jouve and F. Muller on movements of leaves.
+
+ Bryozoa, specimens found during voyage of "Beagle."
+
+ Buch, von, on craters of Albermarle I.
+ -Darwin's disbelief in his views.
+ -mentioned.
+ -"Travels in Norway."
+
+ Buckland, William (1784-1856): became a scholar of Corpus Christi
+ College, Oxford, in 1801; in 1808 he was elected Fellow and ordained
+ priest.  Buckland travelled on horseback over a large part of the
+ south-west of England, guided by the geological maps of William Smith.
+ In 1813 he was appointed to the Chair of Mineralogy at Oxford, and soon
+ afterwards to a newly created Readership in Geology.  In 1823 the
+ "Reliquiae Diluvianae" was published, a work which aimed at supporting
+ the records of revelation by scientific investigations.  In 1824
+ Buckland was President of the Geological Society, and in the following
+ year he left Oxford for the living of Stoke Charity, near Whitchurch,
+ Hampshire.  "The Bridgewater Treatise" appeared in 1836.  In 1845
+ Buckland was appointed Dean of Westminster; he was again elected
+ president of the Geological Society in 1840, and in 1848 he received the
+ Wollaston medal.  An entertaining account of Buckland is given in Mr.
+ Tuckwell's "Reminiscences of Oxford," London, 1900, page 35, with a
+ reproduction of the portrait from Gordon's "Life of Buckland."
+ -on Glen Roy.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Buckle, Darwin reads book by.
+
+ Buckley, Miss.
+
+ Buckman, on N. American plants.
+
+ Buckman, Prof., experiments at Cirencester.
+
+ Bud, propagation by.
+ -Hooker's use of term.
+ -fertilisation in.
+
+ Bud-variation.
+
+ Buenos-Ayres, fossils sent by Darwin from.
+
+ Bull-dog, as example of Design.
+
+ Bullfinch, experiment on colouring.
+ -attracted by German singing-bird.
+ -Weir on pairing.
+
+ Bunbury, Sir Charles James Fox, Bart. (1809-85): was born at Messina in
+ 1809, and in 1829 entered Trinity College, Cambridge.  At the end of 1837
+ he went with Sir George Napier to the Cape of Good Hope, and during a
+ residence there of twelve months Bunbury devoted himself to botanical
+ field-work, and afterwards (1848) published his "Journal of a Residence at
+ the Cape of Good Hope."  In 1844 Bunbury married the second daughter of Mr.
+ Leonard Horner, Lady Lyell's sister.
+ In addition to several papers dealing with systematic and geographical
+ Botany Bunbury published numerous contributions on palaeobotanical
+ subjects, a science with which his name will always be associated as one
+ of those who materially assisted in raising the study of Fossil Plants
+ to a higher scientific level.  His papers on fossil plants were
+ published in the "Journal of the Geological Society" between 1846 and
+ 1861, and shortly before his death a collection of botanical
+ observations made in South Africa and South America was issued in book
+ form in a volume entitled "Botanical Fragments" (London, 1883).  Bunbury
+ was elected into the Royal Society in 1851, and from 1847 to 1853 he
+ acted as Foreign Secretary to the Geological Society.  "Life, Letters,
+ and Journals of Sir Charles J.F. Bunbury, Bart." edited by his wife
+ Frances Joanna Bunbury, and privately printed.  (Undated.)
+ -Darwin's opinion of.
+ -views on Evolution.
+ -on Agassiz's statements on glaciation of Brazil.
+ -on plants of Madeira.
+ -illness.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Bunsen, Copley medal awarded to.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Burbidge, F.W., on Malaxis.
+
+ Burleigh, Lord.
+
+ Burnett.
+
+ Busk, G., visit to the Continent with Falconer.
+ -on caves of Gibraltar.
+
+ Butler, A.G., identification of butterflies.
+
+ Butler, Dr., Darwin at Shrewsbury School under.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Butterflies, attracted by colours.
+ -and mimicry.
+ -tameness of.
+ -colour and sexual selection.
+ -description by Darwin of ticking.
+
+ Butterfly-orchis, (see also Habenaria.)
+
+ Cabbage, Darwin's work on.
+ -effect of salt water on.
+ -Pinguicula and seeds of.
+ -sleep-movements of cotyledons.
+ -waxy secretion on leaves.
+
+ Caddis-flies, F. Muller on abortion of hairs on legs of.
+
+ Caenonympha, breeding in confinement.
+
+ Caird, on Torbitt's potato experiments.
+
+ Calcutta, J. Scott's position in Botanic Garden.
+
+ Callidryas philea, and Hedychium.
+
+ Callithrix Sciureus, wrinkling of eyes during screaming.
+
+ Calluna vulgaris, in Azores.
+
+ Cambrian, piles of unconformable strata below.
+
+ Cambridge, Darwin and Henslow.
+ -Honorary LL.D. given to Darwin.
+ -mentioned.
+ -Darwin's recollections of.
+ -Owen's address.
+ -Philosophical Society meeting.
+ -Darwin visits.
+ -specimens of Darwin's plants in Botanical Museum.
+
+ Camel, Cuvier's statement on teeth.
+ -in N. America.
+
+ Cameroons, commingling of temperate and tropical plants.
+ -Hooker on plants of.
+ -plants of.
+
+ Campanula, fertilisation mechanism.
+ -C. perfoliata, note by Scott on.
+
+ Campanulaceae, crossing in.
+
+ Campbell Island, flora.
+
+ Campodea, Lord Avebury on.
+
+ Canada, Sir William Dawson's work.
+
+ Canaries, fertility of hybrids.
+ -plumage.
+ -wildness of hybrids.
+
+ Canary Islands, flora.
+ -Humboldt on.
+ -insects of.
+ -Madeira formerly connected with.
+ -relation to Azores and Madeira.
+ -d'Urville on.
+ -African affinity of eastern.
+ -elevation of.
+ -Von Buch on.
+ -Trunks of American trees washed on shores of.
+
+ Candolle, Alphonse Louis Pierre Pyramus De (1806-93): was the son of
+ Augustin Pyramus, and succeeded his father as Professor of Botany at
+ Geneva in 1835.  He resigned his Chair in 1850, and devoted himself to
+ research for the rest of his life.  At the time of his father's death,
+ in 1841, seven volumes of the "Prodromus" had appeared:  Alphonse
+ completed the seventeenth volume in 1873.  In 1855 appeared his
+ "Geographie botanique raisonnee," "which was the most important work of
+ his life," and if not a precursor, "yet one of the inevitable
+ foundation-stones" of modern evolutionary principles.  He also wrote
+ "Histoire des Savants," 1873, and "Phytographie," 1880.  He was lavish
+ of assistance to workers in Botany, and was distinguished by a dignified
+ and charming personality.  (See Sir W. Thiselton-Dyer's obituary in
+ "Nature," July 20th, 1893, page 269.)
+ -on influence of climate.
+ -on Cupuliferae.
+ -on extinction of plants in cultivated land.
+ -"Geographie botanique."
+ -letters to.
+ -on introduced plants.
+ -on naturalised plants and variation.
+ -review by Asa Gray of.
+ -on relation of size of families to range of species.
+ -on social plants.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Candolle, C. de, on latent life in seeds.
+
+ Canestrini, on proportion of sexes in Bombyx.
+
+ Canna, fertilisation of.
+
+ Cape of Good Hope (see also Africa).
+ -Australian flora compared with that of.
+ -flora.
+ -variable heaths of.
+ -Darwin's geological observations on metamorphism at.
+ -European element in flora.
+ -Meyer and Doege on plants of.
+
+ Cape Tres Montes, the "Beagle's" southern limit.
+
+ Caprification, F. Muller in "Kosmos" on.
+
+ Capsella bursa-pastoris, cross-fertilisation of.
+
+ Carabus, origin of.
+ -in Chili.
+ -A. Murray on.
+
+ Carbon dioxide, percentage in atmosphere.
+
+ Carboniferous period, glacial action.
+ -subsidence during.
+
+ Cardamine, quasi-bulbs on leaves.
+
+ Carduelis elegans, length of beak.
+
+ Carex.
+
+ Carices, of Greenland.
+
+ Carlisle, Sir A., on Megatherium.
+
+ Carlyle, Mrs., remark on Owen.
+
+ Carmichael, on Tristan d'Acunha.
+
+ Carmichaelia.
+
+ Carnarvonshire, Darwin on glaciers of.
+
+ Caroline Islands, want of knowledge on flora.
+
+ Carpenter, Dr., on influence of blood in crossing.
+
+ Carrier-pigeon (see Pigeon), preference for certain colours in pairing.
+
+ Carrot, flowers of.
+
+ Carruthers, W., on potato experiments.
+
+ Carter, H.J., on reproduction of lower animals and foreshadowing of
+ Chemotaxis.
+
+ Carus, Professor Victor: translated several of Mr. Darwin's books into
+ German (see "Life and Letters, III., page 48).
+ -letters to.
+
+ Casarea, a snake peculiar to Round Island.
+
+ Case, G., Darwin at school of.
+
+ Cassia, Darwin's experiments on.
+ -sleep-movements of leaves.
+ -two kinds of stamens.
+ -Todd on flowers of.
+
+ Cassini, observations on pollen.
+ -on ovaries of Compositae.
+
+ Cassiope hypnoides.
+
+ Castes, Galton on.
+
+ Catalpa.
+
+ Catasetum, fertilisation of.
+ -Huxley's scepticism as to mechanism of.
+ -morphology of flower.
+ -aerial roots.
+ -sexual forms of.
+ -C. saccatum, flower of.
+ -C. tridentatum, three sexual forms.
+
+ Caterpillars, colour and protection.
+ -experiments by Weir.
+
+ Cats, Belgian society to encourage homing of.
+ -habits of.
+
+ Cattell, on crossing sweet peas.
+
+ Cattleya, Darwin suggests experiments on.
+ -self-fertilisation.
+
+ Caucasus, wingless insects of.
+
+ Cauquenes, baths of.
+
+ Cave-fish, reference in the "Origin" to blind.
+
+ Cave-rat.
+
+ Caves, animals in Australian.
+
+ Cavia, specimens collected by Darwin.
+
+ Ceara Mountains, L. Agassiz on glaciers of.
+
+ Cebus, expression when astonished.
+
+ Cecidomyia, ancestor of.
+
+ Cedars, Hooker on.
+
+ Celebes, geographical distribution in.
+
+ Cellaria.
+
+ Celosia, experiment on.
+
+ Celts, Bree on.
+
+ Centipedes, luminosity of.
+
+ Centradenia, two sets of stamens in.
+ -position of pistil.
+
+ Cephalanthera, flower.
+ -single pollen-grains.
+ -C. grandiflora, fertilisation mechanism.
+
+ Cephalopods, Hyatt on embryology of.
+ -Hyatt on fossil.
+
+ Cephalotus.
+
+ Cervus campestris, of La Plata.
+
+ Cetacea, Lyell on.
+
+ Ceylon, Malayan types in.
+ -plants.
+ -former connection with Africa.
+ -dimorphic plants of.
+
+ Chaffinch, courtship of.
+
+ Chalazal fertilisation, Miss Benson on.
+ -foreshadowed by Darwin.
+ -Treub on.
+
+ Chalk, occurrence of Angiosperms in.
+ -as oceanic deposit.
+
+ "Challenger" (H.M.S.), reports reviewed by Huxley.
+ -account of sedimentation in.
+
+ Challis, Prof.
+
+ Chambers, Robert (1802-71): began as a bookseller in Edinburgh in 1816, and
+ from very modest beginnings he gradually increased his business till it
+ became the flourishing publishing firm of W. & R. Chambers.  After writing
+ several books on biographical, historical and other subjects, Chambers
+ published anonymously the "Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation" in
+ 1844; in 1848 his work on "Ancient Sea Margins" appeared; and this was
+ followed by the "Book of Days" and other volumes.  ("Dict. Nat. Biog."
+ 1887; see also Darwin's "Life and Letters," I., pages 355, 356, 362, 363.)
+ -announced as author of "Vestiges of Creation."
+ -on derivation of marine from land and fresh-water organisms.
+ -Darwin visits.
+ -on Glen Roy.
+ -on land-glaciation of Scotland.
+ -letters to.
+ -letter to Milne-Home from.
+ -on scepticism of scientific men.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Chance, use of term.
+
+ Chandler, S.E. (see Farmer, J.B.)
+
+ Changed conditions, Schmankewitsch's experiments on effect of.
+
+ Charles Island, Darwin's plants from.
+
+ Charlock, germination of old seeds.
+
+ Chatham Island, Darwin's collection of plants from.
+ -Travers on.
+
+ Checks, use of artificial.
+
+ Chemotaxis, foreshadowed by Carter.
+
+ Chiasognathus Grantii.
+
+ Childhood, Charles Darwin's.
+
+ Children, Darwin on.
+ -experiment on emotions of.
+ -colour-sense.
+ -coloured compared with white.
+ -comparison between those of educated and uneducated parents.
+ -expression.
+ -development of mind.
+ -intelligence of monkeys and.
+
+ Chili, elevation of coast.
+ -geology of.
+ -plants common to New Zealand and.
+ -Carabus of.
+ -Darwin on earthquakes and terraces in.
+
+ Chillingham cattle, Darwin and Hindmarsh on.
+
+ Chiloe, description of.
+ -forests.
+ -geology.
+ -plants on mountains.
+ -boulders.
+
+ China, expedition to.
+
+ Chinese, explanation of affinities with Mexicans.
+
+ "Chips from a German Workshop," Max Muller's.
+
+ Chloeon dimidiatum, Lord Avebury on.
+
+ Chlorite, segregation of.
+
+ Chlorophyll, Darwin's work on action of carbonate of ammonia on.
+
+ Chonos Islands, Darwin's collections of plants from.
+ -Darwin's account of.
+ -geology of.
+ -potato.
+
+ Christy, H.
+
+ Christy, Miller, on oxlip.
+
+ Chrysosplenium oppositifolium.
+
+ Chthamalus, in the chalk.
+
+ Cicada, experiments on eggs.
+ -Muller on rivalry of.
+ -Walsh on.
+ -C. septendecim, Sharp's account of.
+
+ Cinchona, Hooker on different rates of growth in seedlings.
+
+ Circumnutation, F. Muller's observations on.
+
+ Cirripedes, see Barnacles.
+
+ Cistus, hybridism of.
+
+ Citrus, unequal cotyledons.
+ -polyembryonic seeds.
+
+ Civilisation, effect on savages.
+
+ Claparede, convert to Darwin's views.
+ -and Mdlle. Royer.
+
+ Clapperton's "Scientific Meliorism," letter of Gaskell in.
+
+ Clark, on classification of sponges.
+
+ Clark, Sir James (1788-1870): was for some years a medical officer in
+ the Navy; he afterwards practised in Rome till he moved to London in
+ 1826.  On the accession of Queen Victoria he was made Physician in
+ Ordinary and received a baronetcy; he was elected into the Royal Society
+ in 1832.  ("Dict. Nat. Biog." 1857; article by Dr. Norman Moore.)
+ -on Glen Roy.
+
+ Clarke, W.B., "Wreck of the 'Favourite.'"
+
+ Clarkia, two kinds of stamens.
+ -C. elegans.
+
+ Classification, Bentham on.
+ -Cuvier on.
+ -Dana on mammalian.
+ -Darwin on.
+ -Darwin and Huxley on.
+ -genealogy and.
+ -value of reproductive organs in.
+
+ Clay-slate, metamorphism of.
+
+ Cleavage and foliation.
+ -Darwin on his work on.
+ -history of work on.
+ -parallelism of foliation and.
+ -relation to stratification.
+ -relation to rock-curves.
+ -Rogers on.
+ -Sedgwick on.
+ -uniformity of foliation and.
+ -result of chemical action.
+ -metamorphic schists.
+ -lines of incipient tearing form planes of.
+ -Tyndall on Sorby's observations.
+
+ Cleistogamic flowers, fertilisation.
+ -of grass.
+ -of Oxalis and Viola.
+ -pollen of.
+ -comparison with Termites.
+
+ Clematis, Darwin's error in work on.
+ -Darwin's experiments on.
+ -irritability.
+
+ Clematis glandulosa, identified at Down by power of feeling.
+
+ Cleodora, specific differences in.
+
+ Clethra, absence in Azores.
+ -remnant of Tertiary Flora.
+
+ Clianthus.
+
+ Clift, William (1775-1849): Conservator of the Museum of the Royal College
+ of Surgeons.
+ -on fossil bones from Australia.
+ -Owen assistant to.
+
+ Climate, changes in.
+ -effect on species.
+ -effect on species of birds.
+ -migration of organisms and change in.
+ -relation to distribution and structure of plants.
+ -extinct mammals as evidence of change in.
+ -and sexual differentiation.
+ -variation and.
+ -Lyell on former.
+ -mild Miocene.
+
+ Climbing Plants, Darwin's work on.
+ -circumnutation of.
+ -F. Muller's work on.
+
+ Clivia, Scott's work on.
+
+ Clodd's memoir of Bates.
+
+ Close species, absence of intermediate forms between.
+ -definition of.
+ -Asa Gray on.
+ -in warm temperate lands of N. and S. hemispheres.
+ -relation to flora of N. America.
+
+ Clover, relation between bees and.
+
+ Club, dinner at Linnean.
+ -Philosophical.
+
+ Coal, Darwin on origin of.
+ -Lesquereux on the flora of.
+ -marine marshes and plants of.
+ -ash of.
+
+ Coal period, higher percentage of CO2 during.
+
+ Coast-lines, parallelism with lines of volcanoes.
+
+ Cobbe, Miss, article in "Theological Review" on "Descent of Man."
+
+ Cockburn Island, boulders from.
+
+ Cochin hen, experiments on.
+
+ Coelogyne, fertilisation mechanism.
+
+ Coffea arabica, seeds with two embryos.
+
+ Cohn, F., notice in "Cornhill" of his botanical work.
+
+ Coldstream, Dr.
+
+ Colenso, on Maori races of New Zealand.
+
+ Coleoptera, apterous form of Madeira.
+ -colonisation of ants' nests by.
+
+ Colias edusa, wings of.
+
+ Collecting, Darwin's early taste for.
+
+ Collier, Hon. John: Royal Academician, son-in-law to Professor Huxley.
+ -Art primer by.
+ -letter to.
+ -portrait of Darwin by.
+
+ Collingwood, Dr., on mimetic forms.
+
+ Colonies, Barrande's.
+
+ Colonisation, conditions of.
+
+ Coloration, Walsh on unity of.
+
+ Colour, butterflies attracted by.
+ -mimicry in butterflies by means of.
+ -of dioecious flowers.
+ -and fertilisation of flowers.
+ -in grouse, and Natural Selection.
+ -in birds.
+ -in male birds, not simply due to Natural Selection.
+ -Darwin's work on.
+ -Darwin differs from Wallace in views on.
+ -evolution of.
+ -experiments on birds.
+ -Hackel on lower animals and.
+ -Krause on.
+ -Magnus on.
+ -protection and.
+ -relation to sex.
+ -in seeds and fruits.
+ -and Sexual Selection.
+ -sense of, in children.
+ -Wallace on.
+
+ Columba aenas, habits of.
+ -C. livia, descent of pigeons from.
+
+ Combretum.
+
+ Combs, bees', (see also Bees).
+
+ Comparative anatomy, Huxley's book on.
+
+ Compensation, belief of botanists in.
+
+ Compiler, Darwin's opinion of a.
+
+ Compositae, Harvey on.
+ -Masters' reference to.
+ -monstrosities in.
+ -morphological characters.
+ -Schleiden on.
+ -Darwin on crossing.
+ -fertilisation mechanism.
+ -Hildebrand on dispersal of seeds.
+ -viscid threads of seeds.
+
+ Comte, Huxley on.
+
+ Concepcion Island, geology of.
+ -Darwin's account of earthquake.
+
+ Conchoderma, in reference to nomenclature.
+
+ Concretions, origin of.
+
+ Conditions of life, effect on animals and plants.
+ -effect on elephants.
+ -effect on reproductive system.
+ -hybrids and.
+ -importance in maintaining number of species.
+ -species and changes in.
+ -and sterility.
+ -variability depends more on nature of organisms than on.
+
+ Confervae and sexuality.
+
+ Coniferae, abundant in humid temperate regions.
+
+ Connecting links.
+ -Gaudry on.
+
+ Conscience, Morley on Darwin's treatment of.
+
+ Conspectus crustaceorum, Dana's.
+
+ Constancy, in abnormally developed organs.
+
+ Contemporaneity, Darwin on.
+
+ Continental elevation, volcanic eruptions and.
+
+ Continental extension, Darwin on.
+ -evidence in favour of.
+ -Hooker on.
+ -Lyell on.
+ -and means of distribution.
+ -New Zealand and.
+
+ Continental forms, versus insular.
+
+ Continents, inhabitants of islands and.
+ -movements of.
+ -Wallace on sinking imaginary.
+
+ Controversy, Darwin's hatred and avoidance of.
+
+ Convallaria majalis, in Virginia.
+
+ Convolvulus, supposed dimorphism of.
+
+ Cooling of crust, disagreement among physicists as to rate.
+
+ Cope, Edward Drinker (1840-97): was for a short time Professor at Haverford
+ College; he was a member of certain United States Geological Survey
+ expeditions, and at the time of his death he held a Professorship in the
+ University of Pennsylvania.  He wrote several important memoirs on
+ "Vertebrate Paleontology," and in 1887 published "The Origin of the
+ Fittest."
+ -style of.
+ -and Hyatt, theories of.
+
+ Copley medal, Darwin and the.
+ -Falconer, and Darwin's.
+ -Lindley considered for the.
+ -awarded to Lyell.
+ -awarded to Bunsen.
+ -Darwin describes letter from Hooker as a.
+
+ Coquimbo, Darwin visits.
+ -upraised shells.
+
+ Coral islands, and subsidence.
+ -plants of.
+
+ Coral reefs, Darwin's work on.
+ -Bonney's edition of Darwin's book on.
+ -A. Agassiz on.
+ -Dana on.
+ -fossil.
+ -Murray on.
+ -conditions of life of polyps.
+ -solution by CO2 of.
+ -subsidence of.
+
+ Coral tree, (see Erythrina).
+
+ Corallines, nature of.
+
+ Cordiaceae, dimorphism in.
+
+ Cordilleras, glaciers of.
+ -high-road for plants.
+ -plants of.
+ -birds of.
+ -comparison between Glen Roy and terraces of.
+ -Darwin on earth-movements of.
+ -Forbes on.
+ -submarine lava-streams.
+ -volcanic activity and elevation.
+
+ Coronilla, Lord Farrer on.
+ -C. emerus.
+ -C. varia.
+
+ Coryanthes, "beats everything in orchids."
+
+ Corydalis, Hildebrand shows falsity of idea of self-fertilisation of.
+ -C. cava, Hildebrand on self-sterility of.
+ -C. claviculata, tendrils of.
+ -C. tuberosa, possible case of reversion in floral structure.
+
+ "Cottage Gardener," Darwin offers reward for Hyacinth grafts.
+
+ Cotyledons, Darwin's experiments on.
+
+ Counterbalance, Watson on divergent variation and.
+
+ Cowslips, Primroses and.
+ -Darwin's experiments on artificial fertilisation.
+ -homomorphic seedlings.
+ -loss of dimorphism.
+
+ Craig Dhu, shelves of.
+
+ Craters, in Galapagos Island.
+ -of denudation, Lyell on.
+ -of elevation.
+ -Darwin on.
+
+ Crawford, John (1783-1868): Orientalist, Ethnologist, etc.  Mr. Crawford
+ wrote a review on the "Origin," which, though hostile, was free from
+ bigotry (see "Life and Letters," II., page 237).)
+
+ Creation, acts of.
+ -doctrine of.
+ -of species as eggs.
+ -Owen on.
+ -Romanes on individual.
+
+ Creation-by-variation, doctrine of.
+
+ "Creed of Science," Graham's.
+
+ Cresy, E., letters to.
+
+ Cretaceous flora, Heer on Arctic.
+
+ Crick, W.D., letter to.
+
+ Crinum, crossing experiments on.
+ -C. passiflora, fertility of.
+
+ Crocker, W., work on hollyhocks.
+
+ Croll, James (1821-90): was born at Little Whitefield, in Perthshire.
+ After a short time passed in the village school, he was apprenticed as a
+ wheelwright, but lack of strength compelled him to seek less arduous
+ employment, and he became agent to an insurance company.  In 1859 he was
+ appointed keeper in the Andersonian University and Museum, Glasgow.  His
+ first contribution to science was published in the "Philosophical Magazine"
+ for 1861, and this was followed in 1864 by the essay "On the Physical Cause
+ of the Change of Climate during the Glacial Period."  From 1867 to 1881 he
+ held an appointment in the department of the Geological Survey in
+ Edinburgh.  In 1876 Croll was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.  His
+ last work, "The Philosophical Basis of Evolution," was published in the
+ year of his death.  ("Nature," Volume XLIII., page 180, 1891.)
+ -Darwin on his theory.
+ -on icebergs as grinding agents.
+ -letters to.
+ -Lyell on his theory.
+ -on sub-aerial denudation.
+ -on time.
+
+ Crookes, Sir W., on spiritualism.
+
+ "Cross and Self-fertilisation," Darwin's book on.
+
+ Cross-fertilisation, Darwin's experiments on self- and.
+ -check to endless variability.
+ -Darwin states that as a rule flowers described as adapted to self-
+ fertilisation are really adapted to.
+ -of inconspicuous flowers.
+ -all plants require occasional.
+ -small advantages when confined to same plant.
+
+ Crosses, fertility and sterility of.
+
+ Crossing, agreement between Darwin's and breeders' views.
+ -counterbalance of.
+ -Darwin's views on.
+ -effects of.
+ -experiments on.
+ -Hooker's views.
+ -in animals and plants.
+ -influence of blood in.
+ -intermediate character of results.
+ -Natural Selection and disinclination towards.
+ -offspring of.
+ -of primroses and cowslips.
+ -and sterility.
+ -Westphalian pig and English boar.
+ -botanists' work on.
+ -importance of.
+ -pains taken by Nature to ensure.
+ -in Pisum.
+ -in Primula.
+ -in individuals of same species.
+ -F. Muller compliments Darwin on his chapter on.
+ -and separate sexes in trees.
+
+ Crotalaria.
+
+ Crotalus.
+
+ Cruciferae, action of fungus on roots.
+
+ Cruciferous flower, morphology.
+
+ Cruger, Dr., on cleistogamic fertilisation of Epidendrum.
+ -death of.
+ -on fertilisation of figs.
+ -on pollinia of Acropera.
+ -on Melastomaceae.
+ -on fertilisation of orchids.
+
+ Crustacea, comparison of classification of mammals and.
+ -Darwin on.
+ -F. Muller on.
+ -sex in.
+
+ Crying, action of children in.
+ -physiology of.
+ -wrinkling of eyes in.
+
+ Crystal Palace, Darwin's visit to.
+
+ Crystals, separation in lava-magmas.
+
+ Cucurbita, seeds and seedlings of.
+
+ Cucurbitaceae, Dr. Wight on.
+
+ Cudham Wood.
+
+ Cultivated plants, Darwin's work on.
+
+ Cultivation and self-sterility.
+
+ Cuming, on Galapagos Islands.
+
+ Cupuliferae, A. de Candolle on.
+
+ Curculionidae, Schoenherr's catalogue.
+
+ Currents, as means of dispersal.
+
+ Cuvier, on camels' teeth.
+ -on classification.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Cybele, H.C. Watson's.
+
+ Cycadaceae, supposed power to withstand excess of CO2.
+
+ Cyclas cornea.
+
+ Cyclops (H.M.S.) dredging by.
+
+ Cynips, dimorphism in.
+ -Walsh on.
+
+ Cypripedium, fertilisation mechanism.
+ -C. hirsutissimum.
+
+ Cyrena, range and variability.
+
+ Cytisus Adami, Darwin on.
+ -note on.
+ -C. alpinus.
+ -C. laburnum, graft-hybrids between C. purpureus and.
+ -J.J. Weir on.
+
+ Cyttarogenesis, suggested substitute for pangenesis.
+
+ Dallas, W.S., translator of F. Muller's "Fur Darwin."
+
+ Dampiera, Hamilton on fertilisation mechanism.
+
+ Dana, James Dwight (1813-95): published numerous works on Geology,
+ Mineralogy, and Zoology.  He was awarded the Copley Medal by the Royal
+ Society in 1877, and elected a foreign member in 1884.
+ -Darwin's opinion of.
+ -health.
+ -letters to.
+ -mentioned.
+ -on classification of mammalia.
+ -Darwin's criticism of.
+ -on Kilauea.
+ -Lyell on his claims for Royal Society foreign list.
+ -volume on geology in Wilkes' Reports.
+
+ Dareste, C., letter to.
+
+ Darwin, Annie: Charles Darwin's daughter.
+
+ Darwin, Bernard: Charles Darwin's grandson, observations on, as a child.
+
+ Darwin, Caroline (1800-99): Charles Darwin's sister.
+ -Charles Darwin's early recollections of.
+ -letter to.
+
+ Darwin, Catherine (1810-66): Charles Darwin's sister.
+ -death.
+ -letter to.
+
+ Darwin, Charles, boyhood.
+ -went to Mr. Case's school.
+ -went to Shrewsbury School.
+ -abused as an atheist.
+ -Collier's picture of.
+ -complains of little time for reading.
+ -contribution to Henslow's biography.
+ -Copley medal awarded to.
+ -engagement to Miss Emma Wedgwood.
+ -Falconer's list of scientific labours of.
+ -first meeting with Hooker.
+ -friendship with Huxley.
+ -on Gray's work on distribution.
+ -growth of his evolutionary views.
+ -health.
+ -honorary degree at Cambridge.
+ -intimacy with Hooker.
+ -Judd's recollections of.
+ -Lamarck and.
+ -letters to "Nature."
+ -marriage.
+ -friendship with F. Muller.
+ -prefatory note to Meldola's translation of Weismann.
+ -recollections of Cambridge.
+ -relation between J. Scott and.
+ -review on Bates.
+ -attends meeting of Royal Society.
+ -slowness in giving up old beliefs.
+ -tendency to restrict interest to Natural History.
+ -and the "Vestiges."
+ -visits London.
+ -Wallace and.
+ -and Weismann.
+ -working hours.
+ -book on S. American Geology.
+ -pleasure in angling.
+ -on making blunders.
+ -slight knowledge of Botany.
+ -visits Cambridge.
+ -love of children.
+ -on cleavage and foliation.
+ -on origin of coal.
+ -his theory of Coral reefs supported by Funafuti boring.
+ -large correspondence.
+ -on danger of trusting in science to principle of exclusion.
+ -death of his child from scarlet fever.
+ -on difficulty of writing good English.
+ -feels need of stimulus in work.
+ -subscribes to Dr. Ferrier's defence.
+ -on flaws in his reasoning.
+ -follows golden rule of putting adverse facts in strongest light.
+ -"Geological Instructions."
+ -geological work on Lochaber.
+ -visit to Glen Roy.
+ -bad handwriting.
+ -idleness a misery.
+ -on immortality and death.
+ -on lavas.
+ -letter to "Scotsman" on Glen Roy.
+ -indebtedness to Lyell.
+ -on Lyell as a geologist.
+ -on Lyell's "Second Visit to the U.S.A."
+ -work on Man and Sexual Selection.
+ -on mountain-chains.
+ -offer of help to F. Muller.
+ -never afraid of his facts.
+ -an honorary member of the Physiological Society.
+ -pleasure in discussing Geology with Lyell.
+ -reads paper before Linnean Society.
+ -A. Rich leaves his fortune to.
+ -on satisfaction of aiding fellow-workers in Science.
+ -reminiscences of school-days.
+ -visits Sedgwick.
+ -sits to an artist.
+ -on speculation.
+ -style in writing.
+ -gives testimonial in support of Hooker's candidature for Botanical
+ Chair in Edinburgh.
+ -theological abuse in the "Three Barriers."
+ -visits to Abinger.
+ -visit to Patterdale.
+ -on vitality of seeds.
+ -on volcanic phenomena.
+ -on Welsh glaciers.
+ -work on action of carbonate of ammonia on plants.
