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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Alcohol: A Dangerous and Unnecessary
+Medicine, How and Why, by Martha M. Allen
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Alcohol: A Dangerous and Unnecessary Medicine, How and Why
+       What Medical Writers Say
+
+Author: Martha M. Allen
+
+Release Date: October 4, 2008 [EBook #26774]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ALCOHOL ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness, Deirdre M., and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+book was produced from scanned images of public domain
+material from the Google Print project.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE: Every effort has been made to replicate this text as
+faithfully as possible; please see detailed list of printing issues at
+the end of the text.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+ALCOHOL
+
+
+A DANGEROUS AND UNNECESSARY MEDICINE
+
+HOW AND WHY
+
+What Medical Writers Say
+
+BY
+
+MRS. MARTHA M. ALLEN
+
+Superintendent of the Department of Medical Temperance
+for the National Woman's Christian Temperance Union
+
+
+Published by the
+
+DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL TEMPERANCE OF THE
+NATIONAL WOMAN'S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNION
+
+MARCELLUS, NEW YORK
+
+
+COPYRIGHT, 1900.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+INTRODUCTION                                                          5
+
+PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION                                             7
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+HISTORY OF THE STUDY OF ALCOHOL.
+
+  Discovery of distillation--First American investigator of
+  effects of alcohol--Medical Declarations--Sir B. W.
+  Richardson's researches--Scientific Temperance Instruction
+  in American Schools--Committee of Fifty                             9
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+THE WOMAN'S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNION IN
+OPPOSITION TO ALCOHOL AS MEDICINE.
+
+  How the Opposition began--Memorial to International
+  Medical Congress--Origin of Medical Temperance
+  Department--Objects of the department--Public agitation
+  against patent medicines originated by the department--Laws
+  of Georgia, Alabama and Kansas on Medical
+  prescription of alcohol                                            21
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+ALCOHOL AS A PRODUCER OF DISEASE.
+
+  Alcohol a poison--Sudden deaths from brandy--Changes
+  in liver, kidneys, heart, blood-vessels and nerves caused
+  by alcohol--Beer and wine as harmful as the stronger
+  drinks--Alcohol causes indigestion--Other diseases
+  caused by alcohol--Deaths from alcoholism in Switzerland           28
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+TEMPERANCE HOSPITALS.
+
+  The London Temperance Hospital--Methods of treatment--The Frances
+  E. Willard Temperance Hospital, Chicago--"As a beverage" in the
+  pledge--Address by Miss Frances E. Willard at opening of
+  hospital--The Red Cross Hospital--Clara Barton and non-alcoholic
+  medication--Reports of treatment in Red Cross Hospital--Use of
+  Alcohol declining in other hospitals                               37
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL UPON THE HUMAN BODY.
+
+  The body composed of cells--Effect of alcohol on cells--Alcohol
+  and Digestion--Effects on the blood--The heart--The liver--The
+  kidneys--Incipient Bright's disease recovered from by total
+  abstinence--Retards oxidation and elimination of waste
+  matters--Lengthens duration of sickness and increases mortality    58
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+ALCOHOL AS MEDICINE.
+
+  Medical use of alcohol a bulwark of the liquor traffic--Alcohol
+  not a Food--Alcohol reduces temperature--Food principle of grains
+  and fruits destroyed by fermentation--Alcohol not a
+  Stimulant--Experiments proving this--Alcohol not a
+  tonic--Professor Atwater on Alcohol as Food                        96
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+ALCOHOL IN PHARMACY.
+
+  Strong tinctures rouse desire for drink in reformed
+  inebriates--Glycerine and acetic acid to preserve
+  drugs--Non-alcohol tinctures in use at London Temperance
+  Hospital--Sale of liquor in drug-stores condemned by pharmacists  131
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+DISEASES, AND THEIR TREATMENT WITHOUT ALCOHOL.
+
+  Alcoholic Craving--Anæmia--Apoplexy--Boils and
+  Carbuncle--Catarrh--Hay-Fever--Colds--Colic--Cholera--Cholera
+  Infantum--Consumption--Displacements--Debility--Diarrhoea--
+  Dysentery--Dyspepsia--Fainting--Fits--Flatulence--Headache--
+  Hemorrhage--Heart Disease--Heart Failure--Insomnia--La
+  Grippe--Measles--Malaria--Neuralgia--Nausea--Pneumonia--Pain After
+  Food--Snake-bite--Rheumatism--Spasms--Shock--Sudden
+  Illness--Sunstroke--Typhoid Fever--Vomiting                       140
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+ALCOHOL AND NURSING MOTHERS.
+
+  Beer not good for nursing mothers--Helpful diet--Opinions of
+  medical men--Analysis of milk of a temperate woman--Of a drinking
+  woman--Advice of Dr. James Edmunds, of the Lying-In Hospital,
+  London--How to feed the baby--Case of a young mother who used
+  beer--Nathan S. Davis on beer and gin                             234
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+COMPARATIVE DEATH-RATES WITH AND WITHOUT THE USE OF ALCOHOL.
+
+  Fewer deaths in smallpox hospitals without alcohol--200 cases of
+  scarlet fever without alcohol--Non-alcoholic treatment of fevers
+  with less than 5 per cent. death-rate--Report of cases in English
+  and Scotch hospitals--340 cases of typhus--London Lancet articles
+  on typhoid--Mercy Hospital, Chicago--Death-rates in pneumonia and
+  typhoid in large hospitals--Sir B. W. Richardson's report of
+  practice                                                          247
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+REASONS WHY ALCOHOL IS DANGEROUS AS MEDICINE.
+
+  Researches of Abbott--Vital Resistance lowered by
+  alcohol--Experiments upon Urinary Toxicity--Effect of alcohol upon
+  the guardian-cells of the body--Dr. Sims Woodhead on
+  immunity--Deléarde's experiments at the Pasteur Institute--Dr. A.
+  Pearce Gould on alcohol and cancer--Delirium in illness caused by
+  alcohol                                                           262
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+WHY DOCTORS STILL PRESCRIBE ALCOHOLICS.
+
+  Public often demand it--Lack of knowledge of true nature of
+  alcohol--Alcohol given undeserved credit for recoveries--Use of
+  alcohol results from custom--Education of the people in teachings
+  of non-alcoholic physicians necessary--Prescription of alcohol a
+  matter of routine--Two examples                                   291
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+ALCOHOLIC PROPRIETARY OR "PATENT" MEDICINES.
+
+  The Pure Food Law--The guarantee--Newspaper opposition to the
+  law--Headache remedies--Fake testimonials--Dangers of soothing
+  syrups and morphine cough syrups--Fraud orders issued by
+  Post-Office Department--Internal Revenue Department and Patent
+  Medicines--Proprietary "Foods" strongly alcoholic--Alcoholic
+  Cod-Liver Oil preparations--Australia's Royal Commission on Patent
+  Medicines--Committee on Pharmacy analyses--Malt extracts--Coca
+  Wines--Advertising, the strength of the Nostrum business--An
+  effectual remedy                                                  299
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+DRUGGING.
+
+  Drugs do not cure disease--Nature cures--Opinions of drug
+  medication of prominent physicians--La grippe caused by drug
+  taking--Coal-tar drugs--Quinine--Sir Frederick Treves on disuse of
+  drugs--People demand drugs of physicians--Mothers make drug
+  victims of their children--Habit-producing drugs--Causes of
+  drug-taking--How to be well                                       335
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+TESTIMONIES OF PHYSICIANS AGAINST ALCOHOLIC MEDICATION.
+
+  No need for substitutes for alcohol--Alcohol hides symptoms of
+  disease--Responsibility of physicians--Opinions of many teachers
+  in medical colleges--Hot milk better than alcohol--_Journal of the
+  American Medical Association_ on researches of Abbott and
+  Laitinen--Resolution against alcohol of West Virginia Medical
+  Society--Dr. Knox Bond on Scarlet Fever--Metchnikoff on white
+  blood-cells--Kassowitz describes his treatment of fevers--Sims
+  Woodhead's opinions--Opinions of German Physicians--Dr. Harvey
+  blames medical profession for careless use of alcohol and
+  opium--Use of Alcohol declining rapidly in medical practice       356
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+RECENT RESEARCHES UPON ALCOHOL.
+
+  Experiments of Laitinen--Resistance of blood-cells to disease
+  lowered by alcohol--International Congress on Alcoholism, London,
+  1909--Alcohol and Immunity--Effect of Alcohol Drinking on Human
+  Off-spring--Researches of Kraepelin and Aschaffenberg--Economic
+  losses by reduced work through beer and wine drinking--Researches
+  of Dr. Reid Hunt--Mice given alcohol killed by small doses of
+  poison--Difference in effect of alcohol and starch
+  foods--Chittenden on food theory of alcohol--Researches of Dr. S.
+  P. Beebe--Liver impaired by alcohol--Dr. Winfield S. Hall's
+  interpretation of the researches of Beebe and Hunt--Oxidation of
+  alcohol by liver a protective action--Researches show that alcohol
+  is a poison, not a food                                           392
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+MISCELLANEOUS.
+
+  Alcohol Baths--Beverages for the Sick--Tobacco and the
+  Eyesight--Advertised "Cures" for Drunkenness--How to quit
+  drinking--Dr. T. D. Crothers' remedy for drink crave--Alcohol and
+  Children--Alcohol Tested--Beer-Drinking Injurious to Health--Drug
+  Drinks--Special Directions for Women--Total Abstinence and Life
+  Insurance--Opinions of Life Insurance Companies on drinkers as
+  risks                                                             410
+
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+This book is the outcome of many years of study. With the exception of a
+few quotations, none of the material has ever before appeared in any
+book. The writer has been indebted for years past to many of the
+physicians mentioned in the following pages for copies of pamphlets and
+magazines, and for newspaper articles, bearing upon the medical study of
+alcohol. Indeed, had it not been for the kindly counsels and hearty
+co-operation of physicians, she could never have accomplished all that
+was laid upon her to do as a state and national superintendent of
+Medical Temperance for the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. She is
+also under obligation for helps received from the secretaries of several
+State Boards of Health, and from eminent chemists and pharmacists.
+
+The object of the book is to put into the hands of the people a
+statement of the views regarding the medical properties of alcohol held
+by those physicians who make little, or no use of this drug. In most
+cases their views are given in their own language, so that the book is,
+of necessity, largely a compilation.
+
+It is hoped that while the laity may be glad to peruse these pages
+because of the very useful and interesting information to be obtained
+from them, the medical profession, also, may be pleased to find, in
+brief form, the teachings of some of their most distinguished brethren
+upon a question now frequently up for discussion in society meetings.
+
+The writer does not presume to set forth her own opinions upon a
+question which is still a subject of dispute among the members of a
+learned profession; she simply culls from the writings of those members
+of that profession who, having made thorough examination of the claims
+of alcohol, have decided that this drug, as ordinarily used, is more
+harmful than beneficial, and that medical practice would be upon a
+higher plane, were it driven entirely from the pharmacopoeia.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION.
+
+
+When the first edition of this book was published in 1900, there were
+only a few leading physicians either in Europe or America who were ready
+to condemn the medical use of alcohol. Sir Benjamin Ward Richardson,
+Sims Woodhead, and a few others in England; Forel, Kassowitz and one or
+two more on the Continent, and Nathan S. Davis, T. D. Crothers and J. H.
+Kellogg, in America, were about all that could be quoted largely as
+opposed to alcoholic liquors as remedies in disease. Whisky was then
+looked upon as necessary in the treatment of consumption and diphtheria.
+Ten years have brought about a great change. There are many American
+physicians now willing to admit that they have very little or no use for
+alcoholic liquors as remedial agents, and now, instead of recommending
+whisky for consumption anti-tuberculosis literature almost everywhere
+warns against the use of intoxicating drinks. The use of anti-toxin in
+diphtheria has driven out whisky treatment in that disease with markedly
+favorable results. Under the whisky treatment death-rates ran up to
+fifty-five and sixty per cent.; now the diphtheria death-rate is very
+low. Ten years ago many good authorities still ranked alcohol as a
+stimulant; now, almost all rank it as a depressant. In England, leading
+physicians and surgeons have spoken so strongly against alcohol in the
+last few years that the London _Times_, England's leading newspaper,
+said: "According to recent developments of scientific opinion, it is not
+impossible that a belief in the strengthening and supporting qualities
+of alcohol will eventually become as obsolete as a belief in
+witchcraft."
+
+So far as the writer can learn from replies sent to her inquiries by
+teachers of medicine, and by study of text-books on medicine, and
+articles in good medical journals, alcohol now has only a very limited
+use in medicine with the great majority of successful physicians. Some
+recommend wine in _diabetes mellitus_, saying that it acts less like a
+poison and more like a food in that disease than in any other. Some use
+alcoholic liquors in fevers as a food "to save the burning of tissue,"
+but an article on "Therapeutics" in the _Journal of the American Medical
+Association_, for November 6, 1909, page 1564, says that sugar would
+probably have equal value in such case. The same article says that hot
+baths, with hot lemonade, and a quickly acting cathartic, will abort a
+cold without any need of recourse to alcohol.
+
+The writer wishes here to make grateful acknowledgment of courtesies
+received from busy physicians who have aided materially in her work by
+answering personal letters of inquiry, also letters published in the
+_Journal of the American Medical Association_, by kindness of the
+editor. Especially would she thank those professors of medicine and
+superintendents of large hospitals, who so courteously aided her in
+preparing a paper for the International Congress on Alcoholism, held in
+London, July, 1909, to which she was a delegate, representing the United
+States government. A few of the replies received at that time are given
+in this book. There was not room for all.
+
+She wishes also to acknowledge kindness and much help received from
+pharmacists and druggists in the fight against dangerous patent
+medicines and drug drinks sold at soda fountains. The _Druggists'
+Circular_, of New York, deserves special mention in this connection.
+
+It has been necessary to make many changes in this edition because of
+the changing views on alcohol and the publicity on patent medicines.
+Physicians will find Chapter XVI entirely new, and of great interest.
+
+      M. M. A.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+ALCOHOL.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+HISTORY OF THE STUDY OF ALCOHOL.
+
+
+The only intoxicating drinks known to the ancients were wines and beers.
+That these were used for medicinal as well as beverage purposes is
+evident from sacred and secular history. About the tenth century of the
+Christian era, an Arabian alchemist discovered the art of distillation,
+by which the active principle of fermented liquors could be drawn off
+and separated. To the spirit thus produced the name alcohol was given. A
+plausible reason cited for this name is that the Arabian for evil spirit
+is _Al ghole_, and the effects of the mysterious liquid upon men
+suggested demoniacal possession.
+
+Medical knowledge at this time was very limited: there was no accurate
+way of determining the real nature of the new substance, nor its action
+upon the human system. It could be judged only by its _seeming_ effects.
+As these were pleasing, it was supposed that a great medical discovery
+had been made. The alchemists had been seeking a panacea for all the
+ills to which flesh is heir, indeed for something which would enable men
+even to defy Death, and the subtle new spirit was eagerly proclaimed as
+the long-looked-for cure-all, if not the very _aqua vitæ_ itself.
+Physicians introduced it to their patients, and were lavish in their
+praises of its curative powers. The following is quoted from the
+writings of Theoricus, a prominent German of the sixteenth century, as
+an example of medical opinion of alcohol in his day:--
+
+    "It sloweth age, it strengtheneth youth, it helpeth digestion,
+    it cutteth phlegme, it cureth the hydropsia, it healeth the
+    strangurie, it pounces the stone, it expelleth gravel, it
+    keepeth the head from whirling, the teeth from chattering, and
+    the throat from rattling; it keepeth the weasen from stiffling,
+    the stomach from wambling, and the heart from swelling; it
+    keepeth the hands from shivering, the sinews from shrinking, the
+    veins from crumbling, the bones from aching, and the marrow from
+    soaking."
+
+Being a medicine, which very rapidly creates a craving for itself, the
+demand for it became enormous, and, as time advanced, people began
+prescribing it for themselves, until its use both as medicine and
+beverage became almost general.
+
+If the medical profession is responsible for the wide-spread belief that
+alcoholics are of service to mankind both as food and medicine, it
+should not be forgotten that it is to members of the same profession the
+world is indebted for the correction of these errors. All down through
+the centuries there have been physicians who doubted and opposed its
+claims to merit. It remained for the medical science of the latter half
+of the nineteenth century to clearly demonstrate with nicely adjusted
+chemical apparatus and appliances the wisdom of these doubts.
+
+The scientific study of the effects of alcohol upon the human body began
+about sixty years ago. The first American investigator was Dr. Nathan S.
+Davis, of Chicago, who was the founder of the American Medical
+Association. During the months of May, June, July, September and
+October, 1848, Dr. Davis published in the _Annalist_, a monthly medical
+journal of New York City, a series of articles controverting the
+universal opinion that alcoholic drinks are warming, strengthening and
+nourishing. In 1850 he executed an extensive series of experiments to
+determine the effects of a diet exclusively carbonaceous (starch), one
+exclusively nitrogenous (albumen), and alcohol (brandy and wine), on the
+temperature of the living body; on the quantity of carbonic acid
+exhaled; and on the circulation of the blood. The results of these
+investigations were embodied in a paper read before the American Medical
+Association in May, 1851. They showed that alcohol, instead of
+increasing animal heat, and promoting nutrition and strength, actually
+produced directly opposite effects, reducing temperature, the amount of
+carbonic acid exhaled, and the muscular strength. So opposed were these
+conclusions to the generally accepted teachings of the day that the
+Association did not refer the paper to the committee of publication. It
+was published later in the _Northwestern Medical and Surgical Journal_.
+
+In 1854 Dr. Davis published one of the most remarkable of the numerous
+works which have come from his prolific pen; it was entitled, "A Lecture
+on the Effects of Alcoholic Drinks on the Human System, and the Duty of
+Medical Men in Relation Thereto." This lecture was delivered in Rush
+Medical College, Chicago, on Christmas, 1854. An appendix to the work
+contained a full account of the series of original experiments which the
+author had been conducting in relation to the effect of alcohol upon
+respiration and animal heat, and gave the same conclusions as those
+presented before the A. M. A. several years previously. These
+experiments laid the foundation for the scientific study of the
+physiological effects of alcohol; and their bearing upon the study of
+the temperance question can even yet scarcely be appreciated. They were
+the first experiments which showed conclusively that the effect of
+alcohol is not that of a stimulant, but the opposite.
+
+In 1855 Prof. R. D. Mussey, of Vermont, read an able paper before the
+American Medical Association upon "The Effects of Alcohol in Health and
+Disease," in which he said, "So long as alcohol retains its place among
+sick patients, so long will there be drunkards."
+
+In England as early as 1802, Dr. Beddoes pointed out the dangers
+attendant upon the social and medical use of intoxicating drinks, laying
+stress upon "The enfeebling power of small portions of wine regularly
+drunk." In 1829 Dr. John Cheyne, Physician General to the forces in
+Ireland said:--
+
+    "The benefits which have been supposed from their liberal use in
+    medicine, and especially in those diseases which are vulgarly
+    supposed to depend upon mere weakness, have invested these
+    agents with attributes to which they have no claim, and hence,
+    as we physicians no longer employ them as we were wont to do, we
+    ought not to rest satisfied with the mere acknowledgment of
+    error, but we ought also to make every retribution in our power
+    for having so long upheld one of the most fatal delusions that
+    ever took possession of the human mind."
+
+Dr. Higginbotham, F. R. S., of Nottingham, a keen and able clinical
+practitioner, abandoned the prescription of alcohol in 1832, saying:--
+
+    "I have amply tried both ways. I gave alcohol in my practice for
+    twenty years, and have now practiced without it for the last
+    thirty years or more. My experience is, that acute disease is
+    more readily cured without it, and chronic diseases much more
+    manageable. I have not found a single patient injured by the
+    disuse of alcohol, or a constitution requiring it; indeed, to
+    find either, although I am in my seventy-seventh year, I would
+    walk fifty miles to see such an unnatural phenomenon. If I
+    ordered or allowed alcohol in any form, either as food or as
+    medicine, to a patient, I should certainly do it with a
+    felonious intent."--_Ipswich Tracts. No. 346._
+
+In 1839 Dr. Julius Jeffreys drew up a medical declaration which was
+signed by seventy-eight leaders of medicine and surgery. This document
+declared the opinion to be erroneous that wine, beer or spirit was
+beneficial to health; that even in the most moderate doses, alcoholic
+drinks did no good. This, of course, dealt only with the beverage use of
+alcoholics. In 1847 a second declaration was originated, signed by over
+two thousand of the most eminent physicians and surgeons. This also
+referred only to liquor as a beverage. In 1871 a third declaration,
+signed by two hundred and sixty-nine of the leading members of the
+medical profession was published in the London _Times_.
+
+This declaration was in part as follows:--
+
+    "As it is believed that the inconsiderate prescription of large
+    quantities of alcoholic liquids by medical men for their
+    patients has given rise, in many instances, to the formation of
+    intemperate habits, the undersigned, while unable to abandon the
+    use of alcohol in the treatment of certain cases of disease, are
+    yet of opinion that no medical practitioner should prescribe it
+    without a sense of grave responsibility.
+
+    "They are also of opinion that many people immensely exaggerate
+    the value of alcohol as an article of diet, and they hold that
+    every medical practitioner is bound to exert his utmost
+    influence to inculcate habits of great moderation in the use of
+    alcoholic liquids."
+
+In the same year the American Medical Association passed a resolution
+that "alcohol should be classed with other powerful drugs, and when
+prescribed medically, it should be done with conscientious caution, and
+a sense of great responsibility."
+
+The physicians of New York, Brooklyn and vicinity not long afterward
+published a declaration practically the same as that of the A. M. A.,
+adding: "We are of opinion that the use of alcoholic liquor as a
+beverage is productive of a large amount of physical disease."
+
+The publication of these later declarations was the beginning of a
+marked change in the medical use of alcohol.
+
+In England the scientific temperance movement began with Dr. B. W.
+Richardson, afterwards knighted by Queen Victoria for his great services
+to humanity as a medical philanthropist. Dr. Richardson's success in
+bringing before physicians the remarkable medicinal agent known as
+nitrite of amyl, led to a request from the British Association for the
+Advancement of Science that he investigate other chemical substances.
+The result was that several years of study, beginning with 1863, were
+given to the physiological effects of various alcohols, ethylic alcohol,
+which is the active principle in wines, beers and other intoxicating
+drinks, receiving special attention.
+
+The following is taken from his "Results of Researches on Alcohol":--
+
+    "In my hands ethylic alcohol and other bodies of the same group;
+    viz. methylic, propylic, butylic, and amylic alcohols were
+    tested purely from the physiological point of view. They were
+    tested exclusively as chemical substances apart from any
+    question as to their general use and employment, and free from
+    all bias for or against their influence on mankind for good or
+    for evil.
+
+    "The method of research that was pursued was the same that had
+    been followed in respect to nitrite of amyl, chloroform, ether,
+    and other chemical substances, and it was in the following
+    order: First, the mode in which living bodies would take up or
+    absorb the substance was considered. This settled, the quantity
+    necessary to produce a decided physiological change was
+    ascertained, and was estimated in relation to the weight of the
+    living body on which the observation was made. After these facts
+    were ascertained the special action of the agent was
+    investigated on the blood, on the motion of the heart, on the
+    respiration, on the minute circulation of the blood, on the
+    digestive organs, on the secreting and excreting organs, on the
+    nervous system and brain, on the animal temperature and on the
+    muscular activity. By these processes of inquiry, each specially
+    carried out, I was enabled to test fairly the action of the
+    different chemical agents that came before me. * * * * *
+
+    "The results of these researches were that I learned purely by
+    experimental observation that, in its action on the living body,
+    alcohol deranges the constitution of the blood; unduly excites
+    the heart and respiration; paralyzes the minute blood-vessels;
+    disturbs the regularity of nervous action; lowers the animal
+    temperature, and lessens the muscular power.
+
+    "Such, independent of any prejudice of party or influence of
+    sentiment, are the unanswerable teachings of the sternest of all
+    evidences, the evidences of experiment, of natural fact revealed
+    to man by testing of natural phenomena."
+
+When Dr. Richardson reported to the Association for the Advancement of
+Science the results of his researches so at variance with commonly
+accepted ideas, the Association was as incredulous as the American
+Medical Association had been in 1851 when Dr. Davis gave a similar
+report, and Dr. Richardson's paper was returned to him for correction.
+
+It should be stated here that Dr. Richardson was not a total abstainer
+when he began his study of the effects of alcohol, but became an ardent
+and enthusiastic advocate of total abstinence, and later of
+non-alcoholic medication, because of what he learned by his experiments
+with this drug. He was the first to suggest that scientific temperance
+be taught in the public schools, and he prepared the first text-book
+ever published for this purpose. In 1874 he delivered his famous "Cantor
+Lectures on Alcohol," by request of the Society of Arts. This series of
+lectures created a sensation, being attended by crowds of people, as it
+was the first time that any physician of eminence had spoken from
+experimental evidence in favor of total abstinence.
+
+The agitation begotten in medical circles by the discussion of Dr.
+Richardson's researches upon alcohol led to extensive experimenting upon
+the same line by scientists of England, Continental Europe and America.
+The efforts of the National Woman's Christian Temperance Union of the
+United States, led by that intrepid woman, Mrs. Mary H. Hunt, to
+introduce scientific temperance instruction into public schools gave
+impetus to the study in this country. The call for text-books caused
+publishers to request professors in medical colleges to make minute
+research into the nature and effects of alcohol, that the demands of the
+new educational law might be met. The bitter opposition to these
+temperance education laws was a great stimulant to the scientific study
+of alcohol, for it was hoped by many that the teachings regarding the
+deleterious effects of alcohol might be proved incorrect. Unfortunately
+for the lovers of the bibulous, the proof was all the other way; great
+medical men could not be _bought_ by distillers or brewers to tell
+anything but the truth, and the truth of experimental research was all
+against alcohol. The text-books endorsed by Mrs. Hunt and her advisory
+committee being assailed again and again as containing erroneous
+teaching, were finally, in 1897, submitted to an examining committee of
+medical experts, nearly all of whom were connected with medical
+colleges. This committee consisted of Dr. N. S. Davis, Sr., of Chicago,
+Ill.; Dr. Leartus Connor, of Detroit, Michigan; Dr. Henry Q. Marcy, of
+Boston, Mass.; Dr. E. E. Montgomery, of Philadelphia, Pa.; Dr. Henry D.
+Holton, of Brattleboro, Vt.; and Dr. George F. Shrady, of New York City.
+From their reports upon the books the following is culled:--
+
+    "I find no errors in the teaching of any of them on this
+    subject."
+
+    "No statement was found at variance with the most reliable
+    studies of especially competent investigators."
+
+    "I was asked to point out any errors in these books which need
+    correcting. I find no such errors."
+
+    "I find their teaching completely in accordance with the facts
+    determined through scientific experimentation and
+    investigation."
+
+    "I find them to be in substantial accord with the results of the
+    latest scientific investigations."
+
+Dr. Baer, of Berlin, Germany, the foremost European specialist on the
+subject treated in these text-books, has recently subjected the books to
+rigid examination. He says in his report upon them:--
+
+    "On the basis of the examination I have made I can assert that
+    the above mentioned school text-books, (the endorsed
+    physiologies), in respect to their statements regarding
+    alcoholic drinks contain no teachings which are not in harmony
+    with the attitude of strict science."
+
+Still the opposers of the text-books were not satisfied, and a self
+constituted Committee of Fifty undertook an investigation. Men of
+unquestioned ability were chosen to make researches, but the result of
+their investigations was so different from what was looked for, that,
+with the exception of Professor Atwater's contention for the food value
+of alcohol, the report of the Committee of Fifty did not stir up much
+controversy.
+
+The school text-books deal exclusively with the effects of alcohol used
+as a beverage; for obvious reasons this is all they can do. But as
+intoxicating drinks have been generally supposed to contain great virtue
+as remedial agents, this phase of their nature and effects has not been
+overlooked by those pursuing inquiries concerning them. While full
+agreement has not yet been reached by experts as to the value of
+alcoholic liquids as medicines, it is noteworthy that some of the most
+eminent investigators were led to drop alcohol from their
+pharmaceutical outfit, and the remainder to admit that its sphere of
+usefulness is extremely limited.
+
+There are now medical colleges of high standing where students are
+advised against the use of alcohol as a remedy; hospitals are gradually
+using it less and less, some entirely discarding it; and many
+progressive physicians, while saying nothing as to their position upon
+the alcohol question, yet show their lack of faith in this drug by
+ignoring it unless patients or their friends desire it.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+THE WOMAN'S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNION
+IN OPPOSITION TO ALCOHOL AS MEDICINE.
+
+
+When the W. C. T. U. was first organized there was no thought among its
+members of antagonizing the use of alcohol in medicine. One almost
+immediate result of the organization, however, was that the women began
+to study the causes of inebriety, and prominent among the prevailing
+influences leading to drunkenness they found the medical use of
+alcoholics. The early efforts of these women were chiefly in rescue work
+through Gospel temperance meetings, and visitations of jails and
+poor-houses. By reason of this contact with the effects of inebriety
+they learned many sad tales of ruined lives, blighted homes and lost
+souls, through the appetite for strong drink created, or aroused, by
+alcoholic prescription. They saw, as time passed, that some of the
+drunkards reclaimed through their influence lapsed again into their evil
+habits because a little beer, or wine, "for the stomach's sake," or some
+other sake, had been advised them. Some of the workers had this trouble
+in their own homes, husband, son or other relative enslaved to alcohol
+through prescription in disease. Is it any wonder that women of the
+spirit of the Crusaders, having once had their attention thoroughly
+aroused to the danger of alcohol in medicine, should begin to examine
+this stronghold of the enemy to discover, if possible, whether or not,
+his fortress, the medicine-chest, was impregnable? Greatly to their joy
+they found that the medical profession was not a unit in commending
+alcoholics as remedial agencies, that all along since alcohol came into
+common use there have been physicians who distrusted, and opposed it.
+They learned, too, that some of the most distinguished physicians of
+America and of England were using little or no alcohol in their
+practice, and that a hospital had been established in London, England,
+which was clearly demonstrating the superiority of non-alcoholic
+medication by its small death-rate in comparison with hospitals using
+alcohol.
+
+This knowledge encouraged those possessing it so that they began to
+refuse alcoholics as remedies in their own households, and rarely did
+they find physicians unwilling or unable to supply another agent when
+asked to do so, and thousands of women can now testify to the fact of
+having recovered from ill health without the wine, beer or brandy they
+were advised to take. So the W. C. T. U. discovered several good reasons
+for opposing alcohol in medicine.
+
+    1. Its liability to create or revive an uncontrollable appetite.
+
+    2. A considerable number of the leading physicians of America
+    and of Great Britain discard it from their list of remedies,
+    considering it harmful rather than helpful.
+
+    3. The lessened mortality consequent upon its entire disuse
+    demonstrated by the London Temperance Hospital.
+
+    4. By their own experience they knew that alcohol is not
+    necessary to the restoration of health, nor to the upbuilding of
+    strength.
+
+The first active work touching the medical use of alcohol was a memorial
+from the National W. C. T. U. to the International Medical Congress of
+1876, which met in Washington, D. C. This memorial was suggested by Miss
+Frances E. Willard, and co-operated in by the National Temperance
+Society. It asked for a deliverance from the Congress upon alcohol as a
+food and as a medicine.
+
+The Congress was divided into sections for the more thorough discussion
+of the various topics. Upon the program was a paper on "The Therapeutic
+Value of Alcohol as Food, and as a Medicine," by Ezra M. Hunt, M. D.,
+delegate from the New Jersey Medical Society. This paper was read before
+the "Section on Medicine," and, after earnest discussion, the
+conclusions of the author were adopted "quite unanimously" as the
+sentiments of the Section on Medicine. As such they were reported for
+acceptance to the General Congress, and by it ordered to be transmitted
+as a reply to the memorialists.
+
+The report was published in full by the National Temperance Society, and
+may be obtained from it in paper binding for twenty-five cents. As it
+makes a book of 137 pages the conclusions only will be quoted here. They
+are as follows:--
+
+    1. "Alcohol is not shown to have a definite food value by any of
+    the usual methods of chemical analysis or physiological
+    investigation.
+
+    2. "Its use as a medicine is chiefly that of a cardiac
+    stimulant, and often admits of substitution.
+
+    3. "As a medicine it is not well fitted for self-prescription by
+    the laity, and the medical profession is not accountable for
+    such administration, or for the enormous evil arising therefrom.
+
+    4. "The purity of alcoholic liquors is in general not as well
+    assured as that of articles used for medicine should be. The
+    various mixtures when used as medicine should have definite and
+    known composition, and should not be interchanged
+    promiscuously."
+
+It is matter for sincere regret that this deliverance was not, in some
+way, brought prominently before every physician in the land. There are,
+doubtless, thousands of physicians who never heard of it, and,
+consequently have never been influenced by it to doubt the utility of
+the popular brandy bottle.
+
+In 1883 Mrs. Mary Towne Burt, President of New York State W. C. T. U.,
+in her annual address, suggested that a department of work be created to
+endeavor to induce physicians to not prescribe alcohol, unless in such
+cases as allowed of the use of no other agent. Mrs. (Rev.) J. Butler, of
+Fairport, was the first superintendent of this department, which was
+named, "Influencing Physicians to not Prescribe Alcoholics as
+Medicines." The National W. C. T. U. adopted the department in 1883,
+but soon dropped it. In 1895 it was reinstated and Mrs. Martha M. Allen,
+New York's superintendent, was made national superintendent. In 1905 the
+name of the department was changed from Non-Alcoholic Medication, which
+it had borne for fifteen years, to Medical Temperance.
+
+The objects of this department of work are:
+
+1. To inform the public of the objections to the medical use of
+alcoholic drinks now held by many successful physicians.
+
+2. To show the dangers in the home-prescription of alcohol and other
+powerful drugs.
+
+3. To expose fraudulent and dangerous proprietary and "patent" medicines
+and liquid "foods," the main ingredients of which are alcohol and
+morphine.
+
+4. To use persuasion with publishers of newspapers and magazines against
+fraudulent medical advertising. Also to seek legislation which shall
+hinder such advertising.
+
+5. To endeavor to win the attention of physicians who prescribe
+alcoholic liquors to the teachings of great leaders in their profession
+who have abandoned such practice.
+
+6. To bring to the attention of nurses the same teachings, and to seek
+their co-operation in education against the self-prescription of
+alcohol.
+
+7. To work for legislation which shall correct the evils of the whisky
+drug-store, the whisky-prescribing doctor, and the dangerous "patent"
+medicine.
+
+8. To gather the opinions upon alcohol of well-known physicians who do
+not use it, and publish them.
+
+This department originated the public agitation against injurious and
+fraudulent "patent" medicines which later was so ably carried on by
+_Collier's Weekly_, and the _Ladies' Home Journal_. That its early work
+in this direction was not better known to the general public was due to
+the fact that religious as well as secular papers were reaping large
+revenues from the advertising of these nostrums, and consequently
+refused to publish anything which might injure the trade. Indeed, in
+accepting some of this advertising, newspaper managers had to sign a
+contract that they would not publish any reading matter opposed to the
+nostrum business.
+
+The _Christian Advocate_ of New York city deserves special mention for
+having published in 1898 two articles written by Mrs. Allen under the
+caption, "The Danger and Harmfulness of Patent Medicines." These were in
+the fall of that year published in pamphlet form, and a copy sent to
+every local W. C. T. U. in the United States for study. Tens of
+thousands of copies of this and other leaflets on that theme were
+distributed within a few years, some local unions placing them in every
+home in their community. Medical journals took note of this work and
+commended it highly. When Mr. Bok began his campaign of education in the
+_Ladies' Home Journal_, for which he deserves lasting gratitude, the
+_American Druggist_ said he was "bowing to the clamor of the W. C. T.
+U."
+
+This department which began in weakness, and was for years regarded as
+fanatical even by many members of the W. C. T. U. has entered upon an
+era of victories. The National Pure Food Law requires the percentage of
+alcohol in patent medicines, and the presence of different dangerous
+drugs, to be stated upon the label. The prohibition law of Georgia
+forbids physicians to prescribe alcoholic beverages, absolute alcohol
+only being permitted. Kansas has amended her law so that whisky
+drug-stores are eliminated. If physicians prescribe alcohol the law
+forbids charge for it. Alabama forbids the sale of liquor for everything
+but the communion. The Internal Revenue Department has examined a large
+number of "patent" medicines and has listed them as intoxicating
+beverages. Two state medical societies and some county societies in 1908
+passed resolutions to discourage the medical use of alcoholic liquors.
+Two national societies of druggists and pharmacists in 1908 passed
+resolutions against whiskey drug-stores.
+
+These are some of the results of Medical Temperance agitation. Much more
+may be expected in the next decade if the work is as faithfully and
+fearlessly carried on as in the past.
+
+This book contains much of the teachings of the department of Medical
+Temperance. When these views are generally accepted the liquor-problem
+will be well-nigh solved.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+ALCOHOL AS A PRODUCER OF DISEASE.
+
+
+That alcohol is a poison is attested by all chemists and other
+scientific men; taken undiluted it destroys the vitality of the tissues
+of the body with which it comes in contact as readily as creosote, or
+pure carbolic acid. The term _intoxicating_ applied to beverages
+containing it refers to its poisonous nature, the word being derived
+from the Greek _toxicon_, which signifies a _bow_ or an _arrow_; the
+barbarians poisoned their arrows, hence, _toxicum_ in Latin was used to
+signify poison; from this comes the English term _toxicology_, which is
+the science treating of _poisons_. Druggists in selling proof spirits
+usually label the bottle, "Poison." Apart from the testimony of science
+in regard to its poisonous nature, it is commonly known that large doses
+of brandy or whisky will speedily cause death, particularly in those
+unaccustomed to their use. The newspapers frequently contain items
+regarding the death of children who have had access to whisky, and drunk
+freely of it. Cases are reported, too, of men, habituated to drink, who
+after tossing off several glasses of brandy at the bar of a saloon have
+suddenly dropped dead.
+
+Dr. Mussey says:--
+
+    "A poison is that substance, in whatever form it may be, which,
+    when applied to a living surface, disconcerts and disturbs
+    life's healthy movements. It is altogether distinct from
+    substances which are in their nature nutritious. It is not
+    capable of being converted into food, and becoming a part of the
+    living organs. We all know that proper food is wrought into our
+    bodies; the action of animal life occasions a constant waste,
+    and new matter has to be taken in, which, after digestion, is
+    carried into the blood, and then changed; but poison is
+    incapable of this. It may indeed be mixed with nutritious
+    substances, but if it goes into the blood, it is thrown off as
+    soon as the system can accomplish its deliverance, if it has not
+    been too far enfeebled by the influence of the poison. Such a
+    poison is alcohol--such in all its forms mix it with what you
+    may."
+
+Dr. Nathan S. Davis said in an address given in 1891:--
+
+    "When largely diluted with water, as it is in all the varieties
+    of fermented and distilled liquids, and taken into the stomach,
+    it is rapidly imbibed, or taken up by the capillary vessels and
+    carried into the venous blood, without having undergone any
+    digestion or change in the stomach. With the blood it is carried
+    to every part, and made to penetrate every tissue of the living
+    body, where it has been detected by proper chemical tests as
+    unchanged alcohol, until it has been removed through the natural
+    process of elimination, or lost its identity by molecular
+    combination with the albuminous elements of the blood and
+    tissues, for which it has a strong affinity.
+
+    "The most varied and painstaking experiments of chemists and
+    physiologists, both in this country and Europe, have shown
+    conclusively that the presence of alcohol in the blood
+    diminishes the amount of oxygen taken up through the air-cells
+    of the lungs; retards the molecular and metabolic changes of
+    both nutrition and waste throughout the system and diminishes
+    the sensibility and action of the nervous structures in direct
+    proportion to the quantity of alcohol present. By its stronger
+    affinity for water and albumen, with which it readily unites in
+    all proportions, it so alters the hemaglobin of the blood as to
+    lessen its power to take the oxygen from the air-cells of the
+    lungs and carry it as oxyhemaglobia to all the tissues of the
+    body; and by the same affinity it retards all atomic or
+    molecular changes in the muscular, secretory and nervous
+    structures; and in the same ratio it diminishes the elimination
+    of carbon-dioxide, phosphates, heat and nerve force. In other
+    words, its presence diminishes all the physical phenomena of
+    life.
+
+    "I say, then, that from the facts hitherto adduced, whether from
+    accurate experimental investigations in different countries,
+    from the pathological results developed in the most scientific
+    societies, from the most reliable statistics of sickness and
+    mortality, as influenced by occupations and social habits, or
+    from the life insurance records kept on a uniform basis through
+    periods of ten, twenty, thirty or even forty years, it is
+    clearly shown that alcohol when taken into the human system not
+    only acts upon the nervous system, perverting its sensibility,
+    and, if increased in quantity, causing intoxication or
+    insensibility, but it also, _even in small quantities_, lessens
+    the oxygenation and decarbonization of the blood and retards the
+    molecular changes in the structures of the body. When these
+    effects are continued through months and years, as in the most
+    temperate class of drinkers, _they lead to permanent structural
+    changes, most prominently in the liver, kidneys, stomach, heart,
+    blood-vessels and nerve structures, and lessen the natural
+    duration of life in the aggregate from ten to fifteen years_.
+    Consequently there is no greater, nor more destructive error
+    existing in the public mind than the belief that the use of
+    fermented and distilled drinks does no harm so long as they do
+    not intoxicate.
+
+    "Another popular error is the opinion that the substitution of
+    the different varieties of beer and wine in the place of
+    distilled liquors promotes temperance, and lessens the evil
+    effects of alcohol on the health and morals of those who use
+    them. Accurate investigations show that beer and wine drinkers
+    generally consume more alcohol per man than the spirit drinkers;
+    and while they are not as often intoxicated, they suffer fully
+    as much from diseases and premature death as do those who use
+    distilled spirits. Again, the beer drinker drinks more nearly
+    every day, and thereby keeps some alcohol in his blood more
+    constantly; while a large percentage of spirit drinkers drink
+    only periodically, leaving considerable intervals of abstinence,
+    during which the tissues regain nearly their natural condition.
+    The more constant and persistent is the presence of alcohol in
+    the blood and the tissues, even in moderate quantity, the more
+    certainly does it lead to perverted and degenerative changes in
+    the tissues, _ending in renal _(kidney)_ and hepatic _(liver)_
+    dropsies, cardiac _(heart)_ failures, gout, apoplexy and
+    paralysis_."
+
+Sir B. W. Richardson says:--
+
+    "Alcohol produces many diseases; and it constantly happens that
+    persons die of diseases which have their origin solely in the
+    drinking of alcohol, while the cause itself is never for a
+    moment suspected. A man may say quite truthfully that he never
+    was tipsy in the whole course of his life; and yet it is quite
+    possible that such a man may die of disease caused by the
+    alcohol he has taken, and by no other cause whatever. This is
+    one of the most dreadful evils of alcohol, that it kills
+    insidiously, as if it were doing no harm, or as if it were doing
+    good, while it is destroying life. Another great evil of it is
+    that it assails so many different parts of the body. It hardly
+    seems credible at first sight that the same agent can give rise
+    to the many different kinds of diseases it does give rise to. In
+    fact, the universality of its action has blinded even learned
+    men as to its potency for destruction.
+
+    "Step by step, however, we have now discovered that its modes of
+    action are all very simple, and are all the same in character;
+    and that the differences that have been and are seen in
+    different persons under its influence are due mainly to the
+    organs, or organ, which first give way under it. Thus, if the
+    stomach gives way first, we say that the person has indigestion
+    or dyspepsia, or failure of the stomach; if the brain gives way
+    first, we say the person has paralysis, or apoplexy, or brain
+    disease; if the liver gives way first, we say the man has liver
+    disease, and so on.
+
+    "All persons who indulge much in any form of alcoholic drink are
+    troubled with indigestion. When they wake in the morning they
+    find their mouth dry, their tongue coated, and their appetite
+    bad. In course of time they become confirmed 'dyspeptics,' and
+    as many of them find a temporary relief from the distress at the
+    stomach, and the deficient appetite from which they suffer by
+    taking more liquor, they increase the quantity taken, and so
+    make matters much worse. * * * * *
+
+    "There are a great number of diseases caused by alcohol, some of
+    which are known by terms that do not convey to the mind what
+    really has been the cause of the diseases." They are:
+
+(a) Diseases of the brain and nervous system: indicated by such names
+as apoplexy, epilepsy, paralysis, vertigo, softening of the brain,
+delirium tremens, loss of memory and that general failure of the mental
+power called dementia. (b) Diseases of the lungs: one form of
+consumption, congestion and subsequent bronchitis. (c) Diseases of the
+heart: irregular beat, feebleness of the muscular walls, dilation,
+disease of the valves. (d) Diseases of the blood: scurvy, dropsy,
+separation of fibrine. (e) Diseases of the stomach: feebleness of the
+stomach and indigestion, flatulency, irritation and sometimes
+inflammation. (f) Diseases of the bowels: relaxation or purging,
+irritation. (g) Diseases of the liver: congestion, hardening and
+shrinking cirrhosis. (h) Diseases of the kidneys: change of structure
+into fatty or waxy-like condition and other changes leading to dropsy.
+(i) Diseases of the muscles: fatty changes in the muscles, by which
+they lose their power for proper active contraction. (j) Diseases of
+the membranes of the body: thickening and loss of elasticity, by which
+the parts wrapped up in the membrane are impaired for use, and premature
+decay is induced.
+
+But it constantly happens that when deaths from these diseases are
+recorded and alcohol has been the primary cause, some other cause is
+believed to have been at work.
+
+While drinking parents by virtue of a strong constitution sometimes
+escape the penalty of their bibulous habit, it is not uncommon to see
+their children suffering from some disease or nervous weakness such as
+is caused by alcohol, "the sins of the father being visited upon the
+children."
+
+Erasmus Darwin says upon this point:--
+
+    "It is remarkable that all the diseases from drinking spirituous
+    or fermented liquors are liable to become hereditary, even to
+    the third generation, gradually increasing, if the cause be
+    continued, till the family become extinct."
+
+Prof. Christison, of Edinburgh, in answer to inquiries from the
+Massachusetts State Board of Health, says of general diseases due to
+alcohol:--
+
+    "I recognize certain diseases which originate in the vice of
+    drunkenness alone, which are _delirium tremens_, cirrhosis of
+    the liver, many cases of Bright's disease of the kidneys, and
+    dipsomania, or insane drunkenness.
+
+    "Then I recognize many other diseases in regard to which excess
+    in alcoholics acts as a powerful predisposing cause, such as
+    gout, gravel, aneurism, paralysis, apoplexy, epilepsy, cystitis,
+    premature incontinence of urine, erysipelas, spreading cellular
+    inflammation, tendency of wounds and sores to gangrene,
+    inability of the constitution to resist the attacks of
+    epidemics. I have had a fearful amount of experience of
+    continued fever in our infirmary during many epidemics, and in
+    all my experience I have only once known an intemperate man of
+    forty and upwards to recover."
+
+Professor Christison also claims that three-fourths, or even
+four-fifths, of Bright's disease in Scotland is produced by alcohol.
+
+Dr. C. Murchison, in speaking of alcohol as a preventive of disease,
+says:--
+
+    "There is no greater error than to imagine that a liberal
+    allowance of alcoholic liquids fortifies the system against
+    contagious diseases."
+
+In a paper read before the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society, Oct.
+22, 1872, Dr. W. Dickinson gave the following conclusions:--
+
+    "Alcohol causes fatty infiltration and fibrous encroachments; it
+    engenders tubercles; encourages suppuration, and retards
+    healing; it produces untimely atheroma (a form of fatty
+    degeneration of the inner coats of the arteries), invites
+    hemorrhage, and anticipates old age. The most constant fatty
+    changes, replacement by oil of the material of epithelial cells
+    and muscular fibres, though probably nearly universal, is most
+    noticeable in the liver, the heart and the kidneys. _Drink
+    causes tuberculosis_, which is evident not only in the lungs,
+    but in every amenable organ."
+
+Dr. William Hargreaves says:--
+
+    "Brandy is not a prophylactic. To the temperate it is an active,
+    exciting cause. It is well known that a single act of
+    intemperance during the prevalence of cholera, will often
+    produce a fatal attack. The sense of warmth and irritation
+    (called stimulation) produced by alcoholic liquors, has led to
+    the erroneous notion that they may prevent cholera. But the
+    contrary we have seen is the truth, for the effects of
+    alcoholics are to reduce the temperature of the body, and
+    instead of stimulating, they narcotize, and reduce the
+    life-forces, and predispose the system to all kinds of disease."
+
+The following testimonies are culled from the writings of eminent
+physicians:--
+
+    Sir Andrew Clark, M. D., F. R. C. P., London, Physician in
+    Ordinary to the Queen, Senior Physician at the London Hospital:
+    "As I looked at the hospital wards to-day, and saw that seven
+    out of ten owed their diseases to alcohol, I could but lament
+    that the teaching about this question is not more direct, more
+    decisive and more home-thrusting. * * * * * Can I say to you any
+    words stronger than these of the terrible effects of alcohol?
+    When I think of this I am disposed to give up my profession, and
+    go forth upon a holy crusade, preaching to all men--_Beware of
+    this enemy of the race._"
+
+    Sir William Gull, F. R. S. (late Physician to her Majesty): "I
+    should say, from my experience, that alcohol is the most
+    destructive agent that we are aware of in this country. I would
+    like to say that a very large number of people in society are
+    dying day by day, poisoned by alcohol, but not supposed to be
+    poisoned by it."
+
+    Dr. Abernethy: "If people will leave off drinking alcohol, live
+    plainly, and take very little medicine they will find that many
+    disorders will be relieved by this treatment alone."
+
+    Dr. Forel, of the University of Zurich, Switzerland: "Life is
+    considerably shortened by the use of alcohol in large
+    quantities. But a moderate consumption of the same also shortens
+    life by an average of five to six years. This is consistently
+    and unequivocally seen in the statistics kept for thirty years
+    by English insurance companies, with special sections for
+    abstainers. They give a large discount, and still make more
+    profit, as not nearly so many deaths occur as might be expected
+    under the usual calculations. According to federal statistics in
+    the fifteen largest towns of Switzerland, over ten per cent. of
+    the men over twenty years of age die solely, or partly of
+    alcoholism."
+
+    Dr. J. H. Kellogg, Battle Creek, Mich.: "Every organ feels the
+    effect of the abuse through indulgence in alcohol, and no
+    function is left undisturbed. By degrees, disordered function,
+    through long continuance of the disturbance, induces tissue
+    change. The most common form of organic or structural disease
+    due to alcohol is fatty degeneration, which may effect almost
+    every organ in the body. * * * * * No class of persons are so
+    subject to nervous diseases due to degeneration of nerves and
+    nerve-centres as drinkers. Partial or general paralysis,
+    locomotor ataxia, epilepsy and a host of other nervous
+    disorders, are directly traceable to the use of alcohol."
+
+One of the visiting physicians of Bellevue Hospital, New York, states
+that at least two-thirds of all the diseases treated there originated in
+drink.
+
+    Dr. W. A. Hammond: "It is of all causes most prolific in
+    exciting derangements of the brain, the spinal cord, and the
+    nerves."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+TEMPERANCE HOSPITALS.
+
+
+THE LONDON TEMPERANCE HOSPITAL.
+
+In 1865 Dr. S. Nicholls, medical officer of the Longford Poor-law Union,
+published a report of the results of non-alcoholic treatment of disease
+as practiced by him for sixteen years in the institutions under his
+control. The figures for 1865 were:--
+
+                        ADMITTED.     RECOVERED.     DIED.
+
+  Fever,                  142            135           7
+  Scarlatina,              33             30           3
+  Small-pox,               48             47           1
+  Measles,                  8              8           0
+                          ---            ---         ---
+                          231            220          11
+
+_The treatment was altogether without wines, spirits or alcohol in any
+form._
+
+The death-rate reported by Dr. Nicholls was so small that some of the
+more observing and progressive physicians were led by it to begin
+similar experiments in the disuse of alcohol in other hospitals. Among
+these was Dr. James Edmunds, senior physician at the Lying-In Hospital,
+London. The experiments continued a year with a reduced death-rate
+among both mothers and children. But the great brewers of London, who
+contributed largely to the support of this hospital raised such a storm
+of opposition to the discontinuance of alcoholic liquors that the
+experiments had to be abandoned.
+
+The establishment of a temperance hospital was now suggested, and in
+October, 1873, a temporary institution was opened in Gower Street,
+accommodating only seventeen in-patients at one time. Later a fine site
+was secured on Hampstead Road, and in 1881 the east wing and centre were
+opened by the Lord Mayor of London. In 1885 the west wing was finished,
+and the opening ceremonies conducted by the Bishop of London.
+
+At the time of the launching of this enterprise, wine and spirits were
+literally "poured into" sick persons, with frightful results.
+Death-rates were enormous. The success of the Temperance Hospital has no
+doubt had much to do in modifying this abuse. Its death-rate, on an
+average, has been only 6 per cent. throughout the years since its
+beginning. This is lower than that of any other general hospital in
+London, and certainly proves conclusively that alcohol is not necessary
+in the treatment of disease. The physicians connected with it have been
+men of eminence in the profession, such as Dr. James Edmunds, Dr. J. J.
+Ridge and Sir B. W. Richardson.
+
+The visiting staff is not compelled to pledge disuse of alcohol, but is
+required to report if it is used. During all these years it has been
+given only seventeen times, then almost entirely in surgical cases, and
+in nearly all of these a fatal result proved it to be useless. The
+patients who are restored to health leave without having had aroused or
+implanted in them a desire for alcoholic liquors, neither have they been
+taught to regard them as valuable aids to the recovery of health and
+strength. On the contrary, there have been many who have come in,
+suffering from this delusion, who have had it thoroughly dispelled, both
+by their own experience and the experience of their fellow patients.
+
+Sir B. W. Richardson took charge of this hospital from 1892 until his
+death in 1897. In his report in 1893 he said:--
+
+    "I remember quite well when according to custom, I should have
+    prescribed alcohol in all those cases that were not actually
+    inflammatory (speaking of diseases of the alimentary system);
+    but I never remember having seen such quick and sound recoveries
+    as those which have followed the non-alcoholic method."
+
+The following selection showing points of practice in this hospital is
+taken from the same report:
+
+    "For medicinal purposes, we are as free as possible from all
+    complexity. We use glycerine for making what may be called our
+    tinctures, and in my clinique I am introducing a series of
+    'waters'--aqua ferri, aqua chloroformi, aqua opii, aqua quinæ,
+    and so on--to form the menstruums of other active drugs when
+    they are called for. I also follow the plan of having the
+    medicines administered with a free quantity of water, and with
+    as accurate a dosage as can be obtained, for I agree with Mr.
+    Spender's original proposition that the administration of
+    medicines in comparatively small and frequent doses is more
+    effective and useful than the more common plan of large doses
+    given at long intervals.
+
+    "I treat many cases by inhalation, and for this end I use oxygen
+    in a new and, I hope, efficient manner. I make oxygen gas a
+    medium for carrying other volatile substances that admit of
+    being inhaled with it. The mode is very simple. * * * * * In the
+    pneumonic and bronchial cases the treatment has been of the
+    simple and sustaining kind. The medicines that have been given
+    during the acute febrile stages have been chiefly liquor ammoniæ
+    acetatis and carbonate of ammonia in small and frequently
+    repeated doses. The patients have all been well and carefully
+    fed on the milk and middle diet until convalescence was
+    declared. In some of the more extreme instances, where there was
+    fear of collapse from separation of fibrine in the heart or
+    pulmonary artery, ammonia has been given freely according to the
+    method I have for so many years inculcated. I have also in cases
+    of depression under which fibrinous separation is so easily
+    developed, lighted on a mode of administering ammonia which
+    combines feeding with the medicine. I direct that a three or
+    five-grain tabloid of bicarbonate of ammonia shall be dissolved
+    in a cup of coffee or of coffee with milk, and be taken by the
+    patient in that manner. The coffee can be sweetened with sugar
+    if that is desired by the patient, and the ammonia can be so
+    administered without any objectionable taste to the beverage.
+    After what is called the crisis in acute pneumonia, I administer
+    very little medicine of any kind; I trust rather to careful
+    feeding with an occasional alterative or expectorant, as may be
+    required. * * * * * I am satisfied that no aid I could have
+    derived from alcoholic stimulants, as they are called, could
+    have bettered my results. I feel sure any candid medical brother
+    who will have the steady courage to put aside many old and
+    unproven, though much-practiced, methods, based only on
+    unquestioning and unquestioned experience, and to move into
+    these new fields of observation and experience, will, in the
+    end, find no fault with me for leaving a track which, though it
+    be beaten very firmly and be very wide and smooth to traverse,
+    may not, after all, be the surest and soundest path to the
+    golden gate of cure."
+
+
+THE FRANCES E. WILLARD NATIONAL TEMPERANCE HOSPITAL.
+
+This hospital is situated at 343-349 South Lincoln Street, Chicago, in a
+handsome and well-equipped building. It is connected with a medical
+school. The history of its origin is best told in the words of the woman
+to whom the conception of such an institution first came, Dr. Mary Weeks
+Burnett, for several years the physician in charge:--
+
+    "In the fall of 1883 there came to a few of us the thought that
+    there was a point of weakness in the temperance pledge. It
+    reads, 'We promise to abstain from all liquors--_as a
+    beverage_.' We had found in many instances in reform work that
+    pledging to abstain from liquor 'as a beverage,' and leaving the
+    victim to the unlimited use of it in physicians' prescriptions,
+    was simply a skirmish with the devil's outposts, that the
+    conflict, based upon these grounds, was short, and defeat almost
+    sure; and the great fact remained that the innermost recesses of
+    evil force and power were by this pledge still left unassailed.
+    We found that this power of evil had largely entered the homes
+    of our land through the family physicians, and that willingly or
+    not, the physicians were being used to bring in even our
+    innocent children as recruits to this unrighteous warfare.
+
+    "Now, how could we hope to eliminate those three little words
+    'as a beverage' from our pledge?
+
+    "In some way we must bring about an arrest of thought in the
+    minds of 100,000 men and women physicians whose medical
+    education warranted them in supposing that they knew that of
+    alcohol which justified them in its full and free use in medical
+    practice. Nothing short of a great national object lesson could
+    ever convict and convert this broad constituency through which
+    the power of darkness is doing his deadliest work.
+
+    "In January, 1884, four of us met and organized under the name
+    of the National Temperance Hospital. To have our sick properly
+    cared for in our hospital we found that we should be obliged to
+    train our own nurses. The nurse who has always been accustomed
+    to administering alcohol under the physician's prescription at
+    all times and under all circumstances, and to administering it
+    herself at her own discretion if the physician is not at hand,
+    is a terror to the temperance physician. So we included in our
+    charter a Training School for Nurses. It is now open, and we
+    expect, as the years go by, to send out armed with our training
+    school diplomas, grand, noble women and men thoroughly trained
+    in true temperance methods for relieving the sick.
+
+    "Our organization lived on paper, and was sustained in purpose
+    by prayer and planning for two years. In September, 1885, Mr. R.
+    G. Peters, of Manistee, Michigan, signified to us his intention
+    to give $50,000 toward our buildings whenever we had
+    satisfactorily materialized. About the same time a good old
+    gentleman in Michigan placed in his will for us $2,500. The dear
+    man is still living, and we hope will live many years. Even the
+    money when it comes can never be of greater service to us than
+    was the knowledge at that time that the Lord was our leader and
+    was raising up helpers in the work.
+
+    "In January, 1886, we found, according to the law under which
+    our charter was obtained, that we must commence active
+    operations at once, or obtain a new charter. After a blessed
+    season of prayer and counseling together in the board meeting
+    held January 29, there being present only the members of the
+    board at that time, Mrs. Plumb offered to advance $3,500, if
+    necessary, toward the expenses for the first year. We accepted
+    it with great thankfulness, rented a building the 15th of
+    March, 1886, and formally opened the National Temperance
+    Hospital on the 4th of May, 1886.
+
+    "In April, 1886, we took a firm stand upon the alcohol question,
+    and decided to eliminate it entirely from our list of
+    therapeutics, as we had become convinced that there were better
+    and more reliable remedies as stimulants and tonics.
+
+    "In September, 1886, at our annual meeting, we reaffirmed this
+    decision, and we now have the following as one of the articles
+    of our constitution: 'All medicines used in the hospital must be
+    prepared without alcohol, and all physicians accepting positions
+    on the medical staff of the hospital or dispensary must pledge
+    themselves not to administer alcohol in any form to any patient
+    in hospital or dispensary, nor to call in counsel for such
+    patients any physician who will advise the use of alcohol.
+
+    "Any physician of pure character, and in good standing, who is a
+    total abstainer from liquor and tobacco can, by subscribing to
+    this pledge, become a member of our physicians' association, and
+    if so desired, be placed upon the visiting and consulting staff
+    of the hospital.
+
+    "The cases treated in the hospital include many of the serious
+    medical and surgical maladies. In no case has any particle of
+    alcohol been used, and the usual inflammatory secondary symptoms
+    resulting when alcohol is used have been entirely avoided.
+
+    "Our course of building-up treatment is, we believe, unique in
+    hospital practice. It consists of treatment by massage, heat,
+    rest, passive exercise, etc., together with proper medication
+    and a thoroughly nutritious diet adapted to the individual needs
+    of the patient.
+
+    "To alleviate, and, if possible, cure disease, is the design of
+    all hospital treatment. In our hospital we seek to gain this
+    result by means which the highest science of the day approves,
+    and in addition to this we have especially at heart the
+    advancement of the temperance reform. There are, we believe,
+    thousands of temperance adherents, who do not yet fully
+    apprehend the importance of this hospital to the permanent
+    extension and progress of temperance principles. Although
+    prohibition as a _principle_ has been accepted by many, yet in
+    its _practical application_ in the home in serious illness, it
+    is still feared by the immense majority of even our strongest
+    prohibitionists. We are organized upon the basis _no alcohol in
+    medicine_, and we are preparing to demonstrate fully and
+    scientifically, so he who runs may read, that as in health, so
+    in disease and accident, alcohol in any form works to the
+    hindrance and injury of the vital forces, and prevents the
+    establishment and advancement of health processes in the
+    system."
+
+At the opening of the hospital, May 4, 1886, Miss Frances E. Willard,
+the president of the National W. C. T. U., gave the following address:
+
+    "Nothing is changeless except change. The conservatives of one
+    epoch are the madmen of the next, even as the radicals of to-day
+    would have been the lunatics of yesterday. To prove this, just
+    imagine the founders of this hospital declaring to my
+    great-grandfather that because he had taken a cold was no reason
+    why he should take a toddy; and _per contra_, imagine my
+    great-grandfather's doctor marching into our presence here and
+    now, with saddle-bags on arm, and after treating us each to a
+    glass of grog for our stomach's sake, giving us a scientific
+    disquisition on the sovereign virtues of the blue pill, and
+    informing us that bleeding, cupping and starvation were the
+    surest methods of cure!
+
+    "That the story of Evolution is true I am by no means certain,
+    but that 'We, Us, and Company,' are 'evoluting' with electric
+    speed ourselves it is useless to deny. This very hospital is the
+    latest mile-stone on the highway of progress in the American
+    temperance reform. The conditions that have made its existence
+    possible have developed in this country within about twelve
+    years.
+
+    "Public opinion, that mightiest of magicians, has within that
+    time been educated up to this level and has said in its
+    omnipotence: 'Hospital, be!' and, behold, the hospital _is_.
+
+    "When I joined the ranks of temperance workers in 1874, a
+    thought so adventurous as that alcoholics in relation to
+    medicine were a curse and not a blessing had never lodged within
+    my cranium. But, as in duty bound, I studied the subject from
+    the practical, which is the nineteenth century standpoint.
+
+    "I investigated the cause of inebriety, and found the medical
+    use of alcoholic stimulants a prominent factor in this horrible
+    result; I sought for expert testimony, and found Dr. N. S.
+    Davis, ex-President American Medical Association, saying 'that
+    in his ample clinical practice he had for over thirty years
+    tested the medical uses of alcoholics, and had _found no case of
+    disease and no emergency arising from accident that he could not
+    treat more successfully without any form of fermented or
+    distilled liquors than with_'; found Dr. James R. Nichols, of
+    Boston, so long editor of _The Journal of Chemistry_, declaring
+    as his deliberate scientific opinion that the entire banishment
+    of these liquors 'would not deprive us of a single one of the
+    indispensable agents which modern civilization demands'; found
+    Dr. Green, of Boston, saying before the physicians of that city
+    that it is upon the members of the medical profession and the
+    exceptional laws which it has always demanded, that the whole
+    liquor fraternity depends more than upon anything else to screen
+    it from opprobrium and just punishment for the evils it entails,
+    and that after thirty years of professional experience he felt
+    assured that alcoholic stimulants are not required as medicines,
+    and that many, if not a majority of the best physicians, now
+    believe them _to be worse than useless_. Meanwhile I learned
+    that across the sea such great physicians as Dr. Benjamin Ward
+    Richardson, Sir Andrew Clark, Sir Henry Thompson and Sir William
+    Gull held views which for their latitude were almost equally
+    radical; and Dr. James Edmunds, founder of the London Temperance
+    Hospital had demonstrated publicly and on a grand scale the more
+    excellent way, his hospital having 4-1/2 per cent. fewer deaths
+    than any other in London, taking the same run of cases, and that
+    the Royal Infirmary at Manchester reported the medicinal use of
+    alcohol fallen off 87 per cent. in recent years, with a decrease
+    in its death-rate of over one-third. Besides all this, and
+    independent of any such investigation, the 'intuitions' of our
+    most earnest women were leading them out of the wilderness. As
+    is their custom, they determined to put this matter to the test
+    of that 'experience which one experiences when he experiences
+    his own experience,' and a whole body of divinity upon the
+    advantages of non-alcoholic treatment could be furnished from
+    their evidence. I was not able personally to pursue this method,
+    my own condition of good health having become chronic. Away back
+    in 1875, in executive committee, one of our leading officers was
+    stricken with _angina pectoris_. A physician was promptly
+    summoned. 'Give her brandy,' he said, and insisted so stoutly
+    upon it as vital to her recovery that we should probably have
+    sent for it, but the dear woman gasped out faintly, 'I can die,
+    but I can't touch brandy.' She is alive and flourishing to-day.
+    Another national officer absolutely refused whisky for a violent
+    attack of a very different character, the physician telling her
+    that she could not live through the night without it; but she is
+    still an active worker--a living witness that doctors are not
+    infallible. Instances like these have multiplied by hundreds and
+    thousands in our Woman's Christian Unions and Bands of Hope.
+    'No, mamma I can't touch liquor; I've signed the pledge,' is a
+    protest 'familiar as household words.' Meanwhile, I beg you to
+    contemplate something else that has happened. Behold, our own
+    beloved beverage itself,
+
+        'Sparkling and bright,
+        In its liquid light,'
+
+    has come grandly to our rescue in this crusade against alcohol
+    in the sick room. Water has become a favorite--nay, even a
+    fashionable--medicine! The most conservative physicians freely
+    prescribe it in the very cases where some form of alcohol was
+    the specific so long. To be sure, they give it hot, but we do
+    not object to that, since 'water hot ne'er made a sot,' and it
+    cures dyspepsia and all forms of indigestion as whisky never
+    did, but only made believe to; while its external use as a
+    fomentation is banishing alcohol even for old folks' 'rheumatiz'
+    where, as a remedy, it would be likely to make its final stand.
+
+    "Farewell, thou cloven-foot, Alcohol! Thou canst no longer hide
+    away in the home-like old camphor bottle, paregoric bottle,
+    peppermint bottle or Jamaica-ginger bottle; and a tender
+    good-by, Mrs. Winslow's Soothing Syrup, for be it known to you
+    that the wonderful discovery stumbled over for six thousand
+    years has in our day been made, namely, that hot water will
+    soothe the baby's stomach-aches and the grown people's pains,
+    and drive out a cold when all else fails. _Jubilate!_ Clear out
+    the cupboard and top shelf of the closet now that the sideboard
+    has gone. Let great Nature have a glance to 'mother up' humanity
+    with the medicine, as well as the beverage, brewed in Heaven."
+
+
+THE RED CROSS HOSPITAL.
+
+A philanthropic young woman, Miss Bettina A. Hofker, entered Mount Sinai
+Training School for Nurses in 1891. Her desire was to fit herself as a
+nurse for the poor. After her graduation in 1893, she met Mrs. Charles
+A. Raymond, a benevolent lady, who offered her pecuniary assistance in
+her work. Miss Hofker suggested that she would like to institute a Red
+Cross Hospital and Training School for Nurses. Mrs. Raymond succeeded in
+interesting others in the proposition. The name of Red Cross however
+could not be used without permission of the officers of the society
+bearing that name, but after consultation with Miss Barton, permission
+was granted. Several years previous to this, Dr. A. Monæ Lesser, Dr.
+Thomas McNicholl and Dr. Gottlieb Steger had opened a small hospital
+under the name of St. John's Institute. This was now amalgamated with
+the Red Cross, and Dr. George F. Shrady and Dr. T. Gaillard Thomas, two
+of New York's leading physicians, were requested to act as consulting
+physicians.
+
+The hospital does not confine itself to service in its building alone,
+but sends its workers wherever called, to mansion or tenement. The
+"Sisters" are trained for field service or for any national calamity
+such as floods, earthquakes, forest fires, epidemics, etc. When neither
+war nor calamities require their presence, they devote themselves to the
+service of the needy poor, or wait upon the rich, if called. The heroic
+service rendered by the surgeons and nurses from this hospital in the
+Cuban War, brought their work into great prominence.
+
+At the suggestion of Miss Barton, the medical department of the hospital
+was commissioned to treat diseases without the use of alcoholic liquids.
+
+Dr. Lesser, the executive surgeon, is a German, and of German education,
+having received his medical education in the Universities of Berlin and
+Leipsic. In a conversation with a press representative, Dr. Lesser said
+some time ago:--
+
+    "We have been convinced that the use of alcohol can be entirely
+    eliminated from our medical practice, and this has been
+    practically accomplished at the Red Cross Hospital. We find that
+    where stimulants are required, such remedies as caffeine,
+    nitro-glycerine and kolafra take the place of alcohol, and are
+    even more satisfactory. The main use of alcohol is to stimulate
+    the action of the heart in various ailments. The blood is thus
+    forced to the remote parts of the system, and poisonous
+    substances carried away. But, besides serving this good purpose,
+    the drug tears down and ultimately destroys the cellular tissues
+    of the body. A relapse is certain to follow the application. The
+    drugs that I have mentioned serve exactly the same purpose
+    without the disastrous results. We are proving this every day at
+    the Red Cross Hospital.
+
+    "Only a few days ago a boy was brought in, apparently at the
+    point of death. He was put into bed and watched by the nurse.
+    After a little ammonia had been given to him as a stimulant, he
+    unconsciously expressed himself to the effect that it was not
+    the same as they gave him in another place, and gradually when
+    it dawned upon him that no alcohol was administered by the Red
+    Cross, he said, 'Gin has allers made me better.' The doctor in
+    charge, who already suspected that the boy was pretending
+    illness for the sake of the drink, was not surprised an hour or
+    two afterwards to learn that he had demanded his clothes,
+    dressed himself, and left the hospital most ungratefully, but
+    apparently quite well."
+
+Dr. George F. Shrady, one of the consulting physicians, is famous as
+having been in attendance upon both President Garfield and President
+Grant. He is the editor of the _Medical Record_, one of the most
+important medical journals published in America. While not a
+non-alcoholic physician, he says of the medical use of intoxicants:--
+
+    "There is altogether too much looseness among physicians in
+    prescribing alcohol. It is a dangerous drug. There is much more
+    alcohol used by physicians than is necessary, and it does great
+    harm. Whisky is not a preventive; it prevents no disease
+    whatever, contrary to a current notion. Another thing, we
+    physicians get blamed wrongfully in many cases. People who want
+    to drink, and do drink, often lay it on to the physician who
+    prescribed it. * * * * * I think that in most cases where
+    alcohol is now used, other drugs with which we are familiar
+    could be used with far better effect, and with no harmful
+    results."
+
+Dr. Steger, another physician of the staff, says:--
+
+    "I don't use alcohol at all in my practice. I used to use it,
+    but my observation has been that other drugs do the same work
+    without the harmful results. Alcohol over-stimulates the heart,
+    and tears down the cellular tissues of the system, besides
+    causing other deleterious effects. The use of alcohol is simply
+    a superstition among physicians. They have used it so long that
+    they think they always must. I am not a total abstainer, but
+    that only shows that I take better care of my patients than I do
+    of myself. It is not good for a healthy man to drink, but
+    sometimes folks like myself do things which had better be left
+    undone. I have seen patients in hospitals made absolutely drunk
+    by their physicians."
+
+The following interesting items in regard to practice in this hospital
+are culled from the report of 1897:--
+
+    "Temperature was never reduced by active drugs known as
+    antipyretics.
+
+    "Water was allowed freely after all kinds of surgical operations
+    and in fevers.
+
+    "Alcohol was never used as an internal medicine.
+
+    "The free use of water in saline solutions directly injected
+    into the tissues was found of great service. Quarts have been
+    injected that way with most satisfactory results.
+
+    "Antipyretics were altogether discarded as it is well known that
+    their action diminishes the tone of the heart. Artificial
+    reduction of temperature only deludes one into the belief that
+    the drug has improved the condition of the patient, while in
+    reality, it has no beneficial influence on the disease, and has
+    reduced the vital resistance of the patient. In no case has high
+    temperature harmed a patient and there was every evidence that
+    in some instances a high temperature was preferable to a low
+    one.
+
+    "Special attention has been given to the use of alcohol in
+    disease, not with any desire to approve or disapprove it, but
+    solely for the purpose of discovering the truth, for nothing
+    seems of greater public interest from a medical standpoint than
+    the truth regarding a subject for which so many virtues are
+    claimed on the one hand, and so many destructive elements proven
+    on the other. * * * * *
+
+    "We criticise the treatment of no institution, antagonize no
+    school of medicine, claim no unusual or peculiar scientific
+    virtue, but what we do maintain and insist upon is this: that
+    the human body may be ever so afflicted, ever so reduced, the
+    heart ever so feeble, and the spark of life ever so dim, the
+    conscientious student of medicine can secure as good results
+    without as with administration of antipyretics, sparkling wines,
+    beers or liquors.
+
+    "Experience teaches that true science does not antagonize
+    nature. In surgical cases, in septicæmia, in pneumonia, or in
+    any of the fevers, water freely administered has proven to be a
+    real source of comfort, and an aid to recovery. It is amazing
+    how favorably diseases terminate under this beneficent beverage.
+    The withholding of food does not retard, but rather hastens
+    convalescence.
+
+    "In the conduct of our Red Cross patients, irrespective of their
+    condition when admitted, it can be truly said that after
+    treatment began, delirium has not been witnessed in a single
+    instance, and as our hospital reports indicate, our mortality
+    has been unusually small.
+
+    "Alcohol has not figured as a life-saver in our institution.
+    Cases of extreme collapse following major operations, cases of
+    pneumonia, where the pulse ranged from 160 to 220, patients
+    suffering from pernicious anæmia, septicæmia, pyæmia, cholera
+    infantum and typhoid fever, some of whom when first seen were in
+    the worst stages of delirium and collapse have without alcohol
+    regained consciousness, overcome delirium and made excellent
+    recoveries.
+
+    "The following cases very forcibly illustrate the results of
+    non-alcoholic treatment:--
+
+    "Case No. 1. A child, aged nine months, under treatment for six
+    days for pneumonia, came under our notice on the seventh day.
+    The temperature was 106 5-10; pulse was 220; respirations 90.
+    Whisky, which had been given previously to the extent of two
+    ounces daily, was stopped. Carbonate of ammonia, caffeine
+    salicylate, nitro-glycerine and 1-10 of a drop of aconite were
+    given internally; camphorated lard applied externally; with the
+    result that on the ninth day temperature stood 99; pulse 100;
+    respiration 20. The child made a complete recovery.
+
+    "Case No. 2. L. was a child aged eight months, suffering from a
+    very violent attack of entero-colitis. For three weeks previous
+    to coming under our notice the patient received brandy,
+    stimulating foods and alkaline mixtures. Fearfully emaciated,
+    temperature 106, feeble pulse 182, frequent bloody discharges
+    from the bowels, numbering as much as thirty in a day and
+    constant vomiting, the child was considered beyond hope. Under
+    these circumstances, and at this time we first saw her. Brandy
+    and all foods were stopped; bowel flushings were given, 1-12 of
+    a drop of tincture of aconite was administered every half hour
+    and salicylate of caffeine every two hours. In twenty-four hours
+    the temperature was 105 and the pulse 160. In two days,
+    temperature was 102 and the pulse 140. In one week, temperature
+    was 99 5-10, pulse 110. In three weeks, the patient was
+    discharged cured.
+
+    "Case No. 3. Mrs. C., aged forty-three, who had been under
+    treatment for seven weeks for metrorrhagia, nietortes and
+    peritonitis came under our notice. Brandy which had been
+    previously given in large quantities had proved of no avail and
+    the patient was considered beyond recovery. We found her
+    completely prostrated, temperature 102, pulse 170, and
+    unconscious. The heart very weak and irregular. The brandy was
+    discontinued, salicylate of caffeine and nitrate of strychnia
+    were given with the result that in a short time the patient was
+    convalescent and finally recovered.
+
+    "Each case in our hospital is an additional proof that whether
+    found in wines, spirits or beers, alcohol can claim no right as
+    an indispensable medicine."
+
+Dr. Lesser, who was Surgeon-General of the American Red Cross in the
+Cuban War said after his return from his first visit to Cuba that four
+out of six of his patients, to whom he allowed liquor to be given as a
+concession to the popular idea that it was necessary, died; while
+subsequently in treating absolutely without alcohol sixty-three similar
+cases, only one died, and he upon the day on which he was received at
+the hospital.
+
+
+ALCOHOL IN OTHER HOSPITALS.
+
+In the spring of 1909 a circular letter was sent to some of the best
+known hospitals throughout the country asking if the use of alcoholic
+liquors had decreased in those institutions during the past ten years.
+From the replies received the following statements are taken:
+
+Cook County Hospital, Chicago, sent figures for two years only, 1907,
+and 1908. With 28,932 patients treated in 1907, the bill for wines and
+liquors amounted to only $719.40. In 1908 with 31,202 patients the bill
+for liquors amounted to $970.65. This makes a _per capita_ expenditure
+for liquors for 1907 of .024 cents, and for 1908 a _per capita_
+expenditure of .031 cents. The _per capita_ expenditure for liquors
+during the same years in Bellevue and Allied Hospitals of New York city,
+with from 30,000 to 40,000 patients treated was .0246 and .029. Two or
+three cents as the yearly _per capita_ expenditure for alcoholic liquors
+in the two largest hospitals in America is striking evidence that the
+physicians practicing there have not large faith in whisky, or other
+alcoholic liquors as remedial agents.
+
+Long Island, N. Y., State Hospital:--"We are not using more than half
+the amount of alcohol we used ten years ago."
+
+Manhattan State Hospital, Ward's Island, New York City:--"Our patient
+population has averaged nearly 4,500 the last four years, and we have
+had about 750 employees, many of whom are prescribed for by institution
+physicians. The _per capita_ cost of distilled liquors for the last
+fiscal year was .0273 at this hospital."
+
+Milwaukee City Hospital:--"No alcoholic liquors are used to any extent
+in this hospital, or prescribed by the staff. I know of no move against
+such use of liquors, but venture the assertion that the physicians
+believe they have more reliable agents at their command for most cases."
+
+Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia:--"We are now using about one-third
+the amount of liquor that was used in the Pennsylvania Hospital ten
+years ago."
+
+The Presbyterian Hospital of Philadelphia sent figures for the years
+from 1900 to 1908. Those for 1900 show the cost of liquors to be $774.20
+and for 1908 only $331.48. The number of patients was not given.
+
+Grady Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia:--"That less liquor is now used than
+formerly is a fact well known to all connected with the institution."
+
+Garfield Memorial, Washington, D. C., sent figures for ten years. For
+1899 the cost of liquors was $490.08, with a steady decrease to 1908
+when the cost was $274.58. Number of patients in 1899 was 1,171; in
+1908, 1,898 patients. The _per capita_ for 1908 was .144 cents.
+
+University Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan:--"Very little alcohol is
+prescribed in this hospital."
+
+Maine General Hospital, Portland:--"Comparatively speaking, we use but
+little alcohol for the reason that we now have many remedies which,
+especially for continued use, are superior to alcohol, which twenty
+years ago we did not have. For the conditions or emergencies in which we
+think alcohol has a value it is used when required or deemed best."
+
+Buffalo, New York, State Hospital sent figures for six years which
+include cost of alcohol used in the manufacture of pharmaceutical
+preparations, which, of course, makes a very decided difference. _Per
+capita_ for 1903 was 22 cents; for 1908 it was 18 cents.
+
+Buffalo, New York, General Hospital:--"The use of alcohol as a drug in
+this hospital has diminished about one-third in the past ten years, but
+I wish to add in this connection that the use of all drugs has
+diminished in this hospital, and to the best of my knowledge in other
+institutions of a like character. The use of the microscope, and other
+studies have advanced the science of medicine the same as all other
+branches of learning, and other methods are coming to be used beside the
+use of drugs."
+
+Mount Sinai, New York City:--"The use of alcoholic beverages here for
+medical purposes is the exception rather than the rule. The majority of
+our cases are surgical cases, and in these alcoholic liquors are rarely
+prescribed for any purpose whatsoever."
+
+Massachusetts Homeopathic Hospital, Boston, sent figures for five years.
+For 1904 the cost of alcoholic liquors was $197.69 with 3,720 patients;
+for 1908, the cost was $69.82 with 4,543 patients. The _per capita_ cost
+for the five years is as follows: 1904, cost .0531 cents; 1905, cost
+.0474; 1906, cost .034; 1907, cost .0171; 1908, cost .0153.
+
+In the _Boston Medical and Surgical Journal_ of April 15, 1909, Dr.
+Richard C. Cabot gave a table showing the decrease in the use of
+alcoholic liquors, and of other drugs in Massachusetts General Hospital,
+Boston.
+
+The following is his table:
+
+                                  1898       1899       1900      1901
+
+ Ale and Beer                    $759.00    $793.90  $1,062.00   $723.00
+ Wines and liquors,             1,563.00   2,209.00   1,348.00  1,063.00
+                               ---------  ---------  --------- ---------
+ Total for alcoholic drinks,   $2,321.00  $3,002.00  $2,410.00 $1,786.00
+
+ Total for other medicines,    $8,424.00 $10,013.00 $10,132.00 $9,168.00
+
+ Number of patients,               5,005      5,203      5,012     5,495
+ Cost of alcohol per patient,      $0.46      $0.57      $0.48     $0.32
+ Cost of medicine per patient,      1.68       1.92       2.02      1.66
+
+
+                                  1902       1903       1904      1905
+
+ Ale and beer,                   $605.00    $338.00    $431.00   $301.00
+ Wines and liquors,               799.00     688.00     904.00    144.00
+                               ---------  ---------  ---------   -------
+ Total for alcoholic drinks,   $1,404.00  $1,026.00  $1,335.00   $445.00
+
+ Total for other medicines,    $9,772.00  $7,815.00  $9,162.00 $7,018.00
+
+ Number of patients,               5,342      5,429      5,709     5,531
+ Cost of alcohol per patient,      $0.26      $0.19      $0.23     $0.09
+ Cost of medicine per patient,      1.88       1.43       1.60      1.26
+
+
+                                  1906       1907
+
+ Ale and beer,                   $192.00    $203.00
+ Wines and liquors,               546.00     610.00
+                               ---------  ---------
+ Total for alcoholic drinks,     $738.00    $813.00
+
+ Total for other medicines,    $5,981.00  $5,492.00
+
+ Number of patients,               5,513      5,966
+ Cost of alcohol per patient,      $0.13      $0.13
+ Cost of medicine per patient,      1.00       0.92
+
+Dr. Cabot says:--
+
+    "Since there has been no fall in the price of stimulants or
+    medicine, the diminished expenditure corresponds to a diminution
+    in the number of doses of medicine and stimulants, and indicates
+    a rapid and striking change of view among the members of the
+    staff of the hospital, especially in the past five years, when
+    it has become generally known that alcohol is not a stimulant
+    but a narcotic and that drugs can cure only about half a dozen
+    of the diseases against which we are contending.
+
+    "There has been during this period no increase in the proportion
+    of surgical cases among the whole number treated, so that the
+    decreased use of medicines and alcoholic beverages has not
+    resulted from an increased resort to surgical remedies. On the
+    other hand, there has been a great increase in the utilization
+    of baths (hydrotherapeutics), of massage, of mechanical
+    treatment and of psychical treatment, all of which accounts no
+    doubt for part of the falling off in the use of alcohol and
+    drugs."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL UPON THE HUMAN BODY.
+
+
+The body is made up mainly of cells, fibres and fluids. The cell is the
+most important structure in the living body. Life resides in the cell,
+and every animal may be considered a mass of cells, each of which is
+alive, and each of which has its own work to accomplish in the building
+up of the body.
+
+The matter which forms the mass of a cell is called protoplasm, or
+bioplasm. It resembles somewhat the white of a raw egg, which is almost
+pure albumen. Cells make up the body, and do its work. Some are employed
+to construct the skeleton, others are used to form the organs which move
+the body; liver-cells secrete bile, and the cells in the kidneys
+separate poisonous matters from the blood in order that they may be
+expelled from the system.
+
+These cells, composing the mass of the body, being very delicate, are
+easily acted upon by substances coming into contact with them. If
+substances other than natural foods or drinks are introduced into the
+body, the cells are injuriously affected. Alcohol is especially
+injurious to cells, "retarding the changes in their interior, hindering
+their appropriation of food, and elimination of waste matters, and
+therefore preventing their proper development and growth."
+
+    "Bioplasm is living matter; it is structureless, semi-fluid,
+    transparent and colorless. It is the only matter that can grow,
+    move, divide itself and multiply, the only matter that can take
+    up pabulum (food) and convert it into its own substance; and is
+    the only matter that can be nourished. The bioplasm in the cell
+    gets its nourishment by drawing in of the pabulum through the
+    cell wall, and in that way building up the formed material while
+    it is being disintegrated on the outer surface. This process is
+    continually being carried on, and is what is meant by nutrition.
+    Disintegration of the formed material is as essential as the
+    building up of it. All organic structure is the result of change
+    taking place in bioplasm. These small cell-like bioplasts are
+    the workmen of the organism. All wounds are repaired by them,
+    all fractures are united, and all diseased tissues brought back
+    to their normal and healthy condition, unless there is not
+    vitality enough to overcome disease, or they have been injured
+    or killed by poisonous material. The body is kept in repair by
+    this living matter, and all the functions of the body are but
+    the result of its action. We may examine, watch and study
+    bioplasm under the microscope; we see it take up pabulum and
+    convert that which is adapted to itself into its own substance,
+    while all other substances are rejected. We take a solution of
+    what we call a stimulant and immerse the bioplasm in it, and we
+    find that it increases its activity, moves faster, takes up more
+    pabulum, and divides more rapidly than in the unstimulated
+    condition. We next add an astringent, and it begins to move more
+    slowly, and soon contracts into a spherical shape and remains
+    contracted, or may move slowly to a limited extent, depending on
+    the strength of the solution. We next take a relaxant, and
+    gradually the living matter begins to spread in all directions,
+    in a laxy-like manner, and becomes so thin as to be almost
+    undiscernible, and takes up very little, if any, pabulum. If
+    sufficiently relaxed or astringed, the movements may entirely
+    cease so as to appear lifeless, but when a stimulant is again
+    added the same result is obtained as before--it begins to move,
+    and acts as vigorous as ever, which shows that it was not
+    injured in the least by the agents used. Alcohol is called a
+    stimulant. We take a weak solution of alcohol and try it in the
+    same way; but we find that almost instantly the living matter
+    contracts into a ball-like mass. Now, we may through ignorance
+    suppose that alcohol acts as an astringent, and so we try to
+    stimulate it with the same harmless agent before used, but no
+    impression is made on it; it does not move; it is dead matter.
+    These are demonstrable facts, and lie at the foundation of
+    physiology, pathology and the practice of medicine. Alcohol
+    destroys the very life force that alone keeps the body in
+    repair. For a more simple experiment as to the action of
+    alcohol, take the white of an egg (which consists of albumen,
+    and is very similar to bioplasm), put it into alcohol, and
+    notice it turn white, coagulate and harden. The same experiment
+    can be made with blood with the same result--killing the blood
+    bioplasts. Raw meat will turn white and harden in alcohol.
+    Alcohol acts the same on food in the stomach as it does on the
+    same substances before introduced into the stomach, and acts
+    just the same on blood and all the living tissues in the system
+    as out of it; and this alone is enough to condemn its use as a
+    medicine." From _Alcohol, Is It a Medicine?_ by W. F. Pechuman,
+    M. D., of Detroit, Michigan.
+
+
+ALCOHOL AND STOMACH DIGESTION.
+
+The nitrogenous portions of the food are the only ones digested in the
+stomach. The oily and fatty, as well as the starchy portions, are
+digested in the small intestines.
+
+Very little was known about digestion until 1833, when Dr. Beaumont
+published the results of his investigations upon the stomach of Alexis
+St. Martin. St. Martin received a severe wound in the left side from a
+shot-gun. The wound in healing left an opening into the stomach about
+4/5 of an inch in diameter, closed on the inside by a flap of mucous
+membrane. Through this opening the interior of the stomach could be
+thoroughly examined. Dr. Beaumont made hundreds of observations upon
+this young man, who was in his home several years. He says:--
+
+    "In a feverish condition, from whatever cause, obstructed
+    perspiration, _excitement by alcoholic liquors_, overloading the
+    stomach with food, fear, anger or whatever depresses or disturbs
+    the nervous system, the lining of the stomach becomes somewhat
+    red and dry, at other times pale and moist, and loses its smooth
+    and healthy appearance, the secretions become vitiated, greatly
+    diminished or entirely suppressed."
+
+One day after giving St. Martin a good wholesome dinner, digestion of
+which was going on in regular order, Dr. Beaumont gave him a glass of
+gin. The digestive process was at once arrested, and did not begin again
+until after the absorption of the spirit, after which it was slowly
+renewed, and tardily finished.
+
+Gluzinski made some conclusive experiments with a syphon. He drew off
+the contents of the stomach at various times with and without liquor. He
+concluded that alcohol entirely suspends the transformation of food
+while it remains in the stomach.
+
+Dr. Figg, of Edinburgh, fed two dogs with roast mutton; to one of them
+he gave 1-1/2 ounces of spirit. Three hours later he killed both dogs.
+The dog without liquor had digested the mutton; the other had not
+digested his at all. Similar experiments have been made repeatedly with
+like result.
+
+The elements of our food which the stomach can digest depend upon the
+pepsin of the gastric juice for their transformation. Alcohol diminishes
+the secretions of the gastric juice, unless given in very minute
+quantities, and kills and precipitates its pepsin. It also coagulates
+both albumen and fibrine, converting them into a solid substance, thus
+rendering them unfit for the action of the solvent principles of the
+gastric juice. Hence, any considerable quantity of alcohol taken into
+the stomach must for the time retard the function of digestion.
+
+Many experiments have been made with gastric juice in vials, one, having
+alcohol added, the other, not having alcohol. The meat in the vials
+without alcohol, in time dissolved till it bore the appearance of soup;
+in the vials to which alcohol was added the meat remained practically
+unchanged. In the latter a deposit of pepsin was found at the bottom,
+the alcohol having precipitated it. Dr. Henry Munroe, of England, one of
+the experimenters in this line of research, says:--
+
+    "Alcohol, even in a diluted form, has the peculiar power of
+    interfering with the ordinary process of digestion.
+
+    "As long as alcohol remains in the stomach in any degree of
+    concentration, the process of digestion is arrested, and is not
+    continued until enough gastric juice is thrown out to overcome
+    its effects."--_Tracy's Physiology_, page 90.
+
+In _The Human Body_, Dr. Newell Martin says:--
+
+    "A vast number of persons suffer from alcoholic dyspepsia
+    without knowing its cause; people who were never drunk in their
+    lives and consider themselves very temperate. Abstinence from
+    alcohol, the cause of the trouble, is the true remedy."
+
+Sir B. W. Richardson:--
+
+    "The common idea that alcohol acts as an aid to digestion is
+    without foundation. Experiments on the artificial digestion of
+    food, in which the natural process is closely imitated, show
+    that the presence of alcohol in the solvents employed interferes
+    with and weakens the efficacy of the solvents. It is also one of
+    the most definite of facts that persons who indulge even in what
+    is called the moderate use of alcohol suffer often from
+    dyspepsia from this cause alone. In fact, it leads to the
+    symptoms which, under the varied names of biliousness,
+    nervousness, lassitude and indigestion, are so well and
+    extensively known.
+
+    "From the paralysis of the minute blood-vessels which is induced
+    by alcohol, there occurs, when alcohol is introduced into the
+    stomach, injection of the vessels and redness of the mucous
+    lining of the stomach. This is attended by the subjective
+    feeling of a warmth or glow within the body, and according to
+    some, with an increased secretion of the gastric fluids. It is
+    urged by the advocates of alcohol that this action of alcohol on
+    the stomach is a reason for its employment as an aid to
+    digestion, especially when the digestive powers are feeble. At
+    best this argument suggests only an artificial aid, which it
+    cannot be sound practice to make permanent in place of the
+    natural process of digestion. In truth, the artificial
+    stimulation, if it be resorted to even moderately, is in time
+    deleterious. It excites a morbid habitual craving, and in the
+    end leads to weakened contractile power of the vessels of the
+    stomach, to consequent deficiency of control of those vessels
+    over the current of blood, to organic impairment of function,
+    and to confirmed indigestion. Lastly, it is a matter of
+    experience with me, that in nine cases out of ten, the sense of
+    the necessity, on which so much is urged, is removed in the
+    readiest manner, by the simple plan of total abstinence, without
+    any other remedy or method."
+
+In _Medicinal Drinking_, by John Kirk, M. D., this passage occurs:--
+
+    "Especially in the matter of support, it is essential to our
+    inquiry to examine fully into alcoholic influence on the change
+    by which food introduced into the stomach becomes capable of
+    passing into the circulation and constituent elements of the
+    living frame. It may be best to suppose a case for illustration.
+    Here, then, is a child of, say, six or seven years of age. This
+    child is of the slenderer sex and has been brought into a state
+    of extreme weakness as the consequence of fever. The fury of the
+    disease is expended, but it has, as nearly as may be,
+    extinguished life. The medical man's one hope for saving this
+    child is now concentrated in what he fancies to be 'support.'
+    Beef-tea, arrowroot and _port wine_ are prescribed. Let it be
+    kept in mind that the pure wine of the grape is discarded in
+    favor of alcoholic wine. Our question is, What effect will the
+    alcohol in this wine have on that process by which the food is
+    to prove really nourishing, and so to be that support which is
+    the only hope for this child? Will it help her? or will it so
+    hinder the necessary change in the food as to kill her, unless
+    she has sufficient strength left to get above its influence?
+    These are surely important questions. Neither of them can be set
+    at rest by the fact that she recovers; for she _may_ have
+    strength enough, as many have had, to survive even a serious
+    error in her treatment.
+
+    "What light, then, does true science throw on these important
+    questions? All who know anything on the subject are aware that
+    alcohol, instead of dissolving _food_, or aiding in its
+    dissolution, is one of the most powerful agents in preventing
+    that dissolution. On what principle, then, is it possible that
+    its being mixed with the materials of food, in this case, can
+    aid in their dissolution, so that they may more easily be
+    changed into the fresh blood required to sustain and recover
+    life in this child?"
+
+He then refers to the experiments with gastric juice in vials, and
+proceeds:--
+
+    "Here, then, is indisputable evidence that alcohol effectually
+    _prevents_ that process which is known as digestion, and which
+    is essential to food's being of any use to support life in man.
+    On what principle can the physician explain his introduction of
+    it into the stomach of a child whose thread of life is
+    attenuated to the slenderest hair?
+
+    "We urge the chemical truth that the alcohol, given to promote
+    support, is of such a nature as to prevent that which would
+    nourish, from effecting the end so much to be desired, and for
+    which true food is adapted."
+
+The pure, unfermented juice of the grape, free from chemical
+preservatives, is now used by many physicians where the miserable
+concoction of drugs and alcohol, known as port wine, was once considered
+essential. Unfermented grape juice contains all the nutriment of the
+grape, without any of the poison, alcohol. After being opened it should
+be kept in a cool place, or it will ferment and produce alcohol. Fruit
+juices are very grateful to a fever patient, and should not be withheld
+as they are in so many cases. Dr. J. H. Kellogg, and other
+non-alcoholic physicians, recommend them highly. They are better than
+milk, as milk frequently produces "feverishness," while fruit juices
+allay it.
+
+For those who think beer or ale an incentive to appetite, Dr. N. S.
+Davis, and others, recommend an infusion of hops, made fresh each day.
+It is the bitter which promotes appetite, not the alcohol. For the sake
+of the little bitter in beer, it is not wise to vitiate the tone of the
+stomach with the alcohol it contains, and which is its active principle.
+Many mothers have become drunkards, secret drunkards, possibly, through
+the use of beer as a fancied aid to digestion. Multitudes of men suffer
+untold horrors from dyspepsia, caused by the beer which they mistakenly
+suppose to be a friend to their stomach.
+
+
+EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL UPON THE BLOOD.
+
+"The blood is a thick, opaque fluid, varying in color in different parts
+of the body from a bright scarlet to a dark purple, or even almost
+black." If a drop of blood be placed under a microscope, immense numbers
+of small bodies will be seen. These are called blood-globules, or
+corpuscles, or discs. There are both red, and white or colorless,
+corpuscles. Each red corpuscle is soft and jelly-like. Its chief
+constituent, besides water, is a substance called hemoglobin, which has
+the power of combining with oxygen when in a place where that gas is
+plentiful, and of giving it off again in a region where oxygen is
+absent, or present only in small quantity. Hence, as the blood flows
+through the lungs, which are constantly supplied with fresh air, its
+corpuscles take up oxygen, which, as it flows on, is carried by them to
+distant parts of the body where oxygen is deficient, and there given up
+to the tissues. This oxygen-carrying is the function of the red
+corpuscles.
+
+Hemoglobin, as the coloring-matter of the blood is called, is dark
+purplish-red in color; combined with oxygen it is bright "scarlet red."
+Accordingly, the blood which flows to the lungs after giving up its
+oxygen is dark red in color, its dark color being due to the impurities
+it contains; and that which, having received a fresh supply of oxygen,
+flows away from the lungs is bright scarlet--having been cleansed of its
+impurities. The bright red blood is called _arterial_, and the dark red
+_venous_.
+
+The work assigned to the blood in the economy of the human system is:
+first, to pick up nutriment in its course through the walls of the
+alimentary canal, and oxygen, as it flows through the lungs, and convey
+these to all other parts of the body. Second, to act as a sort of sewage
+stream that drains off waste matter, and to carry this to the organs of
+excretion by which waste is expelled from the body.
+
+    "The blood is the great circulating market of the body, in which
+    all the things that are wanted by all parts, by the muscles, the
+    brain, the skin, the lungs, liver and kidneys, are bought and
+    sold. What the muscles want they buy from the blood; what they
+    have done with, they sell back to the blood; and so with every
+    other organ and part. As long as life lasts this buying and
+    selling is forever going on, and this is why the blood is
+    forever on the move, sweeping restlessly from place to place,
+    bringing to each part the thing it wants, and carrying away
+    those with which it has done. When the blood ceases to move, the
+    market is blocked, the buying and selling cease, and all the
+    organs die, starved for lack of the things they want, choked by
+    the abundance of things for which they have no longer any
+    need."--FOSTER.
+
+This is one way of saying that the processes of repair and waste are
+constantly going on in the body. Every action of the body, every impulse
+of the mind uses up some cell-matter, which must then be passed from the
+body as waste. This is called tissue disintegration. New cells to repair
+tissue waste are built up from the nutriment which the blood carries
+from the alimentary canal after the process of food digestion is
+accomplished. This is called tissue construction, or the process of
+assimilation. Technically, these are the metabolic, or destructive and
+constructive processes. Both are essential to health and life. Any
+substance taken into the body, which will interfere with these processes
+of nutrition and waste is inimical to health, and in time of disease,
+dangerous to life.
