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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Captain Richard Ingle, by Edward Ingle
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Captain Richard Ingle
+       The Maryland
+
+Author: Edward Ingle
+
+Release Date: October 18, 2008 [EBook #26958]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CAPTAIN RICHARD INGLE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Robert Cicconetti, Sam W. and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note
+
+Letters following a carat (^) were superscripted in the original text.
+
+
+
+
+               CAPTAIN RICHARD INGLE,
+
+          The Maryland "Pirate and Rebel,"
+
+                     1642-1653.
+
+
+                   [Illustration]
+
+
+ A Paper read before the Maryland Historical Society,
+
+                   May 12th, 1884,
+
+                         BY
+
+                 EDWARD INGLE, A. B.
+
+                  BALTIMORE, 1884.
+
+
+
+
+CAPTAIN RICHARD INGLE,
+
+The Maryland "Pirate and Rebel,"
+
+1642-1653.
+
+
+
+
+RICHARD INGLE.
+
+
+    "Captain Richard Ingle, ... a pirate and a rebel, was
+    discovered hovering about the settlement."--_McSherry,
+    History of Maryland, p. 59._
+
+    "The destruction of the records by him [Ingle] has
+    involved this episode in impenetrable obscurity,
+    &c."--_Johnson, Foundation of Maryland, p. 99._
+
+    "Captain Ingle, the pirate, the man who gloried in the
+    name of 'The Reformation.'"--_Davis, "The Day Star," p.
+    210._
+
+    "That Heinous Rebellion first put in Practice by that
+    Pirate Ingle."--_Acts of Assembly, 1638-64, p. 238._
+
+    "Those late troubles raised there by that ungrateful
+    Villaine Richard Ingle."--_Ibid., p. 270._
+
+    "I hold it that a little rebellion, now and then, is a
+    good thing and as necessary in the political world as
+    storms in the physical."--_Jefferson, Works, Vol. III,
+    p. 105._
+
+
+
+
+Fund-Publication, No. 19
+
+
+CAPTAIN RICHARD INGLE,
+
+The Maryland "Pirate and Rebel,"
+
+1642-1653.
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+A Paper read before the Maryland Historical Society,
+
+May 12th, 1884,
+
+BY
+
+EDWARD INGLE, A. B.
+
+BALTIMORE. 1884.
+
+
+
+
+  PEABODY PUBLICATION FUND.
+
+  COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION.
+
+  1884-5.
+
+  HENRY STOCKBRIDGE,
+  JOHN W. M. LEE,
+  BRADLEY T. JOHNSON.
+
+
+  PRINTED BY JOHN MURPHY & CO.
+  PRINTERS TO THE MARYLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY,
+  BALTIMORE, 1884.
+
+
+
+
+CAPTAIN RICHARD INGLE,
+
+THE MARYLAND "PIRATE AND REBEL."
+
+
+In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the American colonies,
+from Massachusetts to South Carolina, were at intervals subject to
+visitations of pirates, who were wont to appear suddenly upon the
+coasts, to pillage a settlement or attack trading vessels and as
+suddenly to take flight to their strongholds. Captain Kidd was long
+celebrated in prose and verse, and only within a few years have
+credulous people ceased to seek his buried treasures. The
+arch-villain, Blackbeard, was a terror to Virginians and Carolinians
+until Spotswood, of "Horseshoe" fame, took the matter in hand, and
+sent after him lieutenant Maynard, who, slaying the pirate in hand to
+hand conflict, returned with his head at the bowsprit.[1] Lapse of
+time has cast a romantic and semi-mythologic glamor around these
+depredators, and it is in many instances at this day extremely
+difficult to distinguish fact from fiction. The unprotected situation
+of many settlements along the seaboard colonies rendered them an easy
+prey to rapacious sea rovers, but it might have been expected that the
+Maryland shores of the Chesapeake bay would be free from their
+harassings. The province, however, it seems was not to enjoy such good
+fortune, for in the _printed_ annals of her life appears the name of
+one man, who has been handed down from generation to generation as a
+"pirate," a "rebel" and an "ungrateful villain," and other equally
+complimentary epithets have been applied to him. The original
+historians of Maryland based their ideas about him upon some of the
+statements made by those whom he had injured or attacked, and who
+differed from him in political creed. The later history writers have
+been satisfied to follow such authors as Bozman, McMahon and McSherry,
+or to copy them directly, without consulting original records. To the
+general reader, therefore, who relies upon these authorities, Richard
+Ingle is "a pirate and rebel" still.[2]
+
+A thorough defence of him would be almost impossible in view of the
+comparative scarcity of records and the complicated politics of his
+time. In a review of his relations with Maryland, however, and by a
+presentation of all the facts, some light may be thrown upon his
+general character, and explanations, if not a defence, of his acts may
+be made.
+
+Richard Ingle's name first appears in the records of Maryland under
+date of March 23rd, 1641/2, when he petitioned the Assembly against
+Giles Brent touching the serving of an execution by the sheriff. He
+had come to the province a few weeks before, bringing in his vessel
+Captain Thomas Cornwallis, one of the original council, the greatest
+man in Maryland at that time, who had been spending some months in
+England.[3] Between the time of his arrival and the date of his
+petition Ingle had no doubt been plying his business, tobacco trading,
+in the inlets and rivers of the province. No further record of him in
+Maryland this year has been preserved, but Winthrop wrote that on May
+3rd, 1642, "The ship Eleanor of London one Mr. || Inglee || master
+arrived at Boston she was laden with tobacco from Virginia, and having
+been about 14 days at sea she was taken with such a tempest, that
+though all her sails were down and made up, yet they were blown from
+the yards and she was laid over on one side two and a half hours, so
+low as the water stood upon her deck and the sea over-raking her
+continually and the day was as dark as if it had been night, and
+though they had cut her masts, yet she righted not till the tempest
+assuaged. She staid here till the 4th of the (4) and was well fitted
+with masts, sails, rigging and victuals at such reasonable rates as
+that the master was much affected with his entertainment and professed
+that he never found the like usage in Virginia where he had traded
+these ten years."[4] Although his name is given an additional _e_ and
+there are some few seeming discrepancies, the facts taken together
+point to the probability of his being Richard Ingle on his return
+voyage to England. Next year he was again in Maryland, and, as
+attorney for Mr. Penniston and partners, sued widow Cockshott for
+debts incurred by her husband. The next entry in the "Provincial
+Records" under this date, March 6th, 1642/3, is an attachment against
+William Hardige in case of Captain Cornwallis.[5] This William
+Hardige, who was afterward one of Ingle's chief accusers, was very
+frequently involved in suits for debts to Cornwallis, and others.
+About the middle of the month of January, 1643/4, the boatswain of
+the "Reformation" brought against Hardige a suit for tobacco,
+returnable February 1st. Three days afterward a warrant was issued to
+William Hardige, a tailor, for the arrest of Ingle for high treason,
+and Captain Cornwallis was bidden to aid Hardige, and the matter was
+to be kept secret.[6] Ingle was arrested and given into the custody of
+Edward Parker, the sheriff, by the lieutenant general of the province,
+Giles Brent, who also seized Ingle's goods and ship, until he should
+clear himself, and placed on board, under John Hampton, a guard
+ordered to allow no one to come on the ship without a warrant from the
+lieutenant general.[7] Then was published, and as the records seem to
+show, fixed on the vessel's mainmast the following proclamation.[8]
+
+"These are to publish & pclaym to all psons as well seamen as others,
+that Richard Ingle, m^r of his ship, is arrested upon highe treason to
+his Ma^ty; & therefore to require all psons to be aiding & assisting
+to his Lo^ps officers in the seizing of his ship, & not to offer any
+resistance or contempt hereunto, nor be any otherwaise aiding or
+assisting to the said Richard Ingle upon perl of highe treason to his
+Ma^ty."
+
+Notwithstanding this proclamation Ingle escaped in the following
+manner. Parker had no prison, and, consequently, had to keep personal
+guard over his prisoner. He supposed, "from certain words spoken by
+the Secretary," that Brent and the council had agreed to let Ingle go
+on board his vessel, and when Captain Cornwallis and Mr. Neale came
+from the council meeting and carried Ingle to the ship, he accompanied
+them.[9] Arrived on board Cornwallis said "All is peace," and
+persuaded the commanding officer to bid his men lay down their arms
+and disperse, and then Ingle and his crew regained possession of the
+ship. Under such circumstances the sheriff could not prevent his
+escape, especially when a member of the council and the most
+influential men in the province had assisted the deed by their acts or
+presence. Besides it was afterwards said that William Durford, John
+Durford, and Fred. Johnson, at the instigation of Ingle, beat and
+wounded some of the guard, though this charge does not appear to have
+been substantiated.[10]
+
+On January 20th, 1643/4, the following warrant was issued to the
+sheriff.[11]
+
+    "I doe hereby require (in his Ma^ties name) Richard
+    Ingle, mariner to yield his body to Rob Ellyson, Sheriff
+    of this County, before the first of ffebr next, to
+    answer to such crimes of treason, as on his Ma^ties
+    behalfe shalbe obiected ag^st him, upon his utmost perl,
+    of the Law in that behalfe. And I doe further require
+    all psons that can say or disclose any matter of treason
+    ag^st the said Richard Ingle to informe his Lo^ps
+    Attorny of it some time before the said Court to the end
+    it may be then & there prosequuted
+
+        G. BRENT."
+
+Ingle, however, was not again arrested, though he still remained in
+the neighborhood of St. Mary's, for on January 30th his vessel was
+riding at anchor in St. George's river, and mention is made of him in
+the records as being in the province. For nearly two months the Ingle
+question was agitated and for the sake of clearness an account will be
+given of the acts concerning him in the order of their occurrence.
+
+The information given by Hardige to Lewger which had caused Ingle's
+arrest was: that in March or April, 1642, he heard Ingle, who was then
+at Kent Island, and at other times in St. Mary's, say, that he was
+"Captain of Gravesend for the Parliament against the King;" that he
+heard Ingle say that in February of that year he had been bidden in
+the King's name to come ashore at Accomac, in Virginia, but he, in
+the parliament's name had refused to do so, and had threatened to cut
+off the head of any one who should come on his ship.[12] On January
+29th, Hardige and others were summoned to appear and to give evidence
+of--here the pirate enters--"pyratical & treasonable offences" of
+Ingle. On February 1st, the sheriff impannelled a jury of which Robert
+Vaughan was chosen foreman, and witnesses were sworn, among them
+Hardige who "being excepted at as infamous," by Capt. Cornwallis, "was
+not found so."[13] John Lewger, the attorney-general, having stated
+that the Court had power to take cognizance of treason out of the
+province in order to determine where the offender should be tried,
+presented three bills for the jury to consider. The first bill
+included the second charge brought by Hardige, the second ordered the
+jury to inquire "if on the 20th of November and some daies afore &
+since in the 17 yea of his Ma^ties reigne at Gravesend in Comit Kent
+in England" the accused "not having the feare of God before his eies,
+but instigated thereunto by the instigation of the divill & example of
+other traitors of his Ma^tie traiterously & as an enemy did levie war
+& beare armes ag^st his ma^tie and accept & exercise the comand &
+captainship of the town of Gravesend," and by the third bill they
+were to inquire if Ingle did not, on April 5th in the eighteenth year
+of Charles' reign, on his vessel in the Potomac river, near St.
+Clement's island, say, "that Prince Rupert was a rogue or rascall." If
+the rest of the testimony was no stronger or more conclusive than that
+of Hardige, it is not surprising that the jury replied to all the
+bills "_Ignoramus_."[14] Another jury was impannelled to investigate
+the charge of Ingle's having broken from the sheriff, and they
+returned a like finding. In the afternoon the first jury were given
+two more bills, first, to find "whether in April 1643 Ingle, being
+then at Mattapanian,[15] St. Clement's hundred, said 'that Prince
+Rupert was Prince Traitor & Prince rogue and if he had him aboard his
+ship he would whip him at the capstan.'" This bill met the fate of the
+others, but the second charging him with saying "that the king
+(meaning o^r Gover L. K. Charles) was no king neither would be no
+king, nor could be no king unless he did ioine with the Parlam^t,"
+caused the jury to disagree and no verdict having been reached at 7
+P. M., they adjourned until the following Saturday.[16] On that day,
+February 3rd, at the request of the attorney-general the jury were
+discharged and the bill given to another jury who returned it
+"_Ignoramus_."[17] In spite of the unanimity of all the juries in
+finding no true indictment, another warrant was issued for the arrest,
+by Parker or Ellyson, of Ingle for high treason, and after a fruitless
+attempt to secure by another jury a different finding, Ingle was
+impeached on February 8th, for having on January 20th, 1643/4,
+committed assaults upon the vessels, guns, goods, and person of one
+Bishop, and upon being reproached for these acts, having threatened to
+beat down the dwellings of people and even of Giles Brent, and for
+"the said crimes of pyracie, mutinie, trespasse, contempt &
+misdemeanors & every of them severally."[18] If Ingle did commit these
+depredations he was, no doubt instigated by the proceedings instituted
+on that day against him, and moreover by the fact that Henry Bishop
+had been among the witnesses to be summoned against him.
+
+Nothing more was done in the matter, for from a copy of a certificate
+to Ingle under date of February 8th, it is learned that "Upon certaine
+complaints exhibited by his Lo^ps attorny ag^st M^r R. Ingle the
+attending & psequution whereof was like to cause great demurrage to
+the ship & other damages & encumbrances in the gathering of his debts
+it was demanded by his Lo^ps said attorny on his Lo^ps behalfe that
+the said R. I. deposite in the country to his Lo^ps use one barrell of
+powder & 400 l of shott to remaine as a pledge that the said R. I.
+shall by himself or his attorny appeare at his Lo^ps Co^rt at S.
+Maries on or afore the first of ffebr next to answere to all such
+matters as shalbe then and there obiected ag^st him * * * * and upon
+his appearance the said powder & shott or the full value of it at the
+then rate of the country to be delivered to him his attorny or assigne
+upon demand."[19]
+
+What a change of policy, from charging a man with treason, the penalty
+for which was death, to offering him the right of bail for the
+appearance of his attorney, if necessary, to meet indefinite charges!
+In view of all the facts, it seems probable that the Maryland
+authorities were committed to the King's cause by the commission
+granted by him to Leonard Calvert in 1643, and by their action in
+seizing Ingle; that after his arrest it was thought to be injudicious
+to go to extremes, and that they made little resistance to, if they
+did not connive at, his escape. Certainly, efforts to recapture him
+must have been very feeble, for when the sheriff demanded the tobacco
+and cask due him from the defendant for summoning juries, witnesses,
+&c., it was found that Ingle had left in the hands of the Secretary
+the required amount.[20] In arresting Ingle for uttering treasonable
+words, the palatine government was not only placing itself upon the
+side of King Charles, but was preparing to do what he had been
+prevented from doing a few months before. For when at his command some
+persons who had acted treasonably were condemned to death, parliament
+declared that "all such indictments and proceedings thereon were
+unjust and illegal; and that if any man was executed or suffered hurt,
+for any thing he had done by their order, the like punishment should
+be inflicted by death or otherwise, upon such prisoners as were, or
+should be, taken by their forces," and their lives were saved.[21] The
+authorities of Maryland themselves show why Ingle was allowed to
+escape. On March 16th, Lewger showed that "whereas Richard Ingle was
+obnoxious to divers suits & complaints of his Lo^p for divers and
+sundry crimes all w^ch upon composition for the publique good & safety
+were suspended ag^st the said Richard Ingle assuming to leave in the
+country to the publique need at this time," powder and shot, but he
+had not paid the composition and had left without paying custom dues,
+which were required for the proper discharge of his ship "by the law &
+custom of all Ports," he prayed that all of Ingle's goods, debts,
+&c., might be sequestered until he should clear himself.[22] Under the
+circumstances, the grave charges pending against him, as there is no
+proof that he had known the terms of composition, a crew and vessel
+being at his command, it is not surprising that he sailed away from
+danger, without attending to the formality of clearing, and leaving
+unpaid debts, for Lewger claimed 600 pounds of tobacco from him, as
+payment for some plate and a scimitar, for which Cornwallis went
+security.[23] There is a touch of seeming sarcasm in the suggestion
+that the deposit by Ingle of ammunition would have relieved the public
+need, for he would have been that much less dangerous, and the
+government would have been so much the more prepared to resist him.
+
+But how were those who assisted him treated? On January 30th, Thomas
+Cornwallis, James Neale, Edward Parker and John Hampton, were
+impeached for having rescued him, and thereby of being accessories to
+high treason. Cornwallis made answer, "that he did well understand the
+matters charged ag^st the said Richard Ingle to be of no importance
+but suggested of mean malice of the ---- William hardige, as hath
+appeared since in that the grand enquest found not so much
+probability in the accusations, as that it was fitt to putt him to his
+triall" and "he supposed & understood no other but that the said rich.
+Ingle went aboard w^th the licence and consent of the L. G. & Counsell
+& of the officer in whose custody he was & as to the escape & rescuous
+in manner as is charged he is no way accessory to it & therefore
+prayeth to be dismissed."[24] The judgment was delayed, but Cornwallis
+was anxious to be at once discharged. The lieutenant general and the
+attorney general, therefore, having consulted together, found
+Cornwallis guilty, and fined him one thousand pounds of tobacco,
+though at the request of the accused the fine was respited until the
+last day of the month, when Brent ordered the sheriff "to levie 1000
+lbs tob. on any goods or debts" of Capt. Tho. Cornwallis "for so much
+adjudged by way of fine unto the Lord Propriet^r ag^st him at the
+Court held on the 9^th ffeb last."[25] This fine, which was to be
+given to the attorney of Tho. Wyatt, commander of Kent Island, in
+payment of Lord Baltimore's debt to him, Cornwallis afterward
+acknowledged he had paid.[26]
+
+Neale did not make his appearance before the court, though he seems to
+have been in St. Mary's, and was suspended from the council for his
+contempt. On February 11th, being accused of having begged Ingle from
+the sheriff, he denied all the charges, and in a few days was restored
+to his seat in the council, upon the eve of Brent's departure for Kent
+Island.[27] Parker said Ingle had escaped against his will, and he was
+discharged, while Hampton escaped prosecution, presumably, for there
+is no further record of action in the case against him.[28]
+
+But it would have been bad policy for the authorities to allow the
+matter to drop without apparent effort on their part to punish
+somebody, and Cornwallis had to bear the brunt of their attacks. The
+feeling against him was so strong, according to his own statements,
+that besides paying a fine, the highest "that could by law be laid
+upon him," he was compelled for personal safety to take ship with
+Ingle for England, where the doughty captain testified before a
+parliamentary committee of Cornwallis' devotion to its cause, and of
+the losses he had sustained in its behalf.[29]
+
+The lieutenant governor, and council, may have congratulated
+themselves about the departure of Ingle and Cornwallis, but that
+mariner and trader was preparing to return to Maryland. On August
+26th, 1644, certain persons trading to Virginia petitioned the House
+of Commons to allow them to transport ammunition, clothes, and
+victuals, custom free, to the plantations of the Chesapeake, which
+were at that time loosely classed under the one name--Virginia. The
+Commons granted to the eight[30] vessels mentioned in the petition,
+the right of carrying victuals, clothes, arms, ammunition, and other
+commodities, "for the supply and Defence and Relief of the Planters,"
+and referred the latter part of the petition, asking power to
+interrupt the Hollanders and other strange traders, to the House of
+Lords.[31] It is hardly necessary to say at this point that the
+planters to be relieved and defended by the cargoes of the vessels,
+were planters not at enmity with the parliament. For vessels from
+London were used in the interests of parliament, while those from
+Bristol were the King's ships. De Vries, the celebrated Dutchman, who
+has left such acute observations about the early colonists, wrote that
+while visiting Virginia in 1644 he saw two London ships chase a
+fly-boat to capture it, and it was reported in Massachusetts that a
+captured Indian had given as a reason for the Indian massacre, on
+April 18th, 1644, "that they did it because they saw the English took
+up all their lands, * * * and they took this season for that they
+understood that they were at war in England, and began to go to war
+among themselves, for they had seen a fight in the river between a
+London ship, which was for the parliament, and a Bristol ship, which
+was for the King."[32]
+
+Among the ships commissioned by the parliament, which were armed, was
+the "Reformation," of which Ingle was still master. He was in London
+in October, 1644, receiving cargo, and Cornwallis entrusted to him
+goods, valued at 200 pounds sterling.[33] The vessel soon afterwards
+sailed, and was in Maryland in February. In the province, at that
+time, affairs were in a very unsettled condition. The energetic
+Claiborne, who was also called by Maryland authorities a pirate and a
+rebel, but who was a much better man than is generally supposed, and
+whose life ought to be especially studied, was still pushing his
+claims to Kent Island, and Leonard Calvert had been compelled to visit
+Virginia more than once during the winter in trying to prevent his
+actions. The Indians were aroused and prone to take advantage of
+disputes between the factions in the province, while the colonists
+themselves were in a state of unrest. At this juncture Ingle
+appeared. Streeter wrote of his coming, "several vessels appeared in
+the harbor, from which an armed force disembarked, (Feb. 14, 1645,)
+under the command of Capt. Richard Ingle, St. Mary's was taken; many
+of the members were prisoners; the Governor was a fugitive in
+Virginia; and the Province in the hands of a force, professing to act,
+and probably acting, under authority of Parliament."[34] There is no
+authority given for the first part of this statement, though it is not
+improbable, and is partly substantiated by the exaggerated charges
+against Ingle, made by the Assembly of 1649, and the references to him
+in proclamations. There is no mention in the provincial records of
+Calvert's having being forced out of the province, but, on the
+contrary, Calvert in his commission to Hill in 1646 stated that "at
+this present, I have occasion, for his lordship's service to be absent
+out the said province," and says nothing at all about Ingle. The
+rebellion has been called "Claiborne's and Ingle's," and, although
+association with Claiborne would not have been dishonorable to any
+one, historical accuracy seems to call for a distinction. In Greene's
+proclamation of pardon given in March, 1647/8; in the letter written
+by the Assembly to Lord Baltimore in April, 1649; in the Proprietor's
+commissions for the great seal, for muster master general, for
+commander of Kent Island, respectively, in 1648; and in his letter to
+Stone in 1649, the rebellion is attributed to the instigation of
+Ingle.[35] In the commission to Governor Stone, of August, 1648, is
+the statement, "so as such pardon or pardons extend not to the
+pardoning of William Clayborne heretofore of the isle of Kent in our
+said province of Maryland and now or late of Virginia or of his
+complices in their late rebellion against our rights and dominion in
+and over the said province nor of Richard Ingle nor John Durford
+mariner," and in the act of Oblivion, in April, 1650, pardon is
+granted to all excepting "Richard Ingle and John Darford Marryners,
+and such others of the Isle of Kent" as were not pardoned by Leonard
+Calvert.[36] In these two instances alone is any kind of an
+opportunity offered for connecting the two names, even here they are
+separated, and the distinction is made greater by the fact that in a
+commission concerning Hill, also of August, 1648, and in other places,
+Claiborne is mentioned with no reference at all to Ingle.[37] It is
+probable, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, that Ingle and
+Claiborne never planned any concerted action, but that each took
+advantage of the other's deeds, to further his own interests.
+
+To return to the year 1645. The rebellion supposed to have been
+originated by Ingle, was according to statements of the Assembly of
+1649, continued by his accomplices, and during it "most of your
+Lordships Royal friends here were spoiled of their whole Estate and
+sent away as banished persons out of the Province those few that
+remained were plundered and deprived in a manner of all Livelyhood and
+subsistance only Breathing under that intollerable Yoke which they
+were forced to bear under those Rebells."[38] The people were tendered
+an oath against Lord Baltimore, which all the Roman Catholics refused
+to take, except William Thompson, about whom there is some doubt.[39]
+Ingle, himself, said that he had been able to take some places from
+the papists and malignants, and with goods taken from them had
+relieved the well-affected to parliament. Further on in this paper it
+will be seen that Roman Catholics' property was attacked under Ingle's
+auspices, but that the bad treatment of them did not continue long and
+was not very severe, may be inferred from the fact that in 1646, there
+were enough members of the council, who were Roman Catholics, in the
+province to elect Hill governor. In this connection ought to be
+mentioned the report, by an uncertain author, concerning the Maryland
+mission, written in 1670. The report is devoted principally to an
+account of a miracle which, strange to say, had not been recorded, as
+far as is known, although twenty-four years had elapsed since it had
+occurred. "It has been established by custom and usage of the
+Catholics," the uncertain author wrote, "who live in Maryland, during
+the whole night of the 31st of July following the festival of St.
+Ignatius, to honor with a salute of cannon their tutelar guardian and
+patron saint. Therefore, in the year 1646, mindful of the solemn
+custom, the anniversary of the holy father being ended, they wished
+the night also consecrated to the honor of the same, by the continual
+discharge of artillery. At the time, there were in the neighborhood
+certain soldiers, unjust plunderers, Englishmen indeed by birth, of
+the heterodox faith, who, coming the year before with a fleet, had
+invaded with arms, almost the entire colony, had plundered, burnt, and
+finally, having abducted the priests and driven the Governor himself
+into exile, had reduced it to a miserable servitude. These had
+protection in a certain fortified citadel, built for their own
+defence, situated about five miles from the others; but now, aroused
+by the nocturnal report of the cannon, the day after, that is on the
+first of August, rush upon us with arms, break into the houses of the
+Catholics, and plunder whatever there is of arms or powder."[40] Now
+this statement bears upon the face of it a contradiction, for the
+restriction upon the Roman Catholics could not have been very great,
+since they were allowed to retain, up to August, 1646, the powder and
+cannon necessary to fire continual salutes, moreover, when next day
+the soldiers came to their dwellings, nothing seems to have been taken
+except the ammunition, and this was done no doubt to prevent any
+further alarm, that a body of troops situated as they were might
+reasonably have felt at hearing artillery discharges five miles away.