+
+ Darwin, Mrs. Charles, impressions of Down.
+ -letter to.
+ -passage from Darwin's autobiography on.
+ -mentioned.
+ -illness.
+
+ Darwin, Emma, see Mrs. Charles Darwin.
+
+ Darwin, Erasmus Alvey (1804-81): elder brother of Charles Darwin.
+ -death of.
+ -letters to.
+ -mentioned.
+ -visit to.
+
+ Darwin, Dr. Erasmus: Charles Darwin's grandfather.
+ -Charles Darwin's preliminary notice to Krause's memoir of.
+ -Charles Darwin and evolutionary views of.
+
+ Darwin, Francis: Charles Darwin's son.
+ -on bloom and stomata.
+ -on Dipsacus.
+ -on Huxley's speech at Cambridge.
+ -on the Knight-Darwin law.
+ -on lobing of leaves.
+ -experiments on nutrition.
+ -experiments on plant-movements.
+ -lecture at Glasgow (British Association, 1901) on perceptions of
+ plants.
+ -suggestion for Romanes' experiments on intelligence.
+ -on vivisection.
+ -on Vochting's work.
+ -on Wiesner's work.
+
+ Darwin, George: Charles Darwin's son.
+ -success at Cambridge.
+ -criticism of Wallace.
+ -elected Plumian Professor at Cambridge.
+ -suggested experiments with magnetic needles and insects.
+ -on Galton's work on heredity.
+ -article in "Contemporary Review" on origin of language.
+
+ Darwin, Henrietta (Mrs. Litchfield): Charles Darwin's daughter.
+ -criticism of Huxley.
+
+ Darwin, Horace: Charles Darwin's son.
+ -remark as a boy on Natural Selection.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Darwin, Leonard: Charles Darwin's son.
+
+ Darwin, Robert W.: Charles Darwin's father.
+ -letter to.
+
+ Darwin, Susan: Charles Darwin's sister.
+ -alluded to in early recollections of Charles Darwin.
+ -illness.
+ -sends Wedgwood ware to Hooker.
+
+ Darwin, William Erasmus: Charles Darwin's eldest son.
+ -on fertilisation of Epipactis palustris.
+ -letter to.
+
+ "Darwin and after Darwin," Romanes'.
+
+ "Darwiniana," Asa Gray's.
+ -extract from Huxley's.
+
+ "Darwinsche Theorie," Wagner's book.
+
+ "Darwinism," Wallace's.
+
+ Darwinismus, at the British Association meeting at Norwich (1868).
+
+ Daubeny, Prof. Charles Giles Bridle, F.R.S. (1795-1867): Fellow of
+ Magdalen College, Oxford; elected Professor of Chemistry in the
+ University 1822; in 1834 he became Professor of Botany, and in 1840
+ Professor of Rural Economy.
+ -invites Darwin to attend British Association at Oxford.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ David, Prof. Edgeworth, and the Funafuti boring.
+
+ Dawn of life, oldest fossils do not mark the.
+
+ Dawson, Sir J. William, C.M.G., F.R.S. (1820-99), was born at Pictou,
+ Nova Scotia, and studied at Edinburgh University in 1841-42.  He was
+ appointed Principal of the McGill University, Montreal, in 1855,--a post
+ which he held thirty-eight years.  See "Fifty Years of Work in Canada,
+ Scientific and Educational," by Sir William Dawson, 1901.
+ -antagonism to Darwinism.
+ -criticism of "Origin" by.
+ -criticism of Hooker's arctic paper.
+ -Hooker on.
+
+ Dayman, Captain, on soundings.
+
+ De la Beche, Sir Henry Thomas (1796-1855): was appointed Director of the
+ Ordnance Geological Survey in 1832; his private undertaking to make a
+ geological survey of the mining districts of Devon and Cornwall led the
+ Government to found the National Survey.  He was also instrumental in
+ forming the Museum of Practical Geology in Jermyn Street.
+
+ Death, Darwin on immortality and.
+
+ Decaisne.
+
+ Decapods, Zoea stage of.
+
+ Dedication of Hackel's "Generelle Morphologie" to Darwin.
+
+ Dedoublement, theory of.
+
+ Deep-sea soundings, Huxley's work on.
+
+ Degeneration, in ammonites.
+ -of culinary plants.
+ -and parasitism.
+
+ Degradation.
+
+ Deification of Natural Selection.
+
+ Deinosaurus, and free-will.
+
+ Delboeuf's "La Psychologie," etc.
+
+ Delpino, F., on Asclepiadeae and Apocyneae.
+ -on crossing.
+ -on dichogamy.
+ -on fertilisation mechanism.
+ -letter to.
+ -praises Axell's book.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Demosthenes, quoted by Darwin.
+
+ Denudation, Dana on.
+ -Darwin on marine.
+ -comparison of subaerial and marine.
+ -Ramsay and Jukes overestimate subaerial.
+
+ Deodar, Hooker on the.
+
+ Deposition and denudation as measure of time.
+
+ Derby, Lady, letter to.
+
+ Descent, Falconer on intermediate forms.
+ -from single pair.
+ -Owen's belief in doctrine of.
+ -resemblance due to.
+
+ Descent of Man.
+
+ "Descent of Man," reference in, to effect of climate on species.
+ -reviewed by John Morley.
+ -transmission of characters dealt with in.
+ -Darwin's work on.
+ -Sir W. Turner supplies facts for.
+ -Wallace on.
+
+ Descent with modification, Wallace on.
+
+ Desert animals, and protective colouring.
+
+ Design, Darwin on.
+ -examples of.
+ -Lord Kelvin on.
+
+ Deslongchamps, L., on fertilisation of closed flowers.
+
+ Desmodium gyrans, Darwin's experiments on.
+ -leaf movements.
+
+ Development, acceleration and retardation in.
+ -floral.
+ -importance of, in classification.
+ -rate of.
+ -sudden changes during.
+
+ Devonshire Commission, report on physiological investigation at Kew.
+
+ Devonshire, flora of.
+
+ Dewar, Prof., and Sir Wm. Thiselton-Dyer, on vitality of seeds in liquid
+ hydrogen.
+
+ Diaheliotropism, F. Muller's observations.
+
+ Dialogue, title of paper by Asa Gray.
+
+ Diatomaceae, beauty of.
+ -conjugation in.
+
+ Dicentra thalictriformis, morphology of tendrils.
+
+ Dichaea, fertilisation mechanism.
+
+ Dichogamy, Delpino on.
+ -ignorance of botanists of, prior to publication of "Fertilisation of
+ Orchids."
+
+ Dick, Sir T. Lauder, Survey of Glen Roy by.
+
+ Dickens, quotation from.
+
+ Dickson, Dr.
+
+ Dickson, W.K.
+
+ Dicotyledons, Heer on oldest known.
+ -sudden appearance.
+
+ Didelphys.
+
+ Digestion, beneficial effect on plants.
+
+ Dillwyn, paper in "Gardeners' Chronicle."
+
+ Diluvium, tails of.
+
+ Dimorphism, in Cynips.
+ -Darwin on.
+ -difficult to explain.
+ -and mimicry.
+ -in parasitic plants.
+ -Wallace on.
+ -Walsh on.
+ -Weismann on Sexual.
+ -in Cicadas.
+ -flowers illustrating.
+ -Darwin knows no case in very irregular flowers.
+ -in Melastomaceae.
+ -in Linum.
+ -in eight Natural Orders.
+ -in Primula.
+ -apparent cases due to mere variability.
+ -explanation of.
+
+ Dingo.
+
+ Diodia.
+
+ Dioeciousness, origin of.
+
+ Dionoea, experiments on.
+ response to stimuli.
+ Curtis' observations on.
+
+ Dipsacus, F. Darwin on.
+
+ Dipterocarpus, survival during glacial period.
+
+ Direct action, arguments against.
+ -Darwin led to believe more in.
+ -Darwin's desire not to underestimate.
+ -Darwin's underestimates.
+ -facts proving.
+ -Falconer on.
+ -and hybridity.
+ -importance of.
+ -of pollen.
+ -variation and.
+
+ Direction, sense of, in animals.
+
+ Disease, Dobell on "Germs and Vestiges" of.
+
+ Dispersal, (see also Distribution), of seeds.
+ -of shells.
+
+ Distribution, Forbes on.
+ -Hooker on Arctic plants.
+ -of land and sea in former times.
+ -of plants.
+ -factors governing.
+ -of shells.
+ -Thiselton-Dyer on plant-.
+ -Wallace on.
+ -Blytt's work on.
+
+ Disuse, Darwin on.
+ -effect of.
+ -Owen on.
+
+ Divergence, Hooker on.
+ -principle of.
+
+ Diversification, Darwin's doctrine of the good of.
+
+ Dobell, H., letter to.
+
+ Dogs, descent of.
+ -experiment in painting.
+ -expression.
+ -habits.
+ -rudimentary tail inherited in certain sheep-.
+
+ Dohrn, Dr., visits Darwin.
+ -serves in Franco-Prussian war.
+ -extract from letter to.
+
+ "Dolomit Riffe," Darwin on Mojsisovics'.
+
+ Domestic animals, crossing in.
+ -Darwin's work on.
+ -Settegast on.
+ -variability of.
+ -treatment in "Variation of Animals and Plants."
+
+ Domestication, effects of.
+ -and loss of sterility.
+
+ Domeyko, on Chili.
+
+ Dominant forms.
+
+ Don, D., on variation.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Donders, F.C., on action of eyelids.
+ -letters to.
+
+ Dorkings, power of flight.
+
+ Down, description of house and country.
+ -Darwin's satisfaction with his house.
+ -instances of vitality of seeds recorded from.
+ -method of determining plants at.
+ -Darwin on geology of.
+ -observations on regular lines of flight of bees at.
+
+ Down (lanugo), on human body.
+
+ Dropmore.
+
+ Drosera, F. Darwin's experiments.
+ -"a disguised animal."
+ -Darwin's observations on.
+ -Darwin's pleasure on proving digestion in.
+ -effect of inorganic substance on.
+ -experiments on absorption of poison.
+ -Pfeffer on.
+ -J. Scott's paper on.
+ -response to stimuli.
+ -D. filiformis, experiments on.
+ -D. rotundifolia, experiments on.
+
+ Drosophyllum, vernation of.
+ -Darwin's work on.
+ -Drosophyllum lusitanicum, sent by Tait to Darwin.
+ -used in Portugal to hang up as fly-paper.
+
+ Druidical mounds, seeds from.
+
+ Drummond, J., on fertilisation in Leschenaultia formosa.
+
+ Duchesne, on atavism.
+
+ Ducks, period of hatching.
+ -skeletons.
+ -hybrids between fowls and.
+
+ Dufrenoy, Pierre Armand: published "Memoires pour servir a une
+ Description Geologique de la France," as well as numerous papers in the
+ "Annales des Mines, Comptes Rendus, Bulletin Soc. Geol. France," and
+ elsewhere on mineralogical and geological subjects.
+ -geological work of.
+
+ Duncan, Rev. J., encourages J. Scott's love for plants.
+
+ Dung, plants germinated from locust-.
+
+ Dutrochet, on climbing plants.
+
+ Duval-Jouve, on leaf-movement in Bryophyllum.
+
+ Dyer, see Thiselton-Dyer.
+
+ Dytiscus, as means of dispersal of bivalves.
+
+ Ears, loss of voluntary movement.
+ -in man and monkeys.
+ -rudimentary muscles.
+ -Wallis's work on.
+
+ Earth, age of the.
+
+ Earth-movements, cause of.
+ -in England.
+ -relation to sedimentation.
+ -subordinate part played by heat in.
+
+ Earthquakes, coincidence of shocks in S. America and elsewhere.
+ -connection with elevation.
+ -connection with state of weather.
+ -Darwin on.
+ -in England.
+ -frequency of.
+ -Hopkins on.
+ -in Scotland.
+
+ Earthworms, Darwin's book on.
+ -geological action of.
+ -influence of sea-water on.
+ -F. Muller gives Darwin facts on.
+ -Typhlops and true.
+
+ Echidna, anomalous character of.
+
+ Edentata, migration into N. America.
+
+ Edgeworth, mentioned.
+
+ Edinburgh, Darwin's student-days in.
+ -Hooker's candidature for Chair of Botany.
+
+ "Edinburgh Review," article on Lyell's "Antiquity of Man."
+ -reference to Huxley's Royal Institution Lectures.
+ -Owen's article.
+
+ Education, effect of.
+ -influence on children of parents'.
+
+ Edwardsia, seeds possibly floated from Chili to New Zealand.
+ -in Sandwich Is. and India.
+
+ Egerton, Sir Philip de Malpas Grey- (1806-81): devoted himself to the
+ study of fossil fishes, and published several memoirs on his collection,
+ which was acquired by the British Museum.
+
+ Eggs, creation of species as.
+ -means of dispersal of molluscan.
+
+ Ehrenberg, Ascension I. plants sent to.
+ -on rock-building by infusoria.
+ -Darwin's wish that he should examine underclays.
+
+ Eichler, A.W., on morphology of cruciferous flower.
+ -on course of vessels as guide to floral morphology.
+ -reference to his Bluthendiagramme.
+
+ Eildon Hills, need of examination of.
+
+ Elateridae, luminous thorax of.
+
+ Elective affinity.
+
+ Electric organs of fishes, the result of external conditions.
+
+ Electricity, and plant-movements.
+
+ "Elements of Geology," Wallace's review of Lyell's.
+
+ Elephants, Falconer's work on.
+ -rate of increase of.
+ -and variation.
+ -found in gravel at Down.
+ -manner of carrying tail.
+ -shedding tears.
+
+ Elephas Columbi, Falconer on.
+ -Owen's conduct in regard to Falconer's work on.
+ -E. primigenius, as index of climate.
+ -woolly covering of.
+ -E. texianus, Owen and nomenclature of.
+
+ Elevation, in Chili.
+ -lines of.
+ -New Zealand and.
+ -continental extension, subsidence and.
+ -connection with earthquakes.
+ -equable nature of movements of subsidence and.
+ -evidence in Scandinavia and Pampas of equable.
+ -Hopkins on.
+ -large areas simultaneously affected by.
+ -d'Orbigny on sudden.
+ -rate of.
+ -Rogers on parallelism of cleavage and axes of.
+ -sedimentary deposits exceptionally preserved during.
+ -subsidence and.
+ -vulcanicity and.
+
+ Elodea canadensis, successful American immigrant.
+
+ Emberiza longicauda, long tail-feathers and Sexual Selection.
+
+ Embryology, argument for.
+ -succession of changes in animal-.
+ -Darwin's explanation of.
+ -of flowers.
+ -of Peneus.
+ -Balfour's work on comparative.
+
+ Embryonic stages, obliteration of.
+
+ Endlicher's "Genera Plantarum."
+
+ Engelmann, on variability of introduced plants in N. America.
+
+ England, former union with Continent.
+ -men of science of Continent and.
+
+ Entada scandens, dispersal of seeds.
+
+ Entomologists, evolutionary views of.
+
+ "Entstehung und Begriff der naturhistorischen Art," Nageli's Essay.
+ -Darwin on.
+
+ Environment, and colour protection.
+
+ Eocene, Anoplotherium in S. America.
+ -monkeys.
+ -mammals.
+ -co-existence with recent shells.
+
+ Eozoon, illustrating difficulty of distinguishing organic and inorganic
+ bodies.
+
+ Ephemera dimidiatum, Lord Avebury on.
+
+ Epidendreae, closely related to Malaxeae.
+
+ Epidendrum, Cruger on fertilisation of.
+ -self-fertilisation of.
+
+ Epiontology, De Candolle's term.
+
+ Epipactis, fertilisation mechanism.
+ -F. Muller on.
+ -pollinia of.
+ -E. palustris, fertilisation mechanism.
+
+ Epithecia, fertilisation mechanism.
+
+ Equatorial refrigeration.
+
+ Equus, Marsh's work on.
+ -geographical distribution.
+ -in N. and S. America.
+
+ Erica tetralix, Darwin on.
+
+ Erigeron canadense, successful immigrant from America.
+
+ Erodium cicutarium, introduced from Spain to America.
+ -range in U.S.A.
+
+ Erratic blocks, in Azores.
+ -in S. America.
+ -Darwin on transport.
+ -of Jura.
+ -Mackintosh on.
+ -on Moel Tryfan.
+
+ Errera, Prof. L., letter to.
+ -and S. Gevaert, on cross and self-fertilisation.
+
+ Eruptions, parallelism of lines of, with coast-lines.
+
+ Eryngium maritimum, bloom on.
+
+ Erythrina, MacArthur on.
+ -of New S. Wales.
+ -sleep movements of.
+
+ Erythroxylon, dimorphism of sub-genus of.
+
+ Eschscholtzia, crossing and self-fertility.
+ -Darwin's experiments on self-sterility.
+ -F. Muller's experiments in crossing.
+
+ Eschricht, on lanugo on human embryo.
+
+ Escombe, F., on vitality of seeds.
+ -see Brown, H.T.
+
+ Esquimaux, Natural Selection and.
+
+ "Essays and Reviews," attitude of laymen towards.
+
+ Eternity, Gapitche on.
+
+ Etheridge, Robert, F.R.S.: President of Geological Society in 1880-81.
+
+ Etna, Sir Charles Lyell's work on.
+ -map of.
+
+ Eucalyptus, species setting seed.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Euonymus europaeus, dispersal of seeds.
+
+ Euphorbia, Darwin on roots of.
+ -E. peplis, bloom on.
+
+ Euphrasia, parasitism of.
+
+ Europe, movement of.
+
+ Eurybia argophylla, musk-tree of Tasmania, an arborescent Composite.
+
+ Evergreen vegetation, connection with humid and equable climate.
+
+ Evolution, Darwin's early views.
+ -Fossil Cephalopods used by Hyatt as test of.
+ -Huxley's lectures on.
+ -of mental traits.
+ -F. Muller's contributions to.
+ -Nageli's Essay, "Entstehung und Begriff der Naturhistorischen Art."
+ -Palaeontology as illustrating.
+ -Romanes' lecture on.
+ -Saporta's belief in.
+ -unknown law of.
+ -of Angiosperms.
+ -of colour.
+ -and death.
+ -Heer opposed to.
+ -of language.
+ -Lyell's views (see also Lyell).
+ -Turner on man and.
+ -Wallace on.
+
+ Ewart, Prof. C., on Telegony.
+
+ Exacum, dimorphism of.
+
+ Experiments, botanical.
+ -Tegetmeier's on pigeons.
+ -time expended on.
+
+ Expression, queries on.
+ -Bell on anatomy of.
+ -Darwin at work on.
+
+ "Expression of the Emotions," Wallace's review.
+
+ External conditions, Natural Selection and.
+ -See also Direct Action.
+
+ Extinction, behaviour of species verging towards.
+ -contingencies concerned in.
+ -Hooker on.
+ -races of man and.
+ -Proboscidea verging towards.
+ -St. Helena and examples of.
+
+ Eyebrows, use of.
+
+ Eyes, behaviour during meditation.
+ -contraction in blind people of muscles of.
+ -children's habit of rubbing with knuckles.
+ -gorged with blood during screaming.
+ -contraction of iris.
+ -wrinkling of children's.
+
+ Fabre, J.H.: is best known for his "Souvenirs Entomologiques," in No.
+ VI. of which he gives a wonderfully vivid account of his hardy and
+ primitive life as a boy, and of his early struggles after a life of
+ culture.
+ -letters to.
+
+ "Facts and Arguments for Darwin," translation of F. Muller's "Fur
+ Darwin."
+ -delay in publication.
+ -sale.
+ -unfavourable review in "Athenaeum."
+
+ Fairy rings, Darwin compares with fungoid diseases in man and animals.
+
+ Falconer, Hugh (1809-65): was a student at the Universities of Aberdeen and
+ Edinburgh, and went out to India in 1830 as Assistant-Surgeon on the Bengal
+ Establishment.  In 1832 he succeeded Dr. Royle as the Superintendent of the
+ Botanic Gardens at Saharunpur; and in 1848, after spending some years in
+ England, he was appointed Superintendent of the Calcutta Botanical Garden
+ and Professor of Botany in the Medical College.  Although Falconer held an
+ important botanical post for many years, he is chiefly known as a
+ Palaeozoologist.  He seems, however, to have had a share in introducing
+ Cinchona into India.  His discovery, in company with Colonel Sir Proby T.
+ Cautley, of Miocene Mammalia in the Siwalik Hills, was at the time perhaps
+ the greatest "find" which had been made.  The fossils of the Siwalik Hills
+ formed the subject of Falconer's most important book, "Fauna Antiqua
+ Sivalensis," which, however, remained unfinished at the time of his death.
+ Falconer also devoted himself to the investigation of the cave-fauna of
+ England, and contributed important papers on fossils found in Sicily,
+ Malta, and elsewhere.  Dr. Falconer was a Vice-President of the Royal
+ Society and Foreign Secretary of the Geological Society.  "Falconer did
+ enough during his lifetime to render his name as a palaeontologist immortal
+ in science; but the work which he published was only a fraction of what he
+ accomplished...He was cautious to a fault; he always feared to commit
+ himself to an opinion until he was sure he was right, and he died in the
+ prime of his life and in the fulness of his power."  (Biographical sketch
+ contributed by Charles Murchison to his edition of Hugh Falconer's
+ "Palaeontological Memoirs and Notes," London, 1868; "Proc. R. Soc." Volume
+ XV., page xiv., 1867:  "Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc." Volume XXI., page xlv,
+ 1865.)  Hugh Falconer was among those who did not fully accept the views
+ expressed in the "Origin of Species," but he could differ from Darwin
+ without any bitterness.  Two years before the book was published, Darwin
+ wrote to Asa Gray:  "The last time I saw my dear old friend Falconer he
+ attacked me most vigorously, but quite kindly, and told me, 'You will do
+ more harm than any ten naturalists will do good.  I can see that you have
+ already corrupted and half spoiled Hooker.'"  ("Life and Letters," II.,
+ page 121.)  The affectionate regard which Darwin felt for Falconer was
+ shared by their common friend Hooker.  The following extract of a letter
+ from Hooker to Darwin (February 3rd, 1865) shows clearly the strong
+ friendships which Falconer inspired:  "Poor old Falconer! how my mind runs
+ back to those happiest of all our days that I used to spend at Down twenty
+ years ago--when I left your home with my heart in my mouth like a
+ schoolboy.  We last heard he was ill on Wednesday or Thursday, and sent
+ daily to enquire, but the report was so good on Saturday that we sent no
+ more, and on Monday night he died...What a mountainous mass of admirable
+ and accurate information dies with our dear old friend!  I shall miss him
+ greatly, not only personally, but as a scientific man of unflinching and
+ uncompromising integrity--and of great weight in Murchisonian and other
+ counsels where ballast is sadly needed."
+ -article in "Natural History Review."
+ -Darwin's Copley medal and.
+ -Darwin's criticism of his elephant work.
+ -Darwin's regard for.
+ -Forbes attacked by.
+ -his opinion of Forbes.
+ -goes to India.
+ -Hooker's regard for.
+ -letter to Darwin.
+ -letter to Sharpey.
+ -letters to.
+ -letter to "Athenaeum."
+ -Lyell and.
+ -on Mastodon andium.
+ -on Mastodon of Australia.
+ -on elephants.
+ -Owen and.
+ -on phyllotaxis.
+ -on Plagiaulax.
+ -speech at Cambridge.
+ -"Memoirs."
+
+ Falkland Islands, Darwin visits.
+ -Polyborus sp. in.
+ -brightly coloured female hawk.
+ -effect of subsidence.
+ -streams of stones.
+
+ Fanciers, use made of Selection by.
+
+ Fantails, see Pigeons.
+
+ Faraday, memorial to.
+
+ Faramea, dimorphism.
+
+ Farmer, Prof. J.B., and S.E. Chandler, on influence of excess of CO2 on
+ anatomy of plants.
+
+ Faroe Islands, Polygala vulgaris of.
+
+ Farrer, Canon, lecture on defects in Public School Education.
+ -letter to.
+
+ Farrer, Lady.
+
+ Farrer, Thomas Henry, Lord (1819-99): was educated at Eton and Balliol
+ College, Oxford.  He was called to the Bar, but gave up practice for the
+ public service, where he became Permanent Secretary of the Board of Trade.
+ According to the "Times," October 13th, 1899, "for nearly forty years he
+ was synonymous with the Board in the opinion of all who were brought into
+ close relation with it."  He was made a baronet in 1883; he retired from
+ his post a few years later, and was raised to the peerage in 1893.  His
+ friendship with Mr. Darwin was of many years' standing, and opportunities
+ of meeting were more frequent in the last ten years of Mr. Darwin's life,
+ owing to Lord Farrer's marriage with Miss Wedgwood, a niece of Mrs.
+ Darwin's, and the subsequent marriage of his son Horace with Miss Farrer.
+ His keen love of science is attested by the letters given in the present
+ volume.  He published several excellent papers on the fertilisation of
+ flowers in the "Ann. and Mag. of Natural History," and in "Nature," between
+ 1868 and 1874.
+ In Politics he was a Radical--a strong supporter of free trade:  on this
+ last subject, as well as on bimetallism, he was frequently engaged in
+ public controversy.  He loyally carried out many changes in the legislature
+ which, as an individualist, he would in his private capacity have
+ strenuously opposed.
+ In the "Speaker," October 21st, 1899, Lord Welby heads his article on Lord
+ Farrer with a few words of personal appreciation:--
+ "In Lord Farrer has passed away a most interesting personality.  A great
+ civil servant; in his later years a public man of courage and lofty ideal;
+ in private life a staunch friend, abounding as a companion in humour and
+ ripe knowledge.  Age had not dimmed the geniality of his disposition, or an
+ intellect lively and eager as that of a boy--lovable above all in the
+ transparent simplicity of his character."
+ -interest in Torbitt's potato experiment.
+ -letters to.
+ -on earthworms.
+ -observations on fertilisation of Passiflora.
+ -recollections of Darwin.
+ -seeds sent to.
+
+ Fawcett, Henry (1833-84): Professor of Political Economy at Cambridge,
+ 1863, Postmaster-General 1880-84.  See Leslie Stephen's well-known "Life."
+ -defends Darwin's arguments.
+ -letter to.
+ -letter to Darwin.
+
+ Fear, expression of.
+
+ Felis, range.
+
+ Fellowships, discussion on abolition of Prize-.
+
+ Felspar, segregation of.
+
+ Females, modification for protection.
+
+ "Fenland, Past and Present," by Miller and Skertchley.
+
+ Fergusson on Darwinism.
+
+ Fernando Po, plants of.
+
+ Ferns, Scott on spores.
+ -Darwin's ignorance of.
+ -variability "passes all bounds."
+
+ Ferrier, Dr., groundless charge brought against, for infringement of
+ Vivisection Act.
+
+ Fertilisation, articles in "Gardeners' Chronicle."
+ -of flowers.
+ -H. Muller's work on.
+ -and sterility.
+ -Darwin fascinated by study of.
+ -different mechanisms in same genus.
+ -travelling of reproductive cells in.
+
+ Fertilisation of orchids, Darwin's work on.
+ -paper by Darwin in "Gardeners' Chronicle" on.
+
+ "Fertilisation of Orchids," Asa Gray's review.
+ -Hooker's review.
+ -description of Acropera and Catasetum in.
+ -H. Muller's "Befruchtung der Blumen," the outcome of Darwin's.
+
+ Fertility, Natural Selection and.
+ -and sterility.
+ -Primula.
+ -Scott on varieties and relative.
+
+ Festuca.
+
+ Figs, F. Muller on fertilisation of.
+
+ Finmark, Bravais on sea-beaches of.
+
+ Fir (Silver), Witches' brooms of.
+
+ "First Principles," Spencer's.
+
+ Fish, Pictet and Humbert on fossil.
+
+ Fiske, J., letter to.
+
+ Fissure-eruptions.
+
+ Fitton, reference to his work.
+
+ FitzRoy (Fitz-Roy), Captain, and the "Beagle" voyage.
+ -writes preface to account of the voyage.
+ -Darwin nearly rejected by.
+ -letter to "Times."
+
+ Flagellaria, as a climber.
+
+ Flahault, on the peg in Cucurbita.
+
+ Fleeming Jenkin, review of "Origin" by, see Jenkin.
+
+ Flinders, M., voyage to Terra Australis by.
+
+ Flint implements found near Bedford.
+
+ Flints, abundance and derivation of, at Down.
+ -Darwin on their upright position in gravel.
+
+ Floating ice, Darwin on agency of.
+ -J. Geikie underestimates its importance.
+ -transporting power of.
+
+ Flora, Darwin's idea of an Utopian.
+ -Hooker's scheme for a.
+ -Hooker's work on Tasmanian.
+
+ "Flora antarctica," Hooker's.
+
+ "Flora fossilis arctica," Heer's.
+
+ Floras:
+ N. American.
+ Arctic.
+ British.
+ Colonial.
+ European.
+ French.
+ Greenland.
+ Holland.
+ India.
+ Japan.
+ New Zealand.
+ -distribution of.
+ -of islands.
+ -local.
+ -tabulation of.
+
+ Florida, A. Agassiz on Coral reefs.
+ -Coral reefs.
+
+ Flourens, experiments on pigeons.
+
+ Flower, Sir William H., Letter to.
+ -on muscles of the os coccyx.
+
+ Flowering plants, possible origin on a Southern Continent.
+ -sudden appearance of.
+
+ Flowers, at Down.
+ -Darwin's work on forms of.
+ -monstrous.
+ -morphological characters.
+ -regular and irregular.
+ -cross-fertilisation in inconspicuous.
+ -ignorance of botanists on mechanism of.
+
+ "Flowers and their unbidden Guests," Dr. Ogle's translation of Kerner's
+ "Schutzmittel des Pollens."
+
+ Flying machine, Darwin on Popper's proposed.
+
+ Folding of strata.
+
+ Foliation and cleavage, reference by A. Harker to work on.
+
+ Foliation, aqueous deposition and.
+ -Darwin considers his observations on cleavage less deserving of
+ confidence than those on.
+ -Darwin on.
+ -parallelism with cleavage.
+ -relation to rock-curvature.
+
+ Food, as determining number of species.
+
+ Foraminifera.
+
+ Forbes, D., on the Cordilleras.
+ -on elevation in Chili.
+ -on nitrate of soda beds in S. America.
+
+ Forbes, Edward, F.R.S. (1815-1854): filled the office of Palaeontologist to
+ the Ordnance Geological Survey, and afterwards became President of the
+ Geological Society; in 1854--the last year of his life--he was appointed to
+ the chair of Natural History in the University of Edinburgh.  Forbes
+ published many papers on geological, zoological, and botanical subjects,
+ one of his most remarkable contributions being the well-known essay "On the
+ Connexion between the Distribution of the Existing Fauna and Flora of the
+ British Isles and the Geological Changes which have affected their area"
+ ("Mem. Geol. Surv." Volume I., page 336, 1846).  (See "Proc. Roy. Soc."
+ Volume VII., page 263, 1856; "Quart. Journl. Geol. Soc." Volume XI., page
+ xxvii, 1855, and "Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist." Volume XV., 1855.
+ -on flora of Azores.
+ -on Chambers as author of the "Vestiges."
+ -on continental extension.
+ -Darwin opposed to his views on continental extension.
+ -Darwin's opinion of.
+ -Article on distribution.
+ -on continuity of land.
+ -on plant-distribution.
+ -introductory lecture as professor in Edinburgh.
+ -on former lower extension of glaciers in Cordillera.
+ -lecture by.
+ -letter to Darwin from.
+ -on Madagascar insects.
+ -on post-Miocene land.
+ -Polarity theory.
+ -on British shells.
+ -too speculative.
+ -on subsidence.
+ -visits Down.
+ -mentioned.
+ -royal medal awarded to.
+ -essay on connection between distribution of existing fauna and flora of
+ the British Isles and geological changes.
+
+ Forbes, H.O., on Melastoma.
+
+ Force and Matter, Huxley on.
+
+ Forel, Auguste: the distinguished author of "Les Fourmis de la Suisse,"
+ Zurich, 1874, and of a long series of well-known papers.
+ -on ants and beetles.
+ -author of "Les Fourmis de la Suisse."