+
+_Alcohol is such a substance._
+
+The cells and tissues of the body which are touched by alcohol are more
+or less hardened and injured by it, hence are less perfectly nourished
+than they are when alcohol is not present in the blood. Even a
+teaspoonful of alcohol to a 1/2 gallon of water hinders natural growth.
+If liquor is given to puppies it keeps them small. Young growing-cells
+are most affected by it, because they are most tender. There are
+growing-cells in adults as well as in children, for people are growing
+and changing all through their lives.
+
+Hence, when alcohol is administered in sickness the cells are hindered
+in the full performance of their function of taking up food for the
+building up of tissue, and as a consequence, the patient's body is
+really robbed of nutriment by the agent which is supposed to be "keeping
+up his strength." Truly, "Wine is a _mocker_, strong drink is raging,
+and whosoever is _deceived_ thereby is not wise."
+
+That alcohol interferes with the passage of waste matter from the body
+is generally conceded. Indeed this is claimed by the advocates of its
+medicinal use as one of its virtues: the fact that less waste passes
+from the body being urged as evidence that there is less waste, that in
+some way alcohol preserves tissue from being used up in the natural way.
+Those who speak thus seem to think that they know better than the
+Creator how the body should be treated. He made the body so that in
+health, work, waste and repair should be equal to one another.
+
+Dr. Ezra M. Hunt says in _Alcohol as a Food and as a Medicine_:--
+
+    "We believe that any one who will candidly review the claims put
+    forth for alcohol, in that it delays in any of these
+    hypothetical ways, tissue-change, will conclude that it has no
+    such power _in a salutary sense_, and that it is unwarrantably
+    assumed that to retard tissue metamorphosis (change) is
+    equivalent to tissue nutrition."
+
+Dr. N. S. Davis says:--
+
+    "It seems hardly possible that men of eminent attainments in the
+    profession should so far forget one of the most fundamental and
+    universally recognized laws of organic life as to promulgate the
+    fallacy here stated. The fundamental law to which we refer is,
+    that all vital phenomena are accompanied by, and dependent upon,
+    molecular or atomic changes; and whatever retards these retards
+    the phenomena of life; whatever suspends these suspends life.
+    Hence, to say that an agent which retards tissue metamorphosis
+    is in any sense a food, is simply to pervert and misapply
+    terms."
+
+Non-alcoholic physicians unite in declaring that the retention of waste
+matter in the system, caused by alcohol, invites disease, and tends to
+inflammatory action; and in illness retards, and frequently prevents,
+recovery, for the germs of disease remain longer in the body than they
+would were it not for the delay in the passage of effete matter.
+
+_Alcohol not only hinders the blood in its work of tissue nutrition; it
+also prevents the full oxidation of the blood in the lungs._
+
+    "In order that a steam engine may work and keep warm it is not
+    merely necessary that it have plenty of coal, but it must also
+    have a draft of air through its furnace. Chemistry teaches us
+    that the burning in this case consists in the combination of a
+    gas called oxygen, taken from the air, with other things in the
+    coals; when this combination takes place a great deal of heat
+    is given off. The same thing is true of our bodies; in order
+    that food matters may be burnt in them and enable us to work and
+    keep warm, they must be supplied with oxygen; this they get from
+    the air by breathing. We all know that if his supply of air be
+    cut off a man will die in a few minutes. His food is no use to
+    him unless he gets oxygen from the air to combine with it; while
+    he usually has stored up in his body an excess of food matters
+    which will keep him alive for some time if he gets a supply of
+    oxygen, he has not stored up in him any reserve, or, if any, but
+    a very small one, of oxygen, and so he dies very rapidly if his
+    breathing be prevented. In ordinary language we do not call
+    oxygen a food, but restrict that name to the solids and liquids
+    which we swallow; but inasmuch as it is a material which we must
+    take from the external universe into our bodies in order to keep
+    us alive, oxygen is really a food as much as any of the other
+    substances which we take into our bodies from outside, in order
+    to keep them alive and at work. _Suffocation_, as death from
+    deficient air supply is named, is really death from
+    oxygen-starvation."--Martin's _Human Body_.
+
+Much of the food taken into the body is burned to supply energy and
+heat. This burning is called oxidation. When food is burned, or
+oxidized, either in the body, or out of it, three things are produced,
+carbon dioxide (_carbonic acid gas_), water and ashes. These are waste
+matters, and must be expelled from the body, or they will clog up the
+various organs, as the ashes and smoke of an engine would soon put its
+fire out if they were allowed to accumulate in the furnace. It is the
+duty of the lungs to pass the carbon dioxide out to the air. With every
+breath exhaled, this poison gas, generated in the body through the
+oxidation of food, passes from the system. With every breath inhaled
+the life-giving oxygen is taken into the body; providing that the person
+is not in a close room from which the fresh air is excluded.
+
+Any substance taken into the body which interferes with the reception of
+oxygen into the blood, and with the giving off of carbon dioxide from
+the same is a dangerous substance.
+
+_Alcohol is such a substance._
+
+It has already been stated that it is the duty of the little red
+corpuscles in the blood to take up oxygen in the lungs, and carry it to
+every part of the body, and upon the return passage to the lungs to
+convey the _débris_, or used-up material, from the tissues, called
+carbon dioxide gas. A little vapor and ammonia accompany this gas. The
+action of alcohol upon these little corpuscles, or carriers of the
+blood, is to somewhat harden and shrivel them, so that they are unable
+to take up and carry as much oxygen as they can when no injurious
+substance is present in the blood. In consequence of this, the blood can
+never be so pure when alcohol is present, as it may be in the absence of
+this agent.
+
+The following is taken from _The Temperance Lesson Book_, by B. W.
+Richardson, M. D.:--
+
+    "When the blood in the veins is floating toward the right side
+    of the heart, which communicates with the lungs, it carries with
+    it the carbonic acid (_carbon dioxide_), and, as I have found by
+    experiment, a great part of this gas is condensed in these
+    little bodies, the corpuscles. Arrived at the lungs, the blood
+    comes into such contact with the air we breathe, that the
+    oxygen gas in the air is freely absorbed by the little
+    corpuscles, while the carbonic acid is given up into the
+    air-passages of the lungs, and is thrown off with every breath
+    we throw out. In this process the blood changes in color. It
+    comes into the lungs of a dark color; it goes out of them a
+    bright red. * * * * * The parts of the blood on which alcohol
+    acts injuriously are the corpuscles and the fibrine. The red
+    corpuscles are most distinctly affected. They undergo a peculiar
+    process of shrinking from extraction of water from them. They
+    also lose some of their power to absorb oxygen from the air. In
+    confirmed spirit-drinkers the face and hands are often seen of
+    dark mottled color, and in very bad specimens of the kind, the
+    face is sometimes seen to be quite dark. This is because the
+    blood cannot take up the vital air in the natural degree. * * * * *
+
+    "If anything whatever interferes with the proper reception of
+    oxygen by the blood, the blood is not properly oxidized, the
+    animal warmth is not sufficiently maintained, and life is
+    reduced in activity. If for a brief interval of time the process
+    of breathing is stopped in a living person, we see quickly
+    developed the signs of difficulty, and we say the person is
+    being suffocated. We observe that the face becomes dark, the
+    lips blue, the surface cold. Should the process of arrest or
+    stoppage of the breathing be long continued the person will
+    become unconscious, will stagger and fall, and should relief not
+    be at hand, he will in a very few minutes die.
+
+    "I found by experiment that in presence of alcohol in blood the
+    process of absorption of oxygen was directly checked, and that
+    even so minute a quantity as one part of alcohol in five hundred
+    of blood proved an obstacle to the perfect reception of oxygen
+    by the blood. The corpuscles are reduced in size, when large
+    quantities of alcohol are taken, and become irregular in shape."
+
+Dr. J. J. Ridge says in _Addresses on the Physiological Action of
+Alcohol_:--
+
+    "It has been found by experiment that, when alcohol is taken,
+    less carbonic acid comes away in the breath than when it is not.
+    This is partly because the blood-corpuscles cannot carry so
+    much, and partly because so much is not produced, because there
+    is less oxygen to join with the food and produce it. Just as
+    burning paper smokes when it does not get enough oxygen, so
+    other things are formed and get into the blood when there is not
+    enough oxygen to make carbonic acid. These things make the blood
+    impure, and cause extra work and trouble to get rid of them.
+    This is why persons who drink alcohol are more liable to have
+    gout and other diseases, than total abstainers."
+
+Dr. Alfred Carpenter, formerly president of the Council of the British
+Medical Association, says in _Alcoholic Drinks_:--
+
+    "A blood corpuscle cannot come into direct contact with an atom
+    of alcohol, without the function of the former being spoiled,
+    and not only is it spoiled, but the effete matter which it has
+    within its capsule cannot be exchanged for the necessary oxygen.
+    The breath of the drunken man does not give out the quantity of
+    carbonic acid which that of the healthy man does, and the
+    ammoniacal compounds are in a great measure absent. Some of the
+    carbon and effete nitrogenous matter is kept back. The retention
+    of these poisonous matters within the body is highly injurious.
+    Let the drinker suffer from any wound or injury and this effete
+    matter in his blood is ready at a moment's notice to prepare and
+    set up actions called inflammatory or erysipelatous, or some
+    other kind; by means of which too often the drinker is hurried
+    into eternity, although, perhaps, he may have been regarded as a
+    perfectly sober man, and have never been drunk in his life."
+
+In the light of these scientific facts, what can appear more utterly
+foolish than the swallowing of alcoholic patent medicines which are
+widely advertised as "Blood Purifiers"? That they will render the blood
+impure is only too evident in the light of scientific truth.
+
+Dr. Nathan S. Davis has written much in disapproval of the use of
+alcohol in fevers, pneumonia and diphtheria, putting stress upon the
+fact that these diseases, of themselves, interfere with the reception of
+oxygen into the blood, and hence the use of all remedies that notably
+diminish the internal distribution of oxygen, or impair the corpuscles
+of the blood, should be avoided. Not only is alcohol of such a nature,
+but all the coal-tar series of antipyretics also. Since the internal
+distribution of oxygen, and the processes of tissue change are essential
+to the repair of the body, and alcohol hinders the blood in the full
+performance of its duties in these respects, it certainly seems clear
+that those physicians, who are extremely cautious in the use of this
+drug, or who do not use it at all, are more likely to be successful in
+saving their patients than are those who use it freely. Death-rates,
+with and without alcohol, show conclusively the superiority of the
+latter treatment.
+
+
+ALCOHOL AND THE HEART.
+
+The organs of circulation are the heart and the blood-vessels. The
+blood-vessels are of three kinds, arteries, capillaries and veins. The
+arteries carry blood from the heart to the capillaries; the veins
+collect it from the capillaries and return it to the heart. There are
+two distinct sets of blood-vessels in the body, both connected with the
+heart; one set carries blood to, through and from the lungs, the other
+guides its flow through all the remaining organs; the former are known
+as the _pulmonary_, the latter as the _systemic_ blood-vessels.
+
+The smallest arteries pass into the _capillaries_, which have very thin
+walls, and form very close networks in nearly all parts of the body;
+their immense number compensating for their small size. It is while
+flowing in these delicate tubes that the blood does its nutritive work,
+the arteries being merely supply-tubes for the capillaries, through
+whose delicate walls liquid containing nourishment exudes from the blood
+to bathe the various tissues.
+
+The quantity of blood in any part of the body at any given time is
+dependent upon certain relations which exist between the blood-vessels
+and the nervous system. The walls of the arteries are abundantly
+supplied with involuntary muscular fibres, which have the power of
+contraction and relaxation. This power of contraction and relaxation is
+controlled by certain nerves called _vasomotor_ nerves, because they
+cause or control motion in the vessels to which they are attached. When
+arteries supplying blood to any particular part of the body contract,
+the supply of blood to that part will be diminished in proportion to the
+amount of contraction. If the nervous control be altogether withdrawn,
+the arterial walls will completely relax, and the amount of blood in
+the part affected will be increased correspondingly.
+
+Alcohol, even in moderate doses, paralyzes the _vasomotor_ nerves which
+control the minute blood-vessels, thus allowing these vessels to become
+dilated with the flowing blood.
+
+    "With the disturbance of power in the extreme vessels, more
+    disturbance is set up in other organs, and the first organ that
+    shares in it is the heart. With each beat of the heart a certain
+    degree of resistance is offered by the vessels when their
+    nervous supply is perfect, and the stroke of the heart is
+    moderate in respect both to tension and to time. But when the
+    vessels are rendered relaxed, the resistance is removed, the
+    heart begins to run quicker like a clock from which the pendulum
+    has been removed, and the heart-stroke is greatly increased in
+    frequency. It is easy to account in this manner for the
+    quickened heart and pulse which accompany the first stage of
+    deranged action from alcohol."--RICHARDSON.
+
+Dr. Parkes of England, assisted by Count Wollowicz, conducted inquiries
+upon the effects of alcohol upon the heart, with a young and healthy
+man. At first they made accurate count of the heart beats during periods
+when the young man drank water only; then of the beats during successive
+periods in which alcohol was taken in increasing quantities. Thus step
+by step they measured the precise action of alcohol on the heart, and
+thereby the precise primary influence induced by alcohol. Their results
+are stated by themselves as follows:--
+
+    "The average number of beats of the heart in 24 hours (as
+    calculated from eight observations made in 14 hours), during
+    the first, or water period, was 106,000; in the earlier
+    alcoholic period it was 127,000, or about 21,000 more; and in
+    the later period it was 131,000, or 25,000 more.
+
+    "The highest of the daily means of the pulse observed during the
+    first, or water period, was 77.5; but on this day two
+    observations are deficient. The next highest daily mean was 77
+    beats.
+
+    "If, instead of the mean of the eight days, or 73.57, we compare
+    the mean of this one day; viz. 77 beats per minute, with the
+    alcoholic days, so as to be sure not to over-estimate the action
+    of the alcohol, we find:--
+
+    "On the 9th day, with one fluid ounce of alcohol, the heart beat
+    4,300 times more.
+
+    On the 10th day, with two fluid ounces, 8,172 times more.
+
+    On the 11th day, with four fluid ounces, 12,960 times more.
+
+    On the 12th day, with six fluid ounces, 20,672 times more.
+
+    On the 13th day, with eight fluid ounces, 23,904 times more.
+
+    On the 14th day, with eight fluid ounces, 25,488 times more.
+
+    But as there was ephemeral fever on the 12th day, it is right to
+    make a deduction, and to estimate the number of beats in that
+    day as midway between the 11th and 13th days, or 18,432.
+    Adopting this, the mean daily excess of beats during the
+    alcoholic days was 14,492, or an increase of rather more than 13
+    per cent.
+
+    The first day of alcohol gave an excess of 4 per cent., and the
+    last of 23 per cent.; and the mean of these two gives almost the
+    same percentage of excess as the mean of the six days.
+
+    Admitting that each beat of the heart was as strong during the
+    alcoholic period as in the water period (and it was really more
+    powerful), the heart on the last two days of alcohol was doing
+    one-fifth more work.
+
+    "Adopting the lowest estimate which has been given of the daily
+    work of the heart; viz. as equal to 12.2 tons lifted one foot,
+    the heart during the alcoholic period, did daily work excess
+    equal to lifting 15.8 tons one foot, and in the last two days
+    did extra work to the amount of 24 tons lifted as far.
+
+    "The period of rest for the heart was shortened, though,
+    perhaps, not to such an extent as would be inferred from the
+    number of beats, for each contraction was sooner over. The
+    heart, on the fifth and sixth days after alcohol was left off,
+    and, apparently at the time when the last traces of alcohol were
+    eliminated, showed in the sphygmographic tracing signs of
+    unusual feebleness; and, perhaps, in consequence of this, when
+    the brandy quickened the heart again, the tracings showed a more
+    rapid contraction of the ventricles, but less power than in the
+    alcoholic period. The brandy acted, in fact, on a heart whose
+    nutrition had not been perfectly restored."
+
+Richardson quotes these experiments of Parkes and Wollowicz as if he
+agrees with them that increased heart-beat must of necessity mean
+increased work done by the heart. Dr. Nathan S. Davis, Dr. Newell
+Martin, Dr. A. B. Palmer, and some other investigators, show
+conclusively that mere increased frequency of beat above the natural
+standard is no evidence of increased force or efficiency in the
+circulation.
+
+    "The more frequent beats under the influence of alcohol
+    constitute no exception to the general rule, for while the heart
+    beats more frequently, its influence on the vasomotor nerves
+    causes dilatation of the peripheral and systemic blood-vessels,
+    as proved by the pulse-line written by the sphygmograph, which
+    more than counterbalances the supposed increased action of the
+    heart. The truth is, that under the influence of alcohol in the
+    blood the systolic action of the heart loses in sustained force
+    in direct proportion to its increase in frequency, until, by
+    simply increasing the proportion of alcohol, the heart stops in
+    diastole, as perfectly paralyzed as are the coats of the smaller
+    vessels throughout the system. This was clearly demonstrated by
+    the experiments of Professor Martin of Johns Hopkins University,
+    to determine the effects of different proportions of alcohol on
+    the action of the heart of the dog; and those of Drs. Sidney
+    Ringer and H. Sainsbury, to determine the relative strength of
+    different alcohols as indicated by their influence on the heart
+    of the frog. Professor Martin states that blood containing 1/4
+    per cent. by volume of absolute alcohol, almost invariably
+    diminishes, within a minute, the work done by the heart."
+
+(This estimate would equal in an adult man an amount equal to the
+absolute alcohol in two or three ounces of whisky or brandy.)
+
+    "These investigations of Professor Martin, being directly
+    corroborated by those of Drs. Ringer and Sainsbury, complete the
+    series of demonstrations needed to show the actual effects of
+    alcohol on the cardiac, as well as on the vasomotor, and also on
+    the direct contractability of the muscular structure, when
+    supplied with blood containing all gradations in the relative
+    proportion of alcohol, leaving no longer any basis for the idea,
+    popular both in and out of the profession, that alcohol in any
+    of its forms is capable of increasing, even temporarily the
+    force or efficiency of the heart's action."--Dr. N. S. Davis in
+    _Influence of Alcohol On the Human System_.
+
+The following letter will be of great interest to all students of the
+physiological effects of alcohol:--
+
+
+                                   "CHICAGO, ILL., March 3, 1899.
+
+    "To MRS. MARTHA M. ALLEN,
+      "Syracuse, N. Y.,
+
+    "MADAM: Your letter asking my attention to the apparent
+    contradiction of authorities concerning the _work_ done by the
+    heart when influenced by alcohol was received yesterday.
+
+    "The explanation is not difficult. It depends entirely on the
+    different views of what constitutes the _work_ of the heart.
+
+    "One class of investigators, led by the original and valuable
+    experiments of Parkes and Wollowicz base their estimate of the
+    heart's work entirely on the _number of times it contracts or
+    beats per minute_. Thus Dr. Parkes, finding that moderate doses
+    of alcohol increased the number of contractions of the heart
+    from three to six beats per minute more than natural, readily
+    estimated the number of additional contractions that would occur
+    in twenty-four hours, and thereby demonstrated a large amount of
+    increased work done by the heart under the influence of alcohol.
+    All writers who speak of 'stimulating' or increasing the action
+    of the heart by alcohol follow this method of measuring the
+    amount of _work_ done. They generally add that it is like
+    applying 'the whip to a tired horse.'
+
+    "The other class of investigators who claim that _alcohol_
+    diminishes the actual _work_ done by the heart base their
+    estimates on the amount _of blood the heart passes through its
+    cavities into the arteries in a given time_. This is the
+    physiological function of the heart; i.e. to aid in circulating
+    the blood. Professor Martin's experiments were admirably
+    contrived to determine, not how frequently the heart beat, but
+    the amount of blood it delivered per minute under the influence
+    of alcohol and without alcohol.
+
+    "He, and all others who take this basis of work, found that
+    alcohol in any dose diminished the efficiency of the heart in
+    circulating the blood in direct ratio to the quantity taken.
+
+    "My own original experiments, made fifty years ago, uniformly
+    showed that alcohol quickly increased the number of heart beats
+    per minute, but at the same time diminished the efficiency of
+    the circulation generally. Every experienced practitioner knows
+    that the weaker the _heart_ becomes, the _faster_ it beats.
+    Consequently, the number of times the heart contracts per minute
+    is no measure of the efficiency of its work in circulating the
+    blood. Indeed the mechanism of the heart is such that there must
+    be sufficient time between each of its contractions for its
+    _cavities_ to _fill_, or it is made to contract on an
+    insufficient supply, and the efficiency of the circulation is
+    diminished.
+
+      "Yours respectfully,
+        "N. S. DAVIS."
+
+
+The International Medical Congress of 1876 adopted as its reply to the
+Memorial of the National Temperance Society, and of the National Woman's
+Christian Temperance Union respecting "Alcohol as a Food and as a
+Medicine," the paper by Dr. Ezra M. Hunt, one conclusion of which was,
+"Its use as a medicine is chiefly that of a cardiac stimulant."
+
+As experiments conducted since that time show that it is not a cardiac
+stimulant, but a direct cardiac paralyzant, what excuse is there for
+using it as a medicine now?
+
+    "Whenever the heart is compelled to more rapid contraction than
+    is natural, it has less time to rest. Although it seems to be
+    constantly at work, it really rests more than half the time, so
+    that, although the periods of relaxation are very short, they
+    are so numerous that the aggregate amount of rest in a day is
+    very great. Now, if the rapidity of the contractions is
+    increased materially and continuously, although the aggregate
+    amount of time for rest may be the same as before, yet the waste
+    caused by the contractions is greater, while the time for rest
+    after each one is shorter. This lack of rest produces exhaustion
+    of the heart-muscle, ending in partial change of the muscular
+    tissue into fat. The heart then becomes flabby and weak and its
+    walls become thinner, a condition known to physicians as a
+    'fatty heart,' often resulting in sudden death."--_Tracy's
+    Physiology_, page 158.
+
+Dr. T. D. Crothers, of Hartford, Conn., has made many observations with
+the sphygmograph to learn the effects of alcohol upon the heart. He
+says:--
+
+    "On general principles, and clinically, the increased activity
+    and subsequent diminution of the heart's action brings no
+    medicinal aid or strength to combat disease. This is simply a
+    reckless waste of force for which there is no compensation.
+    Without any question or doubt the increased heart's action,
+    extending over a long period, is dangerous.
+
+    "The medicinal damage done by alcohol does not fall exclusively
+    upon the heart, although this organ may show it more permanently
+    than others."--_Transactions of Second Annual Meeting of A. M.
+    T. A._
+
+Dr. I. N. Quimby, of Jersey City, N. J., in an address before the
+American Medical Temperance Association, after describing two clinical
+cases which ended in death, made the following statement:
+
+    "There was nothing so strange about the death of these two
+    patients, although they both died unexpectedly to the physician
+    and their friends, but the declaration I am about to make may be
+    somewhat new and startling, namely: That neither of these
+    patients, in my candid judgment, died from the effect of
+    disease, but rather from vasomotor paralysis of the heart,
+    _superinduced by the administration of the alcohol_, which
+    brought on a sudden and unexpected collapse and death."
+
+Alcohol causes fatty degeneration of the heart and other muscular
+structures. Old age also causes these degenerations, hence alcohol is
+said to produce premature aging of the body.
+
+    "In fatty degeneration the cells and fibres of the body become
+    more or less changed into fat. If a muscular fibre undergoes
+    fatty degeneration, the particles of which it is made disappear
+    one by one, and particles of oil or fatty matter take their
+    place, so that the degree or amount of degeneration varies
+    according to the extent to which this change has gone on. When
+    the fibres of which a muscle is composed have become thus
+    altered by fatty degeneration they become softer according to
+    the amount of it; they are more easily torn and may even tear
+    across when the muscle is being used during life. The more a
+    muscle is thus degenerated the weaker it is, because it contains
+    less muscular substance and more fat. Not only do the heart and
+    other voluntary muscles thus degenerate, but those of the
+    arteries also.
+
+    "Fatty degeneration is promoted by alcohol because alcohol
+    prevents the proper removal of fat, which has been seen to
+    accumulate in the blood; alcohol prevents the proper oxidation
+    or burning up of waste matters; growing cells which are affected
+    by the chemical influence of alcohol are not quite natural or
+    healthy, so are more liable to degeneration; alcohol hinders the
+    proper removal of waste matter from individual cells and
+    tissues."--DR. J. J. RIDGE, London.
+
+Dr. Newell Martin says in _The Human Body_:--
+
+    "Although fatty degeneration of the heart may occur from other
+    causes, alcoholic indulgence is the most frequent one. Fatty
+    liver or fatty heart is rarely if ever curable; either will
+    ultimately cause death."
+
+Dr. Ridge says these degenerations occur in the tissues of thin people
+as well as in those of stout persons. In thin people they are usually in
+the fibres only, not between them.
+
+It is because of this degeneration of the heart and other muscles caused
+by alcohol that athletes in training need to be so very careful to
+avoid the use of beer and other intoxicating drinks.
+
+Diseases such as fevers, diphtheria, and pneumonia which interfere with
+the reception, and internal distribution of oxygen, favor granular and
+fatty degeneration of the heart and other structures of the body. Hence
+non-alcoholic physicians urge that alcohol and such other drugs, as have
+like action in hindering full oxidation of the blood, and causing fatty
+degenerations should be studiously avoided. These physicians attribute
+many of the deaths from heart-failure in such diseases to the combined
+action of the disease and the alcohol in exhausting the heart, and
+weakening its structure.
+
+_Comparative death-rates with and without alcohol show conclusively the
+superiority of the latter treatment._
+
+
+EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL UPON THE LIVER.
+
+The liver is a very large organ, the largest and heaviest in the body,
+weighing in a healthy adult from three to four pounds. It secretes the
+bile. Its cells also store up, "in the form of a kind of animal starch
+called glycogen," excess of starchy or sugary food absorbed from the
+intestine during the digestion of a meal. This it gradually doles out to
+the blood for general use by the organs of the body until the next meal
+is eaten.
+
+Dr. William Hargreaves says:--
+
+    "The office of the liver is to take up new substances having
+    not yet become blood, as well as the portions of integrated
+    matter that can be worked over, and brought again into use. It
+    is in fact the economist of the system. It excretes bile, and
+    liver-sugar, and _renews_ the _blood_. When the liver is
+    disordered the whole body is more or less deranged and the
+    proper nutrition of its parts arrested."
+
+Dr. Alfred Carpenter says:--
+
+    "The liver has to do several things; a considerable part of its
+    duty is to purify the blood from _débris_ (waste matter), to
+    filter out some things, to break up and alter others, and to
+    expel them from the body in the form of bile. There are certain
+    diseases in which the liver suddenly declines to do any more
+    work. Acute atrophy of the liver is the name of this condition,
+    and when it arises death rapidly results from suppression of the
+    secretion of bile. It brings about a state of things called
+    _acholia_; the patient is actually poisoned by the non-removal
+    of those ingredients from the blood which it is the duty of the
+    liver to remove. This corresponds in effect to the condition
+    which alcohol can bring about by slow degrees."
+
+The liver is the first important organ, next to the stomach and bowels,
+to receive the poisonous influence of alcohol.
+
+    "If alcohol is used habitually, though only in small quantities
+    at a time, the liver may become the seat of serious changes.
+    There may be a great increase of fat deposited in the cells,
+    producing what is called 'fatty liver,' or it may lead to a
+    great increase of connective tissue (membrane) between the
+    cells, and surrounding the blood-vessels. This newly-developed
+    connective tissue gradually contracts, and in so doing crushes
+    the cells and obstructs the blood-vessels, making the organ much
+    smaller than natural, and causing the surface to be covered with
+    little projecting knobs, consisting of portions of liver-tissue
+    that have been less compressed than the part that separates
+    them. The pressure upon the liver-cells and the destruction of
+    many of them, prevents the proper formation of bile and
+    liver-sugar. The contraction of the newly-developed tissue, by
+    obstructing the blood-vessels, interferes with the circulation.
+    Malt liquors seem to produce fatty degeneration, while the
+    stronger liquors cause the development of connective
+    tissue."--_Tracy's Physiology._
+
+Speaking of diseases of the liver, Dr. Trotter said in his _Essay on
+Drunkenness_:--
+
+    "The chronic species is not a painful disease; it is slow in its
+    progress, and frequently gives no alarm, till some incurable
+    affection is the consequence. Hence, the fallacy and danger of
+    judging merely by the feelings of the beneficial effects of the
+    use of intoxicating drinks; for the liver and stomach may be
+    seriously diseased, while a man imagines himself in moderate
+    health."
+
+Hardening of the liver, or "hob-nailed" liver, is said to be the result,
+largely, of taking liquor upon an empty stomach. Dr. E. Chenery, of
+Boston, in his excellent book, _Facts for the Millions_, tells of a
+patient of his who was well up to the evening before, when he went out
+and drank with some companions, taking the liquor on an empty stomach.
+That night, vomiting and pain in the right side came on, with high
+fever. Headache began and increased, followed by delirium and a general
+jaundiced condition. He died as a result. The disease was acute
+inflammation of the liver, brought on by the one broadside of alcohol
+poured "point blank" into the organ.
+
+Dr. Chenery says further on in the same book:--
+
+    "There is another disorder of a very serious nature which
+    science is now laying at the doors of the liver--_diabetes
+    mellitus_, or sugar in the urine. Till quite recently, this
+    formidable affection has been regarded as having its seat in the
+    kidneys; and it is so classified in medical writings. Later
+    researches, however, show that the sugar has been formed in the
+    economy before it reaches the kidneys, and that these organs act
+    only as strainers with respect to it, removing it from the blood
+    as they remove salt and various other substances. In seeking for
+    the fountain-head of diabetic sugar, it is found that the liver
+    is the great glycogenic, or sugar-originating factory of the
+    body. In an ordinary state of health this substance is produced
+    in just the proper amount for the uses for which it is intended,
+    so that it is all disposed of in the organism, and does not pass
+    off by the kidneys. If any cause interrupts the processes by
+    which the sugar is consumed, while its manufacture goes on
+    normally, there will come to be an over-supply of sugar in the
+    blood, which, when it reaches 3 parts to 1,000 of the blood,
+    will begin to pass off by the kidneys and appear in the urine.
+    On the other hand, if an undue amount of it is formed, the
+    consumption remaining normal, it will also accumulate in the
+    circulation, and be eliminated by the kidneys. In either case we
+    have diabetes, the sugar irritating and diseasing the kidneys as
+    it passes."
+
+Dr. Harley, of the Royal Society of London, has made the subject of
+alcohol and diabetes matter for considerable study. He says a small
+quantity only of alcohol injected into the portal (liver) circulation of
+healthy animals will cause diabetic urine.
+
+    "If any one doubt the truth of the assertion that alcohol causes
+    diabetes, let him select a case of that form of the disease
+    arising from excessive formation, and after having carefully
+    estimated the daily amount of sugar eliminated by the patient,
+    allow him to drink a few glasses of wine, and watch the result.
+    He will soon find the ingestion of the liquor is followed by an
+    increase of sugar. If alcoholics increase the amount of
+    saccharine matter in the urine of the diabetic, we can easily
+    understand how their excessive use may induce the disease in
+    individuals _predisposed_ to it."--DR. HARLEY.
+
+Some physicians claim that in jaundice and certain other bilious
+disorders even medicines prepared in alcohol are decidedly prejudicial
+and aggravating.
+
+Dr. J. H. Kellogg, and other writers draw attention to the effects of
+alcohol in hindering the liver in its duty of destroying the toxic
+substances generated within the system of a sick person by the specific
+microbes to which the disease owes its origin, saying that the activity
+of the liver in destroying these poisons is one of the physiologic
+processes which stand between the patient and death.
+
+The more this question is studied the more apparent is it that, other
+things being equal, the sick person who is cared for by a non-alcoholic
+physician has a much better chance of recovery than the one dosed by "a
+brandy doctor."
+
+
+EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL UPON THE KIDNEYS.
+
+    "The kidneys, being the chief organs for the excretion of
+    nitrogen waste, are among the most important organs of the body.
+    Any defect in their healthy activity leads to serious
+    interference with the working of many organs, due to the
+    accumulation in the body of nitrogenous waste products. If both
+    kidneys be cut out of an animal, it dies in a few hours from
+    blood-poisoning, due to the accumulation of waste poisonous
+    substances which the kidneys should have got rid of. Serious
+    kidney-disease amounts to pretty much the same thing as cutting
+    out the organs, since they are of little use if not healthy. It
+    is always fatal if not checked, and often kills in a short time.
+    The things which most frequently cause kidney disease are undue
+    exposure to cold, and indulgence in alcoholic drinks."--Martin's
+    _Human Body_.
+
+
+    "The kidneys are supplied with arterial blood, which, having
+    given up water, urea, salt, and certain other substances, either
+    secreted or simply strained from it, returns to the kidneys
+    nearly as bright and fresh as when it entered them. While the
+    lungs are concerned in removing carbonic acid--the ashes of the
+    furnace--it is the peculiar province of the kidneys to remove
+    the products of the wear and tear of the bodily machinery--the
+    wasted nerve and muscle--in the form of urea, or other
+    crystallizable substances, the presence of which in the economy
+    for any considerable time is attended with disastrous results.
+
+    "Now, nature has put these organs, charged with so important
+    work, as far away as possible from any source of irritation.
+    Could alcohol get as direct access to them as to the liver,
+    there is no doubt that their function would be destroyed almost
+    at once, since the change in arterial blood by alcohol is much
+    more extensive and damaging than that wrought in such venous
+    blood as the liver receives from the portal veins. Thus while
+    the liver takes the alcohol immediately from the alimentary
+    canal, the kidneys receive it only after it has passed through
+    the liver, the heart, the lungs, and the heart again; by which
+    time much of it has escaped, while the remainder has been
+    greatly diluted by the blood of the general circulation; yet
+    coming to the kidneys even so considerably diluted, it has power
+    to congest, irritate, and excite them to the excretion of an
+    unusual amount of the watery elements of the urine, as if to
+    wash the irritant away.
+
+    "But it is only the watery element that is increased, not the
+    urea, which is the substance representing the waste of vital
+    action, and is a poison to the system; this it is the special
+    office of the kidneys to remove. Not only does alcohol not
+    increase its elimination, but actually lessens the discharge.
+    And should the irritation of the spirit continue, or be
+    augmented in force, inflammation would follow, and the excretion
+    of urea nearly or entirely cease and life be in the greatest
+    jeopardy. Relief or death then must speedily follow."--Dr. E.
+    Chenery, of Boston, in _Alcohol Inside Out_.
+
+
+    "Alcohol causes kidney-disease in several ways. In the first
+    place it unduly excites the activity of the organs. Next, by
+    impeding oxidation it interferes with the proper preparation of
+    nitrogen wastes: they are brought to the kidneys in an unfit
+    state for removal, and injure those organs. Third, when more
+    than a small quantity of alcohol is taken, some of it is passed
+    out of the body unchanged, through the kidneys, and injures
+    their substance. The kidney-disease most commonly produced by
+    alcohol is one kind of "Bright's disease," so called from the
+    physician who first described it. The connective tissue of the
+    organ grows in excess, and the true excreting kidney-substance
+    dwindles away. At last the organ becomes quite unable to do its
+    work, and death results.
+
+    "The three most common causes of Bright's disease are an acute
+    illness, as scarlet fever, of which it is a frequent result;
+    sudden exposure to cold when warm (this often drives blood in
+    excessive quantity from the skin to internal organs, and leads
+    to kidney-disease); and the habitual drinking of alcoholic
+    liquids."--Dr. Newell Martin in _The Human Body_.
+
+
+    "Every physician knows or should know, that the quantity and
+    quality of the effete, or waste, material separated from the
+    blood by the kidneys and voided in the urine, is such as to
+    render a knowledge of the action of any remedy or drink on the
+    function of these organs, of the greatest importance in the
+    treatment of all diseases, and especially those of an acute
+    febrile character. As was long since demonstrated by clinical
+    observation, and more recently by patient and accurate
+    experiments by Bouchard and others, the amount of toxic, or
+    poisonous, material naturally separated from the blood by the
+    kidneys and passed out in the urine is so great that if wholly
+    retained by failure of the kidneys to act for two or three days,
+    speedy death ensues. Equally familiar to every observing
+    physician is the fact that in all the acute febrile and
+    inflammatory diseases, not only is the quantity of the urine
+    secreted generally diminished, but its quality or constituency
+    is also changed to a greater degree than even its quantity.
+    Thus, some of the more important constituents are increased,
+    others diminished, and often new or foreign elements are found
+    present, all resulting from the disordered metabolic processes
+    taking place throughout the system during the progress of these
+    diseases.
+
+    "It is, therefore, hardly necessary to remind the physician that
+    it is of the greatest importance to know as correctly as
+    possible both the direct and the indirect influence of every
+    medicine or drink on the action of the kidneys and all other
+    eliminating organs and structures, lest he unwittingly allow the
+    use of such as may not only retard the elimination of the
+    specific causes of disease, but also favor auto-intoxication by
+    retarding the elimination of the natural elements of excretion.
+
+    "That the presence of alcohol in the living system positively
+    lessens the reception and internal distribution of oxygen, and
+    consequently retards the oxidation processes of disassimilation
+    by which the various products for excretion are perfected and
+    their elimination facilitated, is so fully demonstrated, both by
+    observation and experiment, as no longer to admit of doubt.
+
+    "As nearly all the toxic elements of urine are the results of
+    these oxidation processes, the presence of alcohol in the system
+    could hardly fail to interfere with them in a notable degree.
+
+    "The direct and somewhat extensive series of experiments
+    instituted by Glazer, as published in the _Deut. Med.
+    Wochensch._, Leipsic, Oct. 22, 1891, demonstrated this, as shown
+    by the following conclusions:--'Alcohol, in even relatively
+    moderate quantities, irritates the kidneys, so that the
+    exudation of leucocytes and the formation of cylindrical casts
+    may occur. It also produces an unusual amount of uric acid
+    crystals and oxalates, due to the modified tissue changes
+    produced by the alcohol. The effect of a single act of
+    over-indulgence in alcohol does not last more than thirty-six
+    hours, but it is cumulative under continued use.'
+
+    "Dr. Chittenden kept several dogs under the influence of alcohol
+    eight or ten days, and found it to increase the amount of uric
+    acid in their urine more than 100 per cent. above the normal
+    proportion.
+
+    "Mohilansky, house-physician to Manassein's clinic, in the
+    conclusions drawn from his interesting experiments on fifteen
+    young men to determine the effects of alcohol on the metabolic
+    processes generally, stated that 'it does not possess any
+    diuretic action: but rather tends to inhibit the elimination of
+    water by the kidneys.' It is further stated that this result is
+    owing to the coincident effect of diminished systemic oxidation
+    and of blood pressure.
+
+    "On the other hand, several observers have reported that the
+    flow of urine was increased by the use of alcohol. From as full
+    an examination of the subject as I have been able to make, it
+    appears that the diverse results obtained have depended upon the
+    previous habits of those experimented on, and the widely varying
+    quantities of water drank with the alcohol. When the alcohol is
+    taken with large quantities of water, as is usual with those who
+    use beer and fermented drinks generally, the total amount of
+    urine passed is usually increased, but not more than is found to
+    result from taking the same quantity of water without any
+    alcohol. When alcoholic drinks are taken by those already
+    habituated to its use, it has less marked effect on the quantity
+    and quality of the urine than when taken by those who had
+    previously been total abstainers. This was illustrated by the
+    experiments of Mohilansky on the fifteen men, some of whom were
+    habitual drinkers, some occasional drinkers, and others total
+    abstainers. When all were subjected to the same diet and drinks,
+    with alcohol, in two the daily amount of urine voided remained
+    unaltered, in five it was increased seven per cent., and in
+    eight it decreased twelve per cent. But whatever may be the
+    variations in the mere quantity of urine voided under the
+    influence of alcohol, the alterations in quality pretty
+    uniformly show an increase in the products of imperfect internal
+    metamorphosis or oxidation, such as uric acid, oxalates, casts,
+    leucocytes, albumen and potassium, with less of the normal
+    products, as urea and salts of sodium.
+
+    "During the past year I have met with three cases in which the
+    regular daily use of alcoholic drinks for several months, in
+    quantities not sufficient to produce intoxication, had so
+    altered the blood, and the renal function, that the urine
+    contained both casts and albumen, and some degree of oedema
+    was observable in the face and extremities. These changes were
+    so marked as to justify a diagnosis of incipient nephritis, or
+    Bright's disease. Yet after totally abstaining from the use of
+    alcoholic drinks and remedies, and taking such vasomotor tonics
+    as strychnine and digitalis, with a regulated diet and fresh
+    air, they completely recovered.
+
+    "When it is remembered that in diphtheria, pneumonia and typhoid
+    fever, the acute diseases in which a large part of the
+    profession administer most freely alcoholic remedies, the
+    function of the kidney is altered in almost the same direction
+    as are found to take place under the influence of alcohol, it
+    should certainly cause every practitioner to pause and
+    critically review the pathological basis on which he has been
+    prescribing. An anæsthetic, like alcohol, may certainly render a
+    patient with diphtheria, pneumonia or typhoid fever more quiet,
+    and cause him to say he feels better, but if it at the same time
+    diminishes the internal distribution of oxygen, retards the
+    oxidation and elimination of waste and toxic products through
+    the kidneys and lungs, and lessens vasomotor force, it cannot
+    fail to protract the duration of disease, and increase the
+    ratio of mortality."--Dr. N. S. Davis, _A. M. T. A. Quarterly_,
+    April, 1894.
+
+Dr. J. H. Kellogg, by a series of carefully executed experiments,
+conclusively demonstrated that alcohol hinders the elimination of
+poisonous matter by the kidneys. This property of alcohol is one of the
+objections which he sees to its use as a medicine. He says:--
+
+    "Water applied externally stimulates elimination by the pores of
+    the skin, and employed freely internally by water drinking, and
+    enemas to be retained for absorption, aids liver and kidney
+    activity. If the patient dies it is because his liver and
+    kidneys have failed to destroy and eliminate the poisons
+    generated with sufficient rapidity to prevent their producing
+    fatal mischief in the body."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+ALCOHOL AS A MEDICINE.
+
+
+Although nearly all of the foremost scientific investigators of the
+effects of alcohol upon the body have lost faith in the old views of the
+usefulness of alcoholic liquors as remedial agencies a considerable
+proportion of the medical profession do not seem yet to have learned how
+to treat disease without recourse to the alcohol therapy. This is
+largely due to the fact that the new thought has not yet crystallized to
+any large extent in the medical text-books, and also to the widely
+variant views held by professors of medicine.
+
+The medical use of alcohol has been, and still is, the great bulwark of
+the liquor traffic. The user of alcoholics as beverages always excuses
+himself, if hard pressed by abstainers, upon the ground that they must
+be of service or doctors would not recommend them so frequently. In all
+prohibitory amendment, and no-license campaigns, the cry of "Useful as
+Medicine" has been the hardest for temperance workers to meet, for they
+have felt that they had to admit the statement as true, knowing nothing
+to the contrary. Indeed, thousands of those who advocate the prohibition
+of the sale of liquor as a beverage, use alcohol in some form quite
+freely as medicine, and are as determined and earnest in defence of
+their favorite "tipple" as any old toper could well be. Many use it in
+the guise of cordials, tonics, bitters, restoratives and the thousand
+and one nostrums guaranteed to cure all ills to which human flesh is
+heir.
+
+The wide-spread belief in the necessity and efficacy of alcoholics as
+remedies is the greatest hindrance to the success of the temperance
+cause. It is impossible to convince the mass of the people that what is
+life-giving as medicine can be death-dealing as beverage. The two stand,
+or fall, together. Hence there is no more important question before the
+medical profession, and the people generally, than that of the action of
+alcohol in disease, and, as a goodly number of the most distinguished
+and successful physicians of Europe and America declare it to be harmful
+rather than helpful, it behooves thoughtful people to carefully study
+the reasons they assign for holding such an opinion. Certainly it is
+true that if physicians and people would all adopt the views of the
+advocates of non-alcoholic medication the temperance problem would be
+solved, and the greatest source of disease, crime, pauperism, insanity
+and misery would be driven from the face of the earth.
+
+To understand the arguments advanced in favor of non-alcoholic
+medication it is needful to make some study of the effects of alcohol
+upon the body, and of the purposes for which alcoholics are prescribed
+medically.
+
+_Alcohol is used in sickness as a food, when solid foods cannot be
+assimilated, "to support" or sustain, the vitality; it is used as a
+stimulant, a tonic, a sedative or narcotic, an anti-spasmodic, an
+antiseptic and antipyretic; it is used in combination with other drugs,
+in tinctures and in pharmacy._ It is not wonderful that the people
+esteem it above all other drugs, for none other is so variously and so
+generally employed. Those who discard it as a remedy teach that only in
+human delusions is it a food or a stimulant, and for the other uses to
+which it is put, outside of pharmacy, there are different agents which
+may be more satisfactorily employed.
+
+
+IS ALCOHOL FOOD?
+
+So well agreed are all the scientific investigators that alcohol has no
+appreciable food value that it would seem foolish to spend time upon a
+discussion of alcohol as food were it not that the idea of its
+"supporting the vitality" in disease, in some mysterious way is deeply
+rooted in the professional, as well as the popular mind.
+
+_Foods are substances which, when taken into the body, undergo change by
+the process of digestion; they give strength and heat and force; they
+build up the tissues of the body, and make blood; and they induce
+healthy, normal action of all the bodily functions._
+
+Alcohol does none of these. It undergoes no change in the stomach, but
+is rapidly absorbed and mixed with the blood, and has been discovered
+hours after its ingestion in the brain, blood and tissues, unchanged
+alcohol. In many of the experiments made with it upon animals,
+considerable quantities of the amount swallowed were recovered from the
+excretions of the body, without any change having taken place in its
+composition. This, of itself, is sufficient evidence to show that it is
+a substance which the body does not recognize as a food.
+
+_Foods build up the tissues of the body._ All physiologists are agreed
+that since alcohol contains no nitrogen it cannot be a tissue-forming
+food; there is no difference of opinion here. Dr. Lionel Beale, the
+eminent physiologist, says that alcohol is not a food and does not
+nourish the tissues.
+
+    "There is nothing in alcohol with which any part of the body can
+    be nourished."--Cameron's _Manual of Hygiene_.
+
+    "Alcohol contains no nitrogen; it has none of the qualities of
+    the structure-building foods; it is incapable of being
+    transformed into any of them; it does not supply caseine,
+    albumen, fibrine or any other of those substances which go to
+    build up the muscles, nerves and other active organs."--SIR B.
+    W. RICHARDSON.
+
+    "It is not demonstrable that alcohol undergoes conversion into
+    tissue."--DR. W. A. HAMMOND.
+
+If it is a food why do all writers and experimenters exclude it from the
+diet of children, and why is the caution always given people to not
+take it upon an empty stomach? Foods are supposed to be particularly
+suited to an empty stomach.
+
+_Foods induce healthy, normal action of all the bodily functions._
+
+The chapter upon "Diseases Produced by Alcohol" is evidence that by this
+test alcohol shows up in its true nature as a poison, and not a food.
+Alcohol destroys healthy normal action of all the bodily functions, and
+builds up impure fat, fatty degeneration, instead of strong, firm
+muscle. Dr. Parkes, one of the most famous of English students of
+alcohol, says:--
+
+    "These alcoholic degenerations are certainly not confined to the
+    notoriously intemperate. I have seen them in women accustomed to
+    take wine in quantities not excessive, and who would have been
+    shocked at the imputation that they were taking too much,
+    although the result proved that for them it was excess."
+
+Dr. Ezra M. Hunt, late secretary of New Jersey State Board of Health,
+remarks:--
+
+    "The question of excess occurs in sickness as well as in health,
+    and all the more because its determination is so difficult and
+    the evil effects so indisputable. The dividing line in medicine,
+    even between use and abuse, is so zigzag and invisible that
+    common mortals, in groping for it, generally stumble beyond it,
+    and the delicate perception of medical art too often fails in
+    the recognition."
+
+All non-alcoholic writers assert that the continuous use of alcohol as a
+medicine is equally injurious to all the bodily functions as the
+employment of it as a beverage. Calling it medicine does not change its
+deadly nature, nor does the medical attendant possess any magical power
+by which a destructive poison may be converted into a restorative agent.
+
+Dr. Noble, writing recently to the _London Times_, said:--
+
+    "The internal use of alcohol in disease is as injurious as in
+    health."
+
+Since foods induce healthy, normal action of all the bodily functions,
+and alcohol injures every organ of the body in direct proportion to the
+amount consumed, by this test it is proved to not be a food.
+
+_Foods give strength._ Alcohol weakens the body. This has been
+determined again and again by experiments upon gangs of workmen and
+regiments of soldiers. These experiments always resulted in showing that
+upon the days when the men were supplied with liquor they could neither
+use their muscles so powerfully, nor for so long a time, as on the days
+when they received no alcoholic drink. Of the results of such tests Sir
+Andrew Clark, late Physician to Queen Victoria, said:--
+
+    "It is capable of proof beyond all possibility of question that
+    alcohol not only does not help work but is a serious hinderer of
+    work."
+
+So satisfied are generals in the British army of the weakening effect of
+alcohol that its use is now forbidden to soldiers when any considerable
+call is to be made upon their strength. The latest example of this was
+in the recent Soudan campaign under Sir Herbert Kitchener. An order was
+issued by the War Department that not a drop of intoxicating liquor was
+to be allowed in camp save for hospital use. The army made phenomenal
+forced marches through the desert, under a burning sun and in a climate
+famous for its power to kill the unacclimated. It is said that never
+before was there a British campaign occasioning so little sickness and
+showing so much endurance. Some Greek merchants ran a large consignment
+of liquors through by the Berber-Suakim route, but Sir Herbert had them
+emptied upon the sand of the desert. A reporter telegraphed to
+England:--
+
+    "The men are in magnificent condition and in great spirits. They
+    are as hard as nails, and in a recent desert march of fifteen
+    miles, with manoeuvring instead of halts, the whole lasting
+    for five continuous hours, not a single man fell out!"
+
+This was in decided contrast to the march in the African war some years
+before when, as they passed through a malarial district, and a dram was
+served, men fell out by dozens. Dr. Parkes, one of the medical officers,
+prevailed upon the commander-in-chief to not allow any more alcoholic
+drams while the troops were marching to Kumassi.
+
+Experiments in lifting weights have also been tried upon men by careful
+investigators. In every case it was found that even beer, and very
+dilute solutions of alcohol, would diminish the height to which the
+lifted weight could be raised. As an illustration of the deceptive power
+of alcohol upon people under its influence, it is said that persons
+experimented upon were under the impression, after the drink, that they
+could do more work, and do it more easily, although the testing-machine
+showed exactly the contrary to be true.
+
+Athletes and their trainers have learned by experience that alcohol does
+not give strength, but is, in reality, a destroyer of muscular power. No
+careful trainer will allow a candidate for athletic honors to drink even
+beer, not to speak of stronger liquors. When Sullivan, the once famous
+pugilist, was defeated by Corbett, he said in lamenting his lost
+championship, "It was the _booze_ did it"; meaning that he had violated
+training rules, and used liquor. University teams and crews have proved
+substantially that drinking men are absolutely no good in sports, or
+upon the water. Football and baseball teams, anxious to excel, are
+beginning to have a cast-iron temperance pledge for their members. So
+practical experience of those competing in tests of strength and
+endurance teach eloquently that alcohol does not give strength, but
+rather weakens the body, by rendering the muscles flabby.
+
+Sandow, the modern Samson, wrote his methods of training in one of the
+magazines a few years ago, and stated that he used no alcoholic
+beverages. The ancient Samson was not allowed to taste even wine from
+birth.
+
+A question worthy of serious consideration is: how are the sick to be
+strengthened and "supported" by drinks which athletes are warned to
+specially shun as weakening to the body? Either the sick are mistakenly
+advised, or the athletes are in error. Which seems the more likely?
+
+Dr. Richardson says in _Lectures on Alcohol_:--
+
+    "I would earnestly impress that the systematic administration of
+    alcohol for the purpose of giving and sustaining strength is an
+    entire delusion."
+
+In another place he says:--
+
+    "Never let this be forgotten in thinking of strong drink: that
+    the drink is strong only to destroy; that it never by any
+    possibility adds strength to those who drink it."
+
+Sir William Gull, late physician to the Prince of Wales, said before a
+Select Committee of the House of Lords on Intemperance:--
+
+    "There is a great feeling in society that strong wine and other
+    strong drinks give strength. A large number of people have
+    fallen into that error, and fall into it every day."
+
+Any unprejudiced person can readily see that experience and experiment
+unite in testifying that alcohol does not give strength, hence differs
+radically from most substances commonly classed as foods. Yet millions
+of dollars are spent annually by deluded people upon supposedly
+strength-giving drinks, and thousands of the sick are ignorantly, or
+carelessly, advised to take beer or wine to make them strong and to
+_support_ them when solid food cannot be assimilated. Truly, "My people
+is destroyed for lack of knowledge."
+
+_Foods give force to the body._
+
+Dr. Richardson says:--
+
+    "We learn in respect to alcohol that the temporary excitement is
+    produced at the expense of the animal matter and animal force,
+    and that the ideas of the necessity of resorting to it as a
+    food, to build up the body or to lift up the forces of the body,
+    are ideas as solemnly false as they are widely disseminated."
+
+Dr. Benjamin Brodie says in _Physiological Inquiries_:--
+
+    "Stimulants do not create nerve power: they merely enable you,
+    as it were, to use up that which is left."
+
+Dr. E. Smith:--
+
+    "There is no evidence that it increases nervous influence, while
+    there is much evidence that it lessens nervous power."
+
+Dr. Wm. Hargreaves, of Philadelphia:--
+
+    "It is sometimes said by the advocates and defenders of alcohol,
+    that by its use force is generated more abundantly. This it
+    certainly cannot do, as it does not furnish anything to feed the
+    blood or to store up nourishment to replenish the expenditure.
+    For by their own theory, the increase of action must cause an
+    increase of wear and tear; hence alcohol instead of sustaining
+    life or vitality, must cause a direct waste or expenditure of
+    _vital force_."
+
+Dr. Auguste Forel, of Switzerland:--
+
+    "All alcoholic liquors are poisons, and especially
+    brain-poisons, and their use shortens life. They cannot
+    therefore be regarded as sources of nourishment or force. They
+    should be resisted as much as opium, morphia, cocaine, hashish
+    and the like."
+
+Dr. W. F. Pechuman, of Detroit, in his valuable little treatise,
+_Alcohol--Is it a Medicine?_ says clearly:--
+
+    "When alcohol or any other irritant poison is put into the
+    system, the conservative vital force, recognizing it as an
+    enemy, at once makes an effort through the living matter to rid
+    the system of the offender;--the heart increases in action and
+    new strength seems to appear. Now, right here is where the great
+    mass of people and a large number of physicians are deluded.
+    They mistake the extra effort of the vital force to preserve the
+    body against harmful agencies for an actual increase in strength
+    as the result of the agent given; we wonder that they can be so
+    blind as not to see the reaction which invariably occurs soon
+    after the administration of their so-called stimulant."
+
+Dr. F. R. Lees, of England:--
+
+    "All poisons lessen vitality and deteriorate the ultimate tissue
+    in which force is reposited. Alcohol is an agent, the sole,
+    perpetual and inevitable effects of which are to avert blood
+    development, to retain waste matter, to irritate mucous and
+    other tissues, to thicken normal juices, to impede digestion, to
+    deaden nervous sensibility, to lower animal heat, to kill
+    molecular life, _and to waste, through the excitement it creates
+    in heart and head, the grand controlling forces of the nerves
+    and brain_."
+
+If alcohol is a destroyer of bodily force, as any ordinary observer of
+drinking men can readily see, it is a problem beyond solving, how it is
+going to give force to, or sustain vitality in, the patient hovering
+between life and death. Too often has it been the means of hastening
+into eternity those who, but for its mistaken use, might have recovered
+from the illness affecting them.
+
+_Food gives heat to the body._
+
+Alcohol does not, but really robs the body of its natural warmth. This
+finding of science was received with the utmost incredulity when first
+presented to the medical world, but the invention of the clinical
+thermometer settled it beyond controversy. It is now believed by all but
+a very few of those who have knowledge of the physiological effects of
+alcohol. While Dr. N. S. Davis, of Chicago, was the first to demonstrate
+this fact, it was Dr. B. W. Richardson, of England, who succeeded in
+putting it prominently before the attention of physicians.
+
+The normal temperature of the human body is a little over 98 degrees by
+Fahrenheit's thermometer. If the temperature is found to be much above
+or below 98 degrees the person is considered out of health; indeed by
+this condition alone physicians are able to detect serious forms of
+disease. By the use of the clinical thermometer, placed under the
+tongue, it is easy to determine what agents acting upon the body will
+cause the temperature to vary from the natural standard. When alcohol is
+swallowed there is at first a decided feeling of warmth induced; if the
+temperature be taken now it will be found that in a person unaccustomed
+to alcohol the warmth may be raised half a degree; in one accustomed to
+alcohol the warmth may be raised a full degree, or even a degree and a
+half beyond the natural standard. But this warmth is only temporary, and
+is soon succeeded by chilliness.
+
+Dr. Richardson says in his _Temperance Lesson Book_:--
+
+    "The sense of warmth occurs in the following way: When the
+    alcohol enters the body, and by the blood-vessels is conveyed to
+    all parts of the body, it reduces the nervous power of the small
+    blood-vessels which are spread out through the whole of the
+    surface of the skin. In their weakened state these vessels are
+    unable duly to resist the course of blood which is coming into
+    them from the heart under its stroke. The result is that an
+    excess of warm blood fresh from the heart is thrown into these
+    fine vessels, which causes the skin to become flushed and red as
+    it is seen to be after wine or other strong drink has been
+    swallowed and sent through the body. So, as there is now more
+    warm blood in the skin than is natural to it, a sense of
+    increased warmth is felt. The skin of the body is the most
+    sensitive of substances and the sense of warmth through, or over
+    the whole surface of the skin is conveyed from it to the brain
+    and nervous centres of the body, by which we are enabled to
+    feel.
+
+    "The warmth of surface which seems to be imparted by alcohol,
+    only _seems_ to be imparted. Positively the warmth is not
+    imparted by the alcohol, but is set free by it.
+
+    "In a short time the sense of warmth is succeeded by a feeling
+    of slight chilliness. Unless the person is in a very warm room,
+    or has recently partaken of food, the thermometer will now show
+    a decided decrease in temperature, reaching often to a degree.
+    Should the person go out into a cold air, and especially should
+    he go into a cold air while badly supplied with food, the fall
+    of temperature may reach to two degrees below the natural
+    standard of bodily heat. In this state he easily takes cold, and
+    in frosty weather readily contracts congestion of the lungs, and
+    that disease which is known as bronchitis. If the person drinks
+    to drunkenness his temperature will be found to be from two and
+    a half to three degrees below the natural standard. It takes
+    from two to three days, under the most favorable circumstances,
+    for the animal warmth to become steadily re-established after a
+    drunken spree.
+
+    "The excitement of the mind in the early stages of drunkenness
+    is not natural; it is exhaustive of the bodily powers, and
+    exhaustive for no useful purpose whatever. * * * * *
+
+    "As nothing has been supplied by the alcohol to keep up the
+    supply of heat the vital energy is rapidly exhausted, and if the
+    person is exposed to cold, the exhaustion becomes extreme,
+    sometimes fatal. All great consumers of alcohol are chillier
+    during winter than are abstainers, and as they labor under the
+    delusion that they must take wine or ale or spirits to keep them
+    warm, they keep on making matters worse by constantly resorting
+    to their enemy for relief."
+
+Dr. Newell Martin makes this very clear in his physiology, _The Human
+Body_.
+
+    "Our feeling of being warm depends on the nerves of the skin. We
+    have no nerves which tell us whether heart or muscles or brain,
+    are warmer or cooler. These inside parts are always hotter than
+    the skin, and if blood which has been made hot in them flows in
+    large quantity to the skin, we feel warmer because the skin is
+    heated. As alcoholic drinks make more blood flow through the
+    skin, they often make a man feel warmer. But their actual effect
+    upon the temperature of the whole body is to lower it. The more
+    blood that flows through the skin, the more heat is given off
+    from the body to the air, and the more blood, so cooled, is sent
+    back to the internal organs. The consequence is that alcohol, in
+    proportion to the amount taken, cools the body as a whole,
+    though it may for a time heat the skin."
+
+If other evidence that alcohol is not heat-producing in the body were
+necessary it could be found in the fact that the products of combustion
+are decreased when it is present in the body. The quantity of carbonic
+acid exhaled by the breath is proportionately diminished with the
+decline of animal heat.
+
+Arctic explorers learned by experience what science discovered by
+experiment. Dr. Hayes, the explorer, says:--
+
+    "While fresh animal food, and especially fat, is absolutely
+    essential to the inhabitants and travelers in Arctic countries,
+    alcohol, in almost any shape, is not only completely useless,
+    but positively injurious."
+
+Lieutenant Johnson, who accompanied Nansen upon his northern expedition,
+said, when interviewed by a reporter of the London _Daily News_:--
+
+    "The common opinion that alcohol becomes in some way a necessity
+    in cold countries is entirely a mistaken one. This has been
+    conclusively proved by the expedition. In making up his list of
+    the _Fram's_ equipments, Nansen did not include any spirits,
+    with the exception of some spirits of wine for lamps and
+    stoves."
+
+In the list of stores taken upon the long sledging expedition after
+leaving the _Fram_ no liquors are mentioned. See _Farthest North_, by
+Nansen. The omission of spirits was not because of any "temperance
+fanaticism," but because the experience of former Arctic expeditions had
+shown clearly that men freeze more readily after partaking of alcohol
+than when they totally abstain from it.
+
+That wine is not a fuel-food was shown conclusively in the
+Franco-Prussian war during the siege of Paris. Food was scarce in the
+French Army, and wine was liberally supplied. The men complained
+bitterly of the extreme chilliness which affected them. Dr. Klein, a
+French staff surgeon, was reported in the _Medical Temperance Journal_
+of England, October 1873, as saying of this:--
+
+    "We found most decidedly that alcohol was no substitute for
+    bread and meat. We also found that it was no substitute for
+    coals. We of the army had to sleep outside Paris on the frozen
+    ground. We had plenty of alcohol, but it did not make us warm.
+    Let me tell you there is nothing that will make you feel the
+    cold more, nothing which will make you feel the dreadful sense
+    of hunger more, than alcohol."
+
+There is no evidence against alcohol stronger than that which shows it
+to be not heat-producing, as commonly believed, but a reducer of heat in
+the body. Indeed, this question of bodily temperature is used in recent
+times to decide whether a man who has fallen upon the street is troubled
+by apoplexy, or influenced by alcoholism. If the clinical thermometer
+shows the temperature to be above normal, it is apoplexy; if below
+normal, it is alcoholism.
+
+    "Alcohol is clearly proved to be not a fuel-food, for if it were
+    it would enable the body to resist cold, instead of making it
+    colder; and in the extreme degrees of cold it would go on
+    burning like other fuel-foods, and would maintain, instead of
+    helping to destroy, life."--Richardson's _Lesson Book_.
+
+Yet because it creates a glow of warmth in the skin immediately after
+drinking it, thousands of people will discredit all evidence that it is
+a reducer of bodily heat. Clinical thermometers, and after-sensations of
+chilliness, are unheeded, for "Wine is a mocker," and multitudes are
+willing to be deceived by it.
+
+So, also, with the conclusions against it as a strengthening agent;
+because it dulls the sense of hunger and of fatigue, those who crave it
+will declare in the face of all scientific testimony that it strengthens
+them, and takes the place of food. They will cite, too, the cases of
+people who "lived upon whisky" during an illness of greater or less
+duration. Of the sustaining of life upon alcohol only, Dr. N. S. Davis
+has said:--
+
+    "The falsity of all such stories is made apparent by the fact
+    that nineteen-twentieths of all the alcoholic drinks given to
+    the sick are given in connection with sugar, milk, eggs or
+    meat-broths, which furnish the nutriment, and would support the
+    patients better if given with the same perseverance without the
+    alcohol than with it. While we have quite a number of examples
+    of men living on nothing but water forty or fifty days, I have
+    never seen or learned of a well-authenticated case of a man's
+    taking or receiving into his system nothing but alcohol for half
+    of that length of time, without becoming sick with either
+    gastro-duodenitis, nephritis, or delirium tremens."
+
+_Some of the defenders of the medicinal use of alcohol claim that since
+it has been shown to reduce tissue waste it should be classed as an
+indirect food, a conserver of tissue._ Of this claim, Dr. N. S. Davis
+says in the _Bulletin of the A. M. T. A._, November, 1895:--
+
+    "A careful study of the conditions and processes necessary for
+    both tissue building or nutrition, and tissue waste or
+    disintegration, in all the higher order of animals, will show
+    that neither process can be materially retarded without
+    retarding or preventing the other. Both processes take place
+    only in bioplasm or vitalized matter, supplied with oxygen,
+    water and heat. Neither the assimilation of new material food,
+    nor its use in tissue building can be effected without the
+    presence of free oxygen and nuclein, or corpuscular elements of
+    the blood. And without the presence of the same elements we can
+    have no natural tissue disintegration and removal of the waste.
+    The processes of tissue building and tissue disintegration, are
+    therefore, so intimately related, and dependent upon the same
+    materials and forces, that neither can be hastened or retarded
+    from day to day without influencing the other. When alcohol or
+    any other substance, introduced into the blood, retards the
+    tissue waste, as shown by the diminished amount of excretory
+    products, it must do so by either diminishing the amount of free
+    oxygen in the blood, by impairing the vasomotor and trophic
+    nerve functions or by direct impairment of the properties of the
+    nuclein or protogen elements of the blood and tissues. The
+    popular idea, both in and out of the profession is, that the
+    alcohol, by further oxidation in the blood, lessens the amount
+    of oxygen to act on the tissues, and generates heat or 'some
+    kind of force.' Those who advocate this theory of saving the
+    tissues by combining the oxygen with alcohol seem to forget that
+    in doing so they are diverting and using up the only agent,
+    oxygen, capable of combining with, and promoting the elimination
+    of, all natural waste products as well as the various toxic
+    elements causing disease.
+
+    "But the theory that alcohol directly combines with the oxygen
+    of the blood by which it would be converted into carbonic acid
+    and water with evolution of heat is completely refuted by the
+    well-known fact that its presence in the blood diminishes both
+    temperature and elimination of carbonic acid as already stated.
+    Physiologists of the present day very generally agree that the
+    capacity of the blood to receive oxygen from the lungs, and
+    convey it to the systemic capillaries and various tissues,
+    depends chiefly on its hemoglobin (red coloring matter),
+    protein, or albuminous and saline elements.
+
+    "Both experimental and clinical facts in abundance show that
+    alcohol at all ordinary temperatures displays a much stronger
+    affinity for these elements of the blood and tissues, than it
+    does for oxygen. And when present in the blood, it rapidly
+    attracts both water and hemoglobin from the corpuscular and
+    albuminoid elements of that fluid, and thereby diminishes its
+    reception and distribution of oxygen. We are thus enabled to see
+    clearly how the alcohol diminishes the oxygenation and
+    decarbonization of the blood, and retards all tissue changes
+    both of nutrition and waste without itself undergoing oxidation
+    with evolution of heat. Consequently, instead of acting as a
+    shield or conservator of the tissues by simply combining with
+    the oxygen, the alcohol directly impairs the properties and
+    functions of the most highly vitalized elements of the blood
+    itself, and thereby not only retards tissue waste but also
+    equally retards the highest grades of nutrition, and favors only
+    sclerotic, fatty and molecular degenerations, as we see
+    everywhere resulting from its continued use. Can an agent
+    displaying such properties and effects be called a _food_,
+    either direct or indirect, without a total disregard for the
+    proper meaning of words?"
+
+In another place he says:--
+
+    "This lessening of the elimination of tissue waste is simply an
+    evidence of the accumulation of poisonous substances within the
+    body, through the lessened activity of liver and kidneys and the
+    impairment of the blood."
+
+Dr. Ezra M. Hunt says in _Alcohol as Food and as Medicine_, page 37:--
+
+    "It sounds conservative of health to say of a substance that it
+    delays the breaking down of tissue, but the physiologist does
+    not allow a substance which occasions such delay, to possess,
+    because of that, either dietetic or remedial value. To increase
+    weight by prolonged constipation is not a physiological
+    process."
+
+Dalton says:--
+
+    "The importance of tissue change to the maintenance of life is
+    readily shown by the injurious effects which follow upon its
+    disturbance. If the discharge of the excrementitious substances
+    be in any way impeded or suspended, these substances accumulate
+    either in the blood or tissues, or both. In consequence of this
+    retention and accumulation they become poisonous, and rapidly
+    produce a derangement of the vital functions. Their influence is
+    principally exerted upon the nervous system, through which they
+    produce most frequent irritability, disturbance of the special
+    senses, delirium, insensibility, coma, and finally, death."
+
+The power to retard the passage of waste matter from the system is one
+of the gravest objections to the use of alcohol in sickness, as the
+germs of disease are thereby caused to remain longer in the body than
+they would, were no alcohol or drug of similar action, used. Thus
+recovery is delayed, if not effectually hindered.
+
+The preponderance of scientific evidence is all against alcohol as
+possessing food qualities. It contains no elements capable of entering
+into the composition of any part of the body, hence cannot give
+strength; it is not a fuel-food as it does not supply heat to the body,
+but decreases temperature; and its classification as indirect food
+because it retards the passage of waste matter is shown to be utterly
+unscientific, as any agent which interferes with the natural processes
+of assimilation and disintegration is a dangerous agent, a poison rather
+than a food.
+
+The question naturally arises:--
+
+If these drinks are not liquid food, as we have been taught to believe,
+how is it, since they are made from food, as barley, corn, grapes,
+potatoes, etc?
+
+These drinks are not food, although made from food, because in the
+process of manufacturing them the food principle is destroyed. The grain
+is malted to change starch into sugar--loss of food principle begins
+here--then the malted grain is soaked in water to extract the saccharine
+matter. When the sugar is all in the water the grain goes to feed cattle
+or hogs, and the sweetened water is fermented. The fermentation changes
+the sugar into alcohol.
+
+Analyses of beer by eminent chemists show an average of 90 per cent.
+water, 4 per cent. alcohol, and 6 per cent. malt extract. The malt
+extract consists of gum, sugar, various acids, salts and hop extract.
+Starch and sugar are all of these capable of digestion, and the amount
+of them would be equal to 39 ounces to the barrel of beer. Liebig, the
+great German chemist, said:--
+
+    "If a man drinks daily 8 or 10 quarts of the best Bavarian
+    beer, in a year he will have taken into his system the
+    nutritive constituents contained in a 5 pound loaf of bread."
+
+Eight quarts a day for a year would be 2,920 quarts, or a little more
+than 23 barrels. If sold to the consumer at the low rate of five cents a
+pint, it would cost him $292; a high price for as much nourishment as in
+a 5 pound loaf!
+
+Analyses of wine by reliable chemists show that the consumer must pay
+$500 for the equivalent in nourishment of a 5 pound loaf of bread, wine
+being higher priced than beer. Wines average 80 per cent. water, about
+15 per cent. alcohol, and 5 per cent. residue. This residue is composed
+of sugar, tartaric, acetic and carbonic acids, salts of potassium and
+sodium, tannic acid, and traces of an ethereal substance which gives the
+peculiar or distinguishing flavor. The only one of these ingredients
+possessing food value is sugar; this exists chiefly in what are called
+sweet wines. Yet how many thousands of people spend money they can ill
+afford for wines and beers to build up the failing strength of some
+loved one! A costly delusion, and too often a fatal one!
+
+    "Distilled liquors, if unadulterated, contain literally nothing
+    but water and alcohol, except traces of juniper in gin, and the
+    flavor of the fermented material from which they have been
+    distilled."--_Influence of Alcohol_, by N. S. Davis, M. D.
+
+It is the solemn duty of those to whom the people look for instruction
+in matters of health to undeceive the toiling masses as to the
+food-value of alcoholic liquids. Some of the medical profession are
+faithful in this regard, but too many others are themselves deceived, or
+care not for the destruction of the people.
+
+
+IS ALCOHOL A STIMULANT?
+
+A lady asked her family physician several years ago what he thought of
+the views of those medical writers who class alcohol as a narcotic, and
+not a stimulant. He answered with some heat, "Any one who says alcohol
+is not a stimulant is either a fool or a knave!" He could not have been
+aware that some of the most distinguished professors in American medical
+colleges teach that alcohol is not, properly speaking, a stimulant, but
+a narcotic.
+
+The accepted definition of a stimulant in medical literature is some
+agent capable of exciting or increasing _vital activity_ as a whole, or
+the natural activity of some one structure or organ.
+
+Dr. N. S. Davis has said repeatedly that both clinical and experimental
+observations show that alcohol directly diminishes the functional
+activity of all nerve structures, pre-eminently those of respiration and
+circulation, thus decreasing the internal distribution of oxygen, which
+is nature's own special exciter of all vital action.
+
+    "Consequently it is antagonistic to all true stimulants or
+    remedies capable of increasing vital activity. Instead,
+    therefore, of meriting the name of _stimulant_, alcohol should
+    be designated and used only as an anæsthetic and sedative, or
+    depressor of vital activity."
+
+The following is taken from an editorial article in the _American
+Medical Temperance Quarterly_ for January, 1894:--
+
+    "Drs. Sidney Ringer and H. Sainsbury in a carefully executed
+    series of experiments on the isolated heart of the frog, found
+    that all the alcohol when mixed with the blood circulating
+    through the heart, uniformly diminished the action of that organ
+    in direct proportion to the quantity of alcohol used, until
+    complete paralysis was induced. In closing their report in
+    regard to the action of different alcohols, they say that 'by
+    their direct action on the cardiac tissue these drugs are
+    clearly _paralyzant_, and that this appears to be the case from
+    the outset, _no stage of increased force of contraction
+    preceding_.'
+
+    "Professor Martin, while in connection with the Johns Hopkins
+    University, performed an equally careful series of experiments
+    in regard to the action of ethylic, or ordinary alcohol,
+    directly on the cardiac structures of the dog, and with the same
+    results. He makes the following explicit statement of the
+    results obtained by him. 'Blood containing one-fourth per cent.
+    by volume, that is two and a half parts per 1000 of absolute
+    alcohol, almost invariably diminishes, within a minute, the work
+    done by the heart; blood containing one-half per cent. always
+    diminishes it, and may even bring the amount pumped out by the
+    left ventricle to so small a quantity that it is not sufficient
+    to supply the coronary arteries.'
+
+    "In 1883, R. Dubois, by direct experimenting upon animals, found
+    that the presence of alcohol in the blood much intensified the
+    action of chloroform and thereby rendered a much less dose
+    fatal.
+
+    "Prof. H. C. Wood of the University of Pennsylvania, in an
+    address upon Anæsthesia to the Tenth International Medical
+    Congress, of Berlin, in 1890, said: 'In my own experiments with
+    alcohol, an eighty per cent. fluid was used largely diluted with
+    water. The amount injected into the jugular vein varied in the
+    different experiments from 5 to 20 c. c.; and in no case have I
+    been able to detect any increase in the size of the pulse or in
+    the arterial pressure produced by alcohol, when the heart was
+    failing during advanced chloroform anæsthesia. On the other
+    hand, on several occasions, the larger amounts of alcohol
+    apparently greatly increased the rapidity of the fall of
+    arterial pressure, and aided materially in extinguishing the
+    pulse.
+
+    "Sir Henry Thompson says: 'That alcohol is an anæsthetic and
+    paralyzant is a fact too well established to be questioned or
+    contradicted.'
+
+    "Dr. J. J. Ridge, of London, has published elaborate tables,
+    showing that even small doses of alcohol, averaging one
+    tablespoonful of spirits--not quite half a wineglass of claret
+    or champagne, and not quite a quarter of a pint of ale--impair
+    vision, feeling, and sensibility to weight, without the
+    subject's being conscious of any alteration. Dr. Scougal, of New
+    York, has repeated and confirmed these experiments, and also
+    demonstrated that the hearing was similarly affected.
+
+    "Drs. Nichol and Mossop, of Edinburgh, conducted a series of
+    experiments on each other, examining the eye by means of the
+    ophthalmoscope while the system was under the influence of
+    various drugs. They found that the nerves controlling the
+    delicate blood-vessels of the retina were paralyzed by a dose of
+    about a tablespoonful of brandy.
+
+    "Dr. T. D. Crothers, of Hartford, Conn., has deduced some
+    valuable facts from his experiments with the sphygmograph, upon
+    the action of the heart. He has found by repeated experiments
+    that while alcohol apparently increases the force and volume of
+    the heart's action, the irregular tracings of the sphygmograph
+    show that the real vital force is diminished, and hence its
+    apparent stimulating power is deceptive."--Extract from the
+    Annual Address before the Medical Temperance Association at San
+    Francisco, Cal., June 8, 1894, by Dr. I. N. Quimby, of Jersey
+    City, N. J.
+
+Dr. J. H. Kellogg, of Battle Creek, Mich., has made extensive
+experiments as to the effects of alcohol. In summing up the results of
+these he says:--
+
+    "It would seem that no further evidence could be required that
+    alcohol is a narcotic and an anæsthetic, rather than a
+    stimulant, and that its use as a supporting and tonic remedy is
+    a practice without foundation in either scientific theory or
+    natural clinical experience."
+
+Sir B. W. Richardson at a medical breakfast in London in 1895, stated
+that though alcohol produced an increase in the motion of the heart it
+was ultimately weaker in its action, so he resolved to give up using
+such an agent.
+
+Dr. A. B. Palmer of the University of Michigan prepared a "Report" upon
+alcohol in 1885 for the Michigan State Medical Society in which he cited
+experiments showing that the opinion that alcohol stimulates the heart
+by an increase of real force, is an error. It creates a flutter, but
+decreases power.
+
+    "Increased frequency of pulsation is often the strongest
+    evidence of diminished power--as the fluttering pulse of extreme
+    weakness."
+
+He classes alcohol with chloroform.
+
+    "If chloroform is a narcotic, alcohol is a narcotic. If
+    chloroform is an anæsthetic, alcohol is an anæsthetic. If one is
+    essentially a depressing agent, so is the other. Their strong
+    resemblance no one can question. The chief difference is that
+    the alcoholic narcosis is longer continued, and its secondary
+    effects are more severe."
+
+In closing his summary of the changes in scientific knowledge of this
+drug he says:--
+
+    "We said it was a direct heart exciter. We now know it is a
+    direct heart depressor. We said, and nearly all the text-books
+    still say, it is a direct cardiac stimulant. We know from most
+    conclusive experiments it is a direct _cardiac paralyzant_."
+
+The following is taken from one of the many excellent papers upon
+alcohol written by that Nestor among physicians, Dr. N. S. Davis:--
+
+    "Alcoholics are very generally prescribed in that weakness of
+    the heart sometimes met with in low forms of fever and in the
+    advanced stage of other acute diseases. It is claimed that these
+    agents are capable of strengthening and sustaining the action of
+    the heart under the circumstances just named, and also under the
+    first depressing influence of severe shock.
+
+    "There is nothing in the ascertained physiological action of
+    alcohol on the human system, as developed by a wide range of
+    experimental investigation, to sustain this claim. I have used
+    the sphygmograph and every other available means for testing
+    experimentally the effects of alcohol upon the action of the
+    heart and blood-vessels generally, but have failed in every
+    instance to get proof of any increased force of cardiac action.
+
+    "The first and very transient effect is generally increased
+    frequency of beat, followed immediately by dilatation of the
+    peripheral vessels from impaired vasomotor sensibility, and the
+    same unsteady or wavy sphygmographic tracing as is given in
+    typhoid fever, and which is usually regarded as evidence of
+    cardiac debility. Turning from the field of experimentation to
+    the sick-room, my search for evidences of the power of alcohol
+    to sustain the force of the heart, or in any way to strengthen
+    the patient has been equally unsuccessful. I was educated and
+    entered upon the practice of medicine at a time when alcoholic
+    drinks were universally regarded as stimulating and
+    beat-producing, and commenced their use without prejudice or
+    preconceived notions. But the first ten years of direct clinical
+    or practical observation satisfied me fully of the incorrectness
+    of those views, and very nearly banished the use of these agents
+    from my list of remedies. While it is true that during the last
+    thirty years I have not prescribed for internal use the
+    aggregate amount of one quart of any kind of fermented or
+    distilled drinks, either in private or hospital practice, yet I
+    have continued to have abundant opportunity for observing the
+    effects of these agents as given by others with whom I have been
+    in council; and simple truth compels me to say that I have never
+    yet seen a case in which the use of alcoholic drinks either
+    increased the force of the heart's action or strengthened the
+    patient beyond the first thirty minutes after it was swallowed.
+    * * * * *
+
+    "Nothing is easier than self-deception in this matter. A patient
+    is suddenly taken with syncope, or nervous weakness, from which
+    abundant experience has shown that a speedy recovery would take
+    place by simple rest and fresh air. But in the alarm of patient
+    and friends something must be done. A little wine or brandy is
+    given, and, as it is not sufficient to positively prevent, the
+    patient in due time revives just as would have been the case if
+    neither wine nor brandy had been used."
+
+In the _Medical Pioneer_ of November, 1895, Prof. E. MacDowel Cosgrave,
+Professor of Biology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, says:--
+
+    "The result of all recent investigation is to show that the use
+    of alcohol when a stimulant effect is desired, is an error; and
+    that, from first to last alcohol acts as a narcotic."
+
+Dr. Edmunds, of London, said in an address given in Manchester:--
+
+    "By giving alcohol as a stimulant in exhausting diseases, I
+    believe we always do as we should in giving a dose of opium and
+    brandy and water to comfort a half suffocated patient; i. e.,
+    increase his danger. If that be so, we reduce alcohol not only
+    from the position of food medicine, but we reduce it from the
+    position of a goad; and we say that the supposititious
+    stimulating or goading influence of alcohol is a mere delusion;
+    that in fact alcohol always lessens the power of the patients,
+    and always damages their chance of recovery, when it is a
+    question of their getting through exhausting diseases."
+
+Many more such quotations might be adduced. Enough are given to show
+that the popular use of alcohol, when a stimulant is required, is
+considered a grave error by those who have most thoroughly studied the
+effects of this drug.
+
+
+ALCOHOL AS A TONIC.
+
+Dr. J. J. Ridge, of London, says:--
+
+    "The action of alcohol in relaxing unstriped muscular fibre,
+    which entitles it to be called an anti-spasmodic, robs it of all
+    claim to give tone. The sense of exhilaration which follows
+    small doses of alcohol has been mistaken for real strength and
+    increase of vitality. It is well known that relaxation of the
+    blood-vessels throughout the body is one of the first effects of
+    alcohol. The arteries of the retina have been observed to dilate
+    after very small doses of alcohol. The diminution of tone is
+    well seen in the tracings of the pulse under the influence of
+    alcohol. If one needs a tonic, therefore, alcohol is one of the
+    things to be shunned altogether.
+
+    "But alcoholic beverages contain other things beside alcohol.
+    Beer contains infusion of hops, or other bitter stomachics. Some
+    wines contain tannin. These ingredients, by creating or
+    stimulating the appetite, increase the strength and vital power
+    in certain cases. But we have a large number of drugs which
+    will do the same without the disadvantages arising from the
+    presence of alcohol, and, if the flavor be objected to, many of
+    them can be taken in the form of coated pills.
+
+    "The external use of cold, either by a dripping sheet, cold
+    sponging, or a shower-bath, according to the power of reaction,
+    is a valuable means of giving real tone.
+
+    "Wine is frequently prescribed for those young persons who are
+    growing rapidly, and whose strength does not seem to keep pace
+    with their growth. It is important to know that alcohol is not
+    desirable in such circumstances. There is often found in such
+    cases a defective appetite, perhaps even sub-acute gastric
+    catarrh, which may be due to imperfect mastication through bad
+    teeth, or aggravated by it. There are other causes, such as late
+    hours, bad habits, improper food or irregular meals. In such
+    cases those means must be resorted to which are so effectual in
+    improving the condition and strengthening the heart of athletes.
+    Regular and regulated meals, exercise in the fresh air, a good
+    amount of rest and sleep--these will do more than anything else
+    to invigorate the bodily health."
+
+Dr. N. S. Davis says:--
+
+    "Although I was taught, like all others, to use alcohol as a
+    tonic when patients were sick, to hasten their recovery and
+    promote their strength, yet it did not take me very long to find
+    out that here and there was one already a teetotaler who would
+    not take wine long, nor any kind of alcoholic drink unless
+    prescribed, just as castor-oil, dose by dose, but who, when he
+    got beyond the necessity of having it as a medicine, took no
+    more. What was the comparison? My patients who refused, or did
+    not take alcohol, got strong quicker and had less tendency to
+    relapse than those who continued its use. Here was the first
+    step in progress, and consequently I came soon to cease the
+    recommending it merely to hasten recovery of strength. As a
+    tonic, I found it of no value."
+
+Dr. James Miller, of Edinburgh, says in _Alcohol, Its Place and Power_,
+written many years ago:--
+
+    "It may be well here to correct an important error, yet very
+    current, in regard to the medicinal use of alcohol. People
+    regard it as a simple and common tonic; and are ready to accept
+    its supposed help as such in every form of weakness and general
+    disorder of health. But it is ordinarily, no true tonic."
+
+Dr. Ernest Hart, editor of the _British Medical Journal_, stated some
+years ago at a meeting of the British Medical Temperance Association
+that "the medical profession were nearly all agreed that alcohol is
+neither a food nor a tonic."
+
+Many drunkards have been made, especially among women, by the delusion
+that alcohol has tonic effect. As a sample of these sad cases the
+following is given, taken from a recent number of _The National
+Advocate_:--
+
+    "There is in the jail at Elizabeth, N. J., a woman who was
+    arrested while participating in wild drunken orgies with a gang
+    of tramps in the woods near the town. She appears nothing but a
+    besotted hag, but was only a short time ago a dutiful wife of a
+    respectable man, and the mother of three beautiful children. Her
+    father, who is said to be living in a village in New York State,
+    is a highly respected minister of the Methodist Episcopal
+    Church. Her children are in an asylum, and her husband is a
+    wanderer in the West. The cause of her ruin was beer, prescribed
+    for her by the family physician as a tonic. At first she refused
+    to take it, having always been a teetotaler, but persuaded to
+    obey the physician, she soon acquired a taste for the drink that
+    speedily developed into the overmastering appetite, which has
+    brought her and hers to this sad condition."
+
+
+ALCOHOL AS A SEDATIVE.
+
+Dr. J. J. Ridge says in the _Medical Pioneer_, April, 1893:--
+
+    "Alcohol, chiefly in the form of spirits, is often given to
+    procure sleep and to relieve pain, such as that of neuralgia,
+    dyspepsia, colic and diarrhoea. It is as a sedative that
+    alcohol is so insidious and seductive in cases of chronic
+    disease, as, if frequently resorted to, the drink craving is
+    almost certainly developed. Hence the importance in many cases
+    of rather bearing the ills we have than of flying to others that
+    we know not of. It is clear that other narcotics, such as opium,
+    morphia, chorodyne, chloral, are open to the same objection, and
+    the victims of these drugs are terribly numerous. * * * * * In
+    many instances some form of dyspepsia is the cause of the
+    sleeplessness, palpitation or other uneasy feeling for which a
+    sedative is desired, and when this is cured the symptoms
+    vanish."
+
+A prominent minister in a large American city was afflicted with
+insomnia a few years ago, and, after trying various remedies, was
+advised by a physician to try whisky "night-caps." He became a hopeless
+drunkard. A young medical student in New York appealed to one of his
+professors for aid in overcoming aggravated insomnia. The professor
+advised whisky and morphine! The advice led to the ruin of the young
+man.
+
+
+ALCOHOL AS AN ANTIPYRETIC.
+
+    "By the power of alcohol to retard the evolution of heat in
+    retarding molecular changes in the tissues, the liquids
+    containing it may be used as antipyretics when the temperature
+    is too high, and to retard the processes of waste when these are
+    too rapid. But the antipyretic influence of alcohol is so feeble
+    in comparison with the proper application of water to the
+    surface, or with the internal administration of sulphate of
+    quinia, salicylic acid, digitalis, etc. that no one thinks of
+    using it for antipyretic purposes."--Dr. N. S. Davis in
+    _Principles and Practice of Medicine_.
+
+
+PROFESSOR ATWATER'S CONCLUSIONS UPON ALCOHOL AS A FUEL-FOOD.
+
+In 1899 a decided sensation was caused by the announcement that Prof.
+Atwater, of Middletown, Conn., had proved that alcohol is a fuel-food
+equal in value to carbohydrates and fats. The study later of Prof.
+Atwater's report of his investigations led to prolonged discussions
+among medical men interested in the alcohol question, and his theory
+that alcohol is a food because it is oxidized in the body was vigorously
+opposed by many scientists of high standing. Professor Abel, of Johns
+Hopkins University, Baltimore, an investigator of alcohol who worked
+with the Committee of Fifty, said on this point:--
+
+    "Oxidizability cannot be made the measure of usefulness in
+    regard to this substance."
+
+Professor Gruber, president of the Royal Institute of Hygiene, Munich,
+said:--
+
+    "Does alcohol truly deserve to be called a food substance?
+    Obviously, only such substances can be called food material, or
+    be employed for food, as, like albumen, fat, and sugar, exert
+    non-poisonous influence in the amounts in which they reach the
+    blood and must circulate in it in order to nourish * * * *
+    Although alcohol contributes energy it diminishes working
+    ability. We are not able to find that its energy is turned to
+    account for nerve and muscle work. Very small amounts, whose
+    food value is insignificant, show an injurious effect upon the
+    nervous system."
+
+Sir Victor Horsley, the well-known London surgeon, said:--
+
+    "We know that alcohol lowers the temperature of the body. It can
+    only do that by diminishing the activity of the vital processes.
+    It also diminishes very greatly the power of the muscles, and it
+    diminishes the intellectual power of the nervous system. To call
+    an agent that causes such diminution of activity throughout the
+    whole body a food is ridiculous."
+
+An editorial in the _Journal of the American Medical Association_ said:
+
+    "The fallacy of the reasoning which would place alcohol among
+    the foods is very apparent when we put it in the form of a
+    syllogism: All foods are oxidized in the body; alcohol is
+    oxidized in the body; therefore alcohol is food. As logically we
+    might say: 'All birds are bilaterally symmetrical; the earthworm
+    is bilaterally symmetrical; therefore the earthworm is a bird.'
+    Oxidation within the body is simply one of several important
+    properties of food, as bilateral symmetry is one of several
+    important characteristics of a bird."
+
+Schafer's Physiology says:--
+
+    "It cannot be doubted that any small production of energy
+    resulting from the oxidation of alcohol is more than
+    counterbalanced by its deleterious influences as a drug upon the
+    tissue elements, and especially upon those of the nervous
+    system."
+
+The _Bulletin_ of the A. M. T. A. for July, 1899, contained an article
+upon Prof. Atwater by Dr. J. H. Kellogg, from which the following is
+taken:--
+
+    "Starch, sugar and fats become foods or fuels only through their
+    assimilation. Abundant physiological evidence attests that no
+    substance can act as a food, or as a true source of energy,
+    unless it has first entered into the composition of the body. It
+    must be assimilated. The forces manifested by the body, the
+    muscular forces, or nervous energy, are the result of the
+    breaking down of organized structure into simpler forms. For
+    example, in the case of nervous energy, material from which
+    nerve energy is derived is stored up in the nerve cell, and can
+    be seen with the microscope in the form of minute granules,
+    which disappear as the cell energy is expended, leaving the cell
+    blank and shriveled when in a state of extreme fatigue from
+    overwork. The same is essentially true of the muscle cell. The
+    source of muscular energy is glycogen, an organized substance
+    which becomes a part of the muscle tissue in a well-nourished
+    muscle in a state of rest.
+
+    "Experiments have clearly shown that fat, sugar and starch must
+    all alike be converted into the form of glycogen and enter into
+    the muscle structure before they can become a source of energy.
+
+    "Professor Atwater tells us that alcohol can not form tissue,
+    hence the query is pertinent, How can it be a source of vital
+    energy? The body does not burn food as a stove does fuel. Food
+    can be called fuel only in a highly figurative sense. The
+    oxidation of food in the body does not take place directly. Food
+    is assimilated, becoming a part of the tissue. Oxygen is also
+    assimilated, entering into the composition of the tissue along
+    with the food elements under the action of special organic
+    ferments brought into play by nervous impulses received from the
+    central ganglia.
+
+    "The molecules of these residual tissues which form the
+    storehouse of energy in the body are rearranged in simpler
+    forms, thereby giving up a portion of the energy which holds
+    them together in the state in which they exist in the tissues,
+    and this energy thus set free appears as muscle force, mental
+    activity, glandular work and various other forms of functional
+    activity."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+ALCOHOL IN PHARMACY.
+
+
+In the _Journal of the American Medical Association_ for November 13,
+1897, Dr. T. D. Crothers, editor of the _Journal of Inebriety_, says in
+a paper upon "Concealed Alcohol in Drugs":--
+
+    "A very important question has been repeatedly raised, and
+    answered differently by persons who claim to have some expert
+    knowledge. The question is, can strong tinctures of common drugs
+    be given in all cases with safety; tinctures of the various
+    bitters which contain from 10 to 40 per cent. of alcohol, and
+    are used very freely by neurotic and debilitated persons? It is
+    asserted with the most positive convictions that such tinctures
+    are more sought for the narcotic effect of the alcohol than for
+    the drugs themselves.
+
+    "In my experience a large number of inebriates who are restored,
+    relapse from the use of these tinctures given for their
+    medicinal effects. * * * * *
+
+    "The question is asked, how much alcohol can be used as a
+    solvent in drugs without adding a new force more potent than
+    that which is brought out by the alcohol? Opinions of experts
+    differ. One writer thinks 10 per cent. of alcohol in any drug
+    will, if given any length of time, develop the physiologic
+    effect of alcohol in addition to that of the drug. An English
+    writer says that in some cases a 5 per cent. tincture is
+    dangerous from the alcohol which it contains.
+
+    "There is some doubt expressed by many authorities as to the
+    potency of a drug which is covered up in a strong tincture. It
+    is clear that the value of a drug is not enhanced, and it is
+    certain that a new force-producing, or exploding agency, has
+    been added to the body.
+
+    "In experience, any drug which contains alcohol can not be given
+    to persons who have previously used it without rousing up the
+    old desire for drink, or at least producing a degree of
+    irritation and excitement that clearly comes from this source.
+    It is also the experience of persons who are very susceptible to
+    alcohol, that any strong tincture is followed by headache and
+    other symptoms that refer to disturbed nerve centres.
+
+    "In many studies I have been surprised at the increased action
+    of drugs when given in other forms than the tincture. Gum and
+    powdered opium, have far more pronounced narcotic action than
+    the tincture. Yet the tincture is followed by a more rapid
+    narcotism, but of shorter duration, and attended with more nerve
+    disturbance at the onset.
+
+    "I am convinced that a more exact knowledge of the physiologic
+    action of alcohol on the organism will show that its use in
+    drugs as tinctures is dangerous and will be abandoned.
+
+    "There are many reasons for believing that its use in
+    proprietary drugs will be punished in the future under what is
+    called the poison act."
+
+Dr. J. J. Ridge published in May, 1893, in the _Medical Pioneer_, the
+following statement of the pharmacy of the London Temperance Hospital:--
+
+    "When the Temperance Hospital was first opened, it became a
+    question of practical importance, what should be done with
+    regard to the alcohol so largely employed as a vehicle and drug
+    excipient. Not that the principle of the treatment of disease
+    without the ordinary administration of alcoholic beverages
+    precludes the employment of alcoholic tinctures, but it was felt
+    that in such a test case as this it was important to obviate the
+    objection that while withholding alcohol as a beverage, it was
+    given in the medicine. As a matter of fact, it is surprising,
+    when one looks into it, how much alcohol is often given merely
+    as a vehicle for other drugs, and without the special action of
+    alcohol being required or desired. In prescriptions which are to
+    be seen in many text-books, it is not uncommon to find from one
+    to two or three, or even four drachms of rectified spirit in the
+    form of tinctures or spirits. This is very undesirable. If
+    alcohol is needed it should be given in proper measured dose.
+    But if it is not indicated, then it is not well to administer it
+    in this indirect manner.
+
+    "Experiments were therefore made, partly at the hospital and
+    specially by Messrs. Southall Bros. & Barclay, of Birmingham,
+    with the result that new non-alcoholic tinctures were made
+    replacing the following alcoholic tinctures and wines:--
+
+      Tinct. Aloes.
+        "    Arnicæ.
+        "    Aurantii.
+        "    Belladonnæ.
+        "    Buchu.
+        "    Calumbæ.
+        "    Camph. Co.
+        "    Capsici.
+        "    Cascarillæ.
+        "    Catechu.
+        "    Chiratæ.
+        "    Cinchonæ Co.
+        "        "    Flav.
+        "    Cinnamomæ.
+        "    Colchici Sem.
+        "    Conii.
+        "    Digitalis.
+        "    Ferri Acet.
+        "    Ferri Perchlor.
+        "    Gentiani Co.
+        "    Hyosciami.
+        "    Kino.
+        "    Krameriæ.
+        "    Limonis.
+        "    Lobeliæ.
+        "    Nucis Vomicæ.
+        "    Opii.
+        "    Quassiæ.
+        "    Rhei.
+        "    Scillæ.
+        "    Serpentariæ.
+        "    Stramonii.
+        "    Valerianæ.
+        "       "       Ammon.
+       Vin.  Aloes.
+        "    Colchici Rad.
+        "       "     Sim.
+        "    Ipecac.
+        "    Opii.
+        "    Rhei.
+
+    "These were made by extracting the principles of the drugs in
+    the usual way except that instead of alcohol a mixture of
+    glycerine and water was used in the proportion of one-fourth to
+    one-third part of glycerine, and about five per cent. of acetic
+    acid. These made very elegant preparations, and in the majority
+    of cases appeared to have just the same, and just as great
+    physiological action. Subsequently the ordinary tinctures were
+    distilled, and the extracts thus obtained dissolved in the above
+    menstruum, as far as was possible, in most cases the residuum
+    being found to be inert.
+
+    "Gum resins and essential oils were found to be insoluble in
+    this menstruum, and hence such drugs have been given in the form
+    of pill, powder or mixture. Such tinctures are those of
+    assafoetida, benzoin, cannabis indica, cantharides, castor,
+    cubebs, lavender, myrrh, pyrethrum, sumbul, tolu and ginger. Out
+    of 62 tinctures it was found that 46 made good preparations, and
+    16 did not.
+
+    "These were employed for several years. But for some time past,
+    somewhat more reliable preparations have been made for us which
+    contain _all_ the constituents of the alcoholic tinctures
+    without the alcohol. They are for the most part made by taking
+    standardized tinctures, mixing with them sugar of milk, and
+    distilling off the alcohol. The alcoholic extract remains behind
+    in a finely divided condition mingled with sugar of milk. This
+    is broken up, pulverized and compressed into tabloids of a
+    definite dose, which can be taken either in that form or rubbed
+    up and dissolved or suspended in gum water.
+
+    "The following have been made up in this form: aconite,
+    belladonna, camph. co., cannabis indica, capsicum, cinchon. co.,
+    and cinchon. simpl., digitalis, gelseminum, hyosciamus, nux
+    vomica, opium, strophanthus, ginger and Warburg. Other tinctures
+    will be gradually added to this list.
+
+    "As external liniments those commonly used are the linimentum
+    terebinthinæ and the linimentum terebinthinæ aceticum, which do
+    not contain alcohol. A strong solution of iodine is made with
+    iodide of potassium.
+
+    "The spiritus ammoniæ aromaticus is made without the spirit, the
+    aromatic oils being emulsionized by means of rubbing up with
+    fine sand, but most of these subsequently rise to the surface.
+    The spiritus etheris nitrosi is impossible without alcohol, but
+    nitrite of amyl, and nitrites of potash or soda can be
+    substituted. The spiritus chloroformi is replaced by aqua
+    chloroformi, or as a sweetening agent by solution of saccharin.
+    Thus a favorite expectorant mixture contains carbonate of
+    ammonia five grains, acetum ipecac, ten minims, and solution of
+    saccharin in each dose.
+
+    "As a special stimulant a subcutaneous injection of a drachm of
+    pure ether has been given in a few cases; in others digitalis,
+    or caffeine or ammonia in some form, such as the carbonate
+    dissolved in a cup of hot coffee; or hot solution of Liebig's
+    extract, or rectal injections of hot water."