+
+Many writers have stated that good Fathers White and Fisher were
+carried off to England by Ingle, but from the records of the Jesuits
+at Stonyhurst, it is learned that Father White was seized "by a band
+of soldiers," "and carried to England in chains," and also that in
+"1645 This year the colony was attacked by a party of 'rowdies' or
+marauders and the missioners were carried off to Virginia."[41] These
+extracts serve to show what was the confusion existing in the minds of
+contemporaries of Ingle, and the extreme difficulty, therefore, of
+finding the real truth. But in the sworn statements preserved in the
+Maryland records, some facts may be found. Within a few days of the
+events at St. Mary's resulting in partial subversion of Baltimore's
+government, the "Reformation" was riding at the mouth of St. Inigoes'
+creek, near which was situated the "Cross," the manor house of
+Cornwallis, who, when he had been obliged in 1644 to leave Maryland,
+had left his house and property in the hands of Cuthbert Fenwick, his
+attorney.[42] Fenwick was intending to go to Accomac, Virginia, and
+sent Thomas Harrison, a servant, who had been bought from Ingle by
+Cornwallis, and a fellow servant, Edw. Matthews, to help Andrew Monroe
+to bring a small pinnace nearer the house.[43] In the pinnace were
+clothes, bedding, and other goods, the property of Fenwick. Monroe
+refused to bring the pinnace, and waited until Ingle came into the
+creek;[44] and allowed the pinnace to be captured, (if that may be
+called a capture to which consent was given,) and plundered. Fenwick
+said that the pinnace was plundered by "Richard Ingle or his
+associates;"[45] another witness said that Ingle "seized or plundered"
+the pinnace, and Monroe was employed by him in his acts against the
+province, and while in command of another pinnace assisted in the
+pillaging of Copley's house at Portoback.[46] Matthews as well as
+other servants were held captives on the "Reformation," and Harrison
+took up arms for Ingle and afterwards left the province and fled to
+Accomac. Fenwick went on board, no doubt to protest against such acts,
+and when he returned to the shore was seized by a party of men under
+John Sturman, who seems to have been a leader in the rebellion, and
+carried back to the vessel where he was kept prisoner.[47] In the
+meantime Thomas Sturman, John Sturman, coopers, and William Hardwick,
+a tailor, led a party to sack the dwelling of Cornwallis, who, in a
+petition to the Governor and Council in 1652, described it as "a
+Competent Dwelling house, furnished with plate, Linnen hangings,
+beding brass pewter and all manner of Household Stuff worth at least a
+thousand pounds." In the same petition he said that the party
+"plundered and Carryed away all things in It, pulled downe and burnt
+the pales about it, killed and destroyed all the Swine and Goates and
+killed or mismarked allmost all the Cattle, tooke or dispersed all the
+Servants, Carryed away a Great quantity of Sawn Boards from the pitts,
+and ript up Some floors of the house. And having by these Violent and
+unlawfull Courses forst away my Said Attorny the Said Thomas and John
+Sturman possest themselves of the Complts house as theire owne, dwelt
+in it Soe long as they please and at their departing tooke the locks
+from the doors and y^e Glass from the windowes and in fine ruined his
+whole Estate to the damage of the Complt at least two or three
+thousand pounds."[48] It may be well to bear in mind that Cornwallis
+in this petition, which was against the two Sturmans and Hardwick, who
+did not deny the allegations, but claimed the statute of limitation,
+no mention is made of Ingle, save that on his ship Fenwick was
+detained.[49]
+
+In the latter part of the year 1645 began the era of petitions, which
+should be taken with allowance, for the age has been characterized as
+one of perjury, and in the representations by both parties in Maryland
+politics, advantage was taken of every slight point to strengthen
+their respective positions, and from internal evidence it seems that
+some statements were garbled, to say the least about them. The opening
+of this era was marked by the presentation, December 25th, 1645, by
+the committee of plantations, to the House of Lords, the following
+statements and suggestions, viz: that many had complained of the
+tyranny of recusants in Maryland, "who have seduced and forced many of
+his Majesty's subjects from their religion;" that by a certificate
+from the Judge of the Admiralty grounded upon the deposition of
+witnesses taken in that Court: Leonard Calvert, late Governor there,
+had a commission from Oxford to seize such persons, ships and goods as
+belonged to any of London; which he registered, proclaimed, and
+endeavored to put in execution at Virginia; and that one Brent, his
+deputy Governor, had seized upon a ship, empowered under a commission
+derived from the Parliament, because she was of London, and afterward
+not only tampered with the crew thereof to carry her to Bristol, then
+in hostility against the Parliament, but also tendered them an oath
+against the Parliament; the committee under these circumstances
+recommended that the province should be settled in the hands of
+protestants.[50] This was the first part of the determined effort to
+deprive the great Cecil Calvert of his charter of Maryland, which
+Richard Ingle continued so vigorously in after years. He was probably
+in England at that time, for he refers to the action of the Lords in
+regard to the settling of the Maryland government, in his petition of
+February 24th, 1645/6, to the House of Lords. To this petition was
+appended a statement on behalf of Cornwallis, which will explain it.
+Cornwallis said that on Ingle's return to England, to cover up his
+defalcation in the matter of 200 pounds worth of goods, he had
+complained to the committee for examinations against Cornwallis as an
+enemy to the State. The matter was given a full hearing, and when it
+was left to the law and the defendant was granted the right of having
+witnesses in Maryland examined, Ingle had him arrested upon two
+feigned actions to the value of 15,000 pounds sterling. Some friends
+succeeded in rescuing him from prison, and then Ingle sent the
+following petition to the House of Lords, which had the effect of
+stopping for the time proceedings against him.[51] Having done so he
+carried the prosecution no further. The petition is somewhat lengthy,
+but it should be read as it is eminently characteristic of the
+man.[52]
+
+"The humble petition of Richard Ingle, showing That whereas the
+petitioner, having taken the covenant, and going out with letters of
+marque, as Captain of the ship Reformation, of London, and sailing to
+Maryland, where, finding the Governor of that Province to have
+received a commission from Oxford to seize upon all ships belonging to
+London, and to execute a tyrannical power against the Protestants, and
+such as adhered to the Parliament, and to press wicked oaths upon
+them, and to endeavor their extirpation, the petitioner, conceiving
+himself, not only by his warrant, but in his fidelity to the
+Parliament, to be conscientiously obliged to come to their
+assistance, did venture his life and fortune in landing his men and
+assisting the said well affected Protestants against the said
+tyrannical government and the Papists and malignants. It pleased God
+to enable him to take divers places from them, and to make him a
+support to the said well affected. But since his return to England,
+the said Papists and malignants, conspiring together, have brought
+fictitious acts against him, at the common law, in the name of Thomas
+Cornwallis and others for pretended trespass, in taking away their
+goods, in the parish of St. Christopher's, London, which are the very
+goods that were by force of war justly and lawfully taken from these
+wicked Papists and malignants in Maryland, and with which he relieved
+the poor distressed Protestants there, who otherwise must have
+starved, and been rooted out.
+
+"Now, forasmuch as your Lordships in Parliament of State, by the order
+annexed, were pleased to direct an ordinance to be framed for the
+settlement of the said province of Maryland, under the Committee of
+Plantations, and for the indemnity of the actors in it, and for that
+such false and feigned actions for matters of war acted in foreign
+parts, are not tryable at common law, but, if at all, before the Court
+and Marshall; and for that it would be a dangerous example to permit
+Papists and malignants to bring actions of trespass or otherwise
+against the well affected for fighting for the Parliament.
+
+"The petitioner most humbly beseecheth your Lordships to be pleased to
+direct that this business may be heard before your Lordships at the
+bar, or to refer it to a committee to report the true state of the
+case and to order that the said suits against the petitioner at the
+common law may be staid, and no further proceeded in."
+
+It is not known how this matter was settled, but in 1647, September
+8th, Ingle transferred to Cornwallis "for divers good and valuable
+causes" the debts, bills, &c., belonging to him, and made him his
+attorney to collect the same. Among the items in the inventory
+appended to the power of attorney were "A Bill and note of John
+Sturman's, the one dated the 10th of April 1645 for Satisfaction of
+tenn pounds of powder the other dated the 4th of April 1645 for 900 l
+of Tob & Caske," and "an acknowledgem^t of Cap^t William Stone dated
+the 10th of April 1645 for a receipt of a Bill of Argall Yardley's
+Esq, for 9860 l of Tobacco and Caske,"[53] which show that the
+mercantile interests of Ingle were not subservient to his supposed
+warlike measures. A consideration of the statements by Cornwallis and
+of those by Ingle, proves that the latter must have had considerable
+influence in the Parliament, and that he was prepared to stand by and
+defend all his actions, and the similarity to his petition of ideas
+and even of words in certain places, would safely allow the conjecture
+that Ingle had something to do in the report of 1645 already
+mentioned. It is curious also to compare his reference to the
+ill-treatment of the Protestants, and the mention of the hardships of
+Baltimore's adherents, made by the Assembly of 1649. There is no
+record of the presence of Ingle in Maryland after the spring of 1645,
+though the rebellion which he was accused of instigating continued
+some months longer.[54] For continuity, a rapid sketch of the history
+of Maryland during the next two years must be given.
+
+For fourteen months the province was without a settled government. In
+March, 1645/6, the Virginian Assembly in view of the secret flight
+into Maryland of Lieutenant Stillwell, and others, enacted that "Capt.
+Tho. Willoughby, Esq., and Capt. Edward Hill be hereby authorized to
+go to Maryland or Kent to demand the return of such persons who are
+alreadie departed from the colony. And to follow such further
+instructions as shall be given them by the Governor and Council."[55]
+After Hill had arrived in Maryland he was elected governor by the
+members of the council, who, notwithstanding Ingle's rebellion, were
+in the province. The right of the council to elect Hill was afterwards
+disputed, but one word must be said in regard to this. The reason for
+disputing the right was that the councilors could elect only a member
+of the council to be governor. In the commission to Leonard Calvert in
+1637, no such restriction was made,[56] in the commission of 1642 the
+restriction occurs, and in the commission of 1644, which has been
+preserved in two copies, the same provision was made.[57] As Lord
+Baltimore himself had confused ideas about this commission, it is not
+surprising that the council thought they were doing right in electing
+Hill. Even if the council had no right to act thus, Hill had stronger
+claims to the governorship. In Lord Baltimore's commission to Leonard
+Calvert, of September 18th, 1644, is the provision:[58] "and lastly
+whereas our said Lieutenant may happen to dye or be absent from time
+to time out of the said province of Maryland, before we can have
+notice to depute another in his place we do therefore hereby grant
+unto him full power and Authority from time to time in such Cases to
+Nominate elect and appoint such an able person inhabiting and residing
+within our said province of Maryl^d, as he in his discretion shall
+make choice of & think fit to be our Lieutenant Governor, &c." Such is
+the command as recorded in the Council Proceedings of Maryland. But
+Baltimore, in 1648, in a commission to the Governor and council in
+Maryland, wrote that Leonard Calvert had no right to appoint any
+person in his stead "unless such persons were of our privy council
+there,"[59] although he recognized the validity of Leonard's death-bed
+appointment by witnesses of Governor Greene. He, to be sure, was a
+member of the council, but this fact was not mentioned in the preamble
+of the commission, in which the words, with some slight changes in
+tense and mood, are almost identical with those in the preamble of the
+commission of July 30th, 1646, from Calvert to Hill, which,
+notwithstanding doubts to the contrary, must have been genuine. For
+Lord Baltimore, in the commission of 1648 seems to have acknowledged
+that his brother had granted the commission to Hill,[60] who, in a
+letter to Calvert, said that he had promised him one-half the customs
+and rents, the remuneration stipulated in his commission. Hill, not
+knowing that Calvert was dead, wrote him a letter, dated June 18th,
+1647, urging the payment of his dues, and the next day Greene, the new
+Governor, replied that he did not understand the matter, but that if
+Hill would send an attorney "full satisfaction should be given him."
+When Hill wrote next he waived the authority of Calvert, and based his
+claim upon the right of the council to elect him, and in this way
+placed himself upon an illegal footing, which circumstance was taken
+advantage of for a time by the Maryland authorities. But finally at a
+court held June 10th, 1648,[61] one year after Calvert's death, a
+claim from Hill was presented "for Arrears of what consideration was
+Covenanted unto him by Leonard Calvert, Esq., for his Service in the
+office of Governor of this Province, being the half of his Ldps rents
+for the year 1646 & the half of the Customes for the Same yeare." It
+was ordered by the court, "that ye half of that yeares Customes as far
+as it hath not already been received by Capt. Hill shall be paid unto
+him by the Ld Prop^rs Attorny out of the first profitts which shall be
+receivable to his Ldp * * * his Ldps Receiver shall accompt & pay unto
+Cap^t Edward Hill or his assignes the one halfe of his Ldps rents due
+at Christmas next in Lieu of the S^d rents of the yeare 1646 which
+were otherwise disposed of to his Ldps use." There is, however, one
+fact which must not be lost sight of in regard to Leonard Calvert's
+commission to Hill. If it was executed by a member of the council, and
+therefore was a forgery, for in the records Calvert's name is signed
+to it, and the place of the seal is noted, it is not at all likely
+that it would have been allowed by Calvert on his return, and by his
+immediate successors, to be preserved and copied into the records. If
+all other proof failed this last would establish the validity of
+Hill's commission.
+
+But Calvert, who, throughout his whole career as governor of Maryland,
+showed unchanging devotion to his brother's interests, gathered in
+Virginia a body of soldiers and returned at the end of 1646 to St.
+Mary's, where he easily repossessed himself of that part of the
+country, though Kent Island remained still in possession of
+Claiborne's forces. Thus was ended what has been called Ingle's
+rebellion, in which the loss of the lord proprietor's personal estate
+"was in truth so small as that it was not Considerable when it was
+come in Ballance with the Safety of the Province which as the then
+present Condition of things stood, hung upon so ticklish a pin as that
+unless such a disposition had been made thereof an absolute ruin and
+subversion of the whole Province would inevitably have followed."[62]
+Another proof of Hill's regular appointment is that Calvert on the
+29th of December, soon after his return, re-assembled the Assembly,
+which Hill had summoned and adjourned, and proceeded with it to enact
+laws.[63] Although a later Assembly in 1648 protested against the laws
+passed by this Assembly, the proprietor recognized them as valid, and
+wrote in 1649 that it had been "lawfully continued" by his brother
+"ffor although the first Sumons were issued by one who was not our
+Lawfull Lieutenant there, yet being afterwards approved of by one that
+was, it is all one, as to the proceedings afterward as if at first
+they had issued from a lawfull Governor."[64] The writer is no lawyer,
+but it seems, that, if the Assembly of Hill was "lawfully continued"
+and "approved" by Calvert, the recognition by Baltimore must have been
+legally retroactive, and, therefore, that the laws passed before
+Calvert's return must have been legally valid, saving of course the
+proprietor's dissent. Leonard Calvert having spent some months in
+settling the affairs of the province died, June 9th, 1647, and Greene
+ruled in his stead. In the following March, Ingle's name again appears
+in the records. The governor, on March 4th, 1648, proclaimed pardon to
+all except Richard Ingle, and in August of the same year the lord
+proprietor issued, besides his commissions to Governor Stone, to the
+council and to secretary Thomas Hatton, commissions, for the Great
+Seal, for muster master general, and for commander of the Isle of
+Kent. John Price was made muster master general for his "great
+Fidelity unto us in that Occasion of the late insurrection and
+Rebellion in our said province was begun there by that Notorious
+Villain Richard Ingle and his Complices," and Robert Vaughan was
+appointed commander of Kent for the same reason.[65] Then in 1650 was
+passed the act of Oblivion, excepting Ingle, Durford, and some of the
+Isle of Kent. In 1649, Baltimore granted to James Lindsey and Richard
+Willan certain lands, and directed that in the grants should be
+inserted the notice "of their singular and approved worth courage and
+fidelity (in Ingle's insurrection) to the end a memory of their merit
+and of his (the Proprietor) sense thereof may remain upon record to
+the honour of them and their posterity forever."[66]
+
+An investigation into Ingle's doings at this time may explain the
+bitter terms in which he is mentioned in the official records of
+Maryland, and also why upon him was foisted the chief responsibility
+for the disturbances. During the year 1646, Lord Baltimore was engaged
+in defending his charter, against the justice of which such grave
+charges had been brought by Ingle and others, in the winter of 1645/6.
+On January 23rd, 1646/7, application in Baltimore's behalf, was made
+to the House of Lords, that the depositions of witnesses made before
+the Admiralty Court in regard to Maryland should be read. In a few
+weeks Baltimore begged that the actions looking to the repeal of his
+charter might be delayed, and on the same day certain merchants in
+London, who were interested in the Virginia trade, requested that the
+ordinance should be sent to the Commons, for Baltimore's petition was
+intended only to cause delay.[67] The matter was stayed for the time,
+but by December, 1649, Ingle had sent to the Council of State a
+petition and remonstrance against the government of Lord Baltimore's
+colony. The hearing, which was referred to the Committee of the
+Admiralty, was postponed until January 10th, 1650, when Baltimore's
+agent requested it to be deferred until the 16th. Witnesses were
+summoned and upon Baltimore's appearance, he was ordered to make
+answer in writing to Ingle by the 30th. On January 29th the matter was
+again postponed until February 6th, "in respect of extraordinary
+occasions not permitting them to hear the same to-morrow." Delay
+followed delay until March 1st, when Ingle was "unprovided to prove"
+the charges against Lord Baltimore for misconduct in the government
+of Maryland, but on the 15th of the same month, "after several debates
+of the business depending between Capt. Ingle and Lord Baltimore,
+touching a commission granted to Leonard Calvert, * * * by the late
+King at Oxford in 1643" the advocate for the State and the attorney
+general were directed to examine the validity of the original charter
+to Cecil, Lord Baltimore. Allusion to this matter was again made in
+the records, but nothing showing its result unless it be the order of
+the Council of State, of December 23d, 1651, that Lord Baltimore
+should be allowed to "pursue his cause according to law."[68]
+
+Ingle seems to have been at this time in the service of what was once
+a parliament, but which had been reduced in 1648, by Pride's purge, to
+about sixty members. In February, 1650, he informed the Council of
+State that on board two ships, the "'Flower de Luce' and the 'Thomas
+and John,' were persons bound to Virginia, who were enemies of the
+Commonwealth." The vessels were stayed for over a month, when they
+were allowed to sail down to Gravesend, where, before they left for
+Virginia, the mayor and justices were to "take the superscription of
+passengers and mariners not to engage against the Commonwealth."[69]
+In April of this year the Council of State ordered the payment to
+Ingle of £30 sterling for services and care in keeping Captain
+Gardner, who had been arrested for treason, in having tried to betray
+Portland Castle.[70] He again comes into notice in 1653, by some
+letters written by him to Edward Marston. He had been cast away by
+shipwreck in the Downs, and was then at Dover, where he had been very
+ill. Having heard that two prizes which he had helped to secure, had
+been condemned and that the rest of the men had obtained their shares,
+he wrote to secure the eleven shares due him, and told Marston to send
+one part to his wife, and the other to him. On November 14th, he again
+wrote that he had received no answer although "I have written you
+every post these 3 weeks, having been sick my want of money is
+great."[71] This is the last fact, which can at present be found,
+about Richard Ingle, who first came into notice demanding tobacco
+debts, and is discovered, at last demanding prize money. These two
+acts were typical of the man, he was always on the lookout for gain
+and yet remained a staunch adherent to the Long Parliament, which did
+so much to strengthen English liberties, but whose acts led to such
+extreme measures as those which culminated in the execution of the
+self-willed unfortunate Charles I.
+
+By a careful consideration of all the facts, it will be seen that the
+acts of Richard Ingle are in some cases legendary, and as such
+naturally have become more heinous with every successive account. The
+endeavor has been in this paper to give an unprejudiced historical
+account of his life, but in view of the mis-statements about him, it
+still remains to sum up, and examine the specific charges against him.
+He is accused of having stolen the silver seal of the province. Lord
+Baltimore's own statements, however, concerning it are doubtful.
+"Whereas our great seal of the said province of Maryland was
+treacherously and violently taken away from thence by Richard Ingle or
+his complices in or about February,[72] 1644/5," he wrote in August,
+1648. Nothing had been said according to the records up to that time
+in Maryland about the loss of the seal. On the contrary, in a
+commission given by Governor Greene on July 4th, 1647, over a year
+before the proprietor's commission for the great seal, are the words,
+"Given under my hand and the Seal of the province."[73] and in the
+proclamation of March 4th, 1648, Greene promised pardon "under my
+hand and the seal of the province,"[74] to all out of the province
+except Ingle, who should confess their faults before a certain date.
+
+It may be urged against these facts that "under my hand and the seal
+of the province," was mere legal phraseology. But those which have
+been given are the only two instances of the use of the term from 1646
+to 1648, and are both preceded and followed by commissions, &c.,
+ending "and this shall be your commission," or "given at St. Mary's,"
+in which, if the term was merely technical language, why was it not
+more frequently used? Again, it may be said that it was a temporary
+seal. If it were, it is strange that no mention is made of the fact in
+the records of the province, or in Lord Baltimore's commission for the
+new seal. It was hoped and desired that in this paper no occasion
+would arise to make accusations against any of Ingle's opponents, but
+historic truth now requires it to be done. It must be remembered that
+Baltimore was in constant danger of losing his charter, in a great
+measure, on account of Ingle's activity against him. Upon his
+authority alone is based the charge against Ingle about the seal, but
+of how much value is the authority of one who, at the very same time
+and in a commission sent out with that of the seal, wrote that Leonard
+Calvert "was limited by our commission to him not to appoint" any
+person governor "unless such person were of our privy council
+there,"[75] although no such limitation as to the governor's right was
+made in any of the commissions to Leonard Calvert so this clause in
+the lord proprietor's commission resolves itself into a Machiavellian
+statement. It is hardly credible that Lord Baltimore could have made
+such a statement from ignorance, for no one knew the commission better
+than the author of it. But notwithstanding the evidence against Lord
+Baltimore, the writer has too high an opinion of his character to
+attribute to him the diplomatic lie. Lord Baltimore was no doubt
+influenced a great deal, by what was reported to him concerning
+Maryland, so the blame must rest upon his informers. Still if these
+persons would resort to such methods in one case, they would be likely
+to do so in other instances. Whoever was the author of the statement,
+it throws doubt upon other supposed facts of this period, and leads to
+the conclusion that the commission for a new seal was one of the
+reconstructive acts of the proprietor, on a par with the treatment of
+Hill.
+
+Ingle has been charged with the destruction of the records of the
+province. What was Baltimore's opinion? "We understand" he wrote in
+1651, "that in the late Rebellion there One thousand Six hundred
+Forty and four most of the Records of that province being then lost or
+embezzled."[76] This hearsay statement of Lord Baltimore may have been
+based upon the testimony in 1649, of Thomas Hatton, Secretary of the
+province, of the receipt of books from Mr. Bretton, who "delivered to
+me this Book, and another lesser Book with a Parchment Cover, divers
+of the Leaves thereof being cut or torn out, and many of them being
+lost and much worn out and defaced together with divers other Papers
+and Writings bound together in a Bundle,"[77] and swore that they were
+all the documents belonging to the secretary or register which could
+be found, "except some Warrants, and some Draughts of Mr. _Hill's_
+Time." All the records, therefore, were not destroyed, but in 1649,
+there were in existence papers belonging to the Hill regime. But
+greater proofs against the vandalism of Ingle are the records
+themselves, or the copies of them, which could not have been made if
+the originals had been destroyed, and which have at last been
+deposited where thieves do not break through nor steal. There have
+been preserved among the records up to 1647, the original proprietary
+record books, liber Z., 1637-1644 and liber P. R., 1642 to February
+12, 1645. The Council Proceedings, 1636-1657, the Assembly
+Proceedings, 1638-1658, and liber F., 1636-1642, proprietary records,
+have been handed down in copies. The loss of liber F., 1636-1642, can
+no more be attributed to Ingle than can the loss of liber K.,
+1692-1694, which was made fifty years after Ingle's time. Both of
+these, as well as records of later years, have been preserved in
+copies only, but a brief study of the Calendar of State Archives,
+prefixed to the Acts of Assembly, will demonstrate that the
+destruction of records by Ingle could not have been so great as has
+been supposed. But did he destroy any? There are gaps in the records,
+that exist between February 14, 1645, when the rebellion occurred, and
+December, 1646, when Calvert returned, but it is not likely that under
+the existing circumstances very great care was taken of the records of
+these twenty-two months, and moreover there is no proof that Ingle was
+in the province after 1645, for he was probably in London in December
+of that year, and certainly in the following February. His appointing
+Cornwallis his attorney for collecting Maryland and Virginia debts
+would also lead one to believe that he did not return to the province.
+Some of the records of the Hill government, however, were in existence
+in 1649, but as far as is known have since disappeared. Ingle
+certainly did not destroy them, and indeed to a man engaged in the
+tobacco trade, there were few inducements to waste his time, and that
+of his men cutting up records.
+
+It is difficult to understand why Lord Baltimore should have called
+Ingle an "ungrateful villain," for the reception the latter met at St.
+Mary's in 1644, was not calculated to inspire one with gratitude. The
+compensation offered Ingle might have been deemed liberal, but the
+Maryland authorities acknowledged that they had to make this offer for
+the public good and safety, and, therefore, no particular credit can
+be given them for kindness towards the troublesome mariner. But the
+relations between Ingle and Cornwallis are rather perplexing. The
+latter accused Ingle of not returning the value of goods entrusted to
+him, and also of landing, during his absence, "some men near his
+house," and rifling "him to the value of 2,500 l at least."[78] All
+this was done after Cornwallis had showed his devotion to Parliament,
+by releasing Ingle. It must be remembered in connection with the
+devotion to Parliament, that Ingle was doing the great carrying trade
+for Cornwallis. Besides, after Ingle had made him his attorney, he
+went to Maryland and there sued three men for the pillage and
+destruction of his property, without implicating Ingle. In the absence
+of full records concerning these two men, it is unfair to judge either
+of them harshly in this matter.