+ -letter to.
+
+ Forfarshire, Lyell on glaciers of.
+
+ "Forms of Flowers," De Candolle's criticism of Darwin's.
+ homomorphic and heteromorphic unions described in.
+
+ Forsyth-Major, zoological expedition to Madagascar.
+
+ "Fortnightly Review," Huxley's article on Positivism.
+ Romanes on Evolution.
+
+ Fossil Cephalopods, Hyatt on.
+
+ Fossil corals.
+
+ Fossil plants, small proportion of.
+ of Australia.
+ sudden appearance of Angiosperms indicated by.
+
+ Fossil seeds, supposed vivification of.
+
+ Fossils as evidence of variability.
+
+ Fournier, E., De la Fecundation dans les Phanerogames.
+
+ Fowls, difference in sexes.
+ -purred female.
+
+ Fox, tails of, used by Esquimaux as respirators.
+
+ Fox, Rev. W. Darwin.
+
+ Foxglove, use of hairs in flower.
+
+ France, edition of "Origin" in.
+ -opinion favourable to Darwin's views in.
+ -birth-rate.
+
+ Franco-Prussian war, opinion in England.
+ -Science retarded by.
+
+ Frank, Albert Bernhard (1839-1900): began his botanical career as
+ Curator of the University Herbarium, Leipzig, where he afterwards became
+ Privatdocent and finally "Ausserordentlicher Professor."  In 1881 Frank
+ was appointed Professor of Plant-Physiology in the Landwirthschaftliche
+ Hochschule, Berlin.  In 1899 he was appointed to the Imperial
+ Gesundheits-Amt in Berlin, and raised to the rank of Regierungsrath.
+ Frank is chiefly known for his work on "The Assimilation of Free
+ Nitrogen, etc.," and for his work on "The Diseases of Plants" ("Die
+ Krankheiten der Pflanzen," 1880).  It was his brilliant researches on
+ growth-curvature ("Beitrage zur Pflanzen-physiologie," 1868, and "Die
+ Naturlichen wagerechte Richtung von Pflanzen-theilen," 1870) which
+ excited Darwin's admiration.
+ -Darwin's admiration for his work.
+
+ Franklin, Sir J., search expedition.
+
+ Fraser, G., letter to.
+
+ "Fraser's Magazine," article by Hopkins.
+ -article by Galton on twins.
+ -Huxley on review in.
+
+ Freemasons' Tavern, meeting held at.
+
+ Freewill, a preordained necessity.
+
+ Freke, Dr., paper by.
+
+ Freshwater, Bee-orchis at.
+
+ Freshwater fauna, ocean faunas compared with.
+ -poverty of.
+ -preservation of.
+
+ Friendly Islands, rats regarded as game.
+
+ Fringillidae, colour and sexual selection.
+
+ Frogs, article on spawn of.
+ -F. Muller on.
+ -salt water and spawn of.
+ -frozen in glaciers.
+
+ Fruits, bright colours of.
+
+ Fucus, variation in.
+
+ Fuegia, plants of, (see also Tierra del Fuego).
+
+ Fumaria (Corydalis) claviculata, Mohl on tendrils.
+
+ Fumariaceae, cross- and self-fertilisation.
+ -morphology of tendrils.
+
+ Funafuti, Darwin's theory supported by results of boring in coral island
+ of.
+
+ Fungoid diseases, Darwin on.
+
+ Fungus, effect on roots and shoots.
+
+ "Fur Darwin," F. Muller's (see "Facts and Arguments for Darwin).
+ -Darwin quotes.
+ -Hooker's opinion of.
+ -publication of.
+
+ Furze, seeds and seedlings.
+
+ Galapagos Islands, visited during the "Beagle" voyage.
+ -birds of.
+ -character of species of, the beginning of Darwin's evolutionary views.
+ -distribution of animals.
+ -distribution of plants.
+ -flora of.
+ -Hooker on plants of.
+ -insects.
+ -craters.
+ -fissure eruptions in.
+ -restricted fauna.
+ -Sandwich Islands and.
+ -subsidence in the.
+
+ Galashiels, terraces near.
+
+ Galaxias, distribution of.
+
+ Gallinaceae, Blyth on.
+ -colour of.
+
+ Galls, artificial production of.
+ -Cynips and.
+ -hybrids and.
+ -Walsh on willow-.
+
+ Gallus bankiva, colour of wings.
+ -colour and environment.
+ -wings of.
+
+ Galton, F., experiments on transfusion of blood.
+ -letters to.
+ -letter to Darwin from.
+ -on twins.
+ -on variation.
+ -on heredity.
+ -on human faculty and its development.
+ -on prayer.
+ -proposal to issue health certificates for marriage.
+
+ Game-cock and Sexual Selection.
+
+ Gamlingay, lilies-of-the-valley at.
+
+ Ganoid fishes, preservation in fresh water.
+
+ Gapitche, A., letter to.
+
+ "Gardeners' Chronicle," Darwin's article on fertilisation.
+ -Darwin's opinion of.
+ -Darwin's experiment on immersion of seeds in salt water.
+ -article on Orchids.
+ -Harvey on Darwin.
+ -Rivers' articles.
+ -Wallace on nests.
+ -Darwin's index.
+
+ Gardner, G., "Travels in the Interior of Brazil."
+
+ Gartner, on Aquilegia.
+ -experiments on crossing and variation.
+ -on Primula.
+ -on Verbascum.
+ -Darwin's high opinion of his "Bastarderzeugung."
+ -Beaton's criticism of.
+ -on self-fertilisation in flowers.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Gaskell, G.A., Letter to.
+
+ Gatke, on "Heligoland as an Ornithological Observatory."
+
+ Gaudry, Albert: Professor of Palaeontology in the Natural History
+ Museum, Paris, Foreign Member of the Royal Society of London, author of
+ "Animaux Foss. et Geol. de l'Attique."
+ -letter to.
+ -on Pikermi fossils.
+
+ Gay, on lizards.
+
+ Gazania.
+
+ Gegenbauer, Karl: Professor of Anatomy at Heidelberg.
+ -as convert to Darwinism.
+ -views on regeneration.
+
+ Geikie, Sir A., on age of the Earth.
+ -edition of "Hutton's Theory of the Earth."
+ -memoir of Sir A.C. Ramsay.
+
+ Geikie, Prof. J., "Ice Age."
+ -on intercrossing of erratics.
+ -Letters to.
+ -"Prehistoric Europe."
+ -Presidential address, Edinburgh British Association meeting.
+
+ Geitonogamy, Kerner suggests term.
+
+ Gemmation and dimorphism.
+
+ Gemmules, in reproductive organs.
+ -and bud-variation.
+
+ Genealogy and classification.
+
+ Genera, aberrant.
+ -range of large and small.
+ -variation of.
+ -Wallace on origin of.
+
+ "Genera Plantarum," work on the.
+
+ Generalisations, evil of.
+ -easier than careful observation.
+ -importance.
+
+ "Generelle Morphologie," Darwin on Hackel's.
+
+ "Genesis of Species," Mivart's
+
+ Geographical distribution, L. Agassiz on.
+ -Darwin on.
+ -Darwin's high opinion of value of.
+ -Darwin's interest in.
+ -E. Forbes on.
+ -Huxley on birds and.
+ -proposed work by Hooker on.
+ -relation of genera an important element in.
+ -Humboldt the founder of.
+
+ "Geographical Distribution of Animals," Darwin's criticism of Wallace's.
+
+ "Geographical Distribution of Mammals," A. Murray's.
+
+ Geographical regions, Darwin on.
+
+ Geological Committee on the Parallel Roads of Glen Roy.
+
+ "Geological Gossip," Ansted's.
+
+ "Geological Instructions," Darwin's manual of.
+
+ "Geological Observations in S. America," Darwin's.
+ -Darwin on his.
+
+ Geological record, imperfection of the.
+ -Morse on the.
+
+ Geological Society, award of medal to Darwin.
+ -Darwin signs Hooker's certificate.
+ -museum of.
+ -Darwin attends Council meeting.
+
+ Geological Survey, foundation of.
+ -investigation of the Parallel Roads of Glen Roy.
+
+ Geological Time, article in "N. British Review."
+
+ Geologist, Darwin as.
+
+ Geologists, evolutionary views of.
+
+ Geology, arguments in favour of evolution from.
+ -chapter in "Origin" on.
+ -practical teaching of.
+ -English work in.
+ -Hooker talks of giving up.
+ -Lyellian school.
+ -progress of.
+
+ Geotropism, Darwin on.
+
+ German, Darwin's slight knowledge of.
+
+ Germany, converts to evolution in.
+ -opinion on the "Origin" in.
+ -Englishmen rejoice over victory of.
+
+ Germination of seeds, Darwin's experiments on effect of salt water.
+
+ "Germs and Vestiges of Disease," Dobell's.
+
+ Gesneria, Darwin on dimorphism of.
+
+ Gestation of hounds.
+
+ Gibraltar, elevation and subsidence of.
+
+ Gilbert, Sir J.H.: of Rothamsted.
+ -letter to.
+ -on nitrogen in worms' casting.
+ -and Sir J. Lawes, Rothamsted experiments.
+
+ Glacial period, absence of phanerogams near polar regions in N. America
+ during.
+ -Bates on.
+ -climatic changes since.
+ -conditions during.
+ -continental changes since.
+ -Darwin's views on geographical changes as cause of.
+ -destruction of organisms during.
+ -destruction of Spanish plants in Ireland.
+ -distribution of organisms affected by.
+ -duration of.
+ -effect on animals and plants.
+ -and elephants.
+ -S.E. England dry land during.
+ -Greenland depopulated during.
+ -introduction of Old World forms into New World subsequent to.
+ -migration during.
+ -mundane character of.
+ -subsidence of Alps during.
+ -Croll on.
+ -existence of Alpine plants before.
+ -Hooker on.
+ -Glen Roy and.
+ -Lyell on.
+ -extinction of mammals during.
+ -Wallace on.
+ -movement of Europe since and during.
+
+ Glaciers, Agassiz on.
+ -Lyell on.
+ -Tyndall's book on.
+ -as agents in the formation of lakes.
+ -Darwin on structure of.
+ -Hooker on Yorkshire.
+ -Moseley on motion of.
+ -physics of.
+ -Parallel Roads of Glen Roy formed by.
+ -rock-cavities formed by cascades in.
+ -in S. America.
+ -in Wales.
+
+ Gladstone, Herbert Spencer on criticisms by.
+
+ Glass, Dr., on grafting sugar-canes.
+
+ Glen Collarig, absence of terminal moraines.
+ -terraces in.
+
+ Glen Glaster, absence of terminal moraines.
+ -barriers of detritus.
+ -Milne on.
+ -shelves of.
+
+ Glen Gluoy, shelves of.
+
+ Glen Roy, Parallel Roads of.
+ -L. Agassiz on.
+ -Darwin on.
+ -Darwin's mistake over.
+ -Darwin on ice-lake theory of Agassiz and Buckland.
+ -glacier theory of.
+ -history of work on.
+ -Hooker on.
+ -marine theory of.
+ -Milne-Home's paper on.
+ -investigated by Geological Survey.
+ -coincidence of shelves with watersheds.
+ -measurement of terraces.
+
+ Glen Spean.
+
+ Glen Turret, MacCulloch on.
+
+ Gloriosa, Darwin's experiments on leaf-tendrils.
+
+ Glossotherium Listai.
+
+ Gloxinia, peloric forms of.
+
+ Gnaphalium.
+
+ Gneiss, Darwin on.
+
+ God, Darwin on existence of personal.
+
+ Godron, on Aegilops.
+
+ Godron's "Flora of France."
+
+ Goethe, Darwin's reference to.
+ -Owen on.
+
+ Goldfinch, difference in beaks of male and female.
+
+ Gongora, and Acropera.
+ -Darwin on.
+ -G. fusca (see Acropera luteola).
+ -G. galeata (see A. Loddigesii).
+
+ Gondwana Land.
+
+ Goodenia, Hamilton on fertilisation of.
+
+ Goodeniaceae.
+
+ Gordon, General, Huxley on Darwin and.
+
+ Gosse, E., "Life of P.H. Gosse" by.
+
+ Gosse, Philip Henry (1810-88): was an example of that almost extinct type--
+ a naturalist with a wide knowledge gained at first hand from nature as a
+ whole.  This width of culture was combined with a severe and narrow
+ religious creed, and though, as Edmund Gosse points out, there was in his
+ father's case no reconcilement of science and religion, since his
+ "impressions of nature" had to give way absolutely to his "convictions of
+ religion," yet he was not debarred by his views from a friendly intercourse
+ with Darwin.  He did much to spread a love of Natural History, more
+ especially by his seaside books, and by his introduction of the aquarium--
+ the popularity of which (as Mr. Edmund Gosse shows) is reflected in the
+ pages of "Punch," especially in John Leech's illustrations.  Kingsley said
+ of him (quoted by Edmund Gosse, page 344) "Since White's "History of
+ Selborne" few or no writers on Natural History, save Mr. Gosse and poor Mr.
+ Edward Forbes, have had the power of bringing out the human side of
+ science, and giving to seemingly dry disquisitions...that living and
+ personal interest, to bestow which is generally the special function of the
+ poet."  Among his books are the "Naturalist's Sojourn in Jamaica," 1851; "A
+ Naturalist's Rambles on the Devonshire Coast," 1853; "Omphalos," 1857; "A
+ Year at the Shore," 1865.  He was also author of a long series of papers in
+ scientific journals.
+ -letter to.
+
+ Gould, on sex in nightingales.
+
+ Gower Street, Darwin's house in.
+
+ Gradation in plants.
+
+ Graft-hybrids, experiments on.
+ -of Cytisus.
+ -Hildebrand on.
+ -of potatoes.
+ -of sugar-canes.
+
+ Grafting, Darwin on.
+ -difficulty of.
+ -in hyacinth bulbs.
+
+ Graham's "Creed of Science."
+
+ Gramineae, Darwin on crossing.
+
+ Granite, explanation of association with basalt.
+
+ Grasses, range of genera.
+ -cleistogamous.
+ -fertilisation of.
+ -F. Muller on Brazilian.
+
+ Gratiolet, on behaviour of eyes in rage.
+
+ Gravity, comparison between variation and laws of.
+
+ Gray, Asa (1810-88): was born in the township of Paris, Oneida Co., New
+ York.  He became interested in science when a student at the Fairfield
+ Academy; he took his doctor's degree in 1831, but instead of pursuing
+ medical work he accepted the post of Instructor in Chemistry, Mineralogy,
+ and Botany in the High School of Utica.  Gray afterwards became assistant
+ to Professor Torrey in the New York Medical School, and in 1835 he was
+ appointed Curator and Librarian of the New York Lyceum of Natural History.
+ From 1842 to 1872 he occupied the Chair of Natural History in Harvard
+ College, and the post of Director of the Cambridge Botanical Gardens; from
+ 1872 till the time of his death he was relieved of the duties of teaching
+ and of the active direction of the Gardens, but retained the Herbarium.
+ Professor Gray was a Foreign Member of the Linnean and of the Royal
+ Societies.  The "Flora of North America" (of which the first parts appeared
+ in 1838), "Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States, the Botany
+ of Commodore Wilkes' South Pacific Exploring Expedition" are among the most
+ important of Gray's systematic memoirs; in addition to these he wrote
+ several botanical text-books and a great number of papers of first-class
+ importance.  In an obituary notice written by Sir Joseph Hooker, Asa Gray
+ is described as "one of the first to accept and defend the doctrine of
+ Natural Selection..., so that Darwin, whilst fully recognising the
+ different standpoints from which he and Gray took their departures, and
+ their divergence of opinion on important points, nevertheless regarded him
+ as the naturalist who had most thoroughly gauged the "Origin of Species,"
+ and as a tower of strength to himself and his cause" ("Proc. R. Soc."
+ Volume XLVI., page xv, 1890:  "Letters of Asa Gray," edited by Jane Loring
+ Gray, 2 volumes, Boston, U.S., 1893).
+ -articles by.
+ -as advocate of Darwin's views.
+ -Darwin's opinion of.
+ -on Hooker's Antarctic paper.
+ -on large genera varying.
+ -letters to Darwin from.
+ -letters to.
+ -on Darwin's views.
+ -plants of the Northern States.
+ -on variation.
+ -book for children by.
+ -on crossing.
+ -visits Down.
+ -on dimorphism.
+ -on Agassiz.
+ -extract from letter to G.F. Wright from.
+ -on fertilisation of Cypripedium.
+ -on Gymnadenia tridentata.
+ -on Habenaria.
+ -on Passiflora.
+ -on relative ranges of U. States and European species.
+ -on Sarracenia.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Gray, Mrs.
+
+ Gray, Dr. John Edward, F.R.S. (1800-75): became an assistant to the
+ Natural History Department of the British Museum in 1824, and was
+ appointed Keeper in 1840.  Dr. Gray published a great mass of zoological
+ work, and devoted himself "with unflagging energy to the development of
+ the collections under his charge."  ("Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist." Volume XV.,
+ page 281, 1875.)
+ -and British Museum.
+
+ Greatest Happiness principle.
+
+ Grebes, as seed-eaters.
+
+ Greenland, absence of Arctic Leguminosae.
+ -connection with Norway.
+ -flora of.
+ -introduction of plants by currents.
+ -as line of communication of alpine plants.
+ -migration of European birds to.
+
+ Greg, W.R.: Author of "The Enigmas of Life," 1872.
+ -Darwin on his "Enigmas of Life."
+ -letter to.
+
+ Grey, Sir G., on Australian Savages.
+
+ Grinnell expedition, reference to the second.
+
+ Grisebach, A.
+
+ Grisebach, A.W.
+
+ Grossulariaceae.
+
+ Grouse, Natural Selection and colours of.
+ -Owen describes as distinct creation.
+
+ Grypotherium Darwini.
+ -G. domesticum.
+
+ Guiana, Bates on.
+
+ Gulf-weed, Darwin on.
+
+ Gully Dr.
+
+ Gunther, Dr., visit to Down.
+
+ Gurney, E., articles in "Fortnightly" and "Cornhill."
+ -"Power of Sound."
+
+ Gymnadenia, course of vessels in flower of.
+ -Asa Gray on.
+ -penetration by pollen of rostellum.
+
+ Gynodioecism in Plantago.
+
+ Haast, Sir Julius von, (1824-87): published several papers on the
+ Geology of New Zealand, with special reference to glacial phenomena.
+ ("Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc." Volume XXI., pages 130, 133, 1865; Volume
+ XXIII., page 342, 1867.)
+ -on glacial deposits.
+
+ Habenaria, Azorean species (see also Peristylus viridis).
+ -course of vessels in flower.
+ -Lord Farrer on.
+ -morphology of flower.
+ -H. bifolia, flowers.
+ -a subspecies of H. chlorantha.
+ -H. chlorantha, considered by Bentham a var. of H. bifolia.
+ -structure of ovary.
+
+ Hackel, E., convert to Darwin's views.
+ -"Generelle Morphologie."
+ -Die Kalkschwamme.
+ -"Freedom in Science and Teaching."
+ -letters to.
+ -on pangenesis.
+ -proposed translation of his book.
+ -on reviews of "Origin" in Germany.
+ -on sponges.
+ -substitutes a molecular hypothesis for pangenesis.
+ -visits Down.
+ -on absence of colour-protection in lower animals.
+ -on change of species.
+ -on Linope.
+ -on medusae.
+
+ Haematoxylon, bloom-experiments on.
+ -sleep-movements.
+
+ Halictus, Fabre's paper on.
+
+ Halimeda, Darwin's description of.
+
+ Halleria, woody nature of.
+
+ Hallett, on varieties of wheat.
+
+ Hamilton, on fertilisation of Dampiera.
+
+ Hamilton, Sir W., on Law of Parsimony.
+
+ Hancock, Albany (1806-73): author of many zoological and palaeontological
+ papers.  His best-known work, written in conjunction with Joshua Alder, and
+ published by the Ray Society is on the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca.
+ The Royal Medal was awarded to him in 1858.
+ -on British shells.
+ -and Royal medal.
+
+ Hanley, Dr., Darwin's visit to.
+
+ Harker, A., note on Darwin's work on cleavage and foliation.
+
+ Hartman, Dr., on Cicada septendecim.
+
+ "Harvesting Ants and Trap-door Spiders," Moggridge's.
+
+ Harvey, William Henry (1811-66): was the author of several botanical
+ works, principally on Algae; he held the botanical Professorship at
+ Trinity College, Dublin, and in 1857 succeeded Professor Allman in the
+ Chair of Botany in Dublin University.  (See "Life and Letters," II.,
+ pages 274-75.)
+ -criticism of "Origin."
+ -Darwin's opinion of his book.
+ -letter to.
+ -mentioned.
+ -on variation in Fucus.
+
+ Haughton, Samuel (1821-97): author of "Animal Mechanics, a Manual of
+ Geology," and numerous papers on Physics, Mathematics, Geology, etc.  In
+ November 1862 Darwin wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker:  "Do you know whether
+ there are two Rev. Prof. Haughtons at Dublin?  One of this name has made
+ a splendid medical discovery of nicotine counteracting strychnine and
+ tetanus?  Can it be my dear friend?  If so, he is at full liberty for
+ the future to sneer [at] and abuse me to his heart's content."
+ Unfortunately, Prof. Haughtons' discovery has not proved of more
+ permanent value than his criticism on the "Origin of Species."
+ -on Bees' cells.
+ -on depth of ocean.
+ -review by.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Hawaiian Islands, Hillebrand's Flora.
+ -plants.
+
+ Hawks and owls as agents in seed-dispersal.
+ -bright colours in female.
+
+ Head, expression in movement of.
+
+ Hearne, on black bear.
+
+ Heat, action on rocks.
+
+ Heathcote, Miss.
+
+ Heaths, as examples of boreal plants in Azores.
+ -and climate.
+
+ Heberden, Dr., mentioned.
+
+ Hector.
+
+ Hedgehog, movements of spines.
+
+ Hedychium, Darwin's prediction as to fertilisation of.
+ -paraheliotropism.
+
+ Hedyotis, dimorphism of.
+
+ Hedysarum, Darwin's experiments on (see Desmodium gyrans).
+
+ Heer, Oswald (1809-83): was born at Niederutzwyl, in the Canton of St.
+ Gall, Switzerland, and for many years (1855-82) occupied the chair of
+ Botany in the University of Zurich.  While eminent as an entomologist Heer
+ is chiefly known as a writer on Fossil Plants.  He began to write on
+ palaeobotanical subjects in 1841; among his most important publications,
+ apart from the numerous papers contributed to scientific societies, the
+ following may be mentioned:  "Flora Tertiaria Helvetiae," 1855-59; the
+ "Flora Fossilis Arctica," 7 volumes, 1869-83; "Die Urwelt der Schweiz,"
+ 1865; "Flora Fossilis Helvetiae," 1876-7.  He was awarded the Wollaston
+ medal of the Geological Society in 1874, and in 1878 he received a Royal
+ medal.  (Oswald Heer, "Bibliographie et Tables Iconographiques," par G.
+ Malloizel, precede d'une Notice Biographique" par R. Zeiller; Stockholm.)
+ -on continental extension.
+ -on plants of Madeira.
+ -on origin of species from monstrosities.
+ -Darwin sends photograph to.
+ -"Flora fossilis arctica."
+ -letter to.
+
+ Heeria (see also Heterocentron).
+ -F. Muller on.
+
+ Heifers, and sterility.
+
+ Helianthemum, Baillon's observations on pollen.
+
+ Heligoland, birds alight on sea near.
+
+ Heliotropism, experiments on.
+ -of roots.
+
+ Hemsley, W.B., mentioned.
+
+ Hennessey.
+
+ Henry, I.A. (see Anderson-Henry)
+ -letter to.
+
+ Henslow, Prof. J.S., life of.
+ -Darwin's affection for.
+ -Darwin's Cambridge recollections of.
+ -death of.
+ -letters to.
+ -mentioned.
+ -on Mus messorius.
+ -visits Down.
+ -Darwin on his parish work.
+ -work on crossing.
+
+ Henslow, Miss, mentioned.
+
+ Herbaceous orders, in relation to trees.
+
+ Herbert, Dean, on heaths of S. Africa.
+ -on Polygala.
+ -on Cytisus Adami.
+ -on self-fertility of Hippeastrum.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ "Hereditary Genius," Francis Galton's.
+
+ Hereditary Improvement, Francis Galton on.
+
+ Heredity, Darwin's criticism of Galton's theory.
+
+ Hermaphroditism, in trees.
+ -Weir on Lepidoptera and.
+ -and nature of generative organs.
+
+ Herminium monorchis.
+
+ Heron, Sir R., on peacocks and colour.
+
+ Herons, as fruit-feeders.
+
+ Herschel, Sir J.F.W., edits "Manual of Scientific Enquiry."
+ -on Natural Selection.
+ -on the "Origin."
+ -"Physical Geography."
+ -on providential laws.
+ -on heating of rocks.
+ -on importance of generalising.
+ -on study of languages.
+ -versus Lyell on volcanic islands.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Heteranthera, two kinds of stamens.
+ -H. reniformis.
+
+ Heterocentron, experiments on.
+ -seeds of.
+ -two kinds of stamens.
+ -H. roseum, fertilisation mechanism of.
+
+ Heterogeny, Owen on.
+
+ Heteromorphic, use of term.
+
+ Heterosmilax, de Candolle on.
+
+ Heterostylism, Darwin's experiments on.
+ -example in monocotyledons of.
+
+ Hewitt, on pheasant-hybrids.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Hibiscus.
+
+ Hicks, H., on pre-Cambrian rocks.
+
+ Hieracium, American species.
+ -Nageli on.
+ -variability of.
+
+ Highness, lowness and.
+
+ Hilaire, A. St., see St. Hilaire.
+
+ Hildebrand, F., article in "Botanische Zeitung."
+ -experiments on direct action of pollen.
+ -"Die Lebensdauer der Pflanzen."
+ -letter to.
+ -crossing work by.
+ -on Delpino's work.
+ -on dispersal of seeds.
+ -self-sterility in Corydalis cava.
+ -"Geschlechter-Vertheilung bei den Pflanzen."
+ -on orchids.
+ -on ovules formed after pollination.
+ -experiment on potatoes.
+ -on Salvia.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Hilgendorf, controversy with Sandberger.
+
+ Hillebrand's Flora of the Hawaiian Islands.
+
+ "Himalayan Journals," dedicated by Hooker to Darwin.
+
+ "Himalayan Plants, Illustrations of."
+
+ Himalayas, British plants in.
+ -commingling of temperate and tropical plants.
+ -tortoise of.
+ -ice-action in.
+ -mixed character of the vegetation.
+
+ Hinde, Dr., examination of Funafuti coral-reef cores by.
+
+ Hindmarsh, L., letter to.
+
+ Hippeastrum, Herbert on self-sterility of.
+
+ Hippopotamus, fossil in Madagascar.
+
+ Historic spirit, J. Morley's criticism of Darwin's lack of.
+
+ Hitcham, collection of Azorean plants made near.
+
+ Hobhouse, Sir A., Darwin meets.
+
+ Hochberg, K., letter to.
+
+ Hofmann, A.W., receives royal medal.
+
+ Holland, evolutionary opinions in.
+ -flora of.
+
+ Holland, Sir H., on pangenesis.
+ -mentioned.
+ -on influence of mind on circulation.
+
+ Holly, effective work of insects in fertilisation of.
+
+ Hollyhock, Darwin's crossing experiments.
+
+ Holmsdale.
+
+ Home, see Milne-Home.
+
+ Homing experiments.
+
+ Homo, Pithecus compared with.
+
+ Homology, analogy and.
+ -course of vessels in flowers as guide to.
+
+ Homomorphic, use of term.
+
+ Honeysuckle, oak-leaved variety.
+
+ Hooker, Mrs., assists Sir J.D. Hooker.
+
+ Hooker, Sir J.D., addresses at British Association meetings.
+ -on Arctic plants.
+ -Australian Flora by.
+ -botanical appointment.
+ -C.B. conferred upon.
+ -on coal plants and conditions of growth.
+ -criticism on Lyell's work.
+ -on Darwin's MS. on geographical distribution.
+ -Darwin's admiration for letters of.
+ -Darwin assisted in his work by.
+ -Darwin on good gained by "squabbles" with.
+ -Darwin on success of.
+ -enjoyment of correspondence with Darwin.
+ -expedition to Syria.
+ -extract from letter to.
+ -Falconer and.
+ -first meeting with Darwin.
+ -on Insular Floras.
+ -introductory essay to Flora of Tasmania.
+ -lecture at Royal Institution.
+ -letters to.
+ -letters to Darwin from.
+ -on new colonial flora.
+ -on New Zealand flora.
+ -on Natural Selection.
+ -on naturalised plants.
+ -on the "Origin."
+ -and Owen.
+ -on pangenesis.
+ -on plants of Fernando Po and Abyssinia.
+ -on preservation of tropical plants during cool period.
+ -and reviews.
+ -royal medal awarded to.
+ -and J. Scott.
+ -on species.
+ -on Torbitt's potato experiments.
+ -on use of terms centripetal and centrifugal.
+ -on variation in large and small genera.
+ -on Welwitschia.
+ -on Cameroon plants.
+ -Darwin on his address at Belfast.
+ -Darwin writes testimonial for.
+ -Darwin values scientific opinion of.
+ -Darwin receives encouragement from.
+ -Darwin's pleasure at visits from.
+ -on Glacial period.
+ -on Glacial deposits in India.
+ -on glaciers in Yorkshire.
+ -notice in "Gardeners' Chronicle" on.
+ -photograph by Mrs. Cameron.
+ -Primer of Botany by.
+ -review of Darwin's "Fertilisation of Orchids."
+ -scheme for Flora.
+ -represents "whole great public" to Darwin.
+ -use of structure in plants.
+ -visits Down.
+ -opinion of "Fur Darwin."
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Hooker, Sir William Jackson (1785-1865): was called to the Chair of Botany
+ at Glasgow in 1820, where by his success as a teacher he raised the annual
+ fees from 60 pounds to 700 pounds.  In 1841 he became Director of the Royal
+ Botanic Gardens at Kew, which under his administration increased enormously
+ in activity and importance.  His private Herbarium, said to be "by far the
+ richest ever accumulated in one man's lifetime," formed the nucleus of the
+ present collection.  He produced, as author or editor, about a hundred
+ volumes devoted to Botany ("Dict. of Nat. Biog.").
+ -Herbarium at Kew belonging to.
+ -letters to.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Hopkins, William, F.R.S. (1793-1866) entered Peterhouse, Cambridge, at
+ the age of thirty, and in 1827 took his degree as seventh wrangler.  For
+ some years Hopkins was very successful as a mathematical tutor; about
+ 1833 he began to take a keen interest in geological subjects, and
+ especially concerned himself with the effects of elevating forces acting
+ from below on the earth's crust.  He was President of the Geological
+ Society in 1851 and 1852 ("Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc." Volume XXIII., page
+ xxix, 1867).
+ -Article in "Fraser's Magazine."
+ -on elevation and earthquakes.
+ -on mountain-building.
+ -researches in physical geology.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Horner, Leonard, F.R.S. (1785-1862): was born in Edinburgh, at the age
+ of twenty-one he settled in London, and devoted himself more
+ particularly to Geology and Mineralogy, returning a few years later to
+ Edinburgh, where he took a prominent part in founding the School of Art
+ and other educational institutions.  In 1827 Mr. Horner was invited to
+ occupy the post of Warden in the London University,a position which he
+ resigned in 1831; he also held for some years an Inspectorship of
+ Factories.  As a Fellow of the Royal Society, Mr. Horner "took an active
+ part in bringing about certain changes in the management of the Society,
+ which resulted in limiting to fifteen the number of new members to be
+ annually elected..."  In 1846 Horner was elected President of the
+ Geological Society; and in 1860 he again presided over the Society, to
+ the interests of which he had long devoted himself.  His contributions
+ to the Society include papers on Stratigraphical Geology, Mineralogy,
+ and other subjects.--"Memoirs of Leonard Horner," edited by his
+ daughter, Katherine M. Lyell (privately printed, 1890).
+ -letters to.
+ -memoirs of.
+ -address to Geological Society.
+ -on coal.