+
+It may be objected by some that glycerine belongs to the family of
+alcohols, hence hospitals using glycerine tinctures are not, strictly
+speaking, non-alcoholic. To this the answer is, that while glycerine
+certainly is classed in the family of alcohols, it is of a very
+different nature from ethyl alcohol, which is used for beverage
+purposes. Ethyl alcohol, the alcohol in all intoxicating beverages in
+common use, and the alcohol generally used in medicine, creates a fatal
+craving for itself, and is injurious to the body. Glycerine does not
+create any craving for itself, and has not been demonstrated to have
+injurious properties, and is not used for beverage purposes.
+
+At the annual meeting of the New York State Medical Society, held in
+New York City, in October, 1898, a discussion was held upon the use of
+alcohol as medicine. Dr. E. R. Squibb, a leading pharmacist of Brooklyn,
+stated that during the last two or three years much had been
+accomplished in retiring alcohol as a menstruum for exhausting drugs. Of
+the other menstrua experimented with up to the present time, that which
+had given the best results was acetic acid, in various strengths. It had
+been discovered that a ten per cent. solution of acetic acid was almost
+universal in its exhausting powers. There were now in use in veterinary
+practice, and in some hospitals, extracts made with acetic acid. They
+were made according to the requirements of the pharmacopoeia, except
+that acetic acid was substituted for alcohol. Acetic acid, when used
+with alkaloids gives the physician some advantages in prescribing, owing
+to there being fewer incompatibles. In small doses, the percentage of
+acetic acid in the extract is so small as to be hardly appreciable, and
+when larger doses are required, the acetic acid can be neutralized by
+the addition of potash or soda.
+
+Dr. Noble said, in article to _London Times_ before referred to:--
+
+    "Modern science has shown that those drugs which are soluble in
+    alcohol only, are, in all probability, more hurtful than
+    useful."
+
+The following from Dr. Jas. R. Nichols, editor Boston _Journal of
+Chemistry_, is too good to be omitted, although it should be familiar
+to temperance students:--
+
+    "The facetious Dr. Holmes has said, that if the contents of our
+    drug-stores were taken out upon the ocean and thrown overboard,
+    it would be better for the human race, but worse for the fishes.
+    This statement may be a little sweeping; but it is true that all
+    the showy bottles in drug-stores which contain alcoholic
+    decoctions and tinctures might be submerged in the ocean, and
+    invalids would suffer no detriment. Since the active alkaloidal
+    and resinoidal principles of roots, barks and gums have been
+    isolated and put in better and more convenient forms, there is
+    no longer need of alcoholic tinctures and elixirs. Laudanum,
+    which is a tincture of opium, might be banished from the shelves
+    of every apothecary, as it is not needed. It is now known that
+    the valuable narcotic and hypnotic principles of opium are
+    contained in certain crystalline bodies, which can be isolated,
+    and used in minute and convenient forms, and that they can be
+    held in aqueous solutions. Alcohol is no longer needed to hold
+    the active principles of opium, Peruvian bark or other
+    indispensable drugs. As regards the vegetable tonics so called,
+    the best among them is the columbo (Radix columbo) and this
+    readily yields its bitter principle to water, as does quassia,
+    gentian, senna, rhubarb and most other valuable substances. A
+    careful survey of the contents of a well-appointed modern
+    pharmacy leads to the conclusion that there is no one
+    indispensable medicinal preparation which requires alcohol as a
+    free constituent.
+
+    "The catalogue of modern remedies is almost endless, and many of
+    them hold alcohol in some form; but every intelligent physician
+    knows that 90 per cent. of these alleged remedies have little or
+    no intrinsic value. The nostrums of the quack, the bitters,
+    elixirs, cordials, extracts, etc. nearly all contain alcohol,
+    and this is the ingredient which aids their sale. The whole
+    unclean list might, with advantage to mankind, be thrown to the
+    fishes.
+
+    "The chemist, more particularly the pharmaceutical chemist, may
+    inquire how he is to conduct his processes without alcohol. It
+    is from the pharmaceutical laboratory we derive some of the most
+    important substances used in medicines and the arts. Among them
+    may be named ether, chloroform and chloral hydrate, three of the
+    most indispensable agents known to science, and the employment
+    of alcohol is essential to their production. Alcohol is a
+    laboratory product; it is a chemical agent which belongs to the
+    laboratory; it is the handmaid of the chemist, and, so long as
+    it exists, should be retained within the walls of the
+    laboratory. In the manufacture of most of the important products
+    in which alcohol is either directly or indirectly used, its
+    production may be made simultaneous with the production of the
+    agent desired. In the manufacture of ether and chloroform, the
+    apparatus for alcohol may be made a part of the devices from
+    which the ultimate agents, ether and chloroform, result.
+    Fermentation and distillation may be conducted at one end, and
+    the anæsthetics received at the other. It is true that in a
+    chemical laboratory alcohol is an agent very convenient in a
+    thousand ways. But, if it were banished utterly, what would
+    result? There are other methods of fabricating the useful
+    products named, and many others, without the use of alcohol, but
+    the processes would be rather inconvenient and more costly. The
+    banishment of alcohol would not deprive us of a single one of
+    the indispensable agents which modern civilization demands, and
+    neither would chemical science be retarded by its loss."
+
+    "It must be remembered that modern science has given us
+    glycerine, naptha, bisulphide of carbon, pyroligneous products,
+    carbolic acid and a hundred other agents which are capable of
+    taking the place of alcohol in a very large number of appliances
+    and processes."
+
+The sale of liquor in drug-stores is beginning to be deplored by the
+more respectable pharmacists. At the annual meeting of the Massachusetts
+State Pharmacists' Association in 1895 the president said in his
+address:--
+
+    "One thing that every pharmacist, who has the best interests of
+    his calling at heart, must bear in mind is that the liquor part
+    of their business is being, and must be, slowly crowded out.
+    Public sentiment has changed greatly in the last few years, and
+    instead of all being classed alike, the line has been sharply
+    drawn, and the stores that sell the least amount of liquor that
+    they possibly can are gaining the confidence and esteem of the
+    public, and consequently their business is growing from year to
+    year, while the others are losing ground and dropping lower and
+    lower."
+
+The _Evening Record_ of Boston contained the following in its issue of
+March 7, 1896:--
+
+    "The number of flagrant offences on the part of druggists in
+    certain no-license towns--offences not only against the liquor
+    laws, but also against the laws of decency and humanity--brought
+    before the board of pharmacy, would appall the public if they
+    were known. The Looker-On has seen the record of several of
+    these druggists as transcribed from the police courts and they
+    are very black records. One druggist after selling liquor over
+    and over again to one customer, and several times getting him
+    completely intoxicated, finally deposited him one night in a
+    snowbank, in a state of frozen stupor, where he would have
+    frozen to death had not the wife of the druggist's clerk
+    threatened to complain to the police unless he was rescued.
+
+    "The story is told of one of the druggists of a neighboring
+    no-license town. A man came in and asked for a pint of whisky.
+    He was asked what he wanted it for. His reply was that he wanted
+    it to soak some roots in. He got it, and as he went out he dryly
+    remarked, 'I should have told you that it was the roots of me
+    tongue that I want to soak.'"
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+DISEASES, AND THEIR TREATMENT WITHOUT ALCOHOL.
+
+
+The question, "What shall I take instead of wine, beer or brandy?" is
+frequently asked by those who have been trained to think some form of
+alcohol really necessary to the cure of disease, but, who, from
+principle would prefer other agents, if they knew of any equal in
+effect. This chapter deals somewhat with the answer to that question.
+
+ALCOHOLIC CRAVING:--The craving for alcohol may be present for a time
+after a person has commenced to abstain from all beverages containing
+it. Or, it may occur periodically, as a sort of irresistible impulse.
+For the periodical craving Dr. Higginbotham, of England, recommends that
+a half drachm of ipecacuanha be taken so as to produce full vomiting. He
+says the desire for intoxicating drinks will be immediately removed. The
+craving is caused by vitiated secretions of the stomach; the vomiting
+removes these. Dr. Higginbotham says:--
+
+    "If a patient can be persuaded to follow the emetic plan for a
+    few times when the periodical attacks come on, he will be
+    effectually cured."
+
+Some men in trying to abstain have found the use of fresh fruit,
+especially apples, very helpful. Nourishing and digestible food should
+be taken somewhat frequently. A cup of hot milk or hot coffee taken at
+the right moment has saved some.
+
+ANÆMIA:--In this complaint there is a deficiency of the red corpuscles
+of the blood. It may be the result of some fever or exhausting illness;
+it may accompany dyspepsia, and is then due to imperfect digestion and
+assimilation of the food. The poverty of the blood produces shortness of
+breath, and often palpitation of the heart also, especially on a little
+exertion. There is generally more or less weariness, languor and
+debility, sometimes also giddiness, sickness, fainting and neuralgia.
+
+    "In the treatment of anæmia, port wine and other alcoholic
+    liquors are worse than useless."--DR. J. J. RIDGE, London.
+
+
+    "The common prescription of wine or some form of spirits for
+    states of general exhaustion and anæmia, is a serious mistake.
+    It assumes that the temporary increase in the action of the
+    heart is renewed vigor, and that some power is added to the
+    failing energies. This theory rests solely on the statement of
+    the patient that he feels better. In reality the exhaustion is
+    intensified, though covered up."--_Medical Pioneer._
+
+
+    "Deficiency of nutrition, of light and of pure air may be
+    mentioned as common causes of anæmia. * * * * * It is evident
+    that the first step in the treatment of this disease is to
+    remove the cause. If the cause is dyspepsia, this must receive
+    attention; if intestinal parasites, they must be dislodged; if
+    prolonged nursing, nursing must be interdicted; if too little
+    food, a larger quantity of nourishing, wholesome food must be
+    employed. Such simple and easily digested foods as eggs, poached
+    or boiled, boiled milk, kumyzoon, good buttermilk, purée of
+    peas, beans or lentils, boiled rice, well-cooked gruels and
+    other preparations of grains are suitable. Beef tea and extracts
+    are worthless. * * * * *
+
+    "A careful course of physical training is essential to securing
+    perfect recovery in cases of chronic anæmia due to indigestion,
+    or any other serious disturbance of the nutritive
+    processes."--DR. J. H. KELLOGG.
+
+APPETITE, LOSS OF:--"There is often disinclination for food
+    because _it is not required_. Many cannot eat much breakfast,
+    because they have had a hearty supper. Or having had both a
+    hearty breakfast and luncheon, they feel but little desire for a
+    dinner of four or five courses. Generally the stomach is right
+    and the habits wrong. What is to be done then, for such lack of
+    appetite? Simply go without food until appetite comes.
+
+    "When ale or beer is taken regularly with meals the stomach
+    learns to expect them, and the food is not relished without
+    them. The appetizing power of beer and bitter ales is chiefly
+    due to the hop or other bitter ingredients which they contain.
+    When it seems necessary to assist the appetite temporarily, a
+    small quantity of simple infusion of hops may be taken.
+
+    "Sometimes appetite fails because of exhaustion of body and
+    mind. This may be nature's warning against overwork, and cannot
+    be neglected with impunity. Life will inevitably be shortened if
+    it is found necessary to rely upon the aid of alcohol in any
+    form in order to do a day's work.
+
+    "Bouillon, or beef soup, at the beginning of a meal are
+    incentives to appetite. Change of scene, and life in the open
+    air are the very best aids to appetite, when aids are really
+    required."
+
+APOPLEXY:--"There is a popular idea that whenever a person is
+    taken ill with giddiness, fainting or insensibility, brandy
+    should be at once procured and poured down his throat. Nothing
+    can be more dangerous in apoplexy. This disease is due to the
+    bursting of some blood-vessel in the head, and the poured-out
+    blood presses on the brain and leads to more or less
+    insensibility. If fainting occurs, it may possibly save the
+    patient's life, because then the blood-vessels contract, and the
+    flow of blood ceases immediately; time is thus given for the
+    ruptured blood-vessel to became sealed up by a clot, which will
+    prevent further loss of blood. If brandy is given, there is,
+    first, great risk of choking the patient; if that danger is
+    escaped and the brandy is swallowed and absorbed, the vessels
+    become relaxed and the heart recovers its force; hence the
+    ruptured vessel, if not sufficiently sealed by clot, may be
+    started again, and fatal hemorrhage result.
+
+    "The only _treatment_ which unskilled hands can adopt is to lay
+    the patient on his back on the floor or sofa with the head and
+    shoulders somewhat raised; to loosen all the dress round the
+    neck and body; to apply cold to the head and hot flannels or a
+    hot bottle to the feet and hands, or to soak them in hot mustard
+    and water, and to gently rub the arms and legs."--DR. J. J.
+    RIDGE.
+
+Dr. Alfred Smee, surgeon to the Bank of England, says:--
+
+    "Give nothing by the mouth. Apply a stream of cold water to the
+    head. If the feet are cold apply warm cloths. If relief is not
+    soon obtained, apply hot fomentations to the abdomen, keeping
+    the head erect."
+
+BED-SORES:--Some object to using alcohol even as an outward application.
+Dr. Ridge recommends that when a patient is confined to bed the parts
+pressed on be well washed every day with strong salt and water or alum
+water, and carefully dried. _Glycerine of Tannin_ may then be applied.
+If any redness appears, especially if any dusky patch is formed,
+_collodion_ may be applied with a brush, and all pressure should be
+taken off the part by a circular air-pillow or by a cushion; or small
+bran or sand-bags may be made and carefully arranged. If the skin is
+broken, _zinc_ or _resin ointment_ may be applied.
+
+Some recommend finely powdered iodoform sprinkled over the surface of
+the sore.
+
+BOILS AND CARBUNCLE:--"In many cases these troubles result from
+    an overloaded condition of the system, which is the result of
+    taking too much food, or some error in diet. The boils are an
+    effort of nature to be rid of offending matter. In some cases
+    they are due to the use of impure water, or the presence of
+    sewer gas in the house. In others, overwork, or other
+    debilitating causes, may have produced the state of the
+    digestive organs which usually causes the boils. Carbuncle is,
+    essentially, an extensive boil.
+
+    "Apply iodine early or a piece of belladonna plaster. The diet
+    should be plain and unstimulating, condiments being avoided and
+    plenty of fresh vegetables taken, if possible. Fresh-air,
+    exercise and proper rest should be obtained, and late hours
+    avoided.
+
+    "Medical advice is requisite in carbuncle. The popular notion
+    that port wine is absolutely necessary is both erroneous and
+    mischievous."--RIDGE.
+
+CATARRH:--Among the causes are repeated colds; errors in diet,
+especially excess in the use of fats and sugar, and an inactive state of
+the liver.
+
+Cut off from your bill of fare all salted foods, avoid fats and
+condiments; drink freely of pure water; live in the open-air and
+sunshine as much as possible, taking much out-door exercise. Take a
+cold sponge or towel bath every morning, beginning at the face and
+finishing by plunging the feet into a foot-tub. Follow with vigorous
+rubbing with a crash or Turkish towel. Those subject to sore throat
+should hold the head over a basin of cold water and lave the neck with
+the water for about two minutes. The writer was formerly subject to
+frequent sore throats, but has had none for over two years, as she
+believes, because of the adoption of this measure, together with the
+towel bath every morning, summer and winter.
+
+Care should be taken to avoid exposure to draughts, or any other means
+which will produce liability to cold. Care in diet, good ventilation and
+the morning cold bath are essential if a radical cure is desired. Local
+measures, while giving relief, will not remove the predisposing causes.
+Dr. Kellogg recommends saline solutions in the form of the nasal douche,
+a teaspoonful of salt to a pint of soft water, adding twenty to thirty
+drops of carbolic acid, if there is offensive odor, as a relief measure.
+
+Sleeping in a poorly ventilated room is said to be one cause of catarrh.
+
+_Hay Fever_ is a form of catarrh. The vapor bath is recommended as very
+helpful in this trouble. _Nature Cure_ says that two vapor baths and a
+two or three days' fast will cure any case of hay fever. The use of pork
+and other clogging foods should be avoided by those afflicted with this
+trouble. The bowels should be kept in good condition. If constipated,
+the use of prunes, figs, grapes, apples and other such fruits will be
+very beneficial; walking, and massage of the bowels, being added if the
+fruits are not sufficient. No one able to walk should depend upon drugs
+to relieve a constipated condition.
+
+COLDS:--"If the bowels are constipated, the skin over-burdened
+    and clogged with bilious matter, and the lungs weak, it is as
+    easy to take cold as to roll off a log. If, on the contrary, the
+    lungs are well developed, and the respiratory power large,
+    providing abundant oxygen to keep bright the internal fires, the
+    colon clean, the skin daily washed, and the system hardened by
+    the cold bath, taking cold is next to impossible.
+
+    "The first remedial agent for a cold should be a copious enema.
+    Then open the pores of the skin by a hot bath; take a glass of
+    hot lemonade and go to bed."--_The New Hygiene._
+
+CHILLS:--For chill, take a hot foot and hand bath, with mustard in the
+water, 1/4 pound to a gallon; then go to bed in a well ventilated room.
+Drink freely of hot lemonade or hot water. Catarrh, colds and hay fever
+may all be effectually relieved by hot baths. Relief may be gained also
+from inhaling the vapor from pine needles or hemlock leaves. Put them in
+a bowl, pour boiling water over them, hold the face down over the bowl,
+the head being covered, and inhale the vapor well up into the nostrils
+and head. A few drops of hemlock oil in the hot water will do as well.
+
+COUGHS AND HOARSENESS:--Boil flaxseed in 1 pint water, strain, add two
+teaspoons honey, 1 ounce rock candy, and juice 3 lemons. Drink hot.
+Also; roast a lemon till hot, cut, and squeeze on 3 ounces powdered
+sugar.
+
+COLIC:--This may arise from cold, or from error in diet. If the latter
+it is desirable to induce vomiting. For the pain, apply hot flannels or
+fomentations; drink hot water. In severe cases, sprinkle a little
+turpentine on flannel, wrung from hot water, and apply to abdomen. Colic
+resulting from the accumulation of fecal matter should be treated with
+hot enemas until relieved. A hot hip-bath is sometimes necessary to
+relief.
+
+The colic of children and infants should never be treated with
+alcoholics. In infants it generally arises from excessive or improper
+feeding; care should be taken that the milk provided them is not sour.
+
+In severe cases the babe should be immersed in warm water, keeping the
+head above water, of course. This is also the best remedy in
+convulsions. The hot bath, with a copious enema of warm water, has saved
+the lives of many babes.
+
+For adults, hot water, with a pinch of red pepper added, will do all
+that brandy can do, and more.
+
+CHOLERA:--Brandy has been considered by many a really necessary medicine
+in cholera. The following is a discussion upon Alcohol in Cholera which
+was held at the annual meeting of the British Medical Temperance
+Association, in May, 1893, and is taken from the _Medical Pioneer_ of
+June, 1893:--
+
+    "Dr. Richardson opened a discussion on Cholera in relation to
+    Alcohol. He said he would bring forward five points on the
+    subject.
+
+    1. The negligence among the people at large produced by alcohol
+    in the presence of a cholera epidemic. There was no doubt on the
+    part of any who had seen an epidemic of cholera as to the
+    mischief done by alcohol, apart from its action as a remedy.
+    People rush to the public houses and take it to ward off the
+    danger, or to relieve them when they begin to feel ill, and the
+    result is very bad morally. He had seen this in different
+    epidemics. Or people got in spirits to face the danger, and many
+    became intoxicated and less able to resist.
+
+    2. Its misuse by those affected. It was often given to cheer
+    them up and remove their fear and nervousness. In his opinion it
+    invariably produced mischief.
+
+    3. He was unable to find any physiological reason for giving it.
+    There was a constant drain of fluid, causing spasms and cramp,
+    both of the muscles and blood-vessels, and difficult circulation
+    through the lungs. Spasm may be relaxed by alcohol, but, on the
+    other hand, alcohol is exceedingly greedy of water, and so
+    increases the flux. But it also reduces animal temperature,
+    which is a strong feature of cholera, so much so that he could
+    almost diagnose cholera blindfold in the stage of collapse, by
+    the icy coldness.
+
+    4. Its uselessness as a remedy during the acute stage. He had
+    seen a great deal of cholera and never saw alcohol do any good
+    whatever. There was a temporary glow which passed away in a few
+    minutes, and then the evil it does in other ways was brought
+    out. Water was far better, even if cold. The College of
+    Physicians had given some instructions and ordered great care in
+    the administration of alcohol; this was not far enough, but good
+    as far as it went. The recoveries were best where the treatment
+    was simplest, such as external warmth with plenty of diluents.
+    He had given creasote largely.
+
+    5. Its injuriousness during the stage of reaction. The reactive
+    fever following collapse caused a great number of deaths. In
+    this stage alcohol was absolutely poisonous. He could recall
+    many such cases in which he had given alcohol through ignorance,
+    and always with disaster.
+
+    "Brigade-Surgeon Pringle said that when he went out to India he
+    thought alcohol was something to stand by, but he had soon found
+    out his mistake; he had himself suffered from it. He could
+    confirm what Dr. Richardson had said as to the demoralization
+    produced by alcohol to which men resort to keep up their
+    spirits, and men seized under these circumstances were in the
+    greatest danger. Nature effects a cure in many cases without
+    assistance, and often with wonderful rapidity. People apparently
+    dead and about to be buried, he had known to get up and recover.
+    When alcohol is given during collapse there is often no
+    absorption until reaction occurs, and then the quantity
+    accumulated speedily produces intoxication. It was the same with
+    opium: he had found pills unchanged in the stomach for hours. He
+    recommended hot drinks; he had tried every kind of medicine and
+    had little faith in it. The nursing was very important, and it
+    was important that the nurses should abstain.
+
+    "Dr. Morton said it was easy to see that on physiological
+    grounds alone, alcohol, with its strong affinity for water and
+    its tendency to lower temperature, could not be a useful drug in
+    the treatment of cholera collapse, and with its powers of
+    paralyzing vascular inhibition and checking elimination of
+    effete matter, could not be otherwise than harmful in the stage
+    of reaction. As these conclusions were corroborated by practical
+    experience he did not think members would hesitate to banish it
+    from their equipment against cholera.
+
+    "Dr. Ridge said it should be remembered that Doyen had made
+    experiments on guinea-pigs and had found they were proof against
+    cholera, unless they had previously had a dose of alcohol. This
+    explained why drunkards and hard drinkers were so much more
+    liable to have cholera, and have it badly as all observers
+    declared to be the case. Another reason might be that small
+    quantities of alcohol, such as would be found circulating in the
+    blood, favored the growth and multiplication of bacteria,
+    certainly those of decomposition, and probably those of cholera.
+    Hence, other things being equal, the abstainer had a great
+    advantage.
+
+    "Dr. Norman Kerr said that he had observed both in America and
+    Glasgow that not only notorious drunkards but free drinkers
+    suffered; abstainers were less liable unless they took
+    contaminated water, and the less liquid taken the less chance of
+    taking cholera; beer-drinkers often took more than abstainers.
+    The alcohol-drinker uses up more water from his blood and so has
+    less to flush out the system. Alcohol, given to a patient,
+    disguised his condition so that he might seem better though
+    really worse. Hence it is better and safer not to give any. The
+    doctors and nurses ought to be abstainers. A doctor after dinner
+    was more likely to take a roseate view of a case, looking at it
+    through an alcoholic pair of spectacles. Alcohol was not really
+    a stimulant, but a depressant, and this is a very depressing
+    disease; it was important to have our vital resisting power as
+    vigorous as possible. Hot water both relaxes and stimulates, and
+    the whole cry of the sufferer is for water. Many persons who
+    died in cholera did not die of the disease, but of the drugs
+    such as alcohol and opium. Acid drinks should be given, as the
+    bacilli could not live in acid mixtures. Cholera might come, but
+    he believed we were better prepared to meet it and to treat it.
+
+    "Surgeon-General Francis sent a communication which was read by
+    the Honorable Secretary. He said: 'Having had many opportunities
+    of treating cholera in various parts of India and amongst all
+    classes, I have no hesitation in affirming that alcohol in any
+    shape is one of the very worst remedies. Life is, so to speak,
+    paralyzed, and we give a remedy which, apparently stimulating,
+    is in reality, a paralyzer and therefore mischievous; the
+    death-rate might be considerably reduced provided alcohol were
+    rigidly excluded.'"
+
+Dr. Norman Kerr in a valuable paper upon Cholera says:--
+
+    "The first thing is to get rid of the poison. How? By assisting
+    it out; but alcohol keeps it in by blocking the doors, just as
+    the doors were blocked in the terrible calamity at Sunderland
+    not long ago. The alcohol makes the heart and circulation labor
+    more. Alcohol not only retains the cholera poison, but retards
+    the action of the heart. Brandy and opium used to be employed,
+    but the records show that if the object had been to make cholera
+    as fatal as possible, that object was achieved by the
+    indiscriminate administration of brandy and opium. Better leave
+    the victim alone, and his chances of recovery will be greater
+    than if he have a thousand doctors, and as many nurses,
+    administering to him brandy and opium. Alcohol is especially
+    dangerous in the third stage, that of reactive fever, because it
+    adds to the fever. Then, alcohol is not only unsafe in the three
+    stages of genuine cholera, but especially unsafe in the
+    premonitory diarrhoea stage, which gives nearly every one
+    warning before they are attacked by genuine cholera. Brandy is
+    taken simply because it puts away the pain. If there are only
+    the pain and slight diarrhoea, speaking medically, it is all
+    right, but if there is anything behind the pain, it is all
+    wrong. After the alcohol, the mischief is going on, only the
+    patient does not know it, and valuable time is lost. All the
+    alcohol does is to deaden sensation. * * * * * Here I can
+    thoroughly recommend ice and iced water. I have always treated
+    cholera patients with these. Let them drink iced water to their
+    hearts' content; they can never drink too much; and this opinion
+    is fortified by that of Professor Maclean, of Netley. There is
+    no need of a substitute for brandy in cholera, because in
+    ordinary circumstances in that disease the action of a stimulant
+    is bad. Flushing of the blood is required, and water will do
+    it. Milk will not do it, because it is too thick--nothing but
+    pure, cold water, all the better if iced."
+
+In 1893 Dr. Ernest Hart, editor of the _British Medical Journal_, read
+an able paper upon Cholera before the American Medical Association. His
+argument was that the introduction of such a substance as alcohol,
+itself being a product of germ action, into a system already suffering
+from the toxic influence of a ptomaine, could not be otherwise than
+pernicious.
+
+CHOLERA MORBUS:--Dr. Kellogg says: "The stomach should be washed
+    by means of the stomach-tube when possible. A large hot enema
+    should be given after each evacuation of the bowels. The
+    addition of tannin, one drachm to a quart of water, is
+    serviceable. When the vomited matter no longer shows signs of
+    food, efforts should be made to stop the vomiting. Give the
+    patient bits of ice the size of a bean to swallow every few
+    minutes. At the same time apply hot fomentations over the
+    stomach and bowels. If the patient suffer much from cramp, put
+    him into a warm bath. The first food taken should be
+    farinaceous. Oatmeal gruel, well boiled and strained, is
+    useful."
+
+CHOLERA INFANTUM:--"Iced water may be given in very small
+    quantities every few minutes. Give the stomach entire rest for
+    at least twenty-four hours. There will be no suffering for want
+    of food as long as the stomach is in such a condition. Withhold
+    milk until nature has had time to rid the alimentary canal of
+    the poison-producing germs. White of egg dissolved in water is
+    an excellent preparation in these cases. Egg enemata may also be
+    advantageously used.
+
+    "Warm baths, the hot blanket pack when the surface is cold, and
+    the hot enema are all useful. Keep the child wrapped warmly.
+
+    "Great care should be taken in returning to the milk diet. The
+    milk should be thoroughly sterilized by boiling for half an
+    hour, and should be mixed with some barley water so as to avoid
+    the formation of large curds in the stomach. Cream, diluted with
+    water, may be used instead of milk."
+
+
+CONSUMPTION.
+
+Dr. Koch, the celebrated German microscopist, pronounces consumption
+contagious, because during its progress a very minute bacterium is
+developed which may be transmitted from one person to another.
+
+It is said that a person with healthy lungs might daily breathe millions
+of tubercle bacilli without any danger, and that the best preventive of
+this disease is to live much in the open air, or if this is impossible
+to spend ten or fifteen minutes a day in deep breathing exercises in the
+open air. "Fresh-air and disease-germs are antagonistic."
+
+Alcohol, chiefly in the form of whisky, was for many years considered of
+great value in the treatment of consumption of the lungs. Indeed, it was
+looked upon not only as a curative, but also as a prophylactic, or
+preventive, of great service to those predisposed to this disease by
+reason of narrow chest and weak lungs.
+
+Sir Benjamin Ward Richardson was the first medical scientist who showed
+plainly that alcohol, instead of being a preventive of consumption, is
+really the sole cause of one type of this disease, the type now classed
+under the head of "alcoholic phthisis." For this kind of phthisis there
+is no hope of cure.
+
+French physicians some years ago came to the conclusion that alcohol was
+a prolific cause of tuberculosis and that the administration of
+alcoholic liquors in tubercular troubles was a great error, and in the
+International Anti-Tuberculosis Congress held in Paris in 1905, about
+2000 medical scientists being present, they presented the following
+resolution, which was adopted: "In view of the close connection between
+alcoholism and tuberculosis, this Congress strongly emphasizes the
+importance of combining the fight against tuberculosis with the struggle
+against alcoholism."
+
+Since that time a great crusade against tuberculosis has been carried on
+by means of exhibits and lectures, and in connection with these, almost
+invariably the people are warned against intemperance. For example, a
+pamphlet sent out by the Boston Association for the Relief and Control
+of Tuberculosis says: "Do not spend money for beer or other liquors, or
+for quack medicines or 'cures.' Self-indulgence and intemperance are
+very bad. Vice which weakens the strong kills the weak." The New York
+State Charities Aid Association, working with the State Board of Health,
+says in a pamphlet: "Patent medicines do not cure consumption. They are
+usually alcoholic drinks in disguise, and the use of alcoholic drinks is
+dangerous to the consumptive." At the great exhibit in Washington in
+September, 1908, in connection with the International Anti-Tuberculosis
+Congress different warnings against alcohol were upon the walls. Among
+these was a large poster of white cloth on which was printed the
+opinions on alcohol, in brief, of some of the best-known authorities on
+consumption. The opinions as given on that poster are given here, with
+others, in order to show the great change of sentiment regarding alcohol
+and consumption which has come about within a few years:--
+
+    "Alcohol has never cured and never will cure tuberculosis. It
+    will either prevent or retard recovery. It is like a two-edged
+    weapon; on one side it poisons the system, and on the other it
+    ruins the stomach and thus prevents this organ from properly
+    digesting the necessary food."--S. A. KNOPF, M. D., New York,
+    Honorary Vice-President of the British Congress on Tuberculosis.
+
+
+    Dr. Knopf in his prize essay on "Tuberculosis and How to Combat
+    It," says in several places: "Avoid all alcoholic beverages." He
+    says also, "Alcohol should never be given to children even in
+    the smallest quantities."
+
+
+    "It is a recognized fact in the medical profession that the
+    habitual use of alcoholic drinks predisposes to tubercular
+    infection. It is also recognized, I think, by most physicians
+    that alcohol as a medicine is harmful to the tubercular
+    invalid."--FRANK BILLINGS, M. D., Chicago, Ill., Former
+    President American Medical Association.
+
+
+    "Alcoholic liquors are of damage to consumptives because they
+    tend to impair nutrition, disturb the action of the stomach, and
+    give a false strength to the invalid on which he is sure to
+    presume. Besides, we know that in countries where drinking
+    prevails most, the ravages of tuberculosis are most
+    marked."--EDWARD L. TRUDEAU, M. D., Adirondacks Sanitarium for
+    Consumptives, Saranac Lake, N. Y.
+
+
+    "In my judgment whisky should not be used by people who have
+    consumption, and in my practice I prohibit its use absolutely.
+    At the White Haven Sanitarium and Henry Phipps Institute we do
+    not use alcohol in any form in the treatment of our
+    patients."--LAWRENCE F. FLICK, M. D., Vice-President of the
+    National Association for the Study and Prevention of
+    Tuberculosis, Philadelphia, Pa.
+
+
+    "I do not feel that I can emphasize strongly enough the harm
+    that can be done by the use of alcohol in tuberculosis, and the
+    indiscriminate use of it certainly borders on the criminal. I do
+    not believe that any legitimate reason can be given for the
+    routine employment of alcohol in the treatment of tuberculosis.
+    I furthermore know of no emergency in which it is indispensable.
+    My experience with patients who have been accustomed to the use
+    of alcohol, especially moderately, is very unsatisfactory. They
+    seem to show an abnormally low resisting power to the tubercle
+    bacillus. The fact has been established that alcoholism is a
+    very potent factor in the causation of tuberculosis. I find it
+    not only unnecessary in treatment but believe it to be
+    contraindicated."--F. M. POTTENGER, M. D., Superintendent the
+    Pottenger Sanitarium for Diseases of the Lungs and Throat,
+    Monrovia, California.
+
+
+    "I have met with a small class of consumptive patients who could
+    take alcoholic liquors freely for a length of time, without
+    deranging either the stomach or the brain, and with a decided
+    amelioration of the pulmonary symptoms, and an arrest of the
+    emaciation. Some of these have actually increased in
+    _embonpoint_, and for three to six months were highly elated
+    with the hope that they were recovering. But truth compels me to
+    say that I have never seen a case in which this apparent
+    improvement under the influence of alcoholic drink was
+    permanent. On the contrary, even in those cases in which the
+    emaciation seems at first arrested, and the general symptoms
+    ameliorated, the physical signs do not undergo a corresponding
+    improvement; and after a few months the digestive function
+    becomes impaired; the emaciation begins to increase rapidly; and
+    in a short time the patient is fatally prostrated."--DR. NATHAN
+    S. DAVIS, SR., of Chicago.
+
+
+    "The use of whisky in this disease positively interferes with
+    digestion which must under all circumstances be kept as perfect
+    as possible in order that the patient may assimilate the food
+    which is so necessary to the upbuilding of the system and to
+    gain strength to fight the onslaught of the disease.
+
+    "Its constant use would not only interfere with digestion but
+    would have a tendency to create disease in other organs of the
+    body so that we therefore consider the use of whisky in
+    tuberculosis positively contraindicated.
+
+    "Wishing you success in your laudable campaign."--DR. M.
+    COLLINS, Superintendent National Jewish Hospital for
+    Consumptives, Denver, Colorado.
+
+
+    "It is difficult for many people to adapt themselves to a
+    methodical plan of life long enough to establish a permanent
+    cure in consumption. I have known many a young fellow with only
+    a slight trouble in his lungs to die in the Adirondacks more
+    from the effects of whisky than from the disease itself."--DR.
+    HENRY P. LOOMIS, of New York City, in a Lecture on Consumption.
+    (See page 232, of Handbook, on the Prevention of Tuberculosis.)
+
+
+    "The majority of our patients receive no medication whatsoever.
+    The stomach is rarely in condition to bear excessive medication,
+    and the promiscuous use of creosote and similar preparations is
+    to be condemned. Milk and raw eggs are the best articles of diet
+    in addition to a regular diet of simple food."--JAMES ALEXANDER
+    MILLER, M. D., of the Vanderbilt Clinic, New York. (From Medical
+    Record.)
+
+
+    "In my specialty, the treatment of pulmonary diseases, I rarely
+    prescribe alcohol in any form, and in the sanitaria with which I
+    have been connected it is the exception where alcohol in any
+    form is prescribed. I have advised against its use where such
+    has been the custom, believing that as a rule alcoholic liquors
+    do more harm than good in the treatment of this disease."--PROF.
+    VINCENT Y. BOWDITCH, M. D., Harvard Medical School, Boston.
+
+
+    "From personal experience in handling pulmonary tuberculosis,
+    not only at the Nordrach Ranch Sanitorium, for the past five
+    years, but in an active practice of thirteen years, I am more
+    than convinced that whisky and liquor, in any form, are
+    absolutely poisonous to the consumptive.
+
+    "Whenever we admit a patient to the Nordrach Ranch Sanitorium,
+    we ascertain whether the individual is an alcoholic or not; and
+    we invariably find that such an individual is lacking in
+    vitality enough to combat the disease. They may look fat and
+    strong, pulmonary tuberculosis usually makes quick work of them.
+
+    "It is also a noticeable fact, proven by various statistics,
+    that a very large percentage of alcoholics become tubercular;
+    and if we ever stamp out tuberculosis, we will also have to
+    stamp out intemperance.
+
+    "Trying to cure consumption with whisky is like trying to put
+    out a fire with kerosene. This is very easy to understand when
+    we stop to consider the nature of this disease. In the first
+    place, we have a very rapid heart's action, dating from the very
+    earliest manifestations of the disease. The pulse is often in
+    excess of 100, even in incipient cases, and if the stimulation
+    of alcohol is added, we have what might be called a 'runaway
+    heart'; and if there is one thing needed in the long combat
+    against tuberculosis, it is a good heart."--JOHN E. WHITE, M.
+    D., Medical Director Nordrach Ranch Sanitorium, Colorado
+    Springs, Colorado.
+
+
+    "You ask me my opinion as to the use of whisky in the treatment
+    of consumption. In reply permit me to say that I regard its use
+    in this disease as most universally pernicious."--PROF. CHARLES
+    G. STOCKTON, M. D., Buffalo Medical College, Buffalo, N. Y.
+
+
+    "It was formerly thought that alcohol was in some way
+    antagonistic to tuberculous disease, but the observations of
+    late years indicate clearly that the reverse is the case, and
+    that chronic drinkers are more liable to both acute and
+    pulmonary tuberculosis. It is probably altogether a question of
+    altered tissue soil, the alcohol lowering the vitality and
+    enabling the bacilli more readily to develop and grow."--DR.
+    OSLER, formerly Professor of Medicine in Johns Hopkins
+    University, Baltimore, Md., now of Oxford University, England.
+
+
+    "Upon investigation I found 38 per cent. of our male tubercular
+    patients were excessive users of alcohol, 56 per cent. moderate
+    users. From my study of the cases I am led to believe that in a
+    vast majority of these cases drink has been a large factor in
+    producing the disease, by exposure, lowering of vitality, etc. I
+    believe that alcohol has no place in the treatment of
+    tuberculosis. Many patients are deceived by the false strength
+    it gives them."--O. C. WILLHITE, M. D., Superintendent of Cook
+    County Hospital for Consumptives, Dunning, Ill.
+
+
+    "In tuberculosis there is a state of over-stimulation of the
+    circulatory system due to the toxins. The use of alcoholics
+    simply makes the condition worse. It reduces resistance and
+    makes the person more susceptible to the disease."--H. J.
+    BLANKMEYER, M. D., Sanatorium Gabriels, in the Adirondacks,
+    N. Y.
+
+
+    "The practice of taking alcoholics of any sort, and in any
+    quantity, over a considerable length of time, is certain to
+    produce more or less injury to a tubercular patient, and their
+    use by tubercular people cannot be too strongly condemned."--H.
+    S. GOODALL, M. D., Lake Kushaqua, N. Y.
+
+Most of these opinions were written for the author of this book in
+response to letters of inquiry. Are they not indicative of a day when
+the medical profession will lay aside alcoholic liquors in the treatment
+of all diseases? It is acknowledged that the past usage of giving whisky
+and cod-liver oil to consumptives was an error; some day, it may be not
+far distant, a larger acknowledgment may be made, and the medical use of
+alcoholic liquors will be entirely a thing of the past.
+
+Rev. J. M. Buckley, D.D., editor of _The Christian Advocate_, was in
+early manhood considered an incurable consumptive. Being a man of great
+will power and indomitable perseverance, he resolved to try the open-air
+cure, together with the use of an inspirator. The result was perfect
+restoration to health, so that, as is well known, he can be easily heard
+by audiences of thousands at Chautauqua and other places where he is
+greatly in request for lectures. He has written a pamphlet giving a full
+history of his case. It can be obtained from Eaton & Mains, 150 Fifth
+Avenue, New York, for fifty cents, and should be read by all
+consumptives who have any "grit" in their composition.
+
+Dr. Forrest, a hygienic physician, says:--
+
+    "What is to be done if the germs have already obtained lodgement
+    in the lungs? Increase the general nutrition of the body in
+    every way, and then the lungs can resist the inroads of the
+    disease. The first thing necessary to improve the nutrition of
+    the body is to stimulate the digestive and absorbent functions
+    of the stomach and intestines. Naturally then, you must throw
+    the so-called cough medicines out of the window. The drugs used
+    to stop a cough are sedatives. Now, no sedative or nauseant is
+    known that does not lock up the natural secretions and thus
+    lessen the digestive powers. The cough is nature's method of
+    expelling offending matter from the lungs and bronchial tubes.
+    It is infinitely better to have this stuff thrown out of the
+    lungs than retained there."
+
+Keep the bowels clean is this physician's next recommendation.
+
+Sweet cream is preferable to cod-liver oil as it is not so likely to
+derange the stomach. Easily digested food is necessary, as the organs
+of digestion are in weakened condition.
+
+Again Dr. Forrest says:--
+
+    "The consumptive should live as much as possible in the open
+    air.
+
+    "Dr. Trudeau inoculated twelve rabbits with tubercle or
+    consumptive germs. Six of these he turned loose on an island
+    where they ran wild. The other six were kept confined in hutches
+    such as rabbits are usually kept in. Results--All the six
+    rabbits in the open air recovered from the inoculation and
+    remained well. Five of the confined rabbits died of tubercles in
+    the lungs and different parts of the body. The sixth was still
+    lingering, badly diseased, when the experiment was brought to a
+    close. Fresh air and exercise enabled the first six to overcome
+    the disease germs. Confinement gave full play to the disease in
+    the others.
+
+    "Now, you house lovers, sleepers in close bedrooms, people
+    afraid of cold air, you are the rabbits in the hutches. Beware,
+    lest the verdict be in your case, 'Died of tubercles in the
+    lungs.' If you are not able to leave your home, live with open
+    windows, day and night, summer and winter.
+
+    "Exercise systematically, especially those exercises,
+    accompanied by deep breathing, that open and strengthen the
+    lungs--exercises without fatigue.
+
+    "If you are hoping that some wonderful, mysterious drug has been
+    or will be discovered, a drug that will cure consumption without
+    your help, you are hoping against hope. Improved nutrition is
+    your salvation, and that must come through exercise, diet and
+    fresh air."
+
+Dr. J. H. Kellogg, in his _Home Hand-Book of Hygiene and Medicine_,
+recommends a salt sponge bath upon retiring, to arrest night sweats, or
+sponging with hot water. He adds:--
+
+    "It is important that patients should know that the sweats are
+    greatly aggravated by opium in any form, and hence are increased
+    by cough mixtures of any sort which contain this drug. Very
+    simple remedies are often effective to relieve the most
+    distressing cough, such as gargling of water in the throat,
+    holding bits of ice in the mouth, taking occasional sips of
+    strong lemonade, and similar remedies. As a general rule,
+    patients run down and the disease progresses much more rapidly,
+    after beginning the use of opium in any form. Sometimes it is
+    best that the cough should be encouraged instead of being
+    repressed. When the patient expectorates very freely, the cough
+    is a necessary means of relieving the chest of matters which
+    would seriously interfere with the functions of the lungs if
+    retained, by filling up the bronchial tubes and air-cells. The
+    kind of cough needing relief is an irritable, ineffective cough,
+    unaccompanied by any considerable degree of expectoration. Loaf
+    sugar, honey or a mixture of honey and lemon juice, and other
+    simple, familiar remedies are often effective in relieving such
+    a cough. * * * * *
+
+    "It is perhaps needless to add that the numerous quack remedies
+    for consumption advertised in the newspapers are wholly without
+    merit. There is no known drug which will cure this disease, or
+    in any certain degree influence its progress. Numerous remedies
+    have been recommended as curative, but not one has thus far
+    stood the test of experience."
+
+DISPLACEMENTS OF THE UTERUS:--These conditions are not among those for
+which alcoholic liquors are likely to be advised by a physician, but
+women frequently resort to Lydia Pinkham's Compound and other alcoholic
+preparations in the vain hope of finding the relief so positively
+promised in the nostrum advertisements. Women are sometimes seriously
+injured by using the nostrums specially advised for uterine weaknesses,
+for this reason: a drug which may be of service in an anæmic condition
+of the womb may do much damage in an inflamed or engorged condition, yet
+the nostrum vendors advise their preparations for all alike, without a
+word of warning as to possible dangers.
+
+Ordinary displacements may be recovered from by cleanliness of the parts
+and by exercises which strengthen the muscles in the pelvic region. The
+writer has known a considerable number of women who have been restored
+to health by exercises after months, in some cases, and several years in
+others, of weakness and misery. One of these women was a close relative
+of a celebrated specialist in women's diseases. He said he could not do
+any more for her, and gave permission for her to try the exercises,
+which were given her by a well-equipped teacher of physical training.
+
+There are three kinds of displacements: anteversion, retroversion, and
+prolapsus. The causes of these troubles are various; lack of proper care
+in child-bearing, miscarriages, heavy lifting, a hard fall, jumping out
+of a carriage, straining, too violent exercise in gymnasium work, and
+tight-lacing, also gradual weakening of the ligaments which sustain the
+uterus in position.
+
+An abdominal supporter should be worn constantly during the day for a
+year or so, then left off gradually an hour or two at a time. It should
+be worn during the second year whenever any extra work is to be done.
+
+There is a supporter sold by the Battle Creek Sanitarium which is highly
+recommended, but any physician can get one for a patient.
+
+Perfect cleanliness is necessary. For this purpose a hot vaginal douche
+should be taken two or three times a day. This douche should be made
+astringent by adding to a pint of water a quarter ounce of alum or
+tannin. The hot astringent injections tone up the lower supports of the
+uterus, and cleanse the passage. The patient should remain in a
+recumbent position for some hours after the douche if possible.
+Considerable rest hastens a cure. Take the rest in the fresh air when
+weather permits. Persistent use of sitz baths will be found helpful.
+
+For prolapsus the simplest form of internal supporter is a small roll of
+cotton. After the organ is carefully put into position this supporter
+should be pressed up against the mouth of the womb, the patient
+meanwhile lying upon her back. The ball of absorbent cotton should be
+large enough to be retained in position, and should be saturated with a
+weak solution of glycerine and alum or glycerine and tannin before being
+applied. A piece of white cord should be tied firmly around the centre
+of this tampon by which it may be removed. Remove before taking the
+douche.
+
+Persons who feel unable to purchase an elastic or other abdominal
+supporter can make a substitute (not so good, but of considerable
+service) from unbleached muslin made in the shape of the letter T, and
+having the cloth double. It should go up to the waist and be made to
+fit over the hips, then should be fastened firmly in front with
+safety-pins, and the cross-piece be drawn up from the back and fastened
+securely in front.
+
+The daily exercises are the most important part of the treatment. They
+must be begun gradually, and taken at greater length as strength is
+gained. Those for prolapsus will be given first:--
+
+The patient should lie upon a rug, or on a firm long sofa or couch. The
+feet should be drawn up as close to the body as possible. Now lift the
+lower part of the body so that the hips and lower portion of the trunk
+will have no support but what comes from the feet and shoulders. Hold
+this position for a minute or two (longer when able without much
+fatigue). After a few minutes' rest repeat. This exercise may be
+continued from twenty to thirty minutes, according to patient's
+strength. The elevation of the hips in this exercise aids in the
+restoration of the organ to its natural position. This exercise should
+be continued daily, the number of times being increased as strength
+increases.
+
+A second exercise which is very helpful in prolapsus is to support the
+body on the toes and elbows with the face downward, and the hips raised
+as high as possible. Another exercise may be taken with an assistant;
+the patient should lie face downward, supporting the body by the chest,
+and keeping the limbs rigid while the assistant lifts the feet as high
+as possible without hurting. These movements strengthen the abdominal
+muscles and draw fresh blood to the weakened parts, and cause quickened
+circulation in addition to restoring the displaced organ to natural
+position. They should be taken at night just before retiring after a hot
+douche. The bowels should be kept open by the free use of fruit. The
+patient should sleep with the hips elevated as much as can be endured
+without real discomfort and sit with the feet on a stool. When strength
+sufficient is acquired the exercises for anteversion will be found
+useful, and any other exercises which strengthen the abdominal muscles,
+such as bending backward and forward, and sideways. Kneading and
+percussing the abdomen by an osteopath or masseur strengthens, and also
+relieves constipation. Rest during the day should be taken with the feet
+higher than the head.
+
+Prolapsus due to laceration in child-birth may require a surgical
+operation.
+
+In case of antiflexions the first exercise given for prolapsus should be
+taken daily. (The advice for the prolapsus treatment and the exercises
+are taken from the writings of Dr. J. H. Kellogg, superintendent of the
+Battle Creek Sanitarium.).
+
+ANTEVERSION:--Persons suffering from anteversion or retroversion should
+sleep without pillows under the head, and lie flat upon the back; they
+should sit with the feet as high as convenient and avoid high seats
+which hinder the feet from touching the floor. They should discard
+corsets and tight stocking supporters which push or hold down the organs
+which need to be replaced. Stocking supporters should be fastened over
+the hips and comfort waists can be bought in place of corsets.
+
+It is well to have an attendant to prepare weak patients for first
+exercises in all uterine troubles by the use of towels wrung from hot
+water applied to the back and abdomen for a few minutes to relax the
+muscles, or a hot water bottle, or hot salt bag may be used. Then, with
+the patient lying with head low, the attendant should give the abdomen
+and small of the back a thorough rubbing or kneading for ten minutes or
+less according to strength of patient. Olive oil can be used on the hand
+in the rubbing.
+
+FIRST EXERCISE FOR ANTEVERSION:--Lie on bed or rug; fold arms on chest;
+hold trunk of body still; stretch legs, and hold the position about half
+a minute, then relax at the knee and ankle. Then point the toes down and
+stretch upper leg muscles; relax; then stretch under leg muscles by
+stretching heel out. The patient will feel the exercise as far as the
+shoulders, and should be careful not to lift the body from the floor at
+first. When patient can hold stretching exercise for a minute then lift
+first the right, then the left leg, and take same exercise until the
+person can give a quick little kick for, say, twelve times, as the leg
+is straightened.
+
+SECOND EXERCISE:--Lying on the back, stretch to full length; move the
+left leg out at the side, then up and back to position, forming a
+semi-circle, keeping muscles tense throughout. Then move right leg out
+at the side--left--stretch toes long--relax--stretch heel--, lift a
+little higher and bring back to place in a circle and rest. Same with
+left leg and then both together. Few people can do this easily at first,
+the weight of the legs is too much for the weak muscles at the back; but
+some one can hold the foot at first. When the patient can do this easily
+without bringing on any pain or ache, she may sit in a low chair and
+take arm lifting exercises.
+
+Raise both arms out at the sides, then slowly raise them up close to the
+head and consciously lift all the organs of the body up, relax, and
+lower arms down front and repeat slowly, six or ten times at first,
+until for five minutes the patient can do this sitting. Then take it
+standing for ten minutes or more. Stand with feet wide apart. Dr.
+Anderson says, "A woman who will do this twenty times each day can never
+have anteversion, if she dresses properly, for it lifts the organs in
+place each time." It lifts the chest and abdomen up, and brings a
+feeling of exhilaration if done in the open air.
+
+After the patient has taken exercises for five or six weeks she may lie
+flat on the back, fold arms and raise body up to sitting position
+without unfolding arms. Then turn on right side and do the same, then on
+left side and do the same. This is fine for back and abdomen muscles.
+
+Anteversion needs the Rest Cure, and resting with the body in a position
+in which nature can right things is an important thing to remember. Rest
+always after exercise, either with a pillow under the knees or with the
+legs hanging over a low foot-board, or lying on a couch with the feet
+higher than the head. Exercise will relax the muscles and call for
+blood which will revitalize and stimulate the weakened conditions. A
+woman with this trouble should be careful about bending quickly over, or
+climbing stairs, until she gains strength.
+
+RETROVERSION:--Place the patient with face downward on bed or mat and
+with a small pillow under the lower part of the abdomen. Relax the
+muscles by applying a hot towel, hot salt bag or hot water-bottle just
+below the small of the back, and lower part of the abdomen for ten or
+fifteen minutes. (Hot salt bags are most effective and are easy to
+handle.) Then rub the back briskly with a circular movement; if tender
+in front, do not rub the abdomen. The circulation will gradually carry
+away any inflammation as soon as the muscles reach a normal condition,
+though kneading of back and abdomen, using sweet oil on the hand, is
+helpful if the patient can bear it.
+
+The patient must remember that these conditions have been months in
+coming and only painstaking work and time can restore the weakened
+organs. The manner of dress is very important; loose, comfortable
+clothing must be worn. Sleep with the face down as much as possible;
+nature will correct itself, if allowed, many times.
+
+FIRST EXERCISE:--Fold arms under forehead and draw right knee up close
+to body and hold two minutes (unless painful) and slowly straighten, and
+stretch very slowly. Do the same with the left leg until the patient can
+repeat the exercise twelve times with each leg and hold five minutes
+instead of two, with the knee close to the body. It will probably take
+two weeks to gain strength for this. After that time raise the body up
+on hands, and move legs just as a baby does when creeping, except that
+the patient only follows the movement and does not move along.
+
+SECOND EXERCISE:--Patient take sitting position on floor and clasp hands
+under knees, and bring knees up, so that chin and knees meet and hold.
+Then straighten legs, slide hands toward the heels as far as hands can
+reach, (stretch hands toward heels); make a continuous movement of this.
+
+THIRD EXERCISE:--Sit on floor. Place the hands on floor at sides, legs
+straight out in front, lift the body from the floor with the arms, up
+and down. This is a fine exercise for raising up the misplaced organs.
+
+FOURTH EXERCISE:--Place the patient flat on back and push the body up to
+sitting position with hands quite far back and palms down, recline
+again, up and down until arms and back are very tired. Then sit up, legs
+straight in front, raise the body from the floor, (an inch) and move
+backward, resting weight on hands, then move over on knees as at first
+exercise and creep, then sit up and move backward again. These will take
+a month to perfect. Begin by exercising five minutes and gradually work
+up to half an hour, rest between, always. The patient must have the
+right mental attitude, must think that she is trying to replace the
+uterus by lifting it to its natural position. The exercises must not be
+lazily done.
+
+Sitting in a tub of hot water is most helpful where there is much
+tenderness, or inflammation. Witch-hazel in hot water douches or a weak
+solution of hot salt water is a wonderful tonic in some cases.
+
+EXERCISE FOR REPLACING UTERUS TO BE TAKEN JUST BEFORE RETIRING:--Kneel
+on the bed; bend forward until the chest is touching the bed and the
+hips are elevated as high as possible. The inlet of the vagina should
+then be opened so as to admit air. As soon as the air enters the womb
+falls into position. Lie down at once and give nature a chance to regain
+strength while you sleep.
+
+The tampon soaked in glycerine and alum, and the douches of hot water,
+in which a little alum is dissolved, are both of great service in
+controlling the flooding which so frequently accompanies change of life
+and miscarriages. (Exercises for anteversion and retroversion supplied
+by a successful teacher of such work.)
+
+The writer of this book asked a well-known medical writer why physicians
+do not advise exercises for the cure of displacements instead of
+operations. He said it is because women are not willing to do anything
+to help themselves. They expect the physician to cure them, and the only
+way a physician can "cure" is to operate. Sensible women, however, will
+be glad to practice helpful exercises.
+
+DEBILITY:--"The debility of convalescence requires fresh air,
+    easily digested food, the avoidance of over-exertion, with a
+    gradually increasing amount of exercise. Such debility is only
+    aggravated by alcohol, though it may for a time be partially
+    masked thereby. Milk, eggs, fresh fruit and farinaceous
+    articles are the best foods. General debility without obvious
+    cause, may be treated by cold or tepid bathing. Salt added to
+    the bath is helpful. Change of air is a good tonic. Port wine
+    and other alcoholics while giving a false sensation of increased
+    vigor, really _reduce the tone of the pulse_, and therefore tend
+    to enfeeble the system. Alcohol is a relaxant, _not a tonic_."
+
+DEPRESSION OF SPIRITS:--"Learn the Delsarte exercise for the
+    'blues,' and practice them daily. Hot air baths. Avoid rich
+    food. Take out-door exercise."
+
+DIARRHOEA:--"This is a symptom of the presence of an irritant
+    of which the stomach is trying to be rid. Do not arrest it
+    prematurely, but assist it. If it persists, arrowroot, or corn
+    starch, or flour, mixed with cold water to the consistency of
+    cream may be taken, a tablespoonful at a time. 2. Bread charcoal
+    with cold milk. 3. A tablespoonful of cinnamon water with a
+    teaspoonful of lime water, mixed, every one, two or three hours.
+    Smaller dose for a child. Diet should be confined to toast, milk
+    toast, milk, cold or boiled. Tea, broth, meat, etc., are sure to
+    renew the trouble. Diarrhoea in infants is generally due to
+    errors in feeding, either over-feeding or the use of improper
+    kinds of food. Boiled milk thickened with flour is a simple
+    remedy in light cases. Alcoholics are utterly unnecessary in
+    diarrhoea, and to order them for young children is quite
+    wrong. A full enema of water, as hot as can be borne, will
+    remove offending substances from the bowels.
+
+    "Beware of diarrhoea medicines containing opium in any form.
+    They are unnecessary and dangerous, particularly for young
+    children."
+
+DYSENTERY:--"At the beginning of the disease the stomach should
+    be relieved by the use of a large warm-water emetic. The
+    quantity of food should be restricted to the smallest amount
+    compatible with comfort. Ripe fruits, especially grapes, and
+    most stewed fruits, may be used in abundance to keep the bowels
+    regular. Salads, spices and other condiments, fats and fried
+    foods should be strictly avoided, together with tea, coffee,
+    alcoholics and all other narcotics.
+
+    "The diet should consist chiefly of simple soups, well boiled
+    oatmeal gruel, egg beaten with water or milk, and similar foods.
+    In many cases regulation of the diet is sufficient. Either the
+    hot or the cold enema may be employed.
+
+    "The use of opium, which is exceedingly common in this disease,
+    is not advisable, as it produces a feverish condition of the
+    system, decidedly prejudicial to recovery. Herroner, an eminent
+    German physician, very strongly discourages the use of opium in
+    this disease."--DR. J. H. KELLOGG.
+
+DYSPEPSIA:--"It is commonly supposed that a little good whisky
+    or brandy aids digestion, while on the contrary it has been
+    proved conclusively by observing the processes of digestion upon
+    persons who have fistula of the stomach, or by evacuating the
+    contents of the stomach by means of a stomach-pump about an hour
+    after taking a meal--in one instance after taking an ounce of
+    alcohol, and in another where no alcohol was taken--that alcohol
+    coagulates the albuminoids, throws down the pepsin, decreases
+    the acidity (the combined chlorin and free hydrochloric acid),
+    and increases the fixed chlorids. Any one can make the
+    observation upon himself, that a meal taken without alcohol is
+    more quickly followed by hunger than one with it.
+
+    "Blumenau says: 'On the whole, alcohol manifests a decidedly
+    unfavorable influence on the course of normal digestion even
+    when ingested in relatively small quantities, and impairs the
+    normal digestive functions.'
+
+    "Dr. Chittenden, professor of physiologic chemistry in Yale
+    College, as a result of some investigations made by himself and
+    Dr. Mendel, states in the _American Journal of Medical
+    Sciences_, that he finds that as small a quantity as three per
+    cent. of sherry, porter, or beer lessens the activity of the
+    digestive powers."--_Bulletin of A. M. T. A._
+
+    "It should be observed that doses of alcohol which have no
+    appreciable effect in delaying digestion, are so small as to be
+    practically useless for any beneficial action."--_Medical
+    Pioneer._
+
+One doctor writes:--
+
+    "What makes dyspepsia so hard to cure? This very alcohol taking.
+    The best cure is to refuse all alcoholic drinks, at meals and
+    all other times, and drink nothing but water."
+
+The causes of dyspepsia are various; errors of diet being the most
+common. Others are mental worry, care and anxiety, and the use of drugs.
+An eminent writer upon this disease says:
+
+    "My main object in the treatment is to prevent the sufferers
+    from resorting to drugs, which in such cases, not only produce
+    their own morbid conditions, but also confirm those already
+    existing.
+
+    "The extensive and often habitual use of alkalies for acidity,
+    of purgatives for constipation, nervines and opiates for
+    sleeplessness, and after-dinner pills to goad into action the
+    lagging stomach, has been a potent factor in the production of a
+    large class of most inveterate dyspepsias."
+
+Underdone bread, cake, and pie, are unfit for any stomach, yet are seen
+upon many tables. "Breakfast foods," cooked for ten or twenty minutes,
+are also dyspepsia producers. All breads, cakes, pies and cereals,
+require thorough cooking to fit them for digestion. Most cereals are
+better for supper than for breakfast, as they should be cooked in a
+double boiler for several hours. A young man, troubled with dyspepsia,
+learned to his amazement that the oatmeal, which he supposed was his
+best food, had much to do with the giddiness which often overcame him.
+He was advised to use dry foods, such as toast, zwieback and shredded
+wheat. This diet, together with the abandonment of nostrums, led to a
+cure. Zwieback is bread sliced, and dried in a moderate oven until light
+brown. Whole wheat bread is best. It is very delicious and is quite
+easily digested. In the case of the young man, it is probable that the
+difficulty with the oatmeal was the lack of sufficient cooking. Oatmeal
+made into gruel, well cooked, and diluted with a large quantity of
+scalded milk is easy of digestion.
+
+Eating between meals, and excess in eating, lead to stomach derangement.
+
+    "The best remedy for acidity of the stomach is hot-water
+    drinking. Two or three glasses should be taken as hot as can be
+    sipped, one hour before each meal, and half an hour before going
+    to bed. The effect of the hot water is to wash out the stomach,
+    and so remove any fermenting remains of the previous meal.
+    Heartburn may be treated the same as acidity."
+
+Persons troubled with slow digestion are better to eat only two meals a
+day. The writer has personal knowledge of a goodly number of women who
+have been benefited wonderfully by adopting the two meal a day plan.
+
+Some persons, much troubled with dyspepsia, have adopted the plan of
+prolonged fasting advocated by Dr. Dewey, and testify to a cure by this
+method. While heroic, it is certainly more rational than drug treatment.
+For acute dyspepsia a fast is requisite.
+
+All that alcoholics can do for dyspepsia is to allay the uneasy
+sensations for a time, while adding to the trouble. It has been
+abundantly proved that alcohol must pass from the stomach before
+digestion can begin.
+
+Dr. Ridge says:--
+
+    "Many cases which seem to be relieved by the use of beer are
+    really benefited by the hop, or other bitter, which the ale or
+    beer contains. _Hop tea_ is a useful stomachic, and a quarter of
+    a pint, or half that quantity, may be taken cold. It is made in
+    the same way as tea, using a handful of hops to a pint of
+    boiling water. Make fresh every day."
+
+Dr. Kellogg says:--
+
+    "In cases of chronic dyspepsia the use of alcohol seems to be
+    particularly deleterious, although not infrequently prescribed,
+    if not in the form of alcohol or ordinary alcoholic liquors, in
+    the form of some so-called 'bitters,' 'elixir' or 'cordial.'
+    Nothing could be further removed from the truth than the popular
+    notion that alcohol, at least in the form of certain wines, is
+    helpful to digestion. Roberts showed, years ago, that alcohol
+    even in small doses, diminishes the activity of the stomach in
+    the digestion of proteids. Gluzinski showed, ten years ago, that
+    alcohol causes an arrest in the secretion of pepsin, and also of
+    its action upon food. Wolff showed that the habitual use of
+    alcohol produces disorder of the stomach to such a degree as to
+    render it incapable of responding to the normal excitation of
+    the food. Hugounencq found that all wines, without exception,
+    prevent the action of pepsin upon proteids. The most harmful are
+    those which contain large quantities of alcohol, cream of tartar
+    or coloring matter. Wines often contain coloring matters which
+    at once completely arrest digestion, such as methylin blue and
+    fuchsin.
+
+    "A few years ago I made a series of experiments in which I
+    administered alcohol in various forms with a test meal, noting
+    the effect upon the stomach fluid as determined by the accurate
+    chemic examination of the method of Hayem and Winter. The result
+    of these experiments I reported at the 1893 meeting of the
+    American Medical Temperance Association. The subject of
+    experiment was a healthy young man whose stomach was doing a
+    slight excess of work, the amount of combined chlorin being
+    nearly fifty per cent. above normal, although the amount of free
+    hydrochloric acid was normal in quantity. Four ounces of claret
+    with the ordinary test meal reduced the free hydrochloric acid
+    from 28 milligrams per 100 c. c. of stomach fluid to zero, and
+    the combined chlorin from .270 to .125. In the same case the
+    administration of two ounces of brandy with the ordinary test
+    meal reduced the combined chlorin to .035, scarcely more than
+    one eighth of the original amount, the free hydrochloric acid
+    remaining at zero. Thus it appears that four ounces of claret
+    produced marked hypopepsia in a case of moderate hyperpepsia,
+    whereas two ounces of brandy produced practically apepsia."
+
+FAINTING OR SYNCOPE:--The following letter from the late Sir B. W.
+Richardson was addressed to a lady who had sought the great physician's
+advice on the subject:--
+
+
+                            "25 Manchester Square, W., July 18, 1896.
+
+    "DEAR MADAM: There is no substance which acts as a substitute
+    for alcohol, nor is anything like it wanted. The human body is a
+    water engine, as I have often described it, and alcohol plays no
+    part in its natural motion. The idea that when it begins to
+    fail, a stimulant has to be called for, springs merely from
+    habit, and if, whenever any of the symptoms of fainting you
+    speak of occur, the person merely lies down on the side or back
+    and drinks a glass of hot water, or hot milk and water, all that
+    can be done is done. In the London Temperance Hospital I have
+    been treating the sick for diseases of all kinds and during all
+    stages, and have never administered a minim of alcohol, or any
+    substitute for it, and we have got on better than when
+    I--feeling it at all times at command--made use of it in the
+    ordinary way.
+
+      "I am, dear Madam, faithfully yours,
+        "B. W. RICHARDSON."
+
+
+    TREATMENT:--"Lay the patient down in a current of air with the
+    feet raised higher than the head, preferably on one side in case
+    of sickness occurring, or bend the head down to the knees, to
+    restore the flow of blood to the brain. Loosen all clothing. Rub
+    the limbs, chest and over the heart with the hand or a rough
+    towel. Sprinkle cold water on the head and face. Smell ammonia,
+    strong vinegar, smelling salts or any pungent odor. Put hot
+    bottles to the feet, and in severe cases a mustard plaster over
+    the heart. Sip hot milk, hot water, hot tea, hot black coffee,
+    beef tea or a meat essence. Crowding round the patient and all
+    excitement should be avoided. In 999 cases out of 1,000, no
+    medicine is necessary.
+
+    "Faintness often proceeds from indigestion, flatulence inducing
+    pressure on the heart."
+
+FAINTNESS, WEAKNESS, EXHAUSTION, FATIGUE:--"The truth is that
+    for simple weakness, faintness, exhaustion, fatigue, cold or
+    wet, the best remedies are simple fresh air, pure water,
+    digestible food and rest. These are nature's restoratives, and
+    the sooner both physicians and people learn to rely upon them
+    instead of upon drugs the better it will be for all parties. And
+    as the effect of alcoholic liquors are directly depressing to
+    the strength and activity of all the natural functions and
+    processes of life, as shown by the most varied and scientific
+    investigations, it is important that this fact be taught to both
+    doctors and people everywhere."--DR. N. S. DAVIS.
+
+FITS:--"Whether the fit be apoplexy or epilepsy all alcoholics
+    are extremely bad, both at the time and afterwards. Alcohol, the
+    'genius of degeneration,' is the chief cause of apoplexy, and
+    also a cause of epilepsy, especially when taken in the form of
+    beer. It diminishes the tone of the arteries and blood-vessels,
+    and thus tends to cause, aggravate and maintain a congested
+    state of the capillaries throughout the whole body. In the
+    treatment of epilepsy, therefore, neither alcohol nor any
+    so-called substitute should be given. * * * * *
+
+    "In the convulsions of children alcohol is equally
+    injurious."--DR. RIDGE.
+
+FLATULENCE:--"Many uneasy sensations or pains, even in distant
+    parts of the body, are due to wind in the bowels, resulting from
+    indigestion. Asthma, cramps, depression of spirits, faintness,
+    giddiness, hiccough, prostration, sinking sensations and
+    sleeplessness, are all frequently due to the same cause. The
+    diet needs careful attention where there is much flatulence; tea
+    is often a cause. Charcoal biscuits are useful in some cases;
+    lemon juice in others. Fluid Magnesia may be taken. Watch for
+    the cause and remove it."
+
+HEADACHE:--_The New Hygiene_ says: "This is the manifestation of
+    a deeper-seated trouble, usually in the stomach. The use of
+    stimulants is a sure promoter of headache. All users of
+    alcoholic liquors are, I believe, subject to headache, and it is
+    also a sure result of overindulgence in tea and coffee.
+
+    "To prevent the attacks, live regularly, avoid late hours and
+    excessive brain work; avoid tea, coffee and alcoholic beverages,
+    also sweets of all kinds, including sauces and pastries, and
+    anything fried in fat. Eat plenty of good, plain food, including
+    fruit, especially oranges. Eat none late at night. Exercise
+    regularly in such a way as to bring all the muscles into play,
+    at least once a day.
+
+    "To relieve an attack flush the colon.
+
+    "Headaches, which so largely result from the retention of impure
+    matter in the body, will be cured if a good quantity, say two or
+    three glasses, of hot water be drank in the morning or at night,
+    and then the next regular meal omitted, so that an interval of
+    house-cleaning can be had before other material is moved
+    in."--_Life and Health._
+
+    "Avoid pills and powders. Persons suffering from headache need
+    to be warned against taking remedies that contain opium and
+    alcohol, and also against the use of a recent popular remedy,
+    usually called a 'white powder' or 'white tablet.' They take the
+    latter readily because the druggist or physician says it
+    contains no opium. This is true, but it is one of the lately
+    discovered coal tar preparations (anti-febrine, acetanilid,
+    etc.) and is very depressing to the human system. Headache is
+    usually a symptom of trouble somewhere else, often in the
+    alimentary canal, an overloaded stomach, constipation, or tight
+    clothing. Learn the cause and remove that, and the headache will
+    disappear."--DR. H. J. HALL, Franklin, Ind.
+
+    "Gentle massage is helpful and the use of cold compresses. Lack
+    of sufficient sleep will cause headache. Women often bring on
+    nervous headache by overwork and worry."
+
+HEMORRHAGE:--"Never give alcohol in a case of profuse
+    hemorrhage. The faint feeling, or irresistible inclination to
+    lie down is nature's own method of circumventing the danger, by
+    quieting the circulation and lessening the expulsive force of
+    the heart, thus favoring the formation of clot at the site of
+    the injury."--_Clinique._
+
+    "For uterine hemorrhage an emetic to induce vomiting is the best
+    cure."--Dr. Higginbotham in _British Medical Journal_.
+
+    "If the faint is dispelled too quickly, and the blood-vessels
+    are relaxed by alcohol, or the heart aroused to energetic action
+    by any remedy, the hemorrhage may recommence, and may prove
+    fatal. Quiet, the application of cold, pressure, the elevation
+    of the wound where possible, and the absence of stimulants, are
+    the cardinal points of treatment in most cases."--DR. RIDGE.
+
+    "If then, it seems absolutely necessary to rouse a person out of
+    a dead faint, what can be done? Swallowing is out of the
+    question, lest the patient choke. The head must be laid low,
+    and the face and chest flapped with a cold wet cloth, or
+    alternately with hot wet cloths; smelling salts (not too strong)
+    may be applied to the nose.
+
+    "When the faint has been recovered from, but the hemorrhage
+    continues so much that it is feared another faint may occur,
+    and, perhaps, be fatal, it may be warded off by drinking any hot
+    liquid; if Liebig's extract of meat, or strong beef tea, is at
+    hand and can be given hot, there is nothing better."
+
+HEART DISEASE:--Dr. Ridge says: "I trench here on a delicate
+    subject, because, when there is real disease of the heart,
+    medical advice will of course have been obtained, and very
+    probably a doctor may have said that some alcoholic liquor is
+    essential. There are, also, several different forms of heart
+    disease which require altogether different treatment, and only a
+    physician can tell the difference, or appreciate the necessity
+    for the particular treatment required. But it may be pointed out
+    that alcohol is utterly unable to 'strengthen' the heart, or
+    give tone to the blood-vessels, or to the system at large.
+
+    "The alteration in the pulse due to alcohol is chiefly owing to
+    its paralyzing action on the blood-vessels, and when they are
+    too contracted, and thereby cause the weakened heart to labor
+    too much, the alcohol will give relief for the time. But we have
+    in nitrite of amyl, a fluid which will act more quickly and more
+    powerfully; but this must not be employed without medical
+    direction. It is very useful in cases of _angina pectoris_, or
+    _breast pang_, but is rarely required in the majority of cases
+    in which the valves of the heart are diseased. The paralyzing
+    action of alcohol is not generally produced by less than half a
+    wine-glassful of brandy or whisky, or twice that quantity of
+    wine, and often much more is required. The relief to uneasy
+    sensations which much smaller quantities sometimes produce is
+    due to their anæsthetic or benumbing action, by which the nerves
+    of the patient are rendered less sensible, although the danger
+    is by no means diminished. * * * *
+
+    "The only sensible way to avert the evil consequences of heart
+    disease is to strengthen the heart, and that is to be done by
+    strengthening the body generally. The amount of exercise, the
+    kind of baths, etc., which should be taken, have to be modified
+    in accordance with the nature of the case. If these natural
+    health-giving measures cannot be employed nothing is an
+    effectual substitute.
+
+    "_Weak_ or _feeble heart_ is a common complaint, and is as
+    ordinary an excuse for resorting to alcoholic liquors as
+    'Timothy's stomach.' If there is no organic disease; if the
+    valves of the heart are healthy and act properly, all anxiety on
+    this point may be entirely banished. The slow pulse, the feeble
+    pulse, the cold feet, the want of energy, these are not to be
+    got rid of by such a mere temporary agent as alcohol, even if
+    relief can be thus obtained from day to day. The constant
+    application of alcohol to the tissues of the body alters them
+    gradually by its chemical action. In addition to this, the
+    balance of the nervous system is altered, an unnatural condition
+    is produced, and the unhappy patient becomes more liable to
+    disease and more easily succumbs when attacked.
+
+    "Many of these 'feeble hearts' mean too little exercise, very
+    often also, too much or improper food and drink.
+
+    "The best remedies are cold sponging (according to the season);
+    avoidance of coddling; plain, wholesome food; abstinence from
+    tea, hot drinks and condiments; regular out-of-doors exercise
+    and all similar true _tonic_ measures."
+
+Dr. Kellogg says:--
+
+    "Persons subject to attacks of _angina pectoris_ should carry
+    with them a small bottle containing a sponge saturated with
+    nitrite of amyl, and place it to the nose when necessary.
+
+    "Sympathetic palpitation may be relieved by bending the head
+    downward, allowing the arms to hang down. The effect of this
+    measure is increased by holding the breath a few seconds while
+    bending over. Another ready means of relief is to press strongly
+    upon the large arteries on either side of the neck.
+
+    "Palpitation of the heart is often mistaken for real organic
+    disease of the organ. * * * * * A careful regulation of the diet
+    is in most cases all that is necessary to effect a cure."
+
+Dr. Edmunds, of London, was asked during a medical discussion what he
+thought of the use of alcohol in heart disease. His answer is embodied
+in the following:--
+
+    "With regard to the use of brandy in cases of heart disease, he
+    was convinced it was a mistake to use it in such cases. There
+    were many forms of heart disease, but the most common kind arose
+    from the heart being too fat. Excess of fat debilitated the
+    heart and injured its working, just as a piece of wax attached
+    to a tuning fork would impair its usefulness. In such cases he
+    dieted his patients in order to reduce their weight. Every dose
+    of brandy taken for heart disease increased the evil. The moment
+    brandy was taken for heart disease, or any other chronic
+    complaint of a similar kind, the disease was increased. If
+    doctors recommended alcohol to their patients, he had been asked
+    what abstainers should do. In such cases, as had been suggested,
+    he thought the patients might ask what the alcohol was to do for
+    them, and if the reply was not satisfactory, they should get
+    another doctor."
+
+Dr. T. D. Crothers, of Hartford, Conn., has deduced some valuable facts
+from his experiments with the sphygmograph, upon the action of the
+heart. He has found by repeated experiments that while alcohol
+apparently increases the force and volume of the heart's action, the
+irregular tracings of the sphygmograph show that the real vital force
+is diminished, and hence its apparent stimulating power is deceptive.
+
+Dr. C. W. Chapman, of the National Hospital for Diseases of the Heart,
+wrote in the _Lancet_:--
+
+    "The very thing (alcohol) which they supposed had kept their
+    heart going was responsible for many of its difficulties."
+
+Of cases of palpitation and irregularity caused by business anxieties or
+indigestion, he said:--
+
+    "To give alcohol is only to add fuel to the fire."
+
+HEART FAILURE:--"In cases of cardiac weakness, the thing needed
+    is not simply an increased rate of movement of the heart, or an
+    increased volume of the pulse, but an increased movement of the
+    blood current throughout the entire system. In the application
+    of any agent for the purpose of affording relief in a condition
+    of this kind, the peripheral heart as well as the central organ
+    must be taken into consideration. In fact, the whole circulatory
+    system must be regarded as one. The heart and the arteries are
+    composed of essentially the same kind of tissue, and have
+    practically the same functions. The arteries as well as the
+    heart are capable of contracting.
+
+    "Both the heart and the arteries are controlled by excitory and
+    inhibitory nerves. These two classes of nerves are kindred in
+    structure and in origin, the vagus and the vasodilators being
+    medullated, while the accelerators of the heart and the
+    vasoconstrictors of the arteries are non-medullated and pass
+    through the sympathetic ganglia on the way to their
+    distribution.
+
+    "Winternitz and other therapeutists have frequently called
+    attention to the value of cold as a cardiac stimulant or tonic.
+    The tonic effect of this agent is greater than that of any
+    medicinal agent which can be administered. The cold compress
+    applied over the cardiac area of the chest may well replace
+    alcohol as a heart tonic. The thing necessary to encourage the
+    heart's action is not merely relaxation of the peripheral
+    vessels, but, as Winternitz has shown, increased activity of the
+    peripheral circulation in the skin, muscles and elsewhere.
+    Alcohol paralyzes the vasoconstrictors, and so dilates the small
+    vessels and lessens the resistance of the heart action; but at
+    the same time it lessens the activity of the nerve centres which
+    control the heart, diminishes the power of the heart muscle, and
+    lessens that rhythmical activity of the small vessels whereby
+    the circulation is so efficiently aided at that portion of the
+    blood circuit most remote from the heart. A continuous cold
+    application applied to that portion of the chest overlying the
+    heart stimulates the nerves controlling the walls of the
+    vessels, and at the same time energizes the corresponding
+    cardiac nerves. It is wise to remember that the vasoconstrictor
+    nerves are one in kind with the excitor nerves of the heart,
+    while the vasodilators are in like manner associated with the
+    vagus. With this in mind, it is clear that while alcohol
+    paralyzes the vasoconstrictors, it at the same time weakens the
+    nerves which initiate and maintain the activity of the heart;
+    while, on the other hand, cold excites to activity those nerves
+    which produce the opposite effect.
+
+    "The apparent increase of strength which follows the
+    administration of alcohol in cases of cardiac weakness is
+    delusive. There is increased volume of the pulse for the reason
+    that the small arteries and capillaries are dilated, but this
+    apparent improvement in cardiac action is very evanescent. This
+    is a natural result of the fact that while the heart is relieved
+    momentarily by sudden dilation of the peripheral vessels, the
+    accumulation of the blood in the venous system, through the loss
+    of the normal activity of the peripheral heart, gradually raises
+    the resistance by increasing the amount of blood which has to be
+    pushed along in the venous system. This loss of the action of
+    the peripheral heart more than counterbalances the temporary
+    relief secured by the paralysis of the vasoconstrictors.
+
+    "Thermic applications, general and local, may safely be affirmed
+    to be the true physiological heart tonic. In the employment of
+    the cold pericardial compress as a heart tonic, the application
+    should generally be continued not more than half an hour at a
+    time, and its use may be alternated with general cold
+    applications to the surface. A cold towel rub, or the cold trunk
+    pack is the best form for application if the patient is very
+    feeble.
+
+    "The cold towel rub is applied thus: wring a towel as dry as
+    possible out of very cold water, and spread it quickly and
+    evenly over the surface; rub vigorously outside until the skin
+    begins to feel warm; then remove, dry the moistened surface, rub
+    until it glows, and make the same application to another part;
+    and so on until the whole surface of the body has been gone
+    over. The procedure should be rapid and vigorous.
+
+    "If the cold trunk pack is employed, a sheet of not more than
+    one thickness should be wrung as dry as possible out of very
+    cold water, and wrapped quickly about the body, after first
+    dipping the hands in water, and rubbing the trunk vigorously. In
+    cases of extreme cardiac weakness, very cold and very hot
+    applications may be alternately applied over the region of the
+    heart. The duration of the hot and cold applications should be
+    about fifteen seconds each.
+
+    "Any one who has ever witnessed the marvelous effects of
+    applications of this sort in reviving a flagging heart will
+    never doubt their efficacy, and will have no occasion to resort
+    to alcohol, or any other intoxicant, to stimulate a flagging
+    heart. The writer has employed these measures for stimulating
+    the heart for more than twenty years, and might cite hundreds of
+    instances in which their efficiency has been demonstrated. They
+    are applicable not only to the cardiac depression encountered in
+    the adynamic stage of typhoid and other fevers, but in cases of
+    heart failure from hemorrhage, of surgical shock, collapse under
+    chloroform or ether, opium poisoning, coal gas asphyxia,
+    drowning, etc."--Dr. J. H. Kellogg, in _Bulletin of the A. M. T.
+    A._, Jan., 1899.
+
+Dr. N. S. Davis tells of a case of threatened collapse where he was
+called in consultation. Patient was in a small, unventilated room.
+
+    "It was easy to see that what she needed was fresh air in her
+    lungs. Instead of giving alcohol in any form she was moved into
+    a large, well-ventilated room. All symptoms of 'heart failure'
+    disappeared. Had she begun to take whisky or brandy, physician
+    and friends would have attributed her recovery to that, when in
+    fact it would have retarded recovery by hindering oxygenation of
+    the blood."
+
+    "It would also be a very great mistake to suppose that when
+    reaction follows collapse, in cases in which alcohol has been
+    given, this result is always due to the alcohol. I have seen so
+    many cases of severe collapse recover without alcohol that I
+    cannot but be skeptical as to its necessity, and even as to its
+    value. I was much struck many years ago by a case of post partum
+    hemorrhage which was so severe that convulsions set in. I should
+    then have given brandy if there had been any to give, but there
+    was none in the house and none to be got. I administered
+    teaspoonfuls of hot water and the patient revived and recovered;
+    next day, except for anæmia, she was as well as ever, with no
+    reactionary fever or other disturbance, as would almost
+    certainly have been the case if brandy had been given.
+
+    "In collapse from hemorrhage, we have learned the value of
+    injections of warm saline water, either into the veins, the skin
+    or the rectum, and the same treatment is available in other
+    cases of collapse with contracted vessels.
+
+    "Another measure which has proved most efficacious is the
+    _inhalation of oxygen_ gas. This is especially useful in cases
+    in which alcohol is decidedly injurious, namely, those in which
+    there is increasing congestion of the lungs, which the heart,
+    though doing its utmost, is unable to overcome. Alcohol only
+    increases the congestion, and the heart is already over-exerted
+    and nearly exhausted. The effect of the oxygen is apparent in a
+    few seconds, and cases have been rescued in which death appeared
+    to be inevitable and imminent."--DR. RIDGE.
+
+HEART STIMULANTS:--"The advantage of beef extract over alcohol
+    as a stimulant was demonstrated on a large scale in the Ashantee
+    war."--DR. RIDGE, London.
+
+For those who must have a drug: aqua ammonia, 8 drops to 1/2 cup of hot
+water, or 20 grains carbonate ammonia to 1/2 cup water. Hot water alone
+is a useful stimulant; also water, hot or cold, with a few grains of
+Cayenne pepper added. The latter is good, not only to start the heart's
+action in collapse, but also to relieve violent pain. Hot milk is a most
+valuable stimulant. Many persons to whom hot milk has been given during
+the extreme weakness of acute disease have testified afterward to its
+good effects in comparison with the wine formerly administered. The wine
+caused an after-feeling of chilliness and weakness, while the milk gave
+warmth and added strength.
+
+INSOMNIA OR SLEEPLESSNESS:--"A person who suffers from
+    sleeplessness should avoid the use of tea and coffee, tobacco,
+    alcoholic liquors and all other disturbers of the nervous
+    system. Eating immediately before retiring has been recommended,
+    but the ultimate result may be an aggravation of the difficulty
+    instead of relief. If a person suffers from 'all gone feelings'
+    so that he cannot sleep, he should take a few sips of cold water
+    or a glass of lemonade. As complete relief will generally be
+    obtained as from eating, and the stomach will be saved work when
+    it should be resting. A warm bath just before retiring, a
+    wet-hand rub, a cool sponge bath, gentle rubbing of the body
+    with the dry hand, a moist bandage worn about the abdomen during
+    the night, are all useful measures. When the feet are cold, they
+    should be thoroughly warmed by a hot foot or leg bath, and
+    thorough rubbing. When the head is congested, these measures
+    should be supplemented by the application of cold to the head,
+    as the cold compress or the ice-cap."
+
+A walk in the evening, or gentle calisthenics, may help those of
+sedentary habits. Bicycle riding and horse-back riding in the evening
+have helped many.
+
+The practice of long deep breathing will often put persons to sleep when
+all other devices fail. The lungs should be filled to their utmost
+capacity, and then emptied with equal slowness, repeating the
+respiration about ten times a minute, instead of eighteen or twenty, the
+natural rate. Those who fall asleep upon first going to bed, and after a
+few hours awake, and are unable to sleep again, may find relief by
+getting out of bed, and rubbing the surface of the body with the dry
+hand. Or walk about the room a few minutes, exposing the skin to the
+air, go back to bed and try the deep breathing.
+
+    "The use of drugs for the purpose of inducing sleep should be
+    avoided as much as possible. Opium is especially harmful. Sleep
+    obtained by the use of opiates is not a substitute for natural
+    sleep. The condition is one of insensibility, but not of natural
+    refreshing recuperation. Three or four hours of natural sleep
+    will be more than equivalent to double that amount of sleep
+    obtained by the use of narcotics. When a person once becomes
+    dependent upon drugs of any kind for producing sleep, it is
+    almost impossible for him to dispense with them. It is often
+    dangerous to resort to their temporary use, on account of the
+    great tendency to the formation of the habit of continuous use.
+    The use of opiates for securing sleep is one of the most
+    prolific means by which the great army of opium-eaters is
+    annually recruited. Chloral, bromide of potash, whisky and other
+    drugs are to be condemned almost as strongly as opium."--DR.
+    KELLOGG.
+
+Dr. Furer, of Heidelberg, Germany, in a paper before the International
+Congress against alcohol, held in Basle, Switzerland, in Sept., 1895,
+said:--
+
+    "The sleep from alcohol does not act as a mental tonic, but
+    leaves the mind weaker next day."
+
+Some noble specimens of manhood have become wrecks through accepting the
+advice to try "whisky night-caps." Edison recommends manual labor,
+instead of going to rest, for aggravated insomnia. He says sleep will
+soon come naturally.
+
+LA GRIPPE:--"Alcohol has no place in the treatment of _la
+    grippe_; on the contrary it is because of the too frequent use
+    of this, and other narcotics, that epidemics make such fearful
+    headway in our land, and such must be the rule until the people
+    study the laws of health and obey them. Profuse sweating,
+    followed by a careful bathing of the body in tepid water,
+    gradually cooling it to a normal temperature, and avoiding
+    unnecessary exposure, will relieve. The patient should sleep in
+    pure air and eat as little as possible, and that only when
+    hungry. * * * * * Quinine is essentially a nerve poison, and
+    capable of producing a profound disturbance of the nervous
+    centres. A drug of such potency for evil should be employed with
+    the greatest care, and never when a milder agency will secure
+    the result. Exceedingly pernicious is the habit of dosing
+    children with this drug."--DR. CHARLES H. SHEPARD, Brooklyn, N.
+    Y.
+
+    "A late surgeon of the gold coast of Africa wrote the following
+    to the London _Lancet_ of Jan. 2, 1890: 'Some of the worst cases
+    of this disease, the grippe, remind me of an epidemic I saw
+    among the natives of the swamps of the Niger. * * * * *
+    Irrespective of disinfectants and inhalations there is a simple,
+    effective and ready remedy, the juice of oranges in large
+    quantities, not of two or three, but of dozens. The first
+    unpleasant symptoms disappear, and the acid citrate of potash of
+    the juice, by a simple chemic action decreases the amount of
+    fibrine in the blood to an extent which prevents the development
+    of pneumonia.'"
+
+The Syracuse (N. Y.) _Post-Standard_ contained the following during the
+epidemic of 1899:--
+
+    "Dr. George D. Whedon declared to a _Post-Standard_ reporter
+    yesterday that there is practically no subsiding of the grippe
+    in this city. Dr. Whedon said that the weather conditions have
+    little, if anything, to do with the disease, and that it is
+    impossible to define the conditions which produce it. It is some
+    morbific agency, the influence of which, Dr. Whedon said, is
+    exerted upon the pneumogastric nerve.
+
+    "_Dr. Whedon was emphatic in denouncing treatment by means of
+    alcoholic stimulants, and coal tar derivatives._ In discussing
+    the subject at some length he said:--
+
+    'I find that infants and young children are practically exempt
+    from the disease, and the liability increases with age. In my
+    own experience, which has since 1889 amounted to an aggregate of
+    3,000 cases, alcoholic stimulants have appeared to be usually of
+    little or no value; their usual stimulating effect does not seem
+    to be realized in this condition. Unless malarial complications
+    exist quinine appears of no benefit, and then should not be used
+    in larger than two grain doses. Large doses depress the weakened
+    heart, and in all cases increase the terrible confusion and
+    headache constantly present in severe cases.
+
+    'From the views I entertain of its pathology, and from the
+    terrible fatality which has attended the extensive use of the
+    coal tar derivatives in treatment of _la grippe_, I argue that
+    the manner in which they have been prescribed in the beginning
+    of the disease, to reduce fever, and relieve the often intense
+    suffering, lowers the heart's action, which is already
+    sufficiently incapacitated by the toxic agent producing the
+    disease.
+
+    'The intention is usually to stimulate later, but later is in
+    many cases unfortunately too late. The heart being overwhelmed
+    by the poison, and by the added depression of all coal tar
+    preparations, cannot keep up the pulmonary circulation. The
+    swelling of the lungs increases, and the result is fatal.
+
+    'I am aware of the weight of authority for their administration
+    and of the relief they afford, but am just as well assured that
+    were their use discontinued, the greatly increased death-rate
+    from _la grippe_ would cease to appear.
+
+    'These coal tar remedies are being used everywhere, and the
+    medical journals recommend them despite the fatal results. They
+    are being used every hour in the day in Syracuse, and, as a
+    result, are knocking out good people. Among the most popular
+    coal tar derivatives I might mention anti-kamnia,
+    salol-phenacetine, anti-pyrine and salicylate of soda.
+
+    'Prognosis is favorable at all ages. Patients should be kept
+    warm, and perfectly quiet in bed, and supplied with such
+    nutritious and easily digested food, at frequent intervals, as
+    the partially paralyzed stomach can take care of. All
+    nourishment must be fluid and warm rather than cold.'"
+
+The _Journal of Inebriety_ for April, 1889, says:--
+
+    "The present epidemic of influenza has proved to be very fatal
+    in cases of moderate and excessive alcoholic drinkers.
+
+    "Pneumonia is the most common sequel, breaking out suddenly, and
+    terminating fatally in a few days. Heart failure and profound
+    exhaustion, is another fatal termination. One case was reported
+    to me of an inebriate, who, after a full outbreak of all the
+    usual symptoms, drank freely of whisky and became stupid and
+    died. It was uncertain whether cerebral hemorrhage had taken
+    place, or the narcotism of the alcohol had combined with the
+    disease and caused death.
+
+    "A physician appeared to have unusual fatality in the cases of
+    this class under his care.
+
+    "It was found that he gave some form of alcohol freely, on the
+    old theory of stimulation. Another physician gave all drinking
+    cases with this disease alcohol, on the same theory, and had
+    equally fatal results. It has been asserted that alcohol, as an
+    antiseptic, was useful in these bacterial epidemics, but its use
+    has been followed by greater depression, and many new and
+    complex symptoms. The frequent half domestic and professional
+    remedy, hot rum and whisky, has been followed by more serious
+    symptoms, and a protracted convalescence. Many facts have been
+    reported showing the danger of alcohol as a remedy, also the
+    fatality in cases of inebriates who were affected with this
+    disease.
+
+    "The first most common symptom seems to be heart exhaustion and
+    feebleness, then from the catarrhal and bronchial irritation,
+    pneumonia often follows."
+
+The vapor or Turkish bath is the best means of "breaking up" this
+disease, together with hot lemonade and rest in bed for a day or two.
+The inhalation of hot steam should be tried when there is much bronchial
+irritation.
+
+LIFE-SAVING STATIONS, THE USE OF ALCOHOL IN:--"There is no
+    possible useful place for alcoholic liquors in connection with a
+    life-saving station. Applied externally the rapid evaporation of
+    alcohol reduces the temperature; taken internally it diminishes
+    the efficiency of both respiration and circulation, and by
+    increasing congestion of the kidneys it directly increases the
+    danger of secondary bad effects from exposures of any kind. To
+    restore warmth and circulation to the surface, light, rapid
+    friction and the wrapping with dry flannel is the safest,
+    cheapest and most efficient, while free breathing of fresh air,
+    and frequent small doses of milk, beef-tea, ordinary tea or
+    coffee, or even simple water, will afford the greatest amount of
+    strength and endurance, and leave the least secondary bad
+    consequences. It is just as easy to keep at hand a jug or flask
+    of any one of the articles named as it is to keep a flask of
+    whisky or brandy. There is no need of keeping them hot, as they
+    act well at any temperature at which they can be drunk."--DR. N.
+    S. DAVIS, Chicago.
+
+MEASLES:--"In mild cases, very little treatment is required,
+    except such as is necessary to make the patient comfortable.
+    Good nursing is much more important than medical attendance. If
+    the eruption is slow in making its appearance, or is repelled
+    after having appeared, the patient should be given a warm
+    blanket pack.
+
+    "The old-fashioned plan of keeping the patient smothered beneath
+    heavy blankets, and constantly in a state of perspiration is
+    wholly unnecessary. The irritation of the skin, as well as the
+    sensitiveness to cold, may be relieved by rubbing the skin
+    gently two or three times a day with vaseline or sweet oil.
+    There is no danger from the application of cold water to the
+    surface except in the last stages of the disease, after the
+    eruption has disappeared.
+
+    "The patient should be allowed cooling drinks as much as
+    desired. During the disease a simple but nutritious diet should
+    be allowed, but _stimulants of all kinds should be prohibited_."
+
+    "It is wholly unnecessary, and dangerous as well, to give whisky
+    to bring out the eruption."--DR. I. N. QUIMBY, Jersey City.
+
+    "Any hot drink, such as ginger tea or hot lemonade, may be used
+    to hasten the eruption, if delayed."
+
+MALARIA:--Observers of this disease in such regions as the gold coast of
+Africa have noted the fact that malarial attacks are generally preceded
+by impaired digestion. The disease is said to be due to animal
+parasites. These parasites are supposed to generate in the soil of
+certain regions, and thence, through the drinking water, or otherwise,
+find entrance to the human body.
+
+    "A healthy stomach is able to destroy germs of all sorts, hence
+    the best protection from malaria is the boiling of all drinking
+    water, and the maintenance of sound digestion and purity of
+    blood by an aseptic dietary."
+
+Dr. J. H. Kellogg says in _The Voice_:--
+
+    "It must be understood, however, that fruit in malarial regions,
+    especially watermelons, may be thickly covered with malarial
+    parasites and the parasites may sometimes find entrance to the
+    fruit when it becomes over-ripe, so that the skin is broken. It
+    is evident, then, that care must be taken to disinfect such
+    fruit by thorough washing, or by dipping in hot water, which is
+    the safer plan. The same remark applies to cucumbers, lettuce,
+    celery, cabbage and other green vegetables which are commonly
+    served without cooking. Not only malarial parasites but small
+    insects of various kinds are often found clinging to such food
+    substances, their development being encouraged by the free use
+    of top dressing on the soil, a process common with market
+    gardeners.
+
+    "The treatment of malarial disease is too large and intricate a
+    subject for proper treatment in these columns. We will say
+    briefly, however, at the risk of being considered very
+    unorthodox, that the majority of cases of malarial poisoning can
+    be cured without the use of drugs of any sort. In fact, in the
+    most obstinate cases of chronic malarial poisoning, drugs are of
+    almost no use whatever. Quinine, however, is certainly of value
+    as a curative agent in these cases, either in destroying the
+    parasites, or in preventing their development; but as it does
+    not remove the cause, its curative effect is likely to be very
+    transient. The practice of habitually taking quinine as a
+    preventive of malarial disease is a most injurious one, as
+    quinine is itself a non-usable substance in the system, and
+    therefore must be looked upon as a mild poison, to be dealt with
+    by the liver and kidneys the same as other poisons. By habitual
+    use it may itself become a cause of disease. One or two
+    periodical doses of quinine often prove of great service in
+    interrupting the paroxysms of an intermittent fever, but other
+    treatment must also be employed to develop the bodily
+    resistance, and fortify the system against disease. The morning
+    cold bath, followed by vigorous rubbing, is a most excellent
+    measure for this purpose, but the old-fashioned German wet-sheet
+    pack is one of the best remedies known. The paroxysm itself can
+    generally be avoided by means of the dry pack, begun before the
+    chill makes its appearance; but this requires the services of an
+    expert nurse. In not a few cases it is wise for a person who
+    suffers frequently from malarial disease to seek a change of
+    climate to some non-malarial region.
+
+    "Col. T. W. Higginson of the First South Carolina Volunteers, in
+    1862, said of Dr. Seth Rogers, an eminent Southern physician,
+    who was surgeon of the regiment: 'Fortunately for us, he was one
+    of that minority of army surgeons who did not believe in whisky,
+    so that we never had it issued in the regiment while he was with
+    us, and got on better, in a highly malarial district, than those
+    regiments which used it.'"
+
+MATERNITY:--Dr. Ridge says:--"It is one of the greatest mistakes
+    to make use of alcoholic beverages to 'keep up the strength'
+    during labor. It is, of course, impossible to predict at the
+    commencement how long the labor will last; if then brandy, or
+    other similar drink, is resorted to early, it acts most
+    injuriously. The desire for food is often entirely removed; the
+    demand of the system being therefore unperceived, and so not
+    supplied, a state of weakness and prostration is in time
+    produced, if the labor should be protracted, which may be really
+    serious. The nervous system becomes exhausted by the repeated
+    action of the alcohol. If a fatal result is not occasioned, yet
+    the prostration of body and mind after delivery is aggravated,
+    and convalescence thereby retarded. Alcoholic drinks produce
+    paralysis and congestion of the blood-vessels, and in this way
+    largely increase the liability to flooding after the labor is
+    over. Alcohol also increases the liability to a feverish
+    condition.
+
+    "It is necessary to take small quantities of plain, nourishing
+    food at regular intervals, and nothing is of greater value than
+    well-cooked oatmeal: other farinaceous food may be substituted,
+    if preferred. If there is much prostration, meat extracts or
+    beef tea are of great value. Tea tends to produce flatulence and
+    to prevent sleep.
+
+    "After the labor is over, the best restorative is a cup of hot
+    beef tea or an egg beaten up in warm milk or a cup of warm
+    gruel. Rest, and absence of excitement and worry are essential
+    and alcohol is specially injurious."
+
+MENSTRUATION, PAINFUL:--Young girls often resort to the use of brandy
+during the monthly period, and parents ask anxiously, "What can they use
+instead of the brandy?"
+
+The very best thing that can be done is to go to bed, wrapped in
+flannels, with a hot-water bottle or other hot application to the
+abdomen, and to the feet. Take hot ginger tea, or pepper tea.