+
+The indefinite allusion to Ingle's piracy in 1644 was not sustained,
+but in 1649 he was again called "pirate." The definition of piracy has
+undergone many changes within the past three hundred years. From
+robbery committed upon the high seas, it has come to mean, "acts of
+violence done upon the ocean or unappropriated lands or within the
+territory of a state through descent from the sea, by a body of men
+acting independently of any political or organized society."[79] The
+pirate has also been held as an enemy, whom the whole human race can
+oppress. These definitions are from the international standpoint. What
+was the English law at the time of Ingle? The treatment of pirates was
+regulated by the Act of Parliament, made in the reign of Henry
+VIII.,[80] and Sir Leoline Jenkins, on September 2d, 1668, at a
+session of the Admiralty, said, "now robbery as 'tis distinguished
+from thieving or larceny, implies not only the actual taking away of
+my goods, while I am, as we say, in peace, but also the putting me in
+fear, by taking them away by force and arms out of my hands, or in my
+sight and presence, when this is done upon the sea, without a lawful
+commission of war or reprisals, it is downright Piracy."[81] In the
+Assembly of March, 1638, piracy was defined as follows: "William
+dawson with divers others did assault the vessels of Capt. Thomas
+Cornwaleys his company feloniously and as pyrates & robbers to take
+the said vessels and did discharge divers peices charged wi^th
+bulletts & shott against the said Thomas Cornwaleys, &c."[82] Granted,
+although it is doubtful, that Ingle seized the pinnace, riding in St.
+Inigoes' creek, he was not, therefore, a pirate. According to the
+testimony, he used no force, for the one in charge of the pinnace
+allowed him to take it; and the act was not committed on the high
+seas. For the acts committed on the land, Ingle acknowledged himself
+to have been responsible; for in his petition he wrote, that he "did
+venture his life and fortune in landing his men and assisting the said
+well-affected Protestants (_i. e._, such as adhered to Parliament)"
+against the government, the papists and malignants. His acts on the
+land were rather contradictory, if one reads the testimony. In 1647,
+for instance, a certain Walter Beane[83] at the request of Cuthbert
+Fenwick, said that during the plundering time, with the consent of
+Fenwick, he paid Ingle some tobacco, which was due Fenwick or
+Cornwallis. Ingle then gave him the following, "Received of Walter
+Beane five hund^r Thirty Eight pounds of Tob for a debt th^t the s^d
+Walter Beane did owe to Cuthbert ffenwick. Witness my hand,
+
+    RICH^D. INGLE."
+
+Beane stated also that sometime before Ingle came, he paid six
+hogsheads of tobacco to Fenwick for Cornwallis, and that Ingle, upon
+his arrival, sent eleven men to fetch the hogsheads and other tobacco;
+that when Beane refused to give them up, Ingle was notified, and sent
+a note threatening extreme measures, and Beane was thus forced to give
+up the tobacco. Does it not seem curious that Ingle should give a
+receipt for one batch of tobacco, and within a short time have other
+tobacco forcibly seized? Of course the authorities of Maryland might
+have considered such acts piratical. But they were not. Ingle had a
+commission from Parliament, to relieve the planters in Maryland, by
+furnishing them arms, &c. He found the government of Maryland at
+enmity with Parliament, which was the actual government of England at
+that time, and assisted the friends of Parliament in Maryland. Even if
+he exceeded the provisions of his letter of marque he was responsible
+to Parliament alone.[84] That the English authorities did not
+disapprove of his conduct is shown by the weight attached to his
+statements, and by the fact that he was afterwards in the service of
+the Commonwealth.
+
+As to Ingle's having been a "rebel," the facts all point to his
+participation in the beginning of a rebellion, caused probably, by
+those dissatisfied with Leonard Calvert's rule, more probably by the
+influence of William Claiborne, who in spite of condemnatory acts by
+the Maryland Assembly, and the vacillating measures of Charles I.,
+insisted for many years upon his right to Kent Island. But rebellion
+is viewed in different ways: by those against whom it is made, with
+horror and detestation; by those who make it, with pride and ofttimes
+with devotion. If Ingle led on the rebellion, he was acting in
+Maryland, only as Cromwell afterwards did on a larger scale, in
+England, and as Bacon, the brave and noble, did in Virginia, and to be
+placed in the same category with many, who will be handed down to
+future generations as rebels, will be no discredit to the first
+Maryland rebel.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] Spotswood Letters, Brock, p. 12.
+
+[2] Rev. Edw. D. Neill, to whom I am indebted for valuable references,
+was the first to attempt any kind of a defence of Ingle, but Dr. Wm.
+Hand Browne, who also has greatly aided me, has omitted the pirate and
+rebel clause in the history which he is preparing for the Commonwealth
+Series.
+
+[3] Assembly Proceedings, 1638-1664, p. 120, Land Office Records, Vol.
+I., p. 582. In the Maryland records the name is spelled Cornwaleys,
+but in this paper the rule has been adopted of spelling it Cornwallis,
+as it is known to history.
+
+[4] Winthrop's History of New England, Vol. II., p. 75. Winthrop gave
+another spelling, "Jugle," no doubt obtained from the signature, as
+has been done with the name more than once in modern times. In a bill
+sent to the grand jury at St. Mary's, Maryland, February 1st, 1643/4,
+it was stated that Ingle's ship in 1642 was the "Reformation." The
+bill was, however, returned "Ignoramus," and the use of the name was
+probably anachronous.
+
+[5] Proprietary Records, Liber P. R., p. 85.
+
+[6] Ibid., p. 124.
+
+[7] Ibid., p. 137.
+
+[8] Ibid., p. 124. Council Proceedings, 1636-1657. Bozman, in his
+History of Maryland, Vol. II., p. 271, not knowing evidently that more
+than one warrant was issued for Ingle's arrest, transposed this
+proclamation, making it follow Jan. 20; but in P. R. it is under date
+of Jan. 18, 1643/4.
+
+[9] P. R., p. 146.
+
+[10] Ibid., pp. 125, 138.
+
+[11] C. P., p. 111, P. R., p. 125.
+
+[12] Ibid., p. 125.
+
+[13] Ibid., pp. 129, 130.
+
+[14] Ibid.
+
+[15] This was on the south side of the Patuxent river. At one time the
+Jesuits used a building there for a storehouse. There was the favorite
+dwelling of Charles, third Lord Baltimore, which afterward belonged to
+Mr. Henry Sewall, and there Col. Darnall took refuge during the Coode
+uprising.
+
+[16] P. R., p. 131.
+
+[17] Ibid., p. 134.
+
+[18] Ibid., pp. 137, 139.
+
+[19] Ibid., p. 141.
+
+[20] Ibid., p. 148.
+
+[21] Bozman: History of Maryland, Vol. II., p. 272.
+
+[22] P. R., p. 149.
+
+[23] Ibid., p. 150.
+
+[24] Ibid., p. 131.
+
+[25] Ibid., pp. 139, 145.
+
+[26] Sixth Report of the Historical Commission to Parliament, p. 101.
+
+[27] P. R., pp. 140, 141, 146.
+
+[28] Ibid., p. 146.
+
+[29] Sixth Rep. Hist. Com., p. 101.
+
+[30] The absence of punctuation between the "Elizabeth and Ellen"
+leads one to conjecture that there were but seven vessels.
+
+[31] Journal of the House of Commons, 1642-44, p. 607. This may be
+found in the Congressional Library, Washington, D. C.
+
+[32] Collections N. Y. Historical Society, Series II., Vol. III., p.
+126. Winthrop: History of New England, Vol. II., p. 198.
+
+[33] L. O. R., Vol. I., p. 224; Sixth Rep. Hist. Com., p. 101.
+
+[34] Papers Relating to the Early History of Maryland, by S. F.
+Streeter, p. 267.
+
+[35] C. P., pp. 166, 201, 204; A. P., 238, 270.
+
+[36] C. P., p. 175; A. P., p. 301.
+
+[37] C. P., p. 209.
+
+[38] A. P., p. 238.
+
+[39] Ibid., pp. 238, 270, 271. At the request of the Assembly,
+Baltimore forgave Thompson for acts which he might have committed by
+reason of ignorance or through a mistake.
+
+[40] Relatio Itineris in Marylandiam, p. 95.
+
+[41] Records of the Eng. Prov. Society of Jesus, Series V., VI., VII.,
+VIII., pp. 337, 389.
+
+[42] L. O. R., Vol. I., p. 432.
+
+[43] Ibid., p. 572.
+
+[44] Ibid., Vol. II., p. 354.
+
+[45] Ibid., Vol. I., p. 584.
+
+[46] Now Port Tobacco, Charles Co. Ibid., Vol. II., p. 354.
+
+[47] Ibid., Vol. I., p. 433. Most of the testimony against Ingle in
+Maryland was by those whom he had held prisoners.
+
+[48] Ibid., Vol. I., pp. 432, 433.
+
+[49] Ibid.
+
+[50] Terra Mariae, Neill, pp. 110, 111.
+
+[51] Sixth Rep. Hist. Com., p. 101.
+
+[52] Rev. E. D. Neill has given the full draft of this petition. See
+Founders of Maryland, pp. 75-77.
+
+[53] L. O. R., Vol. I., p. 378.
+
+[54] Father White and Father Fisher were carried to England and
+imprisoned. The former was, after some months, released upon the
+condition of his leaving England. He went to Belgium, and afterwards
+returned to England, but never again to Maryland. "Thirsting for the
+salvation of his beloved Marylanders he sought every opportunity of
+returning secretly to that mission, earnestly begging the favor of his
+Superiors; but, as the good Father was then upwards of sixty-five
+years of age and his constitution broken down, they would not
+consent." R. P. S. J., p. 337. Fisher was released and returned to
+Maryland.
+
+[55] Hening: Statutes, Vol. I., p. 321.
+
+[56] C. P., pp. 17, 77.
+
+[57] Ibid., p. 136; L. O. R., Vol. I., p. 203.
+
+[58] C. P., p. 135.
+
+[59] Ibid., p. 209.
+
+[60] Ibid., p. 154-161.
+
+[61] L. O. R., Vol. II., p. 328.
+
+[62] A. P., p. 242.
+
+[63] Ibid., pp. 209-210.
+
+[64] Ibid., 266.
+
+[65] C. P., pp. 204-205.
+
+[66] Kilty. Landholder's Assistant, pp. 79-80; L. O. R., Vol. II., p.
+410.
+
+[67] Seventh Report His. Com., pp. 54, 162.
+
+[68] Sainsbury: Calendar State Papers, Colonial, 1574-1660, pp.
+331-337, 368.
+
+[69] Ibid.
+
+[70] Ibid., Domestic, 1650, pp. 64, 79, 572.
+
+[71] Ibid., 1653-1654, pp. 235, 251, 278.
+
+[72] C. P., 201.
+
+[73] Ibid., 162.
+
+[74] Ibid., 166.
+
+[75] Ibid., p. 209.
+
+[76] A. P., p. 329.
+
+[77] C. P., 219.
+
+[78] Sixth Rep. Hist. Com., p. 101.
+
+[79] Hall: International Law, p. 218.
+
+[80] 28 Henry VIII., C. 15. See p. 124, Vol. VI., Evan's Collection of
+Statutes.
+
+[81] Quoted by Phillimore. See International Law, Vol. I., p. 414.
+
+[82] A. P., pp. 17-18.
+
+[83] L. O. R., Vol. II., p. 312.
+
+[84] Phillimore, Vol. I., p. 425.
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note
+
+Archaic and variable spelling and capitalisation has been preserved in
+the quoted material as printed. Asterisks are used instead of periods
+in ellipses. Minor punctuation errors have been repaired. Where the
+letter l (representing pounds) is preceded by a number, a space has
+been inserted between number and l for clarity.
+
+The following amendments have been made:
+
+    Page 14--Febuary amended to February--"... a copy of a
+    certificate to Ingle under date of February 8th, ..."
+
+    Page 20--masacre amended to massacre--"... had given as
+    a reason for the Indian massacre, ..."
+
+    Page 33--Corwallis amended to Cornwallis--"A
+    consideration of the statements by Cornwallis and ..."
+
+    Page 47--proprietory amended to proprietary--"... and
+    liber F., 1636-1642, proprietary records, have been
+    handed down ..."
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Captain Richard Ingle, by Edward Ingle
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+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of Captain Richard Ingle, by Edward Ingle.
+    </title>
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+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Captain Richard Ingle, by Edward Ingle
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Captain Richard Ingle
+       The Maryland
+
+Author: Edward Ingle
+
+Release Date: October 18, 2008 [EBook #26958]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CAPTAIN RICHARD INGLE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Robert Cicconetti, Sam W. and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+<div class="bbox">
+<p><b>Transcriber's Note</b></p>
+
+<p>Some abbreviated words have been expanded; these have a fine dotted gray underline.
+Hover your mouse over the word to see the <ins class="abbr" title="like this">expansion</ins>.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h1 class="padtop">CAPTAIN RICHARD INGLE,</h1>
+
+<h2>The Maryland &ldquo;Pirate and Rebel,&rdquo;</h2>
+
+<p class="center padbase">1642-1653.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;">
+<img src="images/cri01.jpg" width="200" height="200"
+alt="Maryland Historical Society 1844 crest" />
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center padtop">A Paper read before the Maryland Historical Society,</p>
+
+<p class="center">May 12th, 1884,</p>
+
+<p class="center">BY</p>
+
+<h2 class="padbase">EDWARD INGLE, A. B.</h2>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 180px;">
+<img src="images/cri02.png" width="180" height="31" alt="Baltimore, 1844." />
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<p class="center padtop xlrgfont">CAPTAIN RICHARD INGLE,</p>
+
+<p class="center lrgfont">The Maryland &ldquo;Pirate and Rebel,&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p class="center lrgfont">1642-1653.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>RICHARD INGLE.</h2>
+
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>&ldquo;Captain Richard Ingle, ... a pirate and a rebel, was discovered hovering
+about the settlement.&rdquo;&mdash;<i>McSherry, History of Maryland, p. 59.</i></p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;The destruction of the records by him [Ingle] has involved this episode
+in impenetrable obscurity, &amp;c.&rdquo;&mdash;<i>Johnson, Foundation of Maryland, p. 99.</i></p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Captain Ingle, the pirate, the man who gloried in the name of &lsquo;The
+Reformation.&rsquo;&rdquo;&mdash;<i>Davis, &ldquo;The Day Star,&rdquo; p. 210.</i></p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;That Heinous Rebellion first put in Practice by that Pirate Ingle.&rdquo;&mdash;<i>Acts
+of Assembly, 1638-64, p. 238.</i></p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Those late troubles raised there by that ungrateful Villaine Richard
+Ingle.&rdquo;&mdash;<i>Ibid., p. 270.</i></p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;I hold it that a little rebellion, now and then, is a good thing and as
+necessary in the political world as storms in the physical.&rdquo;&mdash;<i>Jefferson,
+Works, Vol. III, p. 105.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<img src="images/cri03.png" width="400" height="37"
+alt="Fund Publication, No. 19" />
+</div>
+
+
+
+<p class="center xlrgfont padtop redtext">CAPTAIN RICHARD INGLE,</p>
+
+<p class="center lrgfont">The Maryland &ldquo;Pirate and Rebel,&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p class="center padbase">1642-1653.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;">
+<img src="images/cri01.jpg" width="200" height="200"
+alt="Maryland Historical Society 1844 crest" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center padtop redtext">A Paper read before the Maryland Historical Society,</p>
+
+<p class="center smlpad">May 12th, 1884,</p>
+
+<p class="center">BY</p>
+
+<p class="center padbase">EDWARD INGLE, A. B.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 180px;">
+<img src="images/cri04.png" width="180" height="31" alt="Baltimore, 1844." />
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center padtop">PEABODY PUBLICATION FUND.</p>
+
+<p class="center smlpad smcap">Committee on Publication.</p>
+
+<p class="center">1884-5.</p>
+
+<table border="0" summary="Committee members">
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">HENRY STOCKBRIDGE,</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">JOHN W. M. LEE,</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">BRADLEY T. JOHNSON.</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<p class="center padtop smcap">Printed by John Murphy &amp; Co.<br />
+Printers to the Maryland Historical Society,<br />
+Baltimore, 1884.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg&nbsp;5]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2 class="padtop">CAPTAIN RICHARD INGLE,</h2>
+
+<h3>THE MARYLAND &ldquo;PIRATE AND REBEL.&rdquo;</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">I</span>n the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the
+American colonies, from Massachusetts to
+South Carolina, were at intervals subject to
+visitations of pirates, who were wont to appear
+suddenly upon the coasts, to pillage a settlement
+or attack trading vessels and as suddenly to take
+flight to their strongholds. Captain Kidd was
+long celebrated in prose and verse, and only within
+a few years have credulous people ceased to seek
+his buried treasures. The arch-villain, Blackbeard,
+was a terror to Virginians and Carolinians
+until Spotswood, of &ldquo;Horseshoe&rdquo; fame, took the
+matter in hand, and sent after him lieutenant
+Maynard, who, slaying the pirate in hand to hand
+conflict, returned with his head at the bowsprit.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>
+Lapse of time has cast a romantic and semi-mythologic
+glamor around these depredators, and
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg&nbsp;6]</a></span>
+it is in many instances at this day extremely difficult
+to distinguish fact from fiction. The unprotected
+situation of many settlements along the
+seaboard colonies rendered them an easy prey to
+rapacious sea rovers, but it might have been
+expected that the Maryland shores of the Chesapeake
+bay would be free from their harassings.
+The province, however, it seems was not to enjoy
+such good fortune, for in the <em>printed</em> annals of her
+life appears the name of one man, who has been
+handed down from generation to generation as a
+&ldquo;pirate,&rdquo; a &ldquo;rebel&rdquo; and an &ldquo;ungrateful villain,&rdquo;
+and other equally complimentary epithets have
+been applied to him. The original historians of
+Maryland based their ideas about him upon some
+of the statements made by those whom he had
+injured or attacked, and who differed from him in
+political creed. The later history writers have
+been satisfied to follow such authors as Bozman,
+McMahon and McSherry, or to copy them directly,
+without consulting original records. To the general
+reader, therefore, who relies upon these authorities,
+Richard Ingle is &ldquo;a pirate and rebel&rdquo; still.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p>
+
+<p>A thorough defence of him would be almost
+impossible in view of the comparative scarcity
+of records and the complicated politics of his
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg&nbsp;7]</a></span>
+time. In a review of his relations with Maryland,
+however, and by a presentation of all the
+facts, some light may be thrown upon his general
+character, and explanations, if not a defence, of his
+acts may be made.</p>
+
+<p>Richard Ingle&rsquo;s name first appears in the records
+of Maryland under date of March 23rd, 1641/2, when
+he petitioned the Assembly against Giles Brent
+touching the serving of an execution by the sheriff.
+He had come to the province a few weeks before,
+bringing in his vessel Captain Thomas Cornwallis,
+one of the original council, the greatest man in
+Maryland at that time, who had been spending
+some months in England.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> Between the time of
+his arrival and the date of his petition Ingle had
+no doubt been plying his business, tobacco trading,
+in the inlets and rivers of the province. No further
+record of him in Maryland this year has been
+preserved, but Winthrop wrote that on May 3rd,
+1642, &ldquo;The ship Eleanor of London one Mr.
+|| Inglee || master arrived at Boston she was laden
+with tobacco from Virginia, and having been about
+14 days at sea she was taken with such a tempest,
+that though all her sails were down and made up,
+yet they were blown from the yards and she was
+laid over on one side two and a half hours, so low
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg&nbsp;8]</a></span>
+as the water stood upon her deck and the sea over-raking
+her continually and the day was as dark as
+if it had been night, and though they had cut her
+masts, yet she righted not till the tempest assuaged.
+She staid here till the 4th of the (4) and was well
+fitted with masts, sails, rigging and victuals at such
+reasonable rates as that the master was much
+affected with his entertainment and professed that
+he never found the like usage in Virginia where he
+had traded these ten years.&rdquo;<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> Although his name
+is given an additional <em>e</em> and there are some few
+seeming discrepancies, the facts taken together
+point to the probability of his being Richard Ingle
+on his return voyage to England. Next year he
+was again in Maryland, and, as attorney for Mr.
+Penniston and partners, sued widow Cockshott for
+debts incurred by her husband. The next entry in
+the &ldquo;Provincial Records&rdquo; under this date, March
+6th, 1642/3, is an attachment against William Hardige
+in case of Captain Cornwallis.<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> This William
+Hardige, who was afterward one of Ingle&rsquo;s chief
+accusers, was very frequently involved in suits for
+debts to Cornwallis, and others. About the middle
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg&nbsp;9]</a></span>
+of the month of January, 1643/4, the boatswain
+of the &ldquo;Reformation&rdquo; brought against Hardige a
+suit for tobacco, returnable February 1st. Three
+days afterward a warrant was issued to William
+Hardige, a tailor, for the arrest of Ingle for high
+treason, and Captain Cornwallis was bidden to aid
+Hardige, and the matter was to be kept secret.<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a>
+Ingle was arrested and given into the custody of
+Edward Parker, the sheriff, by the lieutenant general
+of the province, Giles Brent, who also seized
+Ingle&rsquo;s goods and ship, until he should clear himself,
+and placed on board, under John Hampton, a
+guard ordered to allow no one to come on the ship
+without a warrant from the lieutenant general.<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a>
+Then was published, and as the records seem to
+show, fixed on the vessel&rsquo;s mainmast the following
+proclamation.<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;These are to publish &amp; <ins class="abbr" title="proclaym">pclaym</ins> to all <ins class="abbr" title="persons">psons</ins>
+as well seamen as others, that Richard Ingle, <ins class="abbr" title="master">m<sup>r</sup></ins> of
+his ship, is arrested upon highe treason to his
+<ins class="abbr" title="Majesty">Ma<sup>ty</sup></ins>; &amp; therefore to require all <ins class="abbr" title="persons">psons</ins> to be aiding
+&amp; assisting to his <ins class="abbr" title="Lordships">Lo<sup>ps</sup></ins> officers in the seizing of his
+ship, &amp; not to offer any resistance or contempt
+hereunto, nor be any otherwaise aiding or assisting
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg&nbsp;10]</a></span>
+to the said Richard Ingle upon perl of highe
+treason to his <ins class="abbr" title="Majesty">Ma<sup>ty</sup></ins>.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding this proclamation Ingle escaped
+in the following manner. Parker had no prison,
+and, consequently, had to keep personal guard
+over his prisoner. He supposed, &ldquo;from certain
+words spoken by the Secretary,&rdquo; that Brent and
+the council had agreed to let Ingle go on board
+his vessel, and when Captain Cornwallis and Mr.
+Neale came from the council meeting and carried
+Ingle to the ship, he accompanied them.<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> Arrived
+on board Cornwallis said &ldquo;All is peace,&rdquo; and persuaded
+the commanding officer to bid his men lay
+down their arms and disperse, and then Ingle and
+his crew regained possession of the ship. Under
+such circumstances the sheriff could not prevent
+his escape, especially when a member of the council
+and the most influential men in the province
+had assisted the deed by their acts or presence.
+Besides it was afterwards said that William Durford,
+John Durford, and Fred. Johnson, at the
+instigation of Ingle, beat and wounded some of
+the guard, though this charge does not appear to
+have been substantiated.<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a></p>
+
+<p>On January 20th, 1643/4, the following warrant
+was issued to the sheriff.<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg&nbsp;11]</a></span>
+&ldquo;I doe hereby require (in his <ins class="abbr" title="Majesties">Ma<sup>ties</sup></ins> name)
+Richard Ingle, mariner to yield his body to Rob
+Ellyson, Sheriff of this County, before the first of
+<ins class="abbr" title="ffebruary">ffebr</ins> next, to answer to such crimes of treason, as
+on his <ins class="abbr" title="Majesties">Ma<sup>ties</sup></ins> behalfe shalbe obiected <ins class="abbr" title="against">ag<sup>st</sup></ins> him,
+upon his utmost perl, of the Law in that behalfe.
+And I doe further require all <ins class="abbr" title="persons">psons</ins> that can say
+or disclose any matter of treason <ins class="abbr" title="against">ag<sup>st</sup></ins> the said
+Richard Ingle to informe his <ins class="abbr" title="Lordships">Lo<sup>ps</sup></ins> Attorny of it
+some time before the said Court to the end it may
+be then &amp; there prosequuted</p>
+
+<p class="sig"><span class="smcap">G. Brent.</span>&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Ingle, however, was not again arrested, though
+he still remained in the neighborhood of St.
+Mary&rsquo;s, for on January 30th his vessel was riding
+at anchor in St. George&rsquo;s river, and mention is
+made of him in the records as being in the province.
+For nearly two months the Ingle question was
+agitated and for the sake of clearness an account
+will be given of the acts concerning him in the
+order of their occurrence.</p>
+
+<p>The information given by Hardige to Lewger
+which had caused Ingle&rsquo;s arrest was: that in
+March or April, 1642, he heard Ingle, who was then
+at Kent Island, and at other times in St. Mary&rsquo;s,
+say, that he was &ldquo;Captain of Gravesend for the
+Parliament against the King;&rdquo; that he heard
+Ingle say that in February of that year he had
+been bidden in the King&rsquo;s name to come ashore at
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg&nbsp;12]</a></span>
+Accomac, in Virginia, but he, in the parliament&rsquo;s
+name had refused to do so, and had threatened to
+cut off the head of any one who should come on
+his ship.<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> On January 29th, Hardige and others
+were summoned to appear and to give evidence
+of&mdash;here the pirate enters&mdash;&ldquo;pyratical &amp; treasonable
+offences&rdquo; of Ingle. On February 1st, the
+sheriff impannelled a jury of which Robert
+Vaughan was chosen foreman, and witnesses were
+sworn, among them Hardige who &ldquo;being excepted
+at as infamous,&rdquo; by Capt. Cornwallis, &ldquo;was not
+found so.&rdquo;<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> John Lewger, the attorney-general,
+having stated that the Court had power to take
+cognizance of treason out of the province in order
+to determine where the offender should be tried,
+presented three bills for the jury to consider.