+ -on Darwin's "Geological Observations."
+ -visits Down.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Horner, Mrs. L.
+
+ Horse, ancestry.
+ -Arab-Turk and English race-.
+ -hybrids between Quagga and.
+ -in N. and S. America.
+ -equality of sexes in race-.
+
+ Horsfall, W., letter to.
+
+ Hottonia, dimorphism of.
+
+ Hounds, gestation of.
+
+ Howard, L.O.
+
+ Hoya carnosa, Darwin's work on.
+
+ Humble-bees, as agents of fertilisation of orchids.
+
+ Humboldt, Bates' description of tropical forests compared with that by.
+ -conversation with.
+ -on heath regions.
+ -on migration and double creation.
+ -"Personal Narrative."
+ -on violet of Teneriffe.
+ -Darwin's opinion of.
+ -on elevation and volcanic activity.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Humboldt and Webb, on Zones on Teneriffe.
+
+ Hume, Darwin on Huxley's "Life" of.
+
+ Humming-birds, agents of fertilisation.
+
+ Hunger, expression by sheldrakes of.
+
+ Husbands, resemblance between wives and.
+
+ Hutton, Frederick Wollaston, F.R.S., formerly Curator of the Canterbury
+ Museum, Christchurch, New Zealand, author of "Darwinism and Lamarckism, Old
+ and New," London, 1899.
+ -letter to.
+ -review of "Origin."
+
+ Hutton, James, (1726-97): author of "Theory of the Earth."
+
+ Huxley, L., reference to his "Life of T.H. Huxley."
+ -information given by.
+
+ Huxley, Prof. T.H., biographical note, Volume I.
+ -Article in "Annals and Magazine" in reply to Falconer.
+ -on Aphis.
+ -on automatism.
+ -catalogue of collections in Museum of Practical Geology.
+ -comparative anatomy by.
+ -on Comte.
+ -on Cuvier's classification.
+ -Darwin's value of his opinion.
+ -election to the Athenaeum.
+ -friendship with Darwin.
+ -on growth of Darwin's views.
+ -lectures at the Royal Institution.
+ -lectures on evolution by.
+ -lectures to working men.
+ -legacy and gift to.
+ -letters to.
+ -"Life of Hume."
+ -"Man's Place in Nature."
+ -marriage.
+ -misrepresented by Owen.
+ -founds "Natural History Review."
+ -obituary notice of Darwin.
+ -on the "Origin of Species."
+ -on Owen's archetype book.
+ -president of the British Association meeting at Liverpool (1870).
+ -on Priestley.
+ -quoted by Lord Kelvin as an unbeliever in spontaneous generation.
+ -reviews by.
+ -review of "Vestiges of Creation" by.
+ -on Sabine's address.
+ -on saltus.
+ -prefatory note to Hackel's "Freedom in Science and Teaching."
+ -address to Geological Society (1869).
+ -on classification of man.
+ -on contemporaneity.
+ -on Catasetum.
+ -on deep-sea soundings.
+ -legacy from A. Rich.
+ -on Lyell's "Principles."
+ -on use of term physiological species.
+ -on vivisection.
+ -and H.N. Martin, "Elementary Biology" by.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Huxley, Mrs. T.H., queries on expression sent by Darwin to.
+ -observations on child crying.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Hyacinth, experiment on bulbs.
+
+ Hyatt, Alpheus (1838-1902): was a student under Louis Agassiz, to whose
+ Laboratory he returned after serving in the Civil War, and under whom he
+ began the researches on Fossil Cephalopods for which he is so widely known.
+ In 1867 he became one of the Curators of the Essex Institute of Salem,
+ Mass.  In 1870 he was made Custodian, and in 1881 Curator of the Boston
+ Society of Natural History.  He held professorial chairs in Boston
+ University and in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and "was at
+ one time or another officially connected with the Museum of Comparative
+ Zoology and the United States Geological Survey."  See Mr. S. Henshaw
+ ("Science," XV., page 300, February 1902), where a sketch of Mr. Hyatt's
+ estimable personal character is given.  See also Prof. Dall in the "Popular
+ Science Monthly," February 1902.
+ -and Hilgendorf.
+ -letters to.
+ -letters to Darwin from.
+ -on tetrabranchiata.
+
+ Hyatt and Cope, theories of.
+
+ Hybridism, chapter in "Origin" on.
+ -Bentham's address on.
+ -treatment by Darwin in "Variation of Animals and Plants."
+
+ Hybrids, and adaptation.
+ -Darwin's views on.
+ -evidence in favour of pangenesis from.
+ -experiments on.
+ -fertility of.
+ -intermediate character of.
+ -primrose and cowslip.
+ -article in "Quarterly Review" on.
+ -sterility of.
+ -Max Wichura on.
+ -Bronn on.
+ -F. Muller's work on.
+ -and heterostyled plants.
+ -rarity of natural.
+ -J. Scott's work on.
+ -tendency to reversion.
+
+ Hydra, sexuality of.
+
+ Hydropathy, Darwin and.
+
+ Hydrozoa, alternation of generations in.
+
+ Hymenoptera, affinities of.
+ -H. Muller on.
+
+ Hypericum perforatum, a social plant in U.S.A.
+
+ Hyracotherium cuniculus, Owen on.
+
+ Iberis, mucus in seeds of.
+
+ Ice, as agent in dispersal of boulders.
+ -agent in dispersal of plants.
+ -Forbes on transport by.
+ -agent in lake-formation.
+ -cleavage in.
+ -work of, a new factor in geology.
+
+ Ice-action, on land and sea.
+
+ Icebergs, as factor in explaining European plants in Azores.
+ -Croll on action of.
+ -Darwin on.
+ -evidence in S. America of.
+ -Hopkins on action of.
+
+ Ice-cap, of Arctic regions.
+
+ Iceland, importance of records of volcanic phenomena in.
+
+ Ignorance, Darwin on immensity of man's.
+
+ Ilkley, Darwin's visit to.
+
+ Illegitimate offspring, need for repetition of Darwin's experiments on
+ plants'.
+
+ Imatophyllum.
+
+ Immortality, Darwin on.
+
+ Immutability of species.
+ -Falconer disbelieves in.
+ -Darwin on.
+
+ Imperfection of the Geological Record, see Geological Record.
+
+ Impotence in plants.
+ -see also Self-sterility.
+
+ India, British rule in.
+ -flora of.
+ -Hooker in.
+ -varieties of domestic animals in.
+ -H.F. Blanford on.
+ -Darwin on origin of lakes in.
+ -evidence of colder climate in.
+ -J. Scott accepts post in.
+
+ Infants, Mrs. E Talbot on development of mind in.
+ -observations on ears of.
+
+ Infusoria, possible occurrence in underclays of coal.
+
+ Inglis, Sir R., Darwin at breakfast party.
+
+ Inheritance, atavism and.
+ -conservative tendency of long.
+ -Hackel on.
+ -hypothesis on.
+ -Jager on.
+ -and Natural Selection.
+ -power of.
+ -J.C. Prichard on.
+ -and variability.
+ -Darwin on.
+ -Galton on.
+
+ Insanity, concealment of.
+
+ "Insect Life," Howard's.
+
+ Insectivorous plants, Darwin's work on.
+
+ Insects, alpine.
+ -Lord Avebury on.
+ -Bates on.
+ -fossil.
+ -luminous.
+ -of Madeira.
+ -F. Muller on metamorphosis of.
+ -Sharp's book on.
+ -study of habits more valuable than description of new species.
+ -wingless.
+ -Wollaston on.
+ -antiquity of stridulating organs in.
+ -colour and Sexual Selection.
+ -H. Muller's work on adaptation to fertilisation of flowers.
+ -metamorphosis of.
+ -music as attraction to.
+ -observation on fertilisation of flowers by.
+ -Ramsay on.
+ -Riley's work on.
+ -tropical climate and colours of.
+
+ Instinct, Darwin and.
+ -in nest-making.
+ -selection of varying.
+
+ Insular floras.
+ -Hooker's lecture on.
+
+ Insular forms, in Galapagos, Canaries and Madeira.
+ -beaten by continental forms.
+
+ Intelligence, meaning of.
+ -Romanes on Animal.
+ -in worms.
+
+ Intercrossing, in pigeons.
+ -Darwin on effects of.
+ -and sterility.
+
+ Interglacial periods, Darwin on evidence for.
+
+ Intermediate forms.
+ -Bates' paper on.
+ -S. American types as.
+ -crossing and frequent absence of.
+ -extinction of.
+ -Falconer on existence of.
+ -as fossils.
+ -Asa Gray on.
+ -Plagiaulax as evidence of.
+ -Wollaston on rarity in insects.
+
+ Introduced plants, Sonchus in New Zealand as example of.
+ -in N. America and Australia.
+ -variability of.
+ -Darwin on.
+
+ Introductory Essay to Tasmanian "Flora," Hooker's.
+
+ Ipswich, British Association meeting (1851).
+
+ Iquique, nitrate of soda beds at.
+
+ Ireland, Spanish plants in.
+
+ Iris, flowers of.
+ -nectar secretion of.
+
+ Islands, comparison between species of rising and sinking.
+ -fauna of.
+ -introduction of plants.
+ -products of.
+ -plants with irregular flowers on.
+ -subsidence of coral.
+ -survival of ancient forms in.
+ -volcanic.
+ -comparison of age of continents and.
+ -former greater extension of.
+
+ "Island Life," Darwin's criticism of Wallace's.
+
+ Isle of Wight, occurrence of Bee-orchis in.
+
+ Isnardia palustris, range of.
+
+ Isolation, Bentham underestimates importance of.
+ -Darwin's opinion of.
+ -importance of.
+ -Wagner exaggerates importance of.
+ -Weismann on effects of.
+
+ Itajahy, F. Muller's narrow escape from flood of.
+
+ Italy, flora of.
+
+ Ivy, difference in growth of flowering and creeping branches.
+
+ Jaeger, G., letter to.
+ -on pangenesis and inheritance.
+
+ James', Sir H., discussion in "Athenaeum" on change of climate.
+ -map of the world.
+
+ James Island, Darwin's plants from.
+
+ Jameson.
+
+ Jamieson, W., on S. America.
+ -Darwin converted to glacial theory of Glen Roy after publication of
+ paper by.
+
+ Janet, on Natural Selection.
+
+ Japan, American types in.
+ -flora of.
+ -Gray's work on plants of.
+ -progress of.
+
+ Java, botanical relation to Africa.
+ -Alpine plants of.
+ -Wallace on.
+
+ Jays, Crows and.
+ -repeated pairing of.
+
+ Jeffreys, Gwyn, shells sent by Darwin to.
+
+ Jenkin, Fleeming, review by.
+
+ Jenners, taste for natural history in the.
+
+ Jenyns (Blomefield), Rev. Leonard:  The following sketch of the life of
+ Rev. Leonard Blomefield is taken from his "Chapters in my Life; Reprint
+ with Additions" (privately printed), Bath, 1889.  He was born, as he states
+ with characteristic accuracy, at 10 p.m., May 25th, 1800; and died at Bath,
+ September 1st, 1893.  His father--a second cousin of Soame Jenyns, from
+ whom he inherited Bottisham Hall, in Cambridgeshire--was a parson-squire of
+ the old type, a keen sportsman, and a good man of business.  Leonard
+ Jenyns' mother was a daughter of the celebrated Dr. Heberden, in whose
+ house in Pall Mall he was born.  Leonard was educated at Eton and
+ Cambridge, and became curate of Swaffham Bulbeck, a village close to his
+ father's property; he was afterwards presented to the Vicarage of the
+ parish, and held the living for nearly thirty years.  The remainder of his
+ life he spent at Bath.  He was an excellent field-naturalist and a minute
+ and careful observer.  Among his writings may be mentioned the Fishes in
+ "Zoology of the Voyage of the 'Beagle,'" 1842, a "Manual of British
+ Vertebrate Animals," 1836, a "Memoir" of Professor Henslow,1862, to which
+ Darwin contributed recollections of his old master, "Observations in
+ Natural History," 1846 and "Observations in Meteorology," 1858, besides
+ numerous papers in scientific journals.  In his "Chapters" he describes
+ himself as showing as a boy the silent and retiring nature, and also the
+ love of "order, method, and precision," which characterised him through
+ life; and he adds, "even to old age I have been often called a VERY
+ PARTICULAR GENTLEMAN."  In a hitherto unpublished passage in his
+ autobiographical sketch, Darwin wrote, "At first I disliked him from his
+ somewhat grim and sarcastic expression; and it is not often that a first
+ impression is lost; but I was completely mistaken, and found him very kind-
+ hearted, pleasant, and with a good stock of humour."  Mr. Jenyns records
+ that as a boy he was by a stranger taken for a son of his uncle, Dr.
+ Heberden (the younger), whom he closely resembled.
+ -letters to.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Jodrell Laboratory, Darwin's interest in.
+ -note on.
+
+ Jordanhill, Smith of, on Gibraltar.
+
+ "Journal of Researches," Darwin's.
+
+ Judd, Prof. J.W., letter to.
+ -recollections of Darwin.
+ -on Darwin's "Volcanic Islands."
+ -Darwin in praise of work of.
+
+ Jukes, on imperfection of the Geological Record.
+ -on changes of climate.
+ -on formation of river-valleys.
+ -over estimates sub-aerieal denudation.
+
+ Jumps, variation by.
+
+ Juncus, range of.
+ -J. bufonius.
+ -variation of.
+ -germination of seed from mud carried by woodcock.
+
+ Jura, Darwin on erratic blocks of.
+
+ Jussieu, A. de.
+
+ Kane's, E.K., "Arctic Explorations," use of foxtails by Esquimaux
+ referred to in.
+
+ Kelvin, Lord, Address at the British Association Meeting at Edinburgh
+ (1871).
+ -on geological time.
+ -on age of the earth.
+ -on origin of plant-life from meteorites.
+
+ Kemp, W., sends seeds to Darwin.
+ -on vitality of seeds.
+
+ Kensington, proposed removal of British Museum (Bloomsbury) collections
+ to.
+
+ Kerguelen cabbage, Chambers versus Hooker on the.
+
+ Kerguelen island, coal-beds of.
+ -relation of flora to that of Fuegia.
+ -similarity between plants of S. America and of.
+ -importance of collecting fossil plants on.
+ -moth from.
+ -sea-shells of.
+ -volcanic mountain on.
+
+ Kerner, A. von Marilaun, on Tubocytisus.
+ -"Pflanzenleben."
+ -"Schutzmittel des Pollens."
+ -on xenogamy and autogamy.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Kerr, on frozen snow.
+
+ Kerr, Prof. Graham.
+
+ Kew, proposed consolidation of botanical collections at.
+ -rarity of insects and shells in Royal Garden.
+ -Darwin visits Garden.
+ -Darwin obtains plants from.
+ -Darwin sends seeds to.
+ -Jodrell, Laboratory at.
+ -struggle for existence at.
+ -suggestion that J. Scott should work in Garden.
+
+ Kilauea, lava in crater of.
+
+ Kilfinnin, shelves in valley of.
+
+ Kilima Njaro, plants of.
+
+ King, Captain, collection of plants by.
+ -"Voyages of the 'Adventure' and 'Beagle.'"
+
+ King, Sir George, reminiscences of J. Scott.
+ -Darwin receives seeds from.
+
+ King, Dr. Richard (1811?-1876):  He was surgeon and naturalist to Sir
+ George Back's expedition (1833-5) to the mouth of the Great Fish River
+ in search of Captain Ross, of which he published an account.  In 1850 he
+ accompanied Captain Horatio Austin's search expedition in the
+ "Resolute."
+ -Arctic expedition.
+
+ Kingfisher, sexual difference in.
+
+ Kingsley, C., quoted in the "Origin."
+ -story of a heathen Khan.
+ -reference to E. Forbes and P.H. Gosse.
+
+ Kini Balu, vegetation of.
+
+ Kirby and Spence.
+
+ Klebs, on use of mucus in seeds.
+
+ Knight, A., on crossing.
+ -hybrid experiments.
+ -on sports.
+
+ Knight's Law.
+
+ Knight-Darwin Law, F. Darwin on.
+
+ Knuth, on morphology of cruciferous flower.
+
+ Koch's "Flora Germanica."
+
+ Kolliker, visits Down.
+
+ Kollmann, Dr., on atavism.
+
+ Kolreuter, on Aquilegia.
+ -on hybrids.
+ -observations on pollen.
+ -on self-fertilisation.
+ -on varieties of tobacco.
+
+ "Kosmos," F. Muller's article on Crotolaria.
+ -F. Muller's paper on Phyllanthus in.
+
+ Krause, E., letter to.
+ -memoir of Erasmus Darwin.
+ -memoir of H. Muller.
+
+ Kroyer.
+
+ Kubanka, form of Russian wheat.
+
+ Kurr, on flowers of Canna.
+
+ La Plata, H.M.S. "Beagle's" visit to.
+ -Cervus of.
+ -Mylodon of.
+ -plants of.
+ -extinct animals from.
+ -slates and schists of.
+
+ Labellum, nature of.
+
+ Labiatae, large genera of.
+
+ Laboratory, Darwin on the instruments for botanical.
+ -founding of Jodrell.
+
+ Laburnum, peloric flowers of.
+ -Darwin on hybrid (see also Cytisus).
+
+ Ladizabala, crossing experiments on.
+
+ Lagerstraemia (Lagerstroemia), F. Muller on.
+
+ Lakes, Darwin on Ramsay's theory of.
+ -as agents in forming Parallel Roads of Glen Roy.
+ -of Friesland.
+ -Geological action of.
+ -Ramsay on.
+
+ Lamarck, Darwin on views of.
+ -difference between views of Darwin and.
+ -"Hist. Zoolog." of.
+ -Hopkins on Darwin and.
+ -Packard's book on.
+ -quotation from.
+
+ Lamellicorns, F. Muller on sexes in.
+ -stridulating organs of.
+
+ Lamont, James, F.G.S., F.R.G.S.: author of "Seasons with the Sea-horses;
+ etc.; Yachting in the Arctic Seas, or Notes of Five Voyages of Sport and
+ Discovery in the Neighbourhood of Spitzbergen and Novaya Zemlya,"
+ London, 1876; and geological papers on Spitzbergen.
+ -letters to.
+
+ Lampyridae, luminous organs of.
+
+ Land, fauna of sea compared with that of.
+ -changes in level of sea the cause of those on.
+
+ Land-birds, resting on the sea.
+
+ Land-shells, dispersal of.
+ -of glacial period.
+ -modification of.
+
+ Land-surfaces, preservation for long periods.
+
+ Landois, reference to paper by.
+
+ Language, observations bearing on origin of.
+ -Sir J. Herschel on study of.
+
+ Lankester, E. Ray, letter to.
+ -drawing of earthworm used in Darwin's book.
+
+ Lankester, E. (Senior), speech at Manchester British Association meeting
+ (1861), on Darwin's theory.
+
+ Lantana, in Ceylon.
+
+ Lanugo, on human foetus.
+
+ Lapland, richness of flora.
+
+ Latania Lodigesii, peculiar to Round Island.
+
+ Latent characters, tendency to appear temporarily in youth.
+
+ Lathyrus aphaca.
+ -L. grandiflorus, fertilisation of.
+ -L. nissolia, evolution of.
+ -explanation of grass-like leaves.
+ -Darwin on.
+ -L. maritimus, bloom on.
+ -L. odoratus, fertilisation of.
+ -intercrossing of varieties.
+
+ Lauder-Dick, Sir Thomas, on Parallel Roads of Glen Roy.
+
+ Laurel, extra-floral nectaries of.
+
+ Lava, Darwin and Scrope on separation of constituent minerals of.
+ -Elie de Beaumont's measurements of inclination of.
+ -fluidity of.
+ -junction between dykes and.
+ -and metamorphic schists.
+ -Scrope on basaltic and trachytic.
+ -subsidence due to outpouring of.
+
+ Law, of balancement.
+ -of growth.
+ -of higgledy-piggledy.
+ -of perfectibility by Nageli.
+ -of sterility.
+ -of succession.
+ -of variation.
+
+ Lawes, Sir J.B., and Sir J.H. Gilbert, Rothamsted experiments.
+
+ Laxton, T., close on the trail of Mendelian principle.
+
+ "Lay Sermons," Huxley's.
+
+ Leaves, movements of.
+ -used by worms in plugging burrows.
+
+ Lebanon, glacial action on.
+ -plants of.
+ -Hooker on Cedars of.
+
+ Lecky, Rt. Hon. W.E.H., Darwin's interest in book by.
+ -quoted in "Descent of Man."
+
+ Lecoq, "Geographie Botanique."
+ -on self-sterility.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Lectures, Darwin on Edinburgh University, (see also Hooker and Huxley).
+ -Max Muller's, on Science of Language.
+
+ Ledebour, allusion to book by.
+
+ Leeds, address by Owen at.
+
+ Leersia oryzoides, cleistogamic flowers of.
+
+ Leggett, W.H., on Rhexia virginica.
+
+ Legitimate unions, heteromorphic or.
+
+ Leguminosae, absence in Greenland.
+ -absent in New Zealand.
+ -anomalous genera in.
+ -crossing in.
+ -scarcity in humid temporate regions.
+ -seeds of.
+ -example of inherited pelorism in.
+ -Lord Farrer's observations on fertilisation of.
+ -nectar-holders in flowers.
+ -reason for absence of.
+
+ Leibnitz, rejection of theory of gravity by.
+
+ Lemuria, continent of.
+
+ Lepadidae, Darwin's work on, (see also Barnacles).
+ -fossil.
+
+ Lepas, nomenclature of.
+
+ Lepidodendron.
+
+ Lepidoptera, Sexual Selection in.
+ -breeding in confinement.
+ -F. Muller on mimicry in.
+ -protection afforded by wings.
+ -want of colour-perception.
+ -Weir on apterous.
+
+ Lepidosiren, reason for preservation of.
+
+ Leptotes.
+
+ Leschenaultia, fertilisation mechanism.
+ -self-fertilisation of.
+ -L. biloba, fertilisation mechanism of.
+ -L. formosa, fertilisation mechanism of.
+
+ Lesquereux, Leo (1806-89): was born in Switzerland, but his most
+ important works were published after he settled in the United States in
+ 1848.  Beginning with researches on Mosses and Peat, he afterwards
+ devoted himself to the study of fossil plants.  His best known
+ contributions to Palaeobotany are a series of monographs on Cretaceous
+ and Tertiary Floras (1878-83), and on the Coal-Flora of Pennsylvania and
+ the United States generally, published by the Second Geological Survey
+ of Pennsylvania between 1880 and 1884 (see L.F. Ward, Sketch of
+ Palaeobotany, "U.S. Geol. Surv., 5th Ann. Rep." 1883-4; also "Quart.
+ Journ. Geol. Soc." Volume XLVI., "Proc." page 53, 1890.
+ -convert to evolution.
+ -on Coal floras.
+
+ Leuckart, Rudolf (1822-98): Professor of Zoology at Leipzig.
+ -convert to Darwin's views.
+
+ Lewes, G.H., (1817-78): author of a "History of Philosophy," etc.
+ -letter to.
+
+ Lewy, Naphtali, letter to Darwin from.
+
+ Lias, cephalopods from the.
+
+ Life, Bastian's book on the beginnings of.
+ -mystery of,
+ -origin of.
+ -principle of.
+ -bearing of vitality of seeds on problem of.
+
+ Light, action on plants of flashing.
+
+ Lima, Darwin visits.
+
+ Limulus.
+
+ Linaria, peloria as reversions.
+
+ Lindley, John (1799-1865): was born at Catton, near Norwich.  His first
+ appointment was that of Assistant Librarian to Sir Joseph Banks.  He was
+ afterwards Assistant Secretary to the Horticultural Society, and during his
+ tenure of that office he organised the first fruit and flower shows held in
+ this country.  In 1829 he was chosen to be the first Professor of Botany at
+ University College, London, and a few years later he became Lecturer to the
+ Apothecaries' Company.  He is the author of a large number of botanical
+ books, of which the best known is the "Vegetable Kingdom," 1846.  He was
+ one of the founders of the "Gardeners' Chronicle," and was its principal
+ editor up to the time of his death.  He was endowed with great powers of
+ work and remarkable energy.  He is said as a young man to have translated
+ Richard's "Analyse du Fruit" in a single sitting of three nights and two
+ days.  (From the article on Lindley in the "Dictionary of National
+ Biography," which is founded on the "Gardeners' Chronicle," 1865, pages
+ 1058, 1082.)
+ -Hooker's eloge of.
+ -and Royal Medal.
+ -"Vegetable Kingdom" by.
+ -on Acropera and Gongora.
+ -Darwin on his classification of orchids.
+ -letters to.
+ -on Melastomaceae.
+ -on orchids.
+ -Hooker reviews Darwin's Orchid book in style of.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Lingula, persistence of.
+ -Silurian species.
+
+ Link, on Alpine and Arctic plants.
+
+ Linnaeus.
+
+ Linnean Society, Bentham's address.
+ -Collier's picture of Darwin in rooms of.
+ -Darwin's paper on Linum.
+ -Darwin advises Bates to give his views on species before.
+ -Wallace's paper on the Malayan papilionidae.
+
+ Linnet, a migratory bird.
+
+ Linope, E. Hackel on.
+
+ Linum, Darwin's work on.
+ -dimorphism of.
+ -interaction of pollen and stigma.
+ -mucus in seeds of.
+
+ Linum flavum.
+ -L. grandiflorum, two forms of.
+ -L. Lewisii, experiments on.
+ -L. trigynum.
+ -L. usitatissimum, circumnutation of.
+
+ Lister, Lord, on spines of Hedgehog.
+
+ Listera, fertilisation of.
+ -L. cordata, fertilisation of.
+ -L. ovata, fertilisation of.
+
+ Litchfield, Mrs. (see Darwin, Henrietta).
+ -criticism of Huxley.
+
+ Littoral shells, glacial period and.
+
+ Liverpool, British Association meeting at (1870).
+
+ Livingstone, D., on the distribution of thorny plants.
+
+ Lobelia, Darwin's experiments on.
+ -fertilisation mechanism of.
+ -fertility of.
+ -L. fulgens, Scott's experiments on.
+
+ Lochaber, Parallel Roads of (see also Glen Roy).
+ -evidence of ice-action.
+
+ Lochs, Laggan (Loggan), ice-action in.
+ -Roy, Darwin disbelieves in existence of.
+ -Spey, shelves of.
+ -Treig, ice-action in.
+ -Milne's account of.
+
+ Locust grass, germination of.
+
+ Locusts, blown out to sea.
+ -plants from dung of.
+
+ Logwood, leaf-movement of.
+ -See Haematoxylon.
+
+ Loiseleuria procumbens.
+
+ London clay, supposed germination of seeds from.
+
+ "London Review," Darwin's opinion of.
+ -correspondence between Owen and editor in reference to "Origin."
+
+ Longchamps, L. de, on crossing in Gramineae.
+
+ Longevity, Darwin on animals' and man's.
+
+ Lonsdale, William (1794-1871): obtained a commission in the 4th Regiment
+ at the age of sixteen, and served at Salamanca and Waterloo.  From 1829
+ to 1842 he held the office of Assistant-Secretary and Curator of the
+ Geological Society.  Mr. Lonsdale contributed important papers on the
+ Devonian System, the Oolitic Rocks, and on palaeontological subjects.
+ ("Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc." Volume XXVIII., page xxxv., 1872.)
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Lopezia, fertilisation of.
+
+ Lophura viellottii, colour of.
+
+ Loss, nature of.
+
+ Love, evidence of existence low in scale.
+
+ Loven, S.L.: published numerous papers on Cirripedes and other
+ zoological subjects in the Stockholm "Ofversigt" and elsewhere between
+ 1838 and 1882.
+ -translation of paper on Cirripedes.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Lowe, R.T., on Madeira.
+
+ Lowell, Prof., on custom in Italy of shaking head in affirmation.
+
+ Lowland plants, ascending mountains.
+
+ Lowne, B.T., on anatomy of blowfly.
+
+ Lowness and highness.
+
+ Lubbock, Lady.
+
+ Lubbock, Sir J., see Lord Avebury.
+
+ Lucas, Dr. P., on tendency to vary independent of conditions.
+
+ Ludwig, F., letter to.
+
+ Lumbricus (see also Earthworms).
+
+ Luminosity in animals.
+ -result of external conditions.
+
+ Lupinus, Darwin's experiments on.
+
+ Luzula.
+
+ Lychnis dioica, structure of flower.
+ -sets seed without pollen.
+
+ Lycopodium, variation in.
+
+ Lyell, Sir Charles, Bart., F.R.S. (1797-1875): was born at Kinnordy, the
+ family home in central Forfarshire.  At the age of seventeen he entered
+ at Exeter College, Oxford, and afterwards obtained a second class in the
+ final Honours School in Classics.  As an undergraduate Lyell attended
+ Prof. Buckland's lectures on Geology.  On leaving Oxford Lyell was
+ entered at Lincoln's Inn; a weakness of the eyes soon compelled him to
+ give up reading, and he travelled abroad, finding many opportunities for
+ field work.  He was called to the Bar in 1825, and in the same year
+ published some papers on geological subjects.  From 1823-26 Lyell filled
+ the post of Secretary to the Geological Society, and in 1826 was elected
+ into the Royal Society.  In 1830 the first volume of the "Principles of
+ Geology" was published; the second volume appeared two years later.
+ Speaking of this greatest of Lyell's services to Geology, Huxley writes:
+ "I have recently read afresh the first edition of the "Principles of
+ Geology," and when I consider that this remarkable book had been nearly
+ thirty years in everybody's hands [in 1859], and that it brings home to
+ any reader of ordinary intelligence a great principle and a great fact--
+ the principle that the past must be explained by the present, unless
+ good cause be shown to the contrary; and the fact that, so far as our
+ knowledge of the past history of life on our globe goes, no such cause
+ can be shown--I cannot but believe that Lyell, for others, as for
+ myself, was the chief agent in smoothing the road for Darwin" (Huxley's
+ "Life and Letters," Volume II., page 190).  As Professor of Geology in
+ King's College, London, Lyell delivered two courses of lectures in 1832-
+ 33; in the latter year he received a Royal medal, and in 1858 he was the
+ recipient of the Copley medal of the Royal Society.  The "Elements of
+ Geology" was published in 1833; this work is still used as a text-book,
+ a new edition having been lately (1896) brought out by Prof. Judd; in
+ 1845 and in 1849 appeared the "Travels in North America" and "A Second
+ Visit to the United States of North America."  The "Antiquity of Man"
+ was published in 1863.  Lyell was knighted in 1848, and in 1864 was
+ raised to the rank of a Baronet.  He was buried in Westminster Abbey.
+ Darwin wrote in his Autobiography:  "The Science of Geology is enormously
+ indebted to Lyell, more so, as I believe, than to any other man who ever
+ lived" ("Life and Letters," Volume I., page 72).  In a letter to Lyell--
+ November 23rd, 1859--Darwin wrote:  "I rejoice profoundly that you intend
+ admitting the doctrine of modification in your new edition [a new edition
+ of the "Manual" published in 1865]; nothing, I am convinced, could be more
+ important for its success.  I honour you most sincerely.  To have
+ maintained, in the position of a master, one side of a question for thirty
+ years, and then deliberately give it up, is a fact to which I much doubt
+ whether the records of science offer a parallel" ("Life and Letters,"
+ Volume II., pages 229-30).  See "Life, Letters, and Journals of Sir Charles
+ Lyell, Bart." edited by his sister-in-law, Mrs. Lyell, 2 Volumes, London,
+ 1881.  "Charles Lyell and Modern Geology," Prof. T.G. Bonney, London,
+ 1895.)
+ -"Antiquity of Man."
+ -on Barrande.
+ -cautious attitude towards "Origin of Species."
+ -cautious judgment of.
+ -on Cetacea.
+ -Copley medal awarded to.
+ -on continental extension.
+ -controversy with Owen.
+ -Darwin's pleasure in reading his "Geology."
+ -on distribution.
+ -Falconer and.
+ -German opinion of.
+ -on immutability.
+ -interest in celts.
+ -letters to.
+ -letters to Darwin from.
+ -map of Tertiary geography by.
+ -on mutability.
+ -on pangenesis.