+
+A warm hip-bath taken at the beginning may give relief, or a large hot
+enema retained for half an hour or so. Rest is necessary.
+
+For those who must go to work, Dr. Ridge recommends five drops of oil of
+juniper, to be taken on sugar.
+
+NEURALGIA:--"The principal cause of neuralgia is defective
+    nutrition of the nerves. Disorders of digestion are very often
+    accompanied by neuralgia in various parts of the body. It may
+    also result from taking cold, from loss of sleep, from
+    dissipation, and also from the use of tobacco, alcohol, tea and
+    coffee.
+
+    "The patient's general health must be improved by a wholesome,
+    simple diet, and the employment of tonic baths, as a daily
+    sponge bath, and massage in feeble cases. Sun-baths and exercise
+    in the open air are of first importance. Ordinary neuralgia may
+    almost always be relieved by either moist or dry heat. In some
+    cases, cold applications give more relief than hot. As a rule,
+    abnormal heat requires cold, and unnatural cold requires hot
+    applications. In many cases it is necessary to give the patient
+    a warm bath of some kind. Electricity often succeeds when all
+    other remedies fail.
+
+    "For facial neuralgia apply hot fomentations, together with the
+    use of sitz baths, or hot foot baths. The head may be steamed by
+    holding it over hot water, adding pieces of hot brick
+    occasionally to keep water steaming, head being covered.
+
+    "There is no complaint, perhaps, in the treatment of which the
+    use of port wine will be more strongly urged by kind friends,
+    with the assurance that it is impossible to get well without it.
+    This is quite untrue, as thousands can testify."--DR. RIDGE.
+
+    "Avoid opiates of all sorts. 'It is better to bear the ills we
+    have than fly to others that we know not of.' The pangs of
+    neuralgia are as nothing to endure compared with the sufferings
+    of an opium wreck. Build up the general health, and the
+    neuralgia will disappear."
+
+NAUSEA.--"A feeling of sickness is not uncommonly due to
+    indigestion. If it is caused by rich food take a pinch of
+    bicarbonate of soda in a little water, or a teaspoonful of fluid
+    magnesia. The acidity of the food will thus be neutralized, and
+    this course is far preferable to benumbing the stomach with
+    brandy. If indigestion is the cause, it is often salutary to
+    miss one or two meals, so as to allow the stomach to recover.
+
+    "When due to pregnancy, a little aërated water, or soda water is
+    useful; sometimes a small wafer or a crust, eaten before rising
+    in the morning, will check it. An early morning walk, if the
+    weather is pleasant, is helpful.
+
+    "The moist abdominal bandage is a very excellent means of
+    relieving nausea during pregnancy. It should be worn constantly
+    for a week or two, and then omitted during the night. Daily sitz
+    baths are also of great advantage. In many cases electricity
+    relieves this symptom very promptly. In very urgent cases in
+    which the vomiting cannot be repressed, and the life of the
+    patient is threatened, the stomach should be given entire rest,
+    the patient being nourished by nutritive injections.
+    Fomentations over the stomach, and swallowing small bits of ice,
+    are sometimes effective when other measures fail."--DR. J. H.
+    KELLOGG.
+
+OUTGROWING THE STRENGTH:--"There is sometimes debility or
+    weakness in rapidly growing boys and girls which is attributed
+    to this cause. It is popularly supposed that port wine or beer,
+    is the great remedy; but nothing can be worse. It is true that
+    gin given continuously to puppies will keep them small, but no
+    one would advocate the amount of spirit required in proportion
+    by a lad or girl to produce the same effect. If the growth could
+    be checked by chemicals it would be most injurious to do so.
+
+    "In the treatment of such cases fresh air by day and night is
+    essential; cold sponging, followed by friction with a rough
+    towel, and exercise are desirable."
+
+
+PNEUMONIA.
+
+Dr. Julius Poheman says in _Medical News_:--
+
+    "The effect of alcohol upon nearly all the organs of the body
+    has been carefully investigated. But, strange to say, literature
+    contains only a few straggling hints upon the action of alcohol
+    on the pulmonary tissue. It has long been known that the abuse
+    of alcohol is a predisposing cause of death when the drinker is
+    attacked with pneumonia. No experimental evidence has been
+    published of the action of alcohol in producing pathological
+    conditions in the lungs. In order to determine this action, a
+    series of experiments was made upon dogs in the winters of
+    1890-1891 and 1892-1893. The dogs were a mixed lot of mongrels
+    gathered in by the city dog catchers. They varied in weight from
+    fifteen to twenty-five pounds, and were apparently in good
+    health. In all, thirty animals were experimented on.
+
+    "The experiments were performed as follows:--A carefully
+    etherized animal had injected into his trachea just below the
+    larynx a quantity of commercial alcohol varying from one dram to
+    one ounce in amount. The effects of equal amounts of alcohol
+    upon animals of the same weight varies greatly. Two dogs,
+    weighing twenty-five pounds each, were injected with two drams
+    of alcohol. One died in one hour, and the other in six hours
+    after the injection. Four other dogs, two weighing twenty-four
+    pounds each, another eighteen pounds, and the fourth fifteen
+    pounds, were all injected with the same amount, two drams. All
+    four survived, and were as well as usual in four weeks. Another
+    dog of eighteen pounds died five minutes after an injection of
+    two drams, while another of fifteen pounds took one ounce and
+    recovered.
+
+    "The symptoms in the dogs were all alike, dyspnea, increasing as
+    the inflammation increased, until the accessory muscles of
+    respiration were called into play. The stethoscope showed that
+    air had great difficulty in entering the bronchi and air
+    vesicles, and showed also the tumultuous beating of the heart
+    in pumping blood through the lung. It was impossible to take the
+    temperatures. Post-mortem examinations showed the lungs dark,
+    congested and solid in some places. The air passages were filled
+    with frothy, bloody mucus, even in the dog that died in five
+    minutes. On section, the lungs were dark, congested, and full of
+    bloody mucus. This shows how acutely sensitive the respiratory
+    passages are to the action of alcohol. On microscopic
+    examination of the lungs, the air tubes and vesicles were found
+    filled with immense numbers of red and white corpuscles and much
+    mucus. The same picture was presented as in a slide from the
+    lungs of a broncho-pneumonic child.
+
+    "The striking similarity between the two is enough to prove that
+    the pathological condition is the same, and that alcohol has
+    produced a lesion very closely resembling, if not absolutely
+    like, that of broncho-pneumonia in the human subject. This to
+    some extent explains why drunkards attacked by pneumonia succumb
+    more readily than the temperate. The sensitive lung tissue is
+    enveloped in alcohol--flowing through the capillaries of the
+    lung on one side, and exhaled, filling the air vesicles and
+    tubes on the other. The condition must create a state of
+    semi-engorgement or of mild inflammation, similar to the
+    drunkard's red nose, or his engorged gastric mucous membrane.
+    Such a state will reduce the vitality of the pulmonary tissue,
+    and its power of resistance to external influences. Add to this
+    an inflammation such as a pneumonia, and the lungs find
+    themselves unable to stand the pressure."
+
+As previous chapters contain much showing the reasons why alcohol is
+dangerous in pneumonia, space need not be taken here to do more than
+indicate briefly some points of non-alcoholic treatment.
+
+Pneumonia is generally supposed to result from a cold; it is ushered in
+by the symptoms of a chill, followed by fever, headache, shortness of
+breath, pain in chest, etc. It sometimes occurs as a complication of
+typhoid fever and other acute diseases.
+
+    "It is not a very fatal disease in young and healthy subjects,
+    but in weak children, old persons and habitual drinkers, it is a
+    very fatal malady."
+
+_Nature Cure_ recommends a vapor bath immediately upon the appearance of
+the first symptoms, together with copious drinking of hot lemonade, and
+a good supply of pure fresh air in the room, together with the
+application of alternating hot and cold compresses, _and no drugs_.
+
+Dr. Kellogg says:--
+
+    "Cool compresses or ice-bags, alternated every three hours by
+    hot fomentations for ten minutes, should be applied to the
+    chest, particularly to the affected side, the seat of pain. The
+    hot fomentations relieve the pain, and the cold compresses check
+    the diseased process. The compresses should be wrung out of cold
+    water, and changed every five to eight minutes, or as often as
+    they become warm. Although the cool compresses are not usually
+    liked by the patient, they will soon give relief if their use is
+    continued, and they do much towards shortening the course of the
+    disease. Care should be taken to keep the patient's body from
+    being wet except where the treatment is applied. The cold
+    compress is much used in the large hospitals of Germany. When
+    the pulse becomes as rapid as 95 to 110 or more, cool sponging,
+    the wet-sheet pack, the cool full bath or the cool enema should
+    be employed. When much chilliness is produced by the contact of
+    water with the skin, the cold enema is a most admirably useful
+    measure. The amount of water required is from half a pint to a
+    pint. The temperature may be 40 to 60 degrees. The apartment
+    should be kept as cool as possible without discomfort, and an
+    abundance of fresh air should be continually supplied.
+
+    "The diet of the patient should consist of milk, oatmeal gruel,
+    ripe fruit, and similar easily digested food. No meat, eggs or
+    other stimulating food should be allowed.
+
+    "Discontinue the cold treatment after the first twenty-four to
+    forty-eight hours. If the surface is cold, apply hot sponging or
+    a hot pack. Avoid causing chilliness."
+
+PRE-NATAL INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL:--"The use of beer as a medicine
+    during pregnancy is without doubt perilous to the health and
+    vigor of the offspring. Children born under such conditions are
+    sickly and feeble, and suffer from disease more severely than
+    others, or die early. Alcoholic prescriptions to pregnant women
+    are, from all present knowledge of the facts, both dangerous and
+    reprehensible in the highest degree."--DR. T. D. CROTHERS,
+    Hartford, Conn.
+
+    "M. Fere, an eminent French physician, recently reported to the
+    Biological Society of Paris the results of experiments which he
+    had been conducting for the purpose of throwing light upon this
+    question. These experiments demonstrate that the exposure of
+    hen's eggs to the influence of the vapor of alcohol, previous to
+    incubation, retards the development of the embryo, and favors
+    the production of malformations. It is evident from these
+    experiments that alcohol may act directly upon the embryo when
+    there is no marked influence of alcoholism in the parent."
+
+PAIN AFTER FOOD:--"This may occur in acute or chronic gastric
+    catarrh, or in a neuralgic or oversensitive condition of the
+    stomach, or in ulcer or cancer of that organ. In all these it
+    comes on soon after food has been swallowed; but, if occurring a
+    long time after a meal, it is probably due to atonic dyspepsia.
+    Alcohol will undoubtedly sometimes relieve this kind of pain by
+    deadening the nerves of the stomach so that the pain is not
+    felt so much; but this effect soon passes off, and if the cause
+    of the malady is not removed by other means, increasing
+    quantities of alcohol will be required to give relief. Many
+    cases of drink-craving have originated in this way. Medical aid
+    will generally be required. A small mustard poultice over the
+    pit of the stomach is often useful, especially in inflammatory
+    cases, or any other outward application of heat. Food should be
+    fluid, or semi-fluid, and digestible. Ginger tea, or peppermint
+    water, may serve to disperse gas."
+
+
+POISON, ANIMAL.
+
+The following by Dr. Chas. H. Shepard, of Brooklyn, who introduced the
+Turkish bath into America, is taken from the _Journal of the A. M. A._,
+for Nov. 13, 1897:--
+
+    "Animal poison is by no means uncommon, and so quick and
+    mysterious is its action that a prompt remedy is a vital
+    necessity. There is good reason to believe that the numerous
+    remedies that have been recommended from earliest times as
+    antidotes for animal poison are worthless, as they have not the
+    properties commonly ascribed to them. The paucity of remedies is
+    so great that alcohol is the one which comes most quickly to the
+    mind of those who have been taught in the traditions of the
+    past, and who are not fully aware of its action on the human
+    system. We shall endeavor to show that the action of alcohol is
+    not helpful, but on the contrary is really detrimental; and also
+    that there is a better way out of the difficulty.
+
+    "If we get a splinter in the body, vital energy is aroused to
+    get rid of the offending substance, inflammation is set up, and
+    sloughing goes on until the splinter is voided. If the splinter
+    is covered with acrid material, the same process is intensified,
+    and nature endeavors to eliminate the offending substance
+    through the natural excretions. Upon the peculiarity of the
+    material depends the direction of this elimination.
+
+    "It is well known that some poisons are thrown off by the
+    kidneys, some by the lungs, while others again are attacked by
+    all the emunctories. The difference in the power of the system
+    to absorb different substances, appropriate whatever can be
+    utilized, and throw off whatever can not be used, is sometimes
+    called idiosyncrasy, but more properly it may be called vital
+    resistance, and upon the integrity of this power rests the
+    ability to combat disease in all its forms, whether it be the
+    absorption of any animal virus or the poison resulting from
+    undigested food. This ability is in proportion to the integrity
+    and soundness of every tissue and organ of the body. This may be
+    illustrated by the fact that with a person suffering from kidney
+    disease, which necessarily impedes elimination, the ordinary
+    effects of a poison are intensified; therefore whatever aids in
+    the promotion of good health, or in other words, the normal
+    action of all the functions, will contribute to the safety of
+    the individual in any and every emergency.
+
+    "When a person dies from the effect of poisoning, it is simply
+    because the system was unable to eliminate the offending
+    substance and was exhausted in the effort. There is a tolerance
+    of some substances which frequently results in chronic disease,
+    and again it is shown in what is called the cumulative effect or
+    acute disease.
+
+    "Those who would hold that a substance is at one time a
+    medicament, and at another time a poison, have much trouble in
+    drawing the line between the beneficial and the poisonous
+    effect. The idea that poisonous substances act on the system is
+    responsible for many grave mistakes, whereas always, and under
+    all circumstances, it is the system that does all the action.
+
+    "There might be some excuse for the idea that disease is an
+    entity, from the facts that have been brought to light by the
+    germ theory, but this theory is of recent date, while the entity
+    theory is as old as superstition.
+
+    "Snake poison, which may be cited as a type of other animal
+    poisons, takes effect through the circulation, and acts by
+    paralyzing the nerve centres, and by altering the condition of
+    the blood. In ordinary cases death seems to take place by arrest
+    of respiration, from paralysis of the nerves of motion. The
+    poison also acts septically, producing at a later period
+    sloughing and hemorrhage.
+
+    "Dr. Calmette, a noted French scientist, claims that what is
+    poisonous in the snake's bite, is not the venom absorbed into
+    the blood, but a principle which the blood itself has developed
+    out of the poison. This would necessitate very quick action when
+    the poison is inserted in one of the large veins, as that is
+    followed by instant death.
+
+    "The following cases fairly represent some of the tragedies that
+    are occurring in our everyday life.
+
+    "A man 60 years old falls and dislocates his finger, he goes to
+    the hospital, where in a short time he dies from blood
+    poisoning. * * * * * Another man 48 years old, many years a wine
+    merchant, whose great toe was severely crushed by a heavy man
+    stepping on it, was taken with blood-poisoning and in spite of
+    all treatment, even to the amputation of the leg, he soon
+    succumbed to the disease. * * * * * A young woman 24 years old,
+    picks a pimple on her chin and at once her face begins to swell.
+    In vain was all medical treatment, for in a few days she died in
+    terrible agony. * * * * * About a year ago there died in
+    Brooklyn, N. Y., a physician in his 38th year, who six days
+    previously received a slight scratch in his hand while
+    performing a post-mortem examination. All that medical science
+    could suggest was done to no avail. * * * * * In the summer of
+    1896 a young woman 22 years of age was bitten on the leg by an
+    insect. Several physicians were called in but their treatment
+    gave no relief; blood-poisoning set in; it was decided to
+    amputate the leg, but before it could be done she died. * * * *
+    * In July, 1896, a veterinary surgeon 34 years of age, while
+    removing a cancer from a horse pricked his finger with his
+    knife. The wound was so slight that he forgot all about it. A
+    few days later blood-poisoning set in and in a short time his
+    end came. * * * * * Some forty years ago a man named Whitney was
+    teasing a rattlesnake in a Broadway barroom, was bitten by it,
+    and, though whisky was poured down his throat by the quart, he
+    soon died.
+
+    "Such results seem entirely unnecessary were the proper course
+    pursued, and at the same time they are a fearful commentary on
+    the medical resources of the day.
+
+    "The latest researches in regard to alcohol reveal it as a
+    poison to the human system in whatever way it may be diluted or
+    disguised. Its effect is always the same in proportion to the
+    amount taken. It is impossible to habitually use it in any form,
+    even in small quantities, without disease and degeneration
+    resulting therefrom. When taken into the stomach the action is
+    the same as with any other narcotic; the meaning of this word is
+    _to become torpid_. It benumbs the nerves of sensation, and thus
+    the vital resistance to any offending material is reduced, and
+    while the patient _feels_ less of any disturbance the real harm
+    goes on with accumulated force because of the lack of vitality
+    and non-resistance of the nervous system.
+
+    "When the body is in the throes of a vital struggle with a
+    virulent poison it would seem, to any unprejudiced mind, the
+    height of folly to further weaken the vital resistance by the
+    administration of any narcotic, and especially alcohol.
+
+    "The eminent German, Professor Bunge, says: 'All the results
+    which on superficial observation appear to show that alcohol
+    possesses stimulant properties, can be explained on the ground
+    that they were due to paralysis.' * * * * * Professors S. Weir
+    Mitchell and E. T. Reichert, in _Researches on Serpent Poison_,
+    make this notable statement: 'Despite the popular creed, it is
+    now pretty sure that many men have been killed by the alcohol
+    given to relieve them from the effects of snake bite, and it is
+    a matter of record that men dead drunk with whiskey and then
+    bitten, have died of the bite.'
+
+    "As a great contrast to the weakness of the mass of our people
+    who are drug-takers and alcohol-consumers, and who are liable to
+    almost any epidemic that comes along, and quickly succumb to a
+    serious injury, may be mentioned the Turkish soldiers of to-day,
+    who know nothing of drugs as we use them and never use alcohol
+    in any form. During the late controversy with the Greeks, one of
+    them who was reported as having been shot in the stomach,
+    remained in the ranks, and afterward walked ten miles. Another
+    one who was wounded twice in the legs and once in the shoulder,
+    continued attending to his duties for twenty-four hours, until
+    an officer noticed his condition and ordered him to the
+    hospital. The heat was tremendous, but the troops endured it
+    without complaint, and the doctors were astonished at the
+    wonderful vitality of the wounded Turks, who recovered with
+    remarkable rapidity. This, with good reason, is attributed to
+    their abstemious lives.
+
+    "It has been stated that the Moqui Indians handle the
+    rattlesnake with impunity, and are not inconvenienced by its
+    occasional bite.
+
+    "The rational treatment of animal poison is to endeavor to
+    prevent the entry of the virus into the circulation and to
+    neutralize it in the wound before it is absorbed; but when it
+    has entered the system everything should be done for its
+    elimination.
+
+    "The most powerful aid to the human system, and the most perfect
+    eliminator known to man is heat. It is used with much advantage,
+    and great success by means of water, both internally and
+    externally, but above all is its use by hot air, as in the
+    Turkish bath, which works in harmony with every natural
+    function, promoting the action of all the secretions, and more
+    particularly the excretions. By this means will the system
+    unload itself of an accumulation of impurities in an incredibly
+    short space of time, while the heat aids in destroying whatever
+    there may be of virus therein.
+
+    "Calmette, whom we have previously quoted, has shown that
+    whatever be the source of snake venom, its active principle is
+    destroyed by being submitted to a temperature of about 212
+    degrees for a variable length of time.
+
+    "In the not remote future thousands of human beings will owe to
+    the Turkish bath not only an immunity from disease in general,
+    but also an escape from the horrors of a premature death from
+    hydrophobia, the poison of snake bite, or the slower action of
+    infectious disease.
+
+    "The mass of testimony that has been accumulating for over
+    thirty years past is more than sufficient to convince any
+    reasonable mind that is willing to examine the facts.
+
+    "The medical profession has searched the world over and under
+    for the means of controlling disease, while within the human
+    body itself lies the vital power which needs only to be
+    cultivated and exalted to its true function to banish the mass
+    of disease from the land."
+
+Dr. Shepard states in another article that Turkish baths are now used in
+London and Paris for the cure of hydrophobia.
+
+Dr. J. H. Kellogg says:--
+
+    "A great number of remedies have acquired the reputation of
+    being cures for snake bites. The partisans of each one of these
+    have been able to produce a large number of cases, which
+    apparently supported their claims; the uniform testimony of all
+    scientific authorities upon this subject, however, is that all
+    these so-called antidotes are worthless. Prof. W. Watson Cheyne,
+    M. B., F. R. C. S., surgeon of Kings College Hospital, London,
+    England, states, in the _International Encyclopedia of Surgery_,
+    that 'there is no known antidote by which the venom can be
+    neutralized, nor any prophylactic.' This eminent authority also
+    remarks further: 'Hence medication with this view is to be
+    avoided altogether, and the aim of treatment should be to
+    prevent the poison from gaining access to the general
+    circulation, and to avoid its prostrating effects if its
+    entrance has already taken place.' The same writer asserts that
+    the only aim of the constitutional treatment should be 'to
+    sustain the strength until the poison shall have been
+    eliminated.' The idea that the saturation of the body with
+    whisky to the point of intoxication, if possible, is beneficial
+    in these cases, is in the highest degree erroneous. Whisky
+    intoxication, according to Dr. Cheyne, actually 'favors the
+    injurious effect of the poison. What is required is to keep the
+    patient alive until the poison has been eliminated.' Whisky will
+    not do this, but actually aids the poison in its fatal work by
+    lessening the resistance of the patient, and hence lessening his
+    chances for recovery.
+
+    "The reputation of whisky as a remedy in these cases is due to
+    the fact that on an average only one person in eight who is
+    bitten by a rattlesnake is really poisoned; the reasons for this
+    were fully explained in an interesting paper on 'Rattlesnakes,'
+    by the eminent Dr. S. Weir Mitchell, and published in the
+    Smithsonian Contributions to _Knowledge_ for 1860. If the snake
+    strikes several times before inflicting a wound, the sacs
+    containing the venom may be emptied, so that the succeeding bite
+    will introduce only the most minute quantity of poison--not
+    enough to produce serious, or fatal results. If the part bitten
+    is covered by clothing, the poison may be absorbed by the
+    clothing, so that but very little enters the circulation. In
+    various other ways the snake is prevented from inflicting a
+    fatal wound. The popular idea, that every bite of a rattlesnake
+    is necessarily poisonous, is thus shown to be erroneous. It is
+    not at all probable that the administration of whisky has ever
+    in any case contributed to the long life of a person bitten by a
+    rattlesnake.
+
+    "Whisky is often recommended by physicians with the idea that it
+    will sustain the energies of the patient, or will stimulate the
+    heart, etc.; but it has been clearly shown that alcohol in all
+    forms is not only useless for these purposes, but does actual
+    damage, since it lessens the resistance of the patient, weakens
+    the heart, and helps along the prostration which is the
+    characteristic effect of the rattlesnake venom. Alcohol has, for
+    many years, been used as an antidote for collapse under an
+    anæsthetic administered for surgical purposes, but no
+    intelligent physician nowadays thinks of using alcohol for such
+    a purpose; instead, alcohol is given before the anæsthetic for
+    the purpose of facilitating its effect. Errors of this sort
+    which have once become established are very hard to uproot.
+    Probably some physicians will continue to use alcohol for shock,
+    exhaustion, general debility and similar conditions as well as
+    for rattlesnake poisoning for another quarter of a century, but
+    such use of alcohol does not belong to the domain of rational
+    medicine and is not supported by scientific facts."
+
+    "Under the Pasteur method, a man who did not take alcohol was
+    much more likely to recover from the bite of a mad dog than one
+    bitten under the same conditions, who used that drug; while in
+    lock-jaw there was absolute failure to secure immunity if the
+    patient had taken alcohol. In India it used to be given in large
+    quantities for snake bite, but it was found that it had a direct
+    effect in interfering with the processes of repair, and so is
+    being abandoned."--DR. SIMS WOODHEAD, of the Royal College of
+    Physicians and Surgeons, London, Eng.
+
+    "Nothing could be more irrational and dangerous than the popular
+    notion concerning the antagonism of whisky and snake-bites, and
+    Willson reports that several of the fatalities in his series
+    were directly due to alcohol rather than to the
+    bite."--_Editorial, Journal of the American Medical Ass'n._
+
+RHEUMATISM:--"Unquestionably, the most active cause of
+    rheumatism, as well as of migraine, sick-headache, Bright's
+    disease, neurasthenia and a number of other kindred diseases, is
+    the general use of flesh food, tea and coffee, and alcoholic
+    liquors. As regards remedies, there are no medicinal agents
+    which are of any permanent value in the treatment of chronic
+    rheumatism. The disease can be remedied only by regimen,--that
+    is, by diet and training. A simple dietary, consisting of
+    fruits, grains, and nuts, and particularly the free use of
+    fruits, must be placed in the first rank among the radical
+    curative measures. Water, if taken in abundance, is also a means
+    of washing out the accumulated poisons.
+
+    "An individual afflicted with rheumatism in any form should
+    live, so far as possible, an out-of-door life, taking daily a
+    sufficient amount of exercise to induce vigorous perspiration. A
+    cool morning sponge bath, followed by vigorous rubbing, and a
+    moist pack to the joints most seriously affected, at night, are
+    measures which are worthy of a faithful trial. Every person who
+    is suffering from this disease should give the matter immediate
+    attention, as it is a malady which is progressive, and is one of
+    the most potent causes of premature old age, and general
+    physical deterioration. American nervousness is probably more
+    often due to uric acid, or to the poisons which it represents,
+    than to any other one cause."--_Good Health._
+
+    "Alcohol favors the development of rheumatism. It does this by
+    preventing waste matter from leaving the system. Beer and wine,
+    because they contain lime and salts, are said to cause
+    rheumatism, or at least to aid in its development. These salts
+    are absorbed into the system, unite with the uric acid, and form
+    an insoluble urate of lime, which is deposited around the
+    joints, thus causing them to become enlarged and stiff. * * * * *
+
+    "The success of the Turkish bath treatment has been phenomenal.
+    Of over 3,000 cases treated here at least 95 per cent. have been
+    entirely relieved, or greatly helped. Some who were treated over
+    twenty years ago have stated that they have not had a twinge of
+    rheumatism since. Very few have persevered in the use of the
+    bath without experiencing permanent relief."--DR. CHARLES H.
+    SHEPARD, Brooklyn.
+
+    "Those having a bath cabinet can have a good substitute at home
+    for the Turkish bath. Remember that if tobacco and alcohol are
+    indulged in, there can be no permanent relief."
+
+_The New Hygiene_ says:--
+
+    "Under no circumstances take any of the thousand and one
+    nostrums advertised as sure cures for this disease. Pure
+    unadulterated blood is the only remedy. This can only be
+    produced by cleansing the system of impurities, and giving it
+    the right kind of material out of which to make it. Keep out the
+    poisonous physic, clean out the colon, strengthen the lungs, and
+    feed the system with proper food, and this disease will vanish
+    like a fog before the rising sun."
+
+The same book in advocating the use of the Turkish bath for rheumatism,
+says:--
+
+    "The fact, which is well attested, that when a person enters the
+    bath the urine may be strongly acid, but, on leaving the bath,
+    after half an hour, it is markedly alkaline, shows that the bath
+    has a strong effect upon the system."
+
+Dr. Ridge says of _rheumatic fever_:--
+
+    "I would urge most strongly the desirability of avoiding every
+    form of alcoholic liquor, from the very commencement of the
+    disease, as affording the best chance for a speedy and safe
+    recovery. The highest authorities are agreed on this point, but
+    there is a lingering practice which makes reference necessary in
+    order to confirm the wavering."
+
+In Mt. Sinai Hospital, New York, the hot blanket pack is used in acute
+rheumatism, almost to the exclusion of other methods. The pack should be
+continued two to four hours at least, and may be repeated two or three
+times within the twenty-four hours with advantage.
+
+_Nature Cure_ says that thorough massage, and half a dozen cups of hot
+lemonade will cure a severe case of sciatica:--
+
+    "The massage should be commenced moderately, and increased as
+    the patient can bear it. Rubbing and slapping of the muscles
+    with bare hands will hasten a cure, and be agreeable to the
+    patient. One to two hours treatment, if _vigorous_, will effect
+    a cure."
+
+SEA-SICKNESS:--Brandy is a common resort in this trouble, many taking it
+under such circumstances who would under no other. Yet it frequently
+adds to the sickness, instead of relieving it.
+
+    "Be sparing in diet for two or three days before the expected
+    voyage. If very sensitive, take to your berth as soon as you go
+    on board, or lie down on deck; get near the centre of the
+    vessel, and lie with your feet to the stern. Go to sleep if
+    possible. Iced water may be sipped, but nothing solid should be
+    taken at first; after a while a cracker or wafer may be taken."
+
+It is said upon good authority that if two or three apples are eaten
+shortly before going on board, or before rough water is encountered,
+sea-sickness is entirely averted. It will be well to partake of no other
+food for some hours previous to the voyage when trying this.
+
+_Good Health_ says:--
+
+    "If any of our readers have occasion to cross the ocean in the
+    stormy season, we recommend three things; keep horizontal, with
+    the head low; put an ice-bag to the back of the neck, keep the
+    stomach clean, free from greasy foods and meats, and eat nothing
+    till there is an appetite for food. A habitually clean dietary
+    before going on board is doubtless a good preparation for such a
+    voyage, as well as for any other nerve strain, or test of
+    endurance. It pays to be good--to your stomach, as well as in
+    other ways."
+
+The following is guaranteed by a Russian physician to be an effective
+cure and a means of avoiding sea-sickness when the symptoms first make
+their appearance. Take long and deep inspirations. About twenty breaths
+should be taken every minute, and they should be as deep as possible.
+After thirty or forty inspirations the symptoms will be found to abate.
+This is recommended for dyspepsia also.
+
+SORE NIPPLES:--"Alum water, or tannin, used for several months
+    in advance will harden as effectually as brandy. If there is
+    soreness on commencing to nurse, put a pinch of alum into milk,
+    and apply the curd to the nipple."
+
+SPASMS:--"These are caused by flatulence, as a result of
+    indigestion. A little hot ginger tea, or capsicum tea, may do
+    all that is required. If these are not at hand, loosen every
+    tight band, rub well the region of the heart and stomach, slap
+    the face with the corner of a wet towel, and give sips of cold
+    water."
+
+SHOCK:--"In shock, or collapse, the state is similar in some
+    respects to that which is present in fainting. Every function is
+    almost at a standstill; absorption from the stomach and
+    elsewhere is at its lowest point, because the circulation of the
+    blood is so much interfered with. Hence much of the brandy which
+    is so often given, and to such a wonderful amount, with very
+    little apparent effect of intoxication, is really not absorbed
+    at all, and is very often rejected from the stomach by vomiting,
+    when reaction does occur, if not before.
+
+    "The patient should be wrapped up warmly, and put to bed as soon
+    as possible. The limbs may be rubbed with hot flannels, and hot
+    water bottles put to hands and feet. In some cases, also, towels
+    wrung out of hot water may be wrapped around the head. Hot milk
+    and water, hot water slightly sweetened, or with a little
+    peppermint water in it, should be given as soon as the patient
+    can swallow. Hot beverages will warm the skin more rapidly and
+    powerfully than any alcoholic liquor.
+
+    "If the patient cannot swallow, an enema of hot water, or hot,
+    thin gruel, should be administered, and may be of use in
+    addition to hot drinks. Beef extract may be added to the hot
+    water with advantage.
+
+    "In the vast majority of cases there need be no anxiety so far
+    as the shock is concerned; reaction will occur in due time if
+    ordinary care be taken, and will be more natural and steady if
+    the system is not embarrassed by the presence of the narcotic
+    alcohol. In the state of collapse the voluntary nervous system
+    is depressed; alcohol diminishes the power and activity of the
+    nervous centres of the brain, hence its action is undesirable in
+    shock or collapse."--DR. J. J. RIDGE, London.
+
+    "No procedure could be more senseless than the administering
+    alcohol in shock. A stimulant of some kind is necessary in such
+    cases, and alcohol, instead of being a stimulant is a narcotic.
+    * * * * * Alcohol causes a decrease of temperature, the very
+    thing to be avoided in cases of shock."--DR. J. H. KELLOGG.
+
+    "I am perfectly sure that a large dose of alcohol in shock puts
+    a nail in the coffin of the patient."--DR. H. C. WOOD of the
+    University of Pennsylvania.
+
+SINKING SENSATIONS:--Many women have a feeling of weakness or "goneness"
+at about eleven o'clock in the morning, and are led by it to the
+injurious practice of eating between meals. It is often due to
+indigestion, or to the use of beer or wine. A few sips of hot milk, of
+fruit juice, or even of cold water will often relieve it, especially if
+total abstinence is persevered in.
+
+SUDDEN ILLNESS:--"Those taken suddenly ill are likely to fare
+    best if placed in a recumbent position, with head slightly
+    elevated, all tightness of garments about the neck or waist
+    relieved, and a little cold water given in case of ability to
+    swallow. A mustard plaster on the back of the neck, or over the
+    stomach, and hot water or hot bottles to the feet, are never out
+    of place, while vinegar, or smelling salts, or dilute ammonia to
+    the nostrils is reviving."--EZRA M. HUNT, M. D., late secretary
+    of New Jersey State Board of Health.
+
+    "Both the popular and professional beliefs in the efficacy of
+    alcoholic liquids for relieving exhaustion, faintness, shock,
+    etc. are equally fallacious. All these conditions are temporary,
+    and rapidly recovered from by simply the recumbent position, and
+    free access to fresh air. Ninety-nine out of every hundred of
+    such cases pass the crisis before the attendants have time to
+    apply any remedies, and when they do, the sprinkling of cold
+    water on the face, and the vapor of camphor or carbonate of
+    ammonia to the nostrils, are the most efficacious remedies, and
+    leave none of the secondary evil effects of brandy, whisky or
+    wine."--DR. N. S. DAVIS.
+
+SUNSTROKE:--"There has lately been a correspondence in the
+    _Morning Post_ on the subject of 'Sunstroke and Alcohol.' We
+    quite agree with the statement that 'nothing predisposes people
+    to sunstroke so much as this pernicious habit of taking
+    stimulants (so-called) during the hot weather.' As far as this
+    country is concerned, nearly every case of sunstroke might be
+    more appropriately designated 'beerstroke.' One effect of
+    alcohol is to paralyze the heat-regulating mechanism; the blood
+    becomes overloaded with waste material, and the narcotism, and
+    vasomotor paralysis, produced by the alcohol, is added to that
+    produced by the heat. Abstainers, other things being equal, can
+    always endure extremes of temperature better than consumers of
+    alcohol."--_Medical Pioneer_, England.
+
+    "During the month of January, 1896, there occurred over three
+    hundred deaths from sunstroke in Australia. When called upon to
+    offer suggestions relative to its prevention, the medical board
+    promptly informed the Colonial government that, of all the
+    predisposing causes, none were so potent as indulgence in
+    intoxicating liquors, and in its treatment nothing seemed to
+    have a more disastrous effect than the administration of
+    alcoholic stimulants."--_Medical News._
+
+The _Bulletin of the A. M. T. A._ for August, 1896, contained the
+following:--
+
+    "Recently a leading medical man, a teacher in a college, warned
+    his student audience against the anti-alcoholic theories urged
+    by extremists and persons whose zeal was greater than their
+    intelligence. He affirmed positively that the value of alcohol
+    was well known in medicine, and established by long years of
+    experience.
+
+    "Not long afterward a man was brought into his office in a state
+    of collapse from sunstroke, and this physician and teacher
+    ordered large quantities of brandy to be administered; the
+    patient died soon after."
+
+Dr. T. D. Crothers tells of a case where alcohol was administered to a
+child for partial sunstroke, and says, "there were many reasons for
+believing that the profound poisoning from alcohol gave a permanent bias
+and tendency that developed into inebriety later."
+
+    "When a person falls with sunstroke (or heatstroke) he should at
+    once be carried to a cool, shady place. His clothing should be
+    removed, and cold applications made to the head, and over the
+    whole body. Pieces of ice may be packed around the head, or cold
+    water may be poured upon the body. Cold enema may also be
+    employed. In case the face is pale, hot applications should be
+    made to the head and over the heart and the body should be
+    rubbed vigorously."--DR. J. H. KELLOGG.
+
+
+TYPHOID FEVER.
+
+As many lives are lost by this disease, its treatment must ever be one
+of intense interest, not only to physicians, but also to all humanity.
+Since non-alcoholic treatment has reduced the death-rate in typhoid to
+five per cent., the views regarding such treatment expressed by leading
+practitioners will doubtless be read with eagerness.
+
+The following is a paper by Dr. N. S. Davis taken from the _Medical
+Temperance Quarterly_.
+
+    "ALLEGED INDICATIONS FOR THE USE OF ALCOHOL IN THE TREATMENT OF
+    TYPHOID FEVER:--On the first page of the first number of a new
+    medical journal bearing date July, 1895, may be found the
+    following statement: 'The question of administering alcohol
+    comes up in every case of typhoid fever. In mild cases,
+    especially when the patient is young, healthy and temperate,
+    stimulants are not needed so long as the disease follows the
+    typical course. Here, as elsewhere, alcohol should be avoided
+    when not absolutely demanded. There is, however, generally such
+    a dangerous tendency toward nervous exhaustion, that in a
+    majority of cases more or less alcohol is required. The
+    indication which calls for its use is an inability to administer
+    enough food. * * * * * Again, the existence of high temperature
+    nearly always makes it necessary to stimulate the patient, as
+    does threatened nervous exhaustion and heart failure, for
+    immediate effect; likewise a weak, small, compressible, rapid
+    pulse, with impaired cardiac impulse and systolic sound, is a
+    frequent indication; other remedies may be required, but alcohol
+    cannot be dispensed with.' The next paragraph continues: 'It is
+    necessary to give alcohol in serious complications of typhoid
+    fever, such as pneumonia, pleurisy, hemorrhage and severe
+    bronchitis or diarrhoea. It is best to begin giving it early
+    and in small quantities: two to six ounces is a moderate amount,
+    eight to twelve ounces daily is not too much for adynamic or
+    complicated cases.'
+
+    "The foregoing quotations purport to have been condensed from
+    one of our recent authoritative works on practical medicine, and
+    doubtless fairly represent the prevailing opinions concerning
+    the use of alcohol in the treatment of typhoid and other fevers,
+    both in and out of the profession. A careful reading will show
+    that the whole is founded on the following four assumptions:
+
+    "1. That alcohol when taken into the living body acts as a
+    general stimulant, and especially so to the cardiac and
+    vasomotor functions. 2. That in mild, uncomplicated cases of
+    typhoid fever in young and previously healthy subjects,
+    stimulants are not required and no alcohol should be given. 3.
+    That in a 'majority of cases' the tendency toward dangerous
+    'nervous exhaustion' and 'heart failure' is so great that the
+    giving of 'more or less alcohol is required.' 4. The amount
+    required may vary from two to twelve or more ounces per day.
+
+    "In the two preceding numbers of this journal, I have endeavored
+    to show that the chief causes of nervous exhaustion and heart
+    failure, in typhoid and other fevers were impairment of the
+    hemoglobin and corpuscular elements of the blood, deficient
+    reception and internal distribution of oxygen, and molecular
+    degeneration of the muscular structures of the heart itself.
+    These important pathological conditions are doubtless caused by
+    the specific toxic agent or agents giving rise to the fever.
+    Consequently the rational objects of treatment are to stop the
+    further action of the specific cause, either by neutralization,
+    or elimination, or both; to stop the further impairment of the
+    hemoglobin and other elements of the blood; and to increase the
+    reception and internal distribution of oxygen, by which we will
+    most effectually prevent further fatty or granular degeneration
+    of cardiac and other structures. The language of the paragraphs
+    I have quoted, fairly assumes that alcohol is a _stimulant_
+    capable of relieving nervous exhaustion and cardiac failures,
+    regardless of the causes producing those pathological
+    conditions, and consequently its use is necessary in the
+    'majority of cases' of typhoid fever.
+
+    "Can such an assumption be sustained by either established
+    facts, or correct reasoning? Can nervous and cardiac exhaustion,
+    induced by the presence of toxic agents in the blood, with
+    deficiency of both hemoglobin and oxygen, be relieved by a
+    simple _stimulant_, that neither neutralizes nor eliminates the
+    toxic agents, nor increases either the hemoglobin or oxygen?
+    That alcohol does not neutralize or destroy toxic ptomaines, or
+    tox-albumins, is proved by abundant clinical experience, and
+    also by the fact that chemists use it freely in the processes
+    for separating these substances from other organic matters for
+    experimental purposes. That its presence in the living body
+    retards metabolic changes generally, and thereby aids in
+    retaining instead of eliminating toxic agents of all kinds, has
+    been so fully shown in the pages of preceding numbers of the
+    _Medical Temperance Quarterly_, that the leading facts need not
+    be repeated here. That its presence does not increase the
+    hemoglobin, or favor oxy-hemoglobin or increased internal
+    distribution of oxygen, but decidedly the reverse, has been
+    equally well demonstrated by numerous and reliable experimental
+    researches in this and other countries.
+
+    "Then it must be conceded that alcohol is not capable of
+    fulfilling either of the important indications presented in the
+    treatment of typhoid fever as stated above. Nevertheless, the
+    advocates of its use apparently recognize but two ideas or
+    factors in these cases, namely, the popularly inherited
+    assumption that alcohol is a _stimulant_, and as the patient is
+    in danger from nervous and cardiac weakness, therefore the
+    alcohol must be given, _pro re nata_ without the slightest
+    regard to the existing causes of the weakness, or the _modus
+    operandi_ of the so-called stimulant.
+
+    "This is proved by the fact that they group together as
+    stimulants, and give to the same patient in alternate doses,
+    remedies of directly antagonistic action, as alcohol and
+    strychnine, or digitalis, etc.
+
+    "The accepted definition of a stimulant in medical literature,
+    is some agent capable of exciting or increasing _vital activity_
+    as a whole, or the natural activity of some one structure or
+    organ.
+
+    "For instance, both clinical and experimental observations show
+    that strychnine directly increases the functional activity of
+    the respiratory, cardiac and vasomotor nervous systems, and
+    thereby increases the internal distribution of oxygen, which is
+    nature's own special exciter of all vital action. Therefore it
+    is properly a direct respiratory, cardiac and vasomotor
+    stimulant and indirectly a stimulator of all vital processes.
+    But the same kind of clinical and experimental observations show
+    that alcohol directly diminishes the functional activity of all
+    nerve structures, pre-eminently those of respiration and
+    circulation, and also of all metabolic processes, whether
+    respirative, disintegrative or secretory. Consequently it not
+    only acts as directly antagonistic to strychnine, but equally so
+    to all true stimulants or remedies capable of increasing vital
+    activity. Instead, therefore, of meriting the name of
+    _stimulant_, alcohol should be designated and used only as an
+    anæsthetic and sedative, or depressor of vital activity.
+
+    "And a thorough and impartial investigation will show that its
+    use in the treatment of typhoid and other fevers, while
+    deceiving both physician and patient, by its anæsthetic effect
+    in diminishing restlessness, both prolongs the duration and
+    increases the ratio of mortality of the disease, by its
+    impairment of vital activity in the organizable elements of both
+    blood and tissues."
+
+Equally interesting is the following outline of treatment pursued by
+Dr. W. H. Riley, of the Battle Creek Sanitarium.
+
+    "The purpose of the present paper is to give briefly an outline
+    of the method of treatment of typhoid fever as used by the
+    writer in a considerable number of cases.
+
+    "A consideration of the pathology of this disease does not
+    properly come under this head, but we wish simply to call
+    attention to the well-known fact that typhoid fever is a germ
+    disease. The germ which causes this fever has generally been
+    supposed to be the bacillus of Eberth. More recent
+    bacteriological studies rather indicate that the bacillus coli
+    may also cause the disease. These germs are usually carried into
+    the body in food or drink, and, lodging in the small intestines,
+    begin to grow and multiply, and by their life produce poisonous
+    ptomaines which are absorbed and carried by the circulation to
+    all the organs and tissues of the body.
+
+    "It is these ptomaines, thus carried to all parts of the body,
+    that are largely the immediate cause of the pyrexia and
+    attending symptoms. The organisms which produce these poisons
+    for the most part remain in the intestines, although they have
+    been found in the spleen.
+
+    "The indications for treatment are:--
+
+    "1. To remove or destroy the cause (to eliminate the germs and
+    ptomaines from the body).
+
+    "2. To sustain the vital and resisting powers of the patient.
+
+    "If the patient is seen early in the disease, it has been my
+    practice to immediately put him to bed and give a free dose of
+    magnesium sulphate. This is preferably given in the morning or
+    forenoon, and may be repeated once or twice on successive days.
+    Besides this the patient should have a large enema of water at a
+    temperature of from 75° to 80° F.; and this may be repeated
+    daily or even oftener, for some time, if necessary, to keep the
+    bowels empty of the poisonous substances.
+
+    "The salines and enemas thus used carry out bodily a large
+    number of germs and ptomaines that are present in the
+    intestines; and further, the salines, by producing an increased
+    secretion of the mucous membrane of the intestines, tend to
+    disentangle and set free many of the germs that have found a
+    lodging place in the walls of the intestines.
+
+    "For the elimination of the ptomaines which have been absorbed
+    into the circulation and carried to the tissues, nothing is
+    better than the internal use of water. From three to five pints
+    should be drunk during every twenty-four hours. It should be
+    taken in small quantities--six to eight ounces every hour or two
+    during waking hours, except when food is taken. I will refer to
+    this point more in detail later.
+
+    "A consideration of the general care of the patient properly
+    comes under the second head of the indications for treatment as
+    given above. The patient should be put to bed in a large, light,
+    well-ventilated room. At least two sides of the room should
+    communicate directly by windows with out-of-doors, in order that
+    the room may be properly ventilated.
+
+    "All unnecessary articles of furniture, such as carpets,
+    couches, upholstered chairs, pictures, etc. should be removed.
+
+    "The room should be thoroughly cleaned before the patient is put
+    into it.
+
+    "There should be two beds in the room for the use of the
+    patient. These should be, preferably, narrow and so placed in
+    the room that there is a free approach to both sides of the bed,
+    for the convenience of the nurse in giving treatment. Iron
+    bedsteads are preferable to wooden. The bedding should be firm,
+    yet soft and smoothly drawn. There should be just sufficient
+    covering to protect the body. The patient should be changed from
+    one bed to the other daily. This may be done by placing the two
+    beds side by side and carefully moving the patient from one to
+    the other. The sheets on the bed from which the patient has been
+    taken should be washed and disinfected at each change of the
+    beds, and all other bedding should be thoroughly aired and
+    exposed to the sunlight daily.
+
+    "The patient should have the care of a thoroughly educated,
+    careful and competent nurse, one who understands perfectly the
+    various methods of using water in the treatment of fevers.
+
+    "There is no other single remedy that I consider so valuable in
+    the treatment of fever as the internal use of water. As above
+    stated, the patient should drink six or eight ounces every hour
+    during the waking hours, except for about two hours after food
+    is taken. The water should be thoroughly sterilized, and as a
+    rule may be taken either cool or hot. Ice water is
+    objectionable. Hot water is often preferable. This is a simple
+    remedy, but nevertheless is efficacious. It should be given to
+    the patient whether he calls for it or not, and it should be
+    considered an important part of his treatment. When water is
+    taken into the stomach and absorbed into the circulation, it
+    throws into solution the ptomaines which have been absorbed from
+    the intestines and are present in the circulation and tissues,
+    and thereby puts them in a favorable condition for elimination.
+    It increases the activity of the kidneys, and thus hastens and
+    increases the elimination of the poisons in the system.
+
+    "In the early stage of the fever, when the pulse is full, and
+    the action of the heart increased, it is best to give the
+    patient cool water. Later in the disease, when the action of the
+    heart is weak, and the patient feeble, it is best to give the
+    water hot.
+
+    "Winternitz, many years ago, demonstrated that hot water taken
+    into the stomach acts as a cardiac stimulant, and the increased
+    heart's action is immediate, or at least before the water has
+    time to absorb, which indicates that the water in the stomach
+    acts reflexly as a cardiac stimulant. The water after absorption
+    also increases the circulation by filling the blood-vessels, and
+    increasing arterial pressure. The writer has frequently noticed
+    a decided increase in the fullness, and rapidity of the pulse,
+    after a patient has drunk a glassful of hot water.
+
+    "The external use of water also forms an important part of the
+    treatment. The patient should be sponged off with tepid water
+    every hour or two when the temperature is 103°, or above. When
+    the temperature is less than this, it is not necessary to sponge
+    the body so frequently. Sometimes a hot sponge bath is more
+    efficacious in reducing the temperature than the tepid or cool
+    bath. The sponge bath reduces the temperature, relieves many of
+    the distressing nervous symptoms, is refreshing to the patient,
+    and promotes sleep. The temperature of the body may also be
+    reduced by the use of cool compresses placed over the abdomen,
+    and changed frequently.
+
+    "The matter of diet is an important factor in the treatment of
+    typhoid fever. The diet should be aseptic, easily digested, and
+    should contain the necessary food elements. Probably no one
+    article of diet meets all these requirements as well as
+    sterilized milk. The patient should take from two to three pints
+    daily. The milk is best taken four times during the day at
+    intervals of four hours, taking eight to ten ounces at a time.
+    Should the patient become tired of the milk, gluten gruel may be
+    substituted for the milk.
+
+    "The diarrhoea and bowel symptoms, when present, may be
+    relieved by the application of hot fomentations to the abdomen,
+    warm or hot enemas and twenty grains of subnitrate of bismuth
+    given every four hours.
+
+    "The patient should be kept as quiet as possible, and should be
+    turned in bed at intervals, to prevent hypostatic congestion and
+    the formation of bed-sores. The bony prominences which are apt
+    to become eroded should be sponged frequently with a solution of
+    tannic acid in equal parts of alcohol and water; a dram of the
+    tannic acid to a pint of alcohol and water, is about the proper
+    strength to use.
+
+    "By the methods briefly outlined above--that is by the free use
+    of water internally and externally, by keeping the intestines
+    thoroughly emptied of poisonous material by the free and
+    frequent use of enemas, by proper feeding and the careful
+    attention of a good nurse to the patient and his
+    surroundings--the duration of the fever may be shortened and the
+    severity of the disease lessened; heart failure, and other
+    complications will seldom occur, and the patient will in nearly
+    every instance make a good recovery. The best method to pursue
+    to prevent heart failure is to keep the poisons which are
+    generated in the bowels and absorbed into the body, and which
+    are the direct cause of the heart failure, eliminated from the
+    body. Should the heart become weak, it may be effectually
+    stimulated by giving hot water to drink, applying heat to the
+    heart in the form of a fomentation, and the application of
+    fomentations to the upper spine.
+
+    "In the treatment of a large number of cases of typhoid fever,
+    extending over several years' practice, the writer has never
+    made use of alcohol internally to support the action of the
+    heart, or for any other purpose.
+
+    "The number of cases of death from typhoid fever coming under
+    the writer's observation, where the method of treatment pursued
+    has been similar to that briefly indicated above, have been very
+    few, a much smaller per cent. than in practice where alcohol has
+    been used as a 'cardiac stimulant.' I believe that the use of
+    alcohol in the treatment of typhoid fever is not only useless,
+    but absolutely harmful."
+
+Dr. Kate Lindsay, of Battle Creek Sanitarium and Hospital, contributed
+an article upon Typhoid Fever to the _Bulletin of the A. M. T. A._ for
+January, 1896, from which a few notes are here taken:--
+
+    "The chief toxic centre is evidently the intestinal tract,
+    especially the termination of the ileum. The ulcerations,
+    necroses, perforations and hemorrhages are most frequently found
+    in the last twelve inches of the small intestine, and may extend
+    into the large intestine. The ulcerated surface and open vessels
+    increase the facility with which the poison finds entrance into
+    the circulation. The microbes, blood clots, necrosed tissue and
+    pus, furnish abundant supplies of toxic matter, which,
+    saturating the system, over-power and stop the activity of the
+    functions of all the organs of the body, causing degeneration of
+    tissues. Death is said to take place from heart, lung or brain
+    failure, but the failure involves every other organ as well.
+
+    "Regarding the intestinal tract as any other abscess at this
+    time, the physician should seek for methods of treatment or
+    remedies which will remove the morbid matters, and destroy, or
+    at least inhibit their action, thus decreasing the fever and
+    stimulating the circulation. Secondary toxic centres often
+    develop in the course of this disease, notably in the glands,
+    lungs and dependent organs, the hypostatic congestion resulting
+    from lying in one position, causing stasis of blood, death and
+    necrosis of tissue, both of the external and internal organs.
+    All vessels connected with the dying tissues carry toxins to
+    other parts of the body. Suppurating glands, and phlebitis of
+    the femoral veins are examples of this secondary infection, and
+    are accountable for the heart failure and collapse so often
+    fatal during the second, third and fourth weeks of typhoid
+    fever. * * * * *
+
+    "The old idea that in peristaltic action lay the great danger of
+    increase of the hemorrhage and perforation of the bowels, is
+    giving way to the more rational view that gaseous distention and
+    septic absorption, are what bring about fatal results from these
+    complications, and that the moderate peristalsis of the
+    intestinal walls lessens these dangers by closing the gaping
+    ends of the injured vessels, and expelling the septic matter and
+    foul gases. To meet these indications I have found lavage of the
+    bowels, even during hemorrhage, with water of 105° to 110° F. or
+    even hotter, given in moderate quantity of from one pint to
+    three, to give great relief by freeing the large intestines of
+    blood clots, fecal matter and other morbid matter. It also
+    increases peristaltic action in the small intestines, thus
+    favoring the expulsion of gas. The heat stimulates the
+    circulation in the peripheral vessels of the intestines, and
+    overcomes the tendency to blood stasis.
+
+    "In the cases cited, ice-bags, alternated with fomentations,
+    were used over the abdomen externally, and heat, or hot and
+    cold, to spine. The extremities were kept warm. From ten to
+    thirty minims of turpentine, in an ounce of gum acacia or starch
+    water, increased the efficiency of the enemata, and aided in
+    expelling the gas and checking hemorrhage.
+
+    "The tendency to hypostatic congestion and bed-sores, was
+    prevented by frequent change of position, and the use of hot and
+    cold to the spine by fomentations and compresses, or better
+    still, hot fine spraying, or the alternate hot and cold spray.
+    In one grave case, spraying was kept up for about twelve hours,
+    with only short intermissions. The heart was stimulated by heat
+    applied over it, whenever depression and collapse threatened,
+    and by hot and cold sponging of the spine."
+
+Dr. Noble said some time ago in the _London Times_:--
+
+    "Although it is true that alcohol is an antipyretic, yet its
+    exhibition neither shortens nor modifies (favorably) the
+    diseases of which the fever is but a symptom. The paralysis of
+    the brain which is so frequent a cause of death in typhoid
+    fever, is more often brought about by alcohol than any other
+    cause, and more than one woman suffering from puerperal fever
+    has been done to death by the administration of this substance,
+    which, not being _convenienter naturæ, is contra naturam_."
+
+J. S. Cain, M. D., in an able paper, read at the Nashville Academy of
+Medicine, on "Rational Suggestions in the Treatment of Typhoid Fever,"
+dissents from the practice, which still obtains largely in the medical
+profession, of administering alcoholic liquors, in the belief that they
+are "stimulants, conservators of force and even nutrients," and says:--
+
+    "After a careful and thoughtful study of this subject, I have
+    reluctantly, and against firm early convictions, been forced to
+    the conclusion that these theories with regard to the beneficial
+    effects of alcohol in disease are wholly fallacious. The only
+    rational conclusion at which I can arrive is that the agent is
+    ever, and under all circumstances, a depressor of temperature;
+    that it arrests the physiological interchange of carbonic acid
+    gas and oxygen in the tissues, as well as in the air vesicles of
+    the lungs; that it impedes the elimination of tissue waste, and
+    causes the accumulation of this refuse in the system; that it is
+    lethal anæsthetic in all quantities; that it is not stimulant in
+    the true sense, and never exerts that influence; and that it
+    supplies no element to the diseased and vitiated system
+    calculated to antagonize disease, repair waste, or invigorate
+    lowered vital forces, and therefore for these purposes is not
+    called for in the rational treatment of typhoid fever."
+
+At the annual meeting of the American Medical Association held in
+Atlanta, Georgia, in 1896, Dr. G. B. Garber, of Dunkirk, Ind., read a
+paper upon "Alcohol in Typhoid Fever" from which a few points are here
+taken:--
+
+    "The fact that the mortality from typhoid fever seems to be
+    gradually lowering is no doubt due in great measure to the
+    non-use of alcohol in the treatment of the disease. Hardly a
+    week passes that some of our journals do not report a series of
+    cases treated without the aid of alcohol in any form. I used
+    alcohol in the treatment of the disease until two years ago,
+    when I became alarmed at the mortality; so I changed my plan,
+    and in 1894 I treated thirty-seven well marked cases of varying
+    degrees of intensity. I had two fatal cases, and in both of them
+    I had used alcohol. In 1895 I treated thirty cases of about the
+    same type, with no death. I only used alcohol in one of them,
+    and it caused me more trouble than any of the others. As this
+    case was in the family of a saloon-keeper, I could not control
+    the matter, as they would give it during my absence. On my
+    return I would find the face flushed, the temperature high, the
+    pulse rapid and the patient nervous. By close inquiry I would
+    find that some of the family had given 'just a little good
+    whisky' which had been in the house for twenty years.
+
+    "In closing, I wish to state that I am well convinced that in
+    the treatment of typhoid fever our patients will do better and
+    stand a greater chance of recovery, if we abstain entirely from
+    the use of alcohol in the treatment of the disease."
+
+Prof. J. Burney Yeo, of London, in a paper read before the International
+Medical Congress held at Rome, Italy, said:--
+
+    "In order to maintain the intestinal antisepsis which forms an
+    essential part of this method of treatment, I insist on the
+    necessity of scrupulous attention and caution in feeding
+    patients suffering from enteric fever, great danger arising from
+    a failure to note the extremely limited digestive and absorptive
+    capacity exhibited by such patients.
+
+    "In conclusion, the use of alcoholic stimulants, and the common
+    employment of depressing antipyretic agents, must be condemned."
+
+In a report of the treatment of typhoid fever by seventy-two physicians
+of Connecticut, thirty-eight declared that they did not use alcohol in
+any stage of this disease. The remainder used it sparingly in the last
+stages, and only two considered it valuable from the beginning of the
+disease.
+
+In a discussion of typhoid fever by a medical society meeting in
+Rochester, N. Y., recently, sixty physicians being present, only three
+spoke in favor of using alcohol in this disease.
+
+Hygienic physicians all insist upon a rigid fast as long as the high
+temperature continues, or until the patient is sufficiently hungry to
+eat a piece of plain, stale, graham bread, "dry upon the tongue." Dr.
+Charles E. Page of Boston says there would be very few relapses if this
+plan were carefully carried out. He contends that the whisky and milk
+diet, together with the not over-fresh air of the average sick room is
+enough to produce fever in a healthy person, hence is not likely to be
+conducive to recovery in one already infected with the disease.
+
+In an article in the _Arena_ of September, 1892, Dr. Page says:--
+
+    "In my fever practice I have frequently observed the effect of
+    fasts of six, eight, ten and twelve days to be in the highest
+    degree productive of the health and comfort of patients, as, on
+    the other hand I have, during the past twenty years observed the
+    deplorable effects of the almost universal plan of constant
+    feeding. In some of the most distressing cases that have
+    happened to be thrown in my way, when all hope in the minds of
+    friends had been abandoned, I have found that withdrawal of
+    food, drugs and stimulants, and the substitution of simple,
+    fresh, soft water, has produced results that seemed almost
+    miraculous."
+
+Fruit juices are now permitted by many physicians in fever, a few drops
+of lemon or orange juice, being a grateful addition to the water. Grape
+juice, unfermented, is highly recommended by some.
+
+A young minister of great promise died recently of typhoid fever. His
+young wife, only one year married, is in settled melancholy, because she
+cannot understand why "God took her husband." Inquiry developed the fact
+that the physician in attendance was a believer in alcohol as a remedy,
+and used it in this case. In view of the better chances of recovery
+under non-alcoholic treatment shown by comparative death-rates, may it
+not be that the alcohol was responsible for the young man's death,
+instead of its being "God's will to take him?" The Author of all good
+has too frequently been held responsible for the errors of physicians,
+and the carelessness of nurses.
+
+VOMITING:--"If the vomiting is due to undigested food, and the
+    sickness can be traced to excess, or to improper diet, draughts
+    of hot water should be taken in order to be rid of offending
+    matter in the stomach. After the stomach is empty bits of ice
+    may be sucked, or cold water sipped. A quarter of a Seidlitz
+    powder may be taken. A flannel, folded to four thicknesses,
+    dipped in hot water, and wrung dry in a towel, may be applied to
+    the pit of the stomach. Cover the flannel with a hot plate,
+    being careful to have the flannel large enough to prevent the
+    plate's burning the skin. Pin a dry towel over all, around the
+    body. This may be renewed every half-hour or hour, as required.
+    Sometimes a cold wet compress on the pit of the stomach, covered
+    with a dry towel is more efficacious, heat developing by
+    reaction. Fluid magnesia is often helpful."--DR. RIDGE.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+ALCOHOL AND NURSING MOTHERS.
+
+
+It frequently happens that the nursing mother is unable by reason of
+defective digestive apparatus, or imperfect assimilative powers, to
+supply sufficient nourishment for her babe. In such case she is often
+advised to drink ale or beer. It is true that these liquors will excite
+the secretions of the mammary gland, but it is increase in quantity, not
+in quality, for the milk is impoverished by the added water and alcohol,
+taken in the beer. Milkmen sometimes salt cows heavily so that they will
+drink largely of water, and thus give more milk, but one quart of good,
+rich milk is worth three quarts of the poor, thin stuff resulting from
+such method. It is proper feeding, and care, that ensure good milk.
+
+When women complain that they are unable to nurse their babies the cause
+is often an error in diet. Too great reliance is put upon meat as
+strength-giving. While meat, used in moderation, may be valuable to many
+persons, the nursing mother should not depend upon it to any great
+extent. She will find farinaceous foods, with plenty of warm milk, what
+she most requires. At bedtime she should have a bowl of well-cooked
+oatmeal gruel, diluted with rich milk, and sweetened, if she prefer it
+so. The milk should be added to the gruel while it is boiling, as it
+digests more readily if scalded. People who cannot, or think they
+cannot, take milk of itself, often find it easy to digest it, after it
+is scalded in the gruel. Anything that a mother can do in the way of
+nourishing her babe will be done upon such a diet, that is, farinaceous
+foods and milk. Sweet fruits are of course valuable also, as tending to
+keep the system in good order.
+
+It is well to bear in mind that it is not the quantity of food eaten,
+but that which is digested, and assimilated, that goes to build up the
+tissues of the body. So the habit of eating between meals is pernicious,
+as it disturbs the digestive processes, and robs the stomach of
+much-needed rest. This habit is the cause, in many cases, of the falling
+off in the milk after the first month or two.
+
+As nourishment for both mother and babe can come from food only, good
+appetite, and good digestion are essential to health and strength. The
+very best help towards gaining a good appetite is exercise in the open
+air. All mothers recognize the need of keeping their little ones out of
+doors a while every day, but all do not see the necessity of the same
+mode of life for themselves. Dr. Nathan S. Davis has said: "I have
+persuaded thousands of mothers to try fresh air, instead of wine or
+beer, with gratifying results." The mother who takes her babe out,
+herself, for its daily airing, is laying up stores of health and
+vitality, to aid her in providing for the needs of the little one,
+dependent upon her.
+
+Good digestion is as essential as good appetite. Alcohol, whether in
+beer, wine, whisky, or any other form, is injurious to the stomach, and
+a hinderer of digestion, hence must do harm, rather than good, to the
+mother in search of added nourishment for her babe.
+
+Dr. Condi says:--
+
+    "The only drink of the nurse should be water or milk. All
+    fermented and distilled liquors, as well as strong tea and
+    coffee, she should strictly abstain from. Never was there a more
+    absurd or pernicious notion than that wine, ale or porter is
+    necessary to a nursing mother in order to keep up her strength,
+    or to increase the quantity, and improve the properties of her
+    milk. So far from producing these effects, such drinks, when
+    taken in any quantity, invariably disturb more or less the
+    health of the stomach, and tend to impair the quality, and
+    diminish the quantity, of nourishment furnished by her to her
+    infant."
+
+Dr. William Hargreaves says:--
+
+    "Every farmer knows that all a healthy cow requires to give good
+    milk and butter is, to give her good feed, and pure water; and
+    he also knows that the way to make a cow give poor watery milk,
+    which they might churn until doomsday without obtaining butter,
+    is to feed her on distillery slops, or grains from the brewery.
+    It is also well known that cheese cannot be made from such milk,
+    it being deficient in curd, or casein.
+
+    "Alcohol is not only useless but injurious; for children whose
+    mothers try to keep themselves upon beer, etc., very frequently
+    suffer from vomiting and diarrhoea, and often from
+    convulsions. Sometimes a single glass of whisky, taken by the
+    mother, will produce sickness and indigestion in the child, for
+    twenty-four hours after.
+
+    "In the milk of a healthy woman the water ranges from 879 to 905
+    parts in 1,000. The oily substance ranges from 25 to 42; casein
+    from 15 to 39; sugar of milk from 31 to 45, and the salts from 1
+    to 4 parts in 1,000.
+
+    "Alcoholic drinks materially alter these proportions, for, on
+    the analysis of the milk of the same woman, a few hours before
+    and after the use of a pint of beer, it was found that the
+    alcohol increases the proportion of the water, and diminishes
+    that of casein; and that alcohol is very perceptible in it."
+
+    "The only rational way to be adopted by mothers to increase the
+    supply of nutrition for their infants, is to secure plenty of
+    suitable nutritious food, prepared in the way that will most fit
+    it for digestion, while they at the same time, avoid as far as
+    possible all fatigue, and mental excitement. It is impossible
+    that alcoholic beverages can add anything to the nutrition of
+    either the infant or mother."--Dr. Bussey, in _Stimulants for
+    Nursing Mothers_.
+
+Dr. E. G. Figg, in _The Physiological Operation of Alcohol_, gives the
+analyses of the milk of a temperate woman in good health, and of a
+drinking woman as follows:--
+
+
+  Milk of temperate mother.     Milk of drinking mother.
+
+  Salts,  "  "    8.50          Salts,   "  "   5.50
+  Casein, "  "    3.0           Casein,  "  "   2.0
+  Oil,    "  "    7.50          Oil,     "  "   6.5
+  Water,  "  "   81.0           Water,   "  "  84.0
+                                Alcohol, "  "   2.0
+                ------                        ------
+                100.00                        100.00
+
+
+Dr. Edward Smith says in his _Practical Dietary_:--
+
+    "Alcoholics are largely used by many women in the belief that
+    they support the system, and maintain the supply of milk for the
+    infant; but I am convinced that this is a serious error, and is
+    not an infrequent cause of fits and emaciation in the child."
+
+Dr. James Edmunds, of the Lying-In Hospital, London, Eng., says in _Diet
+for Nursing Mothers_:--
+
+    "The nursing mother is peculiarly placed, in that she has to
+    provide a supply of nutriment for the child which is dependent
+    upon her, as well as for the ordinary requirements of her own
+    system. The nutrition of the child is to be provided for upon
+    the same principles, and by the same food-elements, as is the
+    nutrition of the mother, the only difference being that the
+    young child is possessed of less perfect masticatory and
+    digestive powers, and therefore requires food to be presented to
+    it in a state more simple, uniform, and readily assimilable than
+    the adult, who is furnished with strong teeth, and possessed of
+    a fully-grown stomach. The mastication, digestion, and primary
+    assimilation of the nursing infant's food is thrown upon the
+    mother's organs; but the tissues of the child are nourished
+    precisely as are the tissues of the mother, and a nursing mother
+    requires simply to digest a larger supply of wholesome, and
+    appropriate food. As a matter of course mothers with imperfect
+    teeth, or weak stomachs, cannot perform the digestion of extra
+    food for the infant so well as those mothers who have an
+    abundance of reserve power in their digestive apparatus; and
+    with such patients, the question arises, how are they to make up
+    for the deficiency which they soon experience in the supply of
+    milk? Such mothers appeal to their medical advisers to prescribe
+    some stimulant which will enable them to overcome the difficulty
+    which they experience, and often are greatly dissatisfied if
+    informed that there is no drug in the _materia medica_ which
+    will make up for structural weakness in the organs which
+    masticate, digest or assimilate the food. The proper course for
+    such women to adopt is a simple and rational one. They should
+    assist their digestive apparatus as much as possible by securing
+    an abundance of suitable and nutritious food, prepared in the
+    best way, and as is most digestible, while they should lessen
+    the demands of their own system by the avoidance of bodily
+    fatigue, and mental excitement. These means, aided by that
+    philosophical hygiene which is at all times essential to the
+    preservation of pure and perfect health, will enable them to
+    supply a maximum quantity of pure and wholesome milk; and
+    further calls by the child require proper artificial food.
+    Unfortunately such advice fails to satisfy many anxious mothers
+    who refuse to admit, or believe, that they are less robust, or
+    less capable, than other ladies of their acquaintance, and such
+    mothers fall easy victims to circulars vaunting the nourishing
+    properties of 'Hoare's Stout,' 'Tanqueray's Gin,' or Gilbey's
+    'strengthening Port,' circulars which are always backed up by
+    the example, and advice, of lady friends, who themselves have
+    acquired the habit of using these liquors, and who view as a
+    reproach to themselves the practice of any other lady who may
+    not keep them in countenance, as the perfection of all moral and
+    physical propriety. Unfortunately the pressure of such lady
+    friends is often so persistent as to paralyse the influence of a
+    conscientious and thoughtful medical adviser, while the
+    appetites and beliefs of such friends often throw them into
+    active antagonism to any medical adviser, who may not endorse
+    the habits in which, as they believe, and no doubt
+    conscientiously, duty to their child requires them to indulge.
+    The only course that a medical practitioner, whose family is
+    dependent upon his practice, can safely take with veteran
+    mothers on this question, is to let them have their own way
+    without reiterated admonition. When once they have acquired the
+    habit of depending upon large quantities of beer for nursing
+    their children, they become perfectly infatuated, and are
+    practically incapable of passing through the probationary
+    fortnight which takes place before the digestive apparatus can
+    work under its natural, but to them strange, conditions, while
+    the temporary longing for beer, and the sudden lessening of the
+    quantity of milk afforded by their strained and impoverished
+    systems, are at once set down as clear proofs that their medical
+    adviser is a crochetty, and dangerous person, who must be
+    superseded at the first convenient opportunity. Facts and
+    arguments have no more influence on such mothers than they have
+    upon opium-eaters, drunkards, or inveterate consumers of
+    tobacco; while the extreme propriety of conduct which these
+    ladies manifest, and the encouragement they receive from other
+    medical men, make the convictions based upon their own personal
+    sensations incontrovertible, and their position practically
+    unassailable. I think I might fairly say that among the
+    comfortable middle classes of society the views at present held
+    on this question are so deplorable that a large proportion of
+    children are never sober from the first moment of their
+    existence until they have been weaned; while often after a few
+    years the use of alcohol is again introduced to the children as
+    a 'medical comfort,' as a part of their regular diet, or as an
+    invariable accompaniment of all their juvenile visitation, and
+    company-keeping. Under such circumstances, it is not surprising
+    that temperance reformers appeal in vain on this question, and
+    that their facts and arguments are viewed with plausible
+    indifference, or insidious opposition, by persons whose
+    appetites and instincts have been undergoing debasement, and
+    perversion from the very dawn of their lives. My own deliberate
+    conviction is that nothing but harm comes to nursing mothers,
+    and to the infants who are dependent upon them, by the ordinary
+    use of alcoholic beverages of any kind.
+
+    "Infants nursed by mothers who drink much beer also become
+    fatter than usual, and to an untrained eye sometimes appear as
+    'magnificent children.' But the fatness of such children is not
+    a recommendation to the more knowing observer; they are
+    extremely prone to die of inflammation of the chest (bronchitis)
+    after a few days' illness from an ordinary cold. They die, very
+    much more frequently than other children, of convulsions and
+    diarrhoea, while cutting their teeth, and they are very liable
+    to die of scrofulous inflammation of the membranes of the brain,
+    commonly called 'water on the brain,' while their childhood
+    often presents a painful contrast--in the way of crooked legs,
+    and stunted or ill-shapen figure--to the 'magnificent,' and
+    promising appearance of their infancy.
+
+    "Those ladies who adopt the general views I have thus expressed
+    in relation to the nursing of their children, will want to know
+    what is the 'proper artificial food' with which to supplement
+    their milk when it is deficient in quantity. With some patients
+    the milk will fall off in quantity at the end of two or three
+    months. With others, although the quantity may not fall off, the
+    child seems unsatisfied; and there is a third class with whom a
+    profusion of milk is supplied, and the child thrives
+    exceedingly, but the mother gets flabby, weak, nervous, pale and
+    exhausted. In the last case, the mother is simply goaded on by
+    susceptibility of her nervous system, or by inordinate activity
+    of the breasts to yield an amount of milk which her digestive
+    powers are not equal to providing for. The treatment of such
+    cases should be simply repressive. The mother should separate
+    herself somewhat more from the child, and make a rule of only
+    nursing it from five to eight times in the twenty-four hours,
+    while the neck of the mother should be kept cool in regard to
+    dress, and cold sponging may be practiced carefully night and
+    morning. Her attention should be diverted by outdoor exercise on
+    foot, and additionally in a carriage if necessary. When the
+    mother's milk, though apparently not deficient in quantity,
+    proves unsatisfying to the child, great attention should be paid
+    to varying the diet of the mother, while such staple foods
+    should be taken as are most easily and thoroughly assimilated
+    into milk. The unsatisfying quality of the milk will generally
+    be remedied by taking a more varied diet, together with three or
+    four half pints of milk in the course of the day, accompanied
+    with farinaceous matter, as in the shape of well-made milk
+    gruel; and in case these measures fail, the only alternative is
+    to supplement the mother's milk by obtaining a wet-nurse to
+    suckle the child three or four times a day alternately with the
+    mother, or by feeding the child with proper artificial food. The
+    same measures may be resorted to where the milk, though
+    satisfying in character, is deficient in quantity; and in
+    preparing artificial food for the child it must always be
+    remembered that the food requires to be adapted to the stage of
+    development which is manifested by a young infant's digestive
+    organs. The infant's digestive apparatus is, in fact, designed
+    to digest milk, and to digest nothing else, but when the teeth
+    are cut farinaceous matter of a more or less solid character
+    should be gradually mixed with the milk. Almost all the
+    illnesses of infants under twelve months of age are caused by
+    some gross impropriety of diet, or otherwise, on the part of the
+    mother, for which the child suffers through the medium of the
+    milk, or they are caused by feeding the child with improper
+    artificial food. Thick sop, and many other articles often given
+    as food are as indigestible to an infant of three months old as
+    beefsteaks would be to a horse; and, until the child has cut its
+    teeth, it should have nothing but food resembling the mother's
+    milk as closely as possible.
+
+    "The proper way to feed an infant of three months old, whose
+    mother is only able to partially support it, is as follows: When
+    the child wakes in the morning it should not go to the mother,
+    but should be taken away by the nurse, and immediately fed from
+    the bottle, sucking its milk through a suitable teat. After the
+    mother has breakfasted the child may go to the breast, and
+    during the day it should be alternately fed from the bottle, and
+    nursed by the mother. At six o'clock the baby should invariably
+    be placed in its crib, by the side of the mother's bed, and fed
+    just before going to sleep, and the habit of going to bed at six
+    o'clock should be strictly and invariably enforced. If once the
+    child be allowed to come down to the family circle after dark,
+    the habit of going to sleep will be broken, and the child will
+    continuously cry to come down. In the course of the evening the
+    mother may nurse the child once, and at ten or eleven o'clock,
+    when the mother goes to bed, the child should be again fed from
+    the bottle, and the mother should have a basin of well-made
+    milk-gruel; and by her bedside should be placed, at the last
+    moment, as much gruel as she is likely to drink with relish
+    during the night. Whenever the child is restless it should be
+    taken out of its crib, gently, by the mother, and nursed, say
+    two or three times during the night, and put back again into its
+    crib, the child never being allowed to sleep with the mother.
+    When the night is fairly over, and the child awakens, it should
+    be fetched by the nurse, and have its first morning meal from
+    the bottle. This plan of feeding should be persisted in
+    continuously until the child has cut its teeth; and it is only
+    when every means have been taken to ensure the sweetness,
+    freshness and niceness, not only of the milk and water, but of
+    the bottle and of the teat, and the child still fails to get on,
+    that, in rare cases, I advise the admixture of a little
+    farinaceous matter, in the way of food containing one part milk,
+    and two parts of properly sweetened barley-water. As the milk
+    teeth come through, other farinaceous matter may be gradually
+    blended with the milk, and there is nothing better than to begin
+    at about eight months with a teaspoonful of baked flour, well
+    boiled in a pint of milk and water, or in the water, to be
+    afterwards cooled with milk. Oftentimes a little salt, as well
+    as sugar, will materially help its digestion. The child will do
+    well on that food--the quantity being duly increased--until it
+    has cut almost all its milk teeth, when it may eat bread and
+    butter, rice, and egg puddings, and occasionally eat a boiled
+    egg once a day. I believe that it is a great mistake to give red
+    flesh meat to children in their early years, unless there be
+    some very special reason for it, and then it should only be
+    temporarily used; but nice potatoes, flavored with fresh gravy
+    from a joint, may be given at dinner, as the child becomes able
+    to feed itself. * * * * *
+
+    "Bear in mind that when you take wine, beer or brandy, you are
+    distilling that wine, beer or brandy into your child's body.
+    Probably nothing could be worse than to have the very fabric of
+    the child's tissues laid down from alcoholized blood."
+
+Another English physician deplores "the pernicious habit of drinking
+large quantities of ale or stout by nursing mothers, under the idea that
+they thereby increase and improve the secretion of milk, whereas they
+are in reality deteriorating the quality of that upon which the infant
+must depend for health and life."
+
+Dr. Edis says:--
+
+    "Infant mortality is mainly due to two causes, the substitution
+    of farinaceous food for milk, and the delusion that ale or beer
+    is necessary as an article of diet for nursing mothers. * * * *
+    * Countless disorders among infants are due simply and solely to
+    the popular fallacy, that the nursing mother cannot properly
+    fulfil her duties, unless she resorts to the aid of alcoholics."
+
+Dr. N. S. Davis says:--
+
+    "The opinion prevails quite extensively among certain classes of
+    people, and with some physicians, that a liberal use of beer is
+    beneficial to women while nursing their children. They drink it
+    under the impression that it will both strengthen them and make
+    their milk more abundant. But I have never seen a case in which
+    it had been used regularly for any considerable period of time,
+    where it did not result in more or less indigestion from gastric
+    irritation and disordered secretions, and an early failure in
+    the secretion of milk. It probably never increases the flow of
+    milk any more than would the drinking of the same quantity of
+    pure water; while the alcohol it contains, by daily repetition,
+    induces congestion of the gastric mucous membrane, with
+    disordered gastric and hepatic secretions.
+
+    "A case strikingly illustrating these results was examined by me
+    to-day. The patient was a young married woman who was nursing
+    her first child, now nine months old. At the time of her
+    confinement she was in fair health, rather nervous temperament,
+    weight 120 pounds. During the first few days her milk did not
+    flow very freely, and she says her physician advised her to
+    drink beer. Consequently she commenced to drink a glass of beer
+    at each mealtime, and a bottle during the night. During the
+    first six months she had sufficient milk for her baby; but
+    before the end of that time she had begun to suffer from
+    flatulency, constipation, gaseous and acid eructations, what she
+    calls 'heart-burn,' and sometimes vomiting. During the last
+    three months she has suffered, in addition to the preceding
+    symptoms, one or two attacks each week of extreme pain, from the
+    lower point of the sternum to the back between the scapula,
+    accompanied by retching, or severe efforts to vomit. To relieve
+    these attacks she has taken liberal doses of gin, in addition to
+    her regular supply of beer. Now at the end of nine months, her
+    milk has nearly ceased to flow, her bowels are costive, her
+    stomach tolerates only small quantities of the simplest
+    nourishment, her flesh and strength are very much reduced, her
+    weight being only 96 pounds; and yet she thinks both the beer
+    and gin make her feel better every time she takes them. Such is
+    the delusive power of the anæsthetic effect of alcohol. A
+    persistence in the same management would probably terminate
+    fatally in from six to twelve months more, from chronic
+    gastritis, and inanition. But if she will rigidly abstain from
+    all alcoholic remedies, and take only the most bland,
+    unirritating nourishment, aided by mildly soothing and
+    antiseptic remedies, and fresh air, she will slowly recover."
+
+In a clinical lecture delivered before the Senior Class in the
+Northwestern University Medical School, Dr. Davis told of a case similar
+to the preceding:--
+
+    "The flow of milk in her breasts has also diminished to such a
+    degree that she does not have half enough for her baby. Yet she
+    says the _beer_ makes her feel better after each drink, and that
+    the _gin_ helps to relieve the severe attacks of pain, and
+    consequently she thinks she could not do without them. It is
+    undoubtedly true that the patient feels temporary relief from
+    the anæsthetic effect of the alcohol in her beer and gin, just
+    as she would from any anæsthetic or narcotic. And it is equally
+    true that so long as the alcohol is present in her blood it so
+    modifies the hemoglobin and albuminous constituents, as to
+    diminish the reception and internal distribution of oxygen, and
+    thereby retards metabolic changes. But the combined influence of
+    the alcohol in retarding the internal distribution of oxygen and
+    the drain upon the nutritive elements of her blood, in
+    furnishing milk for her baby, led to rapid impoverishment of the
+    blood and tissues, and the early establishment of a sufficient
+    grade of gastritis to cause indigestion, frequent vomiting, and,
+    later, paroxysms of severe gastralgia, with general emaciation,
+    and loss of strength.
+
+    "In accordance with the present popular ideas, both in and out
+    of the profession, this patient tells me she has tried a great
+    variety of foods, peptonized, sterilized, and predigested, but
+    all to no purpose. And why?--Simply because her troubles are not
+    in the kind of food she takes, but in the morbid condition of
+    her blood, and of the mucous membrane and nerves of her stomach.
+    Consequently the rational indications for treatment are: (_a_)
+    to get her stomach and blood free from the alcohol of beer and
+    gin; (_b_) to encourage the reception and internal distribution
+    of oxygen by plenty of fresh air; (_c_) to give her the most
+    bland, or unirritating food in small, and frequently repeated
+    doses, of which good milk with lime-water, and milk and
+    wheat-flour gruel are the best; (_d_) such medicines as possess
+    sufficient antiseptic, and anodyne properties to allay the
+    irritability of the gastric mucous membrane, and lessen
+    fermentation."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+COMPARATIVE DEATH-RATES WITH AND WITHOUT THE USE OF ALCOHOL AS A REMEDY.
+
+
+A study of statistics relating to the difference in results of the
+treatment of disease with and without the use of alcohol, cannot but be
+of great interest to all students of the alcohol question. The appended
+statistics are culled mainly from the _Medical Pioneer_ of England, now,
+_Medical Temperance Review_, the journal of the British Medical
+Temperance Association, and from the _Bulletin of the American Medical
+Temperance Association_.
+
+A paragraph in the _British Medical Journal_, for Dec. 2, 1893, says:--
+
+    "An interesting fact has been noted by Dr. Claye Shaw, at the
+    London County Asylum, Banstead, for the Insane. Since the
+    withdrawal of _beer_ from the dietary, the rate of recovery has
+    gone up. During the past year, for example, the recoveries
+    reached 46.97 per cent. Nearly one half of the patients had thus
+    recovered during the period stated. The inmates take their food
+    better without the liquor, and they are thus taught that
+    intoxicants are not a necessity of ordinary health."
+
+In the _Medical Pioneer_ for January, 1894, Dr. John Mois, medical
+superintendent of West Haven Infectious Diseases Hospital, states that
+prior to 1885 he had treated 2,148 cases of smallpox "in the usual
+routine method, with the use of alcohol when the heart's action seemed
+to indicate it;" resulting in a mortality of 17 per cent. But since 1885
+he has treated 700 additional cases under similar circumstances except
+that the use of alcoholic preparations was entirely omitted, and the
+resulting mortality was only 11 per cent.
+
+In the same journal, Dr. J. J. Ridge states that he had treated the 200
+cases of scarlet fever admitted into the Enfield Isolation Hospital
+during the years 1892 and 1893, without alcohol in any form, with a
+mortality of only 2.5 per cent.; while the mortality in the hospitals
+under the Metropolitan Asylums Board in 1893, in which alcohol was used
+in accordance with the usual practice in scarlet fever, was 6.3 per
+cent.
+
+Dr. J. J. Ridge says later:--
+
+    "In January, 1894, I published the result of the treatment of
+    the first 200 cases of scarlatina admitted into the temporary
+    wards of the Enfield Isolation Hospital during 1892 and 1893. I
+    stated that there had been five fatal cases, but that one was
+    dying when admitted and only lived a few hours. The mortality
+    was 2 per cent., or 2.5 if the later case is included.
+
+    "Since then 300 more cases have been admitted and discharged and
+    among these there have been 7 fatal. Hence there have been 14
+    deaths in 500 consecutive cases extending over a period of a
+    little more than four years. One of these ought to be excluded,
+    no time having been given for treatment. Hence the mortality
+    has been just 2.6 per cent. This, I think it will be admitted,
+    is a low mortality, although it is possible it may be even lower
+    when the cases are treated in a permanent hospital about to be
+    erected.
+
+    "It may be interesting to state that 4 of the cases died on the
+    third day after admission; 1 on the fourth; 1 on the sixth; 1 on
+    the tenth, with pneumonia; 1 on the thirteenth; 1 on the
+    fifteenth; 1 on the sixteenth; 1 on the eighteenth; 1 on the
+    thirty-sixth, with nephritis and pleuropneumonia; and 1 on the
+    forty-sixth, with otitis and meningitis.
+
+    "All the cases have been treated without alcohol either as food
+    or drug, although many have been of great severity with various
+    complications. It is certain that the absence of alcohol has not
+    been detrimental, since the mortality is less than three-fourths
+    of that of the mortality among all notified cases in England and
+    Wales. I am bound to say that it is my firm conviction that had
+    alcohol been given in the usual fashion, the death-rate would
+    have been higher. Cases have been admitted to which alcohol has
+    been given previous to admission, apparently with harm, as they
+    have improved without it. One case was particularly noticeable
+    in this respect. A child, aged 6, had had a good deal of whisky,
+    and was supposed to be dying when admitted on the fourth day of
+    the disease, so that the doctor who had seen it was surprised,
+    when he called the following day to inquire, to find it was
+    still alive. Without a drop of alcohol it began to improve and
+    made a good recovery. I may say that delirium is very rare, even
+    in the worst cases treated non-alcoholically."
+
+Dr. Norman Kerr says:--
+
+    "In my paper on 'The Medical Administration of Alcohol,' read to
+    the section of medicine at the Sheffield meeting in 1876, I
+    cited several medical testimonies in favor of non-alcoholic
+    treatment of fevers, notably that of my friend, the late Dr.
+    Simon Nicolls, who had a mortality of less than 5 per cent. in
+    230 cases.
+
+    "The record of the results of a greatly lessened administration
+    of alcohol in the treatment of smallpox in the London hospital
+    ships, is of deep interest. Having been requested to inquire
+    into the effects of this diminished alcoholic stimulation on
+    mortality and convalescence, Dr. Birdwood stated that though the
+    gravity of the cases had increased, with a mortality of 15 per
+    100 in the metropolis, the ship's death-rate had remained at
+    less than 7 per 100. Convalescence had been more rapid, and
+    there had been fewer and less serious complications from
+    abscesses and inflammatory boils. Other causes had contributed
+    to this improvement, but the medical officers attributed a
+    considerable share in the amelioration to a greatly diminished
+    prescription of alcohol."
+
+The _Medical Pioneer_ says:--
+
+    "In 1872 there appeared in the _Saturday Review_ an article in
+    which the medical practitioners of this country were accused of
+    inciting their patients to free drinking, and in the discussion
+    which this article called forth, Dr. Gairdner, of Glasgow, said
+    that fever patients in that city, when treated with milk and
+    without alcohol, did much better than those reported as having
+    been treated by Dr. Todd with large doses of alcohol; the latter
+    resulting in a mortality of about 25 per cent., while those
+    treated by Dr. Gairdner with milk had had a death-rate of only
+    12 per cent. About this time the British Medical Temperance
+    Association was founded, owing to the exertions of Dr. Ridge, of
+    Enfield, and in 1876 it was enrolled, under the presidency of
+    Sir B. W. Richardson. It now contains 269 members in England and
+    Wales, 53 in Scotland and 80 in Ireland, or more than 400
+    altogether, all professional men and women. This, I think, is
+    but a sign of the change of opinion on the use of alcoholic
+    fluids in medical practice, for all who remember what medical
+    practice was in London thirty years ago know that the use of
+    wine and brandy in hospital practice was so common that it was
+    quite a rarity in some hospitals to find a patient who was not
+    ordered, by some of the staff, from three to four ounces of
+    brandy or six to eight fluid ounces of wine. The expense caused
+    to the hospitals by this practice was, of course, great, and
+    increased notably between 1852 and 1872, owing to the prevalence
+    of the views of Liebig and his follower, Dr. Todd. The writings
+    of Parkes, Gairdner, Dr. Norman Kerr and of Sir B. Ward
+    Richardson, Dr. Morton and others, gradually lessened this
+    predilection for treating diseases by alcohol, and accordingly
+    between 1872 and 1882 a great change came over the practice of
+    London hospitals. Thus the sum paid for milk in 1852 in Saint
+    Bartholomew's Hospital was £684, and in 1882 it was £2,012;
+    whilst alcohol in that hospital cost in 1852, £406; in 1862,
+    £1,446; in 1872, £1,446; and in 1882 only £653. Westminster
+    Hospital in 1882 spent £137 on alcohol and £500 on milk. One
+    hospital, St. George's, long continued to use large quantities
+    of alcohol. That hospital in 1872 had the high mortality among
+    its typhoid fever patients of 24 per cent., which was twice as
+    high as that noted by Dr. Gairdner as occurring in Glasgow, when
+    alcohol was abandoned and milk used instead. Dr. Meyer, who
+    reported these cases of typhoid treated in Saint George's
+    Hospital at that time, mentioned that alcohol in large doses was
+    given to 87 per cent. of the patients. Three-fifths of these
+    patients took daily eight ounces of brandy when there was danger
+    of sinking from failure of the heart's action. One-fourth of the
+    number took sixteen fluid ounces of brandy in the 24 hours."
+
+    "In 230 typhoid cases in St. Mary's Hospital, Dr. Chambers
+    reduced the ratio of deaths from 1 in 5 with alcohol to 1 in 40
+    without it. Dr. Perry, of Glasgow, found that of 534 cases
+    treated with alcohol, 138 died, while of 491 treated without
+    alcohol, only 9 died."
+
+In a recent text-book on medicine occurs the following:--
+
+    "English physicians use spirits in fevers, and all experience
+    sustains the conviction that no substitute has been found for
+    them."
+
+In a late number of the _Temperance Record_, Dr. Smith gives a different
+view of the experience of English physicians:--
+
+    "When Bentley Todd was at King's College, and leading his
+    profession, brandy was the rule in febrile cases. Then the
+    mortality varied from twenty-five to thirty-five per cent. That
+    the treatment was as fatal as the disease, experience
+    demonstrates:--
+
+    "1. Professor W. T. Gairdner, of Glasgow, writing to the Lancet
+    (1864), gave his experience as follows:--
+
+        Fever cases           Average of
+          treated.        wine and spirits.       Mortality.
+
+          1,829              34 oz. to each     17.69 per cent.
+            595           2-1/2 oz. to each     11.93 per cent.
+            212                none              1 death only.
+      (young lives)
+
+    "These were mostly typhus cases, but the rationale, so far as
+    alcohol is concerned, is the same as in typhoid.
+
+    "2. At the British Medical Association in 1879, Professor H.
+    MacNaughton Jones gave particulars of 340 cases of typhus,
+    typhoid and simple fever. I append a summary:--
+
+                        Cases.  Deaths.   Mortality
+                                          per cent.
+
+        Given brandy        58      19        32.7
+        Given claret        51       2         3.8
+        Given no alcohol   231       4         1.7
+
+    "3. Dr. J. C. Pearson writes to the _Lancet_ (Dec. 5 and 26,
+    1891), giving his experience of typhoid. He had treated several
+    hundreds of cases without a single death, and never prescribed
+    stimulants in any shape or form in the disease.
+
+    "4. Dr. Knox Bond writes to the _Lancet_ (Nov. 25, 1893), giving
+    his experience of typhoid at the Liverpool Fever Hospital. He
+    says: 'As a resident for some years in the fever hospitals, my
+    views of the value of alcohol in fever underwent, solely as a
+    result of the experience there gained, entire modification. The
+    conviction became forced upon my mind that in no case in which
+    it was used did benefit to the patient ensue; that in a
+    proportion of cases its use was distinctly hurtful; and that in
+    a small but appreciable number of cases the resultant harm was
+    sufficient to tilt the balance as against the recovery of the
+    patient.'
+
+    "In plain terms, alcohol tended to the destruction of the
+    patients. Dr. Bond's figures are:--
+
+                 No. of cases.   No. of deaths.
+
+        Given alcohol       71               18
+        Given no alcohol   309               15
+                           ---              ---
+                           380               33
+
+
+
+
+In May, 1890, Dr. Nathan S. Davis, read a paper before the American
+Medical Association upon the use of certain drugs in disease. Among the
+drugs mentioned was alcohol, and comparative death-rates were given in
+typhoid fever and pneumonia, between Mercy Hospital, Chicago, during a
+term of years when no alcohol was used in the medical wards, Dr. Davis
+being in charge of them, and some of the large metropolitan hospitals
+using alcohol. In Mercy Hospital without alcohol, the death-rate in
+typhoid fever was only five per cent.; in pneumonia only twelve per
+cent.
+
+    "Of 161 cases of typhoid fever treated in Cook County Hospital
+    during 1889, 27 died, or one in six--nearly 17 per cent.
+
+    "According to the annual report of the Cincinnati Hospital for
+    1886, 47 cases of typhoid fever were treated during that year,
+    with seven deaths, a mortality rate of 16 per cent.
+
+    "The Garfield Memorial Hospital, at Washington, reported for the
+    year 1889, 22 cases of typhoid fever, with 5 deaths--or 22 per
+    cent.
+
+    "In the Pennsylvania Hospital the mortality rate in pneumonia
+    for the years 1884-1886, was 34 per cent.
+
+    "The mortality of pneumonia in the Massachusetts General
+    Hospital, between the years 1822 and 1889, comprising 1,000
+    cases, was 25 per cent.; but a gradual increase in mortality had
+    been noted from 10 per cent. in the first decade of the seventy
+    years represented by this report, to 28 per cent. in the last
+    decade.
+
+    "According to the report of the Supervising Surgeon General of
+    the U.S. Marine Hospital Service for 1888, the number of cases
+    of pneumonia treated between 1880 and 1887 was 1,649, with 311
+    deaths--nearly 19 per cent.
+
+    "The Cincinnati Hospital reported for 1886 a mortality rate in
+    pneumonia of 38 per cent.
+
+    "The mortality rate in the Cook County Hospital, Chicago, for
+    1889, according to Dr. Heltoin, relating to 80 cases of
+    pneumonia, was 36 per cent."
+
+Only a five per cent. death-rate in typhoid fever without alcohol, and
+from sixteen to twenty-two per cent. with alcohol; only a twelve per
+cent. death-rate in pneumonia without alcohol, and from 19 to as high as
+38 per cent. with alcohol. Such are the comparative death-rates given by
+Dr. Davis. They should be committed to memory by every opposer of the
+use of alcohol, as they show clearly that people have many more chances
+for recovery, other things being equal, in the diseases mentioned, if
+alcohol is not used than if it is.
+
+It is worthy of mention in this connection that Cook County Hospital
+contains in its report for 1897 the following items: Number of patients
+19,536; cost of liquors $80.00; per cent. of deaths from all causes,
+5.7. The cost of liquors is only .004 for each patient. This shows a
+decided advance in the disuse of alcohol, when so very little is used in
+a great hospital, with so large a number of patients.
+
+Dr. A. L. Loomis, in the treatment of 600 typhus fever cases on
+Blackwell's Island in 1864, excluded alcoholics, with the result of
+reducing the mortality rate to only six per cent. whereas it had
+previously been twenty-two per cent., in Bellevue Hospital from which
+the patients had been removed.
+
+In Battle Creek Sanitarium no alcohol is used in any disease, simply
+because the management believe better results are obtained by the use of
+other agencies. In the October, (1893) number of the _American Medical
+Temperance Quarterly_ now _Bulletin of the A. M. T. A._, Dr. J. H.
+Kellogg gives statistics of deaths from various diseases in the Battle
+Creek Sanitarium. The total of these statistics is as follows: la
+grippe, 827 cases, 4 deaths--or two per cent.; scarlet fever, 83 cases,
+2 deaths--less than three per cent.; 333 cases of typhoid fever, 9
+deaths--or 2.7 per cent.; 82 cases of pneumonia, 4 deaths--or 4.9 per
+cent. These exceptional results are not attributed solely to the non-use
+of alcohol. The nursing and surroundings were of the best. But these
+results certainly show that the use of alcohol as a remedy in acute
+diseases is not necessary, and that patients have a much better chance
+for life, other things being equal, where alcohol is not used than where
+it is.
+
+Dr. Kellogg says of the surgical cases:--
+
+    "In a hospital of 100 beds, connected with the institution, more
+    than 3,000 surgical cases have been treated, to whom alcohol has
+    never been administered except in connection with chloroform
+    anæsthesia; my uniform custom being to administer an ounce of
+    brandy or whisky five minutes before beginning the
+    administration of the anæsthetic, when chloroform is used.
+
+    "The surgical cases include more than 300 cases of ovariotomy,
+    and over 300 other cases involving the peritoneal cavity, such
+    as operations for strangulated hernia, the radical cure of
+    hernia, etc. The statistics of death and recoveries are
+    certainly as good as can be produced by any hospital in the
+    world, dealing with the same class of cases. The total mortality
+    from the operation of ovariotomy, including nearly 300 cases, is
+    less than three per cent., and for the last few years, in which
+    the antiseptic measures have been perfected, the record is still
+    better, showing a succession of 172 cases of laparotomy for the
+    removal of ovarian tumors, or diseased uterus and ovaries,
+    without a death. These cases include a number of hysterectomies,
+    and many cases so desperate that those who trust in alcohol as a
+    heart stimulant, and as a means of supporting the vital
+    energies, would certainly have considered it necessary to resort
+    to the use of this drug. Nevertheless, it was not administered
+    in a single case, and I have seen no reason to regret its
+    non-use in a single instance."
+
+Dr. T. D. Crothers, of Hartford, Conn., tells the following:--
+
+    "In a large hospital a study of the mortality of pneumonia
+    indicated a greater fatality at intervals of six months. There
+    were five per cent. more deaths during periods of two months at
+    a time, twice during the year. This extended back for two years,
+    and was finally narrowed down to the service of an eminent
+    physician who gave spirits freely in all cases of pneumonia from
+    their entrance to the hospital. The other visiting physicians
+    gave very little spirits, and only in the later stages. The
+    physician was skeptical of these statistics, but finally
+    consented to test them by giving up spirits practically in all
+    cases of pneumonia. This was continued for a year, and the
+    mortality went back to the average statistics. That physician
+    has abandoned alcohol as a food and a medicine, only in very
+    limited degree. He writes, 'My stupidity in accepting theories
+    and statements of others, concerning spirits, which I could have
+    tested personally, is a source of deep sorrow, and I do not know
+    but it could be called criminal. I certainly feel that
+    punishment would be just.'"
+
+Brandy has been considered the great necessity in cholera, yet the use
+of it and other alcoholics are known to expose people to greater danger
+when this disease prevails.
+
+The _Bulletin of the A. M. T. A._ is authority for the following:--
+
+    "During the epidemic of 1832, Dr. Bronson said: 'In Montreal
+    1,000 persons have died of cholera, only two of whom were
+    teetotalers.' A Montreal paper said: 'Not a drunkard who has
+    been attacked has recovered from the disease, and almost all the
+    victims have been at least moderate drinkers.'