+The first bill included the second charge brought
+by Hardige, the second ordered the jury to inquire
+&ldquo;if on the 20th of November and some daies
+afore &amp; since in the 17 yea of his <ins class="abbr" title="Majesties">Ma<sup>ties</sup></ins> reigne at
+Gravesend in Comit Kent in England&rdquo; the
+accused &ldquo;not having the feare of God before his
+eies, but instigated thereunto by the instigation of
+the divill &amp; example of other traitors of his <ins class="abbr" title="Majestie">Ma<sup>tie</sup></ins>
+traiterously &amp; as an enemy did levie war &amp; beare
+armes <ins class="abbr" title="against">ag<sup>st</sup></ins> his <ins class="abbr" title="majestie">ma<sup>tie</sup></ins> and accept &amp; exercise the
+comand &amp; captainship of the town of Gravesend,&rdquo;
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg&nbsp;13]</a></span>
+and by the third bill they were to inquire if Ingle
+did not, on April 5th in the eighteenth year of
+Charles&rsquo; reign, on his vessel in the Potomac river,
+near St. Clement&rsquo;s island, say, &ldquo;that Prince
+Rupert was a rogue or rascall.&rdquo; If the rest of
+the testimony was no stronger or more conclusive
+than that of Hardige, it is not surprising that the
+jury replied to all the bills &ldquo;<em>Ignoramus</em>.&rdquo;<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a>
+Another jury was impannelled to investigate the
+charge of Ingle&rsquo;s having broken from the sheriff,
+and they returned a like finding. In the afternoon
+the first jury were given two more bills, first, to
+find &ldquo;whether in April 1643 Ingle, being then at
+Mattapanian,<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> St. Clement&rsquo;s hundred, said &lsquo;that
+Prince Rupert was Prince Traitor &amp; Prince rogue
+and if he had him aboard his ship he would whip
+him at the capstan.&rsquo;&rdquo; This bill met the fate of
+the others, but the second charging him with saying
+&ldquo;that the king (meaning <ins class="abbr" title="our">o<sup>r</sup></ins> Gover L.&nbsp;K.
+Charles) was no king neither would be no king,
+nor could be no king unless he did ioine with the
+<ins class="abbr" title="Parlament">Parlam<sup>t</sup></ins>,&rdquo; caused the jury to disagree and no verdict
+having been reached at 7 P.&nbsp;M., they adjourned
+until the following Saturday.<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> On that day,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg&nbsp;14]</a></span>
+February 3rd, at the request of the attorney-general the
+jury were discharged and the bill given to another
+jury who returned it &ldquo;<em>Ignoramus</em>.&rdquo;<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> In spite of
+the unanimity of all the juries in finding no true
+indictment, another warrant was issued for the
+arrest, by Parker or Ellyson, of Ingle for high
+treason, and after a fruitless attempt to secure by
+another jury a different finding, Ingle was impeached
+on February 8th, for having on January
+20th, 1643/4, committed assaults upon the vessels,
+guns, goods, and person of one Bishop, and upon
+being reproached for these acts, having threatened
+to beat down the dwellings of people and even of
+Giles Brent, and for &ldquo;the said crimes of pyracie,
+mutinie, trespasse, contempt &amp; misdemeanors &amp;
+every of them severally.&rdquo;<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> If Ingle did commit
+these depredations he was, no doubt instigated by
+the proceedings instituted on that day against
+him, and moreover by the fact that Henry Bishop
+had been among the witnesses to be summoned
+against him.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing more was done in the matter, for from
+a copy of a certificate to Ingle under date of February
+8th, it is learned that &ldquo;Upon certaine complaints
+exhibited by his <ins class="abbr" title="Lordships">Lo<sup>ps</sup></ins> attorny <ins class="abbr" title="against">ag<sup>st</sup></ins> <ins class="abbr" title="Master">M<sup>r</sup></ins> R.
+Ingle the attending &amp; <ins class="abbr" title="prosequution">psequution</ins> whereof was
+like to cause great demurrage to the ship &amp; other
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg&nbsp;15]</a></span>
+damages &amp; encumbrances in the gathering of his
+debts it was demanded by his <ins class="abbr" title="Lordships">Lo<sup>ps</sup></ins> said attorny on
+his <ins class="abbr" title="Lordships">Lo<sup>ps</sup></ins> behalfe that the said R.&nbsp;I. deposite in the
+country to his <ins class="abbr" title="Lordships">Lo<sup>ps</sup></ins> use one barrell of powder &amp;
+400 l of shott to remaine as a pledge that the said
+R.&nbsp;I. shall by himself or his attorny appeare at
+his <ins class="abbr" title="Lordships">Lo<sup>ps</sup></ins> <ins class="abbr" title="Court">Co<sup>rt</sup></ins> at S. Maries on or afore the first of
+<ins class="abbr" title="ffebruary">ffebr</ins> next to answere to all such matters as shalbe
+then and there obiected <ins class="abbr" title="against">ag<sup>st</sup></ins> him *&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;* and upon
+his appearance the said powder &amp; shott or the full
+value of it at the then rate of the country to be
+delivered to him his attorny or assigne upon
+demand.&rdquo;<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a></p>
+
+<p>What a change of policy, from charging a man
+with treason, the penalty for which was death, to
+offering him the right of bail for the appearance
+of his attorney, if necessary, to meet indefinite
+charges! In view of all the facts, it seems probable
+that the Maryland authorities were committed
+to the King&rsquo;s cause by the commission granted by
+him to Leonard Calvert in 1643, and by their
+action in seizing Ingle; that after his arrest it was
+thought to be injudicious to go to extremes, and
+that they made little resistance to, if they did not
+connive at, his escape. Certainly, efforts to recapture
+him must have been very feeble, for when the
+sheriff demanded the tobacco and cask due him
+from the defendant for summoning juries,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg&nbsp;16]</a></span>
+witnesses, &amp;c., it was found that Ingle had left in the
+hands of the Secretary the required amount.<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> In
+arresting Ingle for uttering treasonable words, the
+palatine government was not only placing itself
+upon the side of King Charles, but was preparing
+to do what he had been prevented from doing a
+few months before. For when at his command
+some persons who had acted treasonably were condemned
+to death, parliament declared that &ldquo;all
+such indictments and proceedings thereon were
+unjust and illegal; and that if any man was
+executed or suffered hurt, for any thing he had
+done by their order, the like punishment should be
+inflicted by death or otherwise, upon such prisoners
+as were, or should be, taken by their forces,&rdquo;
+and their lives were saved.<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> The authorities of
+Maryland themselves show why Ingle was allowed
+to escape. On March 16th, Lewger showed that
+&ldquo;whereas Richard Ingle was obnoxious to divers
+suits &amp; complaints of his <ins class="abbr" title="Lordship">Lo<sup>p</sup></ins> for divers and sundry
+crimes all <ins class="abbr" title="which">w<sup>ch</sup></ins> upon composition for the publique
+good &amp; safety were suspended <ins class="abbr" title="against">ag<sup>st</sup></ins> the said Richard
+Ingle assuming to leave in the country to the publique
+need at this time,&rdquo; powder and shot, but he
+had not paid the composition and had left without
+paying custom dues, which were required for the
+proper discharge of his ship &ldquo;by the law &amp; custom
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg&nbsp;17]</a></span>
+of all Ports,&rdquo; he prayed that all of Ingle&rsquo;s goods,
+debts, &amp;c., might be sequestered until he should
+clear himself.<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> Under the circumstances, the
+grave charges pending against him, as there is no
+proof that he had known the terms of composition,
+a crew and vessel being at his command, it is not
+surprising that he sailed away from danger, without
+attending to the formality of clearing, and
+leaving unpaid debts, for Lewger claimed 600
+pounds of tobacco from him, as payment for some
+plate and a scimitar, for which Cornwallis went
+security.<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> There is a touch of seeming sarcasm in
+the suggestion that the deposit by Ingle of ammunition
+would have relieved the public need, for he
+would have been that much less dangerous, and
+the government would have been so much the
+more prepared to resist him.</p>
+
+<p>But how were those who assisted him treated?
+On January 30th, Thomas Cornwallis, James Neale,
+Edward Parker and John Hampton, were impeached
+for having rescued him, and thereby of
+being accessories to high treason. Cornwallis made
+answer, &ldquo;that he did well understand the matters
+charged <ins class="abbr" title="against">ag<sup>st</sup></ins> the said Richard Ingle to be of no
+importance but suggested of mean malice of
+the&nbsp;&mdash;&mdash;&nbsp;William hardige, as hath appeared since in
+that the grand enquest found not so much
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg&nbsp;18]</a></span>
+probability in the accusations, as that it was fitt to putt
+him to his triall&rdquo; and &ldquo;he supposed &amp; understood
+no other but that the said rich. Ingle went aboard
+<ins class="abbr" title="with">w<sup>th</sup></ins> the licence and consent of the L.&nbsp;G. &amp; Counsell
+&amp; of the officer in whose custody he was &amp; as to
+the escape &amp; rescuous in manner as is charged he
+is no way accessory to it &amp; therefore prayeth to be
+dismissed.&rdquo;<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> The judgment was delayed, but Cornwallis
+was anxious to be at once discharged. The
+lieutenant general and the attorney general, therefore,
+having consulted together, found Cornwallis
+guilty, and fined him one thousand pounds of
+tobacco, though at the request of the accused the
+fine was respited until the last day of the month,
+when Brent ordered the sheriff &ldquo;to levie 1000 lbs
+<ins class="abbr" title="tobacco">tob.</ins> on any goods or debts&rdquo; of Capt. <ins class="abbr" title="Thomas">Tho.</ins> Cornwallis
+&ldquo;for so much adjudged by way of fine unto
+the Lord <ins class="abbr" title="Proprietor">Propriet<sup>r</sup></ins> <ins class="abbr" title="against">ag<sup>st</sup></ins> him at the Court held on
+the 9<sup>th</sup> <ins class="abbr" title="ffebruary">ffeb</ins> last.&rdquo;<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> This fine, which was to be
+given to the attorney of Tho. Wyatt, commander
+of Kent Island, in payment of Lord Baltimore&rsquo;s
+debt to him, Cornwallis afterward acknowledged
+he had paid.<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a></p>
+
+<p>Neale did not make his appearance before the
+court, though he seems to have been in St. Mary&rsquo;s,
+and was suspended from the council for his
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg&nbsp;19]</a></span>
+contempt. On February 11th, being accused of having
+begged Ingle from the sheriff, he denied all the
+charges, and in a few days was restored to his seat
+in the council, upon the eve of Brent&rsquo;s departure
+for Kent Island.<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> Parker said Ingle had escaped
+against his will, and he was discharged, while
+Hampton escaped prosecution, presumably, for
+there is no further record of action in the case
+against him.<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a></p>
+
+<p>But it would have been bad policy for the
+authorities to allow the matter to drop without
+apparent effort on their part to punish somebody,
+and Cornwallis had to bear the brunt of their
+attacks. The feeling against him was so strong,
+according to his own statements, that besides paying
+a fine, the highest &ldquo;that could by law be laid
+upon him,&rdquo; he was compelled for personal safety
+to take ship with Ingle for England, where the
+doughty captain testified before a parliamentary
+committee of Cornwallis&rsquo; devotion to its cause, and
+of the losses he had sustained in its behalf.<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a></p>
+
+<p>The lieutenant governor, and council, may have
+congratulated themselves about the departure of
+Ingle and Cornwallis, but that mariner and trader
+was preparing to return to Maryland. On August
+26th, 1644, certain persons trading to Virginia
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg&nbsp;20]</a></span>
+petitioned the House of Commons to allow them to
+transport ammunition, clothes, and victuals, custom
+free, to the plantations of the Chesapeake,
+which were at that time loosely classed under the
+one name&mdash;Virginia. The Commons granted to
+the eight<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a> vessels mentioned in the petition, the
+right of carrying victuals, clothes, arms, ammunition,
+and other commodities, &ldquo;for the supply and
+Defence and Relief of the Planters,&rdquo; and referred
+the latter part of the petition, asking power to
+interrupt the Hollanders and other strange traders,
+to the House of Lords.<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a> It is hardly necessary to
+say at this point that the planters to be relieved
+and defended by the cargoes of the vessels, were
+planters not at enmity with the parliament. For
+vessels from London were used in the interests of
+parliament, while those from Bristol were the
+King&rsquo;s ships. De Vries, the celebrated Dutchman,
+who has left such acute observations about the
+early colonists, wrote that while visiting Virginia
+in 1644 he saw two London ships chase a fly-boat
+to capture it, and it was reported in Massachusetts
+that a captured Indian had given as a reason for
+the Indian massacre, on April 18th, 1644, &ldquo;that
+they did it because they saw the English took up
+all their lands, *&nbsp;*&nbsp;* and they took this season for
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg&nbsp;21]</a></span>
+that they understood that they were at war in
+England, and began to go to war among themselves,
+for they had seen a fight in the river
+between a London ship, which was for the parliament,
+and a Bristol ship, which was for the
+King.&rdquo;<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a></p>
+
+<p>Among the ships commissioned by the parliament,
+which were armed, was the &ldquo;Reformation,&rdquo;
+of which Ingle was still master. He was in London
+in October, 1644, receiving cargo, and Cornwallis
+entrusted to him goods, valued at 200
+pounds sterling.<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a> The vessel soon afterwards
+sailed, and was in Maryland in February. In
+the province, at that time, affairs were in a very
+unsettled condition. The energetic Claiborne,
+who was also called by Maryland authorities a
+pirate and a rebel, but who was a much better
+man than is generally supposed, and whose life
+ought to be especially studied, was still pushing
+his claims to Kent Island, and Leonard Calvert had
+been compelled to visit Virginia more than once
+during the winter in trying to prevent his actions.
+The Indians were aroused and prone to take
+advantage of disputes between the factions in the
+province, while the colonists themselves were in a
+state of unrest. At this juncture Ingle appeared.
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg&nbsp;22]</a></span>
+Streeter wrote of his coming, &ldquo;several vessels
+appeared in the harbor, from which an armed
+force disembarked, (Feb. 14, 1645,) under the
+command of Capt. Richard Ingle, St. Mary&rsquo;s was
+taken; many of the members were prisoners;
+the Governor was a fugitive in Virginia; and the
+Province in the hands of a force, professing to act,
+and probably acting, under authority of Parliament.&rdquo;<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a>
+There is no authority given for the
+first part of this statement, though it is not
+improbable, and is partly substantiated by the
+exaggerated charges against Ingle, made by the
+Assembly of 1649, and the references to him in
+proclamations. There is no mention in the
+provincial records of Calvert&rsquo;s having being forced
+out of the province, but, on the contrary, Calvert
+in his commission to Hill in 1646 stated that &ldquo;at
+this present, I have occasion, for his lordship&rsquo;s
+service to be absent out the said province,&rdquo; and
+says nothing at all about Ingle. The rebellion has
+been called &ldquo;Claiborne&rsquo;s and Ingle&rsquo;s,&rdquo; and,
+although association with Claiborne would not
+have been dishonorable to any one, historical
+accuracy seems to call for a distinction. In
+Greene&rsquo;s proclamation of pardon given in March,
+1647/8; in the letter written by the Assembly to
+Lord Baltimore in April, 1649; in the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg&nbsp;23]</a></span>
+Proprietor&rsquo;s commissions for the great seal, for muster
+master general, for commander of Kent
+Island, respectively, in 1648; and in his letter to
+Stone in 1649, the rebellion is attributed to the
+instigation of Ingle.<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> In the commission to
+Governor Stone, of August, 1648, is the statement,
+&ldquo;so as such pardon or pardons extend not to the
+pardoning of William Clayborne heretofore of the
+isle of Kent in our said province of Maryland
+and now or late of Virginia or of his complices in
+their late rebellion against our rights and dominion
+in and over the said province nor of Richard
+Ingle nor John Durford mariner,&rdquo; and in the act
+of Oblivion, in April, 1650, pardon is granted to
+all excepting &ldquo;Richard Ingle and John Darford
+Marryners, and such others of the Isle of Kent&rdquo;
+as were not pardoned by Leonard Calvert.<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a> In
+these two instances alone is any kind of an opportunity
+offered for connecting the two names, even
+here they are separated, and the distinction is
+made greater by the fact that in a commission
+concerning Hill, also of August, 1648, and in other
+places, Claiborne is mentioned with no reference
+at all to Ingle.<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a> It is probable, in the absence of
+evidence to the contrary, that Ingle and Claiborne
+never planned any concerted action, but that each
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg&nbsp;24]</a></span>
+took advantage of the other&rsquo;s deeds, to further his
+own interests.</p>
+
+<p>To return to the year 1645. The rebellion supposed
+to have been originated by Ingle, was
+according to statements of the Assembly of 1649,
+continued by his accomplices, and during it &ldquo;most of
+your Lordships Royal friends here were spoiled of
+their whole Estate and sent away as banished persons
+out of the Province those few that remained were
+plundered and deprived in a manner of all Livelyhood
+and subsistance only Breathing under that
+intollerable Yoke which they were forced to bear
+under those Rebells.&rdquo;<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> The people were tendered
+an oath against Lord Baltimore, which all the
+Roman Catholics refused to take, except William
+Thompson, about whom there is some doubt.<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a>
+Ingle, himself, said that he had been able to take
+some places from the papists and malignants, and
+with goods taken from them had relieved the well-affected
+to parliament. Further on in this paper it
+will be seen that Roman Catholics&rsquo; property was
+attacked under Ingle&rsquo;s auspices, but that the bad
+treatment of them did not continue long and was
+not very severe, may be inferred from the fact that
+in 1646, there were enough members of the council,
+who were Roman Catholics, in the province to
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg&nbsp;25]</a></span>
+elect Hill governor. In this connection ought to
+be mentioned the report, by an uncertain author,
+concerning the Maryland mission, written in 1670.
+The report is devoted principally to an account of
+a miracle which, strange to say, had not been
+recorded, as far as is known, although twenty-four
+years had elapsed since it had occurred. &ldquo;It has
+been established by custom and usage of the Catholics,&rdquo;
+the uncertain author wrote, &ldquo;who live in Maryland,
+during the whole night of the 31st of July
+following the festival of St. Ignatius, to honor with
+a salute of cannon their tutelar guardian and
+patron saint. Therefore, in the year 1646, mindful
+of the solemn custom, the anniversary of the
+holy father being ended, they wished the night
+also consecrated to the honor of the same, by the
+continual discharge of artillery. At the time,
+there were in the neighborhood certain soldiers,
+unjust plunderers, Englishmen indeed by birth, of
+the heterodox faith, who, coming the year before
+with a fleet, had invaded with arms, almost the
+entire colony, had plundered, burnt, and finally,
+having abducted the priests and driven the
+Governor himself into exile, had reduced it to a
+miserable servitude. These had protection in a
+certain fortified citadel, built for their own defence,
+situated about five miles from the others; but now,
+aroused by the nocturnal report of the cannon, the
+day after, that is on the first of August, rush upon
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg&nbsp;26]</a></span>
+us with arms, break into the houses of the Catholics,
+and plunder whatever there is of arms or
+powder.&rdquo;<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a> Now this statement bears upon the face
+of it a contradiction, for the restriction upon the
+Roman Catholics could not have been very great,
+since they were allowed to retain, up to August,
+1646, the powder and cannon necessary to fire continual
+salutes, moreover, when next day the soldiers
+came to their dwellings, nothing seems to have been
+taken except the ammunition, and this was done
+no doubt to prevent any further alarm, that a body
+of troops situated as they were might reasonably
+have felt at hearing artillery discharges five miles
+away.</p>
+
+<p>Many writers have stated that good Fathers White
+and Fisher were carried off to England by Ingle,
+but from the records of the Jesuits at Stonyhurst,
+it is learned that Father White was seized &ldquo;by a
+band of soldiers,&rdquo; &ldquo;and carried to England in
+chains,&rdquo; and also that in &ldquo;1645 This year the colony
+was attacked by a party of &lsquo;rowdies&rsquo; or
+marauders and the missioners were carried off to
+Virginia.&rdquo;<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a> These extracts serve to show what was
+the confusion existing in the minds of contemporaries
+of Ingle, and the extreme difficulty, therefore,
+of finding the real truth. But in the sworn statements
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg&nbsp;27]</a></span>
+preserved in the Maryland records, some facts
+may be found. Within a few days of the events at
+St. Mary&rsquo;s resulting in partial subversion of Baltimore&rsquo;s
+government, the &ldquo;Reformation&rdquo; was riding
+at the mouth of St. Inigoes&rsquo; creek, near which was
+situated the &ldquo;Cross,&rdquo; the manor house of Cornwallis,
+who, when he had been obliged in 1644 to leave
+Maryland, had left his house and property in the
+hands of Cuthbert Fenwick, his attorney.<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a> Fenwick
+was intending to go to Accomac, Virginia, and
+sent Thomas Harrison, a servant, who had been
+bought from Ingle by Cornwallis, and a fellow servant,
+<ins class="abbr" title="Edward">Edw.</ins> Matthews, to help Andrew Monroe to
+bring a small pinnace nearer the house.<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a> In the
+pinnace were clothes, bedding, and other goods, the
+property of Fenwick. Monroe refused to bring the
+pinnace, and waited until Ingle came into the
+creek;<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a> and allowed the pinnace to be captured, (if
+that may be called a capture to which consent was
+given,) and plundered. Fenwick said that the pinnace
+was plundered by &ldquo;Richard Ingle or his associates;&rdquo;<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a>
+another witness said that Ingle &ldquo;seized or
+plundered&rdquo; the pinnace, and Monroe was employed
+by him in his acts against the province, and while
+in command of another pinnace assisted in the pillaging
+of Copley&rsquo;s house at Portoback.<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> Matthews
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg&nbsp;28]</a></span>
+as well as other servants were held captives on the
+&ldquo;Reformation,&rdquo; and Harrison took up arms for
+Ingle and afterwards left the province and fled to
+Accomac. Fenwick went on board, no doubt to
+protest against such acts, and when he returned to
+the shore was seized by a party of men under
+John Sturman, who seems to have been a leader in
+the rebellion, and carried back to the vessel
+where he was kept prisoner.<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> In the meantime
+Thomas Sturman, John Sturman, coopers, and
+William Hardwick, a tailor, led a party to sack
+the dwelling of Cornwallis, who, in a petition to
+the Governor and Council in 1652, described it as
+&ldquo;a Competent Dwelling house, furnished with
+plate, Linnen hangings, beding brass pewter and
+all manner of Household Stuff worth at least a
+thousand pounds.&rdquo; In the same petition he said
+that the party &ldquo;plundered and Carryed away all
+things in It, pulled downe and burnt the pales
+about it, killed and destroyed all the Swine and
+Goates and killed or mismarked allmost all the
+Cattle, tooke or dispersed all the Servants,
+Carryed away a Great quantity of Sawn Boards
+from the pitts, and ript up Some floors of the
+house. And having by these Violent and unlawfull
+Courses forst away my Said Attorny the Said
+Thomas and John Sturman possest themselves
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg&nbsp;29]</a></span>
+of the <ins class="abbr" title="Complainants">Complts</ins> house as theire owne, dwelt in it
+Soe long as they please and at their departing
+tooke the locks from the doors and y<sup>e</sup> Glass from
+the windowes and in fine ruined his whole Estate
+to the damage of the <ins class="abbr" title="Complainant">Complt</ins> at least two or three
+thousand pounds.&rdquo;<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a> It may be well to bear in
+mind that Cornwallis in this petition, which was
+against the two Sturmans and Hardwick, who did
+not deny the allegations, but claimed the statute
+of limitation, no mention is made of Ingle, save
+that on his ship Fenwick was detained.<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a></p>
+
+<p>In the latter part of the year 1645 began the era
+of petitions, which should be taken with allowance,
+for the age has been characterized as one of perjury,
+and in the representations by both parties in
+Maryland politics, advantage was taken of every
+slight point to strengthen their respective positions,
+and from internal evidence it seems that
+some statements were garbled, to say the least
+about them. The opening of this era was marked
+by the presentation, December 25th, 1645, by the
+committee of plantations, to the House of Lords,
+the following statements and suggestions, viz: that
+many had complained of the tyranny of recusants
+in Maryland, &ldquo;who have seduced and forced many
+of his Majesty&rsquo;s subjects from their religion;&rdquo; that
+by a certificate from the Judge of the Admiralty
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg&nbsp;30]</a></span>
+grounded upon the deposition of witnesses taken in
+that Court: Leonard Calvert, late Governor there,
+had a commission from Oxford to seize such
+persons, ships and goods as belonged to any of
+London; which he registered, proclaimed, and
+endeavored to put in execution at Virginia; and
+that one Brent, his deputy Governor, had seized
+upon a ship, empowered under a commission
+derived from the Parliament, because she was of
+London, and afterward not only tampered with
+the crew thereof to carry her to Bristol, then in
+hostility against the Parliament, but also tendered
+them an oath against the Parliament; the committee
+under these circumstances recommended that
+the province should be settled in the hands of protestants.<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a>
+This was the first part of the determined
+effort to deprive the great Cecil Calvert of his
+charter of Maryland, which Richard Ingle continued
+so vigorously in after years. He was probably in
+England at that time, for he refers to the action
+of the Lords in regard to the settling of the Maryland
+government, in his petition of February 24th,
+1645/6, to the House of Lords. To this petition
+was appended a statement on behalf of Cornwallis,
+which will explain it. Cornwallis said that on
+Ingle&rsquo;s return to England, to cover up his defalcation
+in the matter of 200 pounds worth of goods, he
+had complained to the committee for examinations
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg&nbsp;31]</a></span>
+against Cornwallis as an enemy to the State. The
+matter was given a full hearing, and when it was
+left to the law and the defendant was granted the
+right of having witnesses in Maryland examined,
+Ingle had him arrested upon two feigned actions to
+the value of 15,000 pounds sterling. Some friends
+succeeded in rescuing him from prison, and then
+Ingle sent the following petition to the House of
+Lords, which had the effect of stopping for the time
+proceedings against him.<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a> Having done so he carried
+the prosecution no further. The petition is
+somewhat lengthy, but it should be read as it is
+eminently characteristic of the man.<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a></p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;The humble petition of Richard Ingle, showing
+That whereas the petitioner, having taken the covenant,
+and going out with letters of marque, as Captain
+of the ship Reformation, of London, and sailing
+to Maryland, where, finding the Governor of
+that Province to have received a commission from
+Oxford to seize upon all ships belonging to London,
+and to execute a tyrannical power against the Protestants,
+and such as adhered to the Parliament,
+and to press wicked oaths upon them, and to
+endeavor their extirpation, the petitioner, conceiving
+himself, not only by his warrant, but in his
+fidelity to the Parliament, to be conscientiously
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg&nbsp;32]</a></span>
+obliged to come to their assistance, did venture his
+life and fortune in landing his men and assisting
+the said well affected Protestants against the said
+tyrannical government and the Papists and malignants.