+ -"Principles of Geology."
+ -on Ramsay's theory of lakes.
+ -urges Darwin to publish his views with those of Wallace.
+ -visits Down.
+ -work in France.
+ -address to Geological Society.
+ -attacked by Owen in his "Anatomy of Vertebrata."
+ -criticism of Murchison.
+ -on craters of denudation.
+ -Darwin's indebtedness to.
+ -death of.
+ -death of his father.
+ -gives up opposition to Evolution.
+ -on glaciers of Forfarshire.
+ -on glacial period in S. hemisphere.
+ -versus Herschel on volcanic islands.
+ -on iceberg action.
+ -memorial in Westminster Abbey.
+ -on Parallel Roads of Glen Roy.
+ -as founder of school of Geology.
+ -second visit to the United States.
+ -trip to Wales.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Lyell, Lady, letter to.
+ -translation of paper for Darwin.
+ -visits Down.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Lynch, R.I.
+
+ Lythraceae, dimorphism in.
+
+ Lythrum, cross-fertilisation of.
+ -Darwin's work on.
+ -trimorphism of.
+ -L. hyssopifolium, range of.
+ -L. salicaria, dimorphism of.
+ -Darwin's work on.
+
+ Macacas, Owen on.
+ -M. Silenus, mane as a protection.
+
+ Macalister, Prof. A.
+
+ Macarthur, Sir W., on Erythrina.
+
+ Macaw, beauty of plumage.
+
+ McClennan, on primitive man.
+
+ MacCulloch, on Glen Turret.
+ -on metamorphic rocks.
+ -on Parallel Roads of Glen Roy.
+
+ M'Donnell, Darwin on work of.
+
+ Macgillivray, reference to his "History of British Birds."
+
+ Machetes pugnax, polygamy of.
+
+ Mackintosh, Daniel (1815-91): was well-known in the South of England as a
+ lecturer on scientific subjects.  He contributed several papers to the
+ Geological Society on Surface Sculpture, Denudation, Drift Deposits, etc.
+ In 1869 he published a work "On the Scenery of England and Wales" (see
+ "Geol. Mag." 1891, page 432.
+ -on boulders of Ashley Heath.
+ -letters to.
+ -on Moel Tryfan.
+ -on sources of erratic blocks in England.
+
+ McNab, Prof., J. Scott and.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Macrauchenia, skull of.
+
+ Madagascar, existence of insects capable of fertilising Angraecum in.
+ -fossil Hippopotamus of.
+ -Owen on fauna of.
+ -plants of.
+ -former extension of.
+ -as a geographical region.
+ -Viola of.
+
+ Madeira, birds of.
+ -British plants compared with those of.
+ -Canary Islands formerly connected with.
+ -flora of.
+ -insects of.
+ -land-extension, of.
+ -land-shells of.
+ -Lowe on.
+ -Tertiary plants of.
+ -elevation of.
+
+ Maer, the home of the Wedgwoods.
+
+ Magellan Straits, H.M.S. "Beagle" in.
+
+ Magnus, review by Krause of his work on colour.
+
+ Magpies, pairing of.
+
+ Mahon, Lord, compliment to Darwin.
+
+ Mahonia, natural crossing of.
+
+ Maillet, evolutionary views of.
+
+ Maize, hybrids of, see also Zea.
+
+ Malaxeae, and Epidendreae.
+
+ Malaxis, course of vessels in flower.
+ -fertilisation of.
+
+ Malaxis paludosa, epiphytic on Sphagnum.
+
+ Malay archipelago, Darwin on Wallace's book on.
+ -translation by Meyer of Wallace's book.
+
+ Malay region, glacial epoch and the.
+ -Wallace on butterflies and pigeons of.
+
+ Malpighiaceae, degraded flowers of.
+ -Erythroxylon included in.
+
+ Malta, Forbes on geology of.
+
+ Malthus, Darwin derives help from reading.
+ -Haughton sneers at.
+ -misunderstood.
+
+ Malva.
+
+ Mammae, as rudimentary organs in man.
+
+ Mammals, alteration in skulls of.
+ -Australian cave-.
+ -birds compared with.
+ -Dana's classification.
+ -distribution.
+ -as indices of climatic changes.
+ -as proof of union between England and Continent since Glacial period.
+ -Waterhouse's "Natural History" of.
+ -Glacial period and extinction of.
+ -Origin and migration.
+
+ Mammoth (Bog).
+
+ Mammoth, Darwin's eagerness to collect bones of.
+ -Falconer on the.
+
+ Man, antiquity of (see "Antiquity of Man," and Lyell, Sir C.).
+ -and apes.
+ -brain of.
+ -criticism of Lyell's chapter on.
+ -Huxley's book on.
+ -McClennan on primitive.
+ -and Natural Selection.
+ -origin of.
+ -races of.
+ -selection by Nature contrasted with selection by.
+ -slow progress of.
+ -Darwin on Wallace's paper on.
+ -descent of.
+ -ears of.
+ -geological age of.
+ -and geological classification.
+ -hairyness of.
+ -introduction of.
+ -rank in classification.
+ -Turner on evolution of.
+ -Wallace on evolution of.
+
+ Mankind, descent from single pair.
+ -early history of.
+ -progress of.
+
+ Mantell, Owen's attack on.
+
+ "Manual of Scientific Inquiry," Darwin's.
+
+ Manx cats.
+
+ Maranta, sleep-movements of.
+
+ Marble, MacCulloch on metamorphism of.
+
+ Marianne Islands, subsidence of.
+ -want of knowledge of flora.
+
+ Marion, "L'evolution du Regne vegetal," by Saporta and.
+
+ Marlatt, C.L., on Cicada.
+
+ Marquesas Islands, subsidence of.
+
+ Marr, J.E., on the rocks of Bohemia.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Marriage, Darwin on.
+ -Galton's proposal to issue health-certificates for.
+
+ Marshall, W., on Elodea.
+
+ Marsupialia, compared with placentata.
+ -Darwin on nature of.
+ -evidence of antiquity.
+ -abundance in Secondary period.
+
+ Martens, see Martins.
+
+ Martha (=Posoqueria), F. Muller's paper on.
+
+ Martin, H.N., Darwin's opinion of "Elementary Biology" by Huxley and.
+
+ Martins, experiments on immersion of seeds in sea by.
+
+ Maruta cotula of N. America.
+
+ Masdevallia, Darwin's work on.
+
+ Massart, on regeneration after injury.
+
+ Masters, M., letters to.
+ -lecture at Royal Institution.
+ -"Vegetable Teratology."
+
+ Mastodon, Australian.
+ -extinction of.
+ -Falconer on.
+ -in Timor.
+ -migration into S. America.
+ -skeleton found by Darwin.
+ -M. andium, Falconer on intermediate character of.
+
+ "Materialism of the Present day," Janet's.
+
+ Matteucci on electric fishes.
+
+ Matthew, P., on forest trees in Scotland.
+ -quoted by Darwin as having enunciated principle of Natural Selection
+ before "Origin."
+
+ Maurienne, note on earthquake in province of.
+
+ Mauritius, craters of.
+ -elevation of.
+ -extinction of snakes of.
+ -oceanic character of.
+
+ Maury's map, as illustrating continental extension.
+
+ Maxillaria.
+
+ Maypu River, Darwin visits.
+
+ Mays, J.A., publishes lectures by Huxley.
+
+ Medals:
+ -(Copley), Darwin, Lyell.
+ -(Royal).
+ -(Wollaston), Darwin.
+
+ Medical Department of Army, statistics from Director-General of.
+
+ Meditation, expression of eyes in.
+
+ Mediterranean Islands, flora of.
+
+ Medusae, Romanes' work on.
+
+ Meehan, T., letter to.
+
+ Megalonyx.
+
+ Megatherium, Darwin collects bones of.
+ -Sir A. Carlisle on.
+
+ Melastoma, Darwin on.
+
+ Melastomaceae, Darwin on.
+ -crossing in.
+ -two kinds of stamens in.
+
+ Meldola, Prof. Raphael F.R.S.: Professor of Chemistry in Finsbury
+ Technical College (City and Guilds of London Institute), and a well-
+ known entomologist; translated and edited Weismann's "Studies in the
+ Theory of Descent," 1882-83.
+ -address to Entomological Society.
+ -letters to.
+ -translation of Weismann's "Studies in Descent" by.
+ -on Weismann and Darwin.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Melipona.
+
+ Meloe, Lord Avebury on.
+
+ Melrose, seeds from sandpit near.
+
+ Memorial to the Chancellor of the Exchequer.
+
+ Mendel, G., W. Bateson on his "Principles of Heredity."
+ -Darwin ignorant of work of.
+ -Laxton and.
+
+ Mendoza, Darwin visits.
+
+ "Mental Evolution in Animals," Romanes'.
+
+ Mentha, of N. America.
+ -M. borealis, variety in N. America.
+
+ Menura superba, colour and nests of.
+
+ Menzies and Cumming, visit Galapagos Islands.
+
+ Mercurialis.
+
+ Mertensia, Darwin's experiments on.
+
+ Mesembryanthemum.
+
+ Mesotherium, Falconer on.
+
+ Metamorphic schists.
+
+ Metamorphism, Darwin on.
+ -heat and.
+ -Sorby on.
+
+ Metamorphosis, Lord Avebury on insects and.
+ -F. Muller on.
+ -Quatrefages on.
+
+ Meteorites, Lord Kelvin suggests their agency in introduction of plants.
+
+ "Methods of Study," Agassiz' book on.
+
+ Mexicans, explanation of natural affinities of Chinese and.
+
+ Meyen, on insectivorous plants.
+
+ Meyer, Dr., translator of Wallace's "Malay Archipelago."
+
+ Meyer and Doege, on plants of Cape of Good Hope.
+
+ Mica, in foliated rocks.
+
+ Mica-slate, clay-slate and.
+
+ Mice, ears of.
+ -experiments by Tait on.
+
+ Microscope, Darwin on convenient form of.
+ -indispensable in work on flowers.
+ -use of compound without simple, injurious to progress of Natural
+ History.
+
+ Migration of animals and plants.
+ -Darwin on plant-.
+ -of elephants.
+ -Glacial period and.
+ -of plants.
+ -in tropics.
+ -of birds.
+
+ Mikania, a leaf-climber.
+ -M. scandens, gradation between Mutisia and.
+
+ Mill, J.S., on Darwin's reasoning.
+ -on greatest happiness principle.
+
+ Miller, Hugh, "First Impressions of England and its People."
+
+ Miller, S.H., "Fenland Past and Present" by Skertchley and.
+
+ Miller, Prof. William Hallowes, F.R.S. (1801-80), held the Chair of
+ Mineralogy at Cambridge from 1832 to 1880 (see "Obituary Notices of
+ Fellows," "Proc. R. Soc." Volume XXXI., 1881).  He is referred to in the
+ "Origin of Species" (Edition VI., page 221) as having verified Darwin's
+ statement as to the structure of the comb made by Melipona domestica, a
+ Mexican species of bee. The cells of Melipona occupy an intermediate
+ position between the perfect cells of the hive-bee and the much simpler
+ ones of the humble-bee; the comb consists "of cylindrical cells in which
+ the young are hatched, and, in addition, some large cells of wax for
+ holding honey.  These latter cells are nearly spherical and of nearly equal
+ sizes, and are aggregated into an irregular mass.  But the important point
+ to notice is that these cells are always made at that degree of nearness to
+ each other that they would have intersected or broken into each other if
+ the spheres had been completed; but this is never permitted, the bees
+ building perfectly flat walls of wax between the spheres which thus tend to
+ intersect."  It occurred to Darwin that certain changes in the architecture
+ of the Melipona comb would produce a structure "as perfect as the comb of
+ the hive-bee."  He made a calculation, therefore, to show how this
+ structural improvement might be effected, and submitted the statement to
+ Professor Miller.  By a slight modification of the instincts possessed by
+ Melipona domestica, this bee would be able to build with as much
+ mathematical accuracy as the hive-bee; and by such modifications of
+ instincts Darwin believed that "the hive-bee has acquired, through natural
+ selection, her inimitable architectural powers" (loc. cit., page 222).
+ -letters to.
+
+ Million years, Darwin on meaning of a.
+
+ Milne-Edwards, Darwin's cirripede work and.
+ -Darwin's opinion of.
+ -on retrograde development.
+
+ Milne-Home, David (1805-90): was a country gentleman in Berwickshire who
+ became interested in geology at an early age.  He wrote on the Midlothian
+ Coal-field, the Geology of Roxburghshire, the Parallel Roads of Glen Roy,
+ and compiled the Reports presented by a Committee appointed by the Royal
+ Society of Edinburgh to investigate the observation and registration of
+ boulders in Scotland ("Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc." Volume XLVII., 1891;
+ "Proc." page 59).
+ -believes in connection between state of weather and earthquakes.
+ -on Glen Roy.
+ -letters to.
+ -letter from R. Chambers to.
+ -on oscillation of sea.
+
+ Milton, quotation from.
+
+ Mimicry, Bates on.
+ -and dimorphism.
+ -Volucella as an example of.
+ -Wallace on.
+ -and colour.
+ -F. Muller on Lepidoptera and.
+
+ Mimosa, Darwin's experiments on.
+ -M. albida, Darwin on.
+ -M. sensitiva.
+
+ Mimoseae, F. Muller's account of seeds of.
+
+ Mimulus, Pfeffer on movement of stigma.
+
+ Mind, development of.
+ -evolution of.
+ -influence on nutrition.
+
+ Miocene land.
+
+ Miquel, F.A.W., on Flora of Holland.
+ -on distribution of the beech.
+ -on flora of Japan.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Mirabilis.
+
+ Mirbel, G.F.B. de.
+
+ Miscellaneous letters, botanical.
+ -geological.
+
+ Miscellaneous subjects, letters on.
+
+ Mississippi, Lyell on pampas and deposits of the.
+
+ Mitchella.
+
+ Mivart, St. George F.R.S. (1827-1900): was educated at Harrow, King's
+ College, London, and St. Mary's College, Oscott.  He was called to the Bar
+ in 1851; in 1862 he was appointed Lecturer in the Medical School of St.
+ Mary's Hospital.  In the "Genesis of Species," published in 1871, Mivart
+ expressed his belief in the guiding action of Divine power as a factor in
+ Evolution.
+ -false reasoning of.
+ -"Genesis of Species."
+
+ Modification, Darwin's disbelief in sudden.
+ -explanation of.
+ -of insects.
+ -of jays and crows.
+ -of land and freshwater faunas.
+ -selection and.
+ -of species.
+ -Walsh on specific.
+
+ Moel Tryfan, Darwin on shells on.
+ -Mackintosh on shells on.
+
+ Moggridge, J. Traherne (1842-74): is described by a writer in "Nature"
+ Volume XI., 1874, page 114, as "one of our most promising young
+ naturalists."  He published a work on "Harvesting Ants and Trap-door
+ Spiders," London, 1873, and wrote on the Flora of Mentone and on other
+ subjects.  (See "The Descent of Man" Volume I., Edition II., page 104,
+ 1888.)
+ -letters to.
+ -note on.
+ -experiments on ants and seeds.
+
+ Mohl, von, on climbing plants.
+
+ Mojsisovics, E. von: Vice-Director of the Imperial Geological Institute,
+ Vienna.
+ -letters to.
+ -work on Palaeontology and Evolution.
+
+ Molecular movement in foliated rocks.
+
+ Moller, "Brasilische Pilzblumen."
+
+ Molliard, on Les Cecidies florales.
+
+ Mollusca, distribution by birds.
+ -Huxley on.
+ -means of dispersal of.
+ -Morse on protective colours of.
+ -Wallace on distribution of.
+
+ Molothrus, occurrence in Brazil.
+
+ Monacanthus viridis, female form of Catasetum tridentatum.
+
+ Monkeys, distribution of birds affected by.
+ -range of.
+ -ears of.
+ -mane as protection.
+ -wrinkling of eyes during screaming.
+
+ Monochaetum (Monochoetum), absence of nectar in.
+ -experiments on.
+ -flowers of.
+ -neglected by bees.
+ -seeds of.
+ -M. ensiferum, two kinds of stamens.
+
+ Monocotyledons, range of.
+ -heterostylism in.
+
+ Monotremes, birds compared with.
+ -as remnant of ancient fauna.
+
+ Monotropa uniflora, in New Granada.
+ -in Himalayas.
+ -in separate areas in U.S.A.
+
+ Monotypic genera, variation of.
+
+ Monstrosities, Harvey on.
+ -Masters' work on.
+ -no sharp distinction between slight variations and.
+ -origin of species from.
+ -variations and.
+
+ Monte Video, Darwin visits.
+ -Darwin on cleavage at.
+
+ Moon, effect on earthquakes.
+
+ Moraines, glacial.
+
+ Moral sense, J. Morley on Darwin's treatment of.
+
+ Morality, foundation of.
+
+ More, Alexander Goodman (1830-95): botanist and zoologist, distinguished
+ chiefly by his researches on the distribution of Irish plants and animals.
+ He was born in London, and was educated at Rugby and Trinity College,
+ Cambridge.  He became Assistant in the Natural History Museum at Dublin in
+ 1867, and Curator in 1881.  He was forced by ill-health to resign his post
+ in 1887, and died in 1895.  He is best known for the Cybele Hibernica and
+ for various papers published in the "Ibis."  He was also the author of
+ "Outlines of the Natural History of the Isle of Wight," of a "Supplement to
+ the Flora Vectensis," and innumerable shorter papers.  His "Life and
+ Letters" has been edited by Mr. C.B. Moffat, with a preface by Miss Frances
+ More (1898).  There is a good obituary notice by Mr. R. Barrington in the
+ "Irish Naturalist," May, 1895.
+ -letters to.
+
+ Morgan.
+
+ Morley, J., letters to.
+
+ Mormodes, labellum of.
+ -M. ignea, flower of.
+
+ Morphological, Hooker's criticism of term.
+ -sense in which used by Nageli.
+
+ Morphology, Darwin's explanation of.
+ -Kollmann on batrachian.
+ -of plants.
+
+ Morse, Prof. E.S.: of Salem, Mass.
+ -letters to.
+ -on shell-mounds of Omori.
+
+ Morton, Lord, his mare.
+
+ Moscow, opinion on Darwin's work from.
+
+ Moseley, Canon H., on glacier-motion.
+
+ Moseley, Prof. Henry Nottidge F.R.S. (1844-91): was an undergraduate of
+ Exeter College, Oxford, and afterwards studied medicine at University
+ College, London.  In 1872 he was appointed one of the naturalists on the
+ scientific staff of the "Challenger," and in 1881 succeeded his friend and
+ teacher, Professor Rolleston, as Linacre Professor of Human and Comparative
+ Anatomy at Oxford.  Moseley's "Notes by a Naturalist on the Challenger,"
+ London, 1879, was held in high estimation by Darwin, to whom it was
+ dedicated.  (See "Life and Letters," III., pages 237-38.)
+ -letter to.
+ -proposal to examine Kerguelen Coal beds.
+
+ Moss-rose, sudden variation in.
+
+ Mostyn, Lord, horse and quagga belonging to.
+
+ Moths, hermaphroditism in hybrid.
+ -survival of distinct races.
+ -colours of.
+ -and Sexual Selection.
+
+ Mould, Darwin's opinion of his paper on.
+
+ Mountain-building, Rogers on.
+
+ Mountain-chains, Darwin on.
+ -and earthquakes.
+ -and elevation.
+ -false views of geologists on.
+ -Hopkins on.
+ -volcanic rocks in.
+
+ Movement, of land-areas.
+ -of plants, Darwin on.
+ -F. Muller on.
+ -Wiesner on Darwin's book on.
+
+ Mucus of seeds, significance of.
+
+ Mukkul, Pass of.
+
+ Mules, meaning of stripes of.
+ -J.J. Weir's observations on.
+
+ Muller, Ferd., on advance of European plants in Australia.
+
+ Muller, (Fritz) Dr. Johann Friedrich Theodor (1822-97): was born in
+ Thuringia, and left his native country at the age of thirty to take up his
+ residence at Blumenau, Sta Catharina, South Brazil, where he was appointed
+ teacher of mathematics at the Gymnasium of Desterro.  He afterwards held a
+ natural history post, from which he was dismissed by the Brazilian
+ Government in 1891 on the ground of his refusal to take up his residence at
+ Rio de Janeiro ("Nature," December 17th, 1891, page 156).  Muller published
+ a large number of papers on zoological and botanical subjects, and rendered
+ admirable service to the cause of evolution by his unrivalled powers of
+ observation and by the publication of a work entitled "Fur Darwin" (1865),
+ which was translated by Dallas under the title "Facts and Arguments for
+ Darwin" (London, 1869).  The long series of letters between Darwin and
+ Muller bear testimony to the friendship and esteem which Darwin felt for
+ his co-worker in Brazil.  In a letter to Dr. Hermann Muller (March 29th,
+ 1867), Mr. Darwin wrote:  "I sent you a few days ago a paper on climbing
+ plants by your brother, and I then knew for the first time that Fritz
+ Muller was your brother.  I feel the greatest respect for him as one of the
+ most able naturalists living, and he has aided me in many ways with
+ extraordinary kindness."  See "Life and Letters," III., page 37; "Nature,"
+ October 7th, 1897, Volume LVI., page 546.
+ -book by.
+ -convert to Darwin's views.
+ -Darwin's opinion of his book.
+ -friendship with Darwin.
+ -Hooker on.
+ -letters to.
+ -on Lord Morton's mare.
+ -on mutual specialisation of insects and plants.
+ -on prawns.
+ -reference to letter from.
+ -on sponges.
+ -on Cassia and caterpillars in S. Brazil.
+ -on climbing plants.
+ -on crossing plants.
+ -Darwin offers to make good loss by flood.
+ -Darwin's admiration of.
+ -on Darwin's work on lepidoptera.
+ -Darwin urges him to write Natural History book.
+ -explanation of two kinds of stamens in flowers.
+ -on fertilisation mechanisms.
+ -letter to Darwin from.
+ -narrow escape from flood.
+ -article in "Kosmos" on Phyllanthus.
+ -on Melastomaceae.
+ -on orchids.
+ -on stripes and spots in animals.
+ -on Termites.
+ -disinclined to publish.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Muller, Hermann (1829-83): began his education in the village school of
+ Muhlberg, and afterwards studied in Halle and Berlin.  From an early age he
+ was a keen naturalist, and began his scientific work as a collector in the
+ field.  In 1855 he became Science teacher at Lippstadt, where he continued
+ to work during the last twenty-eight years of his life.  Muller's greatest
+ contribution to Botany "Die Befruchtung der Blumen durch Insekten," was the
+ outcome to Charles Darwin's book on the "Fertilisation of Orchids."  He was
+ a frequent contributor to "Kosmos" on subjects bearing on the origin of
+ species, the laws of variation, and kindred problems; like his brother,
+ Fritz, Hermann Muller was a zealous supporter of evolutionary views, and
+ contributed in no small degree to the spread of the new teaching.  ("Prof.
+ Dr. Hermann Muller von Lippstadt:  Ein Gedenkblatt," by Ernst Krause,
+ "Kosmos," Volume VII., page 393, 1883.)
+ -extract from letter to.
+ -Darwin's admiration for his book.
+ -on fertilisation of flowers.
+ -on clover and bees.
+ -on Epipactis and Platanthera.
+ -extract from Darwin's preface to his "Befruchtung der Blumen."
+ -letters to.
+ -on Melastoma.
+ -persecuted by Ultramontane party.
+ -review in "Kosmos" of "Forms of Flowers."
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Muller, Prof. Max, "Lectures on the Science of Language."
+ -letter to.
+
+ Muller, Rosa, observations on circumnutation.
+
+ Mummy wheat.
+
+ Mundane cold period, Darwin on supposed.
+
+ Mundane genera, distribution of.
+
+ Munro, Col., on Bermuda.
+
+ Munro, on eyes of parrots.
+
+ Murchison, Sir R.I., apotheosis of.
+ -Darwin's conversations with.
+ -letter to.
+ -address to Geological Society.
+ -on structure of Alps.
+ -Lyell's criticism of.
+
+ Murder, expression of man arrested for.
+
+ Murdoch, G.B., letter to.
+
+ Murray, A., address to Botanical Society of Edinburgh.
+ -criticism of Wallace's theory of nests.
+ -Darwin criticised by.
+ -Darwin's criticism of work of.
+ -on geological distribution of mammals.
+ -on leaves and CO2.
+ -review of "Origin" by.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Murray, Sir J., Darwin on his theory of coral reefs.
+
+ Murray, J., Darwin's agreement with.
+ -"Journal of Researches" published by.
+ -MS. of "Origin" sent to.
+ -sale of "Origin."
+ -publication of "Fur Darwin."
+
+ Mus, range of.
+
+ Musca vomitoria, Lowne on.
+
+ Muscles, contraction in evacuation and in labour pains.
+ -in man and apes.
+
+ Museum (British), enquiry as to disposal of Natural History Collections
+ by Trustees of.
+
+ Music, birds and production of.
+ -insects, and.
+ -origin of taste for.
+
+ Musk-duck, hatching of eggs.
+
+ Musk-orchids, pollinia of.
+
+ Musk ox, as index of climate.
+ -found in gravel at Down.
+
+ Mussels, seize hold of fishing hooks.
+
+ Mutability of species, Lyell on.
+
+ Mutation, use of term.
+
+ Mutisia, a tendril-climber, compared with Mikania.
+
+ Myanthus barbatus, hermaphrodite form of Catasetum tridentatum.
+
+ Mylodon.
+
+ Myosotis, in N. America.
+
+ Myosurus, range of.
+
+ Mytilus, as fossil in the Andes.
+
+ Nageli, Carl Wilhelm von (1817-91): was born at Kilchberg, near Zurich.  He
+ graduated at Zurich with a dissertation on the Swiss species of Cirsium.
+ At Jena he came under the influence of Schleiden, who taught him
+ microscopic work.  He married in 1845, and on his wedding journey in
+ England, collected seaweeds for "Die neueren Algen-systeme."  He was called
+ as Professor to Freiburg im Breisgau in 1852; and to Munich in 1857, where
+ he remained until his death on May 10th, 1891.  In the "Zeitschrift fur
+ wiss. Botanik," 1844-46, edited by Nageli and Schleiden, and of which only
+ a single volume appeared, Nageli insists on the only sound basis for
+ classification being "development as a whole."  The "Entstehung und
+ Begriff" (1865) was his first real evolutionary paper.  He believed in a
+ tendency of organisms to vary towards perfection.  His idea was that the
+ causes of variability are internal to the organism:  see his work, "Ueber
+ den Einfluss ausserer Verhaltnisse auf die Varietatenbildung.  Among his
+ other writings are the "Theorie der Bastardbildung," 1866, and "Die
+ Mechanisch-physiologische Theorie der Abstammungslehre," 1884.  The chief
+ idea of the latter book is the existence of Idioplasm, a part of protoplasm
+ serving for hereditary transmission.  (From Dr. D.H. Scott's article in
+ "Nature," October 15th, 1891, page 580.)
+ -Darwin on his work.
+ -Essay on Natural Selection.
+ -on Hieracium.
+ -"Ueber Entstehung und Begriff der naturhistoriscehn Art."
+ -Weismann on work of.
+ -on arrangement of leaves.
+ -criticism of Darwin.
+ -on innate principle of development.
+ -on physiological nature of useful adaptations in plants.
+
+ Napier, Rt. Hon. J.R., speech at British Association (1861) on Darwin's
+ work.
+
+ Naravelia.
+
+ Narborough, Sir J., description of W. coast of S. America by.
+
+ Nascent organs, rudimentary and.
+ -wing of Apteryx as.
+
+ Natural classification.
+
+ "Natural Conditions of Existence," Semper's.
+
+ Natural History, Darwin's taste for.
+ -Darwin's contributions to.
+ -accuracy the soul of.
+ -Darwin urges F. Muller to write book on.
+
+ Natural History Collections, enquiry as to disposal by British Museum
+ Trustees of.
+
+ "Natural History Review," Lord Avebury on Walsh's paper on dimorphism.
+ -Bentham in the.
+ -Darwin's opinion of.
+ -Darwin reviews Bates in.
+ -Falconer in the.
+ -founding of.
+ -Huxley and.
+
+ "Natural Inheritance," Galton's.
+
+ Natural preservation, as substitute for Natural Selection.
+
+ "Natural Science," A.S. Woodward on Neomylodon in.
+
+ Natural Selection, accumulation of varieties by.
+ -and adaptation in orchids.
+ -Allen on slowness of action.
+ -Angraecum in relation to.
+ -Ansted on.
+ -applied to politics.
+ -and artificial.
+ -Bates' belief in.
+ -Bronn on.
+ -comparison with architecture.
+ -with force and matter.
+ -with laws of gravity.
+ -conservative influence of.
+ -Cope's and Hyatt's views on.
+ -Darwin accused of making too much of a Deus of.
+ -Darwin's anxiety not to overestimate effect of.
+ -Darwin lays stress on importance of.
+ -Darwin on use of term.
+ -deification of.
+ -and direct action.
+ -Eocene or Secondary organisms would be beaten in competition with
+ recent on theory of.
+ -and external conditions.
+ -Falconer on.
+ -and fertility.
+ -Asa Gray on.
+ -Harvey misunderstands Darwin's meaning.
+ -Haughton partially admits.
+ -Hooker thinks Darwin probably rides too hard his hobby of.
+ -Hooker on supposed falling off in belief in.
+ -Hooker and Bates believe in.
+ -Huxley's belief in.
+ -Huxley gives in a lecture inadequate idea of.
+ -Hyatt and Cope on.
+ -importance of.
+ -Lamont on.
+ -Lyell on.
+ -and monstrosities.
+ -Nageli's Essay on.
+ -no limit to perfection of co-adaptations produced by.
+ -non-acceptance of.
+ -objections to.
+ -"plants are splendid for making one believe in."
+ -possibility of race of bears being rendered aquatic through.
+ -with the principle of divergence the keystone of "Origin."
+ -production of thorns through.
+ -tends to progression of organisation.
+ -providential arrangement and superfluity of.
+ -struggle between reversion, variability and.
+ -Scott on.
+ -slowness of action.
+ -and sterility.
+ -success of.
+ -tails of mice a difficulty as regards.
+ -Sir W. Thomson's misconception of.
+ -uses of.
+ -value of.
+ -and variation.
+ -variation of species sufficient for selection and accumulation of new
+ specific characters by.
+ -and useful characters.
+ -Wallace on.
+ -Watson on.
+ -applied to man and brutes.
+ -Australian savages and.
+ -beauty and.
+ -Darwin on action of.
+ -Darwin's historical sketch in "Origin" of.
+ -difficulties of.
+ -Donders nearly preceded Darwin in views on.
+ -evolution of man from point of view of.
+ -Owen's attitude towards.
+ -primogeniture destructive of.
+ -Sexual Selection less powerful than.
+ -Wallace attributes theory entirely to Darwin.
+ -Wallace on brain and.
+
+ Naturalisation, of European plants.
+ -of plants in India.
+ -of plants in islands.
+
+ Naturalised plants, Bentham on.
+ -comparison of variability of indigenous and.
+ -De Candolle on.
+ -variability of.
+ -fewness of American species of, in Britain.
+
+ "Naturalist in Nicaragua," Belt's.
+ -Belt's account of honey-glands of plants in.
+
+ "Naturalist on the Amazons," Bates'.
+ -Darwin's opinion of.
+
+ Naturalists, views on species held by.
+ -few care for philosophical experiments
+
+ Nature, Wallace on personification of.
+ -use of term.
+
+ "Nature not lying," principle of.
+
+ "Nature," Darwin's opinion of.
+ -letters or notes from Darwin in.
+ -Galton in.
+ -F. Muller in.
+ -Thiselton-Dyer in.
+
+ Naudin, C., on hybridism.
+ -on Melastomaceae.
+
+ Nauplius stages.
+
+ Nautilus, of Silurian age.
+
+ Necrophorus, Darwin's observations on.
+
+ Nectar, in leguminous flowers.
+ -Lord Farrer on secretion of, in Coronilla.
+
+ Nectaries, Belt on extra-floral.
+
+ Nectarines and peaches.
+ -Rivers on production from seed.