+
+    "In Albany, N. Y., the same year, cholera carried off 366
+    persons above sixteen years of age, all but four of whom
+    belonged to the drinking classes. Packer, Prentice & Co., large
+    furriers in Albany, employed 400 persons, none of whom used
+    ardent spirits, and there were only two cases of cholera among
+    them. Mr. Delevan, a contractor, said: 'I was engaged at the
+    time in erecting a large block of buildings. The laborers were
+    much alarmed, and were on the point of abandoning the work. They
+    were advised to stay and give up strong drink. They all
+    remained, and all quit the use of strong drink except one, and
+    he fell a victim to the disease.' He says also: 'I had a gang of
+    diggers in a clay bank, to whom the same proposition was made;
+    they all agreed to it, and not one died. On the opposite side of
+    the same clay bank were other diggers who continued their
+    regular rations of whisky, and one third of them died.'
+
+    "In New York City there were 204 cases in the park, only six of
+    whom were temperate, and these recovered, while 122 of the
+    others died. In many parts of the city the saloon keepers saw
+    and acknowledged the terrible connection between their business
+    and the spread of the disease, and, becoming alarmed for their
+    own safety, shut up their saloons and fled, saying: 'The way
+    from the saloon to hell is too short.'
+
+    "In Washington the Board of Health was so impressed with the
+    terrible facts that they declared the grog shops nuisances,
+    ordered them closed, and they remained closed for three months.
+
+    "A prominent physician of Glasgow reported: 'Only nineteen per
+    cent. of the temperate perished, while ninety-one and two-tenths
+    per cent. of the intemperate died.' One extensive liquor dealer
+    of Glasgow, said, 'Cholera has carried off half of my
+    customers.'
+
+    "In Warsaw ninety per cent. of those who died from cholera were
+    wine drinkers.
+
+    "At Tifels, Prussia, a town of 20,000 inhabitants, every
+    drunkard died of cholera."
+
+The _St. Paul Medical Journal_, of September, 1899, gives the following
+report of a railway surgeon, Dr. Kane:--
+
+    "From June 1, 1898, to June 1, 1899, the author performed a few
+    more than four hundred operations. Forty-nine abdominal
+    sections, fifty odd more operations of a graver sort, one
+    hundred miscellaneous of less gravity than above, over one
+    hundred operations upon female perineum and uterus. Of the four
+    hundred, more than three hundred demanded anæsthesia. There were
+    but three deaths, making the mortality a little less than one
+    per cent.
+
+    "The author does not claim a phenomenally low mortality, nor
+    does he claim specially brilliant results. He has to contend
+    with unreasoning fear on the part of the patients for hospital
+    surgeons, and also most of his cases had been in the hands of
+    quacks, and had subjected themselves to remedies prescribed by
+    old women. Many cases came after the family physician had
+    exhausted his resources. He thinks his results are considerably
+    better than the average in hospitals and in country districts.
+    Alcohol medication was dispensed with entirely after the
+    patients came under his care, and to this he attributes much of
+    his success. He does not believe that alcohol is a stimulant, or
+    a tonic. On the contrary, he believes that it retards digestion,
+    arrests secretion, and hinders excretion. The courage and
+    fortitude of his patients were lessened instead of increased by
+    the use of alcoholic medication.
+
+    "Pain is better borne, endured longer and more patiently when
+    alcohol is not used.
+
+    "He urges the practical surgeon to carefully weigh the subject
+    of alcohol, and verify for himself the expediency of its use."
+
+Dr. B. W. Richardson in the report of his practice for 1895 in the
+London Temperance Hospital refers to non-alcoholic treatment of
+rheumatism. He said:--
+
+    "Out of seventy-one cases of acute or subacute rheumatism--the
+    large majority acute, and attended with temperatures moving up
+    to 104° F.--sixty-nine recovered, and two, although they were
+    discharged without being put on the recovery list, were so far
+    relieved that a few days' change in country air seemed all that
+    was required to induce full restoration. Comparing the
+    experience of the treatment of acute rheumatic disease without
+    alcohol with that which I have previously observed with alcohol,
+    I can have no hesitation in declaring that it is of the greatest
+    advantage to follow total abstinence absolutely in this disease.
+    The pain and swelling of joints is more quickly relieved under
+    abstinence, the fever falls more rapidly, there is less frequent
+    relapse, and there is quicker recovery. In brief, the experience
+    of treatment of rheumatic fever minus alcohol, presents to me as
+    much novelty as it does pleasure, and I am convinced that if any
+    candid member of the profession could have witnessed what I have
+    witnessed in this matter, he would agree with me that alcohol in
+    rheumatic fever, however acute, is altogether out of place. I am
+    also under the conviction, though I express it with great
+    reserve, that in acute rheumatism, treated without alcohol, the
+    cardiac complications, endocardial and pericardial, are much
+    less frequently developed than where alcohol is supplied."
+
+Dr. Pechuman in _Alcohol--Is It a Medicine_, published in 1891, says:--
+
+    "There is no disputing that many deaths occur each day as the
+    result of the administration of alcohol in acute diseases, to
+    say nothing of the deaths caused by its habitual use; and those
+    who give it ignore the very fundamental principles of physiology
+    and the many published statistics. The Boston Hospital report
+    tells a sad story in this connection; it shows that out of 1,042
+    cases treated with alcoholics 386 died, while out of the same
+    number treated without alcohol only 81 died. Using plain English
+    305 were actually killed by it."
+
+Dr. T. D. Crothers, in the January, 1899, _Bulletin of the American
+Medical Temperance Association_, gave the following Hospital Statistics,
+showing a decline in the use of spirits in hospitals:--
+
+    "Evidently a great change is going on in the use of alcohol as a
+    remedy in large hospitals. The annual reports of ten hospitals
+    in the New England and the Middle States show the following
+    widely varying figures. The spirits used include beers, wines,
+    whiskies and brandies, and vary from eleven to sixty-one cents a
+    person for all the cases treated. These hospitals treat from
+    eighty to seven hundred cases a year, both surgical and medical,
+    and the medical staff are the leading physicians of the towns
+    and cities where they are located. The hospital where the
+    largest amount of spirits was used is not different from others,
+    nor is the one where the lowest amount is reported. The
+    conclusion is that this difference is due entirely to the
+    judgment of the medical men. The lowest rate (eleven cents each)
+    was in a hospital where one hundred and twenty-one cases had
+    been under treatment. The highest rate (sixty-one cents) was in
+    a hospital of five hundred and forty cases. The mortality from
+    typhoid fever and pneumonia was eight per cent. higher in this
+    hospital than in the one where only eleven cents a head had been
+    expended for spirits. The general mortality did not vary greatly
+    in any of these hospitals, and the records of one year could not
+    be expected to show this. In the remaining hospitals the
+    mortality of the fever and the septic cases was about the same.
+    The free use of spirits did not show any improvement, but rather
+    an increase of the death-rate, while the same amount of spirits
+    used showed but little change, and that in the line of
+    improvement of death-rate. These are only the figures of one
+    year, but they indicate a change of practice, and show the
+    passing of alcohol as a remedy."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+REASONS WHY ALCOHOL IS DANGEROUS AS MEDICINE.
+
+
+In the chapter upon "The Effects of Alcohol upon the Human Body" are
+cited some of the reasons assigned by scientific investigators for their
+disuse of alcohol as a remedy in disease. In this chapter the same may
+be briefly hinted at, while others, some the results of quite recent
+research, will be added.
+
+In the _Bulletin of the A. M. T. A._, for January 1898, Dr. N. S. Davis
+says:--
+
+    "The supposed effects of alcohol as a medicine were originally
+    based solely on the sensations and actions of the patients
+    taking it. The first appreciable effect of the alcohol after
+    entering the blood is that of an anæsthetic; that is, it
+    diminishes the sensibility of the brain and nerve structures, in
+    the same direction as ether and chloroform. And, as the brain is
+    the material seat of man's consciousness, the alcohol renders
+    him less conscious of cold or heat, of weariness or pain, and
+    less conscious of his own weight or of any external resistance.
+    Consequently, when under the influence of small doses, he feels
+    lighter and less conscious of any external impressions, and
+    thinks he could do more than without it. It was these effects
+    that led both the patient and his physician to regard the
+    alcohol as a general stimulant or tonic, notwithstanding the
+    fact that by simply increasing the doses of alcohol the
+    sensibility soon became entirely suspended, and the patient
+    helpless and altogether unconscious. * * * * *
+
+    "Simple increased frequency of the heart action is no evidence
+    of either increased force or efficiency in promoting the
+    circulation of the blood. Indeed, it may be stated as a
+    physiological law, that the more frequent the heart action above
+    the normal standard, the less efficiently does it promote the
+    circulation and strength of the living system. But the effect of
+    a moderate dose of alcohol in increasing the frequency of the
+    heart-beat and of blood pressure is so temporary that the doses
+    must be repeated so often that the alcohol accumulates in the
+    blood and tissues, and extends its paralyzing effects to all the
+    vasomotor, cardiac and respiratory nerves. Indeed, all the
+    investigators agree that alcohol in any dose capable of
+    producing an appreciable effect, diminishes the function of the
+    lungs in direct proportion to the quantity taken; and as the
+    lungs are the only channel through which free oxygen reaches the
+    blood, and such oxygen is the natural exciter of all vital
+    activities in the living body, it is not possible to explain how
+    alcohol, or any other drug that diminishes the function of the
+    lungs can, at the same time, act as a cardiac, or any other kind
+    of tonic.
+
+    "The truth is that all intelligent physicians and writers on
+    therapeutics of the present day agree in stating that alcohol in
+    large doses directly diminishes all the vital processes in the
+    living body, and in still larger doses suspends the life of the
+    individual by paralyzing the cerebral, vasomotor, respiratory
+    and cardiac functions, generally in the order named. If large
+    doses produce such effects, we must logically claim that small
+    doses act in the same direction, but in less degree. In other
+    words, alcohol is as truly and exclusively an anæsthetic as is
+    ether or chloroform, and, like them, is to be used as a medicine
+    only temporarily to relieve pain, or suspend nerve sensibility.
+    But as for these purposes it is less efficient than either ether
+    or chloroform, and other narcotics, there is no necessity for
+    using it as a remedy in the treatment of disease. And in health
+    its use in any dose can be productive of nothing but injury. The
+    only legitimate fields for the uses of alcohol are in chemistry,
+    pharmacy and the arts."
+
+In another issue of the same magazine, Dr. Davis writes of the
+investigations pursued by M. Robin of France in regard to the chemistry
+of respiration. These investigations, he says, afford conclusive proof
+that the acts of oxidation are defensive processes of the organism in
+its struggle with bacteria, and therefore that the physician should
+favor in every possible way the absorption of oxygen in every infection,
+especially when there are typhoid complications.
+
+He then speaks of the researches of other scientists in the same line,
+concluding thus:--
+
+    "If we add to the foregoing investigations the results obtained
+    by Dr. A. C. Abbott, demonstrating that the presence of alcohol
+    directly diminished the vital resistance to infections, we
+    cannot fail to see that the administration of alcohol in
+    diphtheria, typhoid fever, pneumonia and other infectious
+    diseases, is directly contraindicated. If, as shown by M. Robin,
+    'the acts of oxidation are defensive processes' against
+    bacterial infections, then certainly the administration of
+    alcohol to patients with such infections is in the highest
+    degree illogical and injurious. The oxygen being obtained for
+    oxidation purposes in the blood and tissues, through the
+    respiratory process, it would be equally absurd to administer
+    alcohol in all cases in which it is desirable to increase the
+    processes of oxidation, as a long series of experiments has
+    shown that the presence of alcohol diminishes the efficiency of
+    the respiratory process in direct proportion to the quantity
+    used.
+
+    "How much longer will practical writers continue to recommend
+    for the same patient on the same day, fresh air, sponge baths,
+    and vasomotor and respiratory tonics to increase the absorption
+    of oxygen and oxidation processes, and alcohol in the form of
+    wine, whisky and brandy to directly diminish the respiratory
+    function and all the oxidations of the living system?"
+
+In his address before the Medical Congress for the Study of Alcohol,
+held at Prohibition Park, Staten Island, July 15, 1891, Dr. Davis
+said:--
+
+    "If the foregoing views regarding the effects of alcoholic
+    liquids on the human system in health, are correct, what can we
+    say concerning their value as remedies for the treatment of
+    disease? If it be true that the alcohol they contain acts
+    directly upon the corpuscular elements of the blood, and so far
+    diminishes the metabolic processes of nutrition and
+    disintegration as to lessen nerve sensibility and heat
+    production, and favor tissue degenerations, their rational
+    application in the treatment of any form of disease must be very
+    limited. And yet the same errors and delusions concerning their
+    use in the treatment of diseases and accidents are entertained
+    and daily acted upon by a large majority of medical men as are
+    entertained by the non-professional part of the public.
+    Throughout the greater part of our medical literature they are
+    represented as stimulating and restorative, capable of
+    increasing the force and efficiency of the circulation, and of
+    conserving the normal living tissues by diminishing their waste;
+    and hence they are the first to be resorted to in all cases of
+    sudden exhaustion, faintness or shock; the last to be given to
+    the dying; and the most constant remedies through the most
+    important and protracted acute general diseases. Indeed, it is
+    this position and practice of the profession that constitutes,
+    at the present time, the strongest influence in support of all
+    the popular though erroneous and destructive drinking customs of
+    the people.
+
+    "The same anæsthetic properties of the alcohol that render the
+    laboring man less _conscious_ of the cold or heat or weariness,
+    also render the sick man less conscious of suffering, either
+    mental or physical, and thereby deceive both him and his
+    physician by the appearance, temporarily, of more comfort. But
+    if administered during the progress of fevers or acute general
+    disease, while it thus quiets the patient's restlessness and
+    lessens his consciousness of suffering, it also directly
+    diminishes the vasomotor and excito-motor nerve forces with
+    slight reduction of temperature, and steadily diminishes both
+    the tissue metabolism and the excretory products, thereby
+    favoring the retention in the system of both the specific causes
+    of disease and the natural excretory materials which should have
+    been eliminated through the skin, lungs, kidneys and other
+    glandular organs. Although the immediate effect of the remedy is
+    thus to give the patient an appearance of more comfort, the
+    continued dulling or anæsthetic effect on the nervous centres,
+    the diminished oxygenation of the blood, and the continued
+    retention of morbitic and excretory products, all serve to
+    protract the disease, increase molecular degeneration, and add
+    to the number of fatal results.
+
+    "I am well aware that the foregoing views, founded on the
+    results of numerous and varied experimental researches and
+    well-known physiological laws, and corroborated by a wide
+    clinical experience, are in direct conflict with the very
+    generally accepted doctrine that alcohol is a cardiac tonic,
+    capable of increasing the force and efficiency of the
+    circulation, and therefore of great value in the treatment of
+    the lower grades of general fevers. But there have been many
+    generally accepted doctrines in the history of medicine that
+    have been proved fallacious. And the more recent experiments of
+    Professors Martin, Sidney Ringer, and Sainsbury, Reichert, H. C.
+    Wood and others, have clearly demonstrated that the presence of
+    alcohol in the blood as certainly diminishes the sensibility of
+    the vasomotor and cardiac nerves in proportion to its quantity
+    until the heart stops, paralyzed, as that two and two make
+    four.
+
+    "After an ample clinical field of observation in both hospital
+    and private practice for more than fifty years, and a continuous
+    study of our medical literature, I am prepared to maintain the
+    position that the ratio of mortality from all the acute general
+    diseases has increased in direct proportion to the quantity of
+    alcoholic remedies administered during their treatment. How can
+    we reasonably expect any other result from the use of an agent
+    that so directly and uniformly diminishes the cerebral
+    respiratory, cardiac and metabolic functions of the living human
+    body?"
+
+The _Medical Pioneer_ of January, 1896, contained a very interesting
+article by Dr. J. H. Kellogg upon "The Influence of Alcohol upon Urinary
+Toxicity, and its Relation to the Medical Use of Alcohol." He gives the
+results of many of his own experiments to determine the effects of
+alcohol in hindering the elimination of poisonous matter by the kidneys.
+The subject of one experiment was a healthy man of 30 years, weighing 66
+kilos. For fifty days prior to the experiment he had taken a carefully
+regulated diet, and the urotoxic coefficient had remained very nearly
+uniform. The urine carefully collected for the first eight hours after
+the administration of 8 ounces of brandy diluted with water, showed an
+enormous diminution in the urotoxic coefficient, which was, in fact,
+scarcely more than half the normal coefficient for the individual in
+question. The urine collected for the second period of eight hours
+showed an increase of toxicity, and that for the third period of eight
+hours showed still further increase of toxicity, the coefficient having
+nearly returned to its normal standard.
+
+Of this Dr. Kellogg says:--
+
+    "The bearing of this experiment upon the use of alcohol in
+    pneumonia, typhoid fever, erysipelas, cholera and other
+    infectious diseases, will be clearly seen. In all the maladies
+    named, and in nearly all other infectious diseases, which
+    include the greater number of acute maladies, the symptoms which
+    give the patient the greatest inconvenience, and those which
+    have a fatal termination, when such is the result, are directly
+    attributable to the influence of the toxic substances generated
+    within the system of the patient as the result of the specific
+    microbes to which the disease owes its origin. The activity of
+    the liver in destroying these poisons, and of the kidneys in
+    eliminating them, are the physiologic processes which stand
+    between the patient and death. In a very grave case of
+    infectious disease, without this destructive and eliminative
+    activity the accumulation of poison within the system would
+    quickly reach a fatal point. The symptoms of the patient vary
+    for better or worse in relation to the augmentation or
+    diminution of the quantity of toxic substances within the body.
+
+    "In view of these facts, is it not a pertinent question to ask
+    how alcohol can be of service in the treatment of such disorders
+    as pneumonia, typhoid fever, cholera, erysipelas and other
+    infections, since it acts in such a decided and powerful manner
+    in diminishing urinary toxicity--in other words, in lessening
+    the ability of the kidney to eliminate toxic substances? In
+    infectious diseases of every sort, the body is struggling under
+    the influence of toxic agents, the result of the action of
+    microbes. Alcohol is another toxic agent of precisely the same
+    origin. Like other toxins resulting from like processes of
+    bacterial growth, its influence upon the human organism is
+    unfriendly; it disturbs the vital processes; it disturbs every
+    vital function, and, as we have shown, in a most marked degree
+    diminishes the efficiency of the kidneys in the removal of the
+    toxins which constitute the most active factor in the diseases
+    named, and in others of analogous character. If a patient is
+    struggling under the influence of the pneumococcus, Eberth's
+    bacillus, Koch's cholera microbe or the pus-producing germs
+    which give rise to erysipelatous inflammation, his kidneys
+    laboring to undo, so far as possible, the mischief done by the
+    invading parasites, by eliminating the poisons formed by them,
+    what good could possibly be accomplished by the administration
+    of a drug, one of the characteristic effects of which is to
+    diminish renal activity, thereby diminishing also the quantity
+    of poisons eliminated through this channel? Is not such a course
+    in the highest degree calculated to add fuel to the flame? Is it
+    not placing obstacles in the way of the vital forces which are
+    already hampered in their work by the powerfully toxic agents to
+    the influence of which they are subjected?
+
+    "In his address before the American Medical Association at
+    Milwaukee, Dr. Ernest Hart, editor of the _British Medical
+    Journal_, very aptly suggested in relation to the treatment of
+    cholera, the inutility of alcohol, basing his suggestion upon
+    the fact that in a case of cholera, the system of the patient is
+    combating the specific poison which is the product of the
+    microbe of this disease, and hence is not likely to be aided by
+    the introduction of a poison produced by another microbe;
+    namely, alcohol. This logic seems very sound, and the facts in
+    relation to the influence of alcohol upon urinary toxicity or
+    renal activity, which are elucidated by our experiment, fully
+    sustain this observation of Mr. Hart.
+
+    "In a recent number of the _British Medical Journal_, Dr. Lauder
+    Brunton, the eminent English physiologist and neurologist, in
+    mentioning the fact that death from chloroform anæsthesia rarely
+    occurs in India, but is not infrequent in England, attributed
+    the fact to the meat-eating habits of the English people, the
+    natives of India being almost strictly vegetarian in diet,
+    partly from force of circumstances doubtless, but largely also,
+    no doubt, as the result of their religious belief, the larger
+    proportion of the population being more or less strict adherents
+    to the doctrines of Buddha, which strictly prohibit the use of
+    flesh foods.
+
+    "The theory advanced by Dr. Lauder Brunton in relation to death
+    from chloroform poisoning, is that the patient does not die
+    directly from the influence of chloroform upon the nerve
+    centres, but that death is due to the influence of chloroform
+    upon the kidneys, whereby the elimination of the ptomaines and
+    leucomaines naturally produced within the body, ceases, their
+    destruction by the liver also ceasing, so that the system is
+    suddenly overwhelmed by a great quantity of poison, and succumbs
+    to its influence, its power of resistance being lessened by the
+    inhalation of the chloroform.
+
+    "The affinity between alcohol and chloroform is very great. Both
+    are anæsthetics. Both chloroform and alcohol are simply
+    different compounds of the same radical, and the results of our
+    experiment certainly suggest the same thought as that expressed
+    by Dr. Brunton. How absurd, then, is the administration of
+    alcohol in conditions in which the highest degree of kidney
+    activity is required for the elimination of toxic agents!
+
+    "In a certain proportion of chronic cases there is a tendency to
+    tissue degeneration. Modern investigations have given good
+    ground for the belief that these degenerations are the result of
+    the influence of ptomaines, leucomaines and other poisons
+    produced within the body, upon the tissues. It is well known
+    that many of these toxic agents, even in very small quantity
+    give rise to degenerations of the kidney. It is this fact which
+    explains the occurrence of nephritis in connection with
+    diphtheria, scarlet fever and other infectious maladies. Dana
+    has called attention to the probable role played by ptomaines
+    produced in the alimentary canal in the development of organic
+    disease of the central nervous system.
+
+    "It is thus apparent that the integrity of the renal functions
+    is a matter of as great importance in chronic as in acute
+    disease, hence any agent which diminishes the efficiency of
+    these organs in ridding the system of poisons, either those
+    normally and regularly produced, or those of an accidental or
+    unusual character, must be pernicious and dangerous in use."
+
+Among the more recent findings of science in regard to the effects of
+alcohol are the action of this drug upon the leucocytes or "guardian
+cells" of the body. Leucocytes are defined to be "minute, nucleated,
+colorless masses of protoplasm, capable of ameboid movements, found
+swimming freely in blood and lymph, in the reticulum of lymphatic
+glands, and in bone-marrow and other connective tissue." The white
+corpuscles of the blood are leucocytes. "The work of these cells is to
+prey upon and take into their substance bacteria and other
+micro-organisms within the blood and tissues. This destruction of
+bacteria, and other noxious organisms, has the biological name of
+phagocytosis."
+
+Dr. Alonzo Brown in _Physician and Surgeon_ says of phagocytosis:--
+
+    "Recently a brilliant theory has been projected into the
+    histological world. It is the principle of phagocytosis. The
+    beauty of it is so great that we are attracted by it, and its
+    reasonings have riveted general attention. It is said that
+    certain cells have the power to absorb and so destroy other
+    cells. This is phagocytosis. It is said that 'the cells which
+    are known to possess phagocytocic properties are the leucocytes,
+    mucous corpuscles, connective tissue cells, endothelia of blood
+    vessels and lymphatic vessels, alveolar eypithelium of the
+    lungs, and the cells of the spleen, bone, marrow and lymphatic
+    glands.' (Senn). This is a very significant array of colloid
+    matter; and it has been repeatedly affirmed by the highest
+    authorities that alcohol is poisonous to the colloid element.
+
+    "Now, among the most important of the phagocytes just enumerated
+    are the leucocytes. They embrace and enfold the pathogenic germs
+    with which they come in contact by what is known as an ameboid
+    force. They enclose, disintegrate and absorb the enemy. It is
+    well known that the moment the leucocytes are submitted to an
+    alcoholic solution, their ameboid movements cease, and their
+    function is arrested. It is plain that their phagocytocic power
+    is immediately destroyed. It is possible, also, that the fixed
+    tissue-cells are likewise impaired or killed by alcoholic
+    imbibition. How deleterious, and even deadly, must the internal
+    administration of alcoholic liquors then be in the treatment of
+    diphtheria, and of other diseases having a germinal origin? It
+    therefore follows, to my mind, that all the diseases which are
+    the result of germinal infection, are most badly treated when
+    alcohol is used in their therapy.
+
+    "With extreme brevity I advert to another view in the field. It
+    is that of adynamic disease. It has been conclusively proven
+    that alcohol decreases the muscular power. It decreases (from
+    the minimum dose to the maximum) the power of the heart as well
+    as that of all other muscles. I say this has been absolutely
+    demonstrated by Richardson and others. In death from adynamia it
+    is through failure of muscle, that is, of the heart, of the
+    scaleni and intercostals, of the diaphragm, and of the laryngeal
+    muscles, et cetera. All of the muscles may gradually fail,
+    become wearied unto death. How pernicious then must alcohol be
+    in adding its influence to bring about the tragic end!
+
+    "It is my belief that it is in diphtheria that the most dire
+    results are to be observed. In that disease the vast majority of
+    cases die by asthenia, or else by sudden failure of the heart.
+    To what is this sudden cardiac paralysis due? The elucidation is
+    as follows. In the grave cases there is almost invariably a
+    subnormal temperature, together with great muscular
+    prostration. Also it is a physiological fact that a decrease of
+    the temperature slows nervous conduction. As the system is made
+    colder, the nervous force flows slower and slower. In diphtheria
+    the heart muscle is very weak, the temperature falls, the
+    lessened nervous energy but feebly animates the muscular fibres,
+    and so actual paralysis ensues, death closing the scene almost
+    instantaneously. Now, in such a state of imminent danger,
+    brought about by such causes, what could be worse than to
+    administer an agent which notably reduces temperature, and at
+    the same time enfeebles muscular power? May I add, what could be
+    the remedy in such a condition? and I answer, _External heat
+    freely applied to the whole surface of the body_. This will
+    prevent the cardiac paralysis whenever it is preventable."
+
+The _Medical Pioneer_ of Dec., 1892, contained an editorial article upon
+"The Toxine Alcohol," which deals with leucocytes and their functions.
+The following is the article:--
+
+    "Dr. Broadbent's introductory address at the opening of the
+    session at Owen's College, Manchester, deserves more attention
+    than most of these formal deliveries. He dwelt on the
+    intellectual interest which attaches to the study of medical
+    science, and illustrated it, among other ways, by the interest
+    excited by recent observations on the action of bacilli and the
+    combat which goes on between these invading hosts and the
+    guardian cells or leucocytes of the living body. Inflammation
+    surrounding a wound is regarded as caused by the influx and
+    multiplication of leucocytes to engulf and destroy septic
+    bacilli which have gained entrance from the air, a 'local war'
+    of defence. The issue of this pitched battle will depend on the
+    relative number and activity of the respective hosts.
+    Inflammation round a poisoned wound is an evidence of vital
+    power and a means of protecting the system at large from
+    invasion and devastation. If this first line of defence is
+    broken through, the bacilli pass through the lymphatic spaces
+    and ducts to the glands, and another battle ensues which
+    produces glandular swelling and inflammation and possibly
+    abscess. This second line of defence may be insufficient and
+    then we get general septicæmia. It is now well proven that the
+    injury is done, not by the bacilli themselves but by the toxines
+    which they secrete or excrete. Dr. Broadbent very properly
+    points out that the action of the bacilli of fever in the body
+    is strictly comparable to the action of yeast in a fermentable
+    liquid. The yeast cells grow and multiply at the expense of the
+    sugar, in destroying which they produce alcohol, carbonic
+    dioxide and other substances. When the alcohol amounts to some
+    17 per cent. of the liquid the process is stopped by the
+    poisonous action of the alcohol on the yeast cells. In just the
+    same way the toxines produced by the bacilli at length stop
+    their further multiplication and put an end to the disease.
+    Alcohol is in fact, the toxine produced by yeast, and, like many
+    other toxines, it is not only poisonous to cells which produce
+    it, but to any animal into whose veins it may happen to get.
+
+    "There can be little doubt that the state of immunity which one
+    attack of certain fevers confers against future attacks depends
+    partly upon what is called the phagocytic action of leucocytes.
+    These have been actually observed to draw into their interior
+    and destroy bacilli which would otherwise have multiplied and
+    produced their special effects. There can be little doubt,
+    either, that we are continually taking into our systems bacilli
+    of all sorts, and that, again, disease is averted by the
+    activity of the germ-devouring leucocytes. Dr. Broadbent
+    describes an experiment which proves that power of resisting
+    disease is largely dependent on the activity of these cells. A
+    rabbit, having had a certain quantity of bacilli injected under
+    its skin, suffers from inflammation at the spot, and perhaps
+    abscess, but recovers. At the same time, another rabbit is
+    treated in precisely the same way, but, simultaneously, a dose
+    of chloral is injected into another part of the body. The
+    chloral, circulating in the blood, is known to paralyze
+    leucocytes, and, as a result of this, they do not collect and
+    wage war on the bacilli injected under the skin; there is very
+    little local reaction, the bacilli get free course into the
+    lymph and blood, and the animal dies. But, in the words of Dr.
+    Broadbent, 'alcohol in excess has a similar action on the
+    leucocytes, and this, as well as the deteriorating influence of
+    chronic alcoholism on the tissues, predisposes to septic
+    infection. A single debauch, therefore, may open the door to
+    fever or erysipelas.' A similar experiment of Doyen confirms
+    this. He found that guinea pigs can be killed by the cholera
+    microbe, when introduced by the mouth, if a dose of alcohol has
+    been previously administered. It has been the general testimony
+    of observers in cholera epidemics that those addicted to much
+    alcohol are far more liable to fatal attacks. But while large
+    doses of alcohol are, of course, more obviously injurious, it
+    would be absurd to imagine that lesser quantities are entirely
+    without influence in the same direction. It has, indeed, been
+    shown by Dr. Ridge, that even infinitesimal quantities of
+    alcohol, such as one part in 5,000, cause a more rapid
+    multiplication of the _bacillus subtilis_ and other bacilli of
+    decomposition, while, by the same quantities, the growth of both
+    animal and vegetable protoplasm is retarded. Hence there can be
+    no longer any question that alcohol renders the body more liable
+    to conquest by invading microbes, less able to resist and
+    destroy them. Alcohol, a toxine injurious to living cells, is
+    destroyed or removed from the body as fast as nature can effect
+    it, but while it remains, and while able to affect the cells at
+    all, its action is detrimental to healthy growth and healthy
+    life, and the less we take of such an agent the better for us.
+    This is a dictum which it becomes the profession to enunciate
+    far and wide. 'The less, the better' is a watchword which all
+    may use, and the wise will interpret it in a way which will
+    infallibly preserve them altogether from all possible danger
+    from such a source."
+
+On the sixteenth of December, 1897, Dr. Sims Woodhead, president of the
+British Medical Temperance Association, gave a masterly address in
+London upon "Recent Researches on the Action of Alcohol." The lecture
+was illustrated by lantern slides. From the report given in _The Medical
+Temperance Review_ of Jan., 1898, the following is culled:--
+
+    "In a series of drawings of kidney you will notice first that
+    there is a condition known as cloudy swelling; this is one of
+    the first changes that can be observed. Notice the
+    characteristic features of this cloudy swelling in the cells of
+    all these specimens. The large swollen cells are granular, and
+    very frequently there is a granular mass in the lumen of the
+    tubule. In some cases the cells are so much swollen that the
+    lumen of the tubule is represented merely by a 'star-shaped'
+    radiating chink. The nucleus is usually somewhat obscured, that
+    this alcoholic cloudy swelling (similar to that met with as the
+    result of the administration of certain poisons) is the first
+    change observed in the parenchymatous cells of the organs of
+    animals that have died of acute alcoholic poisoning. This
+    condition, unless the cause is removed, goes on to a condition
+    of fatty-degeneration, as shown in the next specimen in which we
+    have, in addition to the granular appearance of the protoplasm
+    of the cell, a deposition of masses of fat in and at the expense
+    of this protoplasm.
+
+    "There is another series of changes to which I wish to draw your
+    attention. In the tubules of the kidney we have, in addition to
+    the granular appearance of the protoplasm of the cells, an
+    increase in the number of leucocytes, and connective tissue
+    cells between the tubules around the glomeruli and along the
+    course of the blood-vessels. This condition of small cell
+    infiltration, we know, is constantly associated with
+    inflammatory conditions of the kidney as in other organs. Here
+    then are the changes in the epithelium plus increase in the
+    number of leucocytes.
+
+    "I show you too a specimen of heart muscle, in which the
+    granular degeneration, or cloudy swelling is well marked whilst
+    here and there the process is going on to fatty degeneration,
+    similar to that seen in the kidney. Here again, then, the active
+    elements of the organ are becoming broken down, or, at any rate,
+    losing their normal structure and affording evidence of
+    fundamental changes in these cells. Such changes are set up, not
+    by any one poison alone, or by any single disease toxin, but by
+    members of many groups of poisons, by alcohols, ethers, etc.
+    indeed by very various poisons--animal, vegetable and mineral.
+
+    "Now, it is a peculiar fact, as shown by Massart, Bordet and
+    others, in researches on chemiotaxis, that nearly all these
+    poisons have the power of repelling leucocytes, and of seriously
+    interfering with them in the performance of their functions, and
+    this power assumes a special significance in connection with our
+    subject this afternoon.
+
+    "Now, two of the great functions of leucocytes under ordinary
+    conditions are those of policing and scavenging. Massart and
+    Bordet showed, under the action of certain substances, alcohol
+    amongst others, these functions are lost, but following up
+    Metchnikoff and others they observed that after a time these
+    same leucocytes became accustomed to the presence of these
+    poisons, gradually becoming 'acclimatized' as it were. At first
+    paralyzed or repelled, they after a time pluck up courage to
+    attack the invading substances and carry on or renew their
+    accustomed work of scavenging; they try to get rid of both
+    poisons and poison-producers, and even acquire the power of
+    forming substances (anti-toxins) which can neutralize the poison
+    and allow the cells to devote their energy to doing their own
+    proper work.
+
+    "Here are drawings of minute abscesses that have formed in the
+    wall of the heart. We see at once the part that the leucocytes
+    play in attacking micro-organisms, and of localizing their
+    action. Look at the blood-vessel in the wall of the heart with
+    its plug of micro-organism (staphylococci) in the centre of a
+    clear space; here the leucocytes are not numerous, indeed they
+    are very sparsely scattered, and appear to have been driven back
+    by the organisms or their toxics. Then a little distance away
+    from the toxin and toxin-forming organisms, the leucocytes are
+    coming up in large numbers, forming a sort of protecting army,
+    as it were. This is known as leucocytosis. In the small patent
+    vessels around this commencing abscess numerous leucocytes, far
+    in excess of the usual proportion, may be seen--the nearer the
+    abscess, the more numerous they become. Thus the leucocytes make
+    their way to what is to become the wall of the abscess, and form
+    a layer around a mass of micro-organisms, localizing, or
+    attempting to localize, such mass. So long as the leucocytes can
+    make their way to this mass, and shut it off from the
+    surrounding tissue, so long we shall have no extension of the
+    abscess.
+
+    "Now, if you add something--alcohol in the case we are
+    considering--which not only exerts a negative chemiotaxic
+    action--i. e., which drives the leucocyte away--but which, as we
+    have seen, also causes degeneration of nerve, muscle and
+    epithelial cells, shall we not injure the infected patient both
+    directly and indirectly by interfering with the return of the
+    leucocytes driven away, by diminishing or altering the
+    functional activity of these cells, and indirectly by
+    interfering with the excretion of the poisons (owing, as we have
+    seen, to a degenerated condition of the secretory epithelium)?
+    Have we not, in fact, a cumulative action of two substances,
+    either of which alone would do damage, but not in the same
+    proportion as do the two when acting together.
+
+    "Now let us see what we may learn from a series of experiments
+    carried out by Dr. Abbott, working in the Laboratory of Hygiene
+    of the University of Pennsylvania, under the auspices of the
+    committee of fifty, to investigate the Alcohol Question.
+
+    "These are his conclusions:--
+
+    1. "That the normal vital resistance of rabbits to infection by
+    streptococcus pyogenes is markedly diminished through the
+    influence of alcohol when given daily to the stage of acute
+    intoxication. 2. That a similar, though by no means so
+    conspicuous, diminution of resistance to infection and
+    intoxication by the bacillus coli communis also occurs in
+    rabbits subjected to the same influences.
+
+    "Throughout these experiments, with few exceptions, it will be
+    seen that the alcoholized animals not only showed the effects of
+    the inoculations earlier than did the non-alcoholized rabbits,
+    but in the case of the streptococcus inoculations, the lesions
+    produced (formation of miliary abscesses) were much more
+    pronounced than are those that usually follow inoculations with
+    this organism.
+
+    "With regard to the predisposing influence of the alcohol, one
+    is constrained to believe that it is in most cases the result of
+    structural alterations consequent upon its direct action on the
+    tissues, though in a number of animals no such alterations could
+    be made out by microscopic examinations. I am inclined, however,
+    to the belief, in the light of the work of Berkley and
+    Friedenwald, done under the direction of Professor Welch, in the
+    pathological laboratory of the Johns Hopkins University, that a
+    closer study of the tissues of these animals would have revealed
+    in all of them structural changes of such a nature as to
+    indicate disturbances of important vital functions of sufficient
+    gravity fully to account for the loss of normal resistance.
+
+    "Following up Dr. Abbott's experiments, Dr. Deléarde, working in
+    Calmette's laboratory in the _Institut Pasteur_ at Lille, made a
+    series of observations which are, from many points of view, of
+    very great interest and importance as he attacks it from an
+    entirely new standpoint, one that will, I hope, ere long, be
+    taken up by those working in this country. It has already been
+    demonstrated that 'alcoholics' suffer far more seriously from
+    microbic affections than do those of sober life, and it is now
+    accepted that amongst them the mortality from this class of
+    disease is higher than amongst those who are not accustomed to
+    take alcohol regularly or to excess.
+
+    "It is pointed out, as most of us have from time to time had the
+    opportunity of observing, that, taking pneumonia as an example
+    of this class of disease, there can be no doubt that the
+    alcoholic patient has not merely an appreciably smaller chance
+    for recovery, but an apparently slight attack becomes one in
+    which the chances of recovery come to be against the patient
+    rather than in his favor. I well remember when I was House
+    Physician in the Royal Infirmary at Edinburgh that Dr. Muirhead,
+    who almost invariably treated his pneumonic patients without
+    alcohol, used to say that an ordinary case of acute pneumonia
+    should always recover under careful treatment, but that cases of
+    pneumonia in 'alcoholics' were always most anxious cases and in
+    every way unsatisfactory. (Slides were shown on screen to
+    illustrate the changes taking place in pneumonia, the conditions
+    of leucocytosis, and the very important part which leucocytes
+    play in the process of 'clearing up' during the course of the
+    patient's recovery). Dr. Deléarde in an admirable summary gives
+    the principal features of pneumonia in alcoholics. He describes
+    it as running a comparatively prolonged course, as being often
+    accompanied by a violent delirium, following which is a period
+    of prostration or of coma; even in those who recover, abscesses
+    frequently occur in the liver, or in other organs. He also
+    points out that there may be a similar chain of events in other
+    infective conditions such as erysipelas and typhoid fever, but
+    as he insists that, until Abbott's experiments on the
+    streptococcus,[A] staphylococcus[A] and bacterium coli,[A] in
+    alcoholized and non-alcoholized animals, little attempt has
+    been made to indicate the mechanism, or, at any rate, the
+    process by which alcoholized individuals are rendered more
+    susceptible to the invasion and action of micro-organisms.
+
+        [Footnote A: Microbes or bacteria of different kinds.]
+
+    "As we have already seen, Abbott's experiments prove beyond
+    doubt that attenuated disease-producing organisms, which in
+    healthy animals do not kill immediately, bring about a fatal
+    result when the animal has previously been treated with alcohol.
+    In order to determine which was the most important factor in the
+    destruction or weakening of the resisting agents in the body,
+    Dr. Deléarde conceived the idea of experimenting with those
+    diseases in which it has been found possible to produce,
+    artificially, as it were, and under controlled conditions, an
+    immunity or insusceptibility in healthy animals. He carried out
+    a series of experiments on rabbits, immunizing against and
+    infecting with the virus of hydrophobia, tetanus and anthrax.[B]
+    To these rabbits he first administered a quantity of alcohol,
+    from 6 to 8 c.c. at first, and gradually rises to 10 c.c. doses
+    per diem.
+
+        [Footnote B: Carbuncle.]
+
+    "There is in the first instance a slight falling off in weight
+    of the animal, but after a time this ceases, and the animal may
+    again become heavier, until the original weight is reached. He
+    then took a series of animals and vaccinated them against
+    hydrophobia. In one set the animals were afterwards alcoholized
+    and then injected with a considerable quantity of virulent rabic
+    cord. It was here found that immunity against rabies had not
+    been lost.
+
+    "In a second set the vaccination and alcoholization were carried
+    on simultaneously, a fatal dose (as proved by control
+    experiment) of rabic cord was then injected, when it was found
+    that little or no immunity had been acquired. In a third series
+    the alcohol was stopped before the immunizing process was
+    commenced. In this case marked immunity was acquired.
+
+    "As regards rabies, then, acute alcoholism, especially when
+    continued for comparatively short periods, simply has the
+    effect of preventing the acquisition of immunity when alcohol is
+    administered during the period when the immunizing process ought
+    to be going on. This indicates that the action of the alcohol in
+    acute alcoholism is direct, and that although its administration
+    prevents the acquisition of immunity it does not alter the cells
+    so materially that they cannot regain some of their original
+    powers, whilst once the immunity has been gained by the cells,
+    alcohol cannot, immediately, so fundamentally alter them that
+    they lose the immunity they have already acquired. When we come
+    to the consideration of the case of tetanus, however, we are
+    carried a step further. Dr. Deléarde repeating his immunizing
+    and alcoholizing experiments, but now working with tetanus virus
+    in place of rabic virus, found--and, perhaps, here it may be as
+    well to give his own words:--
+
+    (1) "'That animals vaccinated against tetanus and afterwards
+    alcoholized lose their immunity against tetanus;
+
+    (2) "'That animals vaccinated against tetanus and at the same
+    time alcoholized do not readily acquire immunity;
+
+    (3) "'That animals first alcoholized and then vaccinated may
+    acquire immunity against tetanus if alcohol is suppressed from
+    the commencement of the process of vaccination.'
+
+    "In the case of anthrax too, as we gather from another series of
+    experiments, it is almost impossible to confer immunity, if the
+    animal is alcoholized during the time that it is being
+    vaccinated, and although the animals, first alcoholized and then
+    vaccinated, may acquire a certain amount of immunity, they
+    rapidly lose condition and are certainly more ill than
+    non-alcoholized animals vaccinated simultaneously.
+
+    "We have already mentioned that Massart and Bordet some years
+    ago pointed out that alcohol, even in very dilute solutions,
+    exerts a very active negative chemiotaxis, i. e., it appears to
+    have properties by which leucocytes are repelled or driven away
+    from its neighborhood and actions. Alcohol thus prevents the
+    cells from attacking invading bodies or of reacting in the
+    presence of the toxins which also, as is well known, exert a
+    more or less marked negative chemiotaxis, i.e., the cells appear
+    to be paralyzed. In all diseases, then, in which the leucocytes
+    help to remove an invading organism or in which they have the
+    power of reacting or of carrying on their functions in the
+    presence of a toxin, we should expect that alcohol would to a
+    certain extent deprive them of this power or interfere with
+    their capacity for acquiring a greater resisting power or of
+    reinforcing the powers of resistance. It appears indeed to
+    reinforce the poison formed by pathogenic organisms. Dr.
+    Deléarde maintains moreover that chronic alcoholism increases
+    enormously the difficulty of rendering an animal immune to
+    anthrax, whilst as those who have had any experience of cases of
+    anthrax know full well alcoholics, whether acute or chronic,
+    manifest a remarkable susceptibility both as regards attacks of
+    anthrax and the fatality of the disease when once contracted.
+    Further as clinical proof of the correctness of another of these
+    sets of experiments, Dr. Deléarde instances two cases of rabies
+    which have come under observation in the Institut Pasteur--one,
+    a man of 30 years of age, of intemperate habits who after a
+    complete treatment of 18 days after a bite in the hand died of
+    hydrophobia; the other, a child of 13 years who was bitten on
+    the face by the same dog that had attacked the other patient,
+    and on the same day--who underwent the same treatment remained
+    perfectly well. In this case the more severe bite (the face
+    being the most serious position in which a person can be bitten)
+    was received by the child; indeed the intemperate habits of the
+    man, who even took alcohol during treatment, appear to have been
+    the only more serious factor in his case as compared with that
+    of the child.
+
+    "From all this Dr. Deléarde draws the practical conclusion that
+    patients who have been bitten by a mad dog should as far as
+    possible abstain from the use of alcohol not only during the
+    process of treatment, but also for some time afterwards, even
+    for a period of eight months, during which period, apparently,
+    increase of immunity may be going on. Beyond this he maintains
+    that doctors often commit a grave error in administering strong
+    doses of alcohol to patients suffering from certain infectious
+    diseases such as pneumonia, or from certain intoxications such
+    as those produced by snake-bite, during which an increase in the
+    number of leucocytes appear to be a necessary part of any
+    process that leads to the cure of the patient. Finally, he
+    points out how necessary it is that we should respect the
+    integrity of the leucocytes in the presence of microbic
+    infections or intoxications. We may accept these statements all
+    the more readily as Dr. Deléarde states that 'although we must
+    recognize that small doses of dilute alcoholic beverages are
+    indicated in certain cases where it is necessary to stimulate
+    the nervous system, one must guard oneself against an abuse
+    which may certainly be prejudicial to the putting into operation
+    of the mechanism of defence against the organisms of disease.'
+
+    "In so far as these conclusions rest on a series of exact
+    experiments we are justified in accepting them as being a most
+    valuable contribution to the question; where there is no
+    experimental basis, we must exercise our own judgment. To show
+    the very strong impression that exists that there is some
+    connection between severe cases of pneumonia and alcohol I may
+    mention that the other day I heard a gentleman (not a medical
+    man) say, 'It is well known that most men (of a certain
+    profession) die from alcoholism.' When asked to explain he said,
+    'They all die from cirrhosis or pneumonia, and if those
+    conditions are not due to alcoholism, what is?'
+
+    "There can be no doubt that in addition to its specific action,
+    alcohol has a general action--the mal-nutrition, which is
+    usually associated with the use of alcohol, especially as a
+    result of its action on the mucous membranes of the stomach,
+    etc."
+
+That the "guardian cells" of the body play a part in a considerable
+number of diseases was illustrated by Dr. Woodhead by drawings and
+photographs, shown on the lantern screen. The photographs included cells
+containing anthrax, typhoid and tubercle bacilli, the spirilla of
+relapsing fever, specimens from cases of anthrax. Specimens were shown
+in which the cells were actually ingesting and digesting the specific
+micro-organisms. In a case of typhoid, showing large masses of typhoid
+bacilli in one of Peyer's patches, there were seen certain of the cells
+which contained the typhoid bacilli, some of them undergoing
+degenerative changes, and showing unequal standing.
+
+Of the researches made by Dr. Abbott referred to in the foregoing
+lecture Dr. N. S. Davis says:--
+
+    "Thus we have another and direct positive demonstration of the
+    fact that the presence of alcohol in living bodies not only
+    impairs all the physiological processes, but also impairs their
+    vital resistance to the effects of all other poisons. It was
+    hardly necessary, however, to trouble the rabbits to obtain
+    proof of this; for such evidence may be found in abundance by
+    examining the vital statistics of every civilized country. The
+    late Frank H. Hamilton, in his valuable work on military
+    hygiene, gives an interesting account of an experiment executed,
+    not on a few rabbits, but on whole regiments of human beings,
+    who were being exposed to the inhibition, not of the
+    streptococcus pyogenes, but to the infections of malarial and
+    typho-malaria fever. And, as many were attacked with sickness,
+    it was thought by some of those in authority that if the
+    soldiers were given a specified ration of alcoholic liquor two
+    or three times a day, it might enable them to resist the morbid
+    influences to which they were exposed. The proposed ration was
+    accordingly ordered, and Dr. Hamilton informs us that the
+    soldiers taking the liquor ration succumbed to the morbific
+    influences surrounding them so much more rapidly than before,
+    that in less than sixty days the order was countermanded, and
+    the liquor ration stopped. And that eminent surgeon and
+    sanitarian added, with peculiar emphasis, that he wished never
+    to see the same experiment tried again."
+
+Dr. J. J. Ridge, of London, has learned through his experiments that
+alcohol not only hinders the leucocytes in their war upon disease germs,
+but also tends to the multiplication of germs. Of this he says:--
+
+    "The antagonism of alcohol to the fundamental functions of life
+    is further exhibited by its action on the cellular elements of
+    living tissues and the free cells or leucocytes of the blood.
+    Dr. Lionel Beale long ago pointed out how it affected the
+    protoplasm of cells, and diminished the movements of amoebae,
+    to which leucocytes are apparently analogous.
+
+    "But while alcohol is thus injurious to living protoplasm, or
+    _constructive protoplasm_ as it may be called, that which builds
+    up, and forms all kinds of structures, and living beings of all
+    higher types, I accidentally discovered that in minute
+    quantities, under about one per cent., and even in such almost
+    incredible amounts as 1 part in 100,000, (1/10 millilitre in 10
+    litres) it favors the growth and multiplication of many microbes
+    whose function is antagonistic to the protoplasm of organized
+    beings, and which may therefore be called _destructive
+    protoplasm_. We know that these microbes are kept at bay by the
+    vitality of the tissues; if this vitality is lowered they may
+    prevail: as soon as life departs they set to work, and
+    decomposition is the result. It is, therefore, not very
+    surprising that an agent, like alcohol, which, we have seen,
+    lowers the vitality of constructive protoplasm, should, on the
+    other hand increase the vitality of destructive protoplasm. At
+    any rate such is the fact. In the presence of these minute
+    quantities of alcohol, decomposition goes on more rapidly, and
+    the micrococci and bacilli, thrive and swarm more abundantly.
+    This is easily demonstrable by the more rapid, and thicker,
+    cloudiness of any clear decomposable liquor in the course of a
+    day or two, or in a few days, according to circumstances. But I
+    have demonstrated the more rapid multiplication of some forms by
+    means of plate cultivations, of which I show specimens. It is
+    true of the bacteria of decomposition, of the streptococci, and
+    staphylococci of pus, and of diphtheria. Time alone has been
+    wanting to demonstrate this in other cases, which I hope to do."
+
+The _Medical Week_ some time ago contained this paragraph:--
+
+    "Dr. Viala, in collaboration with Dr. Charrin, says: 'I have
+    carried out a series of researches on the toxicity of various
+    alcoholic beverages in common use, such as wines and brandies of
+    all brands, from those which are reputed the best to those of
+    very inferior quality. All these products have been analyzed
+    with the greatest care. Our experiments were carried out on
+    fifty animals. Intravenous injections confirm Dr. Daremberg's
+    statement that liquors considered as the best are the most
+    toxic, more particularly as regards their immediate effects.'"
+
+Although the foregoing statement directs the reader's attention to the
+comparative effects of different alcoholic liquors, it also plainly
+implies several facts of great importance. The first is, that all
+alcoholic liquors, fermented or distilled, are toxic or poisonous; and
+the more pure alcohol they contain, the more poisonous are they, the
+qualities of liquor differing only in the rapidity of their injurious
+effects.
+
+In the same number of the _Medical Week_, Professor Gréhant states that
+after injecting a quantity of alcohol into the venous circulation of a
+dog equal to one twenty-fifth, or four per cent., of the estimated
+weight of the blood of the animal, he found by several analyses at
+different times that it required "a little over twenty-three hours for
+complete elimination of the alcohol from the blood." If we consider
+these results obtained by Viala, Charrin, Daremberg and Gréhant, with
+those obtained by Dr. A. C. Abbott, showing the direct effect of alcohol
+in diminishing the normal vital resistance of the living body to
+infection, we see excellent reasons why the liberal use of alcohol in
+the treatment of such infectious diseases as diphtheria, typhoid fever
+and pneumonia, under the supposition that it was a cardiac tonic, has
+resulted in so great a mortality as from thirty to sixty per cent.
+
+Dr. A. Pearce Gould, a London hospital surgeon of the first rank, has
+made special study of the surgery of the blood-vessels, and of the
+chest. He was one of the earliest to practice and advocate the careful
+removal of the axillary glands in all operations for cancer of the
+breast.
+
+He is a strong believer in the value of total abstinence as promoting
+robust health of body and mind. He regards the value of alcohol in
+disease as exceedingly small, and prescribes it only very rarely. He
+thinks that alcohol increases the activity of cancer and other malignant
+growths, an opinion which is of great importance from one with such
+exceptional opportunities for observation in these complaints.
+
+Dr. N. S. Davis in the _American Medical Temperance Quarterly_ of
+January, 1895, gives reports of cases which came under his observation
+as a consulting physician, where the use of alcoholics throughout an
+extended illness favored the continuance of delirium, or mild mental
+disorder, after convalescence was established. In each case the
+withdrawal of the alcohol was followed by a cessation of the mental
+delusion.
+
+One of these cases may be taken as an example:--
+
+    "The third case was that of a woman over sixty years of age, who
+    had suffered from a mild grade of fever and protracted
+    diarrhoea, somewhat resembling a mild grade of enteric typhoid
+    fever.
+
+    "As she became much reduced in strength during the latter part
+    of her diarrhoea, her friends began to give her wine, and
+    sometimes stronger alcoholic drink, under the popular delusion
+    that these could strengthen her. Her mind soon became wandering,
+    and she was troubled with illusions, which were attributed to
+    her weakness, and the so-called stimulants were increased. But
+    the mental disorder increased also, and continued after the
+    fever and diarrhoea had ceased, until the question was raised
+    concerning the propriety of her removal to an asylum for the
+    insane.
+
+    "Being consulted at that time, and listening to an accurate
+    history of the case, I suggested that the anæsthetic effect of
+    the alcohol on the cerebral hemispheres, in connection with its
+    effect on the hemoglobin, and other elements of the blood, in
+    lessening the reception and internal distribution of oxygen,
+    might be the cause of both the perpetuation of her weakness, and
+    her mental disorder. I advised a trial of its entire omission,
+    and the giving of only simple nourishment, and moderate doses of
+    strychnine and digitalis, as nerve tonics. My advice was
+    followed, though not without much hesitation on the part of her
+    friends. The result, however, was entire recovery from the
+    mental disorder, and some improvement in her general health."
+
+Puerperal mania resulted in one case cited, from the use of a moderate
+amount of wine at mealtimes; when the wine was abandoned the mania
+subsided.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+WHY DOCTORS STILL PRESCRIBE ALCOHOLICS.
+
+
+Workers in the department of Medical Temperance of the Woman's Christian
+Temperance Union are told repeatedly by the better class of physicians
+that they would be glad often not to prescribe alcohol if patients and
+their friends would not insist upon its use. There is a deep-rooted
+prejudice in favor of alcohol as a remedy in the minds of the great
+multitude of people, and they are ready to distrust as fanatical, or
+incompetent, any physician who does not use it. Dr. Norman Kerr, a
+well-known physician of England, says, that during a ten years'
+residence in America, he found people unwilling to pay him as much for
+his services as they were willing to pay one who prescribed alcoholics.
+Even those who were abstainers from liquors as beverages distrusted him
+for not using these things as medicines. Indeed, this prejudice goes so
+far with many that they will refuse to employ a non-alcoholic physician,
+if they know him to be such. In consequence of this latter fact, there
+are great numbers of skilful physicians who say nothing about alcohol
+lest they be considered "faddists," and lose practice, but who never
+prescribe it unless it is asked for by the patient or his friends.
+
+Again, consulting physicians will sometimes insist upon the use of
+alcohol, and thus seeds of distrust of the non-alcoholic physician will
+be sown.
+
+Dr. J. J. Ridge says of medical prescriptions:--
+
+    "Hundreds of medical men order alcoholic liquors from habit,
+    from ignorance of their real effect, from fashion, or from a
+    desire to please, or not to offend, their patients. Port-wine is
+    constantly being ordered when persons are recovering from
+    various diseases; day by day they regain their strength, and the
+    port-wine gets all the credit of it, especially since each glass
+    seems to diffuse a comfortable glow over the whole body. They
+    forget that the process of recovery would have gone on without
+    the port, and that hundreds and thousands of people do get well
+    without it. They often ignore the fact that they are taking real
+    tonics in addition. They are misled by the sensations which the
+    alcohol causes; they do not know that it relaxes the
+    blood-vessels instead of improving their tone; that it exhausts
+    the heart by making it beat away more rapidly to no profit.
+    Hence the convalescence is actually more prolonged than it would
+    otherwise be. Gentle exercise, regulated baths, good food, balmy
+    sleep, these are the true restoratives of the exhausted system,
+    and no jugglery with sedatives, such as alcohol, can produce the
+    desired result.
+
+    "It is by its sedative action that alcohol has obtained its
+    position in public opinion. It will render persons insensible to
+    various uneasy sensations, and the majority prefer to continue
+    the bad habits which produce the uneasy sensations, and then to
+    take them away by a dose or two of some alcoholic liquor, or,
+    indeed, to take this before the uneasy sensations come on. In
+    this way they do themselves injury and make themselves
+    unconscious of it. Dr. Beaumont, who had the opportunity of
+    examining the interior of Alexis St. Martin's stomach, and of
+    seeing how digestion went on, was astonished to see how inflamed
+    the mucous membrane could be without any consciousness of it. He
+    observed, as a matter of fact, that alcoholic drinks of all
+    kinds hindered the process of digestion, and produced this
+    morbid condition of the mucous membrane. The relief, therefore,
+    which can be obtained by alcohol is delusive and dangerous.
+
+    "But some persons say they are afraid to abandon the use of
+    alcohol because they have been in the habit of taking it for a
+    long period. This fear is entirely groundless. The alcohol will
+    be missed for a time, just as a person who has been using
+    crutches would miss them if thrown away; but they will do better
+    without both after a little while. There is no kind of
+    constitution which renders a person unable to do without
+    alcohol. The prisoners in all our jails have to leave off their
+    drink at once, and altogether, on entering there, and no harm
+    ever ensues in consequence. But some say that this is because
+    their diet is so carefully arranged, and the hygienic condition
+    of the prison so perfect. Quite so. This shows us clearly that
+    when total abstainers become ill outside the prison, their
+    illness is to be attributed to some error in diet or hygiene, or
+    to some accidental circumstance. It is absurd to think that the
+    infraction of one law of health can be nullified by breaking
+    another; that if you eat too much, or too fast, or too often, or
+    what is not good for you, you can escape the consequences by
+    injuring yourself with alcohol."
+
+Dr. N. S. Davis was for many years openly sneered at by many of his
+professional brethren as "a cold-water fanatic." Since his views are now
+being rapidly adopted by progressive medical men all over the civilized
+world, it may be that soon those physicians who cling to alcohol will
+deserve the soubriquet of "alcohol fanatics." Dr. Davis said:--
+
+    "If I am asked why the profession continues to prescribe these
+    drinks, I answer; simply from the force of habit and traditional
+    education, coupled with a reluctance to risk the experiment of
+    omitting them while the general popular notions sanction their
+    use. Nothing is easier than self-deception in this matter. A
+    patient is suddenly taken with syncope, or nervous weakness,
+    from which abundant experience has shown that a speedy recovery
+    would take place by simple rest and fresh air. But in the alarm
+    of friends something must be done. A little wine or brandy is
+    given, and as it is not sufficient to positively prevent, the
+    patient in due time revives just as would have been the case if
+    neither wine nor brandy had been used.
+
+    "Of course both doctor and friends will regard the so-called
+    stimulant as the cause of the recovery. So, too, when patients
+    are getting weak, in the advanced stage of fever, or some other
+    self-limited disease, an abundance of nourishment is regularly
+    administered, in the greater part of which is mixed some kind of
+    alcoholic drink. The latter will always occupy the chief
+    attention, and if, after a severe run, the fever, or disease,
+    finally disappears, it will be said that the patient was
+    sustained or 'kept alive' for over two or three weeks, as the
+    case may be, 'solely by the stimulants,' when, in fact, if the
+    same nourishment and care had been given without a drop of
+    alcohol, he would have convalesced sooner, and more perfectly,
+    as I have seen demonstrated a thousand times in my experience."
+
+Dr. Casgrau, of Dublin, says that physicians who make personal use of
+alcohol are not able to give an unbiased opinion about its action, as
+one of its most marked effects is that of a narcotic to the mental
+powers; such physicians are not so acute to observe the action of this,
+or any drug.
+
+Sir B. W. Richardson, M. D., in an address upon the reasons why
+physicians still prescribe alcoholics, says that the magnetism of public
+opinion has great weight with professional men.
+
+    "All professions are under that subtle influence. All
+    professions whatever their duties, whatever their learning may
+    be, are sensitive and obedient to that influence. In their pride
+    they think they lead public opinion; it is a mistake, they
+    always follow it on every question in which the people, at
+    large, have a voice. They can assist in influencing the public
+    voice, and sometimes, to quote the words of Abbé Purcelle,
+    spoken in the dawn of the great French Revolution, they may
+    prove that 'respect for sovereign power sometimes consists in
+    transgressing its orders,' but as a general rule not merely the
+    orders but the inclinations are obeyed. We have to wait on, and
+    for, public opinion, and in nothing so much as on the subject of
+    alcohol. The use of alcoholic beverages rests not on argument
+    but on habit, custom. To those whom it affects personally it is
+    an absolute monarch. It makes its own empire. By the very action
+    which it has upon the body of those who receive it into
+    themselves it rules and governs. The joke of the inebriate man
+    that when he had taken his potation he was quite another man and
+    that then he felt it his duty to treat that other man, is
+    literally true, a terse and faithful expression of a natural
+    fact. The man or woman born and bred under the influence of
+    alcohol is of the race of alcohol, and as distinct a person as
+    any racial peculiarity can supply. The reason, the judgment, the
+    temper, the senses are attuned by it. It is loved by its lovers
+    like life. The grape to them is no longer a luscious fruit; it
+    is 'the mother of mighty wine,' and he who is bold enough to
+    disown that motherhood must stand apart. How can a profession
+    however strong, march all at once against such an overwhelming
+    influence? Itself born, perchance, under the influence bred
+    under it, how shall it immediately be transformed? Why disobey
+    the influence? It is in the _interest_ of the doctor to obey, in
+    a worldly sense of view; but more--it is in his _nature_ to
+    obey. The strong bands of nature and interest go hand in hand.
+    Is it wonderful that the genius of a professional man so
+    situated should, according to the quality of his genius, uphold,
+    root and branch, the rôle of his nativity? On the contrary the
+    wonder is that he has ever done anything else. It is most
+    natural that he should be amongst the last to take up what
+    revolutionizes all the manners, and customs, and faiths, of
+    society. A lady will ask her physician the question, May I take
+    wine, Sir? As much as you like Madam; it is very bad for you and
+    I take none, but that is your business entirely. Henceforth that
+    gentleman is said to be one who prescribes alcohol in any
+    quantity. In fact, he never prescribes it, for although when
+    forbidding is hopeless, there is all the difference in the world
+    between prescribing and permitting, permitting goes down as if
+    it were prescribing. Often a patient will try to compromise. On
+    an ocean of whisky and water, brandy and soda, or other
+    poisonous mixture, he is floating into fatal paralysis. You tell
+    him so faithfully, and he says he knows it and will drop down to
+    claret. If you assent, he tells his friends you have changed his
+    brandy or whisky to wine; if you dissent, he says you have left
+    your duty as a doctor undone, in order to become an advocate for
+    abstaining temperance, about which he is as competent a judge as
+    you are, and he won't pay fees for that advice. He pays to be
+    cured of his disease, not to be dragooned into a system peculiar
+    in its tenets. In an alcoholic world there is a strong argument
+    in this decision. It rolls splendidly, especially down hill."
+
+After speaking of non-alcoholic physicians, and their opinions of the
+harmfulness of alcohol, he adds:--
+
+    "On the other side, there are practitioners who, under the
+    magnetism of public opinion, as earnestly believe the opposite
+    in relation to alcohol, who declare they could not,
+    conscientiously, practice their profession if they were
+    debarred the use of alcohol, and who look on the advance and the
+    growth of scientific abstaining principles--which they cannot
+    avoid recognizing--with positive dread. The extremists on this
+    side are indeed extreme in their fanaticism. They shut their
+    eyes to the most obvious facts, and do not hesitate in their
+    blindness to misrepresent the most obvious truths. They affirm
+    that under the influence of total abstinence and, by inference,
+    because of total abstinence, the yearly decreasing death-rate of
+    the population is accompanied by reduction of vitality; that
+    people who live long are more enfeebled than those who live
+    short lives and merry; that under abstinence from alcohol
+    fearful diseases are being developed; that the total abstainers
+    have less power for resisting disease than the moderate
+    temperate; and that under the current system of advance towards
+    total abstinence, a very small advance yet by the way, diseases
+    of a low type have developed and extended their ravages."
+
+It is only physicians of large conscientiousness, or of great
+independence of character, who will dare to go counter to the prejudices
+of the people.
+
+Consequently, it is necessary to educate _the people_ in the teachings
+of those physicians, whose eminence in the profession has permitted
+them, or whose conscientiousness has driven them, to expose the
+delusions concerning the medical value of alcoholic beverages. When the
+people cease to believe in alcoholic remedies, physicians will no longer
+prescribe them. But while the majority desire the "physicians'
+prescription" as a cover for indulgence, there will be found physicians
+willing to give such prescriptions.
+
+That the prescription of alcohol by physicians is largely a matter of
+routine may be seen from the following two cases, reported to the writer
+by county superintendents of the department of Medical Temperance.
+
+In the first case, the physician said to the nurse, "If the patient's
+heart becomes weak, you might give a little brandy or whisky." Seeing
+reluctance expressed upon the nurse's countenance, he added hastily, "Or
+coffee, strong coffee will do just as well." The nurse in reporting this
+to the writer, said, "Why couldn't he have ordered coffee in the first
+place if he thought it equally good?"
+
+The second case was that of an aged woman whose physician ordered whisky
+as a tonic. Her granddaughter ventured to ask, "Would not whisky have a
+narcotic rather than a tonic effect?" He replied thoughtfully, "Well,
+tell the truth, I suppose it would."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+ALCOHOLIC PROPRIETARY OR 'PATENT' MEDICINES.
+
+
+America has been called the Paradise of Quacks, and with good reason.
+For years patent medicine manufacturers had such complete control of the
+American press, both secular and religious, that it was almost
+impossible to reach the public with information as to the real nature of
+these concoctions. Consequently the people accepted with amazing
+credulity the startling claims to miraculous cures of various pills and
+potions as set forth under glaring headlines in the daily papers. The
+publicity of the last few years has hurt the traffic seriously, but it
+still has a great hold upon the ignorant and credulous part of the
+population, and there is still a very large number of these preparations
+upon the market. Many persons think that the Pure Food Law guarantees
+every drug preparation now sold to be perfectly safe for use. This is a
+great error. The guarantee means simply that the manufacturer guarantees
+that his preparation is as he states upon the label; the government
+guarantees nothing concerning the matter. That the guarantee of the
+manufacturer is not always truthful has been shown by analyses of some
+preparations made by state and national chemists. All the advantage that
+the public has through the Pure Food Law, so far as drug preparations
+are concerned, is that the percentage of alcohol must be printed upon
+the label, and the presence of certain dangerous drugs, such as
+morphine, cocaine, and acetanilid must be indicated. Thus persons
+intelligent as to the nature of these drugs will avoid medicines which
+the label says contains them. The ignorant are not protected. It was
+difficult to secure even this small restriction upon the sale of
+proprietary medicines because of the opposition of a large number of
+newspaper publishers who were sharing the ill-gotten gains of the
+medical fakirs.
+
+A careful compilation of manufacturers' announcements list 1,806
+so-called patent medicines sold in open markets, in which alcohol, opium
+or other toxic drugs form constituent parts. 675 of the preparations are
+known as "bitters," stomachics, or cordials, and alcohol enters into
+their composition in quantities varying from fifteen to fifty per cent.;
+390 are recommended for coughs and colds, nearly all of which contain
+opium. Sixty remedies are sold for the relief of pain, and no other
+purpose. 120 are for nervous troubles, and of this number, sixty-five
+have entering into their composition coca leaves, or kola nut, or both,
+or are represented by their respective active principles, cocaine or
+caffeine. 129 are offered for headaches, and kindred ailments, and
+usually with a guarantee to give immediate relief. In these are
+generally compounded phenacetine, caffeine, antipyrine, acetanilid, or
+morphine, diluted with soda, or sugar of milk. Dysentery, diarrhoea,
+cholera morbus, cramp in bowels, etc., have 185 quick reliefs or
+"cures" to their credit, nearly all of which contain opium, many of them
+in addition, alcohol, ginger, capsicum or myrrh in various combinations,
+and there are numerous cases on record where children and adults have
+been narcotized by their excessive use. Some manufacturers print on the
+labels covering these goods, words of caution limiting the amount to be
+taken. Forty-eight compounds for asthma contain caffeine and morphine.
+Sufferers from toothache have their choice from thirty-eight remedies,
+and thirty-six soothing, or teething, syrups are provided for infants.
+
+Many people have ignorantly and innocently formed an alcohol, morphine,
+or cocaine habit through the use of patent medicines. Many deaths have
+occurred from headache powders of which acetanilid is the chief
+ingredient. Dr. Harvey W. Wiley, chief of the Bureau of Chemistry, says
+of these headache powders:--
+
+    "A woman has a headache and she uses one of these remedies. It
+    relieves the pain. When she has another attack she uses it again
+    and again with the same result. After a while she finds the
+    usual amount of the remedy does not cure the pain. She uses two
+    portions, and so the habit is formed until absolute danger is
+    confronted. For one thing must not be forgotten: these remedies
+    are powerful, for if they were not they would be of no effect.
+    They are in certain doses deadly; they depress the nervous
+    system; they disturb the digestion; they interfere with natural
+    sleep; they require to be used in increasingly larger quantities
+    as the system becomes accustomed to their use; they are almost
+    without exception excreted by the kidneys, thus adding an
+    additional burden to organs already badly overworked. They
+    produce a habit of gaining relief which becomes an obsession and
+    incapable of being resisted."
+
+It may be asked, "How is it if these mixtures are harmful only, that so
+many people profess to have received benefit from them?" There are
+different reasons for this.
+
+1. The nature of such drugs as alcohol, opium and cocaine is to benumb
+sensation, so that pain is stilled, and the pain, or functional
+disturbance forgotten for the time, because the nerves are drugged into
+insensibility. The person _feels_ better while under the influence of
+the drug, so thinks it is benefiting him.
+
+2. There are people who imagine they have diseases which they do not
+have; since trained physicians occasionally err in diagnosis, it is not
+strange if the laity should do likewise. Such persons are always ready
+to aver that a certain medicine "cured" them.
+
+A ludicrous example of this is a woman out West, whose picture graces
+the advertisements of a certain nostrum, accompanied by a testimonial
+that said nostrum cured her of a "polypus"! Upon being written to as to
+how such a preparation could effect such a cure, she answered that,
+after giving the testimonial, she found that she had not had a polypus!
+
+3. Some of the cures attributed to drugs, are doubtless due to Nature.
+It is estimated that from 30 to 90 per cent. of ailments are cured by
+Nature, unassisted, and often in spite of, the drugs swallowed. Many of
+the books advertising these remedies (?) give excellent rules of health,
+which, if followed, would restore persons to vigor more speedily
+without the accompanying medicine, than they can be restored while the
+system has the poisonous drugs to throw off. It may be reasonably
+assumed that a goodly number of recoveries ascribed to drug treatments
+are due, in reality, to the resisting force of a good constitution, or
+to obedience to the laws of health given in the circular.
+
+4. It is not uncommon for people suffering from certain diseases to have
+temporary remissions in the course of the disease. No doubt, some of the
+cases reported as cures are such spontaneous remissions, which are
+followed, after the testimonials have been written, by relapse. The
+majority of people are ignorant of the natural course of diseases--of
+what happens when no treatment is taken. They do not know that a great
+many affections are characterized by periods of apparent recovery. For
+instance in some varieties of paralysis, as well as in consumption, the
+sufferer may to appearance recover completely for a few months or
+longer; if a remedy was being used at the time, it would naturally get
+the credit of causing the favorable change.
+
+However, all of the glowing testimonials of wonderful benefits accruing
+from patent medicines are not what they seem to be. Dr. J. H. Kellogg
+says in his _Monitor of Health_:--
+
+    "The average manufacturer of patent medicines regularly employs
+    a person of some literary attainment whose duty it is to invent
+    vigorous testimonials of sufferings relieved by Dr. Charlatan's
+    universal panacea. In many instances persons are hired to give
+    testimonials, and answer letters of inquiry in such a way as to
+    encourage business. The shameless dishonesty and ingenious
+    villainy exhibited are beyond description."
+
+Recently an advertisement of one of these nostrums stated in the
+headlines that said nostrum was used in the Frances Willard Temperance
+Hospital, Chicago. The testimonial appended purported to be from a nurse
+in that hospital, _but the testimonial did not state, as did the
+headlines_, that the preparation was ever used in that hospital. The
+president of the hospital board of trustees states that the nurse
+positively denies having given any testimonial to the company thus
+advertising. She did give one to another patent medicine concern, but
+not to this, and never said either was used in the hospital, nor have
+they been. Suit could be brought for damages, but unfortunately the
+patent medicine people have unlimited money, and the hospital has not.
+
+Early in the present year there appeared in many daily papers a large
+advertising picture of a man whose name was appended as a professional
+nurse of a western city.
+
+The following testimonial accompanied the picture:--
+
+    "Mr. ---- of ----, who is a professional nurse of experience,
+    writes,--'My friend is improving, thanks to ----, and you. I am
+    called on to nurse the sick of all classes. I recommend ---- to
+    such an extent that I am nicknamed ---- (giving name of nostrum)
+    by nearly everybody.'"
+
+As the writer of this book was acquainted with a physician residing in
+the small city mentioned in the advertisement, she wrote to him,
+requesting that he investigate this testimonial.
+
+He replied that he found the chief part of the advertisement, namely,
+that Mr. ---- was a professional nurse, false; "First, by his own
+statement as he told me this morning that he never claimed to be a
+professional nurse. And my personal acquaintance with him, as well as
+that of a number of other physicians in our little city, and reliable
+men and women of this community who are acquainted with him, all testify
+to the same thing, namely; that he is not a professional nurse, neither
+is he a nurse, or even a reliable man. He is an innocent, ignorant man,
+very close to the pauper class. He told me when I read the commendation
+to which his name is affixed, that it was all true except the
+professional nurse part, and that was entirely false, as stated above."
+
+As the picture was of a fine-looking, intelligent-appearing man it
+probably was as _genuine_ as the testimonial.
+
+The following was clipped from a copy of _Merck's Report_, April, 1899,
+a druggists' paper published in New York city:--
+
+
+                      MANY DRUGGISTS INDIGNANT.
+
+        A PATENT-MEDICINE ADVERTISEMENT CONTAINS UNAUTHORIZED
+                           ENDORSEMENTS.
+
+    "Fully a score of East-side druggists are up in arms over the
+    unauthorized use of their names in a full-page newspaper
+    advertisement of a widely-known specific. This advertisement
+    appeared recently in certain New York daily papers, and retail
+    druggists who have made it a rule of their business never to
+    recommend any particular proprietary article, found themselves
+    quoted in unqualified laudation of the article so liberally
+    advertised. The names and addresses of the druggists were given
+    in full, and when several of the men quoted conferred together
+    they found that the most barefaced misrepresentation had been
+    resorted to.
+
+    "One of the pharmacists thus misrepresented, happened to be
+    Sidney Faber, the secretary of the Board of Pharmacy. He was not
+    selling this particular specific, and had never said a word for
+    or against it, nevertheless, six or eight lines of endorsement
+    of the article were directly attributed to him. He called on
+    some of his druggist neighbors whose names he saw in the
+    advertisement, and ascertained that they, too, had been falsely
+    and unwarrantably quoted. Mr. Faber promptly wrote to the
+    proprietors of the specific in question, and denounced the
+    published endorsements bearing his name, as a forgery. His
+    indignation was by no means appeased when he received a letter
+    from the proprietary concern, couched in the following language:
+    'We regret to learn that you have been annoyed by any statements
+    that have appeared in New York city papers. We will forward your
+    letter to them.'
+
+    "Within the past few days several of the druggists whose names
+    were used in this advertisement without authority, have been
+    considering the advisability of taking legal proceedings in
+    order to ascertain their rights in the matter. It is contrary to
+    pharmaceutical ethics for a pharmacist to specially endorse any
+    proprietary article, or patent medicine. Some of the offended
+    druggists propose to contribute to a fund for the purpose of
+    publicly, and widely, advertising this unwarranted use of their
+    names."
+
+When patent medicine advertisers would dare to resort to such a
+wholesale fraud as this, what may they be expected to refrain from?
+
+As an illustration of how commendations from notable persons are
+sometimes obtained, the following is cited: In the winter of 1899,
+appeared an advertising picture of the lovely Christian lady from
+Denmark, the Countess Schimmelmann, who was spending some time in
+Chicago. Below her picture were the words:--
+
+    "Adeline, Countess Schimmelmann, whose portrait is here given,
+    in a recent letter to the ---- company, (mentioning proprietors
+    of nostrum) speaks of friends of hers who have been benefited by
+    ---- (mentioning nostrum), and who first advised her to
+    recommend it to her sick friends.
+
+    "The Countess, as is well known, is a prominent member of the
+    Danish court. Her coming to this country has been much talked
+    of. Her real object is one of charity. She is stopping in
+    Chicago, _and from there writes her straightforward endorsement
+    of_ ---- (mentioning nostrum)."
+
+The italics are the writer's. The picture and the testimonial were cut
+from the paper, and sent to the countess, asking if she had so spoken of
+this medicine, and, if so, did she, a strong total abstinence woman,
+know that this mixture contains a large percentage of alcohol.
+
+She responded as follows:--
+
+    "Thank you for asking me about the enclosed. A white-ribbon lady
+    came and asked me if I would do her the great kindness to
+    recommend ---- compound (made up of the juice of celery). I said
+    I could not personally recommend it as I neither use, nor want,
+    medicine. But some very reliable friends of mine (_temperance
+    people_, and _true Christians_) told me I would do a good thing
+    in recommending it as they used it, and found it excellent. Then
+    I wrote the following: 'I myself cannot recommend ---- compound
+    as I do not suffer from any of the ailments it is said to be
+    good for, but reliable friends of mine tell me that it is
+    excellent, and I would do a good thing in recommending it to my
+    friends. Adeline, Countess Schimmelmann.'
+
+    "I will only consent to the publishing of this letter if you
+    publish the _whole_ letter, and no extract from it, as the
+    white-ribbon lady did for the ---- compound."
+
+If a white-ribboner played this mean trick upon this distinguished
+Christian worker she is unworthy of membership in the Woman's Christian
+Temperance Union. It is more than likely that the "white-ribbon lady,"
+was a paid advertising agent of the patent medicine manufacturer, and
+wore a white-ribbon to gain the confidence of the Countess.
+
+Whether patent medicine manufacturers know how to doctor all ills to
+which human flesh is heir may be doubted, but that their advertising
+agents are skilful "doctors" of testimonials is very evident to any one
+acquainted with the facts.
+
+The Department of Public Charities of New York city in a "Report on the
+use of so-called Proprietary Medicines as Therapeutic Agents," says:--
+
+    "In connection with this subject it might be mentioned that, for
+    years past, the name of Bellevue Hospital has been taken in vain
+    by a number of persons and firms, without any authority
+    whatever. It is a common occurrence that samples of proprietary
+    medicines, foods, mineral waters, plasters, etc., etc. are sent
+    to the hospital, or to members of the house-staff for 'trial,'
+    whereupon the subsequent advertisements of the articles in
+    question often assert that the latter are 'used in Bellevue
+    Hospital,' leaving the impression upon the mind of the reader
+    that the article, or articles, have been used with the sanction
+    of some member of the Medical Board. It is probably impossible
+    to find a remedy for this evil, from which many other
+    institutions of repute likewise suffer. To publish a denial of
+    such false assertions would only aggravate the evil. The utmost
+    that can be done appears to be, to caution the medical staff
+    against any entanglements with, or encouragement of, the agents
+    of the interested parties."
+
+This report, which was adopted by the Medical Board of Bellevue
+Hospital, classifies proprietary preparations as "Objectionable" or
+"Unobjectionable" according to the following rules:--
+
+    "Unobjectionable preparations are those, the origin and
+    composition of which is not kept secret, and which are known to
+    serve a useful and legitimate purpose. Malted Milk is an
+    example. Objectionable proprietary preparations, by far the
+    largest group of the whole class, comprise all those which are
+    aimed at under the medical code of ethics under the term 'secret
+    nostrum,' which term may be more closely defined thus:
+
+    "A secret nostrum is a preparation, the origin or composition of
+    which is kept secret, the therapeutic claims for which are
+    unreasonable or unscientific, or which is not intended for a
+    legitimate purpose.
+
+    "Examples: The various 'Soothing Syrups,' 'Female Regulators,'
+    'Blood Purifiers,' and thousands of others."
+
+Dr. A. Emil Hiss, Ph. G., says of the secrecy of these preparations:--
+
+    "A secret compound with a meaningless title is presumptively a
+    fraud. Why a secret if not to permit extravagant, or fraudulent,
+    claims as to therapeutic merit? * * * * * The ruling motive of
+    the secret being essentially false and dishonest, its employment
+    in the interest of any remedy is clearly a sufficient cause for
+    its condemnation and ostracism."
+
+Mothers sometimes wonder why their boys take so readily to cigarettes,
+or their daughters to cocaine, never thinking that the soothing syrup,
+or cough mixture given freely by themselves to their children developed
+a craving for something stronger later on. Mrs. Winslow's Soothing
+Syrup, advertised for years in church as well as secular papers as
+"invaluable for children," is cited in the report for 1888 of the
+Massachusetts State Board of Health as containing opium; also Ayer's
+Cherry Pectoral, Dr. Bull's Cough Syrup, Jayne's Expectorant, Hooker's
+Cough and Croup Syrup, Moore's Essence of Life, Mother Bailey's Quieting
+Syrup, and others too numerous to mention. The report says:--
+
+    "The sale of soothing syrups, and all medicines designed for the
+    use of children, which contain opium and its preparations should
+    be prohibited. Many would be deterred from using a preparation
+    known to contain opium, who would use without question a
+    soothing syrup recommended for teething children."
+
+Again, on page 149 the following is quoted from a prominent physician:--
+
+    "Among infants, and in the early years of life, soothing syrups
+    are the cause of untold misery; for seeds are doubtlessly sown
+    in infancy only to bear the most pernicious fruit in adult life.
+    It is said that one of the best known soothing syrups contains
+    from one to three grains of morphia to the ounce of syrup. I
+    believe that stringent legal measures should immediately be
+    taken to stop the sale of so-called soothing syrups containing
+    opium, morphia or codeine."
+
+The writer has known mothers so ignorant of the nature of these soothing
+syrups as to deliberately put the baby to sleep upon them in order to
+insure relief from care for some hours.
+
+Prof. J. Redding, M. D., says on this point:--
+
+    "While it may be true that an adult, of his own free will, and
+    without incentive, or predisposing causes, does occasionally
+    become a drunkard, I am convinced that nine hundred and
+    ninety-nine out of every one thousand individuals who become
+    drunkards are made so in embryo, infancy, or childhood, by the
+    use of alcoholic decoctions, soothing syrups, opiates, calomel,
+    etc. which are given as medicines to allay pain, obtund nerve
+    sensibility, to cure the little sufferer of his _vital
+    manifestations_, of his _mental discomforts_, but leave the
+    actual disease and its, perhaps, putrid causation to time and
+    debilitated vitality to remove."
+
+Of the danger and harmfulness of patent cough mixtures _The American
+Therapist_ says:--
+
+    "Cough mixtures as a rule, do more harm than good. Nine times
+    out of ten the principal ingredient is opium. It is true that
+    opium may lessen the tendency to cough, but it does great damage
+    by arresting the normal secretions, and the system becomes
+    affected by the poisons from the kidneys, skin, stomach,
+    intestines and the mucous membrane lining the upper air
+    passages. Not only do these mixtures arrest every secretion in
+    the body, but they also show their deteriorating and degrading
+    effect through the stomach. They contain substances which tend
+    to disorder and derange digestion."
+
+Several years ago the Post-Office Department at Washington was led to
+take an interest in the question of fraudulent "patent" medicines, and
+an examination of many of these nostrums was undertaken by government
+chemists. Fraud orders were issued against some of the most flagrant
+offenders, forbidding them the use of the mails. This has not done away
+with the evil, however, for they usually move to another city, and begin
+business again under another name.
+
+The examinations made for the Post Office Department revealed the fact
+that a great many of the so-called medicines on the market were
+intoxicating beverages in disguise. The Internal Revenue Department then
+took up the matter and a long list of these beverage medicines was sent
+out to internal revenue agents with instructions that these must not be
+sold henceforth unless by persons paying a special tax for the sale of
+alcoholic beverages.
+
+Some of the manufacturers of these nostrums availed themselves of
+opportunity given to add a recognized medicinal agent to their flavored
+alcohol and water and such preparations were stricken from the list of
+those requiring a whisky license for their sale. Peruna and Hostetter's
+Bitters were the best-known of these. Peruna had been up to this time
+what government chemists called "a cheap cocktail." The report of the
+pure food commissioner of North Dakota for 1906 gives on page 157 an
+analysis of it as now upon the market: "Alcohol by volume, 21.25 per
+cent.; total solids, 3.846 per cent.; ash, .158 per cent." The report
+says:--
+
+    "The only thing of a medicinal nature that we could find in this
+    preparation appeared to be a small amount of senna combined with
+    a bitters of some kind."
+
+Proprietary "Foods" have not escaped attention from chemists. Dr.
+Charles Harrington, for several years secretary of Massachusetts Board
+of Health, was the first to publish an analysis of these preparations
+showing their alcoholic strength and their small nutritive content. He
+lists "foods" examined by him as follows:--
+
+    "Liquid Peptonoids 23.03 alcohol; maximum amount recommended
+    will yield less than one ounce of nutriment per day, and the
+    equivalent of 3.50 oz. of whisky. Hemapeptone 10.60 alcohol;
+    Hemaboloids 15.81 alcohol; the maximum dose recommended yields
+    about 1/4 oz. of nutriment, and the equivalent of about 1-1/2
+    oz. of whisky daily. Tonic Beef 15.58 alcohol; doses recommended
+    yield about 1/2 oz. nutriment daily, and the equivalent of one
+    ounce of whiskey. Mulford's Predigested Beef 19.72 alcohol;
+    doses recommended yield about 1-1/4 oz. nutriment daily, and the
+    alcoholic equivalent of about 6 oz. of whisky. There were
+    "Foods" for the sick examined which were non-alcoholic, but
+    their nutritive value was about nothing in comparison to their
+    cost."
+
+The Committee on Pharmacy of the American Medical Association reports on
+the following foods thus:--
+
+    Carpanutrine 17.3 alcohol; Liquid Peptones (Lilly & Co.) 22.0;
+    Nutrient Wine of Beef Peptone (Armour) 21.5; Nutritive Liquid
+    Peptone 23.0; Panopepton 18.5; Peptonic Elixir 18.8; Tonic Beef
+    16.1. The report on these says: "There are no fatty substances
+    present in these products; their food value from this point of
+    view is, therefore, _nil_."
+
+A prominent physician of Philadelphia said of these "Foods" in the
+Journal of the A. M. A.:--
+
+    "I have long been convinced that many a patient has suffered
+    severely when preparations such as these were being used, and
+    that not a few of them have died, chiefly of starvation. * * * A
+    very important disadvantage of these foods is their alcoholic
+    content. Even in the small doses customarily used, the quantity
+    of alcohol is often irritating to the stomach, and may be
+    disadvantageous in other ways."
+
+The Committee on Pharmacy also reported on cod-liver oil preparations.
+They said: "A preparation claiming to represent cod-liver oil which does
+not contain oil in some form is fraudulent. Waterbury's Metabolized
+Cod-Liver Oil and Hagee's Cordial of Cod-Liver Oil are cited as
+examples. It is claimed by the manufacturers that the latter represents
+33 per cent. of pure Norwegian cod-liver oil, but in neither of these
+preparations did the tests made by the committee show any oil. Analysis
+revealed sugar, alcohol, and glycerine, none of which is contained in
+cod-liver oil."
+
+Vinol is advertised as Wine of Cod-Liver Oil, but is admittedly without
+oil, and according to analysis contains 18.8 per cent. alcohol.
+Wampole's Tasteless Preparation of Cod-Liver Oil showed 20.05 per cent.
+of alcohol.
+
+Cod-Liver Oil is considerably out of date now as a prescribed remedy
+because physicians have found that it impairs appetite. Cream and fresh
+butter and olive oil are advised instead.
+
+Australia has been such a harvest field for patent medicine
+manufacturers that a government commission was appointed to study the
+subject. This commission presented a voluminous report to the
+parliament of 1907. This report gives an analysis of most of the
+extensively advertised medicines. Doan's Backache Kidney Pills are said
+to be made of oil of juniper 1 drop, hemlock pitch 10 grains, potassium
+nitrate 5 grains, powdered fenugreek (Greek hay) 4 grains, wheat flour 4
+grains, maize starch 2 grains. The report says: "The stuff is the
+cheapest kind of skin-plaster made up into pills." The seeds of
+fenugreek are used mainly for poultices. Doan's Dinner Pills contain two
+drastic purgatives, podophyllin and aloin. Both of these are dangerous
+drugs. Aloin frequently produces hemorrhoids (piles). The _British
+Medical Journal_ says that the material in forty of the Kidney Pills and
+four Dinner Pills would cost one English halfpenny (one cent).
+
+Vitae-Ore is given as consisting of ordinary sulphate of iron (green
+vitriol) to which a little Epsom salts has been added. Munyon's Kidney
+Cure, which claims to cure Bright's disease, gravel, and all urinary
+diseases, is given as composed entirely of sugar. Dr. Williams' Pink
+Pills are said to be an iron pill much the same as the ordinary Blaud's
+Pills which are sold in drug-stores for half, or less than half, the
+price of the proprietary article. (Iron is said by recent investigators
+to be very injurious to the stomach.)
+
+The Committee on Pharmacy of the American Medical Association has
+analyzed many proprietary medicines; from their reports the following
+analyses are taken. "Health Grains," which are claimed to be a remedy
+for "Dyspepsia, Indigestion, Nervousness, etc.," were found to consist
+of 87.50 per cent. of coarse quartz sand, and 12.50 per cent. of rock
+candy and syrup.
+
+    "Hoff's Consumption Cure consists essentially of sodium
+    cinnamate and extract of opium, a mixture at one time suggested
+    for the treatment of tuberculosis, but which has been discarded
+    by physicians. A medicine which depends on opium for whatever
+    therapeutic effect it may have is, when sold indiscriminately to
+    the laity, inherently vicious."
+
+Sartoin Skin Food for "sunburn, and all skin blemishes" was made of
+Epsom salts colored with a pink dye. The government prosecuted the
+company sending out Epsom salts as a "food," and they were fined $20 for
+thus seeking to dupe silly women.
+
+Malt extracts are very extensively used at the present time, under the
+popular notion that they are an aid to starch digestion. That they are a
+product of the brewery has caused them to be looked upon with suspicion
+by cautious people, but the multitude has apparently given no thought,
+or care, as to whether or not they may be alcoholic. Dr. Charles
+Harrington presented the results of an examination of these preparations
+at a meeting of the Boston Society of Medical Sciences, held Nov. 17,
+1896. The following is quoted from the journal of the society for
+November, 1896:--
+
+    "Twenty-one different brands of liquid malt extract were
+    obtained and analyzed. That they were not true malt extracts is
+    shown by the fact that in no one was there the slightest
+    diastatic power; all were alcoholic, some being stronger than
+    beer, ale, or even porter. In a number of specimens a large
+    amount of salicylic acid was detected."
+
+Dr. J. H. Kellogg, in commenting upon this report, said in the Dec.,
+1896, _Bulletin of the A. M. T. A._:--
+
+    "In the light of these facts, it is apparent that ale or lager
+    beer might as well be prescribed for a patient as these
+    so-called malt extracts, which are practically nothing more than
+    concentrated ale or lager."
+
+There are malt extracts, made up like honey, or syrup, in consistency,
+which are valuable.
+
+The following list of malt extracts, with accompanying letter from Prof.
+Sharples, is taken from a paper published by Hon. Henry H. Faxon, of
+Quincy, Mass.:--
+
+
+                                   "Boston, Mass., March 20, 1897.
+
+    "I enclose a list of the malt extracts examined in this office
+    during the past year or two. These samples were all in original
+    packages, obtained by officers in various parts of Eastern
+    Massachusetts. They probably very fairly represent the various
+    malt extracts on the market. I have added two samples of Porter
+    and one of Old Brown Stout for purposes of comparison.
+
+       "Yours respectfully,
+         "S. P. SHARPLES.
+           "State Assayer."
+
+
+ Name.                                                 Solids.  Alcohol.
+
+ 5193 English Malt Extract                                9.70     5.63
+ 5214 Old Grist Mill Malt Extract                        10.57     5.54
+ 5418 Old Grist Mill Malt Extract                         9.98     5.63
+ 5490 Old Grist Mill Malt Extract                        12.28     5.86
+ 5626 Old Grist Mill Malt Extract                         9.63     5.00
+ 5207 Liquid Food, a Malt Extract                        10.47     4.27
+ 5225 Pure Malt, a Liquid Food, a Tonic                   9.71     5.00
+ 5416 Pure Malt, a Liquid Food, a Tonic                  10.76     6.32
+ 5619 King's Pure Malt[C]                                 9.52     6.60
+      [Footnote C: The label on King's Malt states that
+      for a strong, healthy person, with a good appetite,
+      a pint with each meal and another on retiring at
+      night will not be too much.]
+ 5421 A Nutritious Tonic, Pure Malt Extract              10.88     6.24
+ 5226 Noris' Extract of Malt                             11.57     5.94
+ 5258 Noris' Extract of Malt                              9.31     6.55
+ 5397 Noris' Extract of Malt                             10.63     6.24
+ 5485 Noris' Extract of Malt                             10.50     6.63
+ 5620 Noris' Extract of Malt                             12.55     5.90
+ 5229 Pabst Malt Extract, The Best Tonic                 10.43     5.16
+ 5230 Hoff's Malt Extract (Tarrant's)                    11.33     8.88
+ 5489 Hoff's Malt Extract (Tarrant's)                    12.25     7.17
+ 5231 Johann Hoff'sches Malz-Extract, Gesundheit's Beir  11.31     4.34
+ 5491 Johann Hoff'sches Malz-Extract, Gesundheit's Beir  11.02     4.85
+ 5621 Johann Hoff'sches Malz-Extract, Gesundheit's Beir  10.49     4.50
+ 5408 Johann Hoff'sches Malz-Extract, Gesundheit's Beir  11.47     4.78
+ 5340 Haffenreffer & Co. Malt Wine                       11.02     6.65
+ 5423 Haffenreffer & Co. Malt Wine                       11.71     5.63
+      Liquid Bread, A Pure Extract of Malt                6.78     6.63
+ 5395 Durgin's Malt, Liquid Extract of Malt               7.12     5.94
+ 5433 Durgin's Liquid Extract of Malt                     6.49     5.55
+ 5396 Wyeth's Liquid Malt Extract                        14.80     3.35
+ 5488 Wyeth's Liquid Malt Extract                        15.50     2.86
+ 5622 Wyeth's Liquid Malt Extract                        15.73     2.35
+ 5406 Wampole's Concentrated Extract of Malt              9.84     9.86
+ 5407 Anheuser-Busch's Malt Nutrine                      15.98     3.00
+ 5600 Anheuser-Busch's Malt Nutrine                      15.82     2.25
+ 5417 Malt Extract (Sterilized), John L. Gleeson          7.97     4.71
+ 5422 Malt Extract (Sterilized), Charles C. Hearn         8.58     5.00
+ 5436 Burkhart Brewing Co.'s Malt Extract                10.73     7.01
+ 5486 Menzel's Extract of Malt                            5.90     5.24
+ 5625 Menzel's Extract of Malt                            6.75     4.35
+ 5623 King of Malt Tonics, Lion Tonic                    10.95     7.05
+ 5624 Teutonic, "A concentrated Extract
+         of Malt and Hops"                                9.95     7.45
+ 5409 Van Nostrand's Old Stout Porter,
+         "a pure malt extract"                            7.97     6.55
+ 5233 Philadelphia Porter                                 5.34     6.63
+ 5232 Burke's Guiness Stout                               6.66     7.17
+
+    The alcohol in the above table represents the cubic centimeters
+    of alcohol in a 100 cubic centimeters of the liquid. The solids
+    are the number of grams of solid extract in each 100 centimeters
+    of the liquid.
+
+        S. P. SHARPLES.
+
+
+The _British Medical Journal_, and the _British Medical Temperance
+Review_ have been calling attention to the danger in coca wines.
+Intemperance among invalids is said to be greatly on the increase from
+the use of these wines. In every case the basis of these preparations is
+strongly alcoholic wine, ranging from 18 to 20 per cent. The coca added
+is either the leaves, or liquid extract of coca, or hydrochlorate of
+cocaine.
+
+Dr. Frederic Coley says in the _British Medical Journal_:--
+
+    "Coca, and its chief alkaloid, cocaine, are drugs which possess
+    some power of removing the sense of fatigue, just as analgesics
+    remove the consciousness of pain. But they no more remove the
+    physical condition of muscles, and nerve centres, of which the
+    sense of pain gives us warning, than a dose of morphine, which
+    removes the pain of toothache, removes the offending tooth, or
+    even arrests the caries in it. The truth of this will be obvious
+    to any one who remembers enough of physiology to know what
+    fatigue really means. A muscle which is tired out is different
+    chemically from the same muscle in its more normal condition,
+    when it is ready to respond vigorously to ordinary stimuli. It
+    has lost something, and is, besides, overcharged (poisoned, in
+    fact) with the products of its own activity, and it can only be
+    restored by a fresh supply of the material which it requires,
+    and the carrying away of the poisonous waste products. Fatigue
+    of nerve centres is no doubt strictly analogous to fatigue of
+    muscles.
+
+    "It is practically impossible for us, by voluntary exertion, to
+    reach the degree of absolute fatigue, which the physiologist
+    produces by electric stimulation of a nerve-muscle preparation.
+    The sense of fatigue becomes so intense that voluntary effort
+    cannot overcome it. So no man can produce asphyxia by simply
+    holding his breath, because the _besoin de respirer_ becomes
+    irresistible; but it is quite possible for a narcotic to so dull
+    the sensory part of the respiratory reflex mechanism as to
+    permit asphyxia to take place.
+
+    "The sense of fatigue, and the _besoin de respirer_ are both
+    Nature's danger signals. Drugs which hide such signals from us
+    are a more than doubtful benefit. If it were possible for us to
+    suppose that a fraction of a grain of cocaine could afford to
+    exhausted nerve centres, and muscles, the nutriment which they
+    require for their restoration, and at the same time eliminate
+    the poisonous waste products, then it would be reasonable to
+    prescribe the drug for use by all who are overworked, and
+    perhaps suffering from the malnutrition consequent upon,
+    'nervous dyspepsia,' as well as mere want of rest.
+
+    "In this go-ahead century it is no wonder that many are but too
+    ready to experiment with a drug which professes to be able to
+    remove fatigue, and to enable a man to go on working when,
+    without its aid, weariness had become unendurable. Cocaine
+    claims all this; and it is most dangerous just because, for a
+    time, it seems able to keep its promise. That is how victims to
+    cocainism are made. Let us be honest with our overworked
+    patients, who want us to help them with drugs; let us tell them
+    that rest is the only safe remedy for weariness.