+It pleased God to enable him to take divers
+places from them, and to make him a support to
+the said well affected. But since his return to
+England, the said Papists and malignants, conspiring
+together, have brought fictitious acts against
+him, at the common law, in the name of Thomas
+Cornwallis and others for pretended trespass, in
+taking away their goods, in the parish of St. Christopher&rsquo;s,
+London, which are the very goods that
+were by force of war justly and lawfully taken from
+these wicked Papists and malignants in Maryland,
+and with which he relieved the poor distressed
+Protestants there, who otherwise must have starved,
+and been rooted out.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Now, forasmuch as your Lordships in Parliament
+of State, by the order annexed, were pleased
+to direct an ordinance to be framed for the settlement
+of the said province of Maryland, under the
+Committee of Plantations, and for the indemnity of
+the actors in it, and for that such false and feigned
+actions for matters of war acted in foreign parts,
+are not tryable at common law, but, if at all,
+before the Court and Marshall; and for that it
+would be a dangerous example to permit Papists
+and malignants to bring actions of trespass or
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg&nbsp;33]</a></span>
+otherwise against the well affected for fighting for
+the Parliament.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;The petitioner most humbly beseecheth your
+Lordships to be pleased to direct that this business
+may be heard before your Lordships at the bar, or
+to refer it to a committee to report the true state of
+the case and to order that the said suits against
+the petitioner at the common law may be staid,
+and no further proceeded in.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>It is not known how this matter was settled, but
+in 1647, September 8th, Ingle transferred to Cornwallis
+&ldquo;for divers good and valuable causes&rdquo; the
+debts, bills, &amp;c., belonging to him, and made him
+his attorney to collect the same. Among the items
+in the inventory appended to the power of attorney
+were &ldquo;A Bill and note of John Sturman&rsquo;s, the one
+dated the 10th of April 1645 for Satisfaction of
+tenn pounds of powder the other dated the 4th of
+April 1645 for 900 l of <ins class="abbr" title="Tobacco">Tob</ins> &amp; Caske,&rdquo; and &ldquo;an
+<ins class="abbr" title="acknowledgement">acknowledgem<sup>t</sup></ins> of <ins class="abbr" title="Captain">Cap<sup>t</sup></ins> William Stone dated the
+10th of April 1645 for a receipt of a Bill of Argall
+Yardley&rsquo;s Esq, for 9860 l of Tobacco and Caske,&rdquo;<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a>
+which show that the mercantile interests of Ingle
+were not subservient to his supposed warlike
+measures. A consideration of the statements by
+Cornwallis and of those by Ingle, proves that the
+latter must have had considerable influence in
+the Parliament, and that he was prepared to stand
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg&nbsp;34]</a></span>
+by and defend all his actions, and the similarity
+to his petition of ideas and even of words in certain
+places, would safely allow the conjecture that Ingle
+had something to do in the report of 1645 already
+mentioned. It is curious also to compare his
+reference to the ill-treatment of the Protestants,
+and the mention of the hardships of Baltimore&rsquo;s
+adherents, made by the Assembly of 1649. There
+is no record of the presence of Ingle in Maryland
+after the spring of 1645, though the rebellion which
+he was accused of instigating continued some
+months longer.<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a> For continuity, a rapid sketch
+of the history of Maryland during the next two
+years must be given.</p>
+
+<p>For fourteen months the province was without a
+settled government. In March, 1645/6, the Virginian
+Assembly in view of the secret flight into
+Maryland of Lieutenant Stillwell, and others,
+enacted that &ldquo;Capt. Tho. Willoughby, Esq., and
+Capt. Edward Hill be hereby authorized to go to
+Maryland or Kent to demand the return of such
+persons who are alreadie departed from the colony.
+And to follow such further instructions as shall be
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg&nbsp;35]</a></span>
+given them by the Governor and Council.&rdquo;<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a> After
+Hill had arrived in Maryland he was elected
+governor by the members of the council, who,
+notwithstanding Ingle&rsquo;s rebellion, were in the
+province. The right of the council to elect Hill
+was afterwards disputed, but one word must be
+said in regard to this. The reason for disputing
+the right was that the councilors could elect only
+a member of the council to be governor. In the
+commission to Leonard Calvert in 1637, no such
+restriction was made,<a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a> in the commission of 1642
+the restriction occurs, and in the commission of
+1644, which has been preserved in two copies, the
+same provision was made.<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a> As Lord Baltimore
+himself had confused ideas about this commission,
+it is not surprising that the council thought they
+were doing right in electing Hill. Even if the
+council had no right to act thus, Hill had stronger
+claims to the governorship. In Lord Baltimore&rsquo;s
+commission to Leonard Calvert, of September 18th,
+1644, is the provision:<a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a> &ldquo;and lastly whereas our
+said Lieutenant may happen to dye or be absent
+from time to time out of the said province of Maryland,
+before we can have notice to depute another
+in his place we do therefore hereby grant unto
+him full power and Authority from time to time in
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg&nbsp;36]</a></span>
+such Cases to Nominate elect and appoint such an
+able person inhabiting and residing within our said
+province of <ins class="abbr" title="Maryland">Maryl<sup>d</sup></ins>, as he in his discretion shall
+make choice of &amp; think fit to be our Lieutenant
+Governor, &amp;c.&rdquo; Such is the command as recorded
+in the Council Proceedings of Maryland. But
+Baltimore, in 1648, in a commission to the
+Governor and council in Maryland, wrote that
+Leonard Calvert had no right to appoint any
+person in his stead &ldquo;unless such persons were of
+our privy council there,&rdquo;<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a> although he recognized
+the validity of Leonard&rsquo;s death-bed appointment
+by witnesses of Governor Greene. He, to
+be sure, was a member of the council, but this
+fact was not mentioned in the preamble of the
+commission, in which the words, with some slight
+changes in tense and mood, are almost identical
+with those in the preamble of the commission of
+July 30th, 1646, from Calvert to Hill, which, notwithstanding
+doubts to the contrary, must have
+been genuine. For Lord Baltimore, in the commission
+of 1648 seems to have acknowledged
+that his brother had granted the commission to
+Hill,<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a> who, in a letter to Calvert, said that he had
+promised him one-half the customs and rents, the
+remuneration stipulated in his commission. Hill,
+not knowing that Calvert was dead, wrote him a
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg&nbsp;37]</a></span>
+letter, dated June 18th, 1647, urging the payment
+of his dues, and the next day Greene, the new
+Governor, replied that he did not understand the
+matter, but that if Hill would send an attorney &ldquo;full
+satisfaction should be given him.&rdquo; When Hill
+wrote next he waived the authority of Calvert,
+and based his claim upon the right of the council
+to elect him, and in this way placed himself upon
+an illegal footing, which circumstance was taken
+advantage of for a time by the Maryland authorities.
+But finally at a court held June 10th, 1648,<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a>
+one year after Calvert&rsquo;s death, a claim from Hill
+was presented &ldquo;for Arrears of what consideration
+was Covenanted unto him by Leonard Calvert,
+Esq., for his Service in the office of Governor of
+this Province, being the half of his <ins class="abbr" title="Lordships">Ldps</ins> rents
+for the year 1646 &amp; the half of the Customes for
+the Same yeare.&rdquo; It was ordered by the court,
+&ldquo;that ye half of that yeares Customes as far as it
+hath not already been received by Capt. Hill
+shall be paid unto him by the <ins class="abbr" title="Lord Proprietors">Ld Prop<sup>rs</sup></ins> Attorny
+out of the first profitts which shall be receivable
+to his <ins class="abbr" title="Lordship">Ldp</ins> *&nbsp;*&nbsp;* his <ins class="abbr" title="Lordships">Ldps</ins> Receiver shall accompt
+&amp; pay unto <ins class="abbr" title="Captain">Cap<sup>t</sup></ins> Edward Hill or his assignes the
+one halfe of his <ins class="abbr" title="Lordships">Ldps</ins> rents due at Christmas next
+in Lieu of the <ins class="abbr" title="Said">S<sup>d</sup></ins> rents of the yeare 1646 which
+were otherwise disposed of to his <ins class="abbr" title="Lordships">Ldps</ins> use.&rdquo;
+There is, however, one fact which must not be
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg&nbsp;38]</a></span>
+lost sight of in regard to Leonard Calvert&rsquo;s commission
+to Hill. If it was executed by a member
+of the council, and therefore was a forgery, for in
+the records Calvert&rsquo;s name is signed to it, and
+the place of the seal is noted, it is not at all
+likely that it would have been allowed by Calvert
+on his return, and by his immediate successors, to
+be preserved and copied into the records. If all
+other proof failed this last would establish the
+validity of Hill&rsquo;s commission.</p>
+
+<p>But Calvert, who, throughout his whole career
+as governor of Maryland, showed unchanging
+devotion to his brother&rsquo;s interests, gathered in
+Virginia a body of soldiers and returned at the
+end of 1646 to St. Mary&rsquo;s, where he easily repossessed
+himself of that part of the country, though
+Kent Island remained still in possession of
+Claiborne&rsquo;s forces. Thus was ended what has been
+called Ingle&rsquo;s rebellion, in which the loss of the
+lord proprietor&rsquo;s personal estate &ldquo;was in truth so
+small as that it was not Considerable when it was
+come in Ballance with the Safety of the Province
+which as the then present Condition of things
+stood, hung upon so ticklish a pin as that unless
+such a disposition had been made thereof an
+absolute ruin and subversion of the whole Province
+would inevitably have followed.&rdquo;<a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a> Another proof
+of Hill&rsquo;s regular appointment is that Calvert on
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg&nbsp;39]</a></span>
+the 29th of December, soon after his return,
+re-assembled the Assembly, which Hill had summoned
+and adjourned, and proceeded with it to
+enact laws.<a name="FNanchor_63_63" id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a> Although a later Assembly in 1648
+protested against the laws passed by this
+Assembly, the proprietor recognized them as
+valid, and wrote in 1649 that it had been &ldquo;lawfully
+continued&rdquo; by his brother &ldquo;ffor although the
+first Sumons were issued by one who was not our
+Lawfull Lieutenant there, yet being afterwards
+approved of by one that was, it is all one, as to
+the proceedings afterward as if at first they had
+issued from a lawfull Governor.&rdquo;<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a> The writer is
+no lawyer, but it seems, that, if the Assembly of
+Hill was &ldquo;lawfully continued&rdquo; and &ldquo;approved&rdquo; by
+Calvert, the recognition by Baltimore must have
+been legally retroactive, and, therefore, that the
+laws passed before Calvert&rsquo;s return must have been
+legally valid, saving of course the proprietor&rsquo;s
+dissent. Leonard Calvert having spent some
+months in settling the affairs of the province
+died, June 9th, 1647, and Greene ruled in his stead.
+In the following March, Ingle&rsquo;s name again
+appears in the records. The governor, on March
+4th, 1648, proclaimed pardon to all except
+Richard Ingle, and in August of the same year
+the lord proprietor issued, besides his commissions
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg&nbsp;40]</a></span>
+to Governor Stone, to the council and to secretary
+Thomas Hatton, commissions, for the Great Seal,
+for muster master general, and for commander of
+the Isle of Kent. John Price was made muster
+master general for his &ldquo;great Fidelity unto us in
+that Occasion of the late insurrection and Rebellion
+in our said province was begun there by
+that Notorious Villain Richard Ingle and his
+Complices,&rdquo; and Robert Vaughan was appointed
+commander of Kent for the same reason.<a name="FNanchor_65_65" id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a> Then
+in 1650 was passed the act of Oblivion, excepting
+Ingle, Durford, and some of the Isle of Kent. In
+1649, Baltimore granted to James Lindsey and
+Richard Willan certain lands, and directed that
+in the grants should be inserted the notice &ldquo;of
+their singular and approved worth courage and
+fidelity (in Ingle&rsquo;s insurrection) to the end a
+memory of their merit and of his (the Proprietor)
+sense thereof may remain upon record to the
+honour of them and their posterity forever.&rdquo;<a name="FNanchor_66_66" id="FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a></p>
+
+<p>An investigation into Ingle&rsquo;s doings at this
+time may explain the bitter terms in which he is
+mentioned in the official records of Maryland,
+and also why upon him was foisted the chief
+responsibility for the disturbances. During the
+year 1646, Lord Baltimore was engaged in defending
+his charter, against the justice of which
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg&nbsp;41]</a></span>
+such grave charges had been brought by Ingle
+and others, in the winter of 1645/6. On January
+23rd, 1646/7, application in Baltimore&rsquo;s behalf, was
+made to the House of Lords, that the depositions
+of witnesses made before the Admiralty Court
+in regard to Maryland should be read. In a few
+weeks Baltimore begged that the actions looking
+to the repeal of his charter might be delayed,
+and on the same day certain merchants in London,
+who were interested in the Virginia trade,
+requested that the ordinance should be sent to
+the Commons, for Baltimore&rsquo;s petition was
+intended only to cause delay.<a name="FNanchor_67_67" id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a> The matter was
+stayed for the time, but by December, 1649, Ingle
+had sent to the Council of State a petition and
+remonstrance against the government of Lord
+Baltimore&rsquo;s colony. The hearing, which was
+referred to the Committee of the Admiralty, was
+postponed until January 10th, 1650, when Baltimore&rsquo;s
+agent requested it to be deferred until
+the 16th. Witnesses were summoned and upon
+Baltimore&rsquo;s appearance, he was ordered to make
+answer in writing to Ingle by the 30th. On January
+29th the matter was again postponed until
+February 6th, &ldquo;in respect of extraordinary occasions
+not permitting them to hear the same to-morrow.&rdquo;
+Delay followed delay until March 1st,
+when Ingle was &ldquo;unprovided to prove&rdquo; the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg&nbsp;42]</a></span>
+charges against Lord Baltimore for misconduct
+in the government of Maryland, but on the 15th
+of the same month, &ldquo;after several debates of the
+business depending between Capt. Ingle and Lord
+Baltimore, touching a commission granted to
+Leonard Calvert, *&nbsp;*&nbsp;* by the late King at Oxford
+in 1643&rdquo; the advocate for the State and the
+attorney general were directed to examine the
+validity of the original charter to Cecil, Lord
+Baltimore. Allusion to this matter was again
+made in the records, but nothing showing its
+result unless it be the order of the Council of
+State, of December 23d, 1651, that Lord Baltimore
+should be allowed to &ldquo;pursue his cause according
+to law.&rdquo;<a name="FNanchor_68_68" id="FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a></p>
+
+<p>Ingle seems to have been at this time in the service
+of what was once a parliament, but which had
+been reduced in 1648, by Pride&rsquo;s purge, to about
+sixty members. In February, 1650, he informed
+the Council of State that on board two ships, the
+&ldquo;&lsquo;Flower de Luce&rsquo; and the &lsquo;Thomas and John,&rsquo;
+were persons bound to Virginia, who were enemies
+of the Commonwealth.&rdquo; The vessels were stayed
+for over a month, when they were allowed to sail
+down to Gravesend, where, before they left for Virginia,
+the mayor and justices were to &ldquo;take the
+superscription of passengers and mariners not to
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg&nbsp;43]</a></span>
+engage against the Commonwealth.&rdquo;<a name="FNanchor_69_69" id="FNanchor_69_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a> In April
+of this year the Council of State ordered the
+payment to Ingle of &pound;30 sterling for services and
+care in keeping Captain Gardner, who had been
+arrested for treason, in having tried to betray
+Portland Castle.<a name="FNanchor_70_70" id="FNanchor_70_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a> He again comes into notice
+in 1653, by some letters written by him to Edward
+Marston. He had been cast away by shipwreck
+in the Downs, and was then at Dover, where he
+had been very ill. Having heard that two prizes
+which he had helped to secure, had been condemned
+and that the rest of the men had obtained
+their shares, he wrote to secure the eleven shares
+due him, and told Marston to send one part to
+his wife, and the other to him. On November 14th,
+he again wrote that he had received no answer
+although &ldquo;I have written you every post these
+3 weeks, having been sick my want of money is
+great.&rdquo;<a name="FNanchor_71_71" id="FNanchor_71_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a> This is the last fact, which can at present
+be found, about Richard Ingle, who first came into
+notice demanding tobacco debts, and is discovered,
+at last demanding prize money. These two acts
+were typical of the man, he was always on the
+lookout for gain and yet remained a staunch
+adherent to the Long Parliament, which did so
+much to strengthen English liberties, but whose
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg&nbsp;44]</a></span>
+acts led to such extreme measures as those which
+culminated in the execution of the self-willed
+unfortunate Charles I.</p>
+
+<p>By a careful consideration of all the facts, it
+will be seen that the acts of Richard Ingle are
+in some cases legendary, and as such naturally
+have become more heinous with every successive
+account. The endeavor has been in this
+paper to give an unprejudiced historical account
+of his life, but in view of the mis-statements about
+him, it still remains to sum up, and examine the
+specific charges against him. He is accused of
+having stolen the silver seal of the province.
+Lord Baltimore&rsquo;s own statements, however, concerning
+it are doubtful. &ldquo;Whereas our great seal of the
+said province of Maryland was treacherously and
+violently taken away from thence by Richard
+Ingle or his complices in or about February,<a name="FNanchor_72_72" id="FNanchor_72_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a>
+1644/5,&rdquo; he wrote in August, 1648. Nothing
+had been said according to the records up to
+that time in Maryland about the loss of the seal.
+On the contrary, in a commission given by Governor
+Greene on July 4th, 1647, over a year before
+the proprietor&rsquo;s commission for the great seal,
+are the words, &ldquo;Given under my hand and the
+Seal of the province.&rdquo;<a name="FNanchor_73_73" id="FNanchor_73_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a> and in the proclamation
+of March 4th, 1648, Greene promised pardon
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg&nbsp;45]</a></span>
+&ldquo;under my hand and the seal of the province,&rdquo;<a name="FNanchor_74_74" id="FNanchor_74_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a>
+to all out of the province except Ingle, who should
+confess their faults before a certain date.</p>
+
+<p>It may be urged against these facts that
+&ldquo;under my hand and the seal of the province,&rdquo;
+was mere legal phraseology. But those which
+have been given are the only two instances of the
+use of the term from 1646 to 1648, and are both
+preceded and followed by commissions, &amp;c., ending
+&ldquo;and this shall be your commission,&rdquo; or
+&ldquo;given at St. Mary&rsquo;s,&rdquo; in which, if the term was
+merely technical language, why was it not more
+frequently used? Again, it may be said that it
+was a temporary seal. If it were, it is strange
+that no mention is made of the fact in the records
+of the province, or in Lord Baltimore&rsquo;s commission
+for the new seal. It was hoped and desired
+that in this paper no occasion would arise to make
+accusations against any of Ingle&rsquo;s opponents, but
+historic truth now requires it to be done. It must
+be remembered that Baltimore was in constant
+danger of losing his charter, in a great measure,
+on account of Ingle&rsquo;s activity against him. Upon
+his authority alone is based the charge against
+Ingle about the seal, but of how much value is
+the authority of one who, at the very same time
+and in a commission sent out with that of the
+seal, wrote that Leonard Calvert &ldquo;was limited by
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg&nbsp;46]</a></span>
+our commission to him not to appoint&rdquo; any person
+governor &ldquo;unless such person were of our privy
+council there,&rdquo;<a name="FNanchor_75_75" id="FNanchor_75_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a> although no such limitation as to
+the governor&rsquo;s right was made in any of the commissions
+to Leonard Calvert so this clause in
+the lord proprietor&rsquo;s commission resolves itself
+into a Machiavellian statement. It is hardly
+credible that Lord Baltimore could have made
+such a statement from ignorance, for no one knew
+the commission better than the author of it. But
+notwithstanding the evidence against Lord Baltimore,
+the writer has too high an opinion of his
+character to attribute to him the diplomatic
+lie. Lord Baltimore was no doubt influenced a
+great deal, by what was reported to him concerning
+Maryland, so the blame must rest upon his
+informers. Still if these persons would resort to
+such methods in one case, they would be likely to
+do so in other instances. Whoever was the author
+of the statement, it throws doubt upon other supposed
+facts of this period, and leads to the conclusion
+that the commission for a new seal was one
+of the reconstructive acts of the proprietor, on a
+par with the treatment of Hill.</p>
+
+<p>Ingle has been charged with the destruction of
+the records of the province. What was Baltimore&rsquo;s
+opinion? &ldquo;We understand&rdquo; he wrote in
+1651, &ldquo;that in the late Rebellion there One thousand
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg&nbsp;47]</a></span>
+Six hundred Forty and four most of the Records
+of that province being then lost or embezzled.&rdquo;<a name="FNanchor_76_76" id="FNanchor_76_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a>
+This hearsay statement of Lord Baltimore may
+have been based upon the testimony in 1649, of
+Thomas Hatton, Secretary of the province, of the
+receipt of books from Mr. Bretton, who &ldquo;delivered
+to me this Book, and another lesser Book with a
+Parchment Cover, divers of the Leaves thereof
+being cut or torn out, and many of them being
+lost and much worn out and defaced together with
+divers other Papers and Writings bound together in
+a Bundle,&rdquo;<a name="FNanchor_77_77" id="FNanchor_77_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a> and swore that they were all the documents
+belonging to the secretary or register which
+could be found, &ldquo;except some Warrants, and some
+Draughts of Mr. <em>Hill&rsquo;s</em> Time.&rdquo; All the records,
+therefore, were not destroyed, but in 1649, there
+were in existence papers belonging to the Hill
+regime. But greater proofs against the vandalism
+of Ingle are the records themselves, or the copies
+of them, which could not have been made if the
+originals had been destroyed, and which have at
+last been deposited where thieves do not break
+through nor steal. There have been preserved
+among the records up to 1647, the original proprietary
+record books, liber Z., 1637-1644 and
+liber P.&nbsp;R., 1642 to February 12, 1645. The
+Council Proceedings, 1636-1657, the Assembly
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg&nbsp;48]</a></span>
+Proceedings, 1638-1658, and liber F., 1636-1642,
+proprietary records, have been handed down in
+copies. The loss of liber F., 1636-1642, can no more
+be attributed to Ingle than can the loss of liber
+K., 1692-1694, which was made fifty years after
+Ingle&rsquo;s time. Both of these, as well as records
+of later years, have been preserved in copies
+only, but a brief study of the Calendar of State
+Archives, prefixed to the Acts of Assembly, will
+demonstrate that the destruction of records by
+Ingle could not have been so great as has been
+supposed. But did he destroy any? There are
+gaps in the records, that exist between February
+14, 1645, when the rebellion occurred, and December,
+1646, when Calvert returned, but it is not
+likely that under the existing circumstances very
+great care was taken of the records of these twenty-two
+months, and moreover there is no proof that
+Ingle was in the province after 1645, for he was
+probably in London in December of that year,
+and certainly in the following February. His
+appointing Cornwallis his attorney for collecting
+Maryland and Virginia debts would also lead one
+to believe that he did not return to the province.
+Some of the records of the Hill government, however,
+were in existence in 1649, but as far as is
+known have since disappeared. Ingle certainly
+did not destroy them, and indeed to a man
+engaged in the tobacco trade, there were few
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg&nbsp;49]</a></span>
+inducements to waste his time, and that of his
+men cutting up records.</p>
+
+<p>It is difficult to understand why Lord Baltimore
+should have called Ingle an &ldquo;ungrateful villain,&rdquo;
+for the reception the latter met at St. Mary&rsquo;s in
+1644, was not calculated to inspire one with gratitude.
+The compensation offered Ingle might have
+been deemed liberal, but the Maryland authorities
+acknowledged that they had to make this offer for
+the public good and safety, and, therefore, no particular
+credit can be given them for kindness
+towards the troublesome mariner. But the relations
+between Ingle and Cornwallis are rather
+perplexing. The latter accused Ingle of not
+returning the value of goods entrusted to him,
+and also of landing, during his absence, &ldquo;some
+men near his house,&rdquo; and rifling &ldquo;him to the
+value of 2,500 l at least.&rdquo;<a name="FNanchor_78_78" id="FNanchor_78_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a> All this was done after
+Cornwallis had showed his devotion to Parliament,
+by releasing Ingle. It must be remembered in
+connection with the devotion to Parliament, that
+Ingle was doing the great carrying trade for Cornwallis.
+Besides, after Ingle had made him his
+attorney, he went to Maryland and there sued
+three men for the pillage and destruction of his
+property, without implicating Ingle. In the
+absence of full records concerning these two men,
+it is unfair to judge either of them harshly in this
+matter.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg&nbsp;50]</a></span>
+The indefinite allusion to Ingle&rsquo;s piracy in 1644
+was not sustained, but in 1649 he was again called
+&ldquo;pirate.&rdquo; The definition of piracy has undergone
+many changes within the past three hundred years.