+ -variation in.
+
+ Negative geological evidence, Darwin and Lyell on.
+
+ Negro, resemblance between expression of Cebus and.
+
+ Nelumbium, as example of transport.
+
+ Neottia nidus-avis, fertilisation mechanism.
+ -pollen-tubes of.
+
+ Nepenthes, Hooker's work on.
+ -Thiselton-Dyer on.
+
+ Neptunia.
+
+ Nervous system, genesis of.
+ -influence on nutrition.
+
+ Nests, Wallace's theory, of.
+ -colour in relation to.
+ -instinct in making.
+
+ Neumann, on Catasetum.
+
+ Neumayr, Melchior (1845-90): passed his early life at Stuttgart, and
+ entered the University of Munich in 1863 with the object of studying law,
+ but he soon gave up legal studies for Geology and Palaeontology.  In 1873
+ he was recalled from Heidelberg, where he held a post as Privatdocent, to
+ occupy the newly created Chair of Palaeontology in Vienna.  Dr. Neumayr was
+ a successful and popular writer, as well as "one of the best and most
+ scientific palaeontologists"; he was an enthusiastic supporter of Darwin's
+ views, and he devoted himself "to tracing through the life of former times
+ the same law of evolution as Darwin inferred from that of the existing
+ world."  (See Obit. Notice, by Dr. W.T. Blanford, "Quart. Journ. Geol.
+ Soc." Volume XLVI., page 54, 1890.)
+ -essay on descent theory.
+ -services to geology.
+ -"Die Stamme des Thierreichs."
+
+ Nevill, Lady Dorothy.
+
+ New Zealand, absence of leguminosae opposed to continental extension of.
+ -British plants in.
+ -clover never seeded before introduction of bees.
+ -comparison between flora of Tasmania and.
+ -elevation of mountains in.
+ -flora of.
+ -flora of Australia and.
+ -Flora of Raoul Island and.
+ -Hooker on flora of.
+ -Darwin's opinion of Hooker's "Flora."
+ -former connection of islands.
+ -former extension of.
+ -naturalised plants.
+ -peopling of mountains by plants.
+ -proportion of annuals.
+ -species of plants common to America, Chili and.
+ -stocked from Antarctic land.
+ -colonising of.
+ -glacial action in.
+ -mountain-rat of.
+ -trees of.
+
+ Newton, Prof. A., note on Strickland by.
+ -description of partridge as agent in dispersal of seeds.
+
+ Newton's law of gravity.
+
+ Niagara, Darwin on Lyell's work on.
+
+ Nightingale, Gould on the.
+
+ Noises, observations on children's.
+
+ Nolana prostrata, Darwin's experiments on.
+
+ Nomenclature, discussion on.
+
+ "North British Review," Fleeming Jenkin's review in.
+ -Tait in.
+
+ Norton, Professor Charles Elliot: of Harvard, the son of the late Dr.
+ Andrews Norton, Professor of Theology in the Harvard Divinity School.
+ -visits Down.
+
+ Norway, Von Buch's travels in.
+ -Blytt on flora of.
+
+ Norwich, Berkeley's address at British Association (1868) meeting at.
+ -Hooker's address.
+
+ Nottingham, British Association meeting (1866) at.
+ -Hooker's lecture on insular floras at.
+
+ Notylia, F. Muller on.
+
+ Nucula, a persistent type.
+
+ Nuneham, Darwin's recollection of trip to.
+
+ Nutrition, influence of mind on.
+
+ Nyctitropic movements, see Sleep-movements.
+
+ Observation, spirit of astronomers in.
+ -harder work than generalisation.
+ -pleasure of.
+
+ Observations, not to be trusted without repetition.
+
+ Observer, a good theoriser makes a good.
+
+ Oceanic islands, difference in floras and means of stocking.
+ -connection between continents and.
+ -former extension of.
+ -Reade on.
+ -volcanic nature of.
+
+ Oceans, age and depth of.
+ -permanence of.
+ -as sinking areas.
+
+ Ogle, W., on the sense of smell.
+ -letter to.
+ -translation of book by Kerner.
+
+ Ogleby, reference to his nomenclature scheme.
+
+ Oken, on Lepas.
+ -Owen on.
+
+ Old characters, reappearance of.
+
+ Oldenburgia.
+
+ Oldenlandia.
+
+ Olfers.
+
+ Oliver, D., Darwin indebted to for information.
+ -letters to.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Olyra, sleep-movements of.
+
+ Omori, Morse on shell-mounds of.
+
+ Oncidium, J. Scott's work on.
+ -structure of labellum.
+ -O. flexuosum, observations by Muller and Scott on.
+ -self-sterility of.
+ -O. sphacelatum, Scott on fertilisation of.
+
+ Ophrys.
+ -O. apifera, fertilisation-mechanism.
+ -self-fertilisation of.
+ -O. arachnites, fertilisation of.
+ -habitat.
+ -O. aranifera.
+ -O. morio, fertilisation of.
+ -O. muscifera, Lord Farrer's observations on.
+ -O. scolopax.
+
+ Opossums.
+
+ Oppel, service to geology.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Opuntia, Henslow describes new species from Galapagos.
+
+ Orang-utang, Rolleston on brain of.
+ -Wallace on.
+
+ Orange trees, grafting of.
+
+ d'Orbigny, on geology of S. America.
+ -theory of formation of Pampas mud.
+ -"Voyage dans l'Amerique meridionale.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Orchids, adaptation in.
+ -Darwin's work on.
+ -Darwin's view that seedlings are parasitic on Cryptogams.
+ -Falconer's estimate of Darwin's work on.
+ -few species in humid temperate regions.
+ -flourish in cool temperate regions.
+ -illustrate diversity of means to same end.
+ -monstrous.
+ -quoted as argument against species arising from monstrosities.
+ -utility and.
+ -fertilisation mechanisms of.
+ -Brazilian.
+ -Darwin decides to publish his work in book-form.
+ -Darwin sends copy of his book to F. Muller.
+ -Darwin underrates power of producing seeds without insects.
+ -French translation of Darwin's book.
+ -germinative power of pollen.
+ -Hildebrand's paper on.
+ -Nectar not excreted in some English.
+ -and nectar secretion.
+ -formation of ovule after pollination.
+ -Scott points out error in Darwin's work.
+ -Scott on pollen-tubes of.
+ -Scott on self-sterility.
+ -self-fertilisation in.
+ -setting of seed in unopened flower.
+ -sterility of.
+ -course of vessels in flowers.
+ -wonderful contrivances intelligible.
+
+ Orchis, flowers of.
+ -nectaries of.
+ -pollinia of.
+
+ Orchis (Bee) (see also Ophrys apifera), Darwin's experiments on.
+ -O. pyramidalis, fertilisation mechanism.
+ -O. ustulata.
+
+ Order of Nature.
+
+ Ordination.
+
+ Organ mountains, Darwin on plants of.
+ -glacial action on.
+
+ Organisms, simultaneous change in.
+ -amount of change in fresh water and marine.
+
+ Organs, transition of
+ -use of.
+
+ "Origin of the Fittest," Cope's.
+
+ "Origin of Genera," Cope's work on.
+
+ Origin of life.
+
+ "Origin of Species," acceptance of doctrine of Evolution due to the.
+ -Darwin's belief in the permanence of the framework of the.
+ -Darwin's opinion of his book.
+ -Dawson's review of.
+ -direct action underestimated in the.
+ -editions of the.
+ -errors in.
+ -Falconer's estimate of.
+ -Huxley's Cambridge speech, and reference to the.
+ -Huxley's lecture on coming of age of.
+ -Huxley's review of.
+ -Lesquereux's articles in "Silliman" against the.
+ -publication of the Abstract of.
+ -publication by Murray of.
+ -sale of the.
+ -Seemann on the.
+ -translation of.
+ -Wallace's criticism of.
+ -Walsh on the.
+ -Darwin on necessity for modifications in the.
+ -review by Fleeming Jenkin.
+ -review by A. Murray.
+ -Owen's criticism of Darwin's Historical Sketch in 4th edition of.
+ -Owen's review of.
+ -study of natural history revolutionised by the.
+ -valueless criticism on.
+
+ Origin of species, Darwin's early views on.
+ -Darwin's views on.
+ -Falconer antagonistic to Darwin's views on.
+ -Oxford discussion (British Association, 1860) on the.
+ -spread of Darwin's views in America.
+
+ Origin of species and genera, Wallace in the "Nineteenth Century" on.
+
+ Original work, time taken up by, at expense of reading.
+
+ Ormerod's Index to the Geological Society's Journal.
+
+ Ornithorhynchus, aberrant nature of.
+ -preservation of.
+
+ Orthoptera, auditory organs of.
+
+ Oscillariae, abundance in the ocean.
+
+ Oscillataria.
+
+ Oscillation of land, Darwin's views on.
+
+ Os coccyx, as rudimentary organ.
+
+ Ostrea.
+
+ Ostrich, modification of wings.
+
+ Outliers, plants as.
+
+ "Outlines of Cosmic Philosophy," Fiske's.
+
+ Ovary, abnormal structure in orchid.
+
+ Owen, Sir Richard (1804-92): was born at Lancaster, and educated at the
+ local Grammar School, where one of his schoolfellows was William Whewell,
+ afterwards Master of Trinity.  He was subsequently apprenticed to a surgeon
+ and apothecary, and became deeply interested in the study of anatomy.  He
+ continued his medical training in Edinburgh and at St. Bartholomew's
+ Hospital in London.  In 1827 Owen became assistant to William Clift (whose
+ daughter Owen married in 1835), Conservator to the Hunterian Museum of the
+ Royal College of Surgeons.  It was here that he became acquainted with
+ Cuvier, at whose invitation he visited Paris, and attended his lectures and
+ those of Geoffroy St. Hilaire.  The publication, in 1832, of the "Memoir on
+ the Pearly Nautilus" placed the author "in the front rank of anatomical
+ monographers."  On Clift's retirement, Owen became sole Conservator to the
+ Hunterian Museum, and was made first Hunterian Professor of Comparative
+ Anatomy and Physiology at the Royal College of Surgeons.  In 1856 he
+ accepted the post of Superintendent of the Natural History department of
+ the British Museum, and shortly after his appointment he strongly urged the
+ establishment of a National Museum of Natural History, a project which was
+ eventually carried into effect in 1875.  In 1884 he was gazetted K.C.B.
+ Owen was a strong opponent of Darwin's views, and contributed a bitter and
+ anonymous article on the "Origin of Species" to the "Edinburgh Review" of
+ 1860.  The position of Owen in the history of anatomical science has been
+ dealt with by Huxley in an essay incorporated in the "Life of Richard
+ Owen," by his grandson, the Rev. Richard Owen (2 volumes, London, 1894).
+ Huxley pays a high tribute to Owen's industry and ability:  "During more
+ than half a century Owen's industry remained unabated; and whether we
+ consider the quality or the quantity of the work done, or the wide range of
+ his labours, I doubt if, in the long annals of anatomy, more is to be
+ placed to the credit of any single worker."  The record of his work is
+ "enough, and more than enough, to justify the high place in the scientific
+ world which Owen so long occupied.  If I mistake not, the historian of
+ comparative anatomy and palaeontology will always assign to Owen a place
+ next to, and hardly lower than, that of Cuvier, who was practically the
+ creator of those sciences in their modern shape, and whose works must
+ always remain models of excellence in their kind."  On the other hand,
+ Owen's contributions to philosophical anatomy are on a much lower plane;
+ hardly any of his speculations in this field have stood the test of
+ investigation:  "...I am not sure that any one but the historian of
+ anatomical science is ever likely to recur to them, and considering Owen's
+ great capacity, extensive learning, and tireless industry, that seems a
+ singular result of years of strenuous labour."
+ -address at Leeds (British Association, 1858) by.
+ -admission of descent of species.
+ -articles by.
+ -on a badger of Pliocene age.
+ -on the brain.
+ -Mrs. Carlyle's impression of.
+ -and Hooker.
+ -conduct towards Huxley.
+ -Darwin abused by.
+ -on Darwin and Maillet.
+ -and Darwinism.
+ -on ephemeral influence of the "Origin."
+ -Falconer and.
+ -Huxley on.
+ -on Huxley's election to the Athenaeum.
+ -ignores Darwin's work.
+ -influence of.
+ -isolation among scientific men.
+ -lecture on birds by.
+ -letters to.
+ -letter to the "Athenaeum."
+ -"Life of."
+ -on lowness of animals.
+ -on Macacus.
+ -on mammals of Old World.
+ -on morphology of vertebrata.
+ -review in the "Quarterly" of the "Origin."
+ -"Palaeontology" by.
+ -on parthenogenesis.
+ -review in the "Edinburgh Review" by.
+ -on simple and multiple organs.
+ -on use and disuse.
+ -and Bishop Wilberforce's review.
+ -visits Down.
+ -attack on Darwin in his "Anatomy of Vertebrata."
+ -attitude towards Natural Selection.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Owls and hawks, as agents in seed-dispersal.
+
+ Oxalis, bulbils of.
+ -cleistogamic flowers of.
+ -dimorphism of.
+ -pollen-tubes of.
+ -seeds of.
+ -trimorphism of.
+ -O. acetosella, sensitive leaves of.
+ -variation in length of pistil and stamens.
+ -O. sensitiva, Darwin's work on.
+ -O. corniculata, variation of.
+
+ Oxford, meeting of the British Association at (1847).
+ -Tuckwell's reminiscences of.
+
+ Oxlips, Darwin's experiment on cowslips, primroses, and.
+ -Darwin on hybrid character of.
+ -scarcity of.
+
+ Oxyspora paniculata, Wallich on.
+
+ Pachira, inequality of cotyledons.
+ -P. aquatica.
+
+ Pacific Ocean, Darwin wishes Hooker to investigate floras of.
+ -islands of the.
+ -coral reefs of.
+
+ Packard's "Lamarck the Founder of Evolution."
+
+ Paget, Sir J., on regeneration.
+ -address on elemental pathology.
+ -illness of.
+ -on influence of mind on nutrition.
+ -"Lectures on Surgical Pathology."
+ -letters to.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Pairing, in birds.
+ -vigour of birds and effect on time of.
+
+ Palaeolithic flints, in gravels near Southampton.
+
+ Palaeontology, rapid progress of.
+
+ Palaeozoic period.
+
+ Paley, idea of interference of Creator in construction of each species
+ due to.
+
+ "Pall Mall," article on "Dr. Hooker on Religion and Science" in.
+ -letter to editor of.
+
+ Pallas, Darwin's conviction of truth of doctrine of.
+ -doctrine of.
+ -on hybrids and fertility.
+
+ Palm, Malayan climbing.
+
+ Palm, L.H., work on climbing plants by.
+
+ Palma, crater of.
+
+ Pampas, geology of the.
+ -formation of.
+ -Lyell on Mississippi beds and.
+ -D'Orbigny's theory of formation of.
+ -thistle of the.
+
+ Pangenesis, adverse opinion on.
+ -Bentham on.
+ -Berkeley on.
+ -bud-propagation and.
+ -Darwin on.
+ -Darwin's suggestion as to term.
+ -difference between Galton's theory of heredity and.
+ -evidence from hybridisation in favour of.
+ -Hooker on.
+ -Huxley's views on.
+ -Jager on.
+ -Lyell on.
+ -and molecular hypothesis of Hackel.
+ -Ranyard on.
+ -Romanes on.
+ -self-fertilisation and.
+ -Wallace on.
+ -the idea a relief to Darwin as connecting facts.
+ -F. Muller and.
+ -bearing on regeneration.
+ -"will turn out true some day."
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Panmixia.
+
+ Panniculus carnosus in man.
+
+ Papilio Memnon, Wallace on.
+ -P. nireus, Mrs. Barber on.
+ -P. pammon, Wallace on.
+
+ Papilionaceaous flowers, absence in New Zealand.
+ -and hermaphroditism.
+
+ Papilionidae, Wallace on Malayan.
+
+ Paraheliotropism, Muller's observations on.
+ -in Phyllanthus.
+
+ Parallel Roads of Glen Roy (see Glen Roy).
+
+ Parana, Darwin finds Mastodon at.
+
+ Pararge, breeding in confinement.
+
+ Parasites, and degeneration.
+ -extermination of game by.
+ -bloom as protection against.
+ -and galls.
+
+ Parietaria, explosive stamens of.
+
+ Parrots, as agents in seed-dispersal.
+
+ Parsimony, Hamilton's law of.
+
+ Parthenogenesis, Darwin on.
+ -Owen's Hunterian lecture on.
+ -in Primula.
+ -J. Scott's work on.
+
+ Partridges, as agents of seed-dispersal.
+ -rudimentary spurs on legs of.
+
+ Parus caeruleus, protective colouring of.
+
+ Passiflora, bloom experiments on.
+ -Lord Farrer's work on.
+ -position of flowers of.
+ -Muller assists Lord Farrer in work on.
+ -Scott's work on.
+ -self-sterility of.
+ -Sprengel on.
+ -visited by humming-birds.
+ -P. gracilis, dispersal of seeds.
+ -P. princeps, adapted to humming birds.
+
+ Patagonia, L. Agassiz on elevation of.
+ -Darwin on geology of.
+ -gigantic land-sloth of.
+ -Admiral Sulivan on.
+
+ Pathology, Paget's lectures on.
+
+ Pattison, Mark.
+
+ Pavo nigripennis.
+
+ Payne, on effect of rain on plants.
+ -observations by.
+
+ Peaches, bud-variation in.
+ -raised from seed.
+
+ Peacock, evolution and Sexual Selection of.
+ -experiments on cutting tail of male.
+ -muscles of tail of.
+
+ Pearson, H.H.W., on the botany of Ceylon patanas.
+
+ Peas, course of vessels in ovary of sweet-.
+ -crossing in.
+ -fertilisation of.
+ -waxy secretion in.
+
+ Pecten, P. latissimus.
+
+ Pelargonium, peloric.
+ -Beaton on.
+ -Darwin's experiments on.
+ -flowers of.
+ -P. multiflora alba, Darwin's experiments on crossing.
+
+ Pelobius, Darwin on.
+
+ Peloria, effect of pollen on regular flowers.
+ -Darwin suggests experiments on.
+ -Masters on.
+ -in Pelargonium.
+ -inheritance of.
+
+ Peneus, F. Muller on.
+
+ Pentateuch, N. Lewy on.
+
+ Periodicals, Darwin's opinion of scientific.
+ -foreign compared with English.
+
+ Peripatus, Moseley's work on.
+
+ Peristylus viridis, Lord Farrer's observations on.
+
+ Permanence of ocean basins.
+
+ Permian period, glacial action during.
+ -freshwater beds in India.
+
+ "Personal Narrative," Humboldt's.
+
+ Peru, anarchy in.
+ -Darwin on terraces in.
+ -D. Forbes on geology of.
+
+ Peuquenes Pass, Darwin visits.
+
+ Pfeffer, Prof., on chemotaxis.
+ -considers Wiesner wrong in some of his interpretations.
+ -on Drosera.
+ -"Periodische Bewegungen."
+
+ Pfitzer, on classification of orchids.
+
+ Pfluger.
+
+ Phalaenopsis.
+
+ Phanerogams, comparison with one class of animals rather than with one
+ kingdom.
+
+ Phaseoli, crossing in.
+
+ Phaseolus vulgaris, sleep-movements of.
+
+ Pheasants, display of colour by golden.
+ -Hewitt on hybrids of.
+ -hybrids between fowls and.
+ -protective colouring.
+
+ Phillips, J., defines species.
+ -evolutionary views.
+ -"Life on the Earth."
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Phillips-Jodrell, T.T., founder of Jodrell Laboratory at Kew.
+
+ Philosophical Club.
+
+ Philosophical experiments, few naturalists care for.
+
+ Philosophising, means and laws of.
+
+ Phlox, Darwin's observations on flowers of.
+ -heterostylism of.
+ -P. Drummondii.
+ -P. subulata.
+
+ Phyllanthus, F. Muller's paper in "Kosmos" on.
+ -sleep-movements of.
+ -P. Niruri, sleep-movements of.
+
+ Phryma, de Candolle on.
+ -occurrence in N. America.
+
+ Phyllotaxis, Darwin and Falconer on.
+
+ Physical conditions, effect of.
+
+ "Physical Geography," Herschel's.
+
+ Physicists, disagree as to rate of cooling of earth's crust.
+
+ "Physiological Aesthetics," Grant Allen's.
+
+ Physiological germs.
+
+ Physiological selection, Romanes'.
+
+ Physiological species, Huxley's term.
+
+ Physiological units, Herbert Spencer's.
+
+ Physiological variations.
+
+ "Physiology," Huxley's "Elementary Lessons in."
+ -Darwin on difficulty of.
+ -Darwin's want of knowledge of.
+ -Darwin's work on plant-.
+ -England behind in vegetable.
+ -small knowledge of ordinary doctors of.
+ -and vivisection.
+
+ Phytophagic varieties, Walsh on.
+
+ Phytophthora, potatoes and.
+
+ "Pickwick," quotation from.
+
+ Pictet, on the succession of forms.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Pictet and Humbert, on fossil fishes of Lebanon.
+
+ Pieris, breeding in confinement.
+ -colour the result of mimicry.
+ -protective colouring.
+ -P. napi.
+ -Weismann on.
+
+ Pigeons, breeding of.
+ -drawings of.
+ -experiments on crossing.
+ -experiments bearing on direct action.
+ -production of varieties.
+ -reduction of wings.
+ -and sterility.
+ -Tegetmeier's work on.
+ -Wallace on Malayan.
+ -Darwin's work on.
+ -experiments in painting.
+ -Flourens' experiments on.
+ -gay deceiver.
+ -pairing for whole life.
+ (Barbs.)
+ (Carriers.)
+ (Fantails.)
+ (Laugher.)
+ (Pouters.)
+ (Rock.)
+ (Runts.)
+ (Tumblers.)
+
+ Pigs, crossing of.
+
+ "Pikermi," Gaudry's "Animaux fossiles de."
+
+ Pinguicula, Darwin's observations on.
+
+ Pistyll Rhiadr.
+
+ Pisum, cross-fertilisation of.
+ -P. sativum, visited by Bombus.
+
+ Pithecoid man, Huxley's term.
+
+ Pithecus, Owen on Homo and.
+
+ Placentata.
+
+ Plagiaulax, Falconer on.
+
+ Planaria.
+
+ Planorbis, Hyatt on genesis of species of.
+ -P. multiformis, graduated forms of.
+
+ Plantago, Ludwig's observations on.
+ -Darwin on.
+
+ Plants, change in animals compared with change in.
+ -comparison between high and low as regards resistance to injurious
+ conditions.
+ -contractility of.
+ -difference between animals and.
+ -distribution of.
+ -fossil.
+ -of Madeira.
+ -morphological characters.
+ -resemblance to animals.
+ -Saporta's work on fossil.
+ -small proportion preserved as fossils.
+ -splendid for helping belief in Natural Selection.
+ -thorns in.
+ -wide range as compared with animals.
+ -Darwin's interest in movements of.
+ -Darwin on physiology of.
+ -disease in.
+ -effect of stimuli on.
+
+ Plas Edwards.
+
+ Plasmodiophora, action on cruciferous roots.
+
+ Platanthera, H. Muller on.
+
+ Plato, comparison between plants and man in his "Timaeus."
+
+ Platysma myoides, contraction during terror.
+ -Darwin's error concerning.
+
+ Playfair, Lord.
+
+ Pleistocene Antarctic land, plants derived from.
+
+ Pliocene, Falconer on mammal from the.
+
+ Plovers, protective colouring of.
+
+ Plumage, immature and adult.
+
+ Plumbago, Darwin's experiments on.
+ -said to be dimorphic.
+
+ Podostemaceae, fertilisation of.
+
+ Poisons, natives of Australia injured by vegetable.
+ -absorption by roots of.
+ -effect of injection into plants.
+
+ Polar bear, modification of.
+
+ Polar ice-cap, Darwin on the.
+
+ Polarity, E. Forbes' theory of.
+
+ Pollen, direct action of.
+ -experiments on.
+ -time of maturity in Eucalyptus and Mimosa.
+ -mechanism for distribution in Martha.
+ -Miyoshi's experiments on tubes of.
+
+ Polyanthus, crossing in.
+
+ Polyborus Novae Zelandiae, in Falkland Islands.
+
+ Polydactylism, and inheritance.
+
+ Polyembryony, in Coffea and Pachira.
+
+ Polygala.
+ -P. vulgaris, variation of.
+
+ Polygamy, in birds.
+ -in Machetes.
+
+ Polygonum, germination of seeds found in sandpit.
+
+ Polymorphism, Darwin and Hooker on.
+ -Wallace on.
+
+ Polytypic genera, variation of.
+
+ Pontederia, heterostylism of.
+
+ Pontodrilus, Lankester on.
+
+ Poplar, Heer on fossil species.
+
+ Popper, J., letter to.
+
+ Poppig, on civilisation and savagery.
+
+ Poppy (corn-), indigenous in Sicily.
+
+ Porpoises, Flower on.
+ -freshwater.
+ -Murray on.
+
+ Portillo Pass.
+
+ Porto-Santo, land-snails of.
+ -plants of.
+
+ Positivism, Huxley's article in "Fortnightly Review" on.
+
+ Posoqueria, F. Muller's paper on.
+
+ Potatoes, crossing experiments.
+ -cultivated and wild.
+ -disease of.
+ -experiments suggested.
+ -graft-hybrids.
+ -sterility and variability in.
+ -Torbitt's experiments on.
+ -Traill's experiments.
+ -varieties of.
+ -Darwin's work on varieties of.
+ -Hildebrand's experiments on.
+
+ Poulton, Prof., on Prichard as an evolutionist.
+ -"Charles Darwin and the Theory of Natural Selection."
+
+ Poultry, skulls of.
+ -Tegetmeier's book on.
+ -experiments on colour and sexual selection.
+
+ Powell, Prof. Baden.
+
+ "Power of Movement in Plants," Darwin's account of capacity of revolving
+ in plants, in his book.
+ -Continental opinion of.
+ -Wiesner's criticism of.
+
+ Prawns, F. Muller on metamorphosis of.
+
+ Prayer, Galton's article on.
+
+ Pre-Cambrian rocks, Hicks on.
+
+ Predominant forms.
+
+ "Prehistoric Europe," J. Geikie's.
+
+ "Prehistoric Times," Lord Avebury's.
+
+ Preordination, speculation as to.
+
+ Prepotency of pollen.
+
+ Prescott, reference to work by.
+
+ Preservation, suggested as an alternative term for Natural Selection.
+
+ Pressure, effect on liquefaction by heat.
+
+ Preston, S. Tolver, letter to.
+
+ Prestwich, Prof. J., letter to.
+ -on Parallel Roads of Glen Roy.
+ -on superficial deposits of S. England.
+ -work on Tertiaries.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Prevost, C., as candidate for Royal Society Foreign List.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Price, J., extract from letter from Darwin to.
+
+ Prichard, James Cowles (1786-1848):  He came on both sides from Quaker
+ families, but, according to the "Encyclopaedia Britannica," he
+ ultimately joined the Church of England.  He was a M.D. of Edinburgh,
+ and by diploma of Oxford.  He was for a year at Trinity College,
+ Cambridge, and afterwards at St. John's and New College, Oxford, but did
+ not graduate at either University.  He practised medicine, and was
+ Physician to the Infirmary at Bristol.  Three years before his death he
+ was made a Commissioner in Lunacy.  He not only wrote much on Ethnology,
+ but also made sound contributions to the science of language and on
+ medical subjects.  His treatise on insanity was remarkable for his
+ advanced views on "moral insanity."
+ -on immutability.
+ -quotations from his "Physical History of Mankind."
+
+ Priestley, "Green matter" of.
+ -Huxley's essay on.
+
+ Primogeniture, antagonistic to Natural Selection.
+
+ Primrose (see also Primula), Darwin's experiments on cowslip and.
+ -dimorphism of.
+ -J. Scott on.
+
+ Primula, Darwin's work on.
+ -difficulty of experimenting with.
+ -dimorphism of.
+ -dimorphism lost by variation.
+ -entrance of pollen-tubes at chalaza.
+ -varying fertility of.
+ -fertilisation of.
+ -homomorphic unions and.
+ -ovules of.
+ -J. Scott's work on.
+ -stamens of.
+ -P. elatior.
+ -P. longiflora, non-dimorphism of.
+ -Treviranus on.
+ -P. mollis.
+ -P. scotica.
+ -P. sinensis.
+ -fertility of.
+ -legitimate and illegitimate unions.
+ -movement of cotyledons.
+
+ Principle of divergence.
+
+ "Principles of Biology," Spencer's.
+
+ "Principles of Geology," Lyell's.
+ -Darwin on.
+ -Wallace's review of.
+
+ Pringlea antiscorbutica (Kerguelen cabbage).
+
+ Priority, Falconer and Owen on.
+
+ Proboscidean group, extinction of.
+
+ Progress, in forms of life and organisation.
+
+ Progression, tendency in organisms towards.
+
+ Progressive development.
+
+ Pronuba, the Yucca moth, Riley on.
+
+ Proteaceae, former extension of.
+
+ Protean genera, list of N. American.
+
+ Protection, colour in butterflies and.
+ -thorns as.
+ -Wallace on.
+ -colour and.
+ -colour of birds and.
+ -colour of caterpillars and.
+ -colour of shells and.
+ -Darwin's views on Sexual Selection and.
+ -evolution of colour and.
+ -mimicry and.
+ -monkeys' manes as.
+ -Wallace on colour and.
+ -Wallace on wings of lepidoptera and.
+
+ Protective resemblance, Wallace on.
+
+ Proterogyny, in Plantago.
+
+ Prothero, G.W.
+
+ Protococcus.
+
+ Protozoa.
+
+ Providential arrangement.
+
+ Prunus laurocerasus, extra-floral nectaries visited by ants.
+
+ Psithyrus.
+
+ Psychology, Delboeuf on.
+ -Romanes' work on comparative.
+
+ Ptarmigan, protective colouring of.
+
+ Pterophorus periscelidactylus.
+
+ Publishing, over-readiness of most men in.
+
+ Pumilio argyrolepis, Darwin on seeds of.
+
+ Purbeck, Plagiaulax from the.
+
+ Purpose, Darwin on use of term.
+
+ Pyrola, fertilisation mechanism in.
+
+ Quagga, hybrid between horse and.
+
+ Quails, seed-dispersal by migratory.
+
+ "Quarterly Journal of Science," article on Darwin and his teaching in.
+ -review by Wallace of the Duke of Argyll's "Reign of Law."
+
+ "Quarterly Review," Mivart's article.
+ -Bishop Wilberforce's review of "Origin" in.
+ -article on zebras, horses, and hybrids.
+
+ Quartz, segregation in foliated rocks.
+
+ Quatrefages, Jean Louis Armand de, de Breau (1810-92): was a scion of an
+ ancient family originally settled at Breau, in the Cevennes.  His work was
+ largely anthropological, and in his writings and lectures he always
+ combated evolutionary ideas.  Nevertheless he had a strong personal respect
+ for Darwin, and was active in obtaining his election at the Institut.  For
+ details of his life and work see "A la Memoire de J.L.A. de Quatrefages de
+ Breau," 4o, Paris (privately printed); also "L'Anthropologie," III., 1892,
+ page 2.
+ -letters to.
+ -translation of paper by.
+ -on proportion of sexes in Bombyx.
+
+ Quenstedt, work on the Lias by.
+
+ Queries on expression.
+
+ Rabbits, Angora, skeletons of.
+ -Darwin's work on.
+
+ Race, nature's regard for.
+
+ Racehorse, selection by man.
+ -Wallace on fleetness of.
+ -equality of sexes in.
+
+ Races of man.
+ -causes of difference in.
+ -Wallace on.
+
+ Rafflesia, parasites allied to.
+
+ Rain, effect on leaves.
+ -movements of leaves as means of shooting off.
+
+ Ramsay, Sir A.C., on origin of lakes.
+ -Geological Society hesitates to publish his paper on Lakes.
+ -on ice-action.
+ -on insects in tropics.
+ -memoir by Geikie of.
+ -on denudation and earth-movements.
+ -overestimates subaerial denudation.
+ -on Parallel Roads of Glen Roy.