+
+    "To combine such a drug as coca, or cocaine, with an alcoholic
+    stimulant, is to multiply the dangers of cocainism by those of
+    alcoholism. It would be impossible to find terms sufficiently
+    severe in which to condemn the recklessness of those who
+    promiscuously recommend such a compound for all who are
+    overworked or debilitated. One firm actually has the assurance
+    to advertise a preparation of this kind as a remedy for
+    dipsomania. Truly this is casting out devils by Beelzebub, with
+    a vengeance. Invoking Beelzebub for such a purpose has never
+    been a success. And I suspect that any form of coca wine will
+    make a great many more dipsomaniacs than it will cure."
+
+Dr. Walter N. Edwards, F. C. S., says of coca wines:--
+
+    "These wines are sold as being useful in an immense variety of
+    ailments. The following are a few of the many that are named
+    upon the bottles or in the circulars accompanying them:--
+
+        "Weakness after illness,
+        "Nervous disorders,
+        "Sleeplessness,
+        "Influenza,
+        "Whooping cough,
+        "Exhaustion of mind and body,
+        "Allays thirst,
+        "Restores digestive function,
+        "Enables great physical toil to be undergone,
+        "Great value in excesses of all kinds,
+        "General debility,
+        "Prevents colds and chills,
+        "Makes pure, rich blood,
+        "Anæmia,
+        "Invaluable after pleurisy, pneumonia, etc.,
+        "Aid to the vocal organs.
+
+    "This is a fairly respectable list of complaints, and the very
+    fact that these preparations of coca wine are put forward as a
+    cure for so wide a range of various complaints is in itself a
+    condemnation of them.
+
+    "When any particular remedy is said to be of universal
+    application for a large number of different complaints it may be
+    looked upon with great suspicion.
+
+    "It must always be remembered that there is the commercial side
+    to this question. The proprietors have no particular regard for
+    the welfare of the people; their business is to make a profit,
+    and many of them gain enormous fortunes. By skilful and lavish
+    advertisements, and by carefully worded testimonials, they
+    appeal to the credulity of the public, and often deceive even
+    those who regard themselves as belonging to the thinking
+    classes.
+
+    "There are two specific dangers in regard to these wines. They
+    are ordinary wines, either port or sherry for the most part, and
+    therefore strongly alcoholic. The user of them is in
+    considerable danger of cultivating a taste for alcohol, and
+    certainly, there is the greatest possible danger to any one
+    having had the appetite, of reviving it.
+
+    "The dose is an elastic one, it can be repeated with
+    considerable frequency three or four times a day.
+
+    "What would be said of growing girls or youths having recourse
+    three or four times a day to the wine bottle? This is exactly
+    what they are doing when coca, and the so-called food wines are
+    placed in their hands as medicine. They like the pleasant taste,
+    there is the call of habit and appetite, and so there arises the
+    greatest possible danger of a general liking for alcoholic
+    liquors being set up. The ailing man or woman of set years is in
+    similar danger, for they are having recourse to alcohol when
+    their powers of mind and body are to some extent exhausted, and
+    they are thus less able to resist the fascination for alcohol
+    that may so quickly be brought into existence.
+
+    "Another element of danger is that the recourse to coca and kola
+    is an attempt to get more out of the body, and the mind, than
+    nature intended. Overwork, overstrain, worry, all produce
+    exhaustion of physical and nervous power. Nature pulls us up by
+    asserting herself, and we feel run down and seedy, and, perhaps,
+    quite unwell. What is wanted is rest, proper diet, and change.
+    These would quickly be restorative, and once again we should be
+    fit for the duties of life.
+
+    "In a busy age there is the strongest possible temptation to
+    seek a restorative by some occult method, rather than to give
+    the rest and refreshment that nature demands. It is upon this
+    that the whole trade in these so-called restoratives depends.
+
+    "There is no food quality in alcohol, cocaine or kola, but there
+    is in them all a narcotizing influence that in its lesser stages
+    is hurtful, and in its greater stages disastrous.
+
+    "The cocaine habit may be cultivated as easily as the alcohol
+    habit, and the two forms of disease, alcoholism and cocainism,
+    are by no means rare. The great factor in each of them is the
+    loss of will power, and when that is accomplished the descent to
+    complete moral and physical ruin is quite easy.
+
+    "A pure and simple life, in accord with the laws of health and
+    hygiene, is the panacea both for the maintenance, and the
+    restoration of health, and that is what we should strive to aim
+    at, rather than having recourse to drugs that are not only
+    ineffective, but positively dangerous."--_United Temperance
+    Gazette._
+
+In Dr. Milner Fothergill's _Practioners' Hand-book of Treatment_, fourth
+edition, the following statement is made:--
+
+    "Coca wine, and other medicated wines are largely sold to people
+    who are considered, and consider themselves, to be total
+    abstainers. It is not uncommon to hear the mother of a family
+    say, 'I never allow my girls to touch stimulants of any kind,
+    but I give them each a glass of coca wine at 11 in the morning,
+    and again at bedtime.' Originally coca wine was made from coca
+    leaves, but it is now commonly a solution of the alkaloid, in a
+    sweet and strongly alcoholic wine. This is really the gist of
+    the whole matter; coca wine is largely consumed by people who
+    fondly believe themselves to be total abstainers, and who are
+    active enough in denouncing those who take a little wine, or a
+    glass of beer at their meals. The sooner their delusion is
+    dispelled the better for themselves, and for the unfortunate
+    children over whom they exercise supervision."
+
+Another physician tells of seeing a distinguished ecclesiastical
+dignitary, a sworn foe of alcohol and its congeners, giving his young
+child a generous daily allowance of one of these wines.
+
+The user of coca wines runs a double risk--an alcohol craving may be
+revived, or created; and, at the same time, cocainism may be set up, and
+nothing but physical, mental and moral ruin follow.
+
+The _British Medical Journal_ of January 23rd, 1897, says:--
+
+    "There can be no doubt that in many parts of the world cocaine
+    inebriety is largely on the increase. The greatest number of
+    victims is to be found among society women, and among women who
+    have adopted literature as a profession; and there is no doubt
+    that a considerable proportion of chronic cocainists have fallen
+    under the dominion of the drug from a desire to stimulate their
+    powers of imagination. Others have acquired that habit quite
+    innocently from taking coca wines. The symptoms experienced by
+    the victims of the cocaine habit are illusions of sight and
+    hearing, neuromuscular irritability, and localized anæsthesia.
+    After a time insomnia supervenes, and the patient displays a
+    curious hesitancy, and an inability to arrive at a decision on
+    even the most trivial subjects."
+
+Dr. F. Coley says later on in the article before referred to:--
+
+    "There is another combination which, though utterly absurd from
+    a therapeutical point of view, is not in itself quite so
+    dangerous as coca wine. It will probably do a larger amount of
+    mischief, however, because more people take it. I refer to the
+    various preparations, so largely advertised, which profess to be
+    compounded of port wine, extract of malt, and extract of meat.
+    To the medically uneducated public this doubtless seems a most
+    promising combination: extract of meat for food, extract of malt
+    to aid digestion, port wine to make blood. Surely the very thing
+    to strengthen all who are weak, and to hasten the restoration of
+    convalescents. Unfortunately what the advertisements say--that
+    this stuff is largely prescribed by medical men--is not wholly
+    untrue.
+
+    "I do not suppose that any physician of anything like front rank
+    would make such a mistake. But busy general practitioners may be
+    excused if they prove to be a bit oblivious of physiology, and
+    so become attracted by a formula which is more plausible than
+    sound. In the first place, we all know that extract of meat is
+    not food at all. From the manner of its production, it cannot
+    contain an appreciable quantity of proteid material. It consists
+    mainly of creatin, and creatinin, and salts. These are, it is
+    needless to say, incapable of acting as food. Extract of meat,
+    and similar preparations, have their uses however; made into
+    'beef-tea,' their meaty flavor often enables patients to take a
+    quantity of bread, which would otherwise be refused; or lentil
+    flour, or some other matter may be added. In this way, though
+    not food itself, it becomes a most useful aid to feeding. It is
+    besides, a harmless stimulant, especially when taken, as it
+    always should be, hot. It should be needless to add that to
+    combine extract of meat with port wine is simply to ignore its
+    real use. The only intelligible basis for such an invention must
+    be the wholly erroneous notion that extract of meat is a food."
+
+The prices asked for "secret nostrums" are said by chemists to be
+ofttimes far beyond the value of the materials. Of one article the _New
+Idea_, a druggists' paper, says:--
+
+    "It retails at $1.50 per bottle. Such an article could be put up
+    for less than fifteen cents, including bottle, leaving by no
+    means a small margin for the profit of its manufacturers."
+
+The same paper says of a cure for catarrh, neuralgia, etc. sold in the
+form of a small ball:--
+
+    "This cure costs $2.50 per ball. A handsome profit could be made
+    upon it at 5 cents a ball."
+
+Some proprietary preparations are not harmful, but are positively inert.
+The Mass. State Board of Health in report of 1896 gives _Kaskine_ as an
+example of these. Although sold at a dollar an ounce it was found to
+consist of nothing but granulated sugar of the fine grade used in
+homeopathic pharmacy, without any medication or flavoring whatever.
+
+Dr. Edward Von Adelung in an article in _Life and Health_, Dec., 1897,
+tells of a well advertised cure for consumption, the analysis of which
+showed it to be composed of water, slightly colored by the addition of a
+very small quantity of red wine, and two mineral acids, muriatic and
+impure sulphuric, in quantities just sufficient to lend it a taste! He
+says:--
+
+    "Fortuitously I had the opportunity of observing the influence
+    of this remedy on a consumptive who took it regularly, and who
+    was so enamored of its favorable action that he gave up his
+    business to conduct an agency for its sale. It was not long
+    after he had entered upon his new vocation that I received word
+    of his death, due to pulmonary hemorrhage."
+
+The "returned missionary" fraud has been exposed by different druggists'
+papers, among them the _New Idea_. The "missionary" would advertise a
+"free cure," if people would send to him. The "cure" would be in the
+form of a prescription. There being no drugs in any drugstore bearing
+the names given in the prescription, the dupe was expected to pay an
+exorbitant price for them to the philanthropic "missionary." In one case
+of this kind the "medicinal plants brought from South America, the only
+place where they grew," were upon examination by chemists of the _New
+Idea_ found to be ordinary drugs, not one of which comes from South
+America.
+
+The same paper tells of another "South American" fraud, 60,000 bottles
+of which were said to be sold in Detroit in a few weeks, by an
+itinerating vendor.
+
+A certain liver, and kidney, and constipation cure, sold in the form of
+herbs, is said by _New Idea_ to be chiefly couch grass, and senna
+leaves. Yet it sells for 25 cents for a small package.
+
+To this paper the public is also indebted for the information that a
+kind of wafer advertised to "cure in a few days all coughs, colds,
+irritation of the uvula and tonsils, influenza, bronchitis, asthma, sore
+throat, consumption, and all diseases of the lungs and chest" was found
+to consist wholly of sugar and corn starch!
+
+_Medical World_ recently told of the investigation of "H----" by Prof.
+John Uri Lloyd of Cincinnati. It was advertised as a plant discovered by
+a doctor traveling in Florida. Its juices were said to be antidotal to
+snake poisoning, and would also cure the opium habit. Prof. Lloyd found
+it to be a liquid consisting of a solution of sulphate of morphine and
+salicylic acid, in alcohol and glycerine, with suitable coloring matter.
+
+Another fraud exposed by _New Idea_ was a "cure" for the peculiar ills
+of women. The cure is put up in the form of little oblong blocks about a
+half inch in length.
+
+    "A circular accompanies them, and is well calculated to produce
+    alarm in the young. It is another sample of the demoralizing
+    documents which unscrupulous quacks are continually circulating
+    among the laity, in order to create alarm, and profit by this
+    alarm."
+
+After giving a description of the diseases peculiar to the sex it is
+stated that all of these are curable by using eight dollars worth of
+this wonderful medicine.
+
+_New Idea_ continues:--
+
+    "The _cure_ consists, according to our examination, of nothing
+    but flour, made into a paste and allowed to harden in the form
+    of small oblong blocks. Evidently the quack relied upon the
+    faith-cure principle, and his auxiliary treatment, as set forth
+    in the rules of living given in the circular."
+
+While these inert preparations are of the nature of frauds, they will
+not injure the health, nor make drunkards, or opium fiends, as the
+disguised preparations of whisky and morphine are likely to do.
+
+That the use of patent medicines has made many drunkards is a fact well
+attested. The American Association for the Study of Inebriety appointed
+a committee several years ago to investigate the various nostrums
+advertised especially for the benefit of alcohol and opium inebriates.
+The report of this committee, prepared by Dr. N. Roe Bradner, late of
+the Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane, in speaking of the marvelous
+cures advertised in connection with the use of these mixtures, calls
+them "volumes of gilded falsehood, designed for an innocent,
+unsuspecting public," and adds:--
+
+    "The use of such nostrums would do more toward confirming than
+    eradicating the habit, if it existed, and would invite and
+    create addiction to an almost hopeless fatality, where the habit
+    had not previously existed. Insanity, palsy, idiocy, and many
+    forms of physical, moral and mental ruin have followed the sale
+    of these nostrums throughout our land."
+
+Dr. E. A. Craighill, President of the Virginia State Pharmaceutical
+Association, is quoted in the July (1897) _Journal of Inebriety_, as
+saying:--
+
+    "In my experience I have known of men filling drunkards' graves
+    who learned to drink taking some advertised bitters as
+    legitimate medicine. It would be hard to estimate the number of
+    young brains ruined, and the maturer opium wrecks from nostrums
+    of this nature. I could write a volume on the mischief that is
+    being done every day to body, mind and soul, all over the land,
+    by the thousands of miserable frauds that are being poured down
+    the throats of not only ignorant people, but, alas, intelligent
+    ones, too."
+
+A lady informed the writer recently that her brother had taken forty
+bottles of one of these preparations, and had become a drunkard through
+it.
+
+Many seem unaware that the ethics of the medical profession restrain
+reputable physicians from advertising themselves or their remedies, so
+that these much-lauded patent medicines are put upon the market by
+quacks, never by physicians of good standing. It is purely a
+money-making enterprise, without consideration of the health or
+destruction of the people. It is popularly supposed that physicians
+decry these things from fear that their sale will injure regular
+practice. This is another error as they increase work for the doctor by
+aggravating existing trouble, as well as causing disease where there was
+only slight disturbance.
+
+Dr. F. E. Stewart, Ph. G., of Detroit, Mich., says in the October, 1897,
+_Life and Health_:--
+
+    "Taking all these facts into consideration, it is apparent that
+    the patent, trade-mark and copyright laws should be so
+    interpreted and administered by the court that they will secure
+    the greatest good to the greatest number, and aid in attaining
+    the end of government, viz., 'moral, intellectual and physical
+    perfection.' It is not the object of these laws to create odious
+    monopolies, to throw a mantle of protection over fraud, to
+    enable quacks and charlatans to encroach on the domain of
+    legitimate medical and pharmacal practice, or to support an
+    advertising business designed to mislead the public in regard to
+    the nature and value of medicines as curative agents. The morals
+    of the community are injured by some of this advertising,
+    intellectual vigor is impaired by the use of many things
+    advertised, and physical, as well as moral, degradation
+    frequently results. Crime is often inculcated--even the crime of
+    murder, that the nostrum manufacturer may profit thereby. Cures
+    for incurable diseases are promised, and guaranteed. Every
+    scheme that human and devilish ingenuity can devise to wring
+    money from its victim is resorted to, which can be employed
+    without actually bringing the advertisers into court. All this
+    wicked quackery parades under the guise of 'patent' medicines,
+    and asks the protection of our courts. It is time for the
+    medical and pharmaceutic professions to unite, and unmask this
+    monster, and show the public its true nature. And this can be
+    accomplished in no better way than through a study of the object
+    of the laws which the secret nostrum manufacturers are now
+    endeavoring to prostitute for their own advantage, and the
+    teaching of the public what these laws were enacted for.
+
+    "The secret nostrum business in some of its phases has
+    assiduously found its way into the medical arts, and physicians,
+    pharmacists, and manufacturing houses, seem to have forgotten,
+    to a certain extent, the obligations which they owe to the
+    public. Medicine, in all its departments, must be practiced in
+    accord with scientific, and professional requirement, or it will
+    sink to the level of a commercial business. _The end of medical
+    practice is service to suffering humanity, not the acquisition
+    of money._ Money making is a necessary part of the practice of
+    medical arts, not, however, its chief object. This fact must be
+    kept in view always. Once lost sight of, and trade competition
+    substituted for competition in serving the interests of the
+    sick, medical and pharmacal practice will become an ignoble
+    scrabble for wealth, in which the sick become victims of
+    avarice and greed. Better set free a pack of ravening wolves in
+    a community than to change the end of medical practice to a
+    commercial one, for physicians and pharmacists would soon
+    degenerate into quacks and charlatans, and take shameful
+    advantage of the community for gain."
+
+Where Dr. Stewart speaks of murder he probably refers to the sale of
+_abortofacients_.
+
+Dr. Roe Bradner, of Philadelphia, in his report upon alleged cures for
+drunkenness before the Society for the Study of Inebriety several years
+ago, said:--
+
+    "There is a certain other class of so-called remedies, prepared
+    sometimes by physicians and pharmacists, that do a great deal of
+    harm. I allude to the 'non-secret proprietaries' that claim to
+    publish their formulas, _but do not_. One in particular has made
+    thousands, and likely tens of thousands, of _chloral drunkards_,
+    dethroned the reason of as many more, besides having killed
+    outright very many. It is impossible for any one to estimate the
+    mischief that is being done by such remedies, and the physicians
+    who recommend them."
+
+Advertising is still the great hindrance in protecting the people from
+medical imposters. Professor E. W. Ladd, Pure Food Commissioner of North
+Dakota, says on this point:--
+
+    "These patent medicines, some of which are of merit, and others
+    are only 'dopes,' or preparations intended to defraud the
+    public, have been altogether too generally advertised and sold
+    to the public. In many ways it seems a deplorable fact that by
+    an unfair method of advertising the American people have come to
+    be consumers to such an extent of a class of medicines, which,
+    at times, are positively detrimental to health. In other
+    instances the continued use of the product is liable to result
+    in the formation of a drug habit which may lead to serious
+    consequences.
+
+    "It should not be understood that this department condemns the
+    use of legitimate proprietary or patent medicines, but it
+    insists that there is a need for wiping out of existence about
+    half of the products now generally sold, and with regard to the
+    others the public have a right to know what is contained in
+    them, and not be misled by false statements, or by statements so
+    cunningly worded as to positively mislead the unwary reader. * *
+    * In view of the fact that about 90 per cent. of the nostrums on
+    the market are sold by newspaper and magazine advertising and
+    not by the customer seeing the package, it would seem advisable
+    to amend the law so as to cover this point."
+
+There is no doubt that it is the advertising which makes the patent
+medicine business so tremendously profitable. One firm boasted, prior to
+the exposure of the fraud nature of their preparation, that they spent
+$5,000 a day in advertising. What must have been made on the nostrum to
+allow such expenditure? It is said on good authority that the cost of
+these nostrums does not exceed fifteen to sixteen cents a bottle, and
+they sell for a dollar a bottle. Such profits make it easy to buy up
+newspapers that are conscienceless as to the robbery of the unfortunate
+sick.
+
+The only effectual way of putting an end to the sale of nostrums is to
+make illegal the advertising of such preparations in the public press.
+Norway has safeguarded her people thus. The difficulty in gaining such a
+law in America will be the opposition of the newspapers, the large
+majority of which still cling to this selfish method of adding to their
+gains. Even the so-called religious press is not all clean yet in this
+respect. Once they could be excused because of lack of knowledge. Now
+there is no excuse.
+
+During the debate in Congress upon the patent-medicine clause of the
+Pure Food Bill, Senator Heyburn said:--
+
+    "I have always been aggressively against the advertisements of
+    nostrums. Some time ago a friend of mine, a very old fellow,
+    that I had taken a special interest in securing a pension for,
+    had reached the age and condition of dependency. I succeeded in
+    getting him a comfortable pension that would pay his bills for
+    household provisions. Once, when I found he was very poor, I
+    said to his wife, 'What are you doing with your pension?' She
+    said, 'Don't you know, Mr. Heyburn, that it takes at least
+    one-half of that pension for patent medicine?' Then she
+    enumerated the patent medicines they were taking. It was being
+    suggested to them through advertisements that they were the
+    victims of ills that they were not troubled with, and that they
+    could find relief through these different medicines.
+
+    "I am in favor of stopping the advertisements of these nostrums
+    in every paper in the country."
+
+It may well be asked, Would any one of these well-to-do newspaper owners
+entrust himself, or any of his family, in time of sickness to the
+cure-all imposters whose nostrums they advertise? If one of their
+children had anæmia would they rely on Pink Pills for a cure? If they
+had a genuine catarrh would they expect it to be cured by Peruna? Never!
+They would seek the very best medical advice obtainable. Yet, for the
+ignorant, credulous, sick and suffering poor they allow traps to be laid
+to rob of both money and such chances of recovery as might come from
+proper medical attendance.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+"DRUGGING."
+
+
+The main reason why so many people use patent medicines is the popular
+supposition that drugs cure disease. This is a great error. _Drugs never
+cure disease._ Nature alone has power to heal. There are agents, which
+in the hands of a trained and painstaking physician may assist nature,
+but the physician needs to understand something of the idiosyncrasies of
+his patient's system, or the use of these agents may do great harm
+instead of good. Those medical men who have made the most diligent study
+of health and disease assert as their deliberate opinion that excessive
+professional drugging has been decidedly destructive of human life.
+
+Dr. Jacob Bigelow, professor in the medical department of Harvard
+University, in a work published a few years ago stated as his belief
+that the unbiased opinion of most medical men of sound judgment, and
+long experience, is that the amount of death and disaster in the world
+would be less, if all diseases were left to themselves, than it now is
+under the multiform, reckless, and contradictory modes of practice, with
+which practitioners of diverse denominations carry on their
+differences, at the expense of the patient.
+
+Sir John Forbes, M. D., F. R. S., said:--
+
+    "Some patients get well with the aid of medicine, more without
+    it, and still more in spite of it."
+
+Dr. Bostwick, author of _The History of Medicine_, said:--
+
+    "Every dose of medicine given is a blind experiment upon the
+    vitality of the patient."
+
+Dr. James Johnson, editor of the _Medico-Chirurgical Review_, says:--
+
+    "I declare as my conscientious conviction founded on long
+    experience and reflection, that if there were not a single
+    physician, surgeon, man-midwife, chemist, apothecary, druggist
+    nor drug on the face of the earth, there would be less sickness
+    and less mortality than now prevail."
+
+Prof. J. W. Carson, of the New York College of Physicians and Surgeons,
+says:--
+
+    "We do not know whether our patients recover because we give
+    them medicine, or because nature cures them. Perhaps bread-pills
+    would cure as many as medicine."
+
+Prof. Alonzo Clark, of the same college, has said:--
+
+    "In their zeal to do good physicians have done much harm; they
+    have hurried many to the grave who would have recovered if left
+    to nature."
+
+Prof. Martin Paine, of the New York University Medical College, said:--
+
+    "Drug medicines do but cure one disease by producing another."
+
+Dr. Marshall Hall, F. R. S.:--
+
+    "Thousands are annually slaughtered in the quiet sick-room."
+
+Dr. Adam Smith:--
+
+    "The chief cause of quackery _outside_ the profession is the
+    _real_ quackery _in_ the profession."
+
+Prof. Gilman:--
+
+    "The things that are administered for the cure of _scarlet
+    fever_ and _measles_ kill far more than those diseases kill."
+
+Prof. Barker, of New York Medical College:--
+
+    "The drugs that are administered for the cure of _scarlet fever_
+    kill far more patients than the disease does."
+
+Prof. Parker:--
+
+    "As we place more confidence in nature, and less in preparations
+    of the apothecary, mortality diminishes."
+
+The examining physician of a large insurance company in New York said to
+a _Mercury_ reporter:--
+
+    "The primary cause of so many cases of _la grippe_ in this and
+    other cities is the almost universal habit of drug taking from
+    the milder tonics to patent medicines. Whenever the average man
+    or woman feels depressed or slightly ill, resort is made at once
+    to medicine, more or less strong. If they would try to find out
+    the cause of the trouble, and seek to obviate it by regulating
+    their mode of living, the general health of the community would
+    be better. The drug habit tends continually to lower the tone of
+    the system. The more it is indulged in the more apparent becomes
+    the necessity of continuing the downhill course. The majority of
+    persons do not look beyond the fact that they seem to feel
+    better after the use of a stimulating drug, or patent medicine.
+    This feeling comes from a benumbing action of the drug, because
+    it has no uplifting action. With the system in such a weakened
+    state, the microbes of the disease find excellent ground to
+    grow."
+
+Dr. J. H. Kellogg says in the April, 1899, _Bulletin of the
+A. M. T. A._:--
+
+    "Every drug capable of producing an artificial exhilaration of
+    spirits, a pleasure which is not the result of the natural play
+    of the vital functions, is necessarily mischievous in its
+    tendencies, and its use is intemperance, whether its name be
+    alcohol, tobacco, opium, cocaine, coca, kola, hashish, Siberian
+    mushroom, caffeine, betel-nuts, maté or any other of the score
+    or more enslaving drugs known to pharmacology. As the result of
+    the depression which follows the unnatural elevation of
+    sensation resulting from the use of one of these drugs, the
+    second application finds the subject on a little lower level
+    than the first, so that an increased dose is necessary to
+    produce the same intensity of pleasure or the same degree of
+    artificial felicity as the first. The larger dose is followed by
+    still greater depression which demands a still larger dose as
+    its antidote, and thus there is started a series of
+    ever-increasing doses, and ever-increasing baneful
+    after-affects, which work the ultimate ruin of the drug victim.
+    All drugs which enslave are alike in this regard, however much
+    they may differ otherwise in their physiological effects.
+    Alcohol is universally recognized as only one member of a large
+    family of intoxicating drugs, each of which is capable of
+    producing specific functional and organic mischief, besides the
+    vital deterioration common to the use of so-called
+    felicity-producing drugs.
+
+    "Is it not evident, then, that in combating the use of alcohol
+    we are attacking only one member of a numerous family of enemies
+    to human life and happiness, every one of which must be
+    exterminated before the evil of intemperance will be up-rooted?"
+
+Among the most popular drugs for self-prescription at the present time
+are the coal-tar products. Of these Dr. N. S. Davis has said:--
+
+    "Only a few years since, the profession were taught to regard
+    the degree of pyrexia, or heat, as the chief element of danger
+    in all the acute general diseases. Consequently, to control the
+    pyrexia became the leading object of treatment; and whatever
+    would do this promptly, and at the same time allay pain and
+    promote rest, found favor at the bedside of the patient.
+
+    "It was soon ascertained that antipyrin, antifebrin, phenacetin
+    and other analogous products, if given in sufficient doses,
+    would reduce the heat, and allay the pains with great certainty
+    and promptness, not only in continued fevers, but also in
+    rheumatism, influenza, or la grippe, etc.; and thus their use
+    soon became popular with both the profession and the public. No
+    one, however, undertook to first ascertain by strictly
+    scientific appliances the actual pathological processes causing
+    the pyrexia in each form of disease, or even to determine
+    whether in any given case the increased heat was the result of
+    increased heat production, or diminished heat dissipation.
+    Neither were any of the remedies subjected to such experimental
+    investigation as to determine their influence on the elements of
+    the blood, the internal distribution of oxygen, the metabolism
+    of the tissues, or on the activity of the eliminations.
+    Consequently their exhibition was wholly empirical, and the one
+    that subdued the pyrexia most promptly was given the preference.
+    Yet we all know that the pyrexia invariably returned as soon as
+    the effects of each dose were exhausted, and in a few years the
+    results showed that while the antipyretics served to keep down
+    the pyrexia, and give each case the appearance of doing well,
+    the average duration of the cases, and their mortality, were
+    both increased.
+
+    "Step by step experimental therapeutic investigations have
+    proved that the whole class of coal-tar antipyretics reduce
+    animal heat by impairing the capacity of the hemoglobin and
+    corpuscular elements of the blood to receive and distribute free
+    oxygen, and thereby reduce temperature by diminishing heat
+    production, nerve sensibility and tissue metabolism. Therefore,
+    while each dose temporarily reduces the fever, it retards the
+    most important physiological processes on which the living
+    system depends for resisting the effects of toxic agents;
+    namely, oxidation and elimination. This not only encourages the
+    retention of toxic agents and natural excretory materials by
+    which specific fevers are protracted, but it greatly increases
+    the number of cases of pneumonia that complicate the epidemic
+    influenza, or la grippe, as it has occurred since 1888-89.
+
+    "The bad work that people make in dosing themselves with patent
+    medicines, without a physician's prescription is not
+    unfrequently punctuated with a sudden death from overdosing with
+    antipyrin, sulphonal, or some other coal-tar preparation."
+
+Dr. C. H. Shepard, Brooklyn, N. Y., says:--
+
+    "Quinine is a most fatal drug. Of course, it is the orthodox
+    treatment for malarial conditions, but quinine never did nor
+    never can cure malaria or any other disease. The action brought
+    about by its use is simply to benumb the nervous activity and
+    interfere with the natural action of the system to throw off the
+    poison, which is expressed by the chill. Because of this
+    interference with the manifestation or symptom of the disease,
+    many imagine that the disease is being cured, but there never
+    was a greater mistake. A drug disease is added to the original
+    disease. This is shown by the invariable depression that follows
+    the administration of the drug, and the length of time required
+    to recuperate, which imperils restoration, and sometimes hastens
+    the final results. This is ordinarily met by the use of what are
+    called stimulants, that is, more drugs, and the last state is
+    worst than the first; the poor patient is thus made the victim
+    of a triple wrong, which only a most vigorous constitution can
+    pass through and live, and even then he is crippled and made
+    more liable to whatever disease may come along ever afterward.
+
+    "Disease is not entity to be killed by a shot from a
+    professional gun, but a condition, an effort of outraged nature
+    to free itself from an incumbrance, and should be aided rather
+    than hindered by the administration of any nerve irritant. There
+    never will come a time when the laws of health can be evaded.
+    Nor is there any vicarious atonement. The full penalty of
+    disobedience will invariably be exacted. The hunt for a panacea
+    is as sure to be disappointing in the future as it has been in
+    the past."
+
+A writer in the _Brooklyn Citizen_ says:--
+
+    "Few people are aware of the extent of a peculiar kind of
+    dissipation known as ginger-drinking. The article used is the
+    essence of ginger, such as is put up in the several proprietary
+    preparations known to the trade, or the alcohol extract
+    ordinarily sold over the druggist's counter. Having once
+    acquired a liking for it, the victim becomes as much a slave to
+    his appetite as the opium eater or the votary of cocaine. In its
+    effect it is much the most injurious of all such practices, for
+    in the course of time it destroys the coating of the stomach,
+    and dooms its victim to a slow and agonizing death.
+
+    "The druggist who told me about the thing says that as ginger
+    essence contains about one hundred per cent. alcohol, and whisky
+    less than fifty per cent., the former is therefore twice as
+    intoxicating. In fact, this is the reason why it is used by
+    hardened old topers whose stomachs are no longer capable of
+    intoxicating stimulation from whisky. They need the more
+    powerful agency of the pure alcohol in the ginger extract. He
+    told me that he had two regular customers, one a woman, who had
+    ginger on several occasions for stomachic pains. The relief it
+    afforded her was so grateful that she took it upon any
+    recurrence of her trouble. She found, too, that the slight
+    exhilaration of the alcohol banished mental depression. In this
+    way she got to using it regularly, and finally to such excess
+    that she was often grossly intoxicated. Large doses produce a
+    quiet stupor; additional doses induce a profound lethargic
+    slumber, which lasts in some cases for twenty-four hours. His
+    other customer was a peddler, who came at a certain hour every
+    morning, bought a four-ounce bottle and drank its contents by
+    noon. The man craved the stuff so ardently that he was unable to
+    go about his business until he set the machinery of his stomach
+    in operation, and started the circulation of the blood by means
+    of the fiery draught. He says that the habit is well known to
+    the drug trade."
+
+    "The morphia habit, the cocaine habit, the chloral habit, and
+    other poison habits which are prevalent in this and other
+    countries, are only different manifestations of a wide-spread
+    and apparently increasing love for drugs which benumb or excite
+    the nerves, which seems to characterize our modern civilization.
+    Indeed, there appears to be, at the present time, almost a mania
+    for the discovery of some new nerve-tickle, or some novel means
+    of fuddling the senses. It is indeed high time that the medical
+    profession raised, with one accord, its voice in solemn protest
+    against the use of all nerve-obtunding and felicity-producing
+    drugs, which are all, without exception, toxic agents, working
+    mischief and only mischief in the human body."--DR. J. H.
+    KELLOGG.
+
+Much discussion upon careless drug-taking has resulted from remarks made
+recently in London by Sir Frederick Treves, the King's surgeon, at the
+opening of a hospital. He said that the time is fast approaching when
+physicians will give very little medicine, but will instead teach the
+people right methods of living so that sickness may be avoided.
+
+Although there are some physicians who appear to enjoy the old routine
+of giving heroic doses of ill-tasting liquids, there are others who
+agree with Sir Frederick, and admit that they would often be glad to
+give no medicine if their patients would be satisfied without it. But
+the great mass of people are unwilling to take a physician's advice as
+to proper clothing, suitable diet, and regular habits of living. They do
+not seek his advice upon those points; what they want is a drug that
+will benumb uneasy sensations while they live as they please.
+
+Not long ago a business man of intelligence was heard to complain
+because he had tried several physicians and all had failed to cure his
+sciatica. He said they all told him he must live differently; several
+said he must quit smoking and lay aside wine and beer or he could not be
+cured. With scorn he said, "What are physicians good for if they don't
+know a drug that will cure as simple a thing as rheumatism?" He could
+not and would not believe that rheumatism might be the result of his
+wrong habits.
+
+Akin to him in thought is a woman, much above the average in
+intelligence, who a few months ago had an operation performed upon her
+stomach. The stomach was enlarged so that the food did not pass through
+the pylorus, the opening into the intestines. The operation consisted in
+making a new opening and connecting it with an intestine. This bright
+woman now complains that the operation was not a success, because she
+still has times of great distress with indigestion. Upon being asked
+what she eats, she laughed and said, "Everything, peanuts, mince-pie,
+sauer-kraut, frankforts; whatever is going. I have a vigorous appetite,
+and keep peanuts and figs in my room, for I often have to eat in the
+night."
+
+Until multitudes of people like that business man, and that bright
+woman, are educated in matters of health, it will not be easy for
+physicians to bring Sir Frederick's prediction to fulfilment.
+
+The popular supposition is that drugs _cure_ disease, and all that the
+medical adviser is for is to choose the drug that will produce the
+desired effect with the greatest speed. Consequently the physician is in
+many cases driven to prescribe drugs that simply allay pain without
+removing the cause of the pain. He cannot remove the cause without the
+patient's co-operation, and as that would require the abandonment of
+wrong habits few are willing to accept health at such a price. What man
+will abandon beer to escape rheumatism, or smoking to save his eyesight
+if he has weakness there? Or, what woman will cease tea-drinking if she
+has neuralgia?
+
+The _Journal of the American Medical Association_ for November 16, 1907,
+contained an editorial article in which, after reference to drugs
+necessary in the practice of a physician or surgeon, this is said:--
+
+    "The remark of Holmes years ago that it would be better for the
+    patients, but worse for the fish, if most of the drugs were
+    thrown into the sea, is probably even more true to-day. The vast
+    majority of these drugs have not the slightest excuse for
+    existence."
+
+Dr. T. D. Crothers, in his valuable book upon Morphinism and other drug
+addictions, reports a case of murder where it was shown that the
+assailant was delirious from large doses of quinine. He says assaults
+are often clearly traced to the drug taking of the assailant. A surgeon
+from a New York hospital, in speaking of drug habits before an audience
+at Chautauqua, New York, said that some of the ovarian difficulties
+which demand operations are the result of over-dosing with quinine.
+
+There are people who keep morphine in the house all the time lest some
+little pain or ache should find them unprepared.
+
+Dr. Crothers, who has perhaps made more of a study of the evil results
+of drug taking than any other man in America, says of this:--
+
+    "Morphine as a common remedy, taken for pains and aches, may
+    suddenly develop into an incurable craze for its continuous use.
+    * * * The early relief which morphine brings to the sufferer is
+    often the beginning of an unknown journey ending in disease and
+    death."
+
+Cases are on record where morphine given to mothers soon after the birth
+of children to allay pain, has resulted in the death of the infant, the
+morphine having poisoned the milk.
+
+Cocaine is possibly the most insidious of all drugs yet known. Few of
+those who become enslaved to it ever are able to lay it aside. It leads
+to hallucinations of sight and hearing. Many persons have become
+enslaved to cocaine unwittingly through its use in catarrh snuffs,
+asthma "cures," and other proprietary preparations, the composition of
+which was secret. Some states now have strict laws regulating the sale
+of this dangerous drug.
+
+It is not only the enslaving drugs which are injurious to the body, but
+even such apparently simple agents as liver pills and pills for the
+relief of constipation may do more harm than good if resorted to
+frequently. Some of the ingredients used in the pills for the relief of
+constipation are said to be injurious to the liver.
+
+Dr. Nathan S. Davis, late dean of the Northwestern University Medical
+School, Chicago, said of the coal-tar remedies, such as phenacetin and
+antipyrin, in the treatment of influenza and _la grippe_:--"While each
+dose temporarily reduces the fever it retards the most important
+physiological processes on which the living system depends for resisting
+the effects of toxic agents, namely, oxidation and elimination. This not
+only encourages the retention of poisonous agents by which fevers are
+protracted, but it greatly increases the number of cases of pneumonia
+that complicate _la grippe_. The bad work that people make in dosing
+themselves with patent medicines is not infrequently punctuated with a
+sudden death from overdosing with antipyrin, sulphonal, or some other
+coal-tar preparation."
+
+Deaths from acetanilid are becoming more and more frequent. The presence
+of acetanilid in headache powders "guaranteed to be harmless" and thrown
+upon the door-steps as samples has led many persons into grave danger,
+and not a few to death. Bromo-Seltzer, Orangeine, Antikamnia, Taylor's
+Headache Powders, and various other preparations have all contained this
+drug.
+
+The use of cocaine is advancing rapidly in this country.[TN: see Errata
+at end of text] The following article is taken from _The Banner of
+Gold_, of Feb., 1899:--
+
+        "Value of cocaine leaves imported at the port
+          of New York in 1894                           $14,284
+        Imported in 1897                                 54,122
+        Indicated value of imports for 1898              75,000
+
+    "In these simple figures are contained the elements of a warning
+    sermon that would startle all America. We seem to be rapidly
+    becoming a nation of cocaine fiends. If the number of those
+    addicted to the use of the dreadful drug continues to increase
+    at the present rate, the importation of what was originally
+    regarded as a blessed alleviation of pain, will have to be
+    classed with opium, and its use prohibited by law, except for
+    medicinal purposes.
+
+    "At present the cocaine fiend can purchase the drug without
+    trouble, and the ease with which it is taken is a fatal
+    recommendation to those who crave a nerve-deadener. No laborious
+    cooking of pills over a lamp, cleaning of implements, or
+    troublesome necessity for secrecy, as with the use of opium.
+    Cocaine can be taken at any time, with scarcely any trouble, and
+    without a soul besides the user being aware of his being in the
+    toils.
+
+    "At first, that is. It will not be long before every intimate
+    friend will observe a change, a gradual and scarcely perceptible
+    change, come over the appearance and general conduct of the
+    cocaine fiend.
+
+    "Begun in many cases in a legitimate way, as an anæsthetic, the
+    surprisingly pleasant effect is sought for again by the one who
+    has had a glimpse at the portals of the elysium. This is the
+    beginning of the terrible habit. The effect is a sense of
+    exhilaration followed by a quiet, dreamy state that causes the
+    worried man to forget his troubles, and the sufferer his pain.
+    Once this freedom from physical and mental sickness has been
+    experienced, the cocaine fiend will rob or kill to get the drug.
+    Enforced non-use of it will not cure the victim. Sentence him to
+    a term of imprisonment, and he will go straight from the jail
+    door to the nearest drug store to secure cocaine before he eats
+    or sleeps.
+
+    "From an occasional use of the drug to insatiable craving is the
+    rational course of the cocaine fiend. From thence to the insane
+    asylum and the grave is a swift and easy descent.
+
+    "In his fall from health to physical and mental disintegration,
+    the cocaine fiend undergoes a terrible experience. When not in
+    the temporary heaven that the drug provides, the victim is in
+    the lowest depths of an _inferno_. He suffers from insomnia,
+    anorexia, and gastralgic pains, dyspepsia, chronic palpitations,
+    and will-paresis. He is a terror both to himself and others. The
+    life of the man is a living death. He knows it, and with this
+    knowledge staring him in the face, he rushes for the drug, and
+    is happy for a brief period under its influence.
+
+    "It is time something was done to keep from this high-strung
+    nation a drug so deadly. Clear-minded medical men have
+    recommended its exclusion from the country, believing that its
+    use medicinally should be foregone rather than that such a
+    cursed temptation should be placed in the way of weak humanity.
+
+    "What the real action of the drug is, and how to counteract its
+    influence, are at present puzzling questions to the medical
+    fraternity. A leading member of the profession to whom these
+    questions were put replied after careful consideration as
+    follows: 'Its physiological action is practically unknown. As an
+    analgesic, it is uniform in its action, and this is due to the
+    suspension of the physiological functions of the sensory cells
+    which it comes in contact with. Beyond this, it is an excitant
+    of the cerebro-spinal axis, later it has a peculiar action on
+    the encephalon, manifest in a wide range of psychical phenomena.
+    Beyond this a great variety of widely variable symptoms appear.
+    In some cases all the intellectual faculties are excited to the
+    highest degree. In others a profound lowering of the senses and
+    functional activities occur. Morphine-takers can use large
+    quantities of cocaine without any bad symptoms. Alcoholics are
+    also able to bear large doses. Not unfrequently the excitement
+    caused by cocaine goes on to convulsions, and death. Sometimes
+    its action is localized to one part of the cerebro-spinal axis,
+    and then to another. In some cases well-marked cerebral anæmia
+    appears, and for a time is alarming, but soon passes away.
+
+    "Small doses frequently given are more readily absorbed than
+    large doses. Habitues always use weak solutions, the effects
+    being more pleasing with less excitation. Morphine and alcoholic
+    inebriates very soon acquire certain tolerance to large doses
+    taken at once. The cocaine user takes large quantities, but in
+    small doses frequently repeated. He becomes frightened at the
+    effects of large doses, and when he cannot get the effects from
+    small (to him safe) doses, he resorts to alcohol, morphine, or
+    chloral. In many cases memories of the delusions and
+    hallucinations are so vivid and distressing that other narcotics
+    are used to prevent their recurrence. In other cases the
+    recollection is very confused and vague, and strong suspicions
+    fill the mind that the real condition is grossly exaggerated by
+    the friends for some deterring effect. In common with opium and
+    alcoholics, there is moral paralysis, untruthfulness, and low
+    cunning in order to conceal and explain the condition by other
+    than the real causes."
+
+Hoffman Drops are used considerably as a heart stimulant. They are much
+more intoxicating than whisky, and, used as a beverage, make the drinker
+crazy while under their influence. According to Dr. F. E. Jones, of
+Mass. Board of Health, they consist of 325 parts ether, 650 parts
+alcohol, and 25 parts ether oil. They are said to have a very bad effect
+upon the kidneys.
+
+_The Banner of Gold_ for Oct., 1898, contained a lengthy article upon
+the dangers of drugging, from which an extract is given here:--
+
+    "Philanthropists, when trying to stay the hand of rum, do not
+    overlook the victims of drugs. If you will go, under the
+    protecting ægis of an officer, to an opium den, such as are to
+    be found in every large city, and as a visitor view for yourself
+    the degradation of hopeless opium users, then train your
+    batteries towards removal of the cause. Do not depend upon
+    preaching, or the writing of essays, or the delivery of an
+    address before some society whose mission ends in telling others
+    what to do, but put on the armor of earnestness, go into the
+    nursery, and demand of the mother to know why, when little lumps
+    of human clay are placed in her keeping for the sacred purpose
+    of moulding them into men and women, she deliberately feeds the
+    prattling babe with soothing syrups, sleeping drops, paregoric,
+    and opiates in various other forms, rather than with the
+    healthful food, and simple remedies, that nature only requires.
+    With such commercial nostrums the thoughtless mother too often
+    paves the way for her offspring to a life of toxic-slavery by
+    creating a systemic condition, which, in maturer years, develops
+    an abnormal craving, or appetite, for narcotics and stimulants.
+    Follow this little victim of nursery malpractice through the
+    imitative age, and you will discover in him the cigarette
+    smoker, the tippler, the self-abased youth, and later, the man
+    whose life is shadowed with the curse of baneful appetite.
+
+    "Ask the druggist, and the saloon keeper, why they dispense
+    deadly poisons so freely to old and young, and they will tell
+    you the law permits it; a sad commentary!
+
+    "Converted men relapse into evil ways through coquetting with
+    sin; and cured inebriates relapse to drink, and drugs, through
+    the use of proprietary medicines, with which the domestic market
+    is flooded. Tonics, compounds, nerve remedies, bitters,
+    vitalizers, appetizers, balsams, pectorals and kindred nostrums
+    contain, with few exceptions, from 7 to 50 per cent. of alcohol,
+    or opium in varying quantities, each preponderating in kind, as
+    the effect is designed to be stimulating, or sedative. The
+    active principle of some of the best known catarrh remedies is
+    cocaine, and a few manufacturers are honest enough to so
+    announce on the labels covering their goods; more do not, and
+    leave the victims to discover the truth after they have paid the
+    penalty of ignorance, and developed the cocaine habit. Wholesale
+    legislation, as well as vigorous education, is needed along
+    these lines, and while considering means of betterment, the
+    reputable citizen, the clergyman, and others of good moral
+    repute, whose names are so generally used to herald the efficacy
+    of so-called remedial inventions, should not be overlooked for
+    ethical attention.
+
+    "For the information of those of our readers, who are not
+    familiar with the nature and use of toxic drugs, we here refer
+    briefly to the prominent characteristics of a few most
+    dangerously potent for evil, and seductive in kind.
+
+    OPIUM AND MORPHINE:--"Gum opium, the dried milky exudate from
+    the green capsules of the white poppy, and its
+    product--morphine--are the most reliable drugs known for the
+    relief of pain. The dose of gum opium in medicine is from 1/4 to
+    1 grain. It contains from 8 to 14 per cent. of morphine, which
+    is its principal alkaloid. Opium is a much more stable, and
+    stronger, sedative than morphine. The cumulative effect of
+    repeated medicinal doses is frequently observed, and is followed
+    by dangerous symptoms. It is both a sedative and hypnotic, and,
+    if given in large doses, quiets the brain, and excites the
+    spinal cord. Small doses have little perceptible effect upon the
+    circulation, but, under the influence of large doses, the pulse
+    is retarded, and the respiration becomes fuller, deeper, and
+    slower. In poisonous doses the pulse may become rapid, and great
+    depression follow, the respiratory centres are paralyzed, thus
+    causing death. If taken in from 2 to 4 grain doses it produces
+    deep comatose sleep, full breathing, full pulse, dry skin, and
+    contracted pupils. If the dose is sufficiently large, the sleep
+    will be more profound, the patient can hardly be roused, and if
+    awakened quickly, he sinks back into slumber. The face may be
+    swollen, and reddened, and the lips deeply tinged with blue. At
+    this stage the breathing may be characterized as puffing.
+    Respiration may be from 8 to 10 per minute, perhaps be reduced
+    to 4, 2 or 1, and as the toxic effect is more marked, it becomes
+    shallow, the pupils are contracted, and the patient is so
+    thoroughly narcotized that nothing will arouse him, the heart
+    ceases to beat, and he dies by respiratory failure, or paralysis
+    of the pneumogastric nerve.
+
+    "Morphine, extracted from gum opium by a slow and expensive
+    process, is used much less in proprietary medicines than is
+    tincture of opium, which is more easily manufactured.
+
+    "A medicinal dose of sulphate of morphine is from 1/8 to 1/4 of
+    a grain. One grain is a dangerous dose, and 2 grains are liable
+    to prove fatal. Morphine is a true narcotic. It is a sedative,
+    lessens tissue change, and weakens every function of the body.
+
+    TINCTURE OF OPIUM, OR LAUDANUM:--"Laudanum, or the tincture of
+    opium, is a mixture of gum opium with alcohol and water, the
+    solution consisting of equal parts of alcohol and water. Each
+    ounce contains 5-1/2 grains of powdered gum opium and half an
+    ounce of alcohol, and is equal in alcoholic strength to one
+    ounce of strong whisky. The ordinary medical dose is from 12 to
+    15 minims, or from 25 to 30 drops. It is much used as a domestic
+    remedy for pain from any cause, such as ear or toothache,
+    indigestion, insomnia, summer complaints with children or
+    adults, and is often used in poultices over painful sores or
+    swellings. It is also used in many medicines for throat and lung
+    troubles, in nearly all medicines for painful chronic diseases,
+    and in many of the well advertised spring tonics, as well as in
+    nearly all the compounds that are offered for sale for blood
+    troubles, or as alteratives. The opium in laudanum acts the same
+    as morphine, or any other of the thirty preparations of opium,
+    officially recognized by the medical profession.
+
+    PAREGORIC:--"Paregoric of standard grade is half alcohol, which
+    is as strong of alcohol as high proof whisky. It contains a
+    little opium, some benzoic acid, oil of anise, and camphor. The
+    dose is from 15 to 60 drops.
+
+    COCAINE:--"Cocaine is an alkaloid of coca leaves, and is used in
+    medicine in the form of hydro-chlorate. It is used locally in
+    powder or solution to relieve pain. It is a strong local
+    anæsthetic. The ordinary dose when used as medicine is from 1/4
+    to 1/2 grain, and is very unstable and treacherous in its
+    effects. Some patients will tolerate large doses while in others
+    small doses produce unpleasant effects. Deaths are recorded from
+    the use of 1-7 to 1 grain.
+
+    CHLOROFORM:--"Chloroform is an anæsthetic, and death is often
+    caused by a few inhalations. The dose internally is from 3 to 20
+    minims. It is not much used in medicine, except to control pain,
+    and produce sleep. It is inhaled to produce mild slumber, or
+    complete insensibility in surgical operations. Death may come
+    suddenly, and without warning, at any time during its
+    administration.
+
+    CHLORAL:--"Chloral, or hydrate of chloral, is an hypnotic. It is
+    of but little value in medicine, except to control nervousness,
+    and produce sleep. The dose is from 15 to 30 grains. It should
+    be administered with caution, and only by the physician. It is
+    made by passing chlorine gas through pure alcohol, and gets its
+    name from the first syllables of the two words, chlorine and
+    alcohol. It produces death by inhibition of the heart's action,
+    and by paralyzing the pneumogastric nerve.
+
+    BROMIDIA:--"Bromidia is the trademark of an hypnotic, the
+    manufacturers of which give out to the public that each fluid
+    drachm contains 15 grains of chloral hydrate, or 1 ounce to
+    every 4 ounces of bromidia.
+
+    SULPHONAL:--"Sulphonal is a coal tar preparation, and is
+    valuable in medicine as an hypnotic only. An ordinary dose to
+    produce sleep is from 10 to 40 grains. If it is given in these
+    doses for several days in succession it produces great
+    weariness, an unsteady gait, and may involve paralysis of the
+    lower limbs, with great disturbance of digestion, and scanty
+    secretion of urine of about the color of port wine. There are a
+    number of cases of death reported as resulting from acute, or
+    chronic poisoning, by sulphonal.
+
+    PHENACETINE:--"Phenacetine is a product of coal tar, and an
+    antipyretic, a drug that lessens the temperature in high fevers,
+    and rapidly disintegrates the blood.
+
+    ANTIFEBRIN:--"Antifebrin, another of the coal tar preparations,
+    is the registered name for acetanelid. Its effects are very
+    similar to the effects of phenacetine, and it is used in fevers
+    for lessening the temperature, and for neuralgic pains. The
+    medicinal dose is from 3 to 10 grains. Unpleasant effects follow
+    its continued use, such as great exhaustion, blueness of the
+    lips, and a slow, labored pulse.
+
+    HEADACHE REMEDIES:--"The indiscriminate use of the many coal tar
+    products and other hypnotics, such as sulphonal, phenacetine,
+    antifebrin, chloral, bromidia, etc., under the guise of headache
+    remedies is productive of much disaster, all being nerve
+    paralyzants."
+
+The public owe a debt of gratitude to those physicians, and chemists,
+who give freely such valuable information as to the real nature and
+effects of dangerous drugs. While it is true that the popular belief in
+drugging is due to professional practice, yet it is also true that what
+the people know of the preservation of health, and of the danger of
+alcohol and other drugs is largely owing to the medical profession.
+There is as much difference among the members of the medical profession
+as there is among the members of any profession; some are careless,
+selfish, unprincipled, unobservant of the effects of various medicines;
+while others are anxious to teach the people how to avoid sickness, and
+gain strength. It is the latter class who warn against the self
+prescription of drugs, especially those of the dangerously seductive,
+narcotic class.
+
+Yet, with all the warnings, few pay heed. Even highly educated,
+intelligent people seem possessed of a blind faith in the power of
+drugs. Every little ache or pain must have its sedative, be the future
+penalty what it may.
+
+Were people to quit drugging themselves, avoid indigestible viands, eat
+at regular hours, chew well, stop eating when they have had enough, take
+a sufficiency of exercise, sleep and fresh air, with a hot bath once a
+week, and a cold "towel bath" each morning, laying aside all alcoholic
+beverages, tea and coffee, and tobacco, there would be very little
+sickness in the world. Over-eating leads to the drug habit for relief
+from uneasy sensations, so does improper food, or poorly cooked food.
+
+It should be remembered that it is not possible to violate the laws
+which relate to the physical well-being, and then escape the natural
+penalty of transgression by swallowing a few doses of medicine. Remedies
+may postpone the results of physical transgression, and may even seem to
+prevent them altogether, but careful observation will show that the
+escape from punishment is only apparent. Sometimes a parent escapes,
+while his child pays the penalty of his transgression, in a weakly
+nervous system, which may lead to insanity, or other trouble.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+TESTIMONIES OF PHYSICIANS AGAINST ALCOHOLIC MEDICATION.
+
+
+    "In abandoning the use of alcohol it should be clearly
+    understood that we abandon an injurious influence, and escape
+    from a source of disease, as we do when we get into a purer
+    atmosphere. _There is not the slightest occasion to do anything,
+    or to take anything to make up for the loss of a strengthening
+    or supporting agent._ No loss has been incurred save the loss of
+    a cause of disease and death."--DR. J. J. RIDGE, of London
+    Temperance Hospital.
+
+Sir. B. W. Richardson, M. D., said of the London Temperance Hospital:--
+
+    "No alcohol is administered, and no substitute for it. Any drug
+    with similar action would be bad; warmth and suitable
+    nourishment are relied on to keep up the system. We know that
+    people who take alcohol often feel better; this is from the
+    narcotic action. The pain may be stilled, and the disease
+    forgotten, but it has not been removed; its symptom has been
+    narcotized."
+
+Another writer says:--
+
+    "I am asked for a substitute for brandy, and frankly and gladly
+    I tell you there is no substitute, for I have no knowledge of
+    any agent equally pleasing to the palate, and yet so destructive
+    of life."
+
+Dr. Norman Kerr, President of the Society for the Study of Inebriety,
+England, says:--
+
+    "My own experience of thirty-four years in the practice of my
+    profession has taught me that in nearly all cases and kinds of
+    disease the medical use of alcohol is unnecessary, and in a
+    large number of instances is prejudicial and even dangerous.
+    Having given an intoxicant, in strictly definite and guarded
+    doses, probably on the whole only about once in 3,000 cases
+    (then usually when nothing else was available in an emergency),
+    and having had most varieties of disease to contend with, my
+    death-rate and duration of illness have been quite as low as my
+    neighbors. The experience of the London Temperance Hospital and
+    other similar institutions, the current reports of that hospital
+    being now reliable scientific records, amply support this
+    experience.
+
+    "The chief peril of narcotic drugs has always appeared to me to
+    lie in their disguising the real state of the patient from
+    himself as well as from his doctor and his friends. If there is
+    any serious ailment, such as cholera or fever, the sufferer may
+    seem to be and may feel better. He is not better. He is actually
+    worse--made worse by the alcohol, and not unseldom, after the
+    evanescent alcoholic disguise and deceptive improvement has
+    faded, it is found that the malady itself has been progressing,
+    unseen and unsuspected from the delusive aspect of the alcohol,
+    steadily toward a fatal termination, which might, in many cases,
+    have been averted but for the true state of the patient having
+    been completely masked.
+
+    "Wherever the blame really has lain, one thing is now clear,
+    that alcoholic intoxicants are very rarely useful as a medicine;
+    are at the best dangerous remedies; and that, other things being
+    equal, the less they are resorted to the better for the chances
+    of the patient's recovery, the better for body and brain, the
+    better for physical, intellectual and moral well-being. Alcohol
+    does not nourish, but pulls down; does not stimulate, but
+    depresses; does not strengthen, but excites and exhausts.
+    Alcohol is the pathological fraud of frauds, degenerating while
+    it claims to be reconstructing, enfeebling while it appears to
+    be invigorating, destroying vitality while it professes to
+    infuse new life."
+
+A medical writer in the Toledo, O., _Blade_ holds up in clear light the
+relation of the _materia medica_ and alcohol, and the opportunity of the
+physician to become a benefactor, and active temperance worker. His
+remarks follow:--
+
+    "One of the signs of the times in the temperance movement is the
+    steady growth among physicians of a sentiment against the
+    administration of liquor of any kind as a medicine. The accepted
+    scientific view of alcohol is that it is a poison, and its
+    administration should be as guarded as that of any other poison
+    used as a medicine. Perhaps the hardest thing a physician finds
+    in his effort to restore his patients to health without the use
+    of liquors is the common, but erroneous, belief that they are
+    'strengthening,' and that the convalescent, by their use,
+    reaches recovery more quickly. The error is in supposing that
+    any alcoholic liquor is nourishing, or strengthening. They are
+    neither. Alcohol does not nourish, but it pulls down; it does
+    not strengthen, but excites and exhausts, for every stimulation
+    is necessarily followed by a period of depression, and this is
+    inevitably unfavorable to the patient.
+
+    "There is a grave responsibility resting on the physician who
+    prescribes alcoholic liquor. It may arouse in a susceptible
+    patient a dormant, inherited tendency to drink. He may, by
+    authorizing its use during the period of convalescence, fix a
+    habit upon a patient of feeble will, which the latter will never
+    be able to shake off. No physician who realizes this great moral
+    responsibility will be willing to accept it habitually. He
+    certainly knows that the best medical authorities agree that
+    alcoholic intoxicants are rarely useful as a medicine; that at
+    best they are dangerous remedies, and that the less they are
+    resorted to, the better for both brain and body.
+
+    "In point of fact the physician who does his duty to his patient
+    teaches him the error of the prevalent belief in the virtues of
+    liquor in restoring the sick to health. He becomes an active
+    temperance worker in effect. And he can do a noble and useful
+    work in the rescue of those who are under the control of the
+    drink habit. * * * * *
+
+    "Furthermore, every physician owes it to his profession to teach
+    his patients the utter fallacy of the common belief that alcohol
+    is an article of food value. It has no such value. The use of
+    intoxicants in any quantity whatever, or at any time, is
+    entirely useless and unnecessary. The continued use of them
+    gradually induces structural degradations and functional
+    derangements of the great bodily organs, thus leading to the
+    gravest physical disorders."
+
+    "I have demonstrated by actual experience that no form of
+    alcoholic drink is necessary, or desirable, for internal use,
+    either in health, or any of the varied forms of disease; but
+    that health can be better preserved, and disease more
+    successfully treated, without the use of such drinks.* * * * *
+    Simple truth compels me to say that I have never yet seen a case
+    in which the use of alcoholic drinks either increased the force
+    of the heart's action, or strengthened the patient. But I could
+    detail very many cases in which the administration of alcoholics
+    was quieting the patient's restlessness, enfeebling the
+    capillary circulation, and steadily favoring increased
+    engorgement of the lungs and other internal viscera, and thereby
+    hastening a fatal result, where both attending physician and
+    friends thought they were the only agents that were keeping the
+    patient alive.
+
+    "I have found no case of disease and no emergency arising from
+    accident, that I could not treat more successfully without any
+    form of fermented or distilled liquors than with. It is easy to
+    see that the anæsthetic properties of alcohol can be made
+    available by an intelligent and skillful physician to meet a
+    very limited number of indications in the treatment of some
+    cases that will come before him. But the same intelligence and
+    skill will enable him to select other remedies capable of
+    meeting the same indications more perfectly, and, with less
+    tendency to secondary bad effects. I have no hesitation,
+    therefore, in stating that for the attainment of the highest
+    degree of success in the management of all forms of disease,
+    whether acute or chronic, we need no form of fermented, or
+    distilled, alcoholic drinks. And whoever will boldly make the
+    trial, will find that his patients, of every kind, will make
+    better progress, on good air and simple nourishment, without any
+    admixture of alcoholic liquids, than they will with such
+    addition. In other words he will find that the supposed benefits
+    of this class of agents in medicine, are as illusory as they are
+    in general society, and that the words of the wise man are
+    worthy of careful consideration when he says: 'Wine is a mocker
+    and strong drink is raging, and whosoever is _deceived_ thereby
+    is not wise.'"--DR. N. S. DAVIS, Chicago, Ill.
+
+    "Dr. Hirschfeld, a well-known physician of Magdeburg, Germany,
+    was recently arrested on a charge of malpractice. The specific
+    charge was that he had refused to give alcohol to one of his
+    patients who was supposed to need it. The doctor, like the more
+    advanced German physicians, is discarding liquor from his
+    practice, and made such a hot defence to the charge that the
+    court not only discharged the physician, but assessed the cost
+    of the defense against the prosecution."--_Bulletin of A. M. T. A._
+
+Dr. Greene, of Boston, when addressing his brethren and sisters of the
+medical association in that city, upon alcohol, said in closing:--
+
+    "It needs no argument to convince you that it is upon the
+    medical profession, to a very great extent, that the rum-seller
+    depends to maintain the respectability of the traffic. It
+    requires only your own experience, and observations, to convince
+    you that it is upon the medical profession, upon their
+    prescriptions and recommendations for its use upon many
+    occasions, that the habitual dram-drinker depends for the
+    seeming respectability of his drinking habits. It is upon the
+    members of the medical profession, and the exceptional laws
+    which it has always demanded, that the whole liquor fraternity
+    depends, more than upon anything else, to screen it from
+    opprobrium, and just punishment for the evils which the traffic
+    entails upon society; and it is because the rum-seller, and the
+    rum-drinker, hide under this cloak of seeming respectability
+    that they are so difficult to reach either by moral suasion, or
+    by law. Physicians generally have only to overcome the force of
+    habit, and the prevailing fashion in medicine, to find an
+    excellent way, when they will all look back with wonder and
+    surprise, that they, as individuals, and members of an honored
+    profession, should have been so far compromised."
+
+
+    "It will be asked, _Was there no evidence of any good service
+    rendered by the agent in the midst of so much obvious bad
+    service?_ I answer to that question THAT THERE WAS NO SUCH
+    EVIDENCE WHATEVER, AND IS NONE."--SIR B. W. RICHARDSON.
+
+
+    "A prominent general practitioner expressed surprise that any
+    one could do without alcohol in general medicine. He was
+    persuaded to make a trial, by abandoning the internal use of
+    spirits as medicine. A year afterward he wrote that his success
+    in the treatment of disease had been equal to that of any year
+    in the past, and that his cases recovered as well without
+    alcohol as with it. In a recent medical meeting he remarked, 'I
+    thought for many years that I could not do without spirits as
+    medicine. I was mistaken. I am constantly treating cases of all
+    degrees of severity without alcohol, and my success is fully
+    equal to the average.'"--_Quarterly of A. M. T. A._
+
+
+    "Happily, the belief in alcohol is passing away."--DR. C. R.
+    FRANCIS, late Professor of Medicine, Calcutta Medical College.
+
+Dr. Moor, the distinguished editor of the _Pacific Record_, says:--
+
+    "While the use of alcohol is always injudicious and injurious,
+    it is particularly so in summer, when the system is predisposed
+    to disturbances of the gastro-intestinal tract.
+
+    "Alcohol flushes the capillaries of the mucous membranes just as
+    it does the capillaries of the skin, and where there is already
+    a smouldering congestion, it will take but little to light the
+    fire of acute inflammation, which will rage with greatly
+    increased intensity.
+
+    "It is wiser to habitually avoid even the medicinal use of
+    alcohol, as there are plenty of other stimulants which will give
+    the desired results without entailing any disastrous after
+    effects."
+
+    "All the pleasant sensations of increased mental and physical
+    power, which the use of alcohol produces, are deceptive and
+    arise from the paralysis of the judgment and the momentary
+    benumbing of the sense of fatigue which afterwards returns so
+    imperiously with perhaps even greater intensity."--PROF. ADOLF
+    FICK, of Wurzburg.
+
+Dr. Frank Payne, vice-president of the London Pathological Society,
+says:--
+
+    "Alcohol is a functional and tissue poison, and there is no
+    proper or necessary use for it as a medicine."
+
+    "When I first heard that there was going to be a total
+    abstinence hospital, I thought it would be a complete failure.
+    That was because I had been taught as a student to regard
+    alcohol as absolutely necessary in the treatment of disease.
+    Nevertheless I was an abstainer myself. When I was asked to join
+    as physician, I did not consent without a good deal of
+    consideration, and then only on the understanding that if I
+    thought a person needed it, I should be allowed to administer
+    alcohol. I remember the first case of severe typhoid fever I
+    had. He was hovering between life and death, and I was anxiously
+    watching to see whether it would be necessary to give alcohol,
+    but the man made a good recovery without it. After watching many
+    cases to whom I should have given alcohol if I had been treating
+    them elsewhere, I came to the conclusion that I had been
+    completely deluded. I gave it at one time to a woman in the
+    Hospital who was in a dying condition, but it did not save her.
+    I do not think I am likely to administer alcohol again. We have
+    had progress and efficiency in the Hospital. It has been like an
+    experiment for the profession, and our success shows that this
+    giving of alcohol is certainly a matter for re-consideration for
+    the medical profession. I believe that they are mistaken. There
+    is no doubt that the amount of alcohol used in other hospitals
+    has diminished greatly, compared with what was used in the past.
+    To the outside public also this Hospital is an example. I
+    believe that an immense number of the public have been
+    teetotalers some time in their lives, but a great many of them
+    have gone back to the drink in time of illness, because they
+    have been advised to do so. This Hospital is a standing witness
+    that disease and surgical injuries can be treated without
+    alcoholic liquors."--DR. J. J. RIDGE, of London Temperance
+    Hospital.
+
+
+    "I find very little use for alcohol in the practice of medicine.
+    Where there is one element of good in alcohol there are
+    thousands that are bad."--DR. ALFRED MERCER, Syracuse, N. Y.,
+    Professor of Medicine in Syracuse Medical School.
+
+
+    "Alcohol is rarely necessary. Other remedies are much more
+    efficacious. In my department of the University of Buffalo I
+    follow Cushny, who claims that alcohol is a poison, a depressant
+    in direct proportion to the amount ingested, and a so-called
+    false food."--DR. DE WITT H. SHERMAN, Adjunct Professor of
+    Therapeutics, University of Buffalo Medical Department.
+
+
+    "I believe that alcohol is the greatest foe to the human race
+    to-day. I feel that it would not be a serious harm if its use as
+    a medicine were totally discontinued."--DR. WALTER E. FERNALD,
+    Professor in Tufts Medical School, Boston, Mass.
+
+
+    "I rarely or never prescribe alcohol as a medicament or a food,
+    or sanction its use as a beverage. Physiologically I look upon
+    alcohol as a narcotic, with perhaps a primary stimulating
+    effect, but I believe that such desired action as it is capable
+    of producing can be equally well brought about by other agents.
+    As a beverage the use of alcohol, particularly in excess, is
+    attended with definite and well-known dangers."--DR. A. A.
+    ESHNER, Professor of Clinical Medicine, Philadelphia Polyclinic
+    and College for Graduates in Medicine.
+
+
+    "I agree with you altogether in your agitation against the use
+    of alcohol in any form. I believe that wine is a mocker, and
+    belief in wine as a benefit, mockery."--DR. MATTHEW WOODS,
+    Philadelphia, Pa.
+
+
+    "It is extremely seldom that I ever advise the use of alcohol in
+    any form for my patients."--ELLIOTT P. JOSLIN, M. D., Professor
+    in Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
+
+
+    "My belief is that there is very little need of the medical use
+    of alcohol. I almost never use it in my practice, and think that
+    its use by practitioners generally is far less than it was a few
+    years ago."--DR. E. G. CUTLER, Professor in Harvard Medical
+    School, Boston, Mass.
+
+
+    "I believe that the trend of teaching in the Harvard Medical
+    School has been growing less favorable, of late years, to the
+    use of alcohol in the treatment of disease, and in fact it is
+    far less used than it was a generation ago."--DR. JAMES J.
+    PUTNAM, Professor in Harvard Medical School.
+
+
+    "My personal opinion in regard to the use of alcoholic drinks is
+    very decidedly averse to such use. I have long been of the
+    opinion that while the use of alcohol may restrain tissue
+    metamorphosis, it cannot legitimately be considered a
+    food."--DR. WILLIAM O. STILLMAN, Albany Medical College,
+    Albany, N. Y.
+
+
+    "I do not think you will meet with very many physicians who
+    favor alcohol and its use. I believe the trend of the teaching
+    in the Albany Medical College is that alcohol is not a food or
+    stimulant."--DR. A. VANDER VEER, Albany, N. Y., Medical School.
+
+
+    "I think the medical profession could get along perfectly well
+    without the use of alcohol, except as it is needed in the
+    manufacture of drugs. As a therapeutic agent, it has very little
+    value. I do not suppose I have used a pint of alcohol in the
+    last ten years. I think the tendency of the medical profession
+    throughout the country is to give up alcohol in the treatment of
+    disease."--DR. MATTHEW D. MANN, Dean of the Medical Department
+    of the University of Buffalo, N. Y.
+
+
+    "I very seldom prescribe alcohol as a medicine, and think its
+    effects are positively harmful in the vast majority of medical
+    cases."--DR. ALLEN A. JONES, Adjunct Professor of Medicine,
+    Buffalo, N. Y.
+
+
+    "At the Baptist Hospital I have not ordered alcohol for a
+    patient in several years. At the Massachusetts General Hospital,
+    in the out-patient department, I never prescribe it."--DR.
+    RICHARD BADGER, of Harvard Medical School, Boston.
+
+
+    "Alcohol is used much too freely in the treatment of the sick,
+    especially in such conditions as mild typhoid fever,
+    neurasthenia and early tuberculosis. It should be prescribed
+    only when there is definite indication for it, and then in
+    definite dose for a limited period in the same manner as any
+    other powerful and potentially harmful drug."--DR. S. S. COHEN,
+    Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia.
+
+
+    "It is seldom necessary to prescribe alcohol as a
+    medicine."--DR. JAMES B. HERRICK, Professor of Medicine in Rush
+    Medical College, Chicago.
+
+
+    "As I have said but little about the use of medicine in the
+    treatment of typhoid fever, save for one symptom, I may add, for
+    the purpose of definiteness, that I use none except for special
+    symptoms. The rare exceptions are stimulants such as strychnia,
+    in less marked indications coffee. Alcohol as a routine drug I
+    have entirely abandoned, having found that the doses formerly
+    given before or after the bath are altogether unnecessary. Hot
+    milk internally, or hot water bags externally, more than replace
+    spirits according to my experience."--DR. GEORGE DOCK, New
+    Orleans.
+
+
+    "I have no use for alcohol, either personally, or in my
+    practice. Yet I cannot say that I have entirely abolished it.
+    Alcohol is used in compounding most of our tinctures, but in
+    remedies proper my experience has been that other stimulants,
+    such as ammonia, strychnine, caffeine, kolafra, etc., answer the
+    same purpose without alcohol's dangerous effects. In my
+    practice, which is confined to surgery, I find very, very little
+    use for it. During the past year, in extreme cases, I used it in
+    hypodermic injections, and afterwards felt that ether, or
+    ammonia would have answered the same purpose. I think, in
+    general practice, physicians are dispensing with alcohol more
+    and more, but perhaps unconsciously."--D. W. B. DE GARMO,
+    Professor of surgery in Post-Graduate Hospital, New York City.
+
+
+    "Medicine, to-day, would be in a more satisfactory condition if
+    the use of alcohol as a medicine had been interdicted a hundred
+    years ago, and the interdict had remained to the present day.
+    The benefits derived from its use are so small (even when they
+    can be proved, which is much more rarely the case than most
+    people imagine), and the advantages gained are so slight, that
+    they are completely outweighed when we set against them the evil
+    that has been wrought by the abuse of alcohol, and that has
+    arisen out of the loose methods of prescription that have
+    obtained, and even still obtain, in regard to this drug."--DR.
+    G. SIMS WOODHEAD, F. R. C. P., F. R. S., Director of the
+    Research Laboratories of the Royal College of Physicians and
+    Surgeons, London.
+
+
+    "The effect of continually dosing with this drug is too apparent
+    wherever it is used, benumbing the senses, and rendering more
+    difficult every natural function. Alcohol never sustains the
+    powers of life. It sometimes changes the symptoms of disease,
+    but at the expense of the vitality of the body. What is called
+    its supporting action, is a fever induced by the poison, which
+    finally prostrates the patient. The secret of its action is
+    found in the laws of vitality. The man who takes alcohol to
+    help digest his food, must first throw off the alcohol, before
+    his stomach can act healthfully.
+
+    "There is one encouraging fact to be noted in this connection,
+    that the use of alcohol in medicine has very much diminished
+    during the past twenty-five years, and the present tendency is
+    constantly in that direction. Right here is an important point
+    which I wish to make: When the physician ceases to prescribe
+    alcohol as a medicine, the drink problem will have reached the
+    final stage of its solution. Mankind will eventually learn that
+    safety lies not so much in skillful doctors, or in some
+    wonderful 'new remedy,' as in daily obedience to the laws of
+    health. A small amount of prevention is of more worth than all
+    the power of cure."--DR. C. H. SHEPARD, Brooklyn, N. Y.
+
+
+    "My observation has been that there is a decided tendency among
+    educated physicians to give less alcohol than formerly in the
+    treatment of disease. Of late years I have given but very little
+    alcohol in my own practice. The tendency is due, in my opinion,
+    to the study of the physiological action of drugs, and to the
+    better understanding of the causation of disease and
+    pathological processes. Modern investigators now know that we
+    have therapeutic agents that meet the requirements of disease
+    processes with more scientific accuracy than is obtained by the
+    exhibition of alcohol."--DR. DONNELLY, Secretary of Minnesota
+    State Medical Society, St. Paul, Minn.
+
+
+    "Dr. Pearce Gould recently made a speech to the National
+    Temperance League on alcohol and the advantage of doing without
+    it, both in health and in the treatment of disease. It takes a
+    strong man to say the strong things which Mr. Gould said on the
+    subject, especially if he happens to be a medical man. No doubt,
+    as Dr. Gould says, the use of alcohol in medical practice is
+    nothing now compared to what it was twenty years ago, much more
+    forty years ago, when Dr. Todd's influence, and the reaction
+    from the so-called antiphlogistic treatment were at their
+    height. Public opinion has been enlightened by the evidence of
+    leaders in medicine, such as Dr. Parkes, Sir William Gull, Dr.
+    Gairdner, Dr. Sanderson, and others, and medical men have dared
+    to treat disease without alcohol, or with only small quantities
+    of it. There are physicians and surgeons of reputation and
+    success, who are so strong in their convictions that alcohol is
+    of little use in the treatment of disease, that it destroys
+    tissues, lessens the resistance to microbes, deranges functions,
+    spoils temper, and shortens life, that they are ready to testify
+    to this effect in public, in company with redoubtable champions
+    of the temperance cause like the Archbishop of Canterbury, Sir
+    William White (chief constructor of the navy), and the Bishop of
+    Derry, who have as much prejudice to contend against in their
+    spheres as the medical man has in his. We recognize with
+    pleasure the good done by such testimony as Dr. Gould's. Men
+    whose record and authority in the profession are such as his
+    have the courage of their opinions, and their honest testimony
+    will be respected even by those who do not go quite so far in
+    discarding alcohol as an element of diet, or as a
+    medicine."--_The Lancet_, London, May 14, 1898.
+
+
+    "The light of exact investigation has shown that the therapeutic
+    value of alcohol rests on an insecure basis, and it is
+    constantly being made clearer that after all alcohol is a sort
+    of poison to be handled with the same care and circumspection as
+    other agents capable of producing noxious and deadly effect upon
+    the organism. It has been shown by Abbott and others that
+    alcoholic animals are more susceptible to infections than normal
+    animals. And Laitinen, after having studied the influence of
+    alcohol upon infections with anthrax, tubercle and diphtheria
+    bacilli in dogs, rabbits, guinea-pigs and pigeons, reaches the
+    same general results with certainty and directness. Under all
+    circumstances alcohol causes a marked increase in susceptibility
+    no matter whether given before or after infections, no matter
+    whether the doses were few and massive or numerous and small,
+    and no matter whether the infection was acute or chronic. The
+    alcoholic animals either die while the controls remain alive, or
+    in case both die, death is earlier in the alcoholic. The facts
+    brought out by the researches of Abbott and Laitinen and others
+    do not furnish the slightest support for the use of alcohol in
+    the treatment of infectious diseases in man."--_Journal American
+    Medical Association, Editorial, September 8, 1900._
+
+
+    "Step by step the progress of science has nullified every theory
+    on which the physician administers alcohol. Every position taken
+    has been disapproved. Alcohol is not a food and does not
+    nourish, but impairs nutrition. It is not a stimulant in the
+    proper acceptation of the term; on the contrary it is a
+    depressant. Hence its former universal use in cases of shock
+    was, to say the least, a grave mistake. It has been proved by
+    recent experiments that alcohol retards, perverts, and is
+    destructive either in large or small doses to normal cell growth
+    and development."--NATHAN S. DAVIS, SR., M.D., former Dean of
+    Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois.
+    (Deceased.)
+
+
+    "It seems to me that the field of usefulness of alcohol in
+    therapeutics is extremely limited and possibly does not exist at
+    all. Probably every supposed indication for its use can be met
+    better and more safely by other drugs. The recent work on the
+    so-called food value of alcohol is the subject of much
+    misunderstanding. While it is true that under some
+    circumstances, for example, after a person has acquired a
+    certain degree of tolerance to its poisonous effects, alcohol
+    seems to act as a food in the sense that fats and carbohydrates
+    do, I believe this to be at present a matter of little more than
+    theoretical importance."--DR. REID HUNT, Chief of the Department
+    of Pharmacology, Public Health and Marine Hospital Service,
+    Washington, D.C.
+
+
+    "The physician should have blazoned before him, 'If you can do
+    no good, do no harm.' If this rule is adhered to, in ninety-nine
+    cases out of one hundred the physician will give no alcohol. In
+    the medical wards of the Pennsylvania Hospital I have found that
+    in acute as well as chronic disease we can do without alcohol.
+    It does harm rather than good. Alcohol masks the symptoms of
+    disease, so that we cannot know the patient's real
+    condition."--J. H. MUSSER, M. D., Philadelphia, Pa.,
+    Ex-President American Medical Association.
+
+
+    "It is time alcohol was banished from the medical armamentarium;
+    whisky has killed thousands where it cured one."--J. H.
+    MCCORMACK, M. D., Secretary Kentucky Board of Health, and
+    Organizer for the American Medical Association.
+
+
+    "I very rarely use alcohol in my practice. I think that its use
+    is never essential. Physicians are using it less and less in the
+    treatment of disease owing to the recognition that it is a
+    narcotic, not a stimulant, and that other narcotics are usually
+    better when a narcotic is required."--RICHARD C. CABOT, M. D.,
+    Professor of Clinical Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston,
+    Mass.
+
+
+    "My position has been that alcohol should be prescribed with as
+    much care as to indications and circumspection as to dose and
+    method as in the use of any other drug that in health would
+    prove harmful, as morphine, belladonna, aconite, quinine, etc. I
+    believe strongly that in pneumonia, typhoid fever, and
+    tuberculosis especially, the indiscriminate use of alcohol in
+    the past has caused an incalculable amount of distress and
+    needless disaster to suffering humanity."--HOWARD S. ANDERS, M.
+    D., Professor of Physical Diagnosis, Medico-Chirurgical College,
+    Philadelphia, Pa.
+
+
+    "I do not think alcohol of any value in the treatment of
+    disease; formerly it was used a great deal in the hospital
+    wards, and 'liquor slips' were daily signed. Now, I never order
+    liquor in any quantity, and at times for weeks I have not signed
+    a single slip ordering liquor."--HENRY JACKSON, M. D., Professor
+    in Harvard Medical School.
+
+
+    "In the overwhelming majority of cases I am in entire sympathy
+    with the movement to abolish the routine use of alcoholics from
+    medicine, and I rarely advise such in my practice."--EDWARD R.
+    BALDWIN, M. D., Saranac Lake Sanitarium, New York.
+
+    "I seldom prescribe alcohol."--GEORGE BLUMER, M. D., Yale
+    Medical School, New Haven, Conn.
+
+
+    "WHEREAS, The study of alcohol from a scientific standpoint has
+    demonstrated that its action is deceptive, and that it does not
+    have the medical properties that we once claimed for it; now,
+    therefore, be it
+
+    "_Resolved_, By the West Virginia State Medical Association,
+    That we deplore the fact that our profession has been quoted so
+    long as claiming for it virtues which it does not possess, and
+    that we earnestly pledge ourselves to discourage the use of it,
+    both in and out of the sick room."--_Resolution passed at annual
+    meeting May, 1908._
+
+
+    "I have been actively engaged in the practice of medicine for
+    nearly twenty-five years, in the early portion of which I
+    prescribed alcoholics moderately but yet with considerable
+    frequency. For the past ten years I have been finding
+    professionally less place for alcoholics of any sort in my
+    practise, and for perhaps three years I have scarcely ever
+    prescribed them. I am satisfied that my cases of pneumonia and
+    typhoid come through in better condition without anything
+    alcoholic, even wines, and I no longer prescribe these at all in
+    cases of tuberculosis. I have noted also that among my
+    professional associates of the thinking rather than of the
+    automatic type, the medicinal use of alcohol is rapidly
+    lessening."--C. G. HICKEY, M. D., Lecturer on Medicine, Denver
+    and Gross College of Medicine, Denver, Colorado.
+
+
+    "In the thirteen years I have taught in Michigan I have not used
+    alcohol in the treatment of disease in a routine way. Even
+    alcoholic preparations, such as tinctures, have been used in
+    very rare instances. I have occasion to speak on this subject
+    every year to about two hundred students. My reasons for taking
+    this stand are chiefly medical, though I am heartily in sympathy
+    with the ethical and moral phases of the temperance
+    movement."--DR. GEORGE DOCK, formerly Professor of Medicine,
+    University of Michigan Medical College, now of Tulane
+    University, New Orleans.
+
+
+    "Alcohol is distinctly a poison, and the limitation of its use
+    should be as strict as that of any other kind of poison. It is
+    not an appetizer, and even in small quantities it hinders
+    digestion. The use of alcohol is emphatically diminishing in
+    hospital practise."--SIR FREDERICK TREVES, Surgeon to King
+    Edward.
+
+
+    "If during the last quarter of a century I have prescribed
+    almost no alcohol in the treatment of disease, it is because I
+    have found very little reason for its use, and it seemed to me
+    that my patients got on better without it."--SIR JAMES BARR,
+    Dean of the Medical School of Liverpool University.
+
+
+    "With the increase of medical knowledge and with the increase of
+    medical observation, it is shown every year that the value of
+    alcohol as a drug has been enormously overestimated. It is a
+    very poor agent, and only in common use because it is so easily
+    obtained. The medical profession is using it less and less,
+    because they appreciate it now at its true value. Personally I
+    never order it, because I believe patients recover better
+    without it."--SIR VICTOR HORSLEY, Surgeon to London Hospital.
+
+
+    "The same care and discrimination should be given to the
+    prescribing of alcohol as to the most deadly drug with which we
+    have to deal. In looking at the report of Radcliffe Infirmary
+    for the past month I see that in dealing with twenty-five cases
+    I ordered alcohol costing exactly 1-3/4 pence."--DR. WILLIAM
+    COLLIER, President British Medical Association, 1904.
+
+
+    "In England at present the use of large doses of alcohol seems
+    to have greatly gone out of hospital practise, and opinion is
+    certainly growing that not even small doses are required.
+    Diseases of the stomach, liver, heart, and kidneys have appeared
+    to me, in my practise, to be much more satisfactorily treated
+    without beer, wines, or spirits."--DR. C. R. DRYSDALE,
+    Consulting Physician to the Metropolitan Hospital, London.
+
+
+    "Alcohol is a functional and tissue poison, and there is no
+    proper or necessary use for it as medicine."--DR. FRANK PAYNE,
+    Vice-President London Pathological Society.
+
+
+    "Of scarlet fever I have treated some 2,000 cases. I have never
+    seen a case in which, in my opinion, alcohol was necessary; no
+    case in which its administration was beneficial; but I have seen
+    more than one case in which its action was directly injurious. *
+    * * Alcohol in no case averts a fatal issue where such is
+    impending. * * * The facts are dead against alcohol. In
+    hospitals there has been an increase of 300 per cent. in the use
+    of milk, and a decline of 47 per cent. in the use of alcohol.
+    Progress in treatment of disease has gone hand in hand with
+    disuse of alcohol. The use of alcohol formerly was the outcome
+    of ignorance, a confession of weakness and defeat; to-day it is
+    the expression of inability to discard the fetters of an outworn
+    routine."--DR. C. KNOX BOND, in Medical Times.
+
+
+    "For many years I have dispensed almost entirely with alcohol as
+    an aid in surgical treatment. As a student I saw it used, almost
+    as a matter of routine, for every kind of surgical malady except
+    head injuries, and in my early years I naturally followed the
+    practise of my teachers; but as soon as I made trial for myself
+    of the effect of withholding alcohol, I found how entirely
+    overrated its value was, and how gravely mistaken had been the
+    teaching. It is commonly held, I believe, that alcoholic
+    stimulants are of especial value in all forms of septic
+    inflammation, such as erysipelas, pyæmia, septicæmia, and hectic
+    fever. I believe that this belief is founded solely upon
+    tradition unsupported by any trustworthy evidence, and untested
+    by experiment or experience."--DR. A. PEARCE GOULD, F. R. C. S.,
+    Surgeon to the Middlesex Hospital, London.
+
+
+    "I have not prescribed alcohol to my patients for more than ten
+    years, and can affirm positively that they have fared well under
+    this change of treatment. Since I formerly followed the
+    universal practice, I am competent to make comparisons, and
+    these speak unconditionally in favor of treatment without
+    alcohol. As a preventive of waste I use among fever patients
+    nothing but real foods; in addition to milk, particularly
+    sugar, which can be administered to any fever patient in ample
+    quantity in the form of fruit juices, stewed fruit, sweet
+    lemonade, fruit ices, sugared tea, etc., concerning which
+    hundreds of investigations have demonstrated positively that it
+    prevents the waste of both albumen and fat. As a stimulant I
+    employ, besides hydriatic methods, which at the same time
+    abstract heat, almost nothing but camphor, and I can affirm that
+    it is unconditionally preferable to alcohol for its prompt
+    results and the absence of disagreeable after-effects
+    (intoxication, benumbing). Pneumonia, especially, subsides
+    without alcohol to perfect satisfaction, and I rejoice to agree
+    in this respect with Aufrecht, one of the best authorities on
+    this disease, who in his monograph in Nothnagle's manual,
+    acknowledges himself hostile to the use of alcohol in the
+    treatment of pneumonia, and hopes that its use may be speedily
+    abolished. For the reasons previously specified, I should like
+    to see that extended to all use of alcohol in therapeutics.
+    However, that can come to pass only when all thinking physicians
+    clearly appreciate the fact that no substance is able to
+    undertake the double role of a food and a poison, and, also,
+    that for alcohol no nutritive, but only toxic properties can be
+    claimed."--MAX KASSOWITZ, M. D., Professor in the University of
+    Vienna, Austria.
+
+
+    "Besides its deleterious influence on the nervous system and
+    other important parts of our body, alcohol has a harmful action
+    on the phagocytes, the agents of natural defense against
+    infective microbes."--PROF. METCHNIKOFF, Pasteur Institute,
+    Paris, France.
+
+
+    "Alcoholic liquors are, to my mind, not only not valuable, but
+    distinctly disadvantageous, in the treatment of disease, except
+    in rare instances, as for example in the initial chill of some
+    acute infectious disease. However, I have almost given up the
+    use of alcohol in the treatment of disease."--DR. D. L. EDSALL,
+    Professor of Therapeutics in the University of Pennsylvania
+    Medical School.
+
+
+    "As a rule which might well be regarded as universal in the
+    practice of medicine, alcohol in the treatment of disease is an
+    evil. In ordinary doses and in continuous use the sum of its
+    reactions increases exhaustion, which may terminate
+    fatally."--DR. JOHN VAN DUYN, Professor of Medicine in Syracuse,
+    N. Y., University Medical School.
+
+
+    "In sixteen years of active practice I have not used alcoholics
+    at all. I am medical director of the Scranton Sanitarium, and I
+    have considerable trouble in trying to cure those who use
+    alcohol, and to undo some of the work my fellow practitioners
+    have unwittingly made."--D. WEBSTER EVANS, M. D., Scranton, Pa.
+
+
+    "I am opposed to the use of alcoholic liquors as a beverage, and
+    with rare exceptions, to their use in the treatment of
+    diseases."--DR. EUGENE KERR, Physician to Phipps Dispensary,
+    Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Md.
+
+
+    "In my professional work I do not advise or permit the use of
+    alcohol as a beverage or medicine in any form whatever. No
+    alcohol is used medicinally in my hospital wards. Beer or wine
+    is not permitted to convalescents. Children are never given
+    tinctures. Cases of delirium tremens receive no alcohol. The
+    hypodermic use of alcohol is not permitted in cases of shock.
+    There are other much more effective and less depressing
+    diffusable stimulants.
+
+    "Among my colleagues the employment of alcohol as a medicine has
+    diminished at least seventy-five per cent. in the past fifteen
+    years.
+
+    "I have cast it out entirely."--J. P. WARBASSE, M. D., Chief
+    Surgeon German Hospital, Brooklyn, N. Y.
+
+
+    "The habitual use of alcohol in any disease is worse than
+    harmful."--ROBERT B. PREBLE, M. D., Chicago, Ill.
+
+
+    "The last few years I find I have used less and less alcohol in
+    prescribing for my patients until at the present time I use very
+    little. I think my typhoid cases do better without alcohol than
+    with it."--H. H. HEALY, M. D., former Sec'y North Dakota Board
+    of Health.
+
+
+    "Alcohol is a poison. It is claimed by some that alcohol is a
+    food. If so, it is a poisoned food."--FREDERICK PETERSON, M. D.,
+    Professor of Psychiatry, Columbia University, N. Y.
+
+
+    "Few physicians now credit alcohol as a food (that is, as a
+    tissue builder) or as having any valuable medicinal qualities.
+    In fact, it is considered by many to have a destructive rather
+    than a constructive quality. I believe it should never be put
+    into the human body."--EUGENE HUBBELL, M. D., St. Paul, Minn.
+
+
+    "The medical profession is learning that alcohol has been much
+    abused in the treatment of the sick, and is largely discarding
+    it. I hardly find occasion to prescribe it once a year."--W. A.
+    PLECKER, M. D., Sec'y State Board of Health, Hampton, Va.
+
+
+    "The use of alcohol as a beverage or therapeutically, is in
+    either case a habit of the user. The stimulation is but
+    temporary, the reaction leaving the nerve cells of the
+    individual with less resisting power than before the ingestion
+    of alcohol. * * * Never permit a verbal or written prescription
+    of yours to give rise to the use of a habit forming
+    drug."--_From a lecture to students in Omaha Medical College by
+    J. M. Aiken, M. D., Clinical Instructor and Lecturer upon
+    Nervous and Mental Diseases._
+
+
+    "The use of spirits as a stimulant in diseases, except in a very
+    limited circle, is a mere empiricism for which no good reasons
+    can be given. The teachings of medical men are no more to be
+    followed blindly and without question. The tests of alcohol as a
+    tonic, as a food, as a stimulant, as a retarder of waste, are
+    all negative. There is no reliable evidence to support these
+    claims, but a constant accumulation of facts to indicate the
+    danger from the use of spirits. To give alcohol or any other
+    drug without some rational theory in accord with the scientific
+    researches of to-day is unpardonable."--DR. T. D. CROTHERS,
+    Hartford, Conn., Editor of the Journal of Inebriety.
+
+
+    "Many physicians prescribe alcohol only because it is the desire
+    of the patient, and because patients refuse medicine which the
+    physicians would rather use."--EVERETT HOOPER, M. D. Boston,
+    Mass.
+
+
+    "You are right in indicting alcohol for its insidious wrongs to
+    humanity. It is an old and sly offender and very much the
+    'mocker' in medical practise that it has been pronounced in holy
+    writ. It exhausts the latent energy of the organism often when
+    that power is most needed to conserve the failing strength of
+    the body in the battle with disease."--DR. C. H. HUGHES, St.
+    Louis, Missouri.
+
+
+    "The best class of thinkers, men of the best intellectual gauge,
+    are those who are doing away with this miserable, unscientific
+    practise of giving liquor."--DR. BOYNTON, Clifton Springs, N. Y.
+
+
+    "I believe that in the scientific light of the present era
+    alcohol should be classed among the anæsthetics and poisons, and
+    that the human family would be benefited by its entire exclusion
+    from the field of remedial agents."--DR. J. S. CAIN, Dean of the
+    Faculty, Medical Department, University of the South, Sewanee,
+    Tenn.
+
+
+    "Let me cite my experience in surgery for the last three years
+    in proof of the uselessness of alcohol, and the benefit of
+    abstinence from its administration. During that time I have
+    performed more than one thousand operations, a large portion
+    upon cases of railroad injuries, one hundred for appendicitis,
+    and in none of these was alcohol administered in any form,
+    either before, during, or after operations. I defy any one who
+    still adheres to alcohol to show as good results. Equally
+    gratifying results have been obtained with my medical cases, and
+    I fail to understand how any observing and thinking physician
+    can still cling to so prejudicial a drug as alcohol, when he has
+    within his reach a multitude of valuable, exact, and reliable
+    methods for combating, governing, and controlling disease."--DR.
+    EVAN C. KANE, Surgeon Pennsylvania Railroad, Kane, Pa.
+
+
+    "In my neurological practice I emphatically forbid my patients
+    the use of alcohol. This poison has a special predilection for
+    the nervous system which it influences sometimes to an alarming
+    extent."--ALFRED GORDON, M. D., Jefferson Medical College,
+    Philadelphia, Pa.
+
+
+    "Alcohol finds no place in my remedial list. It has been
+    banished, not from sentiment, but from knowledge secured by
+    scientific investigation."--T. ALEXANDER MACNICHOLL, M. D., New
+    York City, one of the founders of the Red Cross Hospital, New
+    York.
+
+
+    "No sound, scientific argument can be offered for the medical
+    use of alcohol, either internally or externally. It is a toxic
+    substance which ought to be retired from the _materia medica_,
+    and placed in the catalog of obsolete drugs along with tobacco,
+    lobelia, and like useless but highly toxic drug
+    substances."--DR. J. H. KELLOGG, Superintendent Battle Creek
+    Sanitarium, Battle Creek, Michigan.
+
+
+    "The majority of medical men, without making any searching
+    investigation into the abundant recent literature upon the
+    subject of alcohol, are disposed to regard it with less and less
+    favor as the years go by, while those who have closely followed
+    the thorough investigations into the physiological action of
+    alcohol recently made by scientists, have repudiated it
+    altogether. * * * It is a lack of information upon this
+    subject--together with the fact that alcohol has been used as a
+    therapeutic agent for hundreds of years, during which it has
+    formed the basis of all tonic or stimulating treatment--that
+    gives alcohol its present hold upon a part of the medical
+    profession."--JOHN MADDEN, M. D., Portland, Oregon, formerly
+    professor in Milwaukee Medical College.
+
+
+    "Alcohol may fill an emergency when better means are not at
+    hand, but, apart from this, I know of no use in the practise of
+    medicine and surgery for which we have not better weapons at our
+    command. There is but one reason for the continued use of
+    alcohol--men use it because they love it." DR. W. F. WAUGH,
+    Chicago, Editor Journal of Clinical Medicine.
+
+
+    "If alcohol had become a candidate for recognition years ago
+    instead of centuries ago it is safe to say that its application
+    in medicine would have been very much more limited than we find
+    it at the present time. Its wide therapeutic use is to be
+    attributed in part to fallacies and misconception regarding its
+    pharmacology, and in part to a disinclination on the part of the
+    average practitioner of medicine to depart from old and
+    well-beaten lines."--WINFIELD S. HALL, M. D., Professor of
+    Physiology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago.
+
+
+    "In its relation to the human system, alcohol is never
+    constructive and always destructive."--PROF. FRANK WOODBURY, M.
+    D., Philadelphia, Pa.
+
+
+    "The clinicians who decide for the deleterious action of alcohol
+    in infectious conditions have what evidence of an experimental
+    nature we possess at the present time to support their
+    impressions. The advocates of the continuous use of the drug
+    have this evidence against them."--HENRY F. HEWES, M. D.,
+    Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
+
+
+    "I am very glad that you are undertaking so important a work as
+    this in connection with the terrible problem of alcoholism.
+    Physicians need awakening in this matter; they need reform. The
+    evil results of alcohol are unfortunately brought to my notice
+    each day of my life as I pursue my vocation and my public duties
+    as Health Officer, and a reform in prescribing so as to
+    eliminate alcohol would undoubtedly have far-reaching beneficent
+    effects."--EDWARD VON ADELUNG, M. D., Health Officer, Oakland, Cal.
+
+
+    "I am forwarding you a report of 303 cases of typhoid fever
+    treated without alcohol, and my reasons for not using it. I
+    believe the results will not suffer by comparison with those
+    obtained in other hospitals where alcohol is used. Wishing you
+    lasting success in your war upon the greatest evil of the
+    times."--J. H. LANDIS, M. D., Cincinnati, O.
+
+
+    "Only precise evidence that it (alcohol) is able to protect
+    albumen from destruction can warrant its employment and
+    establish its value as a food in the sick diet. And this
+    evidence which is of determinative importance must be looked
+    upon as having failed, according to the recent investigations of
+    Stammreich and Miura (who both worked under von Noorden's
+    direction), as well as by Schmidt, Schöneseiffen and Roseman.
+    The uniform result of all these experiments, arrived at by
+    altogether different methods, is that _alcohol does not possess
+    albumen sparing power_; that it even brings about an undoubted
+    breaking down of albumen, and consequently it is entirely
+    unequal to carbohydrates and fat."--DR. JULIAN MARCUSE, a
+    contributing editor of _Die Heilkunde_, a German medical
+    magazine. See issue of July, 1900.
+
+
+    "Thirty years ago the general principle of practice was
+    stimulation. Alcohol was supposed to rouse up and support vital
+    forces in disease. Twenty-three years ago the first practical
+    denial was put into a permanent position in a public hospital in
+    London, where alcohol was seldom or never used. * * * Doctor
+    Richardson's researches showing the anæsthetic nature of alcohol
+    have had a great influence in changing medical practice in
+    England. * * * On the Continent a number of scientific workers
+    have published researches confirming Doctor Richardson's
+    conclusions, and bringing out other facts as to the action of
+    alcohol on the brain and nervous system. These papers and the
+    discussions which followed have been slowly working their way
+    into the laboratory and hospital, and have been tested and found
+    correct, materially changing current opinions, and creating
+    great doubts of the value of alcohol.
+
+    "In 1896, the prosecution of Doctor Hirschfeld, a Magdeburg
+    physician, in the German courts, for not using alcohol in a case
+    of septicemia, seemed to be the central point for a new
+    demonstration of the danger of the use of alcohol in medicine.
+    Doctor Hirschfeld was acquitted on the testimony of a large
+    number of leading physicians from the large hospitals and
+    universities of Europe. It was proved that alcohol was not a
+    remedy which was specifically required in any disease; also that
+    its value was most seriously questioned as a general remedy by
+    many able men, and its substitution was practical and literal in
+    most cases. Statistics were presented proving that alcohol was
+    dangerous, and never a safe remedy, and laboratory
+    investigations confirming and explaining its action were given.