+From robbery committed upon the high seas, it
+has come to mean, &ldquo;acts of violence done upon
+the ocean or unappropriated lands or within the
+territory of a state through descent from the sea, by
+a body of men acting independently of any political
+or organized society.&rdquo;<a name="FNanchor_79_79" id="FNanchor_79_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a> The pirate has also
+been held as an enemy, whom the whole human
+race can oppress. These definitions are from the
+international standpoint. What was the English
+law at the time of Ingle? The treatment of
+pirates was regulated by the Act of Parliament,
+made in the reign of Henry VIII.,<a name="FNanchor_80_80" id="FNanchor_80_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_80_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a> and Sir Leoline
+Jenkins, on September 2d, 1668, at a session of
+the Admiralty, said, &ldquo;now robbery as &rsquo;tis distinguished
+from thieving or larceny, implies not
+only the actual taking away of my goods, while I
+am, as we say, in peace, but also the putting me
+in fear, by taking them away by force and arms
+out of my hands, or in my sight and presence,
+when this is done upon the sea, without a lawful
+commission of war or reprisals, it is downright
+Piracy.&rdquo;<a name="FNanchor_81_81" id="FNanchor_81_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a> In the Assembly of March, 1638,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg&nbsp;51]</a></span>
+piracy was defined as follows: &ldquo;William dawson
+with divers others did assault the vessels of Capt.
+Thomas Cornwaleys his company feloniously and
+as pyrates &amp; robbers to take the said vessels
+and did discharge divers peices charged wi<sup>th</sup> bulletts
+&amp; shott against the said Thomas Cornwaleys,
+&amp;c.&rdquo;<a name="FNanchor_82_82" id="FNanchor_82_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_82_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a> Granted, although it is doubtful, that
+Ingle seized the pinnace, riding in St. Inigoes&rsquo;
+creek, he was not, therefore, a pirate. According
+to the testimony, he used no force, for the one in
+charge of the pinnace allowed him to take it; and
+the act was not committed on the high seas. For
+the acts committed on the land, Ingle acknowledged
+himself to have been responsible; for in
+his petition he wrote, that he &ldquo;did venture his life
+and fortune in landing his men and assisting the
+said well-affected Protestants (<i>i.&nbsp;e.</i>, such as adhered
+to Parliament)&rdquo; against the government, the
+papists and malignants. His acts on the land
+were rather contradictory, if one reads the testimony.
+In 1647, for instance, a certain Walter
+Beane<a name="FNanchor_83_83" id="FNanchor_83_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a> at the request of Cuthbert Fenwick, said
+that during the plundering time, with the consent
+of Fenwick, he paid Ingle some tobacco, which
+was due Fenwick or Cornwallis. Ingle then gave
+him the following, &ldquo;Received of Walter Beane
+five <ins class="abbr" title="hundred">hund<sup>r</sup></ins> Thirty Eight pounds of <ins class="abbr" title="Tobacco">Tob</ins> for a debt
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg&nbsp;52]</a></span>
+<ins class="abbr" title="that">th<sup>t</sup></ins> the <ins class="abbr" title="said">s<sup>d</sup></ins> Walter Beane did owe to Cuthbert ffenwick.
+Witness my hand,</p>
+
+<p class="sig"><span class="smcap"><ins class="abbr" title="Richard">Rich<sup>d</sup>.</ins> Ingle</span>.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Beane stated also that sometime before Ingle
+came, he paid six hogsheads of tobacco to Fenwick
+for Cornwallis, and that Ingle, upon his
+arrival, sent eleven men to fetch the hogsheads
+and other tobacco; that when Beane refused to
+give them up, Ingle was notified, and sent a note
+threatening extreme measures, and Beane was
+thus forced to give up the tobacco. Does it not
+seem curious that Ingle should give a receipt for
+one batch of tobacco, and within a short time have
+other tobacco forcibly seized? Of course the
+authorities of Maryland might have considered
+such acts piratical. But they were not. Ingle
+had a commission from Parliament, to relieve the
+planters in Maryland, by furnishing them arms,
+&amp;c. He found the government of Maryland at
+enmity with Parliament, which was the actual
+government of England at that time, and assisted
+the friends of Parliament in Maryland. Even
+if he exceeded the provisions of his letter of
+marque he was responsible to Parliament alone.<a name="FNanchor_84_84" id="FNanchor_84_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_84_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a>
+That the English authorities did not disapprove
+of his conduct is shown by the weight attached to
+his statements, and by the fact that he was afterwards
+in the service of the Commonwealth.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg&nbsp;53]</a></span>
+As to Ingle&rsquo;s having been a &ldquo;rebel,&rdquo; the facts
+all point to his participation in the beginning of a
+rebellion, caused probably, by those dissatisfied
+with Leonard Calvert&rsquo;s rule, more probably by the
+influence of William Claiborne, who in spite of
+condemnatory acts by the Maryland Assembly,
+and the vacillating measures of Charles I., insisted
+for many years upon his right to Kent Island.
+But rebellion is viewed in different ways: by those
+against whom it is made, with horror and detestation;
+by those who make it, with pride and ofttimes
+with devotion. If Ingle led on the rebellion,
+he was acting in Maryland, only as Cromwell
+afterwards did on a larger scale, in England,
+and as Bacon, the brave and noble, did in Virginia,
+and to be placed in the same category with
+many, who will be handed down to future generations
+as rebels, will be no discredit to the first
+Maryland rebel.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Spotswood Letters, Brock, p. 12.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Rev. <ins class="abbr" title="Edward">Edw.</ins> D. Neill, to whom I am indebted for valuable references, was
+the first to attempt any kind of a defence of Ingle, but Dr. <ins class="abbr" title="William">Wm.</ins> Hand
+Browne, who also has greatly aided me, has omitted the pirate and rebel
+clause in the history which he is preparing for the Commonwealth Series.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Assembly Proceedings, 1638-1664, p. 120, Land Office Records, Vol. I.,
+p. 582. In the Maryland records the name is spelled Cornwaleys, but in
+this paper the rule has been adopted of spelling it Cornwallis, as it is known
+to history.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Winthrop&rsquo;s History of New England, Vol. II., p. 75. Winthrop gave
+another spelling, &ldquo;Jugle,&rdquo; no doubt obtained from the signature, as has
+been done with the name more than once in modern times. In a bill sent
+to the grand jury at St. Mary&rsquo;s, Maryland, February 1st, 1643/4, it was
+stated that Ingle&rsquo;s ship in 1642 was the &ldquo;Reformation.&rdquo; The bill was, however,
+returned &ldquo;Ignoramus,&rdquo; and the use of the name was probably
+anachronous.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Proprietary Records, Liber P. R., p. 85.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> Ibid., p. 124.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Ibid., p. 137.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> Ibid., p. 124. Council Proceedings, 1636-1657. Bozman, in his History
+of Maryland, Vol. II., p. 271, not knowing evidently that more than one
+warrant was issued for Ingle&rsquo;s arrest, transposed this proclamation, making
+it follow Jan. 20; but in P.&nbsp;R. it is under date of Jan. 18, 1643/4.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> P. R., p. 146.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> Ibid., pp. 125, 138.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> C. P., p. 111, P. R., p. 125.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> Ibid., p. 125.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Ibid., pp. 129, 130.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Ibid.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> This was on the south side of the Patuxent river. At one time the
+Jesuits used a building there for a storehouse. There was the favorite
+dwelling of Charles, third Lord Baltimore, which afterward belonged to
+Mr. Henry Sewall, and there Col. Darnall took refuge during the Coode
+uprising.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> P. R., p. 131.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> Ibid., p. 134.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> Ibid., pp. 137, 139.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> Ibid., p. 141.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> Ibid., p. 148.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> Bozman: History of Maryland, Vol. II., p. 272.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> P. R., p. 149.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> Ibid., p. 150.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> Ibid., p. 131.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> Ibid., pp. 139, 145.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> Sixth Report of the Historical Commission to Parliament, p. 101.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> P. R., pp. 140, 141, 146.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> Ibid., p. 146.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> Sixth Rep. Hist. Com., p. 101.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> The absence of punctuation between the &ldquo;Elizabeth and Ellen&rdquo; leads
+one to conjecture that there were but seven vessels.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> Journal of the House of Commons, 1642-44, p. 607. This may be found
+in the Congressional Library, Washington, D.&nbsp;C.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> Collections N. Y. Historical Society, Series II., Vol. III., p. 126. Winthrop:
+History of New England, Vol. II., p. 198.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> L. O. R., Vol. I., p. 224; Sixth Rep. Hist. Com., p. 101.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> Papers Relating to the Early History of Maryland, by S.&nbsp;F. Streeter,
+p. 267.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> C. P., pp. 166, 201, 204; A. P., 238, 270.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> C. P., p. 175; A. P., p. 301.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> C. P., p. 209.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> A. P., p. 238.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> Ibid., pp. 238, 270, 271. At the request of the Assembly, Baltimore forgave
+Thompson for acts which he might have committed by reason of ignorance
+or through a mistake.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> Relatio Itineris in Marylandiam, p. 95.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> Records of the Eng. Prov. Society of Jesus, Series V., VI., VII., VIII.,
+pp. 337, 389.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> L. O. R., Vol. I., p. 432.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> Ibid., p. 572.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> Ibid., Vol. II., p. 354.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> Ibid., Vol. I., p. 584.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> Now Port Tobacco, Charles Co. Ibid., Vol. II., p. 354.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> Ibid., Vol. I., p. 433. Most of the testimony against Ingle in Maryland
+was by those whom he had held prisoners.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> Ibid., Vol. I., pp. 432, 433.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> Ibid.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> Terra Mariae, Neill, pp. 110, 111.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> Sixth Rep. Hist. Com., p. 101.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> Rev. E. D. Neill has given the full draft of this petition. See Founders
+of Maryland, pp. 75-77.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> L. O. R., Vol. I., p. 378.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> Father White and Father Fisher were carried to England and imprisoned.
+The former was, after some months, released upon the condition of
+his leaving England. He went to Belgium, and afterwards returned to
+England, but never again to Maryland. &ldquo;Thirsting for the salvation of his
+beloved Marylanders he sought every opportunity of returning secretly to
+that mission, earnestly begging the favor of his Superiors; but, as the
+good Father was then upwards of sixty-five years of age and his constitution
+broken down, they would not consent.&rdquo; R.&nbsp;P.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;J., p. 337. Fisher
+was released and returned to Maryland.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> Hening: Statutes, Vol. I., p. 321.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> C. P., pp. 17, 77.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> Ibid., p. 136; L. O. R., Vol. I., p. 203.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> C. P., p. 135.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> Ibid., p. 209.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> Ibid., p. 154-161.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> L. O. R., Vol. II., p. 328.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_62_62" id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> A. P., p. 242.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_63_63" id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> Ibid., pp. 209-210.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> Ibid., 266.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_65_65" id="Footnote_65_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> C. P., pp. 204-205.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_66_66" id="Footnote_66_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> Kilty. Landholder&rsquo;s Assistant, pp. 79-80; L. O. R., Vol. II., p. 410.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_67_67" id="Footnote_67_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> Seventh Report His. Com., pp. 54, 162.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_68_68" id="Footnote_68_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> Sainsbury: Calendar State Papers, Colonial, 1574-1660, pp. 331-337, 368.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_69_69" id="Footnote_69_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> Ibid.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_70_70" id="Footnote_70_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> Ibid., Domestic, 1650, pp. 64, 79, 572.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_71_71" id="Footnote_71_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> Ibid., 1653-1654, pp. 235, 251, 278.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_72_72" id="Footnote_72_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> C. P., 201.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_73_73" id="Footnote_73_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> Ibid., 162.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_74_74" id="Footnote_74_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> Ibid., 166.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_75_75" id="Footnote_75_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> Ibid., p. 209.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_76_76" id="Footnote_76_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> A. P., p. 329.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_77_77" id="Footnote_77_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> C. P., 219.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_78_78" id="Footnote_78_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> Sixth Rep. Hist. Com., p. 101.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_79_79" id="Footnote_79_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> Hall: International Law, p. 218.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_80_80" id="Footnote_80_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> 28 Henry VIII., C. 15. See p. 124, Vol. VI., Evan&rsquo;s Collection of
+Statutes.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_81_81" id="Footnote_81_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81_81"><span class="label">[81]</span></a> Quoted by Phillimore. See International Law, Vol. I., p. 414.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_82_82" id="Footnote_82_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82_82"><span class="label">[82]</span></a> A. P., pp. 17-18.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_83_83" id="Footnote_83_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83_83"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> L. O. R., Vol. II., p. 312.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_84_84" id="Footnote_84_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84_84"><span class="label">[84]</span></a> Phillimore, Vol. I., p. 425.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="bbox">
+<p><b>Transcriber's Note</b></p>
+
+<p>Archaic and variable spelling and capitalisation has been preserved in
+the quoted material as printed. Asterisks are used instead of periods in
+ellipses. Minor punctuation errors have been repaired. Where the
+letter l (representing pounds) is preceded by a number, a space has
+been inserted between number and l for clarity.</p>
+
+<p>The following amendments have been made:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>Page <a href="#Page_14">14</a>&mdash;Febuary amended to February&mdash;"... a copy of a certificate to Ingle under date of
+February 8th, ..."</p>
+
+<p>Page <a href="#Page_20">20</a>&mdash;masacre amended to massacre&mdash;"... had given as a reason for the Indian massacre,
+..."</p>
+
+<p>Page <a href="#Page_33">33</a>&mdash;Corwallis amended to Cornwallis&mdash;"A consideration of the statements by
+Cornwallis and ..."</p>
+
+<p>Page <a href="#Page_47">47</a>&mdash;proprietory amended to proprietary&mdash;"... and liber F., 1636-1642, proprietary
+records, have been handed down ..."</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Captain Richard Ingle, by Edward Ingle
+
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@@ -0,0 +1,1725 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Captain Richard Ingle, by Edward Ingle
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Captain Richard Ingle
+       The Maryland
+
+Author: Edward Ingle
+
+Release Date: October 18, 2008 [EBook #26958]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CAPTAIN RICHARD INGLE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Robert Cicconetti, Sam W. and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note
+
+Letters following a carat (^) were superscripted in the original text.
+
+
+
+
+               CAPTAIN RICHARD INGLE,
+
+          The Maryland "Pirate and Rebel,"
+
+                     1642-1653.
+
+
+                   [Illustration]
+
+
+ A Paper read before the Maryland Historical Society,
+
+                   May 12th, 1884,
+
+                         BY
+
+                 EDWARD INGLE, A. B.
+
+                  BALTIMORE, 1884.
+
+
+
+
+CAPTAIN RICHARD INGLE,
+
+The Maryland "Pirate and Rebel,"
+
+1642-1653.
+
+
+
+
+RICHARD INGLE.
+
+
+    "Captain Richard Ingle, ... a pirate and a rebel, was
+    discovered hovering about the settlement."--_McSherry,
+    History of Maryland, p. 59._
+
+    "The destruction of the records by him [Ingle] has
+    involved this episode in impenetrable obscurity,
+    &c."--_Johnson, Foundation of Maryland, p. 99._
+
+    "Captain Ingle, the pirate, the man who gloried in the
+    name of 'The Reformation.'"--_Davis, "The Day Star," p.
+    210._
+
+    "That Heinous Rebellion first put in Practice by that
+    Pirate Ingle."--_Acts of Assembly, 1638-64, p. 238._
+
+    "Those late troubles raised there by that ungrateful
+    Villaine Richard Ingle."--_Ibid., p. 270._
+
+    "I hold it that a little rebellion, now and then, is a
+    good thing and as necessary in the political world as
+    storms in the physical."--_Jefferson, Works, Vol. III,
+    p. 105._
+
+
+
+
+Fund-Publication, No. 19
+
+
+CAPTAIN RICHARD INGLE,
+
+The Maryland "Pirate and Rebel,"
+
+1642-1653.
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+A Paper read before the Maryland Historical Society,
+
+May 12th, 1884,
+
+BY
+
+EDWARD INGLE, A. B.
+
+BALTIMORE. 1884.
+
+
+
+
+  PEABODY PUBLICATION FUND.
+
+  COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION.
+
+  1884-5.
+
+  HENRY STOCKBRIDGE,
+  JOHN W. M. LEE,
+  BRADLEY T. JOHNSON.
+
+
+  PRINTED BY JOHN MURPHY & CO.
+  PRINTERS TO THE MARYLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY,
+  BALTIMORE, 1884.
+
+
+
+
+CAPTAIN RICHARD INGLE,
+
+THE MARYLAND "PIRATE AND REBEL."
+
+
+In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the American colonies,
+from Massachusetts to South Carolina, were at intervals subject to
+visitations of pirates, who were wont to appear suddenly upon the
+coasts, to pillage a settlement or attack trading vessels and as
+suddenly to take flight to their strongholds. Captain Kidd was long
+celebrated in prose and verse, and only within a few years have
+credulous people ceased to seek his buried treasures. The
+arch-villain, Blackbeard, was a terror to Virginians and Carolinians
+until Spotswood, of "Horseshoe" fame, took the matter in hand, and
+sent after him lieutenant Maynard, who, slaying the pirate in hand to
+hand conflict, returned with his head at the bowsprit.[1] Lapse of
+time has cast a romantic and semi-mythologic glamor around these
+depredators, and it is in many instances at this day extremely
+difficult to distinguish fact from fiction. The unprotected situation
+of many settlements along the seaboard colonies rendered them an easy
+prey to rapacious sea rovers, but it might have been expected that the
+Maryland shores of the Chesapeake bay would be free from their
+harassings. The province, however, it seems was not to enjoy such good
+fortune, for in the _printed_ annals of her life appears the name of
+one man, who has been handed down from generation to generation as a
+"pirate," a "rebel" and an "ungrateful villain," and other equally
+complimentary epithets have been applied to him. The original
+historians of Maryland based their ideas about him upon some of the
+statements made by those whom he had injured or attacked, and who
+differed from him in political creed. The later history writers have
+been satisfied to follow such authors as Bozman, McMahon and McSherry,
+or to copy them directly, without consulting original records. To the
+general reader, therefore, who relies upon these authorities, Richard
+Ingle is "a pirate and rebel" still.[2]
+
+A thorough defence of him would be almost impossible in view of the
+comparative scarcity of records and the complicated politics of his
+time. In a review of his relations with Maryland, however, and by a
+presentation of all the facts, some light may be thrown upon his
+general character, and explanations, if not a defence, of his acts may
+be made.
+
+Richard Ingle's name first appears in the records of Maryland under
+date of March 23rd, 1641/2, when he petitioned the Assembly against
+Giles Brent touching the serving of an execution by the sheriff. He
+had come to the province a few weeks before, bringing in his vessel
+Captain Thomas Cornwallis, one of the original council, the greatest
+man in Maryland at that time, who had been spending some months in
+England.[3] Between the time of his arrival and the date of his
+petition Ingle had no doubt been plying his business, tobacco trading,
+in the inlets and rivers of the province. No further record of him in
+Maryland this year has been preserved, but Winthrop wrote that on May
+3rd, 1642, "The ship Eleanor of London one Mr. || Inglee || master
+arrived at Boston she was laden with tobacco from Virginia, and having
+been about 14 days at sea she was taken with such a tempest, that
+though all her sails were down and made up, yet they were blown from
+the yards and she was laid over on one side two and a half hours, so
+low as the water stood upon her deck and the sea over-raking her
+continually and the day was as dark as if it had been night, and
+though they had cut her masts, yet she righted not till the tempest
+assuaged. She staid here till the 4th of the (4) and was well fitted
+with masts, sails, rigging and victuals at such reasonable rates as
+that the master was much affected with his entertainment and professed
+that he never found the like usage in Virginia where he had traded
+these ten years."[4] Although his name is given an additional _e_ and
+there are some few seeming discrepancies, the facts taken together
+point to the probability of his being Richard Ingle on his return
+voyage to England. Next year he was again in Maryland, and, as
+attorney for Mr. Penniston and partners, sued widow Cockshott for
+debts incurred by her husband. The next entry in the "Provincial
+Records" under this date, March 6th, 1642/3, is an attachment against
+William Hardige in case of Captain Cornwallis.[5] This William
+Hardige, who was afterward one of Ingle's chief accusers, was very
+frequently involved in suits for debts to Cornwallis, and others.
+About the middle of the month of January, 1643/4, the boatswain of
+the "Reformation" brought against Hardige a suit for tobacco,
+returnable February 1st. Three days afterward a warrant was issued to
+William Hardige, a tailor, for the arrest of Ingle for high treason,
+and Captain Cornwallis was bidden to aid Hardige, and the matter was
+to be kept secret.[6] Ingle was arrested and given into the custody of
+Edward Parker, the sheriff, by the lieutenant general of the province,
+Giles Brent, who also seized Ingle's goods and ship, until he should
+clear himself, and placed on board, under John Hampton, a guard
+ordered to allow no one to come on the ship without a warrant from the
+lieutenant general.[7] Then was published, and as the records seem to
+show, fixed on the vessel's mainmast the following proclamation.[8]
+
+"These are to publish & pclaym to all psons as well seamen as others,
+that Richard Ingle, m^r of his ship, is arrested upon highe treason to
+his Ma^ty; & therefore to require all psons to be aiding & assisting
+to his Lo^ps officers in the seizing of his ship, & not to offer any
+resistance or contempt hereunto, nor be any otherwaise aiding or
+assisting to the said Richard Ingle upon perl of highe treason to his
+Ma^ty."
+
+Notwithstanding this proclamation Ingle escaped in the following
+manner. Parker had no prison, and, consequently, had to keep personal
+guard over his prisoner. He supposed, "from certain words spoken by
+the Secretary," that Brent and the council had agreed to let Ingle go
+on board his vessel, and when Captain Cornwallis and Mr. Neale came
+from the council meeting and carried Ingle to the ship, he accompanied
+them.[9] Arrived on board Cornwallis said "All is peace," and
+persuaded the commanding officer to bid his men lay down their arms
+and disperse, and then Ingle and his crew regained possession of the
+ship. Under such circumstances the sheriff could not prevent his
+escape, especially when a member of the council and the most
+influential men in the province had assisted the deed by their acts or
+presence. Besides it was afterwards said that William Durford, John
+Durford, and Fred. Johnson, at the instigation of Ingle, beat and
+wounded some of the guard, though this charge does not appear to have
+been substantiated.[10]
+
+On January 20th, 1643/4, the following warrant was issued to the
+sheriff.[11]
+
+    "I doe hereby require (in his Ma^ties name) Richard
+    Ingle, mariner to yield his body to Rob Ellyson, Sheriff
+    of this County, before the first of ffebr next, to
+    answer to such crimes of treason, as on his Ma^ties
+    behalfe shalbe obiected ag^st him, upon his utmost perl,
+    of the Law in that behalfe. And I doe further require
+    all psons that can say or disclose any matter of treason
+    ag^st the said Richard Ingle to informe his Lo^ps
+    Attorny of it some time before the said Court to the end
+    it may be then & there prosequuted
+
+        G. BRENT."
+
+Ingle, however, was not again arrested, though he still remained in
+the neighborhood of St. Mary's, for on January 30th his vessel was
+riding at anchor in St. George's river, and mention is made of him in
+the records as being in the province. For nearly two months the Ingle
+question was agitated and for the sake of clearness an account will be
+given of the acts concerning him in the order of their occurrence.
+
+The information given by Hardige to Lewger which had caused Ingle's
+arrest was: that in March or April, 1642, he heard Ingle, who was then
+at Kent Island, and at other times in St. Mary's, say, that he was
+"Captain of Gravesend for the Parliament against the King;" that he
+heard Ingle say that in February of that year he had been bidden in
+the King's name to come ashore at Accomac, in Virginia, but he, in
+the parliament's name had refused to do so, and had threatened to cut
+off the head of any one who should come on his ship.[12] On January
+29th, Hardige and others were summoned to appear and to give evidence
+of--here the pirate enters--"pyratical & treasonable offences" of
+Ingle. On February 1st, the sheriff impannelled a jury of which Robert
+Vaughan was chosen foreman, and witnesses were sworn, among them
+Hardige who "being excepted at as infamous," by Capt. Cornwallis, "was
+not found so."[13] John Lewger, the attorney-general, having stated
+that the Court had power to take cognizance of treason out of the
+province in order to determine where the offender should be tried,
+presented three bills for the jury to consider. The first bill
+included the second charge brought by Hardige, the second ordered the
+jury to inquire "if on the 20th of November and some daies afore &
+since in the 17 yea of his Ma^ties reigne at Gravesend in Comit Kent
+in England" the accused "not having the feare of God before his eies,
+but instigated thereunto by the instigation of the divill & example of
+other traitors of his Ma^tie traiterously & as an enemy did levie war
+& beare armes ag^st his ma^tie and accept & exercise the comand &
+captainship of the town of Gravesend," and by the third bill they
+were to inquire if Ingle did not, on April 5th in the eighteenth year
+of Charles' reign, on his vessel in the Potomac river, near St.
+Clement's island, say, "that Prince Rupert was a rogue or rascall." If
+the rest of the testimony was no stronger or more conclusive than that
+of Hardige, it is not surprising that the jury replied to all the
+bills "_Ignoramus_."[14] Another jury was impannelled to investigate
+the charge of Ingle's having broken from the sheriff, and they
+returned a like finding. In the afternoon the first jury were given
+two more bills, first, to find "whether in April 1643 Ingle, being
+then at Mattapanian,[15] St. Clement's hundred, said 'that Prince
+Rupert was Prince Traitor & Prince rogue and if he had him aboard his
+ship he would whip him at the capstan.'" This bill met the fate of the
+others, but the second charging him with saying "that the king
+(meaning o^r Gover L. K. Charles) was no king neither would be no
+king, nor could be no king unless he did ioine with the Parlam^t,"
+caused the jury to disagree and no verdict having been reached at 7
+P. M., they adjourned until the following Saturday.[16] On that day,
+February 3rd, at the request of the attorney-general the jury were
+discharged and the bill given to another jury who returned it
+"_Ignoramus_."[17] In spite of the unanimity of all the juries in
+finding no true indictment, another warrant was issued for the arrest,
+by Parker or Ellyson, of Ingle for high treason, and after a fruitless
+attempt to secure by another jury a different finding, Ingle was
+impeached on February 8th, for having on January 20th, 1643/4,
+committed assaults upon the vessels, guns, goods, and person of one
+Bishop, and upon being reproached for these acts, having threatened to
+beat down the dwellings of people and even of Giles Brent, and for
+"the said crimes of pyracie, mutinie, trespasse, contempt &
+misdemeanors & every of them severally."[18] If Ingle did commit these
+depredations he was, no doubt instigated by the proceedings instituted
+on that day against him, and moreover by the fact that Henry Bishop
+had been among the witnesses to be summoned against him.