+ -on Permian glaciers.
+ -proposal that he should investigate glacial deposits in S. America.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Range, De Candolle on large families and their.
+ -coleoptera and restricted.
+ -of genera.
+ -of shells.
+ -size of genera in relation to species and their.
+ -of species.
+
+ Ranunculaceae, evidence of highness in.
+
+ Ranunculus auricomus.
+
+ Ranyard, A.C., letter to "Nature" on pangenesis.
+
+ Raoul Island, Hooker on.
+
+ Raphael's Madonna, referred to by Darwin.
+
+ Raspberry, germination of seeds from a barrow.
+ -waxy secretion of.
+
+ Rattlesnake, Wright on uses of rattle of.
+
+ Raven, said to pair for whole life.
+
+ Ray Society, work of.
+
+ Raymond, Du Bois, work on plants.
+
+ Reade, T.M., letters to.
+ -on age of the world.
+
+ "Reader," sold to the Anthropological Society.
+
+ Reading, Darwin complains of lack of time for.
+ -little time given by scientific workers to.
+
+ Reciprocal crosses, half-sterility of.
+
+ Rede Lecture, by Phillips (1860).
+
+ Reduction, cessation of selection as cause of.
+ -organs of flight and.
+ -wings of ostrich and.
+
+ References, Darwin on importance of giving.
+ -Wallace on.
+
+ Regeneration, power of.
+ -reference in "Variation of Animals and Plants" to.
+
+ "Reign of Law," the Duke of Argyll's.
+ -reviewed by Wallace.
+
+ Reindeer, of Spitzbergen.
+ -horns of.
+
+ Religion and science.
+
+ Representative species.
+ -in floras of Japan and N. America.
+ -in Galapagos Islands.
+
+ Reproduction, difference in amount of energy expended by male and female
+ in.
+
+ Reproductive organs, St.-Hilaire's view of affaiblissement and
+ development of.
+ -in relation to theoretical questions.
+
+ Research, Huxley and.
+ -justification of.
+
+ Reseda lutea, sterile with own pollen.
+ -R. odorata, experiment on cross-and self-fertilisation.
+
+ Resemblance, mimetic.
+
+ Resignation, expression in.
+
+ Restiaceae, former extension of.
+
+ Restricted distribution.
+
+ Retardation, Cope on.
+
+ Retrogression.
+
+ Reversion, in ammonites.
+ -Darwin on.
+ -and degeneration of characters.
+ -factors causing.
+ -hybridism and.
+ -Lord Morton's mare and.
+ -stripes of mules due to.
+ -struggle between Natural Selection and.
+ -and crossing.
+ -peloria and.
+
+ Review of the "Descent of Man," by J. Morley.
+
+ Reviews, Darwin on an author writing his own.
+ -on the "Origin of Species," by Asa Gray.
+ -Haughton.
+ -Hopkins.
+ -Hutton.
+ -Huxley.
+ -F. Jenkin.
+ -Owen.
+ -Wilberforce.
+
+ Rhamnus.
+
+ Rhexia, flowers of.
+ -R. virginica, W.H. Leggett on anthers.
+
+ Rhinoceros.
+
+ Rhinochetus.
+
+ Rhizocephala, retrograde development in.
+
+ Rhododendron Boothii.
+
+ Rhopalocera, breeding in confinement.
+
+ Rhynchoea, colour of.
+
+ Rich, Anthony (1804?-1891): Educated at Caius College, Cambridge, of
+ which he was afterwards an Honorary Fellow.  Author of "Illustrated
+ Companion to the Latin Dictionary and Greek Lexicon," 1849, said to be a
+ useful book on classical antiquities.  Mr. Darwin made his acquaintance
+ in a curious way--namely, by Mr. Rich writing to inform him that he
+ intended to leave him his fortune, in token of his admiration for his
+ work.  Mr. Rich was the survivor, but left his property to Mr. Darwin's
+ children, with the exception of his house at Worthing, bequeathed to Mr.
+ Huxley.
+ -legacy to Huxley.
+ -letter to.
+ -leaves his fortune to Darwin.
+
+ Rich, Mrs., mentioned.
+
+ Richardson, R., on tablet to commemorate Darwin's lodgings at 11,
+ Lothian Street, Edinburgh.
+
+ Richardson, Darwin on merits of.
+
+ Rigaud, on formation of coal.
+
+ Riley, Charles Valentine (1843-95): was born in England:  at the age of
+ seventeen he ran away from home and settled in Illinois, where at first
+ he supported himself as a labourer; but he soon took to science, and his
+ first contributions to Entomology appeared in 1863.  He became
+ entomological editor of the "Prairie Farmer" (Chicago), and came under
+ the influence of B.D. Walsh.  In 1868 Riley became State Entomologist of
+ Missouri, and in 1878 Entomologist to the U.S. Department of
+ Agriculture, a post he resigned in 1894 owing to ill-health; his death
+ was the result of a bicycle accident.  (Taken principally from the
+ "Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington," Volume III.,
+ 1893-6, page 293.)
+ -letters to.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Rio Janeiro, absence of erratic boulders near.
+ -Agassiz on drift-formation near.
+
+ Rio Negro.
+
+ Rio Plata.
+
+ Ritchie, Mrs., visit to Down.
+
+ Rivers, The late Mr. Thomas: of Sawbridgeworth, was an eminent
+ horticulturist and writer on horticulture.
+ -letters to.
+
+ Robin, attracted by colour of Triphaena (Triphoea).
+
+ Robinia, insect visitors of.
+
+ Rocks, bending when heated.
+ -condition in interior of earth.
+ -fluidity of.
+ -metamorphism of (see also Metamorphism).
+
+ Rocky Mountains, wingless insects of the.
+
+ Rogers, W.B. and H.D., on cleavage.
+ -on coalfields of N. America.
+ -on parallelism of axis-planes of elevation and cleavage.
+
+ Rolleston, George (1829-81): obtained a first-class in Classics at
+ Oxford in 1850; he was elected Fellow of Pembroke College in 1851, and
+ in the same year he entered St. Bartholomew's Hospital.  Towards the
+ close of the Crimean War, Rolleston was appointed one of the Physicians
+ to the British civil hospital at Smyrna.  In 1860 he was elected the
+ first Linacre Professor of Anatomy and Physiology, a post which he held
+ until his death.  "He was perhaps the last of a school of English
+ natural historians or biologists in the widest sense of the term."  In
+ 1862 he gave the results of his work on the classification of brains in
+ a lecture delivered at the Royal Institution, and in 1870 published his
+ best known book, "Forms of Animal Life (Dict. Nat. Biography).
+ -address in "Nature" by.
+ -on the orang-utang.
+ -adhesion to Darwin's views.
+ -letter to.
+ -letter to Darwin from.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Rollisson.
+
+ Roman villa at Abinger.
+
+ Romanes, G.J. (1848-94): was one of Mr. Darwin's most devoted disciples.
+ The letters published in Mrs. Romanes' interesting "Life and Letters" of
+ her husband (1896) make clear the warm feelings of regard and respect
+ which Darwin entertained for his correspondent.
+ -Darwin on controversy between Duke of Argyll and.
+ -on graft-hybrids.
+ -letters to.
+ -letter to Darwin from.
+ -letter to "Nature" in reply to the Duke of Argyll.
+ -on physiological selection.
+ -review of Roux's book.
+ -on heliotropism.
+ -lecture on animal intelligence by.
+ -lecture on evolution of nerves.
+ -letter to "Times" from.
+ -"Life and Letters" of.
+ -on minds of animals.
+
+ Roots, heliotropism of.
+ -sensitive tip of.
+
+ Roses, N. American species.
+ -bud-variation.
+ -raising from seed.
+ -resemblance of seedling moss-rose to Scotch.
+ -varieties of.
+
+ Ross, Sir J.
+
+ Rosse, Lord.
+
+ Round Island, fauna and flora of.
+
+ Roux's "Struggle of Parts in the Organism."
+
+ Royal Commission on Vivisection.
+
+ Royal Institution, lectures at.
+
+ Royal medals.
+
+ Royal Society, council meeting of.
+
+ Royer, Mdlle., translatress of the "Origin."
+
+ Royle, John Forbes (1800-58): was originally a surgeon in the H.E.I.C.
+ Medical Service, and was for some years Curator at Saharunpur.  From 1837-
+ 56 he was Professor of Materia Medica at King's College, London.  He wrote
+ principally on economic and Indian botany.  One of his chief works was
+ "Illustrations of the Botany and other branches of the Natural History of
+ the Himalayan Mountains and of the Flora of Cashmere."  (London, 1839.)
+ -letters to.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Rubiaceae, dimorphism in.
+ -fertilisation in.
+
+ Rubus, N. American species.
+ -variation in.
+ -F. Darwin on roots of.
+
+ Rubus and Hieracium, comparison of variability of N. American and
+ European species.
+
+ Rucker.
+
+ Rudimentary organs.
+ -in frogs.
+ -nascent and.
+ -variation of.
+ -in man.
+ -use in classification.
+
+ Rudinger, Dr., on regeneration.
+
+ Rue, flowers of.
+
+ Ruffs, polygamy of.
+
+ Rumex, germination of old seeds.
+
+ Russia, forms of wheat cultivated in.
+
+ Rutaceae, A. St.-Hilaire on difference in ovary of same plants of.
+
+ Sabine, General Sir E. Sabine (1788-1883): President of the Royal
+ Society 1861-71. (See "Life and Letters," III., page 28.)
+ -address to Royal Society.
+ -award of Copley medal to Darwin during presidency of.
+ -recognition by Government.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Sabrina, elevation of.
+
+ Sagitta.
+
+ St. Dabeoc's heath, in Azores.
+
+ St. Helena, Darwin suggests possibility of finding lost plants in earth
+ from.
+ -extinction in.
+ -Hooker on flora of.
+ -land-birds of.
+ -plants of.
+ -trees of.
+ -Darwin on craters of.
+ -geology of.
+ -subsidence in.
+ -White on hemiptera of.
+
+ St.-Hilaire, A.F.C.P. de, on affaiblissement.
+ -erect and suspended ovules in same ovary.
+ -"Lecons de Botanique."
+ -Life of.
+
+ St.-Hilaire, J.G., on monstrosities.
+ -author of "Life of A.F.C.P. de St.-Hilaire."
+
+ St. Jago, Darwin on craters of.
+ -elevation of.
+
+ St. Paul's rocks, plants of.
+ -geological structure.
+
+ Saintpaulia, dimorphic flowers.
+
+ St. Ventanao, conglomerates of.
+
+ Salicaceae.
+
+ Salicornia, bloom on.
+
+ Salix, varieties of.
+
+ Salsola Kali, bloom on.
+
+ Salt water, effect on plants.
+
+ Salter, on vitality of seeds after immersion in the sea.
+
+ Saltus, Darwin's views on.
+
+ Salvages, flora of the.
+
+ Salvia, Hildebrand's paper on.
+
+ Samara, Russian wheat sent to Darwin from.
+
+ Samoyedes, power of finding their way in fog.
+
+ Sandberger, controversy with Hilgendorf.
+
+ Sanderson, Sir J.B., electrical experiments on plants.
+ -letters to.
+ -on vivisection.
+
+ Sandwich Islands, absence of Alpine floras.
+ -flora of.
+ -Geranium of.
+ -Dana on valleys and craters.
+ -Galapagos and.
+
+ Sanicula, occurrence of species in Azores.
+ -range of.
+
+ Santa Cruz.
+
+ Santorin, crater of.
+ -linear vent in.
+ -Lyell's account of.
+
+ Saporta, Marquis de, (1823-95): devoted himself to the study of fossil
+ plants, and by his untiring energy and broad scientific treatment of the
+ subject he will always rank as one of the pioneers of Vegetable
+ Palaeontology.  In addition to many important monographs on Tertiary and
+ Jurassic floras, he published several books and papers in which Darwin's
+ views are applied to the investigation of the records of plant-life
+ furnished by rocks of all ages.  ("Le Marquis G. de Saporta, sa Vie et
+ ses Travaux," by R. Zeiller.  "Bull. Soc. Geol. France," Volume XXIV.,
+ page 197, 1896.)
+ -letters to.
+ -on rapid development of higher plants.
+
+ Sargassum, Forbes on.
+
+ Sarracenia.
+
+ Savages, civilisation of.
+ -comparison between animals and.
+ -decrease of.
+ -Selection among.
+
+ Saxifrages, destruction in Ireland of Spanish.
+ -formation of hairs in.
+
+ Saxonika, form of Russian wheat.
+
+ Scaevola, fertilisation mechanism of.
+ -S. microcarpa, fertilisation mechanism of.
+
+ Scalesia.
+
+ Scandinavia, Hooker on potency of flora.
+ -Blytt on distribution of plants of.
+ -elevation of.
+
+ Scarlet fever, Darwin's dread of.
+
+ "Scenery of Scotland," Sir A. Geikie's.
+
+ Scepticism, Darwin on.
+
+ Schimper, review by Hooker of "Paleontologie Vegetale" by.
+
+ Schlagintweit.
+
+ Schleiden, convert to Darwin's views.
+
+ Schmankewitsch, experiments on Artemia by.
+
+ Schobl, J., on ears of mice.
+
+ Schoenherr, C.J.
+
+ Schomburgk, Sir R., on Catasetum, Monacanthus, and Myanthus.
+
+ School, Darwin at Mr. Case's.
+ -of Mines.
+
+ Schrankia, a sensitive species of.
+
+ Schultze, Max.
+
+ Science, and superstition.
+ -progresses at railroad speed.
+
+ Science Defence Association, Darwin asked to be president of.
+
+ Scientific men, attributes of.
+ -domestic ties and work of.
+ -article in "Reader" on.
+
+ Scientific periodicals, Darwin's opinion of.
+
+ Scotland, forest trees of.
+ -comparison between flora of T. del Fuego and that of.
+ -elevation of.
+ -frequency of earthquakes in.
+ -land-glaciation of.
+ -tails of diluvium in.
+
+ "Scotsman," Forbes' lecture published in.
+ -Darwin's letter on the Parallel Roads of Glen Roy in the.
+
+ Scott, D.H., obituary notice of Nageli by.
+
+ Scott, John (1838-80): Short obituary notices of Scott appeared in the
+ "Journal of Botany," 1880, page 224, and in the "Transactions of the Bot.
+ Soc. of Edinburgh" Volume XIV., November 11th, 1880, page 160; but the
+ materials for a biographical sketch are unfortunately scanty.  He was the
+ son of a farmer, and was born at Denholm (the birthplace the poet Leiden,
+ to whom a monument has been erected in the public square of the village),
+ in Roxburghshire.  At four years of age he was left an orphan, and was
+ brought up in his aunt's household.
+ He early showed a love of plants, and this was encouraged by his cousin,
+ the Rev. James Duncan.  Scott told Darwin that he chose a gardening life as
+ the best way of following science; and this is the more remarkable inasmuch
+ as he was apprenticed at fourteen years of age.  He afterwards (apparently
+ in 1859) entered the Royal Botanic Garden at Edinburgh, and became head of
+ the propagating department under Mr. McNab.  His earliest publication, as
+ far as we are aware, is a paper on Fern-spores, read before the Bot. Soc.,
+ Edinburgh, on June 12th, 1862.  In the same year he was at work on orchids,
+ and this led to his connection with Darwin, to whom he wrote in November
+ 1862.  In 1864 he got an appointment at the Calcutta Botanic Garden, a
+ position he owed to Sir J.D. Hooker, who was doubtless influenced by
+ Darwin's high opinion of Scott.  It was on his way to India that Scott had,
+ we believe, his only personal interview with Darwin.
+ We are indebted to Sir George King for the interesting notes given below,
+ which enable us to form an estimate of Scott's personality.  He was
+ evidently of a proud and sensitive nature, and that his manner was pleasing
+ and dignified appears from Darwin's brief mention of the interview.  He
+ must have been almost morbidly modest, for Darwin wrote to Hooker (January
+ 24th, 1864):  "Remember my URGENT wish to be able to send the poor fellow a
+ word of praise from any one.  I have had hard work to get him to allow me
+ to send the [Primula] paper to the Linn. Soc., even after it was written
+ out!"  And this was after the obviously genuine appreciation of the paper
+ given in Darwin's letters.  Sir George King writes:--
+ "He had taught himself a little Latin and a good deal of French, and he had
+ read a good deal of English literature.  He was certainly one of the most
+ remarkable self-taught men I ever met, and I often regret that I did not
+ see more of him...Scott's manner was shy and modest almost to being
+ apologetic; and the condition of nervous tension in which he seemed to live
+ was indicated by frequent nervous gestures with his hands and by the
+ restless twisting of his long beard in which he continuously indulged.  He
+ was grave and reserved; but when he became interested in any matter he
+ talked freely, although always deliberately, and he was always ready to
+ deafen his opinions with much spirit.  He had, moreover, a considerable
+ sense of humour.  What struck me most about Scott was the great acuteness
+ of his powers of observing natural phenomena, and especially of such as had
+ any bearing on variation, natural selection or hybridity.  While most
+ attentive to the ordinary duties of the chief of a large garden, Scott
+ always continued to find leisure for private study, and especially for the
+ conduct of experiments in hybridization.  For the latter his position in
+ the Calcutta garden afforded him many facilities.
+ After obtaining a post in the Calcutta Botanic Gardens, Scott continued to
+ work and to correspond with Darwin, but his work was hardly on a level with
+ the promise of his earlier years.  According to the "Journal of Botany," he
+ was attacked by an affection of the spleen at Darjeeling, where he had been
+ sent to report on the coffee disease.  He returned to Edinburgh in the
+ spring of 1880, and died in the June of that year.
+ At the time of his death many experiments were in hand, but his records of
+ these were too imperfect to admit of their being taken up and continued
+ after his death.  In temper Scott was most gentle and loveable, and to his
+ friends he was loyal almost to a fault.  He was quite without ambition to
+ 'get on' in the world; he had no low or mean motives; and than John Scott,
+ Natural Science probably had no more earnest and single-minded devotee."
+ -correspondence with.
+ -criticism on the "Origin" by.
+ -letters to.
+ -on Natural Selection.
+ -on a red cowslip.
+ -confirms Darwin's work, also points out error.
+ -Darwin assists financially.
+ -Darwin's opinion of.
+ -Darwin offers to present books to.
+ -Darwin writes to Hooker about Indian appointment for.
+ -Darwin's proposal that he should work at Down as his assistant.
+ -Darwin suggests that he should work at Kew.
+ -on dispersal of seed of Adenanthera by parrots.
+ -on fertilisation of Acropera.
+ -a good observer and experimentalist.
+ -a lover of Natural History.
+ -observations on acclimatisation of seeds.
+ -on Oncidium flexuosum.
+ -letter to Darwin from.
+ -offered associateship of Linnean Society.
+ -on Imatophyllum.
+ -on self-sterility in Passiflora.
+ -on Primula.
+ -on sexes in Zea.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Scrope, P., on volcanic rocks.
+
+ Scrophularineae.
+
+ Scudder, on fossil insects.
+
+ Sea, Dana underestimates power of.
+ -changes in level of land due to those of.
+ -marks left on land by action of.
+
+ Seakale, bloom on.
+
+ Seashore plants, use of bloom on.
+
+ Sea-sickness, Darwin suffers from.
+
+ "Seasons with the Sea Horses," Lamont's.
+
+ Secondary period, abundance of Araucarias and Marsupials during.
+ -equality of elevation in British rocks of.
+ -insects prior to.
+
+ Sections of earth's crust, need for accurate.
+
+ Sedgwick, Prof. A., extract from letter to Owen from.
+ -letter to Darwin from.
+ -on the "Vestiges of Creation."
+ -and the Philosophical Society's meeting at Cambridge.
+ -and the "Spectator."
+ -Darwin's visit to.
+ -Feelings towards Darwin.
+ -on the structure of large mineral masses.
+ -proposes Forbes for Royal medal.
+ -quotation from letter to Darwin from.
+ -suggested as candidate for Royal medal.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Sedgwick, A., address at the British Association (1899).
+
+ Sedimentary strata, conversion into schists.
+
+ Sedimentation, connection with elevation and subsidence.
+ -near coast-lines.
+
+ Seedlings, sensitiveness to light.
+
+ Seeds, collected by girls in Prof. Henslow's parish.
+ -dispersal of.
+ -effect of immersion on.
+ -of furze.
+ -Asa Gray on Darwin's salt-water experiments.
+ -germination after 21 1/2 hours in owl's stomach.
+ -moss-roses raised from.
+ -peaches from.
+ -variation in.
+ -bright colours of fruits and.
+ -difficulty of finding in samples of earth.
+ -dormant state of.
+ -germination from pond mud.
+ -Hildebrand on dispersal of.
+ -mucus emitted by.
+ -stored by ants.
+ -supposed vivification of fossil.
+ -vitality of.
+
+ Seeley, Prof.
+
+ Seemann, on commingling of temperate and tropical plants in mountains of
+ Panama.
+ -on the "Origin" in Germany.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Segregation of minerals in foliated rocks.
+
+ Selaginella, foot of, compared with organ in Welwitschia seedling.
+
+ Selection, a misleading term.
+ -artificial.
+ -as means of improving breeds.
+ -importance of.
+ -influence of speedy.
+ -utilised by pigeon-fanciers.
+ -Sexual (see Sexual Selection).
+ -sterility and.
+ -unconscious.
+ -and variation.
+ -voluntary.
+ -and inheritance.
+
+ Self-fertilisation, abundance of seeds from.
+ -Darwin's experiments on cross- and.
+ -evil results of.
+ -comparison between seeds from cross- and.
+ -in Goodeniaceae.
+ -in Orchids.
+
+ Self-interest, Preston on.
+
+ Self-sterility, in Eschscholtzia.
+ -in plants.
+ -connection with unnatural conditions.
+
+ Selliera, Hamilton on fertilisation-mechanism.
+
+ Semper, Karl (1832-93): Professor of Zoology at Wurzburg.  He is known
+ for his book of travels in the Philippine and Pelew Islands, for his
+ work in comparative embryology, and for the work mentioned in the above
+ letter.  See an obituary notice in "Nature," July 20th, 1893, page 271.
+ -letter to.
+
+ Senecio.
+ -S. vulgaris, profits by cross-fertilisation.
+
+ Sensitive plants, Darwin's work on.
+
+ Sensitiveness, diversified kinds in allied plants.
+
+ Separate creations, Darwin on.
+
+ Sequoia.
+
+ Seringe, on Aconitum flowers.
+
+ Sertularia.
+
+ Sethia, dimorphism of.
+
+ Settegast, H., letter to.
+
+ Severn, Darwin on floods of.
+
+ Seward, A.C., "Fossil Plants as Tests of Climate."
+
+ Sexes, colour, and difference in.
+ -proportion at birth.
+ -proportion in animals.
+
+ Sexual likeness, secondary.
+
+ Sexual organs, as collectors of generative elements.
+ -appendages in insects complemental to.
+
+ Sexual reproduction, Galton on.
+ -bearing of F. Muller's work on essence of.
+
+ Sexual Selection, Bates on.
+ -Darwin on.
+ -article in "Kosmos" on.
+ -colour and.
+ -man and.
+ -in moths and butterflies.
+ -subordinate to Natural Selection.
+ -Wallace on colour and.
+ -Wallace on difficulties of.
+
+ Sexuality, Bentham on.
+ -in lower forms.
+ -origin of.
+
+ Shanghai, tooth of Mastodon from.
+
+ Sharp, David, on Bombus.
+ -on Volucella.
+ -"Insects."
+
+ Sharpe, Daniel (1806-56): left school at the age of sixteen, and became
+ a clerk in the service of a Portuguese merchant.  At the age of
+ twenty-four he went for a year to Portugal, and afterwards spent a
+ considerable amount of time in that country.  The results of his
+ geological work, carried out in the intervals of business, were
+ published in the Journal of the Geological Society of London ("Quart.
+ Journ. Geol. Soc." Volume V., page 142; Volume VI., page 135).  Although
+ actively engaged in business all his life, Sharpe communicated several
+ papers to the Geological Society, his researches into the origin of
+ slaty cleavage being among the ablest and most important of his
+ contributions to geology ("Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc." Volume III., page
+ 74; Volume V., page 111).  A full account of Sharpe's work is given in
+ an abituary notice published in the "Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc." Volume
+ XIII., page xlv.
+ -on elevation.
+ -Darwin meets.
+ -letters to.
+ -on cleavage and foliation.
+
+ Sharpey, W., letter from Falconer to.
+ -Honorary member of Physiological Society.
+
+ Shaw, J., letter to.
+
+ Sheep, varieties of.
+
+ Sheldrake, dancing on sand to make sea-worms come out.
+
+ Shells, Forbes and Hancock on British.
+ -distorted by cleavage.
+ -means of dispersal.
+ -protective colour of.
+
+ Sherborn, C.D., "Catalogue of Mammalia" by A.S. Woodward and.
+
+ Shetland, comparison between flora of T. del Fuego and that of.
+
+ Shrewsbury, school.
+
+ Siberia, Rhinoceros and steppes of central.
+
+ Sicily, elephants of.
+ -flora of.
+
+ Sidgwick, Prof. H.
+
+ Siebold, von.
+
+ Sigillaria, an aquatic plant.
+
+ Silene, Gartner's crossing-experiments on.
+
+ Silurian, comparison between recent organisms and.
+ -life of.
+ -Lingula from the.
+ -corals.
+ -volcanic strata.
+
+ Simon, Sir John: he was for many years medical officer of the Privy
+ Council, and in that capacity issued a well-known series of Reports.
+ -reports by.
+
+ Simple forms, existence of.
+ -survival of.
+
+ Simpson, Sir J., on regeneration in womb.
+
+ Siphocampylus.
+
+ Sitaris, Lord Avebury on Meloe and.
+
+ Siwalik hills.
+
+ Skertchley, S.B.J., on palaeolithic flints in boulder-clay of E. Anglia.
+ -letter to.
+
+ Skin, influence of mind on eruptions of.
+
+ Slate, cleavage of schists and.
+
+ Slave-ants, account in the "Origin" of.
+
+ Sleep, plants' so-called.
+
+ Sleep-movements, in plants.
+ -of cotyledons.
+
+ Slime of seeds.
+
+ Sloths.
+
+ Smell, Ogle's work on sense of.
+
+ Smerinthus populi-ocellatus, Weir on hybrid.
+
+ Smilaceae, reference to genera of.
+
+ Smilax, De Candolle on flower of.
+
+ Smith, Goldwin.
+
+ Smith, J., note on.
+
+ Snails of Porto Santo.
+
+ Snipe, protective colour of.
+
+ Snow, red.
+ -geological action of frozen.
+
+ Snowdon, elevation in recent times.
+
+ Social instincts, actions as result of.
+
+ Social plants, De Candolle on.
+ -in the U.S.A.
+
+ "Sociology," H. Spencer's.
+
+ Soda, nitrate beds.
+
+ Soil, in relation to plant distribution.
+
+ Solanaceae.
+
+ Solanum rostratum, Todd on stamens of.
+
+ Solenhofen, bird-creature from.
+
+ Sollas, Prof., director of the Funafuti boring expedition.
+ -account of the boring operations by.
+
+ Sonchus, introduced into New Zealand.
+
+ Song, importance in animal kingdom.
+
+ Sophocles, Prof., on expression of affirmation by Turks.
+
+ Sorby, on metamorphism.
+
+ Sound, and music.
+
+ Southampton, British Association meeting (1846).
+ -Darwin on gravel deposits at.
+ -Darwin's visits to.
+
+ Spanish chesnut, variation in leaf divergence.
+
+ Spanish plants in Ireland.
+ -in La Plata.
+
+ Spawn, dispersal of frogs'.
+
+ Spean, terraces in valley of.
+
+ Special ordination.
+
+ Specialisation.
+
+ Species, antiquity of plant-.
+ -belief in evolution of.
+ -changing into one another.
+ -creation of.
+ -Darwin recognises difficulties in and objections to his views on.
+ -definition of.
+ -descriptive work influenced by Darwin's views on.
+ -facts from Hooker bearing on.
+ -food as important factor in keeping up number of.
+ -frequency of.
+ -Asa Gray on.
+ -Hooker on.
+ -intermediate forms absent in close.
+ -little tendency during migration to form new.
+ -modification of.
+ -and monstrosities.
+ -mutability of.
+ -Nageli's views on.
+ -origin of (see Origin of Species).
+ -permanence of.
+ -Prichard on meaning of term.
+ -range of.
+ -representative.
+ -separate creation of.
+ -spreading of.
+ -sterility between allied.
+ -and sterility.
+ -time necessary to change.
+ -time of creation of new.
+ -variation of.
+ -Wallace on origin of.
+ -Walsh on modification of.
+ -Weismann on.
+ -Gaudry on affiliation of.
+ -Hackel on change of.
+ -isolation of.
+ -value of careful discrimination of.
+
+ "Species not transmutable," Bree's book on.
+
+ Specific character, Falconer on persistence of.
+
+ Speculation, Darwin on.
+
+ Spencer, H., Darwin on the advantage of his expression "survival of the
+ fittest."
+ -letter to.
+ -on electric organs.
+ -on genesis of nervous system.
+ -on survival of the fittest.
+ -Romanes on his theory of nerve-genesis.
+ -Wallace's admiration for.
+ -Darwin on his work.
+ -extract from letter to.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Spermacoce.
+
+ Spey, terraces of.
+
+ Sphagnum, parasitism of orchids on.
+
+ Spiders, mental powers of.
+ -Moggridge on.
+
+ Spiranthes, fertilisation of.
+
+ Spiritualism, Darwin on.
+
+ Sptizbergen, Lamont's book on.
+ -reindeer of.
+
+ Sponges, Clark on classification of.
+ -Hackel's work on.
+ -F. Muller on.
+
+ Spontaneous generation.
+ -Darwin's disbelief in.
+ -Huxley's disbelief in.
+
+ Sports.
+
+ Sprengel, (C.C.) Christian Konrad (1750-1816): was for a time Rector of
+ Spandau, near Berlin; but his enthusiasm for Botany led to neglect of
+ parochial duties, and to dismissal from his living.  His well-known
+ work, "Das Entdeckte Geheimniss der Natur," was published in 1793.  An
+ account of Sprengel was published in "Flora," 1819, by one of his old
+ pupils.  See also "Life and Letters," I., page 90, and an article in
+ "Natural Science," Volume II., 1893, by J.C. Willis.
+ -on Passion-flowers.
+
+ Stag-beetle, forms of.
+
+ Stahl, Prof., on Desmodium.
+ -on transpiration.
+
+ Stainton.
+
+ Stanhope, Lord.
+
+ Stanhopea, fertilisation of.
+
+ Stapelia, fertilisation of.
+
+ Starling, paired three times in one day.
+
+ State-entomologist, appointment of in America, not likely to occur in
+ England.
+
+ Statistics, of births and deaths.
+ -Asa Gray's N. American plant-.
+
+ Steinheim, Lias rocks of.
+
+ Stellaria media, cross-fertilisation of.
+
+ Stephens, Miss Catherine: was born in 1794, and died, as the Countess of
+ Essex, in 1882.
+
+ Sterile, use of term.
+
+ Sterility, accumulation through Natural Selection.
+ -arguments relating to.
+ -artificial production of.
+ -between allied species aided by Natural Selection.
+ -connection with sexual differentiation.
+ -and crossing.
+ -domestication and loss of.
+ -experiments on.
+ -of hybrids.
+ -in human beings.
+ -Huxley on.
+ -increase of races and.
+ -laws governing.
+ -Natural Selection and.
+ -in pigeons.
+ -in plants (see also self-sterility).
+ -reciprocal crosses and unequal.
+ -selection and.
+ -variations in amount of.
+ -varieties and.
+
+ Stirling, and Huxley.
+
+ Stokes, Sir G.
+
+ Strasburger, on fertilisation of grasses.
+
+ Stratification, and cleavage.
+
+ Strephium, vertical position of leaves.
+
+ Strezlecki.
+
+ Strickland, H., letters to.
+ -on zoological nomenclature.
+
+ Stripes, loss and significance of.
+
+ Structural dissimilarity, and sterility.
+
+ Structure, external conditions in relation to.
+
+ Struggle for existence.
+ -and crossing.