+    Since then a sharp reaction has been going on in Europe, and
+    alcohol is rapidly declining and passing away as a common
+    remedy.
+
+    "Doctor Frick, an eminent teacher of medicine in Zurich,
+    Switzerland, and Doctor von Speyer, of the University of Berne,
+    have made statistical studies of cases treated with and without
+    alcohol, and have analyzed the effects of spirits as medicinal
+    agents to check and antagonize disease, and assert very
+    positively, that alcohol is a dangerous and exceedingly doubtful
+    remedy. Doctor Meyer, of the University of Gottenburg, Doctor
+    Möbius, of Leipsic, and Doctor Wehberg, of Dusseldorf, are
+    equally prominent physicians who have taken the same position,
+    and are equally emphatic in their denunciations of the current
+    beliefs concerning alcohol in medicine."--_Journal A. M. A._,
+    January 6, 1900.
+
+Dr. H. D. Didama, Dean of the Medical College of Syracuse University,
+Syracuse, N. Y., said in January, 1898, in the _Voice_:--
+
+    "For many years after my graduation at Albany, in 1846, I
+    prescribed alcohol, and for twenty years, while occupying the
+    chair of professor of the science and art of medicine in the
+    College of Medicine of Syracuse University. I followed in my
+    lectures--often reluctantly and usually afar off, but still I
+    followed--the almost unanimous teaching of authors, ancient and
+    modern, and the professors in the medical schools.
+
+    "Convinced that a great number of the diseases I was called to
+    treat owed their existence or aggravation to the use, in alleged
+    moderation, of alcoholic beverages, and that not in a few
+    instances this use was commenced and even continued by the
+    advice of the medical attendants; convinced also by the
+    published experiments of many acute observers at home and
+    abroad, and by my own observations, that almost all diseases
+    could be managed as well if not better by the non-use of
+    alcohol, and satisfied from the communications of some brother
+    practitioners that the fatality in certain specified diseases
+    was not delayed, to say the least, by the employment of
+    increasing and enormous doses of wine, whisky and brandy, and
+    influenced also, I must admit--overwhelmed, indeed--by what I
+    know and what I read daily of the pauperism, domestic
+    wretchedness, crime, insanity and incurable maladies transmitted
+    to innocent offspring, I abandoned entirely, more than three
+    years ago, the use of alcoholic remedies.
+
+    "I have endeavored by personal example and earnest council to
+    dissuade my patients from the use of intoxicating beverages and
+    medicines.
+
+    "The outcome of this practice, medically and morally, has been
+    satisfactory to myself, and, I have reason to believe, to my
+    patients also.
+
+    "Whatever regrets I may feel for my former teaching and
+    practice, I have no apology to offer for my inconsistency except
+    that once given by Gerrit Smith:--'I know more to-day than I did
+    yesterday; the only persons who never change their minds are God
+    and a fool.'
+
+    "Permit me to add that while there may be an honest difference
+    of opinion regarding the efficacy of legislative enactments in
+    overcoming or restraining the drink habit, there should be
+    little doubt that a whole-hearted, persistent,
+    precept-and-example effort of the medical profession exerted as
+    individuals on their patients and the families of their
+    patients, and as associations on the community at large, would
+    do immeasurable good.
+
+    "And the newspapers might aid materially in this beneficent work
+    if, while they continue to spread before our households every
+    day the details of the brawls and fights of drunken men and the
+    horrible murders which they commit, they would discontinue
+    advertising, without warning or dissent, side by side with the
+    atrocities, the 'innocuous beers,' the pure malt whiskies, the
+    genuine brandies, guaranteed to prevent and cure all manner of
+    diseases."
+
+The following testimony from an English physician is significant:--
+
+    "Although I know beforehand that their united testimony must be
+    in favor of the practice of total abstinence from all
+    intoxicating drinks, being most conducive to health and
+    longevity of their patients, but very inimical to the pocket
+    interests of themselves, my own experience is, that my teetotal
+    patients are seldom ill, and that they get well very soon again,
+    if they are attacked by disease. A higher principle than that of
+    gain must influence a medical man's mind, or he will never
+    advocate the doctrine of total abstinence."--J. J. RITCHIE, M.
+    R. C. S., Leek.
+
+    "One of the most dangerous phases of the use of alcohol is the
+    production of a feeling of well being in weakly, dyspeptic,
+    irritable, nervous or anæmic patients. In consequence of the
+    temporary relief so obtained, the patient develops a craving for
+    alcohol, which in many cases can end only in one way, and, as I
+    felt compelled to tell an assembly of ladies a short time ago,
+    the very symptoms for the alleviation of which alcohol is
+    usually taken are those, the presence of which renders it
+    exceedingly desirable that alcohol should not be taken."--DR. G.
+    SIMS WOODHEAD, of London.
+
+In an address upon the London Temperance Hospital delivered shortly
+before his death, Sir B. W. Richardson gave a brief review of the
+influences which led him to abandon the medical use of alcohol. The
+following is taken from that address as reported in the _Medical
+Pioneer_:--
+
+    "I was a member of the Vestry of St. Marylebone, and we had in
+    our parish a very serious outbreak of small-pox, attended with a
+    considerable mortality. In his report to us Dr. Whitmore stated
+    that in his treatment of earlier cases of the confluent and
+    hemorrhagic, and malignant forms of disease, stimulants of wine
+    and brandy were freely administered without any apparent
+    benefit; and, that after consultation with Mr. Cross, the
+    resident surgeon, they resolved to substitute simple
+    nutriments, such as milk, eggs and beef-tea, at frequent
+    intervals, with discontinuance of stimulants altogether. The
+    result of the change was most satisfactory, and many bad cases
+    did well, which under the stimulant plan they believed would
+    have terminated fatally. Again I was struck very much by a
+    report made by Mr. Cadbury, in which that gentleman showed the
+    course that was going on in various hospitals. The amount of
+    alcohol in twelve hospitals in London, taken by the inpatients,
+    varied in ounces from 37,531 in one establishment to 300,094 in
+    another during the year 1878. I also found, from the same
+    author, that the whole cost in St. George's Union Infirmary for
+    the year 1878 was £8. 3s. 6d., amongst 2,496 patients, while the
+    cost of the same number at the average of the twelve hospitals
+    was £124. About this same time I also remarked that in many of
+    the public institutions of England there was a reduction
+    something similar in kind, if not to the same extent, and that
+    the number of persons who suffered seemed to make better
+    recoveries than those who were taking the free amount of
+    stimulant. The effect of these observations chimed in very
+    remarkably with the physiological experiments it had been my
+    duty to carry out, and which tended to show in a most striking
+    manner that the action of alcohol in the body very much differed
+    from the ordinary opinion that had been held upon it, and
+    thereupon, in my own practice, I abandoned the use of alcohol,
+    and began to give instead small quantities of simple,
+    nourishing, dietic food, a course I pursued up to the present
+    time with the most satisfactory results, results I have never
+    felt any occasion to regret. By these steps, learned in the
+    first place from the study of alcohol in its action on man, I
+    was led to become a believer that alcohol is of no more service
+    in disease than it is in health, and a lengthened experience in
+    this matter has really confirmed the correctness of the idea."
+
+In his last report as physician to the Temperance Hospital Dr.
+Richardson made some remarkable statements upon the fallacy of the
+general ideas of stimulation. So interesting are his views that they are
+incorporated here:--
+
+    "Sir B. W. Richardson, M. D., who was unable to be present,
+    communicated (through the secretary) his annual report as
+    physician to the hospital. After twelve months further trial of
+    the treatment of all kinds of disease in this institution
+    without the assistance of alcohol, either as a diet or a
+    medicine, he (Sir B. W. Richardson) was fully sustained in the
+    belief that the plan pursued had been attended with every
+    possible advantage. About 500 cases had come under his
+    observation and treatment as in previous years, and these cases
+    had been of the most varied kind, including all patients who
+    were not directly suffering from contagious disease. In not one
+    instance had alcohol been administered, nor had anything like it
+    been used in the way of a substitute, and there had not been a
+    single case in which he could conceive that it was ever called
+    for, while the success which had attended the treatment
+    generally had been superior to anything he had ever seen
+    following upon the administration of alcoholic stimulants. One
+    great truth which had forced itself upon him had reference to
+    the doctrine of stimulation generally. It had been one of the
+    grand ideas in medicine that there came times when sick people
+    were benefited by being stimulated. It was argued that they were
+    low, and in order that they might be raised and brought nearer
+    to the natural life they required something like alcohol to
+    quicken the circulation, quicken the secretion, and help to
+    preserve the vitality. But the experience which was learned here
+    tended to show in the most distinct manner that that very old
+    and apparently rational idea was fallacious. Such stimulation
+    only tended ultimately to wear out the powers of the body, as
+    well as change the physical conditions under which the body
+    worked. True lowness meant practical over-fatigue, and when the
+    body was spurred on, or stimulated, over-fatigue was simply
+    intensified and increased. What, therefore, was wanted was not
+    stimulation, but repose. The sufferer was placed in the best
+    position to gain entire rest, and all the surroundings or
+    environments were employed which tended to prevent waste. The
+    air was kept at the proper temperature, the body of the patient
+    kept warm, and the simplest and most easily digested foods were
+    used; the patient's condition then swung round to a natural
+    state, and he began to get well. In other cases where the sick
+    were brought under observation suffering already from excitable
+    condition of the senses, with congestions here and there of the
+    circulatory or nervous systems, with imperfect condition of the
+    brain, and with the elements of what was usually denominated
+    inflammatory or febrile state--the stimulant was already present
+    (was, indeed the cause of the symptoms) and did not want in any
+    degree to be enforced further by the acts of treatment. Here,
+    therefore, they were on the safest grounds as regarded methods
+    of administration, for they calmed as well as they possibly
+    could both mind and body and left nature to do the rest, which
+    she did with the best and most tranquilizing effect. On both
+    sides, therefore, in the treatment of disease, they did good,
+    and that was the reason, he believed, why their returns were so
+    satisfactory. It often happened in an institution where some
+    particular plan was carried out that the old ideas in which they
+    had been bred were without intention refined or suppressed. For
+    example, he had been taught, and believed for a number of years,
+    that some medicament of a particular kind was needful for some
+    particular train of symptoms, be the surrounding conditions what
+    they might. There was no doubt that this same feeling had given
+    rise to the persistent use of alcohol; but, greatly to his own
+    surprise, he discovered that when the surroundings were all
+    good, the rule that applied to alcohol constantly applied to
+    other substances that were called remedies, with the result that
+    recovery was often just as good without the particular remedies
+    as with them, so that a revision came quite simply with regard
+    to stimulating agents and their properties, and also with
+    regard to every medicine that might at earlier times have been
+    employed. He had seen many cases in this hospital recover
+    without any other aid than that of the environments, which cases
+    he would have said could not possibly have gone on well, or
+    towards complete recovery, unless some special recipe had been
+    followed. He believed the day would come when others, learning
+    this same truth as he had been obliged to learn it, would act on
+    such simple principles that the books of remedies would have to
+    be vastly curtailed. It would be seen that there was such a
+    tendency of disease to get well of itself, or by virtue of
+    natural processes, of which people had at present but a very
+    poor idea, that the art of physic would pass into directions how
+    to live rather than into dogmatic assertions that particular
+    means must be employed in addition to the common details of life
+    for the process of cure. If therefore they learned in this
+    hospital by their reduced death-rates the true lesson, the
+    institution would have performed a double duty, and become one
+    of the test objects in medicine, and in the field of disease.
+    They made no attempt by selection, or by any side action, to
+    exaggerate their results. The cases were taken indiscriminately,
+    except that they gave admission to the worst cases first; that
+    was to say, they never caused patients to come under their
+    treatment if they saw they were only slightly affected, and were
+    bound to get well."--_Medical Pioneer._
+
+Dr. Landmann, of Boppard-on-the-Rhine, Germany, says:--
+
+    "The members of the Association of Abstaining Physicians, reject
+    the use of spirituous liquors in every form, and particularly
+    declare the use of alcohol at the sick-bed a scientific error of
+    the saddest kind. In order to war against this abuse, they
+    earnestly appeal to the officers having charge of funds for the
+    sick, henceforth, under no circumstances, any longer to permit
+    the prescription of wine, whisky and brandy for sick members;
+    but to resist to the utmost, according to the right given them
+    by the laws insuring the sick, the taking of spirituous
+    liquors, under the false pretext that they have a curative and
+    strengthening effect."
+
+Dr. Bleuler, Rheineau, Switzerland, says:--
+
+    "The treatment of chronic diseases with alcohol is contrary to
+    our knowledge of the physiological effects of alcohol. There is
+    no probability that its use will be beneficial, certainly its
+    benefits have not been established. Often an injurious result is
+    proved.
+
+    "It is not implied that there may not be some benefit in the use
+    of alcohol in cases of sudden weakness with or without fever.
+    But even in such cases the benefit is not demonstrated. At any
+    rate, other remedies can with advantage be substituted for
+    alcohol.
+
+    "The essential thing in the treatment of all alcoholic diseases,
+    delirium tremens included, is total abstinence.
+
+    "The physiological effect of alcohol is that of a poison, whose
+    use is to be limited to the utmost. Even the moderate use as now
+    practiced is injurious.
+
+    "The customary beneficial results unquestionably depend chiefly
+    on suggestion, and by making the patient believe falsely that
+    the momentary subjective better feeling means actual
+    improvement.
+
+    "Physicians share the blame of the present flood of alcoholism.
+    They are, therefore, morally bound to remedy the evil. Only by
+    means of personal abstinence can this be done."
+
+Dr. A. Frick, professor in Zurich, is a careful student and an
+influential writer on alcohol. His statements are weighty. This is his
+testimony:--
+
+    "In larger doses, alcohol is absolutely injurious in the
+    treatment of acute fevers, especially in case of pneumonia,
+    typhus and erysipelas. They first of all injure the general
+    state of the patient, they cause delirium, or increase it if
+    already existing, and, secondly, they injure most seriously the
+    organs of digestion and interfere with proper nourishment; thus
+    they have a weakening effect, instead of preventing weakness,
+    which they are usually supposed to do. In case no alcohol is
+    used, the convalescence is much more rapid. In no case has the
+    benefit of treatment with alcohol been established. According to
+    the view of the most eminent pharmacologists, the stimulating
+    effect of alcohol consists simply in a local irritation of the
+    mucous membrane of the stomach, similar to that produced by a
+    mustard plaster."
+
+The following selection from the excellent address of Dr. Harvey,
+president of the Virginia State Medical Society, at a recent meeting, is
+a most timely caution:--
+
+    "Our prisons, asylums and homes are filled with the victims of
+    the careless and indiscriminate use by the medical profession of
+    those twin demons, alcohol and opium, which, save tuberculosis,
+    are doing more to debase and destroy the human race than all the
+    other diseases together. I most earnestly beseech you, young
+    men, who are just starting out in life, to stay your hand in the
+    use of these agents in your own persons, and in your daily work,
+    and to beware of the seductive needle, and the cup that
+    inebriates. Make it an invariable rule, never to prescribe
+    alcohol, nor one of the solinaceus or narcotic drugs, if you can
+    possibly avoid it. The use of alcohol and opium debases the
+    minds and morals of habitués, predisposes especially to Bright's
+    disease and insanity, and lays the foundation in the offspring
+    for the majority of the neuroses and degenerations of modern
+    civilized life. The physical fatigue of long working hours, loss
+    of sleep, mental strain, worry and hunger, invite the tired
+    physician, especially, to their seductive use. To totally
+    abstain from them is always business, and very often character,
+    and even life itself. I feel free to speak to you on this
+    subject very earnestly, my younger brothers, for, having
+    prescribed alcohol for over thirty years, I am familiar with its
+    tendencies and its dangers."
+
+Dr. T. D. Crothers of Hartford, Conn., in an article upon "The Decline
+of Alcohol as a Medicine," says:--
+
+    "Thoughtful observers recognize that alcohol as a medicine is
+    rapidly becoming a thing of the past. Ten years ago leading
+    medical men and text-books spoke of stimulants as essentials of
+    many diseases, and defended their use with warmth and
+    positiveness. To-day this is changed. Medical men seldom refer
+    to spirits as remedies, and when they do, express great
+    conservatism and caution. The text-books show the same changes,
+    although some dogmatic authors refuse to recognize the change of
+    practice, and still cling to the idea of the food value of
+    spirits.
+
+    "Druggists who supply spirits to the profession recognize a
+    tremendous dropping off in the demand. A distiller who, ten
+    years ago, sold many thousand gallons of choice whiskies, almost
+    exclusively to medical men, has lost his trade altogether, and
+    gone out of business. Wine men, too, recognize this change, and
+    are making every effort to have wine used in the place of
+    spirits in the sick-room. Proprietary medicine dealers are
+    putting all sorts of compounds of wine with iron, bark, etc., on
+    the market with the same idea. It is doubtful if any of these
+    will be able to secure any permanent place in therapeutics.
+
+    "The fact is, alcohol is passing out of practical therapeutics
+    because its real action is becoming known. Facts are
+    accumulating in the laboratory, in the autopsy room, at the
+    bedside, and in the work of experimental psychologists, which
+    show that alcohol is a depressant and a narcotic; that it cannot
+    build up tissue, but always acts as a degenerative power; and
+    that its apparent effects of raising the heart's action and
+    quickening functional activities are misleading and erroneous.
+
+    "French and German specialists have denounced spirits both as a
+    beverage and a medicine, and shown by actual demonstration that
+    alcohol is a poison and a depressant, and that any therapeutic
+    action it is assumed to have is open to question.
+
+    "All this is not the result of agitation and wild condemnation
+    by persons who feel deeply the sad consequences of the abuse of
+    spirits. It is simply the outcome of the gradual accumulation of
+    facts that have been proven within the observation of every
+    thoughtful person. The exact or approximate facts relating to
+    alcohol can now be tested by instruments of precision. We can
+    weigh and measure the effects, and it is not essential to
+    theorize or speculate; we can test and prove with reasonable
+    certainty what was before a matter of doubt.
+
+    "Medical men who doubt the value of spirits are no more
+    considered fanatics or extremists, but as leaders along new and
+    wider lines of research. Alcohol in medicine, except as a
+    narcotic and anæsthetic, is rapidly falling into disfavor, and
+    will soon be put aside and forgotten."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+RECENT RESEARCHES UPON ALCOHOL.
+
+
+In the year 1900 Prof. Taav Laitinen, of the University of Helsingfors,
+Finland, published an account of experiments made upon 342
+animals--dogs, rabbits, guinea pigs, fowls and pigeons--to determine the
+effects of alcohol upon the resistance of the body to infectious
+diseases. He used as infecting agents, anthrax bacilli, tubercle
+bacilli, and diphtheria bacilli. The doses of alcohol given varied with
+the animal. For his "small dose" experiments he used the quantity of
+alcohol given as a food or as a medicine, or both, in a neighboring
+sanitorium. The alcohol employed was, as a rule, a 25 per cent. solution
+of ethyl alcohol in water. It was given either by esophageal catheter,
+or by dropping it into the mouth from a pipette. It was administered in
+several ways, and for varying times; sometimes in single large doses, at
+others in gradually increasing doses for months at a time, in order to
+produce here an acute, and there a chronic poisoning; in fact, he
+produced the conditions consequent upon steady, moderate drinking.
+
+His first conclusion from these experiments, most carefully carried out,
+is that alcohol, however given, induces in the animal body a markedly
+increased susceptibility to infectious diseases; and he maintains that
+his experiments indicate that the use of alcohol, at least in the
+treatment of anthrax, tuberculosis, and diphtheria, is not only useless
+but probably injurious. From a number of other experiments carried out
+with scrupulous care he comes to the same conclusion as Abbott, Welch,
+and others that the predisposing to disease of alcohol must be explained
+by its action in producing abnormal conditions--pathological changes in
+the alimentary canal, liver, kidneys, heart, and nervous system. He
+found that the alkalinity of the blood was slightly diminished, and the
+number of leucocytes somewhat decreased. He also draws attention to the
+fact that his experiments prove that pregnant animals and their
+offspring are markedly affected by the continued use of small doses of
+alcohol. He shows, too, that the temporary lowering of the body
+temperature by alcohol produces the most favorable condition for the
+invasion of disease germs.
+
+Since the publication of these experiments, and of others similar to
+them, the use of alcohol in diphtheria and tuberculosis has very largely
+ceased. Boards of health and charity organizations unite in warning
+against indulgence in alcoholic drinks as conducive to tuberculosis.
+
+At the International Congress on Alcoholism, held in London in July,
+1909, Professor Laitinen delivered two lectures. The first was upon "The
+Influence of Alcohol on Immunity." The following is taken from this
+lecture:--
+
+    "Modern researches have done much to explain the extent and
+    nature of the protective powers by which the organism endeavors
+    to defend itself against the attacks of all kinds of injurious
+    agencies, and especially against invasion by the germs of
+    infective diseases. It is now a well-established fact that
+    alcohol weakens the normal resisting power of the body against
+    the above-named disease-producing influences. In the hope of
+    contributing something to the explanation of the way in which
+    alcohol weakens the organism, I have made a number of
+    experiments bearing upon the question of the influence of
+    alcohol on immunity.
+
+    "Early in this century careful experiments went to show that
+    alcohol certainly had some influence upon immunity. Two
+    Americans, Abbott and Bergey, were the first to discover that
+    this agent produces a diminution of the hæmolytic complement in
+    the blood-serum of certain animals which were tested. They
+    showed also that the formation of specific hæmolytic receptors
+    (immune bodies) may be retarded by the action of alcohol.
+
+    "The extent of the evil effects upon the human body resulting
+    from the consumption of alcoholic liquors is as yet far from
+    being fully known, and stands in need of scientific
+    verification. Many other injurious influences such as unsanitary
+    dwellings, bad feeding, excessive toil, and toxic agents like
+    nicotine, etc., may produce somewhat similar morbid effects. It
+    is therefore necessary, in the scientific study of the question,
+    to take these possibilities into consideration. In my
+    investigations, the results of which I am now to lay before you,
+    I have endeavored to select as subjects for my experiments both
+    abstainers from alcohol, and those who indulge more or less in
+    its use, in such a way that their conditions of life and their
+    habits in other respects should be as nearly as possible the
+    same. All persons, for instance, suffering from any acute or
+    chronic disease were rejected, and very few of the persons
+    selected were smokers. The subject of this research has been
+    human blood, and especially its two principal components,
+    namely, red blood-corpuscles and blood-serum, both of which up
+    to the present time have been very little studied in relation to
+    the question under discussion. I have gone into these matters
+    chiefly because the modern theoretical study of immunity during
+    the last few years has, in general, attracted greater attention
+    to the blood, and shown the important role which the different
+    parts, properties, and capacities of the blood play in defending
+    the organism against internal and external injurious agencies.
+    Further, the subtle methods employed in the study of immunity
+    (such as organic reactions, and reactions between greatly
+    attenuated organic liquids) would also seem to be available for
+    our purpose, as they allow of the detection of the minutest
+    differences which alcohol may produce in any part of the
+    organism in question.
+
+    "During the course of this research, which has lasted over a
+    period of three years, I sought to investigate the action of
+    alcohol on the resistive power of human red blood-corpuscles. I
+    wished to ascertain whether the resistivity of the red
+    blood-corpuscles in a healthy man could be lowered by the
+    consumption of alcohol. * * *
+
+    "It may be well for me here to explain that in this lecture I
+    mean by the term 'drinker' a person who has taken alcohol in any
+    quantity whatever. Many of these 'drinkers,' therefore, were in
+    fact most moderate consumers of alcohol. By the term 'abstainer'
+    I mean a person who has never taken alcohol in any quantity
+    worth mentioning. In the course of my investigations I have
+    examined blood from two hundred and twenty-three persons. They
+    were of different classes and ages. There were professors of
+    medicine and other physicians, University fellows, students of
+    both sexes, hospital nurses, school-teachers, waiters, and other
+    men and women belonging to the working-classes."
+
+The rest of the lecture as given here is an abstract made by Professor
+Laitinen:--
+
+    "My studies have been directed to an investigation of the
+    following points:
+
+    "1. I sought to ascertain whether the resistance of human red
+    blood-corpuscles against a heterogeneous normal serum, or an
+    immune serum, can be diminished by the use of alcohol.
+
+    "2. I have studied the action of alcohol in drinking and
+    abstaining persons on the hæmolytic power of blood-serum over
+    heterogeneous red blood-corpuscles (rabbits). I have studied not
+    only the hæmolytic power of the human blood-serum, but also its
+    power of precipitation in the presence of rabbit-serum, with a
+    view to ascertain if the reaction between a known dilution of
+    rabbit-serum and a certain dilution of serum of alcohol-users
+    and non-drinking persons is different or not, and if the
+    reaction is more apparent with the former or with the latter.
+
+    "3. The resisting power of serum obtained both from
+    alcohol-drinking and from non-drinking persons was further
+    tested by human blood, with the object of discovering whether
+    any difference in reaction existed between the same immune serum
+    and the two kinds of human sera above mentioned.
+
+    "4. I have studied the problem as to whether the hæmolytic
+    complement in the blood-serum of alcohol-drinking and
+    non-drinking persons is altered in any way by alcohol.
+
+    "5. The bactericidal power of blood-serum from both
+    alcohol-drinking and non-drinking persons was determined by some
+    experiments.
+
+    "The above experiments have given the following results:
+
+    "1. The normal resistance of human red blood-corpuscles appears
+    to be somewhat diminished against a heterogeneous normal serum
+    or an immune serum by the consumption of alcohol, provided that
+    tolerably large equal, or nearly equal, numbers of drinkers and
+    abstainers of both sexes be examined, and the average of
+    resistance be taken on both sides: this last-named precaution
+    being necessary because the resistance of red blood-corpuscles
+    from different human beings varies largely. The difference is
+    often greater when using weaker solutions than when using
+    stronger dilutions of lysin.
+
+    "2. These experiments have shown the normal hæmolytic power of
+    human blood-serum to be less in the case of alcohol-drinkers
+    than in that of abstainers.
+
+    "3. The precipitating reaction between a solution of 1 per cent.
+    human blood-serum and different dilutions of immune serum was
+    greater in the case of drinkers than in that of abstainers.
+
+    "4. These experiments have also shown that the bactericidal
+    power of blood-serum against typhoid bacteria was less in the
+    case of drinkers than in that of abstainers.
+
+    "It seems clear, therefore, that alcohol, even in comparatively
+    small doses, exercises a prejudicial effect on the protective
+    mechanism of the human body."
+
+The lecturer made his points clear by a carefully prepared series of
+charts. At its close Sir Victor Horsley, Professor Sims Woodhead, A.
+Pearce Gould, and several other distinguished physicians spoke in high
+terms of the painstaking care exhibited in the experiments.
+
+Professor Laitinen's second lecture was upon "The Influence of Alcohol
+Upon Human Offspring." He sent out 15,000 circulars to his countrymen,
+asking many questions relative to themselves and their infant children,
+and received 5,845 replies relative to 20,008 children. He also studied
+personally a large number of drinking and abstaining families. From
+these studies he shows by careful tables that the drinking of alcohol by
+parents, even in small quantities, has an injurious influence upon human
+offspring. His studies in former years showed the same unfavorable
+influence upon the offspring of animals. One of his tables gives
+percentages of deaths of children in the homes of abstaining parents,
+moderate drinkers, and harder drinkers. Children of abstainers dying in
+the first year, 13.45 per cent.; of moderates, 23.17 per cent.; of
+harder drinkers, 32.02 per cent. Other tables show that abstainers'
+children gain in weight more steadily in the first year than drinkers'
+children, and have their teeth earlier, as a rule.
+
+At the International Medical Congress of 1909, held in Budapest,
+Professor Laitinen lectured again upon his researches, and summarized
+his conclusions thus:--
+
+    "1. The importance of alcohol as an article of food is rendered
+    very questionable by recent researches. 2. These researches
+    prove that alcohol diminishes the natural power of the tissues
+    to resist injury, promotes degeneration, and has a disastrous
+    effect on future generations. 3. The questions of relation of
+    alcoholic liquor to crime and of the manufacture and sale of
+    such beverages deserve the serious consideration of the
+    legislature. 4. It is the duty of medical men to direct more
+    attention than formerly to the alcohol question, and by careful
+    study to decide whether recent researches are justified or not
+    in regarding alcohol and alcoholic beverages as a poison and one
+    of the principal causes of degeneration in the human family;
+    they ought also to consider whether it would not be advisable in
+    medical practice, and especially in hospitals, either to banish
+    it altogether or at least to prescribe it with the same care as
+    other poisonous drugs. In this matter the attitude taken by
+    medical men as representatives of public hygiene was of quite
+    exceptional importance."
+
+Metchnikoff, the illustrious Russian scientist, who has for some years
+been connected with the Pasteur Institute in Paris, was the discoverer
+of the work assigned by nature to the white corpuscles of the blood.
+These blood-cells are the "guardian-cells" of the body, and their duty
+is to destroy disease germs which may gain an entrance. They actually
+devour disease germs. Metchnikoff has been studying the effect of
+alcohol upon these protective cells, and he asserts that alcohol, even
+in small doses, has a harmful action on these agents of defence against
+disease. Alcohol seems to paralyze them more or less so that they are
+unable to do their full duty in destroying the infective microbes. Thus
+disease germs can multiply more rapidly when alcohol is in the blood. In
+his book called "The New Hygiene," Metchnikoff suggests that the
+administration of alcoholic liquors in infectious disease appears to be
+attended with danger to the patient.
+
+The researches of Kraepelin, Ach, Aschaffenberg and other German
+scientists have become so well known through the articles by Henry Smith
+Williams in _McClure's Magazine_ that only brief reference need be made
+to them here. Kraepelin used very small doses of alcohol for some of his
+experiments. He found that after 1/4 to 1/2 ounce of alcohol had been
+taken the time occupied in making response to a signal was slightly
+shortened, but in a few minutes, in most cases, this quickening action
+passed and a slowing process began, and continued until the body was
+free from the influence of the alcohol, which was sometimes four or five
+hours.
+
+The ability to add figures was tested, and this decreased very rapidly
+under minute doses of alcohol. Memory tests showed that only 60 figures
+could be remembered from numbers written in columns after alcohol had
+been taken, while 100 figures could be remembered correctly when the
+mind was free from the alcoholic influence. Type-setters were tested,
+and the average number of errors they made and the amount of work they
+did in a given time was carefully recorded. After a small dose of
+alcohol none of the men could in the same time do as much work, or as
+accurate work. Yet every one of the men experimented upon thought he was
+doing better work after his drink. This proves the narcotic effect of
+alcohol.
+
+The economic loss to a people from beer and wine drinking is worthy of
+serious consideration since a bottle of wine or its equivalent in beer
+could diminish by ten to fifteen per cent. the amount of work done by
+these type-setters experimented upon by Professor Aschaffenberg.
+
+Professor Kraepelin says:--
+
+    "I must admit that my experiments, extending over more than ten
+    years, have made me an opponent of alcohol."
+
+He says again:--
+
+    "The laborer who wins his livelihood by the working power of his
+    arm strikes at the very foundation of his power by the use of
+    alcohol."
+
+Professor Aschaffenberg says of moderate doses:--
+
+    "Any quantity of alcohol must be regarded as considerable which
+    causes a disturbance, even if only transitory, of bodily and
+    mental efficiency."
+
+Dr. Reid Hunt, chief of the Division of Pharmacology, Hygienic
+Laboratory, United States Public Health and Marine Hospital Service,
+made some very interesting experiments to determine the physiological
+changes upon animals which would result from the strictly moderate use
+of alcohol. These are described in Bulletin No. 33 of the Hygienic
+Laboratory, published in 1907. Mice and guinea-pigs were used. The food,
+usually oats, was soaked in diluted alcohol, at first of five per cent.
+strength, then gradually increased to forty or fifty per cent. By
+carefully observing the weight of the mice, and not increasing the
+strength of the alcohol too rapidly, it was possible to keep the animals
+for months on this diet without any material loss of weight. After the
+lapse of weeks, in some cases, and months in other cases, these alcohol
+fed animals were given small doses of a poison known as acetonitrile.
+Other mice to whom no alcohol was fed were given similar doses of this
+poison. In the first series the mice which had received alcohol died
+from about one-half the quantity of acetonitrile required to kill those
+which had not received alcohol. In the second series with a somewhat
+stronger dilution the alcohol mice succumbed to one-half to one-third
+the dose necessary to kill the non-alcoholized animals. In no case was
+enough alcohol given for any symptoms of intoxication to appear, nor was
+there any outward indication of any injury being done by the alcohol. In
+another experiment a mouse was kept for four months on a diet of oats
+soaked in water, then 0.5 milligram of acetonitrile per gram body weight
+was injected. The mouse recovered. It was then fed on oats soaked in an
+alcoholic solution which was gradually increased to 45 per cent. After a
+little more than a month of this diet 0.2 milligram acetonitrile per
+gram body weight proved fatal. The weight of the mouse had remained
+about the same throughout.
+
+Alcohol increased the susceptibility of the guinea pigs also.
+
+Dr. Hunt says on page 33 of the bulletin:--
+
+    "These experiments with alcohol and acetonitrile are of interest
+    in another connection. The greatest advance in recent years in
+    our knowledge of the physiological action of alcohol has been
+    the clear demonstration that alcohol is oxidized in the body,
+    and may replace fats and carbohydrates and to a certain extent,
+    the proteids of an ordinary diet. So clear has been this
+    demonstration that the view that alcohol, in moderate amounts,
+    should be regarded as a food is almost universally accepted by
+    physiologists, and the drift of opinion is certainly toward the
+    view that it is in all respects strictly analogous to sugar and
+    fats, provided always that the amount used does not exceed that
+    easily oxidized by the body. Under these premises it would be
+    expected that alcohol in a diet would have the same effect upon
+    an animal's susceptibility to acetonitrile as has dextrose, for
+    example. This is by no means the case, however; on the contrary,
+    the action of these substances in this regard is entirely
+    different. Mice fed upon oats soaked in a solution of dextrose
+    or upon cakes containing considerable dextrose, or upon rice,
+    show a very distinct increase in their resistance to
+    acetonitrile; such mice may recover from two or three times the
+    dose fatal to controls. (Controls are the animals fed in the
+    ordinary way without alcohol or in this case dextrose.--Ed.)
+    While these facts are not sufficient to justify the conclusion
+    that in many cases alcohol has not a true food value, yet they
+    are sufficient to indicate caution in applying, without further
+    consideration, the brilliant and very exact results on the
+    proteid sparing power of alcohol to practical dietaries."
+
+Various other experiments were made, but there is not room here for a
+record of them.
+
+In the summary Dr. Hunt says:--
+
+    "It is believed that these experiments afford clear experimental
+    evidence for the view that extremely moderate amounts of alcohol
+    may cause distinct changes in certain physiological functions,
+    and that these changes may, under certain circumstances, be
+    injurious to the body. The results also afford further evidence
+    that in some respects the action of alcohol as a food is
+    different from that of carbohydrates, and finally that in all
+    probability certain physiological processes in 'moderate
+    drinkers' are distinctly different from those in abstainers."
+
+Professor Chittenden, of Yale University, has made extensive researches
+upon alcohol and digestion. A full report of these may be found in the
+"Physiological Aspects of the Liquor Problem." In the _Medical News_,
+vol. 86, page 721, Professor Chittenden says of the theory that alcohol
+is a food similar to sugar and fats:--
+
+    "It is, I think, quite plain that while alcohol in moderate
+    amounts can be burned in the body, thus serving as food in the
+    sense that it may be a source of energy, it is quite misleading
+    to attempt a classification or even comparison of alcohol with
+    carbohydrates and fats, since, unlike the latter, alcohol has a
+    most disturbing effect upon the metabolism or oxidation of the
+    purin compounds of our daily food. Alcohol, therefore, presents
+    a dangerous side wholly wanting in carbohydrates and fats. The
+    latter are simply burned up to carbonic acid and water, or are
+    transformed into glycogen and fat, but alcohol, though more
+    easily oxidizable, is at all times liable to obstruct, in some
+    measure at least, the oxidative processes of the liver, and
+    probably of other tissues also, thereby throwing into the
+    circulation bodies such as uric acid, which are inimical to
+    health; a fact which at once tends to draw a distinct line of
+    demarcation between alcohol and the two non-nitrogeneous
+    foods--fat and carbohydrate."
+
+Dr. S. P. Beebe, now of the Cornell Medical College Laboratory, New York
+City, has made some very valuable experiments with alcohol. It is well
+known that impairment of the functions of certain organs results in the
+appearance in the urine of nitrogeneous compounds which do not normally
+occur there. In certain diseases of the liver the same quantity of
+nitrogen may be excreted as in health, but a portion of it is in the
+form of acids never found in the urine during health. Dr. Beebe, with
+this knowledge in mind, sought to discover the effects of alcohol upon
+the excretion of uric acid in man. Most of the experiments were made on
+the same person, a young man in good health, of regular habits,
+unaccustomed to the use of alcohol in any form. Absolute alcohol,
+diluted with water, whisky, ale, and port wine were used at different
+times. Dr. Beebe reported his experiments in the _American Journal of
+Physiology_, vol. 12, No. 1. His conclusions are given as follows:--
+
+    "After a consideration of these experiments, it hardly seems
+    possible to doubt that alcohol, even in what is considered by
+    the most conservative as a moderate amount, causes an increase
+    in the excretion of uric acid, and this effect is seen almost
+    immediately after taking the alcohol. The following points
+    indicate that the effect is due to a toxic effect on the liver,
+    thereby interfering with the oxidation of the uric acid derived
+    from its precursors in the food: Alcohol taken without food
+    causes no increase. The maximum increase occurs at the same time
+    after a meal as it does when purin food but no alcohol is taken.
+    Alcohol is rapidly absorbed and passes at once to the liver, the
+    organ which has most to do with the metabolism of proteid
+    cleavage products.
+
+
+    "There is no evidence that the alcohol has merely hastened the
+    excretion of urates normally present in the blood; the increased
+    excretion means that a larger quantity has been in circulation,
+    and although it is classed by Van Noorden among the substances
+    easily excreted, still most physiologists would consider the
+    presence in the blood of this larger quantity as undesirable.
+    Certainly in pathological conditions it might be harmful.
+
+    "If we accept the origin of the increased quantity of uric acid
+    to be in the impaired oxidative powers of the liver, the results
+    of these experiments will have greater significance than can be
+    attributed to uric acid alone. For the impaired function would
+    affect other processes which are normally accomplished by that
+    organ, and the possibilities for entrance into the general
+    circulation of toxic substances, of intestinal putrefaction, for
+    instance, would be increased. The liver performs a large number
+    of oxidations and syntheses designed to keep toxic substances
+    from reaching the body tissues, and if alcohol, in the moderate
+    quantity which caused the increase in uric acid excretion,
+    impairs its power in this respect, the prevalent ideas regarding
+    the harmlessness of moderate drinking need revision."
+
+Dr. Winfield S. Hall, professor of physiology at the Northwestern
+University Medical School, Chicago, has interpreted these researches of
+Beebe and Hunt in a very striking way. He says that they prove that the
+oxidation of alcohol in the body is a protective oxidation, the same as
+the oxidation of any other poisonous substance by the liver. His views
+have such an important bearing upon the commonly accepted theory that
+alcohol is in some sense a food that they are given here, somewhat
+abbreviated, as a fitting finish to this chapter. Dr. Hall says:--
+
+    "The fact that alcohol is oxidized in the body has been
+    generally misunderstood. The first impression naturally was:
+    'Foods are Oxidized; Alcohol is Oxidized; therefore alcohol is
+    a food.' But many difficulties appeared. A real food promotes
+    muscular, glandular and nerve activity, and its oxidation
+    maintains body temperature. But alcohol disturbs muscular,
+    glandular, and nervous activity, and its oxidation does not
+    maintain body temperature. When one eats a real food it is
+    assimilated largely by muscle tissue and is oxidized for the
+    purpose of liberating the life energy. When one ingests alcohol
+    it is carried by the blood to the tissues, mostly to the liver,
+    where it is oxidized, as any toxine would be, for the purpose of
+    making it harmless. Its oxidation liberates heat energy but this
+    energy cannot be utilized by the body even for the maintenance
+    of body temperature. If a food is defined as a substance which,
+    taken into the body, is assimilated and used either to build or
+    repair body structure, or to be oxidized in the tissues to
+    liberate the energy used by the tissue in its normal activity,
+    then alcohol is not a real food.
+
+    "But, if alcohol is not a real food, what is the significance of
+    its oxidation? It has been long known that the liver produces
+    oxidases and that it is the site of active oxidation of
+    mid-products of katabolism of toxins and of other toxic
+    substances. Alcohol, usually formed as an excretion of the yeast
+    plant, is also found as a mid-product of tissue katabolism. On a
+    priori grounds we should expect alcohol to be oxidized in the
+    liver along with leucin, tyrosin, uric acid, xanthin bodies, and
+    various amido bodies. There have recently appeared two most
+    important papers based upon extended researches upon man and
+    lower animals. These researches practically clear up this knotty
+    question."
+
+Dr. Hall then reviews the work of Dr. Reid Hunt and Dr. S. P. Beebe, and
+continues:--
+
+    "The value of this work can hardly be over-estimated. In the
+    first place the rapid oxidation of the alcohol in the liver is
+    explained. _Alcohol itself being one of the toxic substances
+    which reach the liver from the alimentary canal is at once
+    attacked by the liver, and if the oncoming tide of alcohol is
+    not too great it will practically all be oxidized._
+
+    "But the liver oxidation of other toxic substances is impaired
+    in the meantime so that they get past the liver to the tissues,
+    where they may do injury. Some of these toxins are excreted
+    unoxidized by the kidneys. There are three ways of accounting
+    for this condition: (1.) The oxidation capacity of the liver is
+    limited. The physiological limit of alcohol ingestion is that
+    amount which taxes the oxidation capacity of the liver to its
+    limit. When thus taxed all other toxic substances including uric
+    acid and the xanthin bodies pass through the liver unoxidized to
+    appear in the urine. (2.) The presence of alcohol in the blood,
+    through its toxic action upon the liver cells, impairs the
+    hepatic oxidation capacity and thus permits toxic substances to
+    pass unoxidized. (3.) A combination of these conditions may
+    represent the real situation. It is hardly conceivable that the
+    relation of alcohol to the liver activity is not covered in the
+    hypotheses above formulated.
+
+    "We may therefore accept it as practically demonstrated by the
+    researches of Beebe, Hunt, and others that the oxidation of
+    alcohol in the liver is simply one of the defensive activities
+    of that organ, _i. e._, it is a protective oxidation and belongs
+    strictly in the same category with the oxidation of uric acid,
+    xanthin bodies, leucin, tyrosins, and the amido acids.
+
+    "The next question which arises is, why does the liver select
+    alcohol first and oxidize that substance to the exclusion of
+    other toxic substances up to the oxidation capacity? The answer
+    is probably to be found in the chemical composition of alcohol.
+
+    "It oxidizes very easily, much more so than any of the other
+    toxic substances which gain access to the liver. Its early
+    oxidation may be due to this fact alone, or in part to an actual
+    selection on the part of the liver. Another question of
+    importance: Is the energy liberated in the oxidation of alcohol
+    in the liver available for the use of the muscles, nervous
+    system, or glands?
+
+    "If this question is answered affirmatively, then alcohol is a
+    food. If negatively then alcohol is not a food. Let us reason
+    together. All body oxidations may be classified in two groups:
+    (1.) _Active oxidations_ which take place in the active
+    tissues--muscles, nervous system, or glands--and take place
+    incident to action. It is under the perfect control of the
+    nervous system and is proportional to normal activity. (2.)
+    _Protective oxidations_ which take place in the liver. This
+    class of oxidation processes is wholly independent of the usual
+    tissue activity and is proportional to the ingestion of toxic
+    substances and quite independent of muscle action, brain action,
+    or gland action, other than liver action.
+
+    "If the oxidation of alcohol in the liver belongs to class 1,
+    the following consequences should be found: (1.) The ingestion
+    of alcohol would lead to an increase in muscular power and in
+    the working capacity of the brain or glands. (2.) The ingestion
+    of alcohol would serve to maintain body temperature in the
+    healthy individual subjected to low external temperature. (3.)
+    The accession of muscle, brain, or gland activity would be
+    proportional to the amount of alcohol ingested, but laboratory
+    observations and general experience show that none of these
+    things are true; _i. e._, the ingestion of alcohol decreases
+    muscle, brain, and gland work, and depresses body temperature
+    when external temperature is low.
+
+    "In the nature of the case there can be no proportional
+    relation. The oxidation of alcohol does not therefore belong to
+    class 1. If the oxidation of alcohol in the liver belongs to
+    class 2, the following consequences would be found: (1.) The
+    ingestion of alcohol would be followed by its early oxidation in
+    the organs in question. (2.) If the oxidation capacity of the
+    liver is limited this capacity may be overloaded by exceeding
+    the physiological limit of alcohol. (3.) If the oxidation
+    capacity of the liver is taxed nearly to its limit in the
+    oxidation of uric acid, xanthins, and other toxic substances,
+    the introduction of alcohol may seriously interfere with this
+    protective oxidation by overtaxing the capacity. (4.) If the
+    oxidation capacity is overtaxed, an excess of uric acid,
+    xanthin bodies, and other toxic substances will get by this
+    portal and reach the active tissues or the kidneys. Now all of
+    these things take place, so we are forced to the conclusion that
+    the oxidation of alcohol is a protective oxidation. In the light
+    of this presentation the significance of Dr. Hunt's work becomes
+    very clear. The alcohol given to the animals taxed the oxidation
+    capacity of the liver to the limit and left the organism
+    defenseless against bacterial or other toxic substances."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+MISCELLANEOUS.
+
+
+ALCOHOL BATHS:--The action of alcohol upon the surface of the body is
+that of a refrigerant. Alcohol baths for debility, weakness, and states
+of exhaustion are opposed by non-alcoholic physicians. The old custom of
+bathing a new-born babe with whisky was simply a superstition, and a
+dangerous one, because the infant should not have a refrigerant applied
+to its body so soon after leaving the warm nest where it had been
+sheltered so long. Warm water is the proper liquid for a baby's bath
+until it becomes hardy. There is nothing of strength imparted by an
+alcohol rub; the 'rub' is good, but vinegar, or water, or olive oil can
+be used according to what is desired. Alcohol is not necessary
+internally nor externally. Its proper use is for mechanical purposes and
+to give light and heat.
+
+WILHELMINA LEMONADE:--Take four or five rough-skinned oranges (according
+to size) and two pounds of sugar, in big lumps. After having cleaned the
+oranges, rub the sugar with them, till the oranges are quite white--the
+sugar yellow. Place the sugar in a big earthernware pan or jar, and add
+three pints of _cold_ water. Then cover it up and let it stand two days,
+stirring it occasionally to help the melting. Now take two ounces of
+citric acid, dissolved in a little boiling water, and add it to the
+syrup, stirring the whole. Then strain the whole through a fine sieve,
+covered with muslin, so that it becomes perfectly clear. In well-corked
+bottles it will keep for more than a year. Mix one-third of the lemonade
+with two-thirds water. [Instead of the oranges five or six lemons may be
+used.]
+
+BEVERAGES FOR THE SICK:--Unfermented Grapejuice. Hot milk. Egg cream,
+made as follows: Beat the white and yolk separately, add milk and sugar,
+and stir well, flavor to suit taste. Egg lemonade--beat yolk and sugar
+thoroughly, add lemon and water, shake well, then add white, beaten
+stiff. Barley water, made by boiling pearl barley five or six hours, and
+straining the water from it; add milk or cream if wished. These are used
+in the National Temperance Hospital of Chicago.
+
+BATHS:--"If all people understood the value of water to cool,
+    cleanse, invigorate and sustain life, and how to use it, _and
+    would use it_, one-half of all the afflictions from disease
+    would be removed; and the other half might be banished if all
+    the people understood how and what to eat, how to breathe, and
+    the necessity of daily vigorous exercise. A daily towel bath
+    will do more to counteract disease, and restore the body to its
+    normal health condition, than any other method or remedy yet
+    discovered. After the bath, the body should be thoroughly rubbed
+    with a crash or Turkish towel. Rub until a warm glow is
+    produced. This bath is a fine tonic if taken upon rising in the
+    morning."
+
+HOT WATER AS A MEDICINE:--"One is never," says a physician, "far
+    from a pretty good medicine chest with hot water at hand. It is
+    a most useful assistant to the mother of a family of small
+    children, who is frightened often to find herself confronted by
+    a sudden illness of one of her flock, without her usual
+    dependence--the family doctor. If the baby has croup, fold a
+    strip of flannel or a soft napkin lengthwise, dip into very hot
+    water, and apply to the child's throat. Repeat and continue the
+    application till relief is had, which will be almost at once.
+    For toothache, or colic, or a threatened lung congestion, the
+    hot-water treatment will be found promptly efficacious if
+    resorted to. Nature needs only a little assistance at the first
+    sign of trouble to rally quickly in the average healthy child,
+    and often hot water is all that is wanted."
+
+ALCOHOL INJURIOUS TO THE INSANE:--Dr. Richard Maurice Bucke, whose
+valuable paper on "The Evolution of the Mind" appeared in the December
+number of the _Journal of Hygiene_, in a recent report of the Asylum for
+the Insane in London, Canada, makes the following statement concerning
+the use of alcohol in the institution over which he presides:--
+
+    "As we have given up the use of alcohol, we have needed and used
+    less opium and chloral; and as we have discontinued the use of
+    alcohol, opium and chloral, we have needed and used less
+    seclusion and restraint. I have, during the year just closed,
+    carefully watched the effect of the alcohol given, and the
+    progress of cases where, in former years, it would have been
+    given, and I am morally certain that the alcohol used during the
+    past year did no good. With humiliation I am forced to admit
+    that in the recent past my noble profession has been to an
+    alarming extent, and is still too much so, guilty of producing
+    many drunkards in the land, directly or indirectly, by the
+    reckless and wholesale manner in which so many of its members
+    have prescribed alcoholic stimulants in their daily practice for
+    all the aches and pains, coughs and colds, inflammations and
+    consumptions, fevers and chills, at the hour of birth and at the
+    time of death, and all intermediate points of life, to induce
+    sleep and to promote wakefulness, and for all real or imaginary
+    ills."
+
+TOBACCO AND THE EYESIGHT:--"Prof. Craddock says that tobacco has
+    a bad effect upon the sight, and a distinct disease of the eye
+    is attributed to its immoderate use. Many cases in which
+    complete loss of sight has occurred, and which were formerly
+    regarded as hopeless, are now known to be curable by making the
+    patient abstain from tobacco. These patients almost invariably
+    at first have color blindness, taking red to be brown or black,
+    and green to be light blue or orange. In nearly every case, the
+    pupils are much contracted, in some cases to such an extent that
+    the patient is unable to move about without assistance. One such
+    man admitted that he had usually smoked from twenty to thirty
+    cigars a day. He consented to give up smoking altogether, and
+    his sight was fully restored in three and a half months. It has
+    been found that chewing is much worse than smoking in its
+    effects upon the eyesight, probably for the simple reason that
+    more of the poison is thereby absorbed. The condition found in
+    the eye in the early stages is that of extreme congestion only;
+    but this, unless remedied at once, leads to gradually increasing
+    disease of the optic nerve, and then, of course, blindness is
+    absolute and beyond remedy. It is, therefore, evident that, to
+    be of any value, the treatment of disease of the eye due to
+    excessive smoking must be immediate, or it will probably be
+    useless."--_Journal of Inebriety._
+
+    "Dr. Isaac Fellows was for many years a prominent physician in
+    Los Angeles. A temperance man, he was persuaded by an old
+    physician whom he loved to try for a year substituting alcohol
+    in drop doses in water for such patients as demanded alcoholic
+    stimulants. He was delighted with the result. When his patients
+    found they could not have wine, beer or brandy under the guise
+    of medicine, but must take it in drop doses in water, as they
+    did their other medicines, they speedily learned to do without
+    'a stimulant.'"--_Pacific Ensign._
+
+
+ADVERTISED "CURES" FOR DRUNKENNESS.
+
+    "_Poudre Coza_, an English product, is sold at $3.00 for thirty
+    powders. On analysis these powders were found to contain an
+    impure form of sodium bicarbonate, together with a little
+    aromatic vegetable matter. Gloria Tonic was examined by the
+    Massachusetts Board of Health, and found to consist of sugar of
+    milk and cornstarch, with a small quantity of ground leaves
+    resembling those of senna. White Ribbon Remedy was found to be
+    made of milk sugar and ammonium chloride. Of course such things
+    are clearly frauds, as they can have no power to destroy a
+    craving for liquor. The Infallible Drink Cure was 98 per cent.
+    sugar and 2 per cent. common table salt. Another 'cure' was made
+    of chlorate of potash and sugar. Cases of poisoning by chlorate
+    of potash are on record. Another 'cure' contained tartar emetic,
+    a dangerous poison. Most of the liquid 'cures' for drunkenness
+    sold prior to the passage of the National Pure Food Law
+    contained large quantities of cheap alcohol. It is safe to say
+    that practically all of the secret cures for drunkenness are
+    fraudulent, and some are dangerous.
+
+    "If a man wants to quit drinking, he can be helped by a proper
+    diet, and by frequent use of the Turkish bath, or even of the
+    ordinary hot bath at home, with a quick cold sponge or shower
+    bath each morning as a tonic. The hot bath is to draw out
+    impurities from the system. The diet should consist of plenty of
+    fruit, nuts, grains and vegetables. It is better to eat no meat.
+    It has been fully demonstrated in Lady Henry Somerset's work
+    with women drunkards that a vegetarian diet is a great help in
+    allaying the alcohol crave. The Salvation Army, in England, have
+    also found by experience that a meat-free diet is a great aid in
+    overcoming the drink habit.
+
+    "Dr. T. D. Crothers, who has for years conducted a large
+    sanitarium for the cure of inebriety, at Hartford, Connecticut,
+    says that a valuable remedy to break up the impulsive craze for
+    spirits is a strong infusion of quassia given in two-ounce
+    doses every hour. As desire for liquor abates the quassia can be
+    given less frequently, until it is no longer needed.
+
+    "Dr. Alexander Lambert, of Bellevue Hospital, New York, has been
+    treating drunkards and other drug habitues successfully of late.
+    A description of his treatment may be found in _Success_ for
+    November, 1909."
+
+MEDICAL PUFFS OF WHISKY AND OTHER ALCOHOLICS:--"Every medical
+    man knows how he is pestered with advertising circulars of
+    so-and-so's genuine whisky, and what-do-you-call-em's extra
+    stout, to say nothing of the tempting offers of wines and
+    spirits on sale with special discounts to medical men. Other
+    enterprising firms send samples or offer to send them with the
+    implied understanding that a testimonial is to be given, or that
+    at least the wares in question will be recommended to patients.
+    Even our medical papers have not always been incorruptible. We
+    have little expectation ourselves of being favored with an offer
+    of full-page advertisements of extraordinary wines and spirits.
+    We are not prepared to recommend them except as vermin killers.
+    Nor are we prepared to remain silent as to their alleged
+    virtues. The whole system of testimonials is a huge imposture.
+    Granted that the sample is all that it is described as being,
+    who can guarantee that what is served to the public in the face
+    of severe competition will be up to the sample?
+
+    "But there is another and a sadder view of the case. We cannot
+    believe that all the eulogies of all the medical trumpeters of
+    the wines and the spirits are wilfully false or even
+    exaggerated. It is a lamentable fact that a vast number of
+    doctors have a genuine faith in the value and virtue of these
+    pernicious drinks. It is not simply a question of medicinal use,
+    though even on that we should join issue. These things are
+    vaunted as valuable for the promotion of health in spite of all
+    the accumulating evidence to the contrary. We wish that these
+    doctors would carefully study this evidence. The pity of it is
+    that the very worst offenders are the least likely to study it.
+    We suppose they must die out, and be replaced by men less
+    prejudiced and bound by the chain of alcoholic habit. We can
+    only regret that they should be doing so much harm in fastening
+    the fetters of drink on other people, and hindering their
+    emancipation from the evil customs which play havoc amongst
+    us."--_Medical Pioneer._
+
+ALCOHOL AND CHILDREN:--"Parents often labor under the delusion
+    that alcoholic drinks are good for children and act as tonics.
+    Mothers will put drops of brandy into the milk with which their
+    children are fed, increasing the quantity with the age of the
+    recipient. In the illness of children the same is given to meet
+    disturbances of the stomach or to increase growth and
+    development, without taking the advice of any medical man as to
+    the wisdom of the practice. This is all erroneous. The
+    excitement of the central nervous system under alcohol,
+    excitement which seems to be a relief to weariness and to give
+    strength, is nothing more than temporary at best, and injurious,
+    causing in fact symptoms of alcoholic poisoning, abnormal
+    excitement, ending, in extreme cases, in convulsions succeeded
+    by exhaustion of body and mind, and inducing a kind of
+    paralysis. Many cases of stomach and gastric catarrh in children
+    followed by emaciation and debility are due to the early
+    administration of alcoholic drinks; and impediment of growth
+    from the same cause is thereby produced. The most serious
+    derangement is that of the nervous system, and the development
+    in the young, under the influence of alcohol, of what is known
+    as nervousness, to which is added the moral paralysis with which
+    the habit of alcoholic drinking smites its victims in the very
+    spring-time of life."--PROF. DEMME, of Berne, Switzerland.
+
+    "The action of the New York Board of Health, in recommending to
+    tenement house parents, that on the hottest days of summer a few
+    drops of whisky be added to the water or food of their infants,
+    has received a strong protest and rebuke in a meeting at
+    Prohibition Park, where the opinions of eminent physicians,
+    collected by the _Voice_, were read, condemning such a course. A
+    resolution of protest was also adopted."--_Sel._
+
+    "For nineteen years we lived with a physician whose success may
+    be estimated from this one item: He had between 1,600 and 1,700
+    labor cases, and never once lost the mother, and only twice the
+    child, and what seems still more remarkable never used
+    instruments. When other physicians, as often happened, would
+    come to him to know how he did it, he always answered, 'A woman
+    will do anything if you only encourage her.' Nor was obstetrics
+    his specialty--he had none.
+
+    "In a fifteen years' practice in Chicago and New York, where
+    these diseases are so very fatal, and he was much sought after
+    to treat them, he did not lose a case of scarlet fever,
+    diphtheria or cholera infantum which he managed himself, and
+    saved many a one where he was called in consultation, or after
+    some other physician. Now when such a man after an experience
+    more than fifty years long and as wide as the continent, gives
+    it as his unqualified opinion that wines, beers, liquors of
+    every kind, alcohol itself, are not medicines and should never
+    be used as such, for SCIENTIFIC reasons, not to mention moral,
+    is not his opinion entitled to a hearing? Isn't it probable it
+    weighs more than the doctor's you were just quoting? Is it too
+    great a risk to act upon it?"--_Pacific Ensign._
+
+    "A lady, Mrs. A., tenderly nurtured, refined, cultured, moving
+    in an influential position, belonged to a family in whom the
+    tendency to intemperance existed. Realizing the danger, she, for
+    seven years of her married life, adhered to total abstinence.
+    Illness came, and the doctor ordered wine; and her husband, deaf
+    to her arguments, insisted on her taking it. She fell into
+    habits of intemperance. Her husband died, and for a time she
+    pulled up and trained as a hospital nurse; but temptation
+    prevailed, and she fell from bad to worse. Loving hands received
+    her time after time, and at last placed her in an Inebriate
+    Home. For a short time she did well, but soon became
+    unmanageable. After another desperate period she entered a
+    second home, but after leaving she yielded again, was twice in
+    prison, and fell into the lowest degradation and utter ruin,
+    surely deserving our deepest pity. Her doctor and her husband
+    had persisted in working her fall in spite of her own strongest
+    convictions."--_Selected._
+
+THEY DID NOT DIE.--"Dr. Lord of Pasadena suffered from
+    rheumatism of the heart for more than half of a long lifetime.
+    No doctor ever felt his pulse (which intermitted) without
+    exclaiming, 'Why, doctor, you have no business to be alive with
+    such a pulse,'--or something similar. For nineteen years his
+    wife never retired without having at least one medicine she
+    could put her hand on in the dark, the ammonia bottle within
+    reach, the electric battery ready to start like a fire-engine,
+    and preparations for heating water in less than no time. His
+    acute attacks usually came in the night--an uninterrupted
+    night's sleep was something unknown to either the doctor or his
+    wife in all these years.
+
+    "They lived in sight of an open grave, and seldom a week passed
+    when it did not seem as if death had actually occurred. If ever
+    a case called for alcoholic stimulants this one did. But none
+    were ever administered, none were ever kept in the house. The
+    doctor's standing orders were: 'If all the doctors in the
+    country order you to give me liquor, and say my life depends
+    upon it, don't do it. Tell them I know more about it than they
+    do. It won't save my life; it will only lessen what little
+    chance I have.' All who knew about this case, and hundreds did,
+    were driven to the conclusion that if these two people, one in
+    this condition and the other feeble, could live all alone as
+    they did, miles from a doctor, and neighbors not near, and could
+    get along without alcoholics of any kind, everybody can do the
+    same everywhere. And the doctor finally wore out his heart
+    trouble and died of another disease."--_Pacific Ensign._
+
+An English weekly journal is responsible for the following anecdote:--
+
+    "A Birmingham physician has had an amusing experience. The other
+    day a somewhat distracted mother brought her daughter to see
+    him. The girl was suffering from what is known among people as
+    'general lowness.' There was nothing much the matter with her,
+    but she was pale and listless and did not care about eating or
+    doing anything. The doctor, after due consultation, prescribed
+    for her a glass of claret three times a day with her meals. The
+    mother was somewhat deaf, but apparently heard all he said and
+    bore off her daughter, determined to carry out the prescription
+    to the very letter. In ten days' time they were back again, and
+    the girl looked a different creature. She was rosy-cheeked,
+    smiling and the picture of health. The doctor congratulated
+    himself on his diagnosis of the case. 'I am glad to see that
+    your daughter is so much better,' he said. 'Yes,' exclaimed the
+    excited and grateful mother. 'Thanks to you, doctor! She has had
+    just what you ordered. She has eaten carrots three times a day
+    since we were here, and sometimes oftener--and once or twice
+    uncooked--and now look at her!'"
+
+THE REST CURE:--"After all, the veneer of civilization is quite
+    thin. Scratch most people, and very near the surface you come on
+    the savage. This is specially true when they are sick. They at
+    once want charms and miracles to restore them to health, and
+    come to the doctor or 'medicine man,' as they look upon
+    him--with this demand: 'I want something, doctor, to fix me up.'
+    But he, unhappy man, has not wherewith to satisfy them, unless
+    he is a quack.
+
+    "He knows that in most cases all he can do is to give advice as
+    to how best Nature may be allowed to effect a cure; for Nature
+    is the great physician, and the doctor's main duty is to stand
+    by and see that she gets fair play. Nature's chief cure, in a
+    large number of the diseases to which flesh is heir, is rest.
+    The tired man needs rest. The tired brain, the tired stomach,
+    the tired liver and kidneys, need the same rest.
+
+    "So, when the patient turns up with an overworked and exhausted
+    organ of some sort within him--be it what it may--heart, brain
+    or stomach--the true physician prescribes, first and chiefly,
+    not drugs, but rest.
+
+    "Now, this is generally the advice the patient doesn't want. His
+    desire is for a bottle of something, no matter how nasty it may
+    be, which shall 'fix him up,' and let him go on doing what he
+    has been doing previously. Common-sense is always at a discount,
+    and never more so than in this case. The tired brain-worker
+    doesn't want to stop. Give him something to whip up his brain
+    and his body, something to drive the spurs into them. 'What I
+    want,' he says, 'is a really strong tonic'; though, if he knew
+    that before, what was the use of coming to the doctor? Or he
+    would like to be told to take a glass of whisky-and-water when
+    he is tired, which is the maddest and most disastrous advice
+    that could be given.
+
+    "The man who has been ill-treating his stomach, eating too much
+    or too well, also demands a tonic--something to give him an
+    appetite so that he may eat more. And his poor overwrought
+    stomach is all the time crying out for rest.
+
+    "So it is all along the line. The possessor of an inflamed and
+    swollen knee prays for a liniment to rub into it which will cure
+    it straight away, and is highly disgusted when told that he will
+    have to lie up for a week or two.
+
+    "Again, for the tired stomach the cure is starvation. Let the
+    person live on his own fat, and a little milk-and-water for a
+    few days, and his stomach will take courage again and return to
+    work with renewed zest. But it is the most difficult thing in
+    the world to persuade the patient or his kind relatives of the
+    truth of this. There are many diseases in which, for a short
+    time at least, the less food the sick person has the better. But
+    the relatives are always much wiser than the doctor. They insist
+    'that the strength must be kept up,' and would like to force the
+    patient to eat more than he does when well. 'You will let his
+    strength down, doctor,' is a common complaint, and one of the
+    difficulties hospital authorities have to face is to prevent
+    kind friends from smuggling in food to the inmates, who, in
+    their opinion, are being brutally starved.
+
+    "I myself have cured people by making them rest--lie in bed and
+    starve. But the next time they were sick, _I wasn't the
+    doctor_."--"PHYSICIAN" in _Our Federation_.
+
+    "The blessings of sunlight and fresh air should be more
+    appreciated. The sun is the godfather of us all. The source of
+    all light, heat, electricity and energy, what wonder that it was
+    once worshipped as the Creator. The future will recognize it not
+    only as the best disinfectant, an all powerful preventive of
+    disease, but also as a wonderful healer of disease. The more
+    people can be taught to live in pure air out of doors, and bask
+    in the rays of the sun, the less of disease there will be to
+    prevent."--DR. C. H. SHEPARD, Brooklyn, N. Y.
+
+
+ALCOHOL TESTED.
+
+    "Some years ago Dr. Beddoes, a physician of eminence, was very
+    anxious to put to the test the disputed question as to the power
+    of alcoholic liquors to give strength to the system. He
+    discovered that those who had most calls upon their physical
+    endurance were the smiths who were engaged in forging ship's
+    anchors, for at one moment they would be exposed to a heat so
+    fierce that one marveled that any human organization could
+    endure exposure to it, and then their work would call them away
+    to a temperature that was chilly and cold, added to which all
+    the time their work lasted they were bathed in a profuse
+    perspiration, the demands upon their physical energy were so
+    great. To counteract this perpetual drain upon their system they
+    were in the habit of drinking unlimited quantities of beer,
+    which their masters provided for them as a matter of course, and
+    a _sine qua non_. One day, as they were resting from their work
+    at midday, Dr. Beddoes made his appearance amongst some of these
+    men who were employed in a certain foundry, and submitted a
+    formal proposition to them, to this effect, that twelve of their
+    number, the strongest and stanchest, should be selected for an
+    experiment, and they should work for a week, six of them
+    drinking only water, and the other six taking their beer as
+    usual. His proposition was laughed to scorn. The men would not
+    hear of it. 'Look here, mate,' said their spokesman, 'do you
+    want us to be all dead men; you don't know what our work is, and
+    how it takes all a man's strength to weld an anchor. Why, if we
+    did not have our beer and plenty of it, it would be all up with
+    us in a brace of shakes.'
+
+    "The doctor said: 'I should be very sorry for any harm to come
+    to you. You know I am a doctor, and I will be constantly at hand
+    to see if any of you are going wrong, and I promise that if I
+    see any of you breaking down I will at once stop my experiment.'
+    And then taking out of his pocket ten crisp five-pound notes, he
+    displayed them to the anchor smiths. 'I will put down these
+    notes, £50 in all; six of you shall try water for one week
+    honestly and fairly; if you pull through without giving in, the
+    £50 shall be yours; if not, I'll take the £50 back again. Is it
+    a bargain?'
+
+    "This clenched the matter, and very soon the doctor's offer was
+    accepted, and a gang of six men volunteered to begin their work
+    on the Monday without beer. The beer drinkers did their best to
+    chaff the water drinkers, and aggravated them by taking good
+    care to show them how very nice it was to have recourse to
+    unlimited beer. The water drinkers kept firm, and the first day,
+    to their astonishment, found that they could do just as much
+    work as the rest of their mates. On Tuesday the water drinkers
+    began to crow over the beer drinkers, for they found that, while
+    the latter complained and grumbled at the heat, they were
+    enabled to take the work in a philosophical kind of way.
+    Wednesday, Thursday and Friday wore away, and the teetotal band
+    became more and more triumphant, the laugh was all on their
+    side, for not only did they feel more comfortable than their
+    beer-loving companions, but the £50 came nearer and nearer, and
+    at last, on Saturday, when the time for finishing work came,
+    they threw down their tools and their hammers, and crowded up to
+    the doctor to claim the prize, and to give a faithful record of
+    their experiences; and one and all declared that they had done
+    their hard work with more ease and comfort to themselves than
+    ever it had been done before, and, instead of feeling tired and
+    jaded, as they often did on the Saturday afternoon, they were
+    quite ready to begin work again, and if the doctor had another
+    £50 to dispose of, they would most gladly give him a chance of
+    protracting his experiment for another week. The doctor
+    expressed himself perfectly satisfied with the trial which had
+    already taken place, and left the place amidst three hearty
+    cheers, while the men proceeded to discuss the ins and outs of
+    the matter among themselves."--_National Advocate._
+
+
+BEER-DRINKING INJURES HEALTH.
+
+    "I think there is no doubt that beer-drinking is deleterious to
+    health, and personally I have never seen any case of disease
+    where I thought it useful. I believe it is more deleterious to
+    health than the stronger spirits, and this opinion is derived
+    from the report of the actuaries' investigations for our
+    insurance companies a few years ago."--DR. JOHN M. DODSON, Dean
+    of the Medical Department of the University of Chicago.
+
+
+    "My connection with large medical institutions for many years
+    past has given me, I think, an excellent opportunity to observe
+    the effect of beer-drinking and the use of other alcoholic
+    liquors in many cases. I can say as a result of my own
+    observation that beer-drinking has a very pernicious effect upon
+    nearly every organ of the body. It produces disease of the
+    stomach and digestive tract, of the heart and circulating
+    system, of the kidneys and liver, and of the nervous system. In
+    addition to this it lessens the vigor and vital resistance of
+    the whole body, makes the beer drinker very much more
+    susceptible to infection such as pneumonia, and other acute
+    infections, and also lessens his ability to recover from
+    illnesses of any kind. An untold amount of misery and disease
+    would be avoided if the use of beer and other intoxicating
+    liquors could be wiped off the face of the earth."--DR. W. H.
+    RILEY, Battle Creek Sanitarium, Battle Creek, Mich.
+
+
+    In the report of Bellevue Hospital, New York City, for 1904, Dr.
+    Alexander Lambert, in speaking of delirium tremens, says: "The
+    delirium tremens from beer does not come on so readily as that
+    from whisky, but is slower in clearing up." Page 138 of report.
+
+
+    "Apart from its toxic effect it is seldom realized how harmful
+    beer may be by promoting obesity, and, in susceptible persons,
+    favoring dilatation of the stomach."--DR. E. P. JOSLIN,
+    Professor in Harvard Medical School.
+
+
+    "It is not the concentrated alcoholic liquors alone that cause
+    heart and kidney trouble but pre-eminently the continued
+    immoderate use of beer. Nothing is more false than the belief
+    that the progressive dislodgement of other alcoholic drinks by
+    beer will diminish the destructive influences of alcoholism. * *
+    * It has been conclusively established by thousandfold
+    experiments that soldiers in all climates, in heat, cold and
+    rain, endure best the most fatiguing marches when they are
+    absolutely deprived of alcoholic drinks."--PROF. G. VON BUNGE,
+    M. D., Basle, Switzerland.
+
+
+    "Beer, wine and spirits furnish no element capable of entering
+    into the composition of blood, muscular fibre, or anything which
+    is the seat of vital principle. If a man drinks daily 8 or 10
+    quarts of the best Bavarian beer in a year he will have taken
+    into his system as much nourishment as is contained in a
+    five-pound loaf of bread."--_Liebig, the great German chemist._
+
+
+    "Beer-drinker's heart is a term well-known to the physicians of
+    our large hospitals, and indicates a special condition of
+    unhealthy enlargement of the heart due to dilatation,
+    accompanied by some increase of tissue and of fat. Doctors Bauer
+    and Bollinger found that in Munich one in every sixteen of the
+    hospital patients died from this disorder. It is common in
+    Germany--the land of beer-drinking--and proves incontestably
+    that the habit of drinking even such a mild alcoholic beverage
+    as lager-beer is one that is undesirable and unwise."--_From
+    "Alcohol and the Human Body," by Sir Victor Horsley, M. D.,
+    London._
+
+
+    "Nothing is more erroneous from the physician's standpoint, than
+    to think of diminishing the destructive effects of alcoholism by
+    substituting beer for other alcoholic drinks, or that the
+    victims of drink are found only in those countries where whisky
+    helps the people of a low grade of culture to forget their
+    poverty and misery."--PROF. STRUMPEL, Breslau, Germany.
+
+
+    "The result of extolling beer as the mightiest enemy of whisky
+    and brandy has been that the consumption of the distilled
+    liquors has changed very little, while to these liquors has been
+    added beer, the use of which has led to a great and still
+    increasing beer alcoholism. * * *
+
+    "The beer drinker who is not at all a drunkard in the popular
+    sense, is very frequently the victim of chronic inflammation of
+    the kidneys. * * * An enlarged and fatty condition of the liver,
+    marked by a dull pain in the region of the organ, often follows
+    from the habitual use of beer. The death-rate from liver
+    diseases among brewers of beer in England is more than double
+    that in all other occupations. * * * Beer-drinkers have a marked
+    tendency to enlargement of the stomach, and to chronic
+    diarrhoea. Beer causes also inflammation of the nerves. This is
+    often announced by 'rheumatic' pains in the legs. * * * Beer
+    alcoholism, as well as alcoholism in general, lowers the
+    resistance of the body to all diseases by injuring most of the
+    organs. And herein lies the chief danger in the general
+    wide-spread use of beer. The drinker is especially open to
+    attacks of infectious disease. * * * The brutalizing effect of
+    beer-alcoholism is shown most clearly by the fact that in
+    Germany crimes of personal violence, particularly dangerous
+    bodily injuries, occur most frequently in Bavaria where there
+    is the highest consumption of beer."--DR. HUGO HOPPE, Nerve
+    Specialist, Konigsberg, Germany.
+
+
+    "The life insurance companies make a business of estimating
+    men's lives, and can only make money by making correct estimates
+    of whatever influences life. Now they expect a man otherwise
+    healthy, who is addicted to beer-drinking, will have his life
+    shortened from 40 to 60 per cent. For instance if he is twenty
+    years old and does not drink beer he may reasonably expect to
+    live until he is 61. If he is a beer-drinker he will probably
+    not live to be over 35. If he is 30 years old when he begins to
+    drink beer he will probably drop off somewhere between 40 and 45
+    instead of living to 64 as he should. There is no sentiment,
+    prejudice or assertion about these figures. They are simply
+    cold-blooded business facts, derived from experience, and the
+    companies invest their money on them just the same as a man pays
+    so many dollars for so many feet of ground or bushels of
+    wheat."--DR. S. S. THORN, Toledo, Ohio, in U. S. Senate
+    Document, published in 1901.
+
+
+    "Fatty degeneration of various organs is frequently witnessed in
+    beer-drinkers. Diabetes mellitus is frequently due to
+    beer-drinking, and is made much worse by its continuance. In
+    Germany more than half of the cases in the inebriate asylums
+    enter from beer-drinking. In Bavaria, the women are not able
+    properly to suckle their children because of the universal
+    consumption of their favorite national drink. Indeed, so grave
+    are the evils caused by beer-drinking that the fight against
+    beer should now be conducted as strenuously as that against
+    stronger liquors."--DR. LEGRAIN, Paris, France.
+
+
+DRUG DRINKS.
+
+In the report of the President's Homes Commission, Senate Document 644,
+may be found a list of soft drinks examined by the Bureau of Chemistry.
+The report says:--
+
+    "Attention is directed to the danger of soft drinks containing
+    caffeine, and extract of coca leaf, the active principle of the
+    latter being cocaine. * * * We have seen how the opium habit may
+    be acquired by the use of the various proprietary or secret
+    preparations, and so the cocaine habit may be developed by the
+    use of these much lauded soft drinks. * * * No wonder that
+    insanity and diseases of the nervous system are on the
+    increase."
+
+    The following is a list of drinks examined by the Bureau of
+    Chemistry. Investigation showed that these contained both
+    caffeine and extract of coca leaf:
+
+    Afri Cola, Ala Cola, Cafe Coca, Carre Cola, Celery Cola, Chan
+    Ola, Chera Cola, Coca Beta, Coca Cola, Pilsbury's Coke, Cola
+    Coke, Cream Cola, Dope, Four Kola, Hayo Kola, Heck's Cola, Kaye
+    Ola, Koca Nola, Koke, Kola Ade, Kola Kola, Kola Phos, Koloko,
+    Kos Kola, Lime Cola, Lima Ola, Mellow Nip, Nerv Ola, Revive Ola,
+    Rocola, Rye Ola, Standard Cola, Toka Tona, Tokola, Vim-O, French
+    Wine of Coca, Wise Ola.
+
+    The manufacturers of some of those listed claim that their coca
+    extract is prepared from a decocainized coca leaf, the refuse
+    product discarded in the manufacture of cocaine. The Coca Cola
+    company claims that their coca extract is now without cocaine,
+    and most of the recent analyses show this to be true, yet the
+    Pure Food Commissioner of North Dakota says in his report for
+    1907 that Coca Cola as examined by him, "Gave a reaction for
+    cocaine." It is easy to see that so long as even refuse coca
+    leaves are used some cocaine may at times be in the product.
+
+    As cocaine is the most destructive drug known to humanity its
+    presence in any of the so-called temperance drinks is a
+    frightful evil calling for speedy legislation. It is practically
+    impossible to cure a person of the cocaine habit. This drug
+    causes insomnia, dyspepsia, chronic palpitations, and complete
+    paralysis of will-power, with a tendency to criminal acts. When
+    a person becomes habituated to its use he suffers torments when
+    not under its influence. The real cocaine fiend will rob or kill
+    to get the drug. What can be thought of men, who knowing the
+    deadly nature of this drug, will hide it away in a drink sold as
+    harmless to children and women who would never touch beer or
+    wines? It is placed in the drink to form a craving for that
+    drink and thus create a demand that will enrich the
+    conscienceless manufacturers.
+
+    The following preparations were found to contain caffeine, but
+    there was no evidence to the effect that coca leaf in any form
+    had been used in their manufacture:
+
+    Calcycine, Celery Cocoa, Citro Cola, Deep Rock Ginger Ale,
+    Fosko, Heck's Star Pepsin, Koke, Koke Ola, Kalafra, Kumfort,
+    Lime Juice and Kola, Lon Kola, Meg-O, Mexicola, Pau Pau Cola,
+    Pedro, Pepsi Cola, Speed Ball, To-Ko, Vril.
+
+    The report says that the following list were not examined but
+    from their names, and from the evidence submitted, they contain
+    either caffeine or coca leaf extract, or both: Charcola, Cherry
+    Kola, Cola Soda, Cola Ginger, Field's Coca, Imported French
+    Cola, Jacob's Kola, Koko Ale, Kola Cream, Kola Pepsin Celery
+    Wine Tonic, Kola Vena, Loco Kola, Mintola, Mate, Pikmeup,
+    Ro-Cola, Schelhorn's Coca, Vine Cola, Viz.
+
+    Dr. Harvey W. Wiley, chief of the Bureau of Chemistry, says that
+    the sale of all such drinks should be prohibited.
+
+    Caffeine is a drug much used in headache remedies. It is derived
+    from the kola nut, and from tea and coffee. It is also made
+    artificially from uric acid occurring in the guano or bird
+    manure deposits of South America. This bird manure product is
+    said to be used in some of the drinks while in others caffeine
+    obtained from refuse tea sweepings is used. The sales-manager of
+    the Coca Cola Company says the caffeine in their product is made
+    from tea. It is claimed by the manufacturers of caffeine drinks
+    that they are as harmless as tea or coffee. But physicians
+    advise against the use of tea and coffee for children and for
+    delicate, nervous people, and every intelligent person knows
+    that these drinks should not be indulged in immoderately. The
+    secret caffeine drinks at the soda-fountain are not warned
+    against because few people know of what they are made. So it
+    frequently happens that children whose parents do not permit
+    them to drink tea and coffee are taking caffeine in a much more
+    injurious form at the drug stores.
+
+    Dr. Harvey W. Wiley, Chief of the Bureau of Chemistry, says:
+    "When caffeine is separated from tea and coffee, and used as a
+    separate drug, it exerts a much more specific action upon the
+    system than when in natural combination. Its general effect is
+    to induce that unhappy state described as nervousness, with
+    deranged digestion and impaired health." Dr. H. H. Rusby, Dean
+    of the College of Pharmacy, of Columbia University, New York
+    City, a high authority, says: "Caffeine is a genuine poison,
+    both acute and chronic. Taken in the form of a beverage it tends
+    to the formation of a drug habit, quite as characteristic,
+    though not so effective, as ordinary narcotics. Permanent
+    disorders of the cardiac function, and of the cerebral
+    circulation, result from its continued use."
+
+    The _Druggists Circular_, for May, 1908, contained a query from
+    a druggist as to a good formula for a kola nut soda syrup. The
+    answer was in part as follows: "There are two kinds of
+    druggists. One kind puts any and every kind of stuff into stock,
+    and passes it out to his customers, young and old, ignorant or
+    learned, foolish or wise, his only desire being to get a profit.
+    The other kind of druggist refuses to stock some things at all.
+    Kola drinks owe their vogue to the caffeine which they contain.
+    Caffeine is a poison which is cumulative in its effects, and an
+    excess of which has not infrequently caused death. We believe
+    you would better be on record as discouraging rather than
+    encouraging the growth of the caffeine habit, especially among
+    young people, who constitute a large part of the soda-water
+    trade."
+
+    The _London Lancet_ of January 25, 1908, reports the results of
+    experiments made in Paris with kola given to horses to determine
+    its action in relieving fatigue. It apparently diminished
+    fatigue, but the horses receiving it lost more weight than those
+    to whom it was not given. The experimenter said this showed
+    that kola (caffeine) like alcohol, can give the tissues a lash
+    with a whip, but that such energy, artificially produced, is at
+    the expense of the organism. So, when people see the alluring
+    advertisements of caffeine drinks which "relieve fatigue," let
+    them beware of the relief which carries with it injury to the
+    body.
+
+    Of the most widely advertised of these caffeine drinks the
+    government report says: "The prevalence of the 'Coca Cola fiend'
+    is becoming a matter of great importance and concern." (See
+    volume on Social Betterment of Senate Document 644, page 268.)
+    M. M. A.
+
+
+SPECIAL MEDICAL DIRECTIONS FOR WOMEN.
+
+    "In the treatment of diseases of women, alcohol has been
+    considered a very important remedy. Because it affords relief
+    from pain, many resort to its use during painful menstruation.
+    Each month either whisky, or some medicine containing a liberal
+    supply of alcohol, is considered a necessity.
+
+    "The alcohol habit is not infrequently formed in this way. I
+    have in my mind several cases of inebriety which were traceable
+    to the habit of taking something to relieve pain at these
+    periods. A woman whose husband held a high official position,
+    thus acquired a craving for alcohol and became a confirmed
+    drinker. He was finally compelled to place her in an institution
+    for treatment.
+
+    "Alcohol affords relief, not by lessening the internal
+    congestion which causes the pain, but by paralyzing or benumbing
+    the nervous system. In fact, alcohol, instead of relieving,
+    aggravates the internal congestion. It is a deceiver, for it
+    makes the patient believe she is benefited when in fact the
+    condition is made worse. The uterus has become more congested by
+    its use, and when the paralyzing effect of the alcohol has worn
+    off the pain will be found more severe, and the demand for
+    alcohol increased correspondingly. The only safe and wise plan
+    when suffering from pain due to internal congestion is to remove
+    the cause. If uterine misplacement exists suitable treatment
+    must be taken to correct this. Almost immediate relief from
+    pain due to congestion of the pelvic organs may be obtained by
+    taking a hot full bath. A hot foot or leg bath is also a good
+    treatment since the warming of the extremities quickens the
+    circulation in the limbs and relieves congestion in the pelvic
+    region.
+
+    "There are various forms of dysmenorrhea or painful menstruation
+    and each form has a treatment by itself. The congestive type
+    which is due to taking cold is better relieved by a hot sitz
+    bath before the date expected, the temperature of the water
+    should be 101°-103° with the feet in water a degree or two
+    hotter. If at the time of the period the pain still continues,
+    an enema or vaginal douche will usually give the necessary
+    relief unless the patient should be exposed to cold by allowing
+    the hands, arms, feet or legs to become chilled.
+
+    "Many women do not dress their limbs warmly enough at any time.
+    Just before the menstrual period the tendency is for the pelvic
+    organs to become congested; there is a greater tendency to cold
+    feet then, than at any other time. I would therefore advise
+    warmer clothing on the limbs at such times. The drinking of hot
+    pepper tea, ginger tea, etc., is a pernicious practice, for
+    these irritants inflame the mucous membrane of the stomach and
+    intestines. Hot lemonade or hot water will afford the same
+    relief without leaving an inflamed surface behind to be
+    irritated by the next meal.
+
+    "There are some cases of great constriction of the uterine canal
+    which have reflex irritability in the stomach. Those having the
+    stomach affected cannot take food, the least thing is rejected.
+    It is best for such to remain quiet in bed, applying heat to the
+    stomach and abdomen and to the feet until relief is experienced.
+    Those suffering from headache should also remain quiet in bed.
+    Some resort to anodynes and form the habit of using codeine,
+    morphine. All these are bad and should be avoided. I have never
+    found it necessary to give one dose of either to relieve pain at
+    such times. Hot applications with the enema, vaginal douche, or
+    foot bath, has usually been all that was required.
+
+    "I recall many cases of severe pain where the extremities were
+    cold and clammy and the entire body was in a hysterical
+    contraction that were immediately relieved by a hot vaginal
+    douche. The muscles relaxed, the patient warmed up and recovered
+    nicely.
+
+    "For securing sleep in insomnia, a hot toddy is often used, but
+    a quicker and better effect can be gained by a hot, or neutral
+    bath. The latter given at 99° or 100° for twenty minutes will
+    produce sleep and refreshment, as it equalizes the circulation
+    by bringing the blood to the surface.
+
+    "It is safer under all circumstances to do without alcohol or
+    other dangerous drugs in treatment of these diseases."--DR.
+    LAURETTA E. KRESS, Washington, D. C.
+
+    NOTE--An experienced nurse says that prompt relief in painful
+    menstruation may often be found by sitting upon a toilet
+    water-jar half full or more of hot water. The steam rises and
+    the heat relieves.
+
+
+TOTAL ABSTINENCE AND LIFE INSURANCE.
+
+    Nothing shows more clearly and convincingly that alcoholic
+    liquors have a tendency to shorten life than the figures
+    published by life insurance companies. A most interesting and
+    valuable paper upon this theme was read before the Actuarial
+    Society of America, in 1904, by Mr. Joel G. Van Cise, actuary of
+    the Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States. In it
+    he gives the experience of different life insurance companies
+    which have separate sections for total abstainers and
+    non-abstainers. The Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York,
+    one of the large companies, showed after a few years' experience
+    with the two sections a death-rate 23 per cent. higher among the
+    drinkers than among the abstainers. The Sceptre Life for the
+    years from 1884 to 1903, inclusive, gave the following: Expected
+    deaths of abstainers, 1,440; actual deaths, 792, being 55 per
+    cent. of the expected. Expected deaths of non-abstainers, 2,730;
+    actual deaths, 1,880, or 79 per cent. of the expected. The
+    Scottish Temperance Life from 1883 to 1902 gave the following:
+    Abstainers, expected deaths, 936; actual deaths, 420, or 45 per
+    cent. of the expected. Non-abstainers, expected deaths, 319;
+    actual deaths, 225, or 71 per cent. of the expected.
+
+    Mr. Van Cise goes on to show that the statistics which have been
+    published from time to time, giving the percentages of mortality
+    in the various occupations of life, invariably show a higher
+    death-rate among those engaged in the liquor business than among
+    those engaged in other lines of work, except such as are
+    specially hazardous. He says: 'The higher death-rate among
+    liquor dealers is so universally recognized by life assurance
+    companies that a number of them will not issue policies, even on
+    the lives of the richest brewers, upon any terms, and not one of
+    the companies, to my knowledge, admits liquor dealers upon as
+    advantageous terms as those engaged in other ordinary
+    occupations.' He then quotes from a circular sent to the agency
+    force of a prominent United States company, in which attention
+    is called to a rule which forbids the taking of any risks on
+    bartenders: 'Saloonkeepers, generally, not taken, but best of
+    this class may be accepted on 10 or 15 year endowments only.'
+    Others connected more remotely with the liquor business might be
+    taken with a charge of $5.00 per thousand extra. The circular of
+    instructions adds that the limitations of liquor dealers are
+    made necessary 'by the very excessive rate of mortality found to
+    exist among persons so employed.'
+
+    Mr. Van Cise closed his address before the Actuaries' Society by
+    saying: 'I contend that the facts given in this paper show
+    conclusively that the effect of total abstinence is to lower the
+    death-rate, and increase the average duration of human life.'
+
+    The Equitable Company had a section for total abstainers for a
+    few years which was discontinued on account of the new insurance
+    laws which came into effect in 1907. The actuary writes in
+    response to inquiry: 'We are very careful in our selection of
+    risks, and only those who drink in moderation will be accepted.
+    I think it safe to say that, other things being equal, all
+    American life insurance companies would consider a total
+    abstainer a more desirable risk than a moderate drinker.'
+
+    The United Kingdom Temperance and General Provident Institution,
+    of London, is a large and successful company which was organized
+    in 1840, expressly for total abstainers, because at that time
+    larger premiums were asked from abstainers than from drinkers,
+    the common opinion then being that alcoholic liquors were
+    necessary to health. In 1846, this company added a general
+    section, in which carefully selected moderate drinkers were
+    accepted, but each section was kept entirely separate from the
+    other. This separation has continued to the present time, both
+    classes paying the same premiums, but sharing in profits
+    according to the earnings of the section to which the members
+    belong. From 1866 to 1900, for every 100 deaths in the
+    temperance section there were 137 deaths in the moderate
+    drinking section, based on a corresponding number of lives at
+    risk. The dividends for a recent five years average $20 to the
+    temperance members, and $17 to the drinking members.
+
+    The actuary of this English company, Mr. Roderick Mackenzie
+    Moore, read a paper before the Institute of Actuaries, in 1903,
+    in which he reviewed the work of this company during its history
+    of sixty years' experience with abstainers and over fifty with
+    non-abstainers. He showed that there has been no marked
+    difference in the number of policies in force in the two
+    sections, and the average amount of the policies in each section
+    has been about the same, so that the comparison is as fair as
+    could possibly be made. He gives these figures: 'Non-abstainers,
+    male, expected deaths, 8,911; actual deaths, 8,947; per cent. of
+    actual to expected, 100.4. Abstainers, male, expected deaths,
+    6,899; actual deaths, 5,124; per cent. of actual to expected,
+    74.3.' This shows a difference of 26.1 per cent. between the
+    actual and expected deaths of abstainers and moderate drinkers,
+    and the full figures show the death rate among the drinkers to
+    be 35 per cent. higher than among the abstainers.
+
+    The American Temperance Life Insurance Association was organized
+    in 1887. It gives a lower premium rate to members of the
+    abstainers' section than to those in the general section. The
+    circulars sent out by this company state that the average life
+    of moderate drinkers is thirty-five and a half years; tipplers,
+    fifty-one years; total abstainers, sixty-four and one-fifth
+    years.
+
+    Very interesting is the result of an inquiry made of various
+    insurance companies not long ago as to whether they consider the
+    habitual user of intoxicating beverages as good an insurance
+    risk as the total abstainer; 'if not, why not?' All but two out
+    of forty-one companies answered, 'No.' The two answered,
+    'Depends on quantity used.' In answer to the 'Why not?' the Etna
+    said, 'Drink diseases the system and shortens life'; Hartford
+    Life, 'Moderate use lays foundation for disease'; Knights of the
+    Maccabees, 'Drink tends to destroy life'; Knights Templar and
+    Masons' Life Indemnity, 'Drink lessens ability to overcome
+    disease'; Sun Life, 'Drink injures constitution. Habit apt to
+    grow'; Massachusetts Mutual Life, 'Drink causes organic changes.