+
+Nothing more was done in the matter, for from a copy of a certificate
+to Ingle under date of February 8th, it is learned that "Upon certaine
+complaints exhibited by his Lo^ps attorny ag^st M^r R. Ingle the
+attending & psequution whereof was like to cause great demurrage to
+the ship & other damages & encumbrances in the gathering of his debts
+it was demanded by his Lo^ps said attorny on his Lo^ps behalfe that
+the said R. I. deposite in the country to his Lo^ps use one barrell of
+powder & 400 l of shott to remaine as a pledge that the said R. I.
+shall by himself or his attorny appeare at his Lo^ps Co^rt at S.
+Maries on or afore the first of ffebr next to answere to all such
+matters as shalbe then and there obiected ag^st him * * * * and upon
+his appearance the said powder & shott or the full value of it at the
+then rate of the country to be delivered to him his attorny or assigne
+upon demand."[19]
+
+What a change of policy, from charging a man with treason, the penalty
+for which was death, to offering him the right of bail for the
+appearance of his attorney, if necessary, to meet indefinite charges!
+In view of all the facts, it seems probable that the Maryland
+authorities were committed to the King's cause by the commission
+granted by him to Leonard Calvert in 1643, and by their action in
+seizing Ingle; that after his arrest it was thought to be injudicious
+to go to extremes, and that they made little resistance to, if they
+did not connive at, his escape. Certainly, efforts to recapture him
+must have been very feeble, for when the sheriff demanded the tobacco
+and cask due him from the defendant for summoning juries, witnesses,
+&c., it was found that Ingle had left in the hands of the Secretary
+the required amount.[20] In arresting Ingle for uttering treasonable
+words, the palatine government was not only placing itself upon the
+side of King Charles, but was preparing to do what he had been
+prevented from doing a few months before. For when at his command some
+persons who had acted treasonably were condemned to death, parliament
+declared that "all such indictments and proceedings thereon were
+unjust and illegal; and that if any man was executed or suffered hurt,
+for any thing he had done by their order, the like punishment should
+be inflicted by death or otherwise, upon such prisoners as were, or
+should be, taken by their forces," and their lives were saved.[21] The
+authorities of Maryland themselves show why Ingle was allowed to
+escape. On March 16th, Lewger showed that "whereas Richard Ingle was
+obnoxious to divers suits & complaints of his Lo^p for divers and
+sundry crimes all w^ch upon composition for the publique good & safety
+were suspended ag^st the said Richard Ingle assuming to leave in the
+country to the publique need at this time," powder and shot, but he
+had not paid the composition and had left without paying custom dues,
+which were required for the proper discharge of his ship "by the law &
+custom of all Ports," he prayed that all of Ingle's goods, debts,
+&c., might be sequestered until he should clear himself.[22] Under the
+circumstances, the grave charges pending against him, as there is no
+proof that he had known the terms of composition, a crew and vessel
+being at his command, it is not surprising that he sailed away from
+danger, without attending to the formality of clearing, and leaving
+unpaid debts, for Lewger claimed 600 pounds of tobacco from him, as
+payment for some plate and a scimitar, for which Cornwallis went
+security.[23] There is a touch of seeming sarcasm in the suggestion
+that the deposit by Ingle of ammunition would have relieved the public
+need, for he would have been that much less dangerous, and the
+government would have been so much the more prepared to resist him.
+
+But how were those who assisted him treated? On January 30th, Thomas
+Cornwallis, James Neale, Edward Parker and John Hampton, were
+impeached for having rescued him, and thereby of being accessories to
+high treason. Cornwallis made answer, "that he did well understand the
+matters charged ag^st the said Richard Ingle to be of no importance
+but suggested of mean malice of the ---- William hardige, as hath
+appeared since in that the grand enquest found not so much
+probability in the accusations, as that it was fitt to putt him to his
+triall" and "he supposed & understood no other but that the said rich.
+Ingle went aboard w^th the licence and consent of the L. G. & Counsell
+& of the officer in whose custody he was & as to the escape & rescuous
+in manner as is charged he is no way accessory to it & therefore
+prayeth to be dismissed."[24] The judgment was delayed, but Cornwallis
+was anxious to be at once discharged. The lieutenant general and the
+attorney general, therefore, having consulted together, found
+Cornwallis guilty, and fined him one thousand pounds of tobacco,
+though at the request of the accused the fine was respited until the
+last day of the month, when Brent ordered the sheriff "to levie 1000
+lbs tob. on any goods or debts" of Capt. Tho. Cornwallis "for so much
+adjudged by way of fine unto the Lord Propriet^r ag^st him at the
+Court held on the 9^th ffeb last."[25] This fine, which was to be
+given to the attorney of Tho. Wyatt, commander of Kent Island, in
+payment of Lord Baltimore's debt to him, Cornwallis afterward
+acknowledged he had paid.[26]
+
+Neale did not make his appearance before the court, though he seems to
+have been in St. Mary's, and was suspended from the council for his
+contempt. On February 11th, being accused of having begged Ingle from
+the sheriff, he denied all the charges, and in a few days was restored
+to his seat in the council, upon the eve of Brent's departure for Kent
+Island.[27] Parker said Ingle had escaped against his will, and he was
+discharged, while Hampton escaped prosecution, presumably, for there
+is no further record of action in the case against him.[28]
+
+But it would have been bad policy for the authorities to allow the
+matter to drop without apparent effort on their part to punish
+somebody, and Cornwallis had to bear the brunt of their attacks. The
+feeling against him was so strong, according to his own statements,
+that besides paying a fine, the highest "that could by law be laid
+upon him," he was compelled for personal safety to take ship with
+Ingle for England, where the doughty captain testified before a
+parliamentary committee of Cornwallis' devotion to its cause, and of
+the losses he had sustained in its behalf.[29]
+
+The lieutenant governor, and council, may have congratulated
+themselves about the departure of Ingle and Cornwallis, but that
+mariner and trader was preparing to return to Maryland. On August
+26th, 1644, certain persons trading to Virginia petitioned the House
+of Commons to allow them to transport ammunition, clothes, and
+victuals, custom free, to the plantations of the Chesapeake, which
+were at that time loosely classed under the one name--Virginia. The
+Commons granted to the eight[30] vessels mentioned in the petition,
+the right of carrying victuals, clothes, arms, ammunition, and other
+commodities, "for the supply and Defence and Relief of the Planters,"
+and referred the latter part of the petition, asking power to
+interrupt the Hollanders and other strange traders, to the House of
+Lords.[31] It is hardly necessary to say at this point that the
+planters to be relieved and defended by the cargoes of the vessels,
+were planters not at enmity with the parliament. For vessels from
+London were used in the interests of parliament, while those from
+Bristol were the King's ships. De Vries, the celebrated Dutchman, who
+has left such acute observations about the early colonists, wrote that
+while visiting Virginia in 1644 he saw two London ships chase a
+fly-boat to capture it, and it was reported in Massachusetts that a
+captured Indian had given as a reason for the Indian massacre, on
+April 18th, 1644, "that they did it because they saw the English took
+up all their lands, * * * and they took this season for that they
+understood that they were at war in England, and began to go to war
+among themselves, for they had seen a fight in the river between a
+London ship, which was for the parliament, and a Bristol ship, which
+was for the King."[32]
+
+Among the ships commissioned by the parliament, which were armed, was
+the "Reformation," of which Ingle was still master. He was in London
+in October, 1644, receiving cargo, and Cornwallis entrusted to him
+goods, valued at 200 pounds sterling.[33] The vessel soon afterwards
+sailed, and was in Maryland in February. In the province, at that
+time, affairs were in a very unsettled condition. The energetic
+Claiborne, who was also called by Maryland authorities a pirate and a
+rebel, but who was a much better man than is generally supposed, and
+whose life ought to be especially studied, was still pushing his
+claims to Kent Island, and Leonard Calvert had been compelled to visit
+Virginia more than once during the winter in trying to prevent his
+actions. The Indians were aroused and prone to take advantage of
+disputes between the factions in the province, while the colonists
+themselves were in a state of unrest. At this juncture Ingle
+appeared. Streeter wrote of his coming, "several vessels appeared in
+the harbor, from which an armed force disembarked, (Feb. 14, 1645,)
+under the command of Capt. Richard Ingle, St. Mary's was taken; many
+of the members were prisoners; the Governor was a fugitive in
+Virginia; and the Province in the hands of a force, professing to act,
+and probably acting, under authority of Parliament."[34] There is no
+authority given for the first part of this statement, though it is not
+improbable, and is partly substantiated by the exaggerated charges
+against Ingle, made by the Assembly of 1649, and the references to him
+in proclamations. There is no mention in the provincial records of
+Calvert's having being forced out of the province, but, on the
+contrary, Calvert in his commission to Hill in 1646 stated that "at
+this present, I have occasion, for his lordship's service to be absent
+out the said province," and says nothing at all about Ingle. The
+rebellion has been called "Claiborne's and Ingle's," and, although
+association with Claiborne would not have been dishonorable to any
+one, historical accuracy seems to call for a distinction. In Greene's
+proclamation of pardon given in March, 1647/8; in the letter written
+by the Assembly to Lord Baltimore in April, 1649; in the Proprietor's
+commissions for the great seal, for muster master general, for
+commander of Kent Island, respectively, in 1648; and in his letter to
+Stone in 1649, the rebellion is attributed to the instigation of
+Ingle.[35] In the commission to Governor Stone, of August, 1648, is
+the statement, "so as such pardon or pardons extend not to the
+pardoning of William Clayborne heretofore of the isle of Kent in our
+said province of Maryland and now or late of Virginia or of his
+complices in their late rebellion against our rights and dominion in
+and over the said province nor of Richard Ingle nor John Durford
+mariner," and in the act of Oblivion, in April, 1650, pardon is
+granted to all excepting "Richard Ingle and John Darford Marryners,
+and such others of the Isle of Kent" as were not pardoned by Leonard
+Calvert.[36] In these two instances alone is any kind of an
+opportunity offered for connecting the two names, even here they are
+separated, and the distinction is made greater by the fact that in a
+commission concerning Hill, also of August, 1648, and in other places,
+Claiborne is mentioned with no reference at all to Ingle.[37] It is
+probable, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, that Ingle and
+Claiborne never planned any concerted action, but that each took
+advantage of the other's deeds, to further his own interests.
+
+To return to the year 1645. The rebellion supposed to have been
+originated by Ingle, was according to statements of the Assembly of
+1649, continued by his accomplices, and during it "most of your
+Lordships Royal friends here were spoiled of their whole Estate and
+sent away as banished persons out of the Province those few that
+remained were plundered and deprived in a manner of all Livelyhood and
+subsistance only Breathing under that intollerable Yoke which they
+were forced to bear under those Rebells."[38] The people were tendered
+an oath against Lord Baltimore, which all the Roman Catholics refused
+to take, except William Thompson, about whom there is some doubt.[39]
+Ingle, himself, said that he had been able to take some places from
+the papists and malignants, and with goods taken from them had
+relieved the well-affected to parliament. Further on in this paper it
+will be seen that Roman Catholics' property was attacked under Ingle's
+auspices, but that the bad treatment of them did not continue long and
+was not very severe, may be inferred from the fact that in 1646, there
+were enough members of the council, who were Roman Catholics, in the
+province to elect Hill governor. In this connection ought to be
+mentioned the report, by an uncertain author, concerning the Maryland
+mission, written in 1670. The report is devoted principally to an
+account of a miracle which, strange to say, had not been recorded, as
+far as is known, although twenty-four years had elapsed since it had
+occurred. "It has been established by custom and usage of the
+Catholics," the uncertain author wrote, "who live in Maryland, during
+the whole night of the 31st of July following the festival of St.
+Ignatius, to honor with a salute of cannon their tutelar guardian and
+patron saint. Therefore, in the year 1646, mindful of the solemn
+custom, the anniversary of the holy father being ended, they wished
+the night also consecrated to the honor of the same, by the continual
+discharge of artillery. At the time, there were in the neighborhood
+certain soldiers, unjust plunderers, Englishmen indeed by birth, of
+the heterodox faith, who, coming the year before with a fleet, had
+invaded with arms, almost the entire colony, had plundered, burnt, and
+finally, having abducted the priests and driven the Governor himself
+into exile, had reduced it to a miserable servitude. These had
+protection in a certain fortified citadel, built for their own
+defence, situated about five miles from the others; but now, aroused
+by the nocturnal report of the cannon, the day after, that is on the
+first of August, rush upon us with arms, break into the houses of the
+Catholics, and plunder whatever there is of arms or powder."[40] Now
+this statement bears upon the face of it a contradiction, for the
+restriction upon the Roman Catholics could not have been very great,
+since they were allowed to retain, up to August, 1646, the powder and
+cannon necessary to fire continual salutes, moreover, when next day
+the soldiers came to their dwellings, nothing seems to have been taken
+except the ammunition, and this was done no doubt to prevent any
+further alarm, that a body of troops situated as they were might
+reasonably have felt at hearing artillery discharges five miles away.
+
+Many writers have stated that good Fathers White and Fisher were
+carried off to England by Ingle, but from the records of the Jesuits
+at Stonyhurst, it is learned that Father White was seized "by a band
+of soldiers," "and carried to England in chains," and also that in
+"1645 This year the colony was attacked by a party of 'rowdies' or
+marauders and the missioners were carried off to Virginia."[41] These
+extracts serve to show what was the confusion existing in the minds of
+contemporaries of Ingle, and the extreme difficulty, therefore, of
+finding the real truth. But in the sworn statements preserved in the
+Maryland records, some facts may be found. Within a few days of the
+events at St. Mary's resulting in partial subversion of Baltimore's
+government, the "Reformation" was riding at the mouth of St. Inigoes'
+creek, near which was situated the "Cross," the manor house of
+Cornwallis, who, when he had been obliged in 1644 to leave Maryland,
+had left his house and property in the hands of Cuthbert Fenwick, his
+attorney.[42] Fenwick was intending to go to Accomac, Virginia, and
+sent Thomas Harrison, a servant, who had been bought from Ingle by
+Cornwallis, and a fellow servant, Edw. Matthews, to help Andrew Monroe
+to bring a small pinnace nearer the house.[43] In the pinnace were
+clothes, bedding, and other goods, the property of Fenwick. Monroe
+refused to bring the pinnace, and waited until Ingle came into the
+creek;[44] and allowed the pinnace to be captured, (if that may be
+called a capture to which consent was given,) and plundered. Fenwick
+said that the pinnace was plundered by "Richard Ingle or his
+associates;"[45] another witness said that Ingle "seized or plundered"
+the pinnace, and Monroe was employed by him in his acts against the
+province, and while in command of another pinnace assisted in the
+pillaging of Copley's house at Portoback.[46] Matthews as well as
+other servants were held captives on the "Reformation," and Harrison
+took up arms for Ingle and afterwards left the province and fled to
+Accomac. Fenwick went on board, no doubt to protest against such acts,
+and when he returned to the shore was seized by a party of men under
+John Sturman, who seems to have been a leader in the rebellion, and
+carried back to the vessel where he was kept prisoner.[47] In the
+meantime Thomas Sturman, John Sturman, coopers, and William Hardwick,
+a tailor, led a party to sack the dwelling of Cornwallis, who, in a
+petition to the Governor and Council in 1652, described it as "a
+Competent Dwelling house, furnished with plate, Linnen hangings,
+beding brass pewter and all manner of Household Stuff worth at least a
+thousand pounds." In the same petition he said that the party
+"plundered and Carryed away all things in It, pulled downe and burnt
+the pales about it, killed and destroyed all the Swine and Goates and
+killed or mismarked allmost all the Cattle, tooke or dispersed all the
+Servants, Carryed away a Great quantity of Sawn Boards from the pitts,
+and ript up Some floors of the house. And having by these Violent and
+unlawfull Courses forst away my Said Attorny the Said Thomas and John
+Sturman possest themselves of the Complts house as theire owne, dwelt
+in it Soe long as they please and at their departing tooke the locks
+from the doors and y^e Glass from the windowes and in fine ruined his
+whole Estate to the damage of the Complt at least two or three
+thousand pounds."[48] It may be well to bear in mind that Cornwallis
+in this petition, which was against the two Sturmans and Hardwick, who
+did not deny the allegations, but claimed the statute of limitation,
+no mention is made of Ingle, save that on his ship Fenwick was
+detained.[49]
+
+In the latter part of the year 1645 began the era of petitions, which
+should be taken with allowance, for the age has been characterized as
+one of perjury, and in the representations by both parties in Maryland
+politics, advantage was taken of every slight point to strengthen
+their respective positions, and from internal evidence it seems that
+some statements were garbled, to say the least about them. The opening
+of this era was marked by the presentation, December 25th, 1645, by
+the committee of plantations, to the House of Lords, the following
+statements and suggestions, viz: that many had complained of the
+tyranny of recusants in Maryland, "who have seduced and forced many of
+his Majesty's subjects from their religion;" that by a certificate
+from the Judge of the Admiralty grounded upon the deposition of
+witnesses taken in that Court: Leonard Calvert, late Governor there,
+had a commission from Oxford to seize such persons, ships and goods as
+belonged to any of London; which he registered, proclaimed, and
+endeavored to put in execution at Virginia; and that one Brent, his
+deputy Governor, had seized upon a ship, empowered under a commission
+derived from the Parliament, because she was of London, and afterward
+not only tampered with the crew thereof to carry her to Bristol, then
+in hostility against the Parliament, but also tendered them an oath
+against the Parliament; the committee under these circumstances
+recommended that the province should be settled in the hands of
+protestants.[50] This was the first part of the determined effort to
+deprive the great Cecil Calvert of his charter of Maryland, which
+Richard Ingle continued so vigorously in after years. He was probably
+in England at that time, for he refers to the action of the Lords in
+regard to the settling of the Maryland government, in his petition of
+February 24th, 1645/6, to the House of Lords. To this petition was
+appended a statement on behalf of Cornwallis, which will explain it.
+Cornwallis said that on Ingle's return to England, to cover up his
+defalcation in the matter of 200 pounds worth of goods, he had
+complained to the committee for examinations against Cornwallis as an
+enemy to the State. The matter was given a full hearing, and when it
+was left to the law and the defendant was granted the right of having
+witnesses in Maryland examined, Ingle had him arrested upon two
+feigned actions to the value of 15,000 pounds sterling. Some friends
+succeeded in rescuing him from prison, and then Ingle sent the
+following petition to the House of Lords, which had the effect of
+stopping for the time proceedings against him.[51] Having done so he
+carried the prosecution no further. The petition is somewhat lengthy,
+but it should be read as it is eminently characteristic of the
+man.[52]
+
+"The humble petition of Richard Ingle, showing That whereas the
+petitioner, having taken the covenant, and going out with letters of
+marque, as Captain of the ship Reformation, of London, and sailing to
+Maryland, where, finding the Governor of that Province to have
+received a commission from Oxford to seize upon all ships belonging to
+London, and to execute a tyrannical power against the Protestants, and
+such as adhered to the Parliament, and to press wicked oaths upon
+them, and to endeavor their extirpation, the petitioner, conceiving
+himself, not only by his warrant, but in his fidelity to the
+Parliament, to be conscientiously obliged to come to their
+assistance, did venture his life and fortune in landing his men and
+assisting the said well affected Protestants against the said
+tyrannical government and the Papists and malignants. It pleased God
+to enable him to take divers places from them, and to make him a
+support to the said well affected. But since his return to England,
+the said Papists and malignants, conspiring together, have brought
+fictitious acts against him, at the common law, in the name of Thomas
+Cornwallis and others for pretended trespass, in taking away their
+goods, in the parish of St. Christopher's, London, which are the very
+goods that were by force of war justly and lawfully taken from these
+wicked Papists and malignants in Maryland, and with which he relieved
+the poor distressed Protestants there, who otherwise must have
+starved, and been rooted out.
+
+"Now, forasmuch as your Lordships in Parliament of State, by the order
+annexed, were pleased to direct an ordinance to be framed for the
+settlement of the said province of Maryland, under the Committee of
+Plantations, and for the indemnity of the actors in it, and for that
+such false and feigned actions for matters of war acted in foreign
+parts, are not tryable at common law, but, if at all, before the Court
+and Marshall; and for that it would be a dangerous example to permit
+Papists and malignants to bring actions of trespass or otherwise
+against the well affected for fighting for the Parliament.
+
+"The petitioner most humbly beseecheth your Lordships to be pleased to
+direct that this business may be heard before your Lordships at the
+bar, or to refer it to a committee to report the true state of the
+case and to order that the said suits against the petitioner at the
+common law may be staid, and no further proceeded in."
+
+It is not known how this matter was settled, but in 1647, September
+8th, Ingle transferred to Cornwallis "for divers good and valuable
+causes" the debts, bills, &c., belonging to him, and made him his
+attorney to collect the same. Among the items in the inventory
+appended to the power of attorney were "A Bill and note of John
+Sturman's, the one dated the 10th of April 1645 for Satisfaction of
+tenn pounds of powder the other dated the 4th of April 1645 for 900 l
+of Tob & Caske," and "an acknowledgem^t of Cap^t William Stone dated
+the 10th of April 1645 for a receipt of a Bill of Argall Yardley's
+Esq, for 9860 l of Tobacco and Caske,"[53] which show that the
+mercantile interests of Ingle were not subservient to his supposed
+warlike measures. A consideration of the statements by Cornwallis and
+of those by Ingle, proves that the latter must have had considerable
+influence in the Parliament, and that he was prepared to stand by and
+defend all his actions, and the similarity to his petition of ideas
+and even of words in certain places, would safely allow the conjecture
+that Ingle had something to do in the report of 1645 already
+mentioned. It is curious also to compare his reference to the
+ill-treatment of the Protestants, and the mention of the hardships of
+Baltimore's adherents, made by the Assembly of 1649. There is no
+record of the presence of Ingle in Maryland after the spring of 1645,
+though the rebellion which he was accused of instigating continued
+some months longer.[54] For continuity, a rapid sketch of the history
+of Maryland during the next two years must be given.
+
+For fourteen months the province was without a settled government. In
+March, 1645/6, the Virginian Assembly in view of the secret flight
+into Maryland of Lieutenant Stillwell, and others, enacted that "Capt.
+Tho. Willoughby, Esq., and Capt. Edward Hill be hereby authorized to
+go to Maryland or Kent to demand the return of such persons who are
+alreadie departed from the colony. And to follow such further
+instructions as shall be given them by the Governor and Council."[55]
+After Hill had arrived in Maryland he was elected governor by the
+members of the council, who, notwithstanding Ingle's rebellion, were
+in the province. The right of the council to elect Hill was afterwards
+disputed, but one word must be said in regard to this. The reason for
+disputing the right was that the councilors could elect only a member
+of the council to be governor. In the commission to Leonard Calvert in
+1637, no such restriction was made,[56] in the commission of 1642 the
+restriction occurs, and in the commission of 1644, which has been
+preserved in two copies, the same provision was made.[57] As Lord
+Baltimore himself had confused ideas about this commission, it is not
+surprising that the council thought they were doing right in electing
+Hill. Even if the council had no right to act thus, Hill had stronger
+claims to the governorship. In Lord Baltimore's commission to Leonard
+Calvert, of September 18th, 1644, is the provision:[58] "and lastly
+whereas our said Lieutenant may happen to dye or be absent from time
+to time out of the said province of Maryland, before we can have
+notice to depute another in his place we do therefore hereby grant
+unto him full power and Authority from time to time in such Cases to
+Nominate elect and appoint such an able person inhabiting and residing
+within our said province of Maryl^d, as he in his discretion shall
+make choice of & think fit to be our Lieutenant Governor, &c." Such is
+the command as recorded in the Council Proceedings of Maryland. But
+Baltimore, in 1648, in a commission to the Governor and council in
+Maryland, wrote that Leonard Calvert had no right to appoint any
+person in his stead "unless such persons were of our privy council
+there,"[59] although he recognized the validity of Leonard's death-bed
+appointment by witnesses of Governor Greene. He, to be sure, was a
+member of the council, but this fact was not mentioned in the preamble
+of the commission, in which the words, with some slight changes in
+tense and mood, are almost identical with those in the preamble of the
+commission of July 30th, 1646, from Calvert to Hill, which,
+notwithstanding doubts to the contrary, must have been genuine. For
+Lord Baltimore, in the commission of 1648 seems to have acknowledged
+that his brother had granted the commission to Hill,[60] who, in a
+letter to Calvert, said that he had promised him one-half the customs
+and rents, the remuneration stipulated in his commission. Hill, not
+knowing that Calvert was dead, wrote him a letter, dated June 18th,
+1647, urging the payment of his dues, and the next day Greene, the new
+Governor, replied that he did not understand the matter, but that if
+Hill would send an attorney "full satisfaction should be given him."