+ -factors concerned in.
+ -and hybrids.
+ -J. Scott on.
+
+ Strychnos, F. Muller on.
+
+ Student, Darwin as an Edinburgh.
+
+ Studer, Bernhard: Several of Studer's papers were translated and published
+ in the "Edinburgh New Phil. Journ."  See Volume XLII., 1847; Volume XLIV.,
+ 1848, etc.
+ -on cleavage and foliation.
+
+ "Studien zur Descendenz-Theorie," Weismann's.
+
+ "Studies in the Theory of Descent," Meldola's translation of Weismann's
+ book.
+
+ "Study of Sociology," H. Spencer's.
+
+ Stur, Dionys (1827-93): Director of the Austrian Geological Survey from
+ 1885 to 1892; author of many important memoirs on palaeobotanical subjects.
+
+ Style, Darwin on.
+ -Darwin on Huxley's.
+ -effect of controversy on.
+
+ Suaeda, bloom on.
+
+ Submergence.
+
+ Subsidence, evidence of.
+ -coral reefs and.
+ -and elevation.
+ -equable nature of.
+ -large areas simultaneously affected by.
+ -in oceans.
+ -and sedimentation.
+ -volcanic action.
+
+ Subterranean animal, existence in Patagonia of supposed.
+
+ Subularia, fertilisation of.
+
+ Succession of types.
+
+ Sudden appearance of organisms, due to absence of fossils in pre-
+ Cambrian rocks.
+
+ Sudden jumps, modification by.
+ -Darwin's disbelief in.
+
+ Suess, "Antlitz der Erde."
+
+ Suffolk Crag, comparison with recent strata.
+
+ Sugar-cane, Barber on hybrids of.
+ -new varieties of.
+
+ Sulivan, Admiral, on Patagonia.
+
+ Superficial deposits, geological nature of.
+
+ Supernumerary members.
+ -amputation followed by regeneration of.
+
+ "Survival of the fittest," Darwin on use of the expression.
+ -Wallace on the expression.
+ -sharpness of thorns the result of.
+ -colour of birds and.
+
+ Swainson, on wide range of genera.
+
+ Switzerland, Tyndall on valleys of.
+
+ Sydney.
+
+ Symonds, William Samuel (1818-87): a member of an old West-country
+ family, was an undergraduate of Christ's College, Cambridge, and in 1845
+ became Rector of Pendock, Worcestershire.  He published in 1858 a book
+ entitled "Stones of the Valley;" in 1859 "Old Bones, or Notes for Young
+ Naturalists;" and in 1872 his best-known work, "Records of the Rocks."
+ Mr. Symonds passed the later years of his life at Sunningdale, the house
+ of his son-in-law, Sir Joseph Hooker.  (See "Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc."
+ Volume XLIV., page xliii.)
+ -on imperfection of geological record.
+
+ Tacsonia, Darwin on flowers of.
+ -fertilisation by humming-birds.
+ -Scott's work on.
+
+ Tahiti, coral reefs of.
+ -Darwin on.
+
+ Tails of diluvium, in Scotland.
+
+ Tait, Prof. P.G., article in "North British Review."
+ -on age of world.
+
+ Tait, L., letters to.
+
+ Tait, W.C., letter to.
+ -on rudimentary tails in dogs and Manx cats.
+ -sends Drosophyllum to Darwin.
+
+ Talbot, Mrs. E., letter to.
+
+ Tandon, Moquin, "Elements de Teratologie Vegetale."
+
+ Tankerville, Lord.
+
+ Tasmania, comparison between floras of New Zealand and.
+ -Hooker's Flora of.
+ -trees of.
+
+ Taylor, W., "Life and Correspondence" of.
+
+ Tears, and muscular contraction.
+
+ Tees, Hooker on glacial moraines in valley of.
+
+ Tegetmeier, W.B., assistance rendered to Darwin by.
+ -letters to.
+
+ Telegraph-plant (see also Desmodium).
+
+ "Telliamed" (de Maillet), evolutionary views of.
+
+ Tendrils, morphology of.
+
+ Teneriffe, flora of.
+ -violet of Peak of.
+ -Webb and Humboldt on zones of.
+
+ Tennent, Sir J.E., on elephants' tears.
+ -on Utricularia.
+
+ Tentacles, aggregation of protoplasm in cells of plant-.
+
+ Teodoresco, on effect of excess of CO2 on vegetation.
+
+ Teratology, Masters on vegetable.
+ -Moquin Tandon on.
+
+ Terebratula.
+
+ Termites compared with cleistogamic flowers.
+ -F. Muller's paper on.
+
+ Terraces, Darwin on Patagonian.
+
+ Tertiary, Antarctic continent, Darwin on existence of.
+ -Mastodon from Shanghai.
+ -flora in Madeira.
+
+ Tertiary period, action of sea and earth-movement.
+ -island floras of the.
+ -Saporta's work on plants.
+ -succession of types during the.
+ -Prestwich's work on.
+
+ Testimonials, Darwin on.
+
+ Tetrabranchiata, Hyatt on the.
+
+ Thayer's "Letters of Chauncey Wright."
+
+ Theologians, Huxley on.
+
+ Theological articles, by Asa Gray.
+
+ Theology, Darwin's opinion on.
+
+ Theorising, observing and.
+
+ Theory, Darwin's advice to Scott to be sparing in use of.
+
+ Thibet, Hooker prohibited crossing into.
+
+ Thierzucht, Settegast's.
+
+ Thiselton-Dyer, Lady.
+
+ Thiselton-Dyer, Sir W., assists Darwin in bloom-experiments.
+ -Darwin signs his certificate for Royal Society.
+ -lecture on plant distribution as field for geographical research.
+ -letter to "Nature" from.
+ -notes on letter from Darwin to Bentham.
+ -on partial submergence of Australia.
+ -letters to.
+ -extract from letter to.
+ -on Darwin.
+
+ Thiselton-Dyer, Sir W., and Prof. Dewar, on immersion of seeds in liquid
+ hydrogen.
+
+ Thlaspi alpestre, range of.
+
+ Thompson, Prof. D'Arcy, prefatory note by Darwin to his translation of
+ H. Muller's book.
+
+ Thompson, W., natural-historian of Ireland.
+
+ Thomson, Sir W., see Kelvin, Lord.
+
+ Thomson, Sir Wyville, on Natural Selection.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Thomson, review of Jordan's "Diagnoses d'especes" by.
+
+ Thorns, forms of.
+
+ "Three Barriers," theological hash of old abuse of Darwin.
+
+ Thury on sex.
+
+ Thwaites, Dr. G.H.K. (1811-82): held for some years the post of Director of
+ the Botanic Gardens at Peradenyia, Ceylon; and in 1864 published an
+ important work on the flora of the island, entitled "Enumeratio Plantarum
+ Zeylaniae."
+ -on Ceylon plants.
+ -letters to.
+ -on the "Origin."
+
+ Thymus.
+
+ Tieghem, Prof. van, on course of vessels in orchid flowers.
+ -on effect of flashing light on plants.
+
+ Tierra del Fuego, flora of.
+ -comparison with Glen Roy.
+ -evidence of glaciers in.
+ -micaschists of.
+
+ Time, and evolutionary changes.
+ -geological.
+ -meaning of millions of years.
+ -Niagara as measure of geological.
+ -rate of deposition as measure of.
+ -Wallace on geological.
+
+ "Times," article by Huxley in.
+ -letter by Fitz-Roy in.
+
+ Timiriazeff, Prof.
+
+ Timor, Mastodon from.
+
+ Toad, power of Indian species to resist sea-water.
+
+ Tobacco, Kolreuter on varieties of.
+
+ Todd, on Solanum rostratum.
+
+ "Toledoth Adam," title of book on evolution by N. Lewy.
+
+ Torbitt, J., experiments on potatoes, and letter to.
+
+ Torquay, Darwin's visit to.
+
+ Tortoises, conversion of turtles into land-.
+
+ Tortugas, A. Agassiz on reefs of.
+
+ Toryism, defence of.
+
+ Toucans, colour of beaks in breeding season.
+
+ Trachyte, separation of basalt and.
+
+ Tragopan.
+
+ Traill, experiments on grafting.
+
+ Transfusion experiments, by Galton.
+
+ Translations of Darwin's books.
+
+ Transplanting, effect on Alpine plants.
+
+ Transport, occasional means of.
+
+ Travels, Bates' book of.
+ -Humboldt's.
+ -Wallace's.
+
+ Travers, H.H., on Chatham Islands.
+
+ Trecul, on Drosera.
+
+ Trees, herbaceous orders and.
+ -occurrence in islands.
+ -older forms more likely to develop into.
+ -Asa Gray on.
+ -conditions in New Zealand favourable to development of.
+ -crossing in.
+ -separate sexes in.
+
+ Treub, M., on Chalazogamy.
+
+ Treviranus, Prof., on Primula longiflora.
+
+ Trifolium resupinatum, Darwin's observations on bloom on leaflets.
+
+ Trigonecephalus.
+
+ Trilobites, change of genera and species of.
+
+ Trimen, on painting butterflies.
+
+ Trimorphism, in plants.
+
+ Trinidad, Catasetum of.
+ -Cruger on caprification in.
+
+ Triphaena (Triphoea) pronuba, robin attracted by colour of.
+
+ Tristan d'Acunha, Carmichael on.
+ -vegetation of.
+
+ Triticum repens var. littorum, bloom-experiments on.
+
+ Trollope, A., quotation by Darwin from.
+
+ Tropaeolum, Darwin's experiments on.
+ -peloric variety of.
+ -waxy secretion on leaves.
+
+ Tropical climate, in relation to colouring of insects.
+
+ Tropical plants, possible existence during cooler period.
+ -retreat of.
+
+ Tropics, climatic changes in.
+ -description of forests in.
+ -similarity of orders in.
+
+ Tubocytisus, Kerner on.
+
+ Tuckwell, on the Oxford British Association meeting (1860).
+
+ Tucotuco.
+
+ Tuke, D.H., on influence of mind on body.
+ -letter to.
+
+ Tulips.
+
+ Turkey, colour of wings, and courtship.
+ -muscles of tail of.
+
+ Turner, Sir W., Darwin receives assistance from.
+ -on Darwin's methods of correspondence.
+ -letters to.
+
+ Turratella.
+
+ Turtles, conversion into land-tortoises.
+
+ Tussilago, Darwin on seeds of groundsel and.
+
+ Twins, Galton's article on.
+
+ Tylor, article in "Journal of the Royal Institution" by.
+ -on "Early History of Mankind."
+
+ Tyndall, lack of caution.
+ -lecture by.
+ -on the Alps.
+ -review in the "Athenaeum" of.
+ -on valleys due to glaciers.
+ -work of.
+ -dogmatism of.
+ -on glaciers.
+ -on Sorby's work on cleavage.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Typhlops.
+
+ Typical forms, difficult to select.
+ -vagueness of phrase.
+
+ Typotherium, Falconer on.
+
+ Tyrol, Mojsisovics on the Dolomites of the.
+
+ Umbelliferae, morphological characters of.
+ -difference in seeds from the same flower.
+
+ Undulation of light, comparison between Darwin's views and the theory
+ of.
+
+ Ungulates, development in N. America during Tertiary period.
+
+ United States, flora of.
+ -spread of Darwin's views in.
+
+ Unity of coloration, Walsh on.
+
+ Uredo, on Haematoxylon.
+
+ Ursus arctos, Lamont on.
+ -U. maritimus, Lamont on.
+
+ Urticaceae.
+
+ Uruguay.
+
+ D'Urville, on Canary Islands.
+
+ Use and disuse.
+ -in plants.
+
+ Uses, Natural Selection and.
+
+ Uspallata.
+
+ Utilitarianism, Darwin on.
+
+ Utility and inheritance.
+
+ Utopian "Flora," Darwin's idea of.
+
+ Utricularia, Darwin's work on.
+ -U. stellaris, Sir E. Tennent on.
+
+ Vaginulus, Darwin finds new species of.
+
+ Valeriana, two forms of.
+
+ Valleys, action of ice in formation of.
+ -Dana on Australian.
+ -Darwin on origin of.
+
+ Valparaiso.
+
+ Van Diemen's Land, flora of, in relation to New Zealand.
+
+ Vanda.
+
+ Vandeae, structure of ovary.
+
+ Vanessa, two sexual forms of.
+ -breeding in confinement.
+ -colour of.
+
+ Vanilla.
+
+ Variability, backward tendency of.
+ -Bentham on.
+ -causes of.
+ -De Candolle on.
+ -dependent more on nature of organism than on environment.
+ -Huxley and Scott on.
+ -importance of subject of cause of.
+ -Natural Selection and.
+ -in oaks.
+ -greater in bisexual than in unisexual plants.
+ -of ferns "passes all bounds."
+ -greater in male than female.
+ -in ovaries of flowers.
+ -tendency of genera at different periods towards.
+
+ Variation.
+ -an innate principle.
+ -Bates on.
+ -in blackbirds.
+ -causes of.
+ -centrifugal nature of.
+ -checked by Natural Selection.
+ -climate and.
+ -Darwin attaches importance to useless.
+ -Darwin on favourable.
+ -divergence of.
+ -and external conditions.
+ -in elephants.
+ -in Fucus.
+ -of large genera.
+ -laws of.
+ -of monotypic and polytypic genera.
+ -and monstrosities.
+ -and Natural Selection.
+ -ordination and.
+ -in peaches.
+ -in plants.
+ -produced by crossing.
+ -rate of action of.
+ -of small genera.
+ -sterility advantageous to.
+ -Weismann on.
+ -galls as cause of.
+ -and loss of dimorphism in Primula and Auricula.
+ -Sexual Selection and minute.
+ -transmission to sexes.
+ -Verlot on.
+ -Wallace on.
+
+ "Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication," completion of.
+ -delay in publication.
+ -Lyell on.
+ -translation of.
+ -Wallace's opinion of.
+ -Darwin at work on.
+
+ Varieties, accumulation of.
+ -distinction between species and.
+ -fertility of.
+ -in insects.
+ -in large genera.
+ -of molluscs.
+ -production of.
+ -species the product of long series of.
+ -use of.
+ -Wallace on.
+ -elimination by crossing.
+ -zoologists neglect study of.
+
+ Vaucher, "Plantes d'Europe."
+
+ "Vegetable Teratology," Masters'.
+
+ Vegetative reproduction, Darwin on.
+
+ Veitch, J.
+
+ Velleia, fertilisation mechanism of.
+
+ Verbascum, crossing and varieties in.
+ -Scott's work on.
+
+ Verbenaceae.
+
+ Verlot, on variation in flowers.
+
+ Veronica, Antarctic species of.
+
+ Vessels, course of, as guide to morphology of flowers.
+
+ "Vestiges of Creation," Huxley's review of.
+ -the "Origin of Species" and.
+ -Vetch, extra-floral nectaries of.
+
+ Vetter, editor of "Kosmos."
+
+ Viburnum lantanoides, in Japan and east U.S.A.
+
+ Victoria Street Society for Protection of Animals against Vivisection,
+ charge brought against Dr. Ferrier by.
+
+ Villa Franca, Baron de, on varieties of sugar-cane.
+
+ Villarsia.
+
+ Vine, graft-hybrids of.
+ -varieties of.
+ -morphology of tendrils.
+
+ Viola, ancestral form of.
+ -cleistogamic flowers of.
+ -pollen-tubes of.
+ -Madagascan.
+ -Pyrenean.
+ -on Peak of Teneriffe.
+ -V. canina, fertilisation of.
+ -V. nana.
+ -V. odorata, floral biology of.
+
+ Virchow, Huxley's criticism of.
+ -publication by Hackel of Darwin's criticism of.
+
+ Viscum.
+
+ Vitality of seeds, in salt-water experiments.
+
+ Viti group of islands, effect of subsidence.
+
+ Vivisection.
+
+ Vochting, H., "Bewegung der Bluthen und Fruchte."
+ -letter to.
+ -"Organbildung im Pflanzenreich."
+
+ "Volcanic Geology," Dana's.
+
+ Volcanic islands, polymorphic species in.
+ -Darwin's geological observations on.
+ -Darwin's opinion of his book on.
+ -Lyell and Herschel on.
+ -relation to continents.
+
+ Volcanic phenomena, cause of.
+ -Darwin on.
+ -and elevation.
+ -as mere accidents in swelling up of dome of plutonic rocks.
+ -and subsidence.
+
+ Volcanic rocks.
+
+ Volcano, in interior of Asia.
+
+ Volcanoes, in S. America.
+ -compared with boilers.
+ -maritime position of.
+ -of St. Jago, Mauritius, and St. Helena.
+ -simultaneous activity of.
+ -and subsidence.
+
+ Volucella, as example of mimicry.
+
+ Vries, H. de, on plant-movements.
+
+ Vulcanicity.
+
+ Wagner, M., attacks Darwin.
+ -essay by.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ "Wahl der Lebens-Weise."
+
+ Wahlenberg, on variation of species in U.S.A.
+
+ Wales, Darwin's visit to.
+ -comparison of valleys of Lochaber and.
+ -Darwin on glaciers of.
+ -elevation of land in Scotland and.
+ -Murchison sees no trace of glaciers in.
+ -Ramsay on denudation of S.
+
+ Wallace, A.R., on beauty.
+ -criticises the expression, "Natural Selection."
+ -Darwin on cleverness of.
+ -letters to.
+ -letters to Darwin from.
+ -on Mastodon from Timor.
+ -notes by.
+ -on pangenesis.
+ -review of Bastian's "Beginnings of Life."
+ -on sterility.
+ -on success of Natural Selection.
+ -attributes Natural Selection to Darwin.
+ -on colour and birds' nests.
+ -Darwin's criticism of his "Geographical Distribution of Animals."
+ -differs from Darwin.
+ -on evolution of man.
+ -"Island Life."
+ -on wings of lepidoptera.
+ -review of Darwin's book on Expression.
+ -review of Lyell's "Principles of Geology."
+ -on Round Island.
+ -same ideas hit on by Darwin and.
+ -supplies information to Darwin on Sexual Selection.
+ -on variation.
+ -at work on narrative of travels.
+
+ Wallace, Dr., on sexes in Bombyx.
+ -on caterpillars.
+
+ Wallich, on Oxyspora paniculata.
+
+ Wallis, H.M., on ears.
+ -letters to.
+
+ Walpole.
+
+ Walsh, Benjamin Dann: was born at Frome, in England, in 1808, and died in
+ America in 1869, from the result of a railway accident.  He entered at
+ Trinity College, Cambridge, and obtained a fellowship there after being
+ fifth classic in 1831.  He was therefore a contemporary of Darwin's at the
+ University, though not a "schoolmate," as the "American Entomologist" puts
+ it.  He was the author of "A Historical Account of the University of
+ Cambridge and its Colleges," London, 2nd edition, 1837; also of a
+ translation of part of "Aristophanes," 1837:  from the dedication of this
+ book it seems that he was at St. Paul's School, London.  He settled in
+ America in 1838, but only began serious Entomology about 1858.  He never
+ returned to England.
+ In a letter to Mr. Darwin, November 7th, 1864, he gives a curious account
+ of the solitary laborious life he led for many years.  "When I left England
+ in 1838," he writes, "I was possessed with an absurd notion that I would
+ live a perfectly natural life, independent of the whole world--in me ipso
+ totus teres atque rotundus.  So I bought several hundred acres of wild land
+ in the wilderness, twenty miles from any settlement that you would call
+ even a village, and with only a single neighbor.  There I gradually opened
+ a farm, working myself like a horse, raising great quantities of hogs and
+ bullocks...I did all kinds of jobs for myself, from mending a pair of boots
+ to hooping a barrel."  After nearly dying of malaria, he sold his land at a
+ great loss, and found that after twelve years' work he was just 1000
+ dollars poorer than when he began.  He then went into the lumber business
+ at Rock Island, Illinois.  After seven years he invested most of his
+ savings in building "ten two-storey brick houses for rent."  He states that
+ the repairs of the houses occupied about one-fourth of his time, and the
+ remainder he was able to devote to entomology.  He afterwards edited the
+ "Practical Entomologist."  In regard to this work he wrote (February 25th,
+ 1867):--"Editing the 'Practical Entomologist' does undoubtedly take up a
+ good deal of my time, but I also pick up a good deal of information of real
+ scientific value from its correspondents.  Besides, this great American
+ nation has hitherto had a supreme contempt for Natural History, because
+ they have hitherto believed that it has nothing to do with the dollars and
+ cents.  After hammering away at them for a year or two, I have at last
+ succeeded in touching the 'pocket nerve' in Uncle Sam's body, and he is
+ gradually being galvanised into the conviction that science has the power
+ to make him richer."  It is difficult to realise that even forty years ago
+ the position of science in Illinois was what Mr. Walsh describes it to be:
+ "You cannot have the remotest conception of the ideas of even our best-
+ educated Americans as to the pursuit of science.  I never yet met with a
+ single one who could be brought to understand how or why a man should
+ pursue science for its own pure and holy sake."
+ Mr. L.O. Howard ("Insect Life," Volume VII., 1895, page 59) says that
+ Harris received from the State of Massachusetts only 175 dollars for his
+ classical report on injurious insects which appeared in 1841 and was
+ reprinted in 1842 and 1852.  It would seem that in these times
+ Massachusetts was in much the same state of darkness as Illinois.  In the
+ winter of 1868-9 Walsh was, however, appointed State Entomologist of
+ Illinois.  He made but one report before his death.  He was a man of
+ liberal ideas, hating oppression and wrong in all its forms.  On one
+ occasion his life was threatened for an attempt to purify the town council.
+ As an instance of "hereditary genius" it may be mentioned that his brother
+ was a well-known writer on natural history and sporting subjects, under the
+ pseudonym "Stonehenge."  The facts here given are chiefly taken from the
+ "American Entomologist" (St. Louis, Mo.), Volume II., page 65.
+ -as entomologist.
+ -letters to.
+ -letter to Darwin from.
+ -death of.
+ -and C.V. Riley.
+
+ Warming, E., "Lehrbuch der okologischen Pflanzengeographie."
+
+ Washingtonia.
+
+ Wasps, power of building cells.
+
+ Water, effect on leaves (see also Rain).
+
+ Water-weed, Marshall on.
+
+ Waterhouse, George Robert (1810-88): held the post of Keeper of the
+ Department of Geology in the British Museum from 1851 to 1880.
+ -review by Darwin of his book on Mammalia.
+ -on skeletons of rabbits.
+ -on wide range of genera.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Waterloo, Darwin's recollections of.
+
+ Waterton.
+
+ Watson, H.C., alluded to.
+ -on the Azores.
+ -on British agrarian plants.
+ -on northward range of plants common to Britain and America.
+ -objection to Darwin's views.
+ -on Natural Selection.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Waves, depth of action of.
+
+ Wax, secretion on leaves (see also Bloom).
+
+ Wealden period.
+
+ Weale, J.P.M., sends locust dung from Natal to Darwin.
+
+ Webb, on flora of Teneriffe.
+
+ Wedgwood, Elizabeth.
+
+ Wedgwood, Emma (Mrs. Darwin), letter to.
+
+ Wedgwood, Hensleigh: brother-in-law to Charles Darwin.
+ -Darwin visits.
+ -influenced by Lyell's book on America.
+ -on Tyndall.
+
+ Wedgwood, Josiah, letter to.
+
+ Weeds, adaptation to cultivated ground.
+ -English versus American.
+ -Asa Gray on pertinacity of.
+
+ Weeping, physiology of.
+
+ Weir, H.W., on Cytisus.
+
+ Weir, Mr. John Jenner (1822-94): came of a family of Scotch descent; in
+ 1839 he entered the service of the Custom House, and during the final
+ eleven years of his service, i.e. from 1874 to 1885, held the position
+ of Accountant and Controller-General.  He was a born naturalist, and his
+ "aptitude for exact observation was of the highest order" (Mr. M'Lachlan
+ in the "Entomologist's Monthly Magazine," May 1894).  He is chiefly
+ known as an entomologist, but he had also extensive knowledge of
+ Ornithology, Horticulture, and of the breeds of various domestic animals
+ and cage-birds.  His personal qualities made him many friends, and he
+ was especially kind to beginners in the numerous subjects on which he
+ was an authority ("Science Gossip," May 1894).
+ -experiments on caterpillars.
+ -letters to.
+ -extract from letter to Darwin from.
+ -on birds.
+ -invited to Down.
+ -value of his letters to Darwin.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Weismann, A., Darwin asked to point out how far his work follows same
+ lines as that of.
+ -on dimorphism.
+ -"Einfluss der Isolirung."
+ -letters to.
+ -Meldola's translation of "Studies in Descent."
+ -"Studies in Theory of Descent."
+ -faith in Sexual Selection.
+
+ Wellingtonia.
+
+ Wells, Dr., essay on dew.
+ -quoted by Darwin as having enunciated principle of Natural Selection
+ before publication of "Origin."
+
+ Welwitschia, Hooker's work on.
+ -Darwin on.
+ -a "vegetable Ornithorhynchus."
+
+ Welwitschia mirabilis, seedlings of.
+
+ Wenlock, coral limestone of.
+
+ West Indies, plants of.
+ -coral reefs.
+ -elevation and subsidence of.
+ -orchids of.
+
+ Westminster Abbey, memorial to Lyell.
+
+ "Westminster Review," Huxley's review of the "Origin" in.
+ -Wallace's article.
+
+ Westwood, J.O. (1805-93): Professor of Entomology at Oxford.  The Royal
+ medal was awarded to him in 1855.  He was educated at a Friends' School
+ at Sheffield, and subsequently articled to a solicitor in London; he was
+ for a short time a partner in the firm, but he never really practised,
+ and devoted himself to science.  He is the author of between 350 and 400
+ papers, chiefly on entomological and archaeological subjects, besides
+ some twenty books.  To naturalists he is known by his writings on
+ insects, but he was also "one of the greatest living authorities on
+ Anglo-Saxon and mediaeval manuscripts" ("Dictionary of National
+ Biography").
+ -on range of genera.
+ -and Royal medal.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Whales, Flower on.
+
+ Wheat, mummy.
+ -fertilisation of.
+ -forms of Russian.
+
+ Whewell, W.
+
+ Whiston.
+
+ Whitaker, W., on escarpments.
+
+ White, F.B., letter to.
+ -on hemiptera of St. Helena.
+
+ White, Gilbert, Darwin writes an account of Down in the manner of.
+
+ White, on regeneration.
+
+ Whiteman, R.G., letter to.
+
+ Whitney, on origin of language.
+
+ Wichura, Max, on hybrid willows.
+ -on hybridisation.
+
+ Widow-bird, experiments on.
+
+ Wiegmann.
+
+ Wiesner, Prof. J., disagrees with Darwin's views on plant movement.
+ "Das Bewegungsvermogen der Pflanzen."
+ -on heliotropism.
+ -letter to.
+
+ Wigand, A., "Der Darwinismus..."
+ -Jager's work contra.
+
+ Wight, Dr., on Cucurbitaceae.
+
+ Wilberforce, Bishop, review in the "Quarterly."
+
+ Wildness of game.
+
+ Wilkes' exploring expedition, Dana's volume in reports of.
+
+ Williamson, Prof. W.C.
+
+ Willis, J.C., reference to his "Flowering Plants and Ferns."
+
+ Willows, Walsh on galls of.
+ -Wichura on hybrid.
+
+ Wilson, A.S., letters to.
+ -on Russian wheat.
+
+ Wind-fertilised trees and plants, abundant in humid and temperate
+ regions.
+
+ Wingless birds, transport of.
+
+ Wings of ostrich.
+
+ Wire-bird, of St. Helena.
+
+ Witches' brooms.
+
+ Wives, resemblance to husbands.
+
+ Wollaston, Thomas Vernon (1821-78): Wollaston was an under-graduate at
+ Jesus College, Cambridge, and in late life published several books on
+ the coleopterous insects of Madeira, the Canaries, the Cape Verde
+ Islands, and other regions.  He is referred to in the "Origin of
+ Species" (Edition VI page 109) as having discovered "the remarkable fact
+ that 200 beetles, out of the 550 species (but more are now known)
+ inhabiting Madeira, are so far deficient in wings that they cannot fly;
+ and that, of the twenty-nine endemic genera, no less than twenty-three
+ have all their species in this condition!"  See Obituary Notice in
+ "Nature," Volume XVII., page 210, 1878, and "Trans. Entom. Soc." 1877,
+ page xxxviii.) "Catalogue" (Probably the "Catalogue of the Coleopterous
+ Insects of the Canaries in the British Museum," 1864.)
+ -catalogue of insects of Canary Islands.
+ -Darwin and Royal medal.
+ -in agreement with Falconer in opposition to Darwin's views on species.
+ -"Insecta Maderensia."
+ -on rarity of intermediate varieties in insects.
+ -review on the "Origin" by.
+ -on varieties.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Wolverhampton, abrupt termination of boulders near.
+
+ Wood, fossil.
+
+ Wood, T.W., drawings by.
+
+ Woodcock, germination of seeds carried by.
+ -protective colouring of.
+
+ Woodd, C.H.L., letter to.
+
+ Woodpecker, adaptation in.
+ -and direct action.
+ -form of tail of.
+
+ Woodward, A.S., on Neomylodon.
+ -and C.D. Sherborn, "Catalogue of British Fossil Vertebrata."
+
+ Woodward, Samuel Pickworth (1821-65): held an appointment in the British
+ Museum Library for a short time, and then became Sub-Curator to the
+ Geological Society (1839).  In 1845 he was appointed Professor of Geology
+ and Natural History in the recently founded Royal Agricultural College,
+ Cirencester; he afterwards obtained a post as first-class assistant in the
+ Department of Geology and Mineralogy in the British Museum.  Woodward's
+ chief work, "The Manual of Mollusca," was published in 1851-56.  ("A Memoir
+ of Dr. S.P. Woodward," "Trans. Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists' Society,"
+ Volume III., page 279, 1882.  By H.B. Woodward.)
+ -letters to.
+
+ World, age of the.
+
+ Worms, Darwin's work on.
+ -destruction by rain of.
+ -intelligence of.
+
+ Wrangel's "Travels in Siberia."
+
+ "Wreck of the 'Favourite'," Clarke's.
+
+ Wright, C., on bees' cells.
+ -letters to.
+ -review by.
+
+ Wright, G.F., extract from letter from Asa Gray, to.
+
+ Wydler, on morphology of cruciferous flower.
+
+ Wyman, Jeffries (1814-74): graduated at Harvard in 1833, and afterwards
+ entered the Medical College at Boston, receiving the M.D. degree in
+ 1837.  In 1847 Wyman was appointed Hervey Professor of Anatomy at
+ Harvard, which position he held up to the time of his death.  His
+ contributions to zoological science numbered over a hundred papers.
+ (See "Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sciences," Volume II., 1874-75, pages
+ 496-505.)
+ -letter from.
+ -on spontaneous generation.
+ -mentioned.
+
+ Xenogamy, term suggested by Kerner.
+
+ Xenoneura antiquorum, Devonian insect.
+
+ Xerophytic characters, not confined to dry-climate plants.
+
+ Yangma Valley, Hooker's account of dam in.
+
+ Yeo, Prof. Gerald.
+
+ Yew, origin of Irish.
+
+ York, British Association meeting (1881), (1844).
+ -Dallas in charge of museum.
+
+ Yorkshire, Hooker on glaciers in.
+
+ Yucca, fertilisation by moths.
+
+ Zacharias, Otto, letter to.
+
+ Zante, colour of Polygala flowers in.
+
+ Zea, Gartner's work on.
+ -hermaphrodite and female flowers on a male panicle.
+ -varieties received from Asa Gray.
+
+ Zeiller, R., "Le Marquis G. de Saporta, sa Vie..."
+
+ Zinziberaceae.
+
+ Zittel, Karl A. von, "Handbuch der Palaeontologie."
+
+ Zoea stage, in life-history of decapods.
+
+ Zoological Gardens, dangerous to suggest subsidising.
+
+ Zoological nomenclature.
+
+ Zoologist, Darwin as.
+
+ "Zoonomia," Erasmus Darwin's.
+
+ Zygaena (Burnet-moth), mentioned by Darwin in his early recollections.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of More Letters of Charles Darwin Volume
+II, by Charles Darwin
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