+When Hill wrote next he waived the authority of Calvert, and based his
+claim upon the right of the council to elect him, and in this way
+placed himself upon an illegal footing, which circumstance was taken
+advantage of for a time by the Maryland authorities. But finally at a
+court held June 10th, 1648,[61] one year after Calvert's death, a
+claim from Hill was presented "for Arrears of what consideration was
+Covenanted unto him by Leonard Calvert, Esq., for his Service in the
+office of Governor of this Province, being the half of his Ldps rents
+for the year 1646 & the half of the Customes for the Same yeare." It
+was ordered by the court, "that ye half of that yeares Customes as far
+as it hath not already been received by Capt. Hill shall be paid unto
+him by the Ld Prop^rs Attorny out of the first profitts which shall be
+receivable to his Ldp * * * his Ldps Receiver shall accompt & pay unto
+Cap^t Edward Hill or his assignes the one halfe of his Ldps rents due
+at Christmas next in Lieu of the S^d rents of the yeare 1646 which
+were otherwise disposed of to his Ldps use." There is, however, one
+fact which must not be lost sight of in regard to Leonard Calvert's
+commission to Hill. If it was executed by a member of the council, and
+therefore was a forgery, for in the records Calvert's name is signed
+to it, and the place of the seal is noted, it is not at all likely
+that it would have been allowed by Calvert on his return, and by his
+immediate successors, to be preserved and copied into the records. If
+all other proof failed this last would establish the validity of
+Hill's commission.
+
+But Calvert, who, throughout his whole career as governor of Maryland,
+showed unchanging devotion to his brother's interests, gathered in
+Virginia a body of soldiers and returned at the end of 1646 to St.
+Mary's, where he easily repossessed himself of that part of the
+country, though Kent Island remained still in possession of
+Claiborne's forces. Thus was ended what has been called Ingle's
+rebellion, in which the loss of the lord proprietor's personal estate
+"was in truth so small as that it was not Considerable when it was
+come in Ballance with the Safety of the Province which as the then
+present Condition of things stood, hung upon so ticklish a pin as that
+unless such a disposition had been made thereof an absolute ruin and
+subversion of the whole Province would inevitably have followed."[62]
+Another proof of Hill's regular appointment is that Calvert on the
+29th of December, soon after his return, re-assembled the Assembly,
+which Hill had summoned and adjourned, and proceeded with it to enact
+laws.[63] Although a later Assembly in 1648 protested against the laws
+passed by this Assembly, the proprietor recognized them as valid, and
+wrote in 1649 that it had been "lawfully continued" by his brother
+"ffor although the first Sumons were issued by one who was not our
+Lawfull Lieutenant there, yet being afterwards approved of by one that
+was, it is all one, as to the proceedings afterward as if at first
+they had issued from a lawfull Governor."[64] The writer is no lawyer,
+but it seems, that, if the Assembly of Hill was "lawfully continued"
+and "approved" by Calvert, the recognition by Baltimore must have been
+legally retroactive, and, therefore, that the laws passed before
+Calvert's return must have been legally valid, saving of course the
+proprietor's dissent. Leonard Calvert having spent some months in
+settling the affairs of the province died, June 9th, 1647, and Greene
+ruled in his stead. In the following March, Ingle's name again appears
+in the records. The governor, on March 4th, 1648, proclaimed pardon to
+all except Richard Ingle, and in August of the same year the lord
+proprietor issued, besides his commissions to Governor Stone, to the
+council and to secretary Thomas Hatton, commissions, for the Great
+Seal, for muster master general, and for commander of the Isle of
+Kent. John Price was made muster master general for his "great
+Fidelity unto us in that Occasion of the late insurrection and
+Rebellion in our said province was begun there by that Notorious
+Villain Richard Ingle and his Complices," and Robert Vaughan was
+appointed commander of Kent for the same reason.[65] Then in 1650 was
+passed the act of Oblivion, excepting Ingle, Durford, and some of the
+Isle of Kent. In 1649, Baltimore granted to James Lindsey and Richard
+Willan certain lands, and directed that in the grants should be
+inserted the notice "of their singular and approved worth courage and
+fidelity (in Ingle's insurrection) to the end a memory of their merit
+and of his (the Proprietor) sense thereof may remain upon record to
+the honour of them and their posterity forever."[66]
+
+An investigation into Ingle's doings at this time may explain the
+bitter terms in which he is mentioned in the official records of
+Maryland, and also why upon him was foisted the chief responsibility
+for the disturbances. During the year 1646, Lord Baltimore was engaged
+in defending his charter, against the justice of which such grave
+charges had been brought by Ingle and others, in the winter of 1645/6.
+On January 23rd, 1646/7, application in Baltimore's behalf, was made
+to the House of Lords, that the depositions of witnesses made before
+the Admiralty Court in regard to Maryland should be read. In a few
+weeks Baltimore begged that the actions looking to the repeal of his
+charter might be delayed, and on the same day certain merchants in
+London, who were interested in the Virginia trade, requested that the
+ordinance should be sent to the Commons, for Baltimore's petition was
+intended only to cause delay.[67] The matter was stayed for the time,
+but by December, 1649, Ingle had sent to the Council of State a
+petition and remonstrance against the government of Lord Baltimore's
+colony. The hearing, which was referred to the Committee of the
+Admiralty, was postponed until January 10th, 1650, when Baltimore's
+agent requested it to be deferred until the 16th. Witnesses were
+summoned and upon Baltimore's appearance, he was ordered to make
+answer in writing to Ingle by the 30th. On January 29th the matter was
+again postponed until February 6th, "in respect of extraordinary
+occasions not permitting them to hear the same to-morrow." Delay
+followed delay until March 1st, when Ingle was "unprovided to prove"
+the charges against Lord Baltimore for misconduct in the government
+of Maryland, but on the 15th of the same month, "after several debates
+of the business depending between Capt. Ingle and Lord Baltimore,
+touching a commission granted to Leonard Calvert, * * * by the late
+King at Oxford in 1643" the advocate for the State and the attorney
+general were directed to examine the validity of the original charter
+to Cecil, Lord Baltimore. Allusion to this matter was again made in
+the records, but nothing showing its result unless it be the order of
+the Council of State, of December 23d, 1651, that Lord Baltimore
+should be allowed to "pursue his cause according to law."[68]
+
+Ingle seems to have been at this time in the service of what was once
+a parliament, but which had been reduced in 1648, by Pride's purge, to
+about sixty members. In February, 1650, he informed the Council of
+State that on board two ships, the "'Flower de Luce' and the 'Thomas
+and John,' were persons bound to Virginia, who were enemies of the
+Commonwealth." The vessels were stayed for over a month, when they
+were allowed to sail down to Gravesend, where, before they left for
+Virginia, the mayor and justices were to "take the superscription of
+passengers and mariners not to engage against the Commonwealth."[69]
+In April of this year the Council of State ordered the payment to
+Ingle of L30 sterling for services and care in keeping Captain
+Gardner, who had been arrested for treason, in having tried to betray
+Portland Castle.[70] He again comes into notice in 1653, by some
+letters written by him to Edward Marston. He had been cast away by
+shipwreck in the Downs, and was then at Dover, where he had been very
+ill. Having heard that two prizes which he had helped to secure, had
+been condemned and that the rest of the men had obtained their shares,
+he wrote to secure the eleven shares due him, and told Marston to send
+one part to his wife, and the other to him. On November 14th, he again
+wrote that he had received no answer although "I have written you
+every post these 3 weeks, having been sick my want of money is
+great."[71] This is the last fact, which can at present be found,
+about Richard Ingle, who first came into notice demanding tobacco
+debts, and is discovered, at last demanding prize money. These two
+acts were typical of the man, he was always on the lookout for gain
+and yet remained a staunch adherent to the Long Parliament, which did
+so much to strengthen English liberties, but whose acts led to such
+extreme measures as those which culminated in the execution of the
+self-willed unfortunate Charles I.
+
+By a careful consideration of all the facts, it will be seen that the
+acts of Richard Ingle are in some cases legendary, and as such
+naturally have become more heinous with every successive account. The
+endeavor has been in this paper to give an unprejudiced historical
+account of his life, but in view of the mis-statements about him, it
+still remains to sum up, and examine the specific charges against him.
+He is accused of having stolen the silver seal of the province. Lord
+Baltimore's own statements, however, concerning it are doubtful.
+"Whereas our great seal of the said province of Maryland was
+treacherously and violently taken away from thence by Richard Ingle or
+his complices in or about February,[72] 1644/5," he wrote in August,
+1648. Nothing had been said according to the records up to that time
+in Maryland about the loss of the seal. On the contrary, in a
+commission given by Governor Greene on July 4th, 1647, over a year
+before the proprietor's commission for the great seal, are the words,
+"Given under my hand and the Seal of the province."[73] and in the
+proclamation of March 4th, 1648, Greene promised pardon "under my
+hand and the seal of the province,"[74] to all out of the province
+except Ingle, who should confess their faults before a certain date.
+
+It may be urged against these facts that "under my hand and the seal
+of the province," was mere legal phraseology. But those which have
+been given are the only two instances of the use of the term from 1646
+to 1648, and are both preceded and followed by commissions, &c.,
+ending "and this shall be your commission," or "given at St. Mary's,"
+in which, if the term was merely technical language, why was it not
+more frequently used? Again, it may be said that it was a temporary
+seal. If it were, it is strange that no mention is made of the fact in
+the records of the province, or in Lord Baltimore's commission for the
+new seal. It was hoped and desired that in this paper no occasion
+would arise to make accusations against any of Ingle's opponents, but
+historic truth now requires it to be done. It must be remembered that
+Baltimore was in constant danger of losing his charter, in a great
+measure, on account of Ingle's activity against him. Upon his
+authority alone is based the charge against Ingle about the seal, but
+of how much value is the authority of one who, at the very same time
+and in a commission sent out with that of the seal, wrote that Leonard
+Calvert "was limited by our commission to him not to appoint" any
+person governor "unless such person were of our privy council
+there,"[75] although no such limitation as to the governor's right was
+made in any of the commissions to Leonard Calvert so this clause in
+the lord proprietor's commission resolves itself into a Machiavellian
+statement. It is hardly credible that Lord Baltimore could have made
+such a statement from ignorance, for no one knew the commission better
+than the author of it. But notwithstanding the evidence against Lord
+Baltimore, the writer has too high an opinion of his character to
+attribute to him the diplomatic lie. Lord Baltimore was no doubt
+influenced a great deal, by what was reported to him concerning
+Maryland, so the blame must rest upon his informers. Still if these
+persons would resort to such methods in one case, they would be likely
+to do so in other instances. Whoever was the author of the statement,
+it throws doubt upon other supposed facts of this period, and leads to
+the conclusion that the commission for a new seal was one of the
+reconstructive acts of the proprietor, on a par with the treatment of
+Hill.
+
+Ingle has been charged with the destruction of the records of the
+province. What was Baltimore's opinion? "We understand" he wrote in
+1651, "that in the late Rebellion there One thousand Six hundred
+Forty and four most of the Records of that province being then lost or
+embezzled."[76] This hearsay statement of Lord Baltimore may have been
+based upon the testimony in 1649, of Thomas Hatton, Secretary of the
+province, of the receipt of books from Mr. Bretton, who "delivered to
+me this Book, and another lesser Book with a Parchment Cover, divers
+of the Leaves thereof being cut or torn out, and many of them being
+lost and much worn out and defaced together with divers other Papers
+and Writings bound together in a Bundle,"[77] and swore that they were
+all the documents belonging to the secretary or register which could
+be found, "except some Warrants, and some Draughts of Mr. _Hill's_
+Time." All the records, therefore, were not destroyed, but in 1649,
+there were in existence papers belonging to the Hill regime. But
+greater proofs against the vandalism of Ingle are the records
+themselves, or the copies of them, which could not have been made if
+the originals had been destroyed, and which have at last been
+deposited where thieves do not break through nor steal. There have
+been preserved among the records up to 1647, the original proprietary
+record books, liber Z., 1637-1644 and liber P. R., 1642 to February
+12, 1645. The Council Proceedings, 1636-1657, the Assembly
+Proceedings, 1638-1658, and liber F., 1636-1642, proprietary records,
+have been handed down in copies. The loss of liber F., 1636-1642, can
+no more be attributed to Ingle than can the loss of liber K.,
+1692-1694, which was made fifty years after Ingle's time. Both of
+these, as well as records of later years, have been preserved in
+copies only, but a brief study of the Calendar of State Archives,
+prefixed to the Acts of Assembly, will demonstrate that the
+destruction of records by Ingle could not have been so great as has
+been supposed. But did he destroy any? There are gaps in the records,
+that exist between February 14, 1645, when the rebellion occurred, and
+December, 1646, when Calvert returned, but it is not likely that under
+the existing circumstances very great care was taken of the records of
+these twenty-two months, and moreover there is no proof that Ingle was
+in the province after 1645, for he was probably in London in December
+of that year, and certainly in the following February. His appointing
+Cornwallis his attorney for collecting Maryland and Virginia debts
+would also lead one to believe that he did not return to the province.
+Some of the records of the Hill government, however, were in existence
+in 1649, but as far as is known have since disappeared. Ingle
+certainly did not destroy them, and indeed to a man engaged in the
+tobacco trade, there were few inducements to waste his time, and that
+of his men cutting up records.
+
+It is difficult to understand why Lord Baltimore should have called
+Ingle an "ungrateful villain," for the reception the latter met at St.
+Mary's in 1644, was not calculated to inspire one with gratitude. The
+compensation offered Ingle might have been deemed liberal, but the
+Maryland authorities acknowledged that they had to make this offer for
+the public good and safety, and, therefore, no particular credit can
+be given them for kindness towards the troublesome mariner. But the
+relations between Ingle and Cornwallis are rather perplexing. The
+latter accused Ingle of not returning the value of goods entrusted to
+him, and also of landing, during his absence, "some men near his
+house," and rifling "him to the value of 2,500 l at least."[78] All
+this was done after Cornwallis had showed his devotion to Parliament,
+by releasing Ingle. It must be remembered in connection with the
+devotion to Parliament, that Ingle was doing the great carrying trade
+for Cornwallis. Besides, after Ingle had made him his attorney, he
+went to Maryland and there sued three men for the pillage and
+destruction of his property, without implicating Ingle. In the absence
+of full records concerning these two men, it is unfair to judge either
+of them harshly in this matter.
+
+The indefinite allusion to Ingle's piracy in 1644 was not sustained,
+but in 1649 he was again called "pirate." The definition of piracy has
+undergone many changes within the past three hundred years. From
+robbery committed upon the high seas, it has come to mean, "acts of
+violence done upon the ocean or unappropriated lands or within the
+territory of a state through descent from the sea, by a body of men
+acting independently of any political or organized society."[79] The
+pirate has also been held as an enemy, whom the whole human race can
+oppress. These definitions are from the international standpoint. What
+was the English law at the time of Ingle? The treatment of pirates was
+regulated by the Act of Parliament, made in the reign of Henry
+VIII.,[80] and Sir Leoline Jenkins, on September 2d, 1668, at a
+session of the Admiralty, said, "now robbery as 'tis distinguished
+from thieving or larceny, implies not only the actual taking away of
+my goods, while I am, as we say, in peace, but also the putting me in
+fear, by taking them away by force and arms out of my hands, or in my
+sight and presence, when this is done upon the sea, without a lawful
+commission of war or reprisals, it is downright Piracy."[81] In the
+Assembly of March, 1638, piracy was defined as follows: "William
+dawson with divers others did assault the vessels of Capt. Thomas
+Cornwaleys his company feloniously and as pyrates & robbers to take
+the said vessels and did discharge divers peices charged wi^th
+bulletts & shott against the said Thomas Cornwaleys, &c."[82] Granted,
+although it is doubtful, that Ingle seized the pinnace, riding in St.
+Inigoes' creek, he was not, therefore, a pirate. According to the
+testimony, he used no force, for the one in charge of the pinnace
+allowed him to take it; and the act was not committed on the high
+seas. For the acts committed on the land, Ingle acknowledged himself
+to have been responsible; for in his petition he wrote, that he "did
+venture his life and fortune in landing his men and assisting the said
+well-affected Protestants (_i. e._, such as adhered to Parliament)"
+against the government, the papists and malignants. His acts on the
+land were rather contradictory, if one reads the testimony. In 1647,
+for instance, a certain Walter Beane[83] at the request of Cuthbert
+Fenwick, said that during the plundering time, with the consent of
+Fenwick, he paid Ingle some tobacco, which was due Fenwick or
+Cornwallis. Ingle then gave him the following, "Received of Walter
+Beane five hund^r Thirty Eight pounds of Tob for a debt th^t the s^d
+Walter Beane did owe to Cuthbert ffenwick. Witness my hand,
+
+    RICH^D. INGLE."
+
+Beane stated also that sometime before Ingle came, he paid six
+hogsheads of tobacco to Fenwick for Cornwallis, and that Ingle, upon
+his arrival, sent eleven men to fetch the hogsheads and other tobacco;
+that when Beane refused to give them up, Ingle was notified, and sent
+a note threatening extreme measures, and Beane was thus forced to give
+up the tobacco. Does it not seem curious that Ingle should give a
+receipt for one batch of tobacco, and within a short time have other
+tobacco forcibly seized? Of course the authorities of Maryland might
+have considered such acts piratical. But they were not. Ingle had a
+commission from Parliament, to relieve the planters in Maryland, by
+furnishing them arms, &c. He found the government of Maryland at
+enmity with Parliament, which was the actual government of England at
+that time, and assisted the friends of Parliament in Maryland. Even if
+he exceeded the provisions of his letter of marque he was responsible
+to Parliament alone.[84] That the English authorities did not
+disapprove of his conduct is shown by the weight attached to his
+statements, and by the fact that he was afterwards in the service of
+the Commonwealth.
+
+As to Ingle's having been a "rebel," the facts all point to his
+participation in the beginning of a rebellion, caused probably, by
+those dissatisfied with Leonard Calvert's rule, more probably by the
+influence of William Claiborne, who in spite of condemnatory acts by
+the Maryland Assembly, and the vacillating measures of Charles I.,
+insisted for many years upon his right to Kent Island. But rebellion
+is viewed in different ways: by those against whom it is made, with
+horror and detestation; by those who make it, with pride and ofttimes
+with devotion. If Ingle led on the rebellion, he was acting in
+Maryland, only as Cromwell afterwards did on a larger scale, in
+England, and as Bacon, the brave and noble, did in Virginia, and to be
+placed in the same category with many, who will be handed down to
+future generations as rebels, will be no discredit to the first
+Maryland rebel.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] Spotswood Letters, Brock, p. 12.
+
+[2] Rev. Edw. D. Neill, to whom I am indebted for valuable references,
+was the first to attempt any kind of a defence of Ingle, but Dr. Wm.
+Hand Browne, who also has greatly aided me, has omitted the pirate and
+rebel clause in the history which he is preparing for the Commonwealth
+Series.
+
+[3] Assembly Proceedings, 1638-1664, p. 120, Land Office Records, Vol.
+I., p. 582. In the Maryland records the name is spelled Cornwaleys,
+but in this paper the rule has been adopted of spelling it Cornwallis,
+as it is known to history.
+
+[4] Winthrop's History of New England, Vol. II., p. 75. Winthrop gave
+another spelling, "Jugle," no doubt obtained from the signature, as
+has been done with the name more than once in modern times. In a bill
+sent to the grand jury at St. Mary's, Maryland, February 1st, 1643/4,
+it was stated that Ingle's ship in 1642 was the "Reformation." The
+bill was, however, returned "Ignoramus," and the use of the name was
+probably anachronous.
+
+[5] Proprietary Records, Liber P. R., p. 85.
+
+[6] Ibid., p. 124.
+
+[7] Ibid., p. 137.
+
+[8] Ibid., p. 124. Council Proceedings, 1636-1657. Bozman, in his
+History of Maryland, Vol. II., p. 271, not knowing evidently that more
+than one warrant was issued for Ingle's arrest, transposed this
+proclamation, making it follow Jan. 20; but in P. R. it is under date
+of Jan. 18, 1643/4.
+
+[9] P. R., p. 146.
+
+[10] Ibid., pp. 125, 138.
+
+[11] C. P., p. 111, P. R., p. 125.
+
+[12] Ibid., p. 125.
+
+[13] Ibid., pp. 129, 130.
+
+[14] Ibid.
+
+[15] This was on the south side of the Patuxent river. At one time the
+Jesuits used a building there for a storehouse. There was the favorite
+dwelling of Charles, third Lord Baltimore, which afterward belonged to
+Mr. Henry Sewall, and there Col. Darnall took refuge during the Coode
+uprising.
+
+[16] P. R., p. 131.
+
+[17] Ibid., p. 134.
+
+[18] Ibid., pp. 137, 139.
+
+[19] Ibid., p. 141.
+
+[20] Ibid., p. 148.
+
+[21] Bozman: History of Maryland, Vol. II., p. 272.
+
+[22] P. R., p. 149.
+
+[23] Ibid., p. 150.
+
+[24] Ibid., p. 131.
+
+[25] Ibid., pp. 139, 145.
+
+[26] Sixth Report of the Historical Commission to Parliament, p. 101.
+
+[27] P. R., pp. 140, 141, 146.
+
+[28] Ibid., p. 146.
+
+[29] Sixth Rep. Hist. Com., p. 101.
+
+[30] The absence of punctuation between the "Elizabeth and Ellen"
+leads one to conjecture that there were but seven vessels.
+
+[31] Journal of the House of Commons, 1642-44, p. 607. This may be
+found in the Congressional Library, Washington, D. C.
+
+[32] Collections N. Y. Historical Society, Series II., Vol. III., p.
+126. Winthrop: History of New England, Vol. II., p. 198.
+
+[33] L. O. R., Vol. I., p. 224; Sixth Rep. Hist. Com., p. 101.
+
+[34] Papers Relating to the Early History of Maryland, by S. F.
+Streeter, p. 267.
+
+[35] C. P., pp. 166, 201, 204; A. P., 238, 270.
+
+[36] C. P., p. 175; A. P., p. 301.
+
+[37] C. P., p. 209.
+
+[38] A. P., p. 238.
+
+[39] Ibid., pp. 238, 270, 271. At the request of the Assembly,
+Baltimore forgave Thompson for acts which he might have committed by
+reason of ignorance or through a mistake.
+
+[40] Relatio Itineris in Marylandiam, p. 95.
+
+[41] Records of the Eng. Prov. Society of Jesus, Series V., VI., VII.,
+VIII., pp. 337, 389.
+
+[42] L. O. R., Vol. I., p. 432.
+
+[43] Ibid., p. 572.
+
+[44] Ibid., Vol. II., p. 354.
+
+[45] Ibid., Vol. I., p. 584.
+
+[46] Now Port Tobacco, Charles Co. Ibid., Vol. II., p. 354.
+
+[47] Ibid., Vol. I., p. 433. Most of the testimony against Ingle in
+Maryland was by those whom he had held prisoners.
+
+[48] Ibid., Vol. I., pp. 432, 433.
+
+[49] Ibid.
+
+[50] Terra Mariae, Neill, pp. 110, 111.
+
+[51] Sixth Rep. Hist. Com., p. 101.
+
+[52] Rev. E. D. Neill has given the full draft of this petition. See
+Founders of Maryland, pp. 75-77.
+
+[53] L. O. R., Vol. I., p. 378.
+
+[54] Father White and Father Fisher were carried to England and
+imprisoned. The former was, after some months, released upon the
+condition of his leaving England. He went to Belgium, and afterwards
+returned to England, but never again to Maryland. "Thirsting for the
+salvation of his beloved Marylanders he sought every opportunity of
+returning secretly to that mission, earnestly begging the favor of his
+Superiors; but, as the good Father was then upwards of sixty-five
+years of age and his constitution broken down, they would not
+consent." R. P. S. J., p. 337. Fisher was released and returned to
+Maryland.
+
+[55] Hening: Statutes, Vol. I., p. 321.
+
+[56] C. P., pp. 17, 77.
+
+[57] Ibid., p. 136; L. O. R., Vol. I., p. 203.
+
+[58] C. P., p. 135.
+
+[59] Ibid., p. 209.
+
+[60] Ibid., p. 154-161.
+
+[61] L. O. R., Vol. II., p. 328.
+
+[62] A. P., p. 242.
+
+[63] Ibid., pp. 209-210.
+
+[64] Ibid., 266.
+
+[65] C. P., pp. 204-205.
+
+[66] Kilty. Landholder's Assistant, pp. 79-80; L. O. R., Vol. II., p.
+410.
+
+[67] Seventh Report His. Com., pp. 54, 162.
+
+[68] Sainsbury: Calendar State Papers, Colonial, 1574-1660, pp.
+331-337, 368.
+
+[69] Ibid.
+
+[70] Ibid., Domestic, 1650, pp. 64, 79, 572.
+
+[71] Ibid., 1653-1654, pp. 235, 251, 278.
+
+[72] C. P., 201.
+
+[73] Ibid., 162.
+
+[74] Ibid., 166.
+
+[75] Ibid., p. 209.
+
+[76] A. P., p. 329.
+
+[77] C. P., 219.
+
+[78] Sixth Rep. Hist. Com., p. 101.
+
+[79] Hall: International Law, p. 218.
+
+[80] 28 Henry VIII., C. 15. See p. 124, Vol. VI., Evan's Collection of
+Statutes.
+
+[81] Quoted by Phillimore. See International Law, Vol. I., p. 414.
+
+[82] A. P., pp. 17-18.
+
+[83] L. O. R., Vol. II., p. 312.
+
+[84] Phillimore, Vol. I., p. 425.
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note
+
+Archaic and variable spelling and capitalisation has been preserved in
+the quoted material as printed. Asterisks are used instead of periods
+in ellipses. Minor punctuation errors have been repaired. Where the
+letter l (representing pounds) is preceded by a number, a space has
+been inserted between number and l for clarity.
+
+The following amendments have been made:
+
+    Page 14--Febuary amended to February--"... a copy of a
+    certificate to Ingle under date of February 8th, ..."
+
+    Page 20--masacre amended to massacre--"... had given as
+    a reason for the Indian massacre, ..."
+
+    Page 33--Corwallis amended to Cornwallis--"A
+    consideration of the statements by Cornwallis and ..."
+
+    Page 47--proprietory amended to proprietary--"... and
+    liber F., 1636-1642, proprietary records, have been
+    handed down ..."
+
+
+
+
+
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