+    Reduces expectation of life nearly two-thirds.' The rest of the
+    answers are much the same as these.--_M. M. A._
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+ Abbott, Dr. A. C., 264, 278, 280, 281, 368
+
+ Abdominal bandage, 199
+
+ Abel, Prof. J. J., 128
+
+ Abernethy, Dr., 36
+
+ Acetanilid, 180, 301, 346
+
+ Acetic acid in pharmacy, 134, 136
+
+ Acid drinks kill bacilli, 150
+
+ Adelung, Dr. Edward Von, 326, 379
+
+ Adynamic disease, 272
+
+ Aiken, Dr. J. M., 376
+
+ Alabama law and alcoholic prescriptions, 27
+
+ Albumen, 30, 60, 62, 152, 173
+
+ Alcohol,
+   food claims, 112-114, 128
+   a mocker, 364, 377
+   a narcotic, 121, 123
+   a poison, 28, 29, 100, 105, 358, 371, 388
+   injurious to living cells, 275
+   advance in study of, 380
+   affinity for blood and tissues, 114
+   affinity for water, 148, 149
+   and foods, action contrasted, 406
+   and empty stomach, 100
+   mental work, 400
+   anti-spasmodic, 124
+   apparent benefits; deceptive warmth from evanescent, 108
+   anæsthetic and paralyzant, 120, 181
+   anæsthetic effect deceptive, 222, 262, 266
+   antipyretic, 127
+   as medicine, 96-130
+   as medicine, causes waste of force, 83
+   as medicine, diminished use, 20, 53-57
+   as medicine, need of popular education regarding, 297
+   as medicine, opposition to by W. C. T. U., 21-27
+   causes disease, 28-36
+   as sedative, 127
+   as tonic, 124, 126
+   beginning of scientific study, 11
+   a cause of Bright's disease, 34, 91
+   causes malnutrition, 284
+   craving, 140
+   delusion that it "supports", 294
+   depressant, 150, 178
+   dangerous in pneumonia, 201
+   difference in action from carbohydrates and fats, 403
+   diminishes arterial pressure, 119, 120
+   effect on respiration, 263, 266
+   experiments, 11, 15, 62, 65, 80, 93, 101, 119, 120, 149, 200, 266,
+     267, 268, 275, 279, 288, 392-405, 421
+
+ Alcoholic diseases ascribed to other causes, 33
+   drink, no danger in sudden stopping, 293
+   drinks, stories of life sustained on, 112
+   dyspepsia, 63
+   proprietary medicines, 299-334
+
+ Alcohol, medical use bulwark of liquor-traffic, 96, 97, 360, 361
+   medical use causes death, 260
+   medical use delays recovery, 115
+   medical use evidence against, 336-391
+   medical use result of habit and tradition, 292, 294, 295, 298, 378
+   medical use, Toledo Blade on, 358
+   medical use, mortality increased by, 247-261, 267
+
+ Ammonia, 40, 188
+
+ Anæsthesia, 119, 120
+
+ Anæmia, 141
+
+ Anders, Dr. Howard S., 370
+
+ Angina pectoris, 181, 182
+
+ Animal poison, 206-211
+
+ Anthrax, 281, 282
+
+ Alcoholism, 36, 111
+
+ Ale, 120, 142, 236
+
+ Alkalies for stomach, 174
+
+ Alum, 143, 164, 171, 215
+
+ American Association for Study of Inebriety, 329
+
+ American Druggist and Patent Medicine Agitation, 26
+
+ American Medical Association, declaration on alcohol, 14
+
+ Antikamnia, 192, 346
+
+ Anti-Tuberculosis Congress resolution, 154
+
+ Apoplexy, 31, 32, 111, 142
+
+ Appetite, loss of, 142
+
+ Aschaffenberg, Prof., 400
+
+ Association of Abstaining Physicians, Germany, 387
+
+ Asthma, 179, 345
+
+ Athletes and alcohol, 103
+
+ Atwater, Prof., 128-130
+
+ Australian Government Commission on Patent Medicines, 314
+
+
+ Baldwin, Dr. Edward R., 370
+
+ Barton, Miss Clara, 48
+
+ Baths, 57, 145, 146, 147, 152, 164, 193, 197, 199, 410, 431, 432
+
+ Battle Creek Sanitarium, 223-227, 255, 256
+
+ Bavaria, beer-drinking effects, 425
+
+ Beale, Dr. Lionel, 99, 286
+
+ Beaumont, Dr., 61, 293
+
+ Beddoes, Dr., 13, 421
+
+ Beebe, Dr. S. P., 404, 405
+
+ Beef-tea, 194, 197, 325
+
+ Bacteria, 150
+
+ Badger, Dr. Richard, 365
+
+ Baer, Dr., 19
+
+ Barker, Prof., 337
+
+ Barr, Sir James, 372
+
+ Beer, 31, 66, 116, 117, 124, 126, 142, 179, 239, 244-246, 247, 423-426
+
+ Bellevue Hospital, 36, 54, 309
+
+ Berkley and Friedenwald, 279
+
+ Beverages for the sick, 411
+
+ Bigelow, Dr. Jacob, 335
+
+ Billings, Dr. Frank, 155
+
+ Bitters, 176, 329
+
+ Blankmeyer, Dr. H. J., 159
+
+ Bleuler, Dr., 388
+
+ Blood, 66-75, 76, 86,106, 113, 114, 119, 393
+
+ Blood purifiers, 75
+
+ Blood vessels, 63, 75, 76, 108, 109, 120, 124, 143
+
+ Blumenau, alcohol and digestion, 173
+
+ Boils and carbuncles, 144
+
+ Bond, Dr. Knox, on fevers, 252, 373
+
+ Bostwick, Dr., 336
+
+ Bowditch, Prof. Vincent Y., 157
+
+ Boynton, Dr., 377
+
+ Bradner, Dr. Roe, 329, 332
+
+ Brain, 32, 36
+
+ Brandy, 35, 120, 143, 151, 173, 177, 183, 196, 215, 356
+
+ Brewers, 38, 425
+
+ Bright's disease, 34, 91, 94
+
+ British army, experiences with alcohol, 101, 102
+
+ British Medical Journal, 180, 247, 269, 270, 319, 324
+
+ British Medical Temperance Association, 148-151, 250
+
+ Broadbent, Dr., 274
+
+ Brodie, Dr. Benj., 105
+
+ Bromidia, 353
+
+ Bromo Seltzer, 346
+
+ Brown, Dr. Alonzo, 271-273
+
+ Brunton, Dr. Lauder, 269, 270
+
+ Bucke, Dr. R. M., alcohol and the insane, 412
+
+ Buckley, Rev. J. M., D.D., cured of consumption, 159
+
+ Bunge, Prof. G. Von, 207, 424
+
+ Bureau of Chemistry, 426, 427
+
+ Burnett, Dr. Mary Weeks, 41-44
+
+ Burt, Mrs. Mary T., 24
+
+ Bussey, Dr., 237
+
+ Butter, substitute for cod-liver oil, 314
+
+
+ Cabot, Dr. Richard C., 57, 370
+
+ Caffeine, 49, 135, 300, 428-430
+
+ Cain, Dr. J. S., 229, 377
+
+ Calmette, Dr., snake-bite 206-209
+
+ Camphor, 217, 374
+
+ Cancer and alcohol, 288
+
+ Carbolic acid, 138, 145
+
+ Carbon dioxide, 71-73
+
+ Carbonic acid in wine, 117
+
+ Cardiac paralysis in diphtheria, 272, 273
+
+ Carpanutrine, 313
+
+ Carpenter, Dr. Alfred, 86
+
+ Carson, Prof. J. W., 336
+
+ Casgrau, Dr., doctors who personally use alcohol less observant
+    of its effects, 294
+
+ Catarrh, 144, 145, 345
+
+ Cells, 58-60, 68, 130, 271, 272
+
+ Chapman, Dr. C. W., 184
+
+ Charcoal, 179
+
+ Charrin, Dr., 287
+
+ Cheese, cannot be made from milk of cows fed on distillery slops, 236
+
+ Cheyne, Prof. W. W., snake-poison, 209, 210
+
+ Children, danger of alcohol for, 416
+
+ Children of beer-drinking mothers, 236, 237
+
+ Children, per cent. of deaths of those of abstaining and drinking
+    parents, 397, 398
+
+ Chills, 146
+
+ Chittenden, Prof., 93, 403
+
+ Chloral, 127, 138, 190, 275, 332, 353
+
+ Chlorodyne, 127
+
+ Chloroform, 119, 120, 121, 270, 353
+
+ Cholera, 35, 147-152, 257, 258
+   infantum, 152, 153
+   morbus, 152
+
+ Christian Advocates, The, and patent medicines, 26
+
+ Christison, Prof., 34
+
+ Cincinnati Hospital, 254
+
+ Circulation, 76, 77, 184-186
+
+ Claret, 120, 177, 419
+
+ Clark, Dr. Alonzo, 336
+   Sir Andrew, 35, 101
+
+ Clinique, The, 180
+
+ Coal-tar drugs, 75, 180, 192, 339, 340
+
+ Coca wines, 319-324
+
+ Coca Cola, 427
+
+ Cocaine, 300, 319-325, 345-351, 427
+
+ Cod-liver oil, fraudulent preparations, 314
+
+ Coffee, 40, 141, 194, 236
+
+ Cohen, Dr. S. S., 365
+
+ Cold, as a heart stimulant, 184-186
+   as tonic, 125
+   pack, 186
+   treatment for pneumonia, 202
+
+ Colds, cause and treatment, 146
+
+ Colic, 147
+
+ Collier, Dr. Wm., 372
+
+ Collier's Weekly and nostrums, 26
+
+ Collins, Dr., 157
+
+ Coloring matter in wines arrests digestion, 176
+
+ Coma from waste retention, 115
+
+ Committee of Fifty, 19, 128, 279
+   on Pharmacy, 314, 315, 316
+
+ Condi, Dr., nursing mothers, 236
+
+ Constipation, 146
+
+ Consumption, 153-162, 326
+
+ Convalescence and alcohol, 292, 294
+
+ Convulsions, 147, 179
+
+ Cook County Hospital, 54, 159, 253
+
+ Cordials in dyspepsia, 176
+
+ Cough medicines, 310-312
+   simple remedies, 146, 147, 162
+
+ Cramps, 179
+
+ Cream, substitute for cod-liver oil, 160, 314
+
+ Crothers, Dr. T. D., 120, 131, 183, 218, 345, 390
+
+ Cures for inebriety, 329, 414
+
+
+ Deaths from alcohol, 28, 83, 87
+   from alcoholic diseases ascribed to other causes, 31-34
+
+ Death-rates, comparative, 75, 85, 247-261, 267
+   lowered by non-alcoholic treatment, 37, 46, 219
+
+ Debility, 171, 172
+
+ Davis, Dr. Nathan S., Sr., 11, 12, 29-31, 45, 66, 75, 80-82,
+    91-95, 107, 112, 117, 118, 125, 128, 178, 193, 217, 219,
+    244, 253, 262, 267, 289, 294, 358-360
+
+ De Garmo, Prof., 366
+
+ Deléarde, Dr., Pasteur Institute, 279, 284
+
+ Delirium tremens, 388
+
+ Depression of spirits, 172, 179
+
+ Diabetes, 88, 89
+
+ Diarrhoea, 172
+
+ Digestion, 106, 155-157
+
+ Digestive organs, injured, 389
+
+ Digitalis, 128, 135
+
+ Diphtheria, 75, 85, 272
+
+ Diseases of women, 430
+   non-alcohol treatment, 140, 233
+
+ Distilled liquors, composition, 117
+
+ Doan's Pills, 315
+
+ Dodson, Dr. John M., 423
+
+ Dogbite, 211
+
+ Dock, Dr. George, 365, 371
+
+ Douches, 164, 431
+
+ Drowning, 193, 194
+
+ "Drugging", 335-355
+
+ Drug habits formed by patent medicines, 301
+
+ Drugs, medical opinions of, 336-338
+
+ Druggists' resolutions against whiskey drug-stores, 27
+
+ Druggist's Circular, 8, 429
+
+ Druggists, liquor selling by, 139
+
+ Drunkards made in infancy, 311
+
+ Drunkards, 126, 350
+
+ Drysdale, Dr., 372
+
+ Dubois, experiments, 119
+
+ Dysentery, 172, 173
+
+ Dysmenorrhea, 431
+
+ Dyspepsia, 65, 127, 173-177
+
+
+ Edmunds, Dr., 37, 38, 183, 238-243
+
+ Edsall, Dr. David L., 374
+
+ Epilepsy, 32, 36, 178
+
+ Erysipelas, 74, 388
+
+ Eshner, Dr. A. A., 364
+
+ Exhaustion, 178
+
+
+ Fainting and faintness, 177, 178, 180, 181
+
+ Fatigue, 178, 320, 430
+
+ Fatty degeneration, 34-36, 82-85, 114
+
+ Fats digested in small intestines, 60
+
+ Fere, Dr., 203
+
+ Fermentation, 116, 274
+
+ Fevers, 75, 85, 249-255, 388
+
+ Fibrine, 40, 62
+
+ Fits, 238
+
+ Flatulence, 179
+
+ Flick, Dr. Lawrence, 156
+
+ Fomentations, 147, 199, 229
+
+ Food, alcohol as indirect, 112-114, 29, 98-117, 128-130
+
+ Foods, proprietary, 313
+
+ Forel, Dr. A., 36, 105
+
+ Forrest, Dr., 160, 161
+
+ Foster, Dr., 68
+
+ Franco-Prussian War, wine, 110, 111
+
+ Francis, Surgeon Gen'l, cholera, 150
+
+ Frick, Dr. A., 388, 389
+
+ Fruit, 141, 146, 374
+   juice, 65, 232, 374
+
+
+ Gairdner, Dr., fevers, 251, 252
+
+ Garber, Dr., typhoid, 230
+
+ Garfield Memorial Hospital, 55, 254
+
+ Gastric juice, 62, 65
+
+ Gastritis from beer and gin, 246
+
+ Georgia law and alcohol prescriptions, 27
+
+ Germs, 70, 115, 223, 272, 286, 287
+
+ Giddiness, 179
+
+ Gilman, Prof., treatment leads to death, 337
+
+ Gin, 61, 117, 199, 246
+
+ Ginger drinking, 341
+
+ Gloria Tonic, 414
+
+ Gluzinski and digestion, 61, 176
+
+ Glycerine in pharmacy, 134, 135, 138
+
+ Glycogen, 85, 130
+
+ Gordon, Dr. A., 377
+
+ Gould, A. Pearce, 288, 367, 373
+
+ Gout, 31, 74
+
+ Grape juice, 65
+
+ Gréhant, 288
+
+ Gruber, Prof., 128, 129
+
+ Guardian cells, see leucocytes
+
+ Gull, Sir Wm., 35, 104
+
+ Gum resins, non-alcoholic preparation, 134
+
+
+ Hagee's Cordial of Cod-Liver Oil, 314
+
+ Hall, Dr. W. S., 379, 405-409
+
+ Hamilton, Dr. Frank H., 285, 286
+
+ Hammond, Dr. W. A., 36, 95
+
+ Hargreaves, Dr. W., 35, 85, 86, 105, 236, 237
+
+ Harley, Dr., alcohol and diabetes, 88, 89
+
+ Harrington. Dr. Chas., 313, 316
+
+ Hart, Dr. Ernest, 126, 152, 269
+
+ Harvey, Dr., counsel to young physicians, 389
+
+ Hay Fever, 145, 146
+
+ Hayes, Dr., arctic work, 110
+
+ Headaches, 179, 180
+
+ Headache remedies, 301, 354
+
+ Health, how to preserve, 355
+
+ Health Grains, 315
+
+ Healy, Dr. H. H., 375
+
+ Heart abscesses, 277, 278
+   and alcohol, 31, 75-85, 263
+   beer-drinkers, 424
+   disease, 181, 182
+   failure,  83, 85, 184, 185-188, 227, 273
+   force diminished, 183
+   stimulants, 188
+   weak, 182
+
+ Hemaboloids, 313
+
+ Hemapeptone, 313
+
+ Hemaglobin, 30, 67, 114, 221
+
+ Hemorrhage, 34, 180, 197
+
+ Heredity of alcoholic diseases, 33
+
+ Herrick, Dr. James B., 365
+
+ Hewes, Dr. Henry F., 379
+
+ Heyburn, Senator, nostrums, 334
+
+ Hiccough, 179
+
+ Higginbotham, 13, 140, 180
+
+ Higginson, Col. T. W., 196
+
+ Hirschfeld, Dr., 360, 380
+
+ Hiss, Dr. A. Emil, 309, 310
+
+ History of study of alcohol, 9-20
+
+ Hob-nailed liver, 87
+
+ Hoffman drops, 349
+
+ Hoff's Consumption Cure, 316
+
+ Holmes, Dr. Oliver W., on drugs, 137, 344
+
+ Hop tea, 66, 142, 176
+
+ Hoppe, Dr. Hugo, beer, 425
+
+ Horsley, Sir Victor, 129, 372, 424, 425
+
+ Hospitals, Temperance, 37-53
+   death-rates, 252-261
+   decreased use of alcoholic liquors, 53-57
+
+ Hugounencq, alcohol and pepsin, 176
+
+ Hunt, Mrs. Mary H., temperance education, 17
+
+ Hunt, Dr. Reid, 369, 402
+
+ Hydrochloric acid, 173, 177
+
+ Hydrophobia, 281-283
+
+
+ Internal Rev, Dep't. and Nostrums, 27, 312
+
+ International Congress on Alcoholism, London, 1909, 9, 393
+   Encyclopedia of Surgery, 209
+   Medical Congress 1876, and National W. C. T. U., 23, 82
+
+ Immunity, influence of alcohol on, 281, 282, 393-395
+
+ Indigestion and alcohol, 32
+
+ Infant feeding, 242, 243
+
+ Infection, liability to increased, 392, 393
+
+ Infectious diseases, 288, 368, 369, 425
+
+ Inflammation in wounds, 74
+
+ Influenza and drinkers, 192, 193
+
+ Iron, injurious to stomach, 315
+
+
+ Jackson, Dr. Henry, 370
+
+ Jaundice, alcohol prejudicial, 89
+
+ Jayne's Expectorant, 310
+
+ Johnson, Lieut., arctic work, 110
+
+ Joslin, Dr. E. P., 364, 424
+
+ Journal Amer. Med. Ass'n., 129, 204-209, 211, 368, 369
+
+ Journal of Inebriety, 131, 192, 329, 413
+
+ Kansas prohibits whiskey drug-stores 27
+
+ Kassowitz, Prof. Max, 373, 374
+
+ Kellogg, Dr. J. H., 36, 89, 95, 121, 129, 141, 152, 166, 176,
+    185, 195, 199, 255, 378
+
+ Kerr, Dr. Norman, 150, 357
+
+ Kidneys, 30, 89-95, 276, 425
+
+ Koch, Dr., consumption, 153
+
+ Knopf, Dr. S. A., 155
+
+ Kola, see caffeine.
+
+ Kraepelin, 399, 400
+
+ Kress, Dr. Lauretta, 430-432
+
+
+ La grippe, 190-193, 337
+
+ Ladd, Prof., 332, 333
+
+ Ladies' Home Journal, 26
+
+ Laitinen, Prof. T., 368, 369, 392-398
+
+ Lambert, Dr. Alex., 415, 424
+
+ Lancet, The London, 191, 184, 252, 368, 429
+
+ Landis, Dr. J. H., and typhoid, 379
+
+ Laudanum, 137, 352
+
+ Laxative pills often harmful, 346
+
+ Lees, Dr. F. R., 106
+
+ Legrain, Dr., 426
+
+ Liebig, 116, 251, 424
+
+ Lemon, 146, 147, 179, 194, 411
+
+ Lesser, Dr. A. Monæ, success in treating fevers in Cuban War, 53
+
+ Leucocytes, 271, 272, 274, 275, 278, 282, 283, 284, 285
+
+ Life insurance and total abstinence, 36, 423, 426, 432-435
+
+ Life saving stations and alcohol, 193
+
+ Liniments, non-alcoholic, 134, 135
+
+ Liquid Peptones, 313
+
+ Liver, 31, 33, 85-89, 404-409, 425
+
+ Lloyd, Prof. J. U., 328
+
+ London Temperance Hospital, 37-41, 132-135, 357
+
+ Loomis, Dr. A. L., 255
+   Dr. Henry P., 157
+
+ Lungs, 30, 201
+
+ Lying-in-Hospital, London, 37, 38
+
+
+ Martin, Dr. Newell, 63, 79, 84, 85, 91, 109, 119, 158
+
+ Massage, 166, 180, 213, 214
+
+ Mass. State Board of Health, 34, 310
+
+ Massart and Bordet, leucocytes, 277
+
+ McNicholl, Dr. T. A., 48, 378
+
+ Madden, Dr. John, 378
+
+ Magnesia, 179
+
+ Malaria[D], 195, 196
+
+    [Footnote D: Of late years malaria is attributed to the bite of
+    a certain kind of mosquito. In preparing this edition that item
+    was overlooked.]
+
+ Malt Extracts, 316-319
+
+ Manassein's Clinic, alcohol and kidneys, 93, 94
+
+ Mann, Dr. Matthew D., 365
+
+ Martin, Alexis St., 61, 293
+
+ McCormack, Dr. J. H., 370
+
+ Measles, 194
+
+ Meat extracts, valueless, 325, 326
+
+ Medical temperance department of W. C. T. U., 25-27
+
+ Menstruation, painful, 197
+
+ Mercer, Dr. Alfred, 363
+
+ Metchnikoff, 374, 398
+
+ Milk, 141, 153, 188, 236, 237, 251, 373
+
+ Miller, Dr. James Alex., 157
+
+ Mitchell, Dr. S. Weir, 207, 210
+
+ Miura, investigations, 379
+
+ Morphine, 300, 345, 351, 352
+
+ Mossop, Dr., experiments, 120
+
+ Mother Bailey's Quieting Syrup, 310
+
+ Munyon's Kidney Cure, 315
+
+ Mulford's Predigested Beef, 313
+
+ Muscles and alcohol, 33, 103, 124
+
+ Musser, Dr. John H., 369, 370
+
+ Mussey, Prof. R. D., 12
+
+
+ Nansen and polar expedition, 110
+
+ Narcotic drug dangers, 345, 346, 350-355, 357
+
+ Nausea, 199
+
+ Nerves, 32, 36, 76, 77, 105, 118, 185, 425
+
+ Nervous system affected by retention of waste, 115
+
+ Neuralgia, 198
+
+ New York State Board of Health, 154, 155
+
+ Newspapers and whiskey ads., 382
+   and patent medicine ads, 333
+
+ Nichol, Dr., experiments, 120
+
+ Nichols, Dr. Jas. R., 136, 138
+
+ Nitrite of amyl, 15, 181, 182
+
+ Non-alcoholic treatment, 37, 89, 140-233, 258-260, 360
+
+ Nurses, abstinence in cholera, 149
+
+ Nursing mothers and beer, 234, 426
+
+ Nutrition retarded by alcohol, 114
+
+
+ Oatmeal, 197, 235
+
+ Oils, essential, non-alcoholic preparation, 134
+
+ Opium, 127, 132, 149, 150, 172, 180, 189, 190, 300, 351, 352, 389, 412
+
+ Orangeine, 346
+
+ Osler, Dr., 158
+
+ Oxidations, 408
+
+ Oxidation checked by coal-tar drugs, 339, 340, 346
+   hindered by alcohol, 263
+
+ Oxidative powers of liver effected by alcohol, 404
+
+ Oxygen, 40, 67, 71, 75, 92, 113, 114, 118, 130, 187, 264
+
+
+ Page, Dr. C. E., on typhoid, 232
+
+ Pain after food, 203, 204
+
+ Palmer, Dr. A. B., 79, 121-123
+
+ Pepper, Cayenne, 147, 188
+
+ Pepsin, 62, 64, 173, 176
+
+ Peptonic Elixir, 313
+
+ Peruna, 312
+
+ Peterson, Dr. Frederick, 375
+
+ Phagocytes, 271, 272, 374
+
+ Pharmacy, non-alcoholic, 132-139
+
+ Phenacetine, 300, 339, 340, 346, 354
+
+ Physicians need awakening as to evils of alcohol, 379
+   responsibility for prescribing alcoholic liquor, 358, 359, 388
+   why they prescribe alcoholics, 291-298
+
+ Pneumonia, 40, 75, 85, 192, 200-203, 253, 254, 257, 280,
+    340, 346, 371, 388
+
+ Poheman, Dr. Julius, 200, 201
+
+ Poisons, 29, 204-211, 300, 301
+
+ Port Wine, 64, 65, 144, 172, 292
+
+ Porter, 236
+
+ Pregnancy, danger of alcohol in, 203
+   vomiting in, 199
+
+ Packs, hot 194, 202, 213
+
+ Panopepton, 313
+
+ Paralysis, caused by alcohol, 31, 36
+
+ Paregoric, 352
+
+ Parkes, 77-79, 100, 102
+
+ Patent medicines, 26, 27, 299-334, 350
+
+ Preble, Dr. Robert B., 375
+
+ Proprietary "Foods", 313, 314
+
+ Prostration, 179
+
+ Protoplasm and alcohol, 59, 60, 286, 287
+
+ Psychical treatment, Cabot, 57
+
+ Ptomaine poisoning, 152, 270
+
+ Puerperal fever, 229, 290
+
+ Pulse and alcohol, 79, 181
+
+ Pure Food Law, 299, 300
+
+ Putnam, Dr. J. J., 364
+
+
+ Quackery, cause, 337
+
+ Quinine, 128, 190, 196, 340, 345
+
+
+ Rattlesnakes, bite of, 210
+
+ Recent researches on alcohol, 276-284, 392-409
+
+ Reichert, alcohol and snake-bite, 207
+
+ Retina, blood-vessels and alcohol, 120, 124
+
+ Rheumatism, 211-214, 259, 260, 343
+
+ Richardson, Sir B. W., 15, 17, 31, 39, 63, 72, 105, 111,
+    121, 148, 153, 177, 259, 295-297, 356, 383, 385-387
+
+ Ridge, Dr. J. J., 73, 84, 124, 127, 143, 149, 180, 188, 196,
+    213, 216, 248, 250, 275, 286, 292, 356, 362
+
+ Riley, Dr. W. H., 223-227, 423
+
+ Ringer and Sainsbury, 80, 119
+
+ Ritchie, Dr. J. J., 383
+
+ Roberts, Sir W., 176
+
+ Robin, 264
+
+ Rusby, Dr. H. H., 429
+
+
+ Salicylic acid, 128
+
+ Saline injections, 187
+   solutions, 145
+
+ Sartoin Skin Food, 316
+
+ Scarlet fever, 91, 248, 337, 373
+
+ Schafer's physiology on alcohol, 129
+
+ Scientific temperance education, 17, 18
+
+ Sedatives, dangers of, 127
+
+ Shock, 215, 216
+
+ Sight impaired by alcohol, 120
+
+ Sleeplessness, 179
+
+ Small-pox, 247-250
+
+ Smith. Dr. E., 105, 238
+
+ Snake-bite, 207, 211
+
+ Soft drinks, dangerous, 427
+
+ Soldiers, 101, 102, 285
+
+ Soothing syrups, 310
+
+ Sore nipples, 215
+
+ Sore throat, 145
+
+ Sphygmograph, 79, 120, 122
+
+ Stammreich, investigations, 379
+
+ Starch, 116, 129, 130
+
+ Stimulant, definition, 118, 222
+
+ Stimulants, 105, 177, 179, 186, 188, 190, 194, 237, 338
+
+ Stimulation, fallacy of theory,, 385
+
+ Stockton, Dr. C. G., 158
+
+ Stomach, 32, 60, 63, 87, 293, 425
+
+ Strychnia, 222, 365
+
+ Strumpel, Prof., on beer, 425
+
+ Sudden illness, 217
+
+ Sugar, 86-88, 116, 117, 129, 130, 374
+
+ Sulphonal, 346, 353
+
+ Sunstroke, 217, 218
+
+ Switzerland and alcohol deaths, 36
+
+ Syncope, 177
+
+
+ Tannin, 124, 152, 164
+
+ Taylor's Headache Powders, 346
+
+ Tea, 236
+
+ Temperance hospitals, 37-53
+
+ Tonic Beef, 313
+
+ Toxins, 267-269, 406-409
+
+ Treves, Sir Frederick, 342, 372
+
+ Trudeau, Dr. Edward, 155, 161
+
+ Tuberculosis, 35, 154-158
+
+ Tetanus, 281, 282
+
+ Thompson, Sir Henry, 120
+
+ Tinctures, 131-137
+
+ Tissue changes, 113-115
+   waste retarded, 115
+
+ Tobacco and alcohol, 212, 343, 413
+
+ Todd, Dr. B., 250, 252
+
+ Turkish baths, 193, 208, 212, 213
+
+ Type-setters and alcohol, 400
+
+ Typhoid fever, 219-233, 251, 252, 253, 268, 365, 373, 379
+
+ Typhus, 252, 255, 388
+
+
+ Uric acid, 93, 404, 405
+
+ Urine and alcohol, 89, 92, 93, 267, 268
+
+ Uterine displacements, 163-171
+   hemorrhage, 180
+
+
+ Van Duyn, Dr. John, 374
+
+ Vasomotor nerves, 76, 77, 83
+
+ Vegetarian diet for drink crave, 414
+
+ Vinol, 314
+
+ Vita-Ore, 315
+
+ Vomiting, 140, 233
+
+
+ Water, 30, 95, 112, 128, 135, 143, 145, 150-152, 175, 177,
+    187, 188, 224, 225, 232, 411
+
+ Weakness in growing youth, 125, 178
+
+ W. Va. Medical Society resolutions, 371
+
+ Whisky, 28, 50, 112, 127, 155, 157, 173, 190, 193, 196,
+    210, 265, 370, 390
+
+ Willhite, Dr. O. C., 159
+
+ Wine, 13, 31, 64, 65, 109, 110, 117, 123, 125, 141,
+    176, 236, 325, 417, 424
+
+ Wampole's Cod-Liver Oil, 314
+
+ Warbasse, Dr. J. P., 375
+
+ Waste, retention invites disease, 70
+
+ Welch, Dr. W. H., 393
+
+ White, Dr. John E., 158
+
+ White Haven Sanitarium, 155
+
+ White Ribbon Remedy, 414
+
+ Wiley, Dr. H. W., 301, 428, 429
+
+ Willard, Miss Frances E., 23, 44-47
+
+ Williams, Henry Smith, 399
+   Pink Pills, 315
+
+ Willson, alcohol and snake-bite, 211
+
+ Winternitz, 184, 185, 225
+
+ Wolff, 176
+
+ Wollowicz, 77-79, 81
+
+ Woodhead, Dr. G. Sims, 211, 276-284, 366, 383
+
+ Woods, Dr. Matthew, 364
+
+ Wood, Dr. H. C., 119
+
+
+ Zwieback, 175
+
+
+
+ERRATA
+
+Page 346, third line from bottom omitted:
+
+The use of cocaine is advancing rapidly in this
+
+[Transcriber's Note: The text was emended to include
+the above correction.]
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE:
+
+Every effort has been made to replicate this text as faithfully as
+possible, including obsolete and variant spellings. Obvious
+typographical errors in punctuation (misplaced quotes and the like) have
+been fixed. Note that the index has _not_ been resorted
+alphabetically.Corrections [in brackets] in the text are noted below:
+
+page v: typo corrected
+
+    Sims Woodhead on immunity--Delearde's[Deléarde's] experiments
+
+page vi: typo corrected
+
+    Dr. Knox Bond on Scarlet Fever--Metchinkoff[Metchnikoff] on
+    white blood-cells--Kassowitz describes his
+
+page vii: typo corrected
+
+    to quit drinking--Dr. T. D. Crother's[Crothers'] remedy
+
+page 21: typo corrected
+
+    THE WOMAN[']S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNION IN OPPOSITION TO
+    ALCOHOL AS MEDICINE.
+
+page 48: typo corrected
+
+    department of the hospital was commissoned[commissioned] to
+    treat diseases without the use of alcoholic liquids.
+
+page 53: typo corrected
+
+    treatment for seven weeks for metorrhagia[metrorrhagia],
+    nietortes[TN: unsure what this word is] and peritonitis
+
+page 106: typo corrected
+
+    who, but for its mistaken use, might have recovered from the
+    illness affecting then[them].
+
+page 111: typo corrected
+
+    or influenced by alcoholism. If the clinical
+    thermometor[thermometer] shows the temperature to be above
+
+page 129: typo corrected
+
+    An editorial in the Journal of the Amercian[American] Medical
+    Association said:
+
+page 158: typo corrected
+
+    E. White, M. D., Medical Director Nordrach Ranch
+    Sanatorium[Sanitorium], Colorado Springs, Colorado.
+
+page 172: typo corrected
+
+    irritant of which the stomach is trying to be rid. Do not arrest
+    it permaturely[prematurely], but assist it.
+
+page 180
+
+    is usually a symptom of trouble somewhere else, often in the
+    alimentary canal, and[an] overloaded stomach,
+
+page 238: duplicate word removed
+
+    which they soon experience in the [the] supply of milk?
+
+page 255: typo corrected
+
+    Dr. A. L. Loomis, in the treatmemt[treatment] of 600 typhus
+    fever cases on Blackwell's Island in 1864, excluded
+
+page 256: typo corrected
+
+    These cases include a number of hyterectomies[hysterectomies],
+    and many cases so desperate that those who trust in alcohol
+
+page 257: aded missing single quote
+
+    be called criminal. I certainly feel that punishment would be
+    just.[']"
+
+page 260: typo corrected
+
+    there is less frequent relapse, and there is quicker recovery.
+    In brief, the experience of treament[treatment] of rheumatic
+
+page 275: typo corrected
+
+    therefore, may open the door to fever or erysipelas.' A
+    similiar[similar] experiment of Doyen confirms this.
+
+page 301: added missing quote
+
+    a habit of gaining relief which becomes an obsession and
+    incapable of being resisted.["]
+
+page 302: added missing quote
+
+    harmful only, that so many people profess to have received
+    benefit from them?["] There are different
+
+page 313: added missing quote
+
+    no fatty substances present in these products; their food value
+    from this point of view is, therefore, _nil_."]
+
+page 314: added missing quote
+
+    show any oil. Analysis revealed sugar, alcohol, and glycerine,
+    none of which is contained in cod-liver oil.["]
+
+page 316: added missing quote
+
+    ["]Hoff's Consumption Cure consists essentially of sodium
+    cinnamate and extract of opium, a mixture at one time suggested
+
+page 319: typo corrected
+
+    5233 Philadephia[Philadelphia] Porter
+
+page 348: end of quote ambiguous
+
+    questions were put replied after careful consideration as
+    follows: '[could not find ending single quote]Its physiological
+    action is practically unknown.
+
+page 360: typo corrected
+
+    "Dr. Hirschfield[Hirschfeld], a well-known physician of
+    Magdeburg, Germany, was recently arrested on a charge
+
+page 361: typo corrected
+
+    more than upon anything else, to screen it from
+    opprobium[opprobrium], and just punishment for the evils which
+    the traffic entails upon
+
+page 381: added missing quote
+
+    in their denunciations of the current beliefs concerning alcohol
+    in medicine.["]--_Journal A. M. A._, January 6, 1900.
+
+page 392: typo corrected
+
+    RECENT RESEARCHES UPON ALCOLOL.[ALCOHOL]
+
+page 402: typo corrected
+
+    strictly analagous[analogous] to sugar and fats, provided always
+    that the amount used does not exceed that easily oxidized
+
+page 421: added missing quote
+
+    and starve. But the next time they were sick, _I wasn't the
+    doctor_.["]--"Physician" in Our Federation_.
+
+Throughout the index, typos corrected:
+
+    Berkley and Friendenwald[Friedenwald], 279
+
+    Delearde[Deléarde], Dr., Pasteur Institute, 279, 284
+
+    Fére[Fere], Dr., 203
+
+    Grehaut[Gréhant], 288
+
+    Hirschfield[Hirschfeld], Dr., 360, 380
+
+    International Congress on Alcoholism, London, 1909, 9, 393
+      "  Encyclopædia[Encyclopedia] of Surgery, 209
+
+    Lesser, Dr. A. Monae[Monæ], success in treating fevers in Cuban
+    War, 53
+
+    Massert[Massart] and Bordet, leucocytes, 277
+
+    Panopeptone[Panopepton], 313
+
+    Phenacetin[Phenacetine], 300, 339, 340, 346, 354
+
+    Rushy[Rusby], Dr. H. H., 429
+
+    Stamreich[Stammreich], investigations, 379
+
+    Whiskey[Whisky], 28, 50, 112, 127, 155, 157, 173, 190, 193, 196,
+    210, 265, 370, 390
+
+    Zweiback[Zwieback], 175
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Alcohol: A Dangerous and Unnecessary
+Medicine, How and Why, by Martha M. Allen
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ALCOHOL ***
+
+***** This file should be named 26774-8.txt or 26774-8.zip *****
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Alcohol: A Dangerous and Unnecessary
+Medicine, How and Why, by Martha M. Allen
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Alcohol: A Dangerous and Unnecessary Medicine, How and Why
+       What Medical Writers Say
+
+Author: Martha M. Allen
+
+Release Date: October 4, 2008 [EBook #26774]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ALCOHOL ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness, Deirdre M., and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+book was produced from scanned images of public domain
+material from the Google Print project.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+<div class="trans_note"><a name="top" id="top"></a>
+<p class="center"><big>TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE:</big></p>
+<p class="noindent">
+Every effort has been made to replicate this text as
+faithfully as possible; please see <a href="#TN">list of printing issues</a> at the
+end.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h1>ALCOHOL</h1>
+
+<h3>A DANGEROUS AND UNNECESSARY MEDICINE<br />
+HOW AND WHY<br /><br /></h3>
+
+<h3>What Medical Writers Say<br /><br /><br /><br /></h3>
+
+<h4>BY</h4>
+
+<h2>MRS. MARTHA M. ALLEN</h2>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Superintendent of the Department of Medical Temperance for the<br />
+National Woman’s Christian Temperance Union</i><br /><br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Published by the</span><br />
+DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL TEMPERANCE<br />
+OF THE<br />
+NATIONAL WOMAN’S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNION<br /></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Marcellus, New York</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><small><span class="smcap">Copyright</span>, 1900.</small>
+</p>
+
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">[Pg iii]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CONTENTS.</h2>
+
+<div style="margin-left: 15%; margin-right: 15%"><p><b><span class="smcap">Introduction</span></b><span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></span></p>
+
+<p><b><span class="smcap">Preface to Second Edition</span></b><span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER I.<br />
+
+<span class="smcap">History of the Study of Alcohol.</span></h4>
+
+<p class="toc">Discovery of distillation--First American investigator of
+effects of alcohol--Medical Declarations--Sir B. W.
+Richardson's researches--Scientific Temperance Instruction
+in American Schools--Committee of Fifty<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></span></p>
+
+<h4>CHAPTER II.<br />
+
+<span class="smcap">The Woman’s Christian Temperance Union<br /> in
+Opposition to Alcohol as Medicine.</span></h4>
+
+<p class="toc">How the Opposition began&mdash;Memorial to International
+Medical Congress&mdash;Origin of Medical Temperance Department&mdash;Objects
+of the department&mdash;Public agitation
+against patent medicines originated by the department&mdash;Laws
+of Georgia, Alabama and Kansas on Medical
+prescription of alcohol<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER III.<br />
+
+<span class="smcap">Alcohol as a Producer of Disease.</span></h4>
+
+<p class="toc">Alcohol a poison&mdash;Sudden deaths from brandy&mdash;Changes
+in liver, kidneys, heart, blood-vessels and nerves caused
+by alcohol&mdash;Beer and wine as harmful as the stronger
+drinks&mdash;Alcohol causes indigestion&mdash;Other diseases
+caused by alcohol&mdash;Deaths from alcoholism in Switzerland<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER IV.<br />
+
+<span class="smcap">Temperance Hospitals.</span></h4>
+
+<p class="toc">The London Temperance Hospital&mdash;Methods of treatment&mdash;The
+Frances E. Willard Temperance Hospital,
+Chicago&mdash;“As a beverage" in the pledge&mdash;Address by
+Miss Frances E. Willard at opening of hospital&mdash;The
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv">[Pg iv]</a></span>Red Cross Hospital&mdash;Clara Barton and non-alcoholic
+medication&mdash;Reports of treatment in Red Cross Hospital&mdash;Use
+of Alcohol declining in other hospitals<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_37">37</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER V.<br />
+
+<span class="smcap">The Effects of Alcohol Upon the Human Body.</span></h4>
+
+<p class="toc">The body composed of cells&mdash;Effect of alcohol on cells&mdash;Alcohol
+and Digestion&mdash;Effects on the blood&mdash;The
+heart&mdash;The liver&mdash;The kidneys&mdash;Incipient Bright’s disease
+recovered from by total abstinence&mdash;Retards oxidation
+and elimination of waste matters&mdash;Lengthens
+duration of sickness and increases mortality<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER VI.<br />
+
+<span class="smcap">Alcohol as Medicine.</span></h4>
+
+<p class="toc">Medical use of alcohol a bulwark of the liquor traffic&mdash;Alcohol
+not a Food&mdash;Alcohol reduces temperature&mdash;Food
+principle of grains and fruits destroyed by fermentation&mdash;Alcohol
+not a Stimulant&mdash;Experiments
+proving this&mdash;Alcohol not a tonic&mdash;Professor Atwater
+on Alcohol as Food<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER VII.<br />
+
+<span class="smcap">Alcohol in Pharmacy.</span></h4>
+
+<p class="toc">Strong tinctures rouse desire for drink in reformed inebriates&mdash;Glycerine
+and acetic acid to preserve drugs&mdash;Non-alcohol
+tinctures in use at London Temperance
+Hospital&mdash;Sale of liquor in drug-stores condemned by
+pharmacists<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER VIII.<br />
+
+<span class="smcap">Diseases, and Their Treatment Without Alcohol.</span></h4>
+
+<p class="toc">Alcoholic Craving&mdash;Anæmia&mdash;Apoplexy&mdash;Boils and Carbuncle&mdash;Catarrh&mdash;Hay-Fever&mdash;Colds&mdash;Colic&mdash;Cholera&mdash;Cholera Infantum&mdash;Consumption&mdash;Displacements&mdash;Debility&mdash;Diarrhœa&mdash;Dysentery&mdash;Dyspepsia&mdash;Fainting&mdash;Fits&mdash;Flatulence&mdash;Headache&mdash;Hemorrhage&mdash;Heart
+Disease&mdash;Heart
+Failure&mdash;Insomnia&mdash;La Grippe&mdash;Measles&mdash;Malaria&mdash;Neuralgia&mdash;Nausea&mdash;Pneumonia&mdash;Pain After
+Food&mdash;Snake-bite&mdash;Rheumatism&mdash;Spasms&mdash;Shock&mdash;Sudden
+Illness&mdash;Sunstroke&mdash;Typhoid Fever&mdash;Vomiting<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER IX.<br />
+
+<span class="smcap">Alcohol and Nursing Mothers.</span></h4>
+
+<p class="toc">Beer not good for nursing mothers&mdash;Helpful diet&mdash;Opinions
+of medical men&mdash;Analysis of milk of a
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[Pg v]</a></span>temperate woman&mdash;Of a drinking woman&mdash;Advice of
+Dr. James Edmunds, of the Lying-In Hospital, London&mdash;How
+to feed the baby&mdash;Case of a young mother
+who used beer&mdash;Nathan S. Davis on beer and gin<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_234">234</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER X.<br />
+
+<span class="smcap">Comparative Death-Rates With and Without
+the Use of Alcohol.</span></h4>
+
+<p class="toc">Fewer deaths in smallpox hospitals without alcohol&mdash;200
+cases of scarlet fever without alcohol&mdash;Non-alcoholic
+treatment of fevers with less than 5 per cent. death-rate&mdash;Report
+of cases in English and Scotch hospitals&mdash;340
+cases of typhus&mdash;London Lancet articles on typhoid&mdash;Mercy
+Hospital, Chicago&mdash;Death-rates in pneumonia
+and typhoid in large hospitals&mdash;Sir B. W. Richardson’s
+report of practice<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_247">247</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER XI.<br />
+
+<span class="smcap">Reasons Why Alcohol is Dangerous as Medicine.</span></h4>
+
+<p class="toc">Researches of Abbott&mdash;Vital Resistance lowered by alcohol&mdash;Experiments
+upon Urinary Toxicity&mdash;Effect
+of alcohol upon the guardian-cells of the body&mdash;Dr.
+Sims Woodhead on immunity&mdash;<a name="Page_vt" id="Page_vt"></a><a href="#Page_vtn">Deléarde’s</a> experiments
+at the Pasteur Institute&mdash;Dr. A. Pearce Gould
+on alcohol and cancer&mdash;Delirium in illness caused by
+alcohol<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_262">262</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER XII.<br />
+
+<span class="smcap">Why Doctors Still Prescribe Alcoholics.</span></h4>
+
+<p class="toc">Public often demand it&mdash;Lack of knowledge of true
+nature of alcohol&mdash;Alcohol given undeserved credit for
+recoveries&mdash;Use of alcohol results from custom&mdash;Education
+of the people in teachings of non-alcoholic physicians
+necessary&mdash;Prescription of alcohol a matter of
+routine&mdash;Two examples<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_291">291</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER XIII.<br />
+
+<span class="smcap">Alcoholic Proprietary or “Patent" Medicines.</span></h4>
+
+<p class="toc">The Pure Food Law&mdash;The guarantee&mdash;Newspaper opposition
+to the law&mdash;Headache remedies&mdash;Fake testimonials&mdash;Dangers
+of soothing syrups and morphine
+cough syrups&mdash;Fraud orders issued by Post-Office Department&mdash;Internal
+Revenue Department and Patent
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[Pg vi]</a></span>Medicines&mdash;Proprietary “Foods" strongly alcoholic&mdash;Alcoholic
+Cod-Liver Oil preparations&mdash;Australia’s
+Royal Commission on Patent Medicines&mdash;Committee
+on Pharmacy analyses&mdash;Malt extracts&mdash;Coca Wines&mdash;Advertising,
+the strength of the Nostrum business&mdash;An
+effectual remedy<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_299">299</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER XIV.<br />
+
+<span class="smcap">Drugging.</span></h4>
+
+<p class="toc">Drugs do not cure disease&mdash;Nature cures&mdash;Opinions of
+drug medication of prominent physicians&mdash;La grippe
+caused by drug taking&mdash;Coal-tar drugs&mdash;Quinine&mdash;Sir
+Frederick Treves on disuse of drugs&mdash;People demand
+drugs of physicians&mdash;Mothers make drug victims of
+their children&mdash;Habit-producing drugs&mdash;Causes of
+drug-taking&mdash;How to be well<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_335">335</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER XV.<br />
+
+<span class="smcap">Testimonies of Physicians Against Alcoholic
+Medication.</span></h4>
+
+<p class="toc">No need for substitutes for alcohol&mdash;Alcohol hides symptoms
+of disease&mdash;Responsibility of physicians&mdash;Opinions
+of many teachers in medical colleges&mdash;Hot milk
+better than alcohol&mdash;<i>Journal of the American Medical
+Association</i> on researches of Abbott and Laitinen&mdash;Resolution
+against alcohol of West Virginia Medical
+Society&mdash;Dr. Knox Bond on Scarlet Fever&mdash;<a name="Page_vit" id="Page_vit"></a><a href="#Page_vitn">Metchnikoff</a>
+on white blood-cells&mdash;Kassowitz describes his
+treatment of fevers&mdash;Sims Woodhead’s opinions&mdash;Opinions
+of German Physicians&mdash;Dr. Harvey blames
+medical profession for careless use of alcohol and
+opium&mdash;Use of Alcohol declining rapidly in medical
+practice<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_356">356</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER XVI.<br />
+
+<span class="smcap">Recent Researches Upon Alcohol.</span></h4>
+
+<p class="toc">Experiments of Laitinen&mdash;Resistance of blood-cells to
+disease lowered by alcohol&mdash;International Congress on
+Alcoholism, London, 1909&mdash;Alcohol and Immunity&mdash;Effect
+of Alcohol Drinking on Human Off-spring&mdash;Researches
+of Kraepelin and Aschaffenberg&mdash;Economic
+losses by reduced work through beer and wine drinking&mdash;Researches
+of Dr. Reid Hunt&mdash;Mice given alcohol
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span>killed by small doses of poison&mdash;Difference in effect
+of alcohol and starch foods&mdash;Chittenden on food theory
+of alcohol&mdash;Researches of Dr. S. P. Beebe&mdash;Liver impaired
+by alcohol&mdash;Dr. Winfield S. Hall’s interpretation
+of the researches of Beebe and Hunt&mdash;Oxidation of
+alcohol by liver a protective action&mdash;Researches show
+that alcohol is a poison, not a food<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_392">392</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER XVII.<br />
+
+<span class="smcap">Miscellaneous.</span></h4>
+
+<p class="toc">Alcohol Baths&mdash;Beverages for the Sick&mdash;Tobacco and
+the Eyesight&mdash;Advertised “Cures" for Drunkenness&mdash;How
+to quit drinking&mdash;Dr. T. D. <a name="Page_viit" id="Page_viit"></a><a href="#Page_viitn">Crothers’</a> remedy
+for drink crave&mdash;Alcohol and Children&mdash;Alcohol
+Tested&mdash;Beer-Drinking Injurious to Health&mdash;Drug
+Drinks&mdash;Special Directions for Women&mdash;Total Abstinence
+and Life Insurance&mdash;Opinions of Life Insurance
+Companies on drinkers as risks<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_410">410</a></span>
+</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="INTRODUCTION" id="INTRODUCTION"></a>INTRODUCTION.</h2>
+
+
+<p>This book is the outcome of many years of
+study. With the exception of a few quotations,
+none of the material has ever before appeared in
+any book. The writer has been indebted for years
+past to many of the physicians mentioned in the
+following pages for copies of pamphlets and magazines,
+and for newspaper articles, bearing upon the
+medical study of alcohol. Indeed, had it not been
+for the kindly counsels and hearty co-operation of
+physicians, she could never have accomplished all
+that was laid upon her to do as a state and national
+superintendent of Medical Temperance for the
+Woman’s Christian Temperance Union. She is also
+under obligation for helps received from the secretaries
+of several State Boards of Health, and from
+eminent chemists and pharmacists.</p>
+
+<p>The object of the book is to put into the hands
+of the people a statement of the views regarding
+the medical properties of alcohol held by those
+physicians who make little, or no use of this drug.
+In most cases their views are given in their own
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span>language, so that the book is, of necessity, largely
+a compilation.</p>
+
+<p>It is hoped that while the laity may be glad to
+peruse these pages because of the very useful and
+interesting information to be obtained from them,
+the medical profession, also, may be pleased to find,
+in brief form, the teachings of some of their most
+distinguished brethren upon a question now frequently
+up for discussion in society meetings.</p>
+
+<p>The writer does not presume to set forth her
+own opinions upon a question which is still a subject
+of dispute among the members of a learned
+profession; she simply culls from the writings of
+those members of that profession who, having
+made thorough examination of the claims of
+alcohol, have decided that this drug, as ordinarily
+used, is more harmful than beneficial, and that
+medical practice would be upon a higher plane,
+were it driven entirely from the pharmacopœia.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="PREFACE_TO_SECOND_EDITION" id="PREFACE_TO_SECOND_EDITION"></a>PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION.</h2>
+
+
+<p>When the first edition of this book was published in 1900,
+there were only a few leading physicians either in Europe or
+America who were ready to condemn the medical use of
+alcohol. Sir Benjamin Ward Richardson, Sims Woodhead,
+and a few others in England; Forel, Kassowitz and one or
+two more on the Continent, and Nathan S. Davis, T. D.
+Crothers and J. H. Kellogg, in America, were about all that
+could be quoted largely as opposed to alcoholic liquors as
+remedies in disease. Whisky was then looked upon as
+necessary in the treatment of consumption and diphtheria.
+Ten years have brought about a great change. There are
+many American physicians now willing to admit that they
+have very little or no use for alcoholic liquors as remedial
+agents, and now, instead of recommending whisky for consumption
+anti-tuberculosis literature almost everywhere warns
+against the use of intoxicating drinks. The use of anti-toxin
+in diphtheria has driven out whisky treatment in that
+disease with markedly favorable results. Under the whisky
+treatment death-rates ran up to fifty-five and sixty per
+cent.; now the diphtheria death-rate is very low. Ten years
+ago many good authorities still ranked alcohol as a stimulant;
+now, almost all rank it as a depressant. In England,
+leading physicians and surgeons have spoken so strongly
+against alcohol in the last few years that the London <i>Times</i>,
+England’s leading newspaper, said: “According to recent
+developments of scientific opinion, it is not impossible that a
+belief in the strengthening and supporting qualities of alcohol
+will eventually become as obsolete as a belief in witchcraft.�<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>So far as the writer can learn from replies sent to her
+inquiries by teachers of medicine, and by study of text-books
+on medicine, and articles in good medical journals,
+alcohol now has only a very limited use in medicine with the
+great majority of successful physicians. Some recommend
+wine in <i>diabetes mellitus</i>, saying that it acts less like a poison
+and more like a food in that disease than in any other.
+Some use alcoholic liquors in fevers as a food “to save the
+burning of tissue,� but an article on “Therapeutics� in the
+<i>Journal of the American Medical Association</i>, for November
+6, 1909, page 1564, says that sugar would probably have
+equal value in such case. The same article says that hot
+baths, with hot lemonade, and a quickly acting cathartic, will
+abort a cold without any need of recourse to alcohol.</p>
+
+<p>The writer wishes here to make grateful acknowledgment
+of courtesies received from busy physicians who have aided
+materially in her work by answering personal letters of inquiry,
+also letters published in the <i>Journal of the American
+Medical Association</i>, by kindness of the editor. Especially
+would she thank those professors of medicine and superintendents
+of large hospitals, who so courteously aided her in
+preparing a paper for the International Congress on Alcoholism,
+held in London, July, 1909, to which she was a delegate,
+representing the United States government. A few of
+the replies received at that time are given in this book.
+There was not room for all.</p>
+
+<p>She wishes also to acknowledge kindness and much help
+received from pharmacists and druggists in the fight against
+dangerous patent medicines and drug drinks sold at soda
+fountains. The <i>Druggists’ Circular</i>, of New York, deserves
+special mention in this connection.</p>
+
+<p>It has been necessary to make many changes in this edition
+because of the changing views on alcohol and the publicity
+on patent medicines. Physicians will find Chapter XVI
+entirely new, and of great interest.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="ralign">M. M. A.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="ALCOHOL" id="ALCOHOL"></a>ALCOHOL.</h2>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I.</h2>
+
+<h3>HISTORY OF THE STUDY OF ALCOHOL.</h3>
+
+
+<p>The only intoxicating drinks known to the
+ancients were wines and beers. That these were
+used for medicinal as well as beverage purposes is
+evident from sacred and secular history. About
+the tenth century of the Christian era, an Arabian
+alchemist discovered the art of distillation, by
+which the active principle of fermented liquors
+could be drawn off and separated. To the spirit
+thus produced the name alcohol was given. A
+plausible reason cited for this name is that the
+Arabian for evil spirit is <i>Al ghole</i>, and the effects
+of the mysterious liquid upon men suggested
+demoniacal possession.</p>
+
+<p>Medical knowledge at this time was very limited:
+there was no accurate way of determining the real
+nature of the new substance, nor its action upon
+the human system. It could be judged only by its
+<i>seeming</i> effects. As these were pleasing, it was
+supposed that a great medical discovery had been
+made. The alchemists had been seeking a panacea
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span>for all the ills to which flesh is heir, indeed for
+something which would enable men even to defy
+Death, and the subtle new spirit was eagerly proclaimed
+as the long-looked-for cure-all, if not the
+very <i>aqua vitæ</i> itself. Physicians introduced it to
+their patients, and were lavish in their praises of its
+curative powers. The following is quoted from
+the writings of Theoricus, a prominent German of
+the sixteenth century, as an example of medical
+opinion of alcohol in his day:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“It sloweth age, it strengtheneth youth, it helpeth digestion,
+it cutteth phlegme, it cureth the hydropsia, it healeth the
+strangurie, it pounces the stone, it expelleth gravel, it keepeth
+the head from whirling, the teeth from chattering, and the
+throat from rattling; it keepeth the weasen from stiffling, the
+stomach from wambling, and the heart from swelling; it
+keepeth the hands from shivering, the sinews from shrinking,
+the veins from crumbling, the bones from aching, and the
+marrow from soaking.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Being a medicine, which very rapidly creates a
+craving for itself, the demand for it became
+enormous, and, as time advanced, people began
+prescribing it for themselves, until its use both as
+medicine and beverage became almost general.</p>
+
+<p>If the medical profession is responsible for the
+wide-spread belief that alcoholics are of service to
+mankind both as food and medicine, it should not
+be forgotten that it is to members of the same
+profession the world is indebted for the correction
+of these errors. All down through the centuries
+there have been physicians who doubted and
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span>opposed its claims to merit. It remained for the
+medical science of the latter half of the nineteenth
+century to clearly demonstrate with nicely adjusted
+chemical apparatus and appliances the wisdom of
+these doubts.</p>
+
+<p>The scientific study of the effects of alcohol upon
+the human body began about sixty years ago. The
+first American investigator was Dr. Nathan S. Davis,
+of Chicago, who was the founder of the American
+Medical Association. During the months of May,
+June, July, September and October, 1848, Dr. Davis
+published in the <i>Annalist</i>, a monthly medical journal
+of New York City, a series of articles controverting
+the universal opinion that alcoholic drinks are warming,
+strengthening and nourishing. In 1850 he executed
+an extensive series of experiments to determine
+the effects of a diet exclusively carbonaceous (starch),
+one exclusively nitrogenous (albumen), and alcohol
+(brandy and wine), on the temperature of the living
+body; on the quantity of carbonic acid exhaled; and
+on the circulation of the blood. The results of these
+investigations were embodied in a paper read before
+the American Medical Association in May, 1851.
+They showed that alcohol, instead of increasing
+animal heat, and promoting nutrition and strength,
+actually produced directly opposite effects, reducing
+temperature, the amount of carbonic acid
+exhaled, and the muscular strength. So opposed
+were these conclusions to the generally accepted
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span>teachings of the day that the Association did not
+refer the paper to the committee of publication.
+It was published later in the <i>Northwestern Medical
+and Surgical Journal</i>.</p>
+
+<p>In 1854 Dr. Davis published one of the most
+remarkable of the numerous works which have come
+from his prolific pen; it was entitled, “A Lecture
+on the Effects of Alcoholic Drinks on the Human
+System, and the Duty of Medical Men in Relation
+Thereto.� This lecture was delivered in Rush Medical
+College, Chicago, on Christmas, 1854. An
+appendix to the work contained a full account of
+the series of original experiments which the author
+had been conducting in relation to the effect of
+alcohol upon respiration and animal heat, and gave
+the same conclusions as those presented before
+the A. M. A. several years previously. These
+experiments laid the foundation for the scientific
+study of the physiological effects of alcohol; and
+their bearing upon the study of the temperance
+question can even yet scarcely be appreciated.
+They were the first experiments which showed
+conclusively that the effect of alcohol is not that of
+a stimulant, but the opposite.</p>
+
+<p>In 1855 Prof. R. D. Mussey, of Vermont, read an
+able paper before the American Medical Association
+upon “The Effects of Alcohol in Health
+and Disease," in which he said, “So long as
+alcohol retains its place among sick patients, so
+long will there be drunkards.�<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In England as early as 1802, Dr. Beddoes pointed
+out the dangers attendant upon the social and
+medical use of intoxicating drinks, laying stress
+upon “The enfeebling power of small portions of
+wine regularly drunk.� In 1829 Dr. John Cheyne,
+Physician General to the forces in Ireland said:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“The benefits which have been supposed from their liberal
+use in medicine, and especially in those diseases which are
+vulgarly supposed to depend upon mere weakness, have
+invested these agents with attributes to which they have no
+claim, and hence, as we physicians no longer employ them as
+we were wont to do, we ought not to rest satisfied with the
+mere acknowledgment of error, but we ought also to make
+every retribution in our power for having so long upheld one of
+the most fatal delusions that ever took possession of the human
+mind.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. Higginbotham, F. R. S., of Nottingham, a
+keen and able clinical practitioner, abandoned the
+prescription of alcohol in 1832, saying:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“I have amply tried both ways. I gave alcohol in my practice
+for twenty years, and have now practiced without it for the
+last thirty years or more. My experience is, that acute disease
+is more readily cured without it, and chronic diseases much
+more manageable. I have not found a single patient injured
+by the disuse of alcohol, or a constitution requiring it; indeed,
+to find either, although I am in my seventy-seventh year, I would
+walk fifty miles to see such an unnatural phenomenon. If I
+ordered or allowed alcohol in any form, either as food or as
+medicine, to a patient, I should certainly do it with a felonious
+intent.�&mdash;<i>Ipswich Tracts. No. 346.</i></p></div>
+
+<p>In 1839 Dr. Julius Jeffreys drew up a medical
+declaration which was signed by seventy-eight
+leaders of medicine and surgery. This document
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span>declared the opinion to be erroneous that wine,
+beer or spirit was beneficial to health; that even in
+the most moderate doses, alcoholic drinks did no
+good. This, of course, dealt only with the beverage
+use of alcoholics. In 1847 a second declaration
+was originated, signed by over two thousand of the
+most eminent physicians and surgeons. This also
+referred only to liquor as a beverage. In 1871 a
+third declaration, signed by two hundred and sixty-nine
+of the leading members of the medical profession
+was published in the London <i>Times</i>.</p>
+
+<p>This declaration was in part as follows:--</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“As it is believed that the inconsiderate prescription of large
+quantities of alcoholic liquids by medical men for their patients
+has given rise, in many instances, to the formation of intemperate
+habits, the undersigned, while unable to abandon the use
+of alcohol in the treatment of certain cases of disease, are yet
+of opinion that no medical practitioner should prescribe it without
+a sense of grave responsibility.</p>
+
+<p>“They are also of opinion that many people immensely
+exaggerate the value of alcohol as an article of diet, and they
+hold that every medical practitioner is bound to exert his
+utmost influence to inculcate habits of great moderation in the
+use of alcoholic liquids.�</p></div>
+
+<p>In the same year the American Medical Association
+passed a resolution that “alcohol should be
+classed with other powerful drugs, and when prescribed
+medically, it should be done with conscientious
+caution, and a sense of great responsibility.�</p>
+
+<p>The physicians of New York, Brooklyn and
+vicinity not long afterward published a declaration
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span>practically the same as that of the A. M. A., adding:
+“We are of opinion that the use of alcoholic
+liquor as a beverage is productive of a large
+amount of physical disease.�</p>
+
+<p>The publication of these later declarations was
+the beginning of a marked change in the medical
+use of alcohol.</p>
+
+<p>In England the scientific temperance movement
+began with Dr. B. W. Richardson, afterwards
+knighted by Queen Victoria for his great services
+to humanity as a medical philanthropist. Dr.
+Richardson’s success in bringing before physicians
+the remarkable medicinal agent known as nitrite of
+amyl, led to a request from the British Association
+for the Advancement of Science that he investigate
+other chemical substances. The result was that
+several years of study, beginning with 1863, were
+given to the physiological effects of various alcohols,
+ethylic alcohol, which is the active principle in
+wines, beers and other intoxicating drinks, receiving
+special attention.</p>
+
+<p>The following is taken from his “Results of
+Researches on Alcohol�:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“In my hands ethylic alcohol and other bodies of the same
+group; viz. methylic, propylic, butylic, and amylic alcohols
+were tested purely from the physiological point of view. They
+were tested exclusively as chemical substances apart from any
+question as to their general use and employment, and free
+from all bias for or against their influence on mankind for
+good or for evil.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>“The method of research that was pursued was the same
+that had been followed in respect to nitrite of amyl, chloroform,
+ether, and other chemical substances, and it was in the following
+order: First, the mode in which living bodies would take
+up or absorb the substance was considered. This settled, the
+quantity necessary to produce a decided physiological change
+was ascertained, and was estimated in relation to the weight of
+the living body on which the observation was made. After
+these facts were ascertained the special action of the agent was
+investigated on the blood, on the motion of the heart, on the
+respiration, on the minute circulation of the blood, on the
+digestive organs, on the secreting and excreting organs, on the
+nervous system and brain, on the animal temperature and on
+the muscular activity. By these processes of inquiry, each
+specially carried out, I was enabled to test fairly the action of
+the different chemical agents that came before me. *&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*</p>
+
+<p>“The results of these researches were that I learned purely
+by experimental observation that, in its action on the living
+body, alcohol deranges the constitution of the blood; unduly
+excites the heart and respiration; paralyzes the minute blood-vessels;
+disturbs the regularity of nervous action; lowers the
+animal temperature, and lessens the muscular power.</p>
+
+<p>“Such, independent of any prejudice of party or influence
+of sentiment, are the unanswerable teachings of the sternest of
+all evidences, the evidences of experiment, of natural fact
+revealed to man by testing of natural phenomena.�</p></div>
+
+<p>When Dr. Richardson reported to the Association
+for the Advancement of Science the results of his
+researches so at variance with commonly accepted
+ideas, the Association was as incredulous as the
+American Medical Association had been in 1851
+when Dr. Davis gave a similar report, and Dr. Richardson’s
+paper was returned to him for correction.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>It should be stated here that Dr. Richardson
+was not a total abstainer when he began his study
+of the effects of alcohol, but became an ardent
+and enthusiastic advocate of total abstinence, and
+later of non-alcoholic medication, because of what he
+learned by his experiments with this drug. He
+was the first to suggest that scientific temperance
+be taught in the public schools, and he prepared the
+first text-book ever published for this purpose. In
+1874 he delivered his famous “Cantor Lectures on
+Alcohol,� by request of the Society of Arts. This
+series of lectures created a sensation, being attended
+by crowds of people, as it was the first time that any
+physician of eminence had spoken from experimental
+evidence in favor of total abstinence.</p>
+
+<p>The agitation begotten in medical circles by the
+discussion of Dr. Richardson’s researches upon
+alcohol led to extensive experimenting upon the
+same line by scientists of England, Continental
+Europe and America. The efforts of the National
+Woman’s Christian Temperance Union of the
+United States, led by that intrepid woman, Mrs.
+Mary H. Hunt, to introduce scientific temperance
+instruction into public schools gave impetus to the
+study in this country. The call for text-books
+caused publishers to request professors in medical
+colleges to make minute research into the nature
+and effects of alcohol, that the demands of the new
+educational law might be met. The bitter opposition
+to these temperance education laws was a great
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span>stimulant to the scientific study of alcohol, for it was
+hoped by many that the teachings regarding the
+deleterious effects of alcohol might be proved incorrect.
+Unfortunately for the lovers of the bibulous,
+the proof was all the other way; great medical men
+could not be <i>bought</i> by distillers or brewers to tell
+anything but the truth, and the truth of experimental
+research was all against alcohol. The text-books endorsed
+by Mrs. Hunt and her advisory committee
+being assailed again and again as containing erroneous
+teaching, were finally, in 1897, submitted to an
+examining committee of medical experts, nearly all of
+whom were connected with medical colleges. This
+committee consisted of Dr. N. S. Davis, Sr., of Chicago,
+Ill.; Dr. Leartus Connor, of Detroit, Michigan;
+Dr. Henry Q. Marcy, of Boston, Mass.; Dr. E. E.
+Montgomery, of Philadelphia, Pa.; Dr. Henry D.
+Holton, of Brattleboro, Vt.; and Dr. George F.
+Shrady, of New York City. From their reports
+upon the books the following is culled:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“I find no errors in the teaching of any of them on this
+subject.�</p>
+
+<p>“No statement was found at variance with the most reliable
+studies of especially competent investigators.�</p>
+
+<p>“I was asked to point out any errors in these books which
+need correcting. I find no such errors.�</p>
+
+<p>“I find their teaching completely in accordance with the
+facts determined through scientific experimentation and investigation.�</p>
+
+<p>“I find them to be in substantial accord with the results of
+the latest scientific investigations.�</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Dr. Baer, of Berlin, Germany, the foremost European
+specialist on the subject treated in these text-books,
+has recently subjected the books to rigid
+examination. He says in his report upon them:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“On the basis of the examination I have made I can assert
+that the above mentioned school text-books, (the endorsed
+physiologies), in respect to their statements regarding alcoholic
+drinks contain no teachings which are not in harmony with the
+attitude of strict science.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Still the opposers of the text-books were not satisfied,
+and a self constituted Committee of Fifty undertook
+an investigation. Men of unquestioned ability
+were chosen to make researches, but the result of their
+investigations was so different from what was looked
+for, that, with the exception of Professor Atwater’s
+contention for the food value of alcohol, the report
+of the Committee of Fifty did not stir up much controversy.</p>
+
+<p>The school text-books deal exclusively with the
+effects of alcohol used as a beverage; for obvious
+reasons this is all they can do. But as intoxicating
+drinks have been generally supposed to contain
+great virtue as remedial agents, this phase of their
+nature and effects has not been overlooked by those
+pursuing inquiries concerning them. While full
+agreement has not yet been reached by experts as
+to the value of alcoholic liquids as medicines, it is
+noteworthy that some of the most eminent investigators
+were led to drop alcohol from their pharma<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span>ceutical
+outfit, and the remainder to admit that its
+sphere of usefulness is extremely limited.</p>
+
+<p>There are now medical colleges of high standing
+where students are advised against the use of alcohol
+as a remedy; hospitals are gradually using it
+less and less, some entirely discarding it; and many
+progressive physicians, while saying nothing as to
+their position upon the alcohol question, yet show
+their lack of faith in this drug by ignoring it unless
+patients or their friends desire it.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II.</h2>
+
+<h3>THE <a name="Page_21t" id="Page_21t"></a><a href="#Page_21tn">WOMAN’S</a> CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNION IN
+OPPOSITION TO ALCOHOL AS MEDICINE.</h3>
+
+
+<p>When the W. C. T. U. was first organized there
+was no thought among its members of antagonizing
+the use of alcohol in medicine. One almost immediate
+result of the organization, however, was
+that the women began to study the causes of inebriety,
+and prominent among the prevailing influences
+leading to drunkenness they found the medical
+use of alcoholics. The early efforts of these women
+were chiefly in rescue work through Gospel temperance
+meetings, and visitations of jails and poor-houses.
+By reason of this contact with the effects
+of inebriety they learned many sad tales of ruined
+lives, blighted homes and lost souls, through the
+appetite for strong drink created, or aroused, by
+alcoholic prescription. They saw, as time passed,
+that some of the drunkards reclaimed through their
+influence lapsed again into their evil habits because
+a little beer, or wine, “for the stomach’s sake,� or
+some other sake, had been advised them. Some of
+the workers had this trouble in their own homes,
+husband, son or other relative enslaved to alcohol
+through prescription in disease. Is it any wonder
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span>that women of the spirit of the Crusaders, having
+once had their attention thoroughly aroused to the
+danger of alcohol in medicine, should begin to examine
+this stronghold of the enemy to discover, if
+possible, whether or not, his fortress, the medicine-chest,
+was impregnable? Greatly to their joy they
+found that the medical profession was not a unit in
+commending alcoholics as remedial agencies, that
+all along since alcohol came into common use there
+have been physicians who distrusted, and opposed
+it. They learned, too, that some of the most distinguished
+physicians of America and of England
+were using little or no alcohol in their practice, and
+that a hospital had been established in London,
+England, which was clearly demonstrating the superiority
+of non-alcoholic medication by its small
+death-rate in comparison with hospitals using alcohol.</p>
+
+<p>This knowledge encouraged those possessing it so
+that they began to refuse alcoholics as remedies in
+their own households, and rarely did they find
+physicians unwilling or unable to supply another
+agent when asked to do so, and thousands of women
+can now testify to the fact of having recovered from
+ill health without the wine, beer or brandy they
+were advised to take. So the W. C. T. U. discovered
+several good reasons for opposing alcohol in medicine.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>1. Its liability to create or revive an uncontrollable appetite.</p>
+
+<p>2. A considerable number of the leading physicians of
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span>America and of Great Britain discard it from their list of
+remedies, considering it harmful rather than helpful.</p>
+
+<p>3. The lessened mortality consequent upon its entire disuse
+demonstrated by the London Temperance Hospital.</p>
+
+<p>4. By their own experience they knew that alcohol is not
+necessary to the restoration of health, nor to the upbuilding of
+strength.</p></div>
+
+<p>The first active work touching the medical use of
+alcohol was a memorial from the National W. C. T. U.
+to the International Medical Congress of 1876,
+which met in Washington, D. C. This memorial
+was suggested by Miss Frances E. Willard, and co-operated
+in by the National Temperance Society.
+It asked for a deliverance from the Congress upon
+alcohol as a food and as a medicine.</p>
+
+<p>The Congress was divided into sections for the
+more thorough discussion of the various topics.
+Upon the program was a paper on “The Therapeutic
+Value of Alcohol as Food, and as a Medicine,�
+by Ezra M. Hunt, M. D., delegate from the New
+Jersey Medical Society. This paper was read before
+the “Section on Medicine,� and, after earnest discussion,
+the conclusions of the author were adopted
+“quite unanimously� as the sentiments of the Section
+on Medicine. As such they were reported for
+acceptance to the General Congress, and by it
+ordered to be transmitted as a reply to the memorialists.</p>
+
+<p>The report was published in full by the National
+Temperance Society, and may be obtained from it
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span>in paper binding for twenty-five cents. As it makes
+a book of 137 pages the conclusions only will be
+quoted here. They are as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>1. “Alcohol is not shown to have a definite food value by any
+of the usual methods of chemical analysis or physiological investigation.</p>
+
+<p>2. “Its use as a medicine is chiefly that of a cardiac stimulant,
+and often admits of substitution.</p>
+
+<p>3. “As a medicine it is not well fitted for self-prescription by
+the laity, and the medical profession is not accountable for such
+administration, or for the enormous evil arising therefrom.</p>
+
+<p>4. “The purity of alcoholic liquors is in general not as well
+assured as that of articles used for medicine should be. The
+various mixtures when used as medicine should have definite
+and known composition, and should not be interchanged promiscuously.�</p></div>
+
+<p>It is matter for sincere regret that this deliverance
+was not, in some way, brought prominently before
+every physician in the land. There are, doubtless,
+thousands of physicians who never heard of it, and,
+consequently have never been influenced by it to
+doubt the utility of the popular brandy bottle.</p>
+
+<p>In 1883 Mrs. Mary Towne Burt, President of
+New York State W. C. T. U., in her annual address,
+suggested that a department of work be created to
+endeavor to induce physicians to not prescribe
+alcohol, unless in such cases as allowed of the use of
+no other agent. Mrs. (Rev.) J. Butler, of Fairport,
+was the first superintendent of this department,
+which was named, “Influencing Physicians to not
+Prescribe Alcoholics as Medicines.� The National W.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span>
+C. T. U. adopted the department in 1883, but soon
+dropped it. In 1895 it was reinstated and Mrs. Martha
+M. Allen, New York’s superintendent, was made
+national superintendent. In 1905 the name of the
+department was changed from Non-Alcoholic Medication,
+which it had borne for fifteen years, to Medical
+Temperance.</p>
+
+<p>The objects of this department of work are:</p>
+
+<p>1. To inform the public of the objections to the
+medical use of alcoholic drinks now held by many successful
+physicians.</p>
+
+<p>2. To show the dangers in the home-prescription of
+alcohol and other powerful drugs.</p>
+
+<p>3. To expose fraudulent and dangerous proprietary
+and “patent� medicines and liquid “foods,� the main
+ingredients of which are alcohol and morphine.</p>
+
+<p>4. To use persuasion with publishers of newspapers
+and magazines against fraudulent medical advertising.
+Also to seek legislation which shall hinder such
+advertising.</p>
+
+<p>5. To endeavor to win the attention of physicians
+who prescribe alcoholic liquors to the teachings of
+great leaders in their profession who have abandoned
+such practice.</p>
+
+<p>6. To bring to the attention of nurses the same
+teachings, and to seek their co-operation in education
+against the self-prescription of alcohol.</p>
+
+<p>7. To work for legislation which shall correct the
+evils of the whisky drug-store, the whisky-prescribing
+doctor, and the dangerous “patent� medicine.</p>
+
+<p>8. To gather the opinions upon alcohol of well-<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span>known
+physicians who do not use it, and publish them.</p>
+
+<p>This department originated the public agitation
+against injurious and fraudulent “patent� medicines
+which later was so ably carried on by <i>Collier’s Weekly</i>,
+and the <i>Ladies’ Home Journal</i>. That its early work
+in this direction was not better known to the general
+public was due to the fact that religious as well as
+secular papers were reaping large revenues from the
+advertising of these nostrums, and consequently refused
+to publish anything which might injure the
+trade. Indeed, in accepting some of this advertising,
+newspaper managers had to sign a contract that they
+would not publish any reading matter opposed to the
+nostrum business.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Christian Advocate</i> of New York city deserves
+special mention for having published in 1898 two articles
+written by Mrs. Allen under the caption, “The
+Danger and Harmfulness of Patent Medicines.�
+These were in the fall of that year published in
+pamphlet form, and a copy sent to every local W. C.
+T. U. in the United States for study. Tens of thousands
+of copies of this and other leaflets on that theme
+were distributed within a few years, some local unions
+placing them in every home in their community. Medical
+journals took note of this work and commended it
+highly. When Mr. Bok began his campaign of education
+in the <i>Ladies’ Home Journal</i>, for which he deserves
+lasting gratitude, the <i>American Druggist</i> said he
+was “bowing to the clamor of the W. C. T. U.�</p>
+
+<p>This department which began in weakness, and was
+for years regarded as fanatical even by many mem<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span>bers
+of the W. C. T. U. has entered upon an era of
+victories. The National Pure Food Law requires the
+percentage of alcohol in patent medicines, and the presence
+of different dangerous drugs, to be stated upon
+the label. The prohibition law of Georgia forbids
+physicians to prescribe alcoholic beverages, absolute
+alcohol only being permitted. Kansas has amended her
+law so that whisky drug-stores are eliminated. If
+physicians prescribe alcohol the law forbids charge
+for it. Alabama forbids the sale of liquor for everything
+but the communion. The Internal Revenue Department
+has examined a large number of “patent�
+medicines and has listed them as intoxicating beverages.
+Two state medical societies and some county
+societies in 1908 passed resolutions to discourage the
+medical use of alcoholic liquors. Two national societies
+of druggists and pharmacists in 1908 passed resolutions
+against whiskey drug-stores.</p>
+
+<p>These are some of the results of Medical Temperance
+agitation. Much more may be expected in the
+next decade if the work is as faithfully and fearlessly
+carried on as in the past.</p>
+
+<p>This book contains much of the teachings of the department
+of Medical Temperance. When these views
+are generally accepted the liquor-problem will be well-nigh
+solved.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III.</h2>
+
+<h3>ALCOHOL AS A PRODUCER OF DISEASE.</h3>
+
+
+<p>That alcohol is a poison is attested by all
+chemists and other scientific men; taken undiluted
+it destroys the vitality of the tissues of the body
+with which it comes in contact as readily as creosote,
+or pure carbolic acid. The term <i>intoxicating</i>
+applied to beverages containing it refers to its
+poisonous nature, the word being derived from the
+Greek <i>toxicon</i>, which signifies a <i>bow</i> or an <i>arrow</i>;
+the barbarians poisoned their arrows, hence, <i>toxicum</i>
+in Latin was used to signify poison; from this
+comes the English term <i>toxicology</i>, which is the
+science treating of <i>poisons</i>. Druggists in selling
+proof spirits usually label the bottle, “Poison.�
+Apart from the testimony of science in regard to
+its poisonous nature, it is commonly known that
+large doses of brandy or whisky will speedily cause
+death, particularly in those unaccustomed to their
+use. The newspapers frequently contain items
+regarding the death of children who have had
+access to whisky, and drunk freely of it. Cases
+are reported, too, of men, habituated to drink,
+who after tossing off several glasses of brandy at
+the bar of a saloon have suddenly dropped dead.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Dr. Mussey says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“A poison is that substance, in whatever form it may be,
+which, when applied to a living surface, disconcerts and disturbs
+life’s healthy movements. It is altogether distinct from
+substances which are in their nature nutritious. It is not
+capable of being converted into food, and becoming a part of
+the living organs. We all know that proper food is wrought
+into our bodies; the action of animal life occasions a constant
+waste, and new matter has to be taken in, which, after digestion,
+is carried into the blood, and then changed; but poison is
+incapable of this. It may indeed be mixed with nutritious substances,
+but if it goes into the blood, it is thrown off as soon as
+the system can accomplish its deliverance, if it has not been
+too far enfeebled by the influence of the poison. Such a poison
+is alcohol&mdash;such in all its forms mix it with what you may.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. Nathan S. Davis said in an address given in
+1891:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“When largely diluted with water, as it is in all the varieties
+of fermented and distilled liquids, and taken into the stomach,
+it is rapidly imbibed, or taken up by the capillary vessels and
+carried into the venous blood, without having undergone any
+digestion or change in the stomach. With the blood it is
+carried to every part, and made to penetrate every tissue of the
+living body, where it has been detected by proper chemical
+tests as unchanged alcohol, until it has been removed through
+the natural process of elimination, or lost its identity by
+molecular combination with the albuminous elements of the
+blood and tissues, for which it has a strong affinity.</p>
+
+<p>“The most varied and painstaking experiments of chemists
+and physiologists, both in this country and Europe, have shown
+conclusively that the presence of alcohol in the blood diminishes
+the amount of oxygen taken up through the air-cells of
+the lungs; retards the molecular and metabolic changes of both
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span>nutrition and waste throughout the system and diminishes the
+sensibility and action of the nervous structures in direct proportion
+to the quantity of alcohol present. By its stronger affinity
+for water and albumen, with which it readily unites in all proportions,
+it so alters the hemaglobin of the blood as to lessen
+its power to take the oxygen from the air-cells of the lungs and
+carry it as oxyhemaglobia to all the tissues of the body; and by
+the same affinity it retards all atomic or molecular changes in
+the muscular, secretory and nervous structures; and in the
+same ratio it diminishes the elimination of carbon-dioxide, phosphates,
+heat and nerve force. In other words, its presence
+diminishes all the physical phenomena of life.</p>
+
+<p>“I say, then, that from the facts hitherto adduced, whether
+from accurate experimental investigations in different countries,
+from the pathological results developed in the most scientific
+societies, from the most reliable statistics of sickness and mortality,
+as influenced by occupations and social habits, or from
+the life insurance records kept on a uniform basis through
+periods of ten, twenty, thirty or even forty years, it is clearly
+shown that alcohol when taken into the human system not
+only acts upon the nervous system, perverting its sensibility,
+and, if increased in quantity, causing intoxication or insensibility,
+but it also, <i>even in small quantities</i>, lessens the oxygenation
+and decarbonization of the blood and retards the molecular
+changes in the structures of the body. When these effects are
+continued through months and years, as in the most temperate
+class of drinkers, <i>they lead to permanent structural changes,
+most prominently in the liver, kidneys, stomach, heart, blood-vessels
+and nerve structures, and lessen the natural duration
+of life in the aggregate from ten to fifteen years</i>. Consequently
+there is no greater, nor more destructive error existing
+in the public mind than the belief that the use of fermented
+and distilled drinks does no harm so long as they do not intoxicate.</p>
+
+<p>“Another popular error is the opinion that the substitution
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span>of the different varieties of beer and wine in the place of distilled
+liquors promotes temperance, and lessens the evil effects
+of alcohol on the health and morals of those who use them.
+Accurate investigations show that beer and wine drinkers generally
+consume more alcohol per man than the spirit drinkers;
+and while they are not as often intoxicated, they suffer fully as
+much from diseases and premature death as do those who use
+distilled spirits. Again, the beer drinker drinks more nearly
+every day, and thereby keeps some alcohol in his blood more
+constantly; while a large percentage of spirit drinkers drink
+only periodically, leaving considerable intervals of abstinence,
+during which the tissues regain nearly their natural condition.
+The more constant and persistent is the presence of alcohol
+in the blood and the tissues, even in moderate quantity, the
+more certainly does it lead to perverted and degenerative changes
+in the tissues, <i>ending in renal </i>(kidney)<i> and hepatic </i>(liver)<i>
+dropsies, cardiac </i>(heart)<i> failures, gout, apoplexy and paralysis</i>.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Sir B. W. Richardson says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Alcohol produces many diseases; and it constantly happens
+that persons die of diseases which have their origin solely
+in the drinking of alcohol, while the cause itself is never for a
+moment suspected. A man may say quite truthfully that he
+never was tipsy in the whole course of his life; and yet it is
+quite possible that such a man may die of disease caused by
+the alcohol he has taken, and by no other cause whatever.
+This is one of the most dreadful evils of alcohol, that it kills
+insidiously, as if it were doing no harm, or as if it were doing
+good, while it is destroying life. Another great evil of it is
+that it assails so many different parts of the body. It hardly
+seems credible at first sight that the same agent can give rise to
+the many different kinds of diseases it does give rise to. In
+fact, the universality of its action has blinded even learned men
+as to its potency for destruction.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span></p>
+<p>“Step by step, however, we have now discovered that its
+modes of action are all very simple, and are all the same in
+character; and that the differences that have been and are seen
+in different persons under its influence are due mainly to the
+organs, or organ, which first give way under it. Thus, if the
+stomach gives way first, we say that the person has indigestion
+or dyspepsia, or failure of the stomach; if the brain gives way
+first, we say the person has paralysis, or apoplexy, or brain disease;
+if the liver gives way first, we say the man has liver disease,
+and so on.</p>
+
+<p>“All persons who indulge much in any form of alcoholic
+drink are troubled with indigestion. When they wake in the
+morning they find their mouth dry, their tongue coated, and
+their appetite bad. In course of time they become confirmed
+‘dyspeptics,’ and as many of them find a temporary relief from
+the distress at the stomach, and the deficient appetite from
+which they suffer by taking more liquor, they increase the quantity
+taken, and so make matters much worse. *&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*</p>
+
+<p>“There are a great number of diseases caused by alcohol,
+some of which are known by terms that do not convey to the
+mind what really has been the cause of the diseases.� They are:</p></div>
+
+<p>(<i>a</i>) Diseases of the brain and nervous system:
+indicated by such names as apoplexy, epilepsy, paralysis,
+vertigo, softening of the brain, delirium tremens,
+loss of memory and that general failure of the
+mental power called dementia. (<i>b</i>) Diseases of the
+lungs: one form of consumption, congestion and
+subsequent bronchitis. (<i>c</i>) Diseases of the heart:
+irregular beat, feebleness of the muscular walls, dilation,
+disease of the valves. (<i>d</i>) Diseases of the blood:
+scurvy, dropsy, separation of fibrine. (<i>e</i>) Diseases
+of the stomach: feebleness of the stomach and indi<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span>gestion,
+flatulency, irritation and sometimes inflammation.
+(<i>f</i>) Diseases of the bowels: relaxation or
+purging, irritation. (<i>g</i>) Diseases of the liver: congestion,
+hardening and shrinking cirrhosis. (<i>h</i>)
+Diseases of the kidneys: change of structure into
+fatty or waxy-like condition and other changes leading
+to dropsy. (<i>i</i>) Diseases of the muscles: fatty
+changes in the muscles, by which they lose their
+power for proper active contraction. (<i>j</i>) Diseases
+of the membranes of the body: thickening and loss
+of elasticity, by which the parts wrapped up in the
+membrane are impaired for use, and premature
+decay is induced.</p>
+
+<p>But it constantly happens that when deaths from
+these diseases are recorded and alcohol has been
+the primary cause, some other cause is believed to
+have been at work.</p>
+
+<p>While drinking parents by virtue of a strong constitution
+sometimes escape the penalty of their
+bibulous habit, it is not uncommon to see their
+children suffering from some disease or nervous
+weakness such as is caused by alcohol, “the sins of
+the father being visited upon the children.�</p>
+
+<p>Erasmus Darwin says upon this point:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“It is remarkable that all the diseases from drinking spirituous
+or fermented liquors are liable to become hereditary, even
+to the third generation, gradually increasing, if the cause be
+continued, till the family become extinct.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Prof. Christison, of Edinburgh, in answer to in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span>quiries
+from the Massachusetts State Board of
+Health, says of general diseases due to alcohol:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“I recognize certain diseases which originate in the vice of
+drunkenness alone, which are <i>delirium tremens</i>, cirrhosis of the
+liver, many cases of Bright’s disease of the kidneys, and dipsomania,
+or insane drunkenness.</p>
+
+<p>“Then I recognize many other diseases in regard to which
+excess in alcoholics acts as a powerful predisposing cause, such
+as gout, gravel, aneurism, paralysis, apoplexy, epilepsy, cystitis,
+premature incontinence of urine, erysipelas, spreading cellular
+inflammation, tendency of wounds and sores to gangrene, inability
+of the constitution to resist the attacks of epidemics. I
+have had a fearful amount of experience of continued fever in
+our infirmary during many epidemics, and in all my experience
+I have only once known an intemperate man of forty and upwards
+to recover.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Professor Christison also claims that three-fourths,
+or even four-fifths, of Bright’s disease in Scotland is
+produced by alcohol.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. C. Murchison, in speaking of alcohol as a preventive
+of disease, says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“There is no greater error than to imagine that a liberal
+allowance of alcoholic liquids fortifies the system against contagious
+diseases.�</p></div>
+
+<p>In a paper read before the Royal Medical and
+Chirurgical Society, Oct. 22, 1872, Dr. W. Dickinson
+gave the following conclusions:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Alcohol causes fatty infiltration and fibrous encroachments;
+it engenders tubercles; encourages suppuration, and retards
+healing; it produces untimely atheroma (a form of fatty degeneration
+of the inner coats of the arteries), invites hemorrhage,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span>and anticipates old age. The most constant fatty changes, replacement
+by oil of the material of epithelial cells and muscular
+fibres, though probably nearly universal, is most noticeable in
+the liver, the heart and the kidneys. <i>Drink causes tuberculosis</i>,
+which is evident not only in the lungs, but in every amenable organ.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. William Hargreaves says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Brandy is not a prophylactic. To the temperate it is an
+active, exciting cause. It is well known that a single act of
+intemperance during the prevalence of cholera, will often produce
+a fatal attack. The sense of warmth and irritation
+(called stimulation) produced by alcoholic liquors, has led to
+the erroneous notion that they may prevent cholera. But the
+contrary we have seen is the truth, for the effects of alcoholics
+are to reduce the temperature of the body, and instead of
+stimulating, they narcotize, and reduce the life-forces, and
+predispose the system to all kinds of disease.�</p></div>
+
+<p>The following testimonies are culled from the
+writings of eminent physicians:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Sir Andrew Clark, M. D., F. R. C. P., London, Physician in
+Ordinary to the Queen, Senior Physician at the London
+Hospital: “As I looked at the hospital wards to-day, and
+saw that seven out of ten owed their diseases to alcohol, I
+could but lament that the teaching about this question is not
+more direct, more decisive and more home-thrusting. *&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*
+Can I say to you any words stronger than these of the terrible
+effects of alcohol? When I think of this I am disposed to
+give up my profession, and go forth upon a holy crusade,
+preaching to all men&mdash;<i>Beware of this enemy of the race.</i>�</p>
+
+<p>Sir William Gull, F. R. S. (late Physician to her Majesty):
+“I should say, from my experience, that alcohol is the most
+destructive agent that we are aware of in this country. I
+would like to say that a very large number of people in society
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span>are dying day by day, poisoned by alcohol, but not supposed to
+be poisoned by it.�</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Abernethy: “If people will leave off drinking alcohol,
+live plainly, and take very little medicine they will find that
+many disorders will be relieved by this treatment alone.�</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Forel, of the University of Zurich, Switzerland: “Life
+is considerably shortened by the use of alcohol in large quantities.
+But a moderate consumption of the same also shortens
+life by an average of five to six years. This is consistently and
+unequivocally seen in the statistics kept for thirty years by
+English insurance companies, with special sections for abstainers.
+They give a large discount, and still make more
+profit, as not nearly so many deaths occur as might be expected
+under the usual calculations. According to federal statistics in
+the fifteen largest towns of Switzerland, over ten per cent. of
+the men over twenty years of age die solely, or partly of alcoholism.�</p>
+
+<p>Dr. J. H. Kellogg, Battle Creek, Mich.: “Every organ feels
+the effect of the abuse through indulgence in alcohol, and no
+function is left undisturbed. By degrees, disordered function,
+through long continuance of the disturbance, induces tissue
+change. The most common form of organic or structural
+disease due to alcohol is fatty degeneration, which may effect
+almost every organ in the body. *&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;* No class of persons
+are so subject to nervous diseases due to degeneration of
+nerves and nerve-centres as drinkers. Partial or general
+paralysis, locomotor ataxia, epilepsy and a host of other nervous
+disorders, are directly traceable to the use of alcohol.�</p></div>
+
+<p>One of the visiting physicians of Bellevue Hospital,
+New York, states that at least two-thirds of
+all the diseases treated there originated in drink.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Dr. W. A. Hammond: “It is of all causes most prolific in
+exciting derangements of the brain, the spinal cord, and the
+nerves.�</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV.</h2>
+
+<h3>TEMPERANCE HOSPITALS.</h3>
+
+
+<h4>THE LONDON TEMPERANCE HOSPITAL.</h4>
+
+<p>In 1865 Dr. S. Nicholls, medical officer of the
+Longford Poor-law Union, published a report of
+the results of non-alcoholic treatment of disease as
+practiced by him for sixteen years in the institutions
+under his control. The figures for 1865 were:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" summary="Dr. S. Nicholls' treatment results" style="width: 50%;">
+  <tr>
+  <th>&nbsp;</th>
+
+  <th class="tdr">ADMITTED.</th>
+  <th class="tdr">RECOVERED.</th>
+  <th class="tdrp">DIED.</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Fever,</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">142</td>
+
+  <td class="tdrp">135</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">7</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Scarlatina,</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">33</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">30</td>
+
+  <td class="tdrp">3</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Small-pox,</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">48</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">47</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">1</td>
+
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlt">Measles,</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">8<br />&mdash;&mdash;</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">8<br />&mdash;&mdash;</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">0<br />&mdash;&mdash;</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">231</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">220</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">11</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>The treatment was altogether without wines,
+spirits or alcohol in any form.</i></p>
+
+<p>The death-rate reported by Dr. Nicholls was so
+small that some of the more observing and progressive
+physicians were led by it to begin similar
+experiments in the disuse of alcohol in other hospitals.
+Among these was Dr. James Edmunds, senior
+physician at the Lying-In Hospital, London. The
+experiments continued a year with a reduced death-<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span>rate
+among both mothers and children. But the
+great brewers of London, who contributed largely
+to the support of this hospital raised such a storm
+of opposition to the discontinuance of alcoholic
+liquors that the experiments had to be abandoned.</p>
+
+<p>The establishment of a temperance hospital was
+now suggested, and in October, 1873, a temporary
+institution was opened in Gower Street, accommodating
+only seventeen in-patients at one time. Later
+a fine site was secured on Hampstead Road, and in
+1881 the east wing and centre were opened by the
+Lord Mayor of London. In 1885 the west wing
+was finished, and the opening ceremonies conducted
+by the Bishop of London.</p>
+
+<p>At the time of the launching of this enterprise,
+wine and spirits were literally “poured into� sick
+persons, with frightful results. Death-rates were
+enormous. The success of the Temperance Hospital
+has no doubt had much to do in modifying this
+abuse. Its death-rate, on an average, has been only
+6 per cent. throughout the years since its beginning.
+This is lower than that of any other general hospital
+in London, and certainly proves conclusively
+that alcohol is not necessary in the treatment of
+disease. The physicians connected with it have
+been men of eminence in the profession, such as
+Dr. James Edmunds, Dr. J. J. Ridge and Sir B.
+W. Richardson.</p>
+
+<p>The visiting staff is not compelled to pledge disuse
+of alcohol, but is required to report if it is used.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span>
+During all these years it has been given only seventeen
+times, then almost entirely in surgical cases,
+and in nearly all of these a fatal result proved it to
+be useless. The patients who are restored to
+health leave without having had aroused or implanted
+in them a desire for alcoholic liquors,
+neither have they been taught to regard them as
+valuable aids to the recovery of health and strength.
+On the contrary, there have been many who have
+come in, suffering from this delusion, who have had
+it thoroughly dispelled, both by their own experience
+and the experience of their fellow patients.</p>
+
+<p>Sir B. W. Richardson took charge of this hospital
+from 1892 until his death in 1897. In his report in
+1893 he said:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“I remember quite well when according to custom, I should
+have prescribed alcohol in all those cases that were not actually
+inflammatory (speaking of diseases of the alimentary system);
+but I never remember having seen such quick and sound
+recoveries as those which have followed the non-alcoholic
+method.�</p></div>
+
+<p>The following selection showing points of practice
+in this hospital is taken from the same report:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“For medicinal purposes, we are as free as possible from all
+complexity. We use glycerine for making what may be called
+our tinctures, and in my clinique I am introducing a series of
+‘waters’&mdash;aqua ferri, aqua chloroformi, aqua opii, aqua quinæ,
+and so on&mdash;to form the menstruums of other active drugs when
+they are called for. I also follow the plan of having the medicines
+administered with a free quantity of water, and with as
+accurate a dosage as can be obtained, for I agree with Mr.
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span>Spender’s original proposition that the administration of medicines
+in comparatively small and frequent doses is more
+effective and useful than the more common plan of large doses
+given at long intervals.</p>
+
+<p>“I treat many cases by inhalation, and for this end I use
+oxygen in a new and, I hope, efficient manner. I make oxygen
+gas a medium for carrying other volatile substances that admit
+of being inhaled with it. The mode is very simple. *&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*
+In the pneumonic and bronchial cases the treatment has been
+of the simple and sustaining kind. The medicines that have
+been given during the acute febrile stages have been chiefly
+liquor ammoniæ acetatis and carbonate of ammonia in small
+and frequently repeated doses. The patients have all been
+well and carefully fed on the milk and middle diet until convalescence
+was declared. In some of the more extreme instances,
+where there was fear of collapse from separation of
+fibrine in the heart or pulmonary artery, ammonia has been
+given freely according to the method I have for so many years
+inculcated. I have also in cases of depression under which
+fibrinous separation is so easily developed, lighted on a mode
+of administering ammonia which combines feeding with the
+medicine. I direct that a three or five-grain tabloid of bicarbonate
+of ammonia shall be dissolved in a cup of coffee or
+of coffee with milk, and be taken by the patient in that manner.
+The coffee can be sweetened with sugar if that is desired
+by the patient, and the ammonia can be so administered without
+any objectionable taste to the beverage. After what is
+called the crisis in acute pneumonia, I administer very little
+medicine of any kind; I trust rather to careful feeding with
+an occasional alterative or expectorant, as may be required.
+*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;* I am satisfied that no aid I could have derived from
+alcoholic stimulants, as they are called, could have bettered my
+results. I feel sure any candid medical brother who will have
+the steady courage to put aside many old and unproven, though
+much-practiced, methods, based only on unquestioning and
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span>unquestioned experience, and to move into these new fields of
+observation and experience, will, in the end, find no fault with
+me for leaving a track which, though it be beaten very firmly
+and be very wide and smooth to traverse, may not, after all, be
+the surest and soundest path to the golden gate of cure.�</p></div>
+
+
+<h4>THE FRANCES E. WILLARD NATIONAL TEMPERANCE
+HOSPITAL.</h4>
+
+<p>This hospital is situated at 343-349 South Lincoln
+Street, Chicago, in a handsome and well-equipped
+building. It is connected with a medical school. The
+history of its origin is best told in the words of the
+woman to whom the conception of such an institution
+first came, Dr. Mary Weeks Burnett, for several years
+the physician in charge:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“In the fall of 1883 there came to a few of us the thought
+that there was a point of weakness in the temperance pledge.
+It reads, ‘We promise to abstain from all liquors&mdash;<i>as a beverage</i>.’
+We had found in many instances in reform work that
+pledging to abstain from liquor ‘as a beverage,’ and leaving
+the victim to the unlimited use of it in physicians’ prescriptions,
+was simply a skirmish with the devil’s outposts, that the conflict,
+based upon these grounds, was short, and defeat almost
+sure; and the great fact remained that the innermost recesses
+of evil force and power were by this pledge still left unassailed.
+We found that this power of evil had largely entered the homes
+of our land through the family physicians, and that willingly or
+not, the physicians were being used to bring in even our innocent
+children as recruits to this unrighteous warfare.</p>
+
+<p>“Now, how could we hope to eliminate those three little
+words ‘as a beverage’ from our pledge?</p>
+
+<p>“In some way we must bring about an arrest of thought in
+the minds of 100,000 men and women physicians whose medi<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span>cal
+education warranted them in supposing that they knew that
+of alcohol which justified them in its full and free use in medical
+practice. Nothing short of a great national object lesson
+could ever convict and convert this broad constituency through
+which the power of darkness is doing his deadliest work.</p>
+
+<p>“In January, 1884, four of us met and organized under the
+name of the National Temperance Hospital. To have our sick
+properly cared for in our hospital we found that we should be
+obliged to train our own nurses. The nurse who has always
+been accustomed to administering alcohol under the physician’s
+prescription at all times and under all circumstances, and to administering
+it herself at her own discretion if the physician is
+not at hand, is a terror to the temperance physician. So we included
+in our charter a Training School for Nurses. It is now
+open, and we expect, as the years go by, to send out armed
+with our training school diplomas, grand, noble women and
+men thoroughly trained in true temperance methods for relieving
+the sick.</p>
+
+<p>“Our organization lived on paper, and was sustained in purpose
+by prayer and planning for two years. In September,
+1885, Mr. R. G. Peters, of Manistee, Michigan, signified to us
+his intention to give $50,000 toward our buildings whenever we
+had satisfactorily materialized. About the same time a good
+old gentleman in Michigan placed in his will for us $2,500.
+The dear man is still living, and we hope will live many years.
+Even the money when it comes can never be of greater service
+to us than was the knowledge at that time that the Lord was
+our leader and was raising up helpers in the work.</p>
+
+<p>“In January, 1886, we found, according to the law under
+which our charter was obtained, that we must commence active
+operations at once, or obtain a new charter. After a blessed
+season of prayer and counseling together in the board meeting
+held January 29, there being present only the members of the
+board at that time, Mrs. Plumb offered to advance $3,500, if
+necessary, toward the expenses for the first year. We accepted
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span>it with great thankfulness, rented a building the 15th of March,
+1886, and formally opened the National Temperance Hospital on
+the 4th of May, 1886.</p>
+
+<p>“In April, 1886, we took a firm stand upon the alcohol question,
+and decided to eliminate it entirely from our list of therapeutics,
+as we had become convinced that there were better and
+more reliable remedies as stimulants and tonics.</p>
+
+<p>“In September, 1886, at our annual meeting, we reaffirmed
+this decision, and we now have the following as one of the articles
+of our constitution: ‘All medicines used in the hospital
+must be prepared without alcohol, and all physicians accepting
+positions on the medical staff of the hospital or dispensary must
+pledge themselves not to administer alcohol in any form to any
+patient in hospital or dispensary, nor to call in counsel for such
+patients any physician who will advise the use of alcohol.</p>
+
+<p>“Any physician of pure character, and in good standing, who
+is a total abstainer from liquor and tobacco can, by subscribing
+to this pledge, become a member of our physicians’ association,
+and if so desired, be placed upon the visiting and consulting
+staff of the hospital.</p>
+
+<p>“The cases treated in the hospital include many of the serious
+medical and surgical maladies. In no case has any particle
+of alcohol been used, and the usual inflammatory secondary
+symptoms resulting when alcohol is used have been entirely
+avoided.</p>
+
+<p>“Our course of building-up treatment is, we believe, unique
+in hospital practice. It consists of treatment by massage, heat,
+rest, passive exercise, etc., together with proper medication and
+a thoroughly nutritious diet adapted to the individual needs of
+the patient.</p>
+
+<p>“To alleviate, and, if possible, cure disease, is the design of
+all hospital treatment. In our hospital we seek to gain this result
+by means which the highest science of the day approves,
+and in addition to this we have especially at heart the advance<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span>ment
+of the temperance reform. There are, we believe, thousands
+of temperance adherents, who do not yet fully apprehend
+the importance of this hospital to the permanent extension and
+progress of temperance principles. Although prohibition as a
+<i>principle</i> has been accepted by many, yet in its <i>practical application</i>
+in the home in serious illness, it is still feared by the immense
+majority of even our strongest prohibitionists. We are
+organized upon the basis <i>no alcohol in medicine</i>, and we are
+preparing to demonstrate fully and scientifically, so he who runs
+may read, that as in health, so in disease and accident, alcohol
+in any form works to the hindrance and injury of the vital
+forces, and prevents the establishment and advancement of
+health processes in the system.�</p></div>
+
+<p>At the opening of the hospital, May 4, 1886, Miss
+Frances E. Willard, the president of the National
+W. C. T. U., gave the following address:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Nothing is changeless except change. The conservatives of
+one epoch are the madmen of the next, even as the radicals of
+to-day would have been the lunatics of yesterday. To prove
+this, just imagine the founders of this hospital declaring to my
+great-grandfather that because he had taken a cold was no reason
+why he should take a toddy; and <i>per contra</i>, imagine my
+great-grandfather’s doctor marching into our presence here and
+now, with saddle-bags on arm, and after treating us each to a
+glass of grog for our stomach’s sake, giving us a scientific
+disquisition on the sovereign virtues of the blue pill, and informing
+us that bleeding, cupping and starvation were the surest
+methods of cure!</p>
+
+<p>“That the story of Evolution is true I am by no means certain,
+but that ‘We, Us, and Company,’ are ‘evoluting’ with electric
+speed ourselves it is useless to deny. This very hospital
+is the latest mile-stone on the highway of progress in the American
+temperance reform. The conditions that have made its
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span>existence possible have developed in this country within about
+twelve years.</p>
+
+<p>“Public opinion, that mightiest of magicians, has within that
+time been educated up to this level and has said in its omnipotence:
+‘Hospital, be!’ and, behold, the hospital <i>is</i>.</p>
+
+<p>“When I joined the ranks of temperance workers in 1874, a
+thought so adventurous as that alcoholics in relation to medicine
+were a curse and not a blessing had never lodged within
+my cranium. But, as in duty bound, I studied the subject from
+the practical, which is the nineteenth century standpoint.</p>
+
+<p>“I investigated the cause of inebriety, and found the medical
+use of alcoholic stimulants a prominent factor in this horrible
+result; I sought for expert testimony, and found Dr. N. S. Davis,
+ex-President American Medical Association, saying ‘that in his
+ample clinical practice he had for over thirty years tested the
+medical uses of alcoholics, and had <i>found no case of disease
+and no emergency arising from accident that he could not
+treat more successfully without any form of fermented or
+distilled liquors than with</i>’; found Dr. James R. Nichols, of
+Boston, so long editor of <i>The Journal of Chemistry</i>, declaring
+as his deliberate scientific opinion that the entire banishment of
+these liquors ‘would not deprive us of a single one of the indispensable
+agents which modern civilization demands’; found Dr.
+Green, of Boston, saying before the physicians of that city that
+it is upon the members of the medical profession and the exceptional
+laws which it has always demanded, that the whole
+liquor fraternity depends more than upon anything else to
+screen it from opprobrium and just punishment for the evils it
+entails, and that after thirty years of professional experience he
+felt assured that alcoholic stimulants are not required as medicines,
+and that many, if not a majority of the best physicians,
+now believe them <i>to be worse than useless</i>. Meanwhile I
+learned that across the sea such great physicians as Dr. Benjamin
+Ward Richardson, Sir Andrew Clark, Sir Henry Thompson
+and Sir William Gull held views which for their latitude were
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span>almost equally radical; and Dr. James Edmunds, founder of
+the London Temperance Hospital had demonstrated publicly
+and on a grand scale the more excellent way, his hospital having
+4½ per cent. fewer deaths than any other in London, taking the
+same run of cases, and that the Royal Infirmary at Manchester
+reported the medicinal use of alcohol fallen off 87 per cent. in
+recent years, with a decrease in its death-rate of over one-third.
+Besides all this, and independent of any such investigation, the
+‘intuitions’ of our most earnest women were leading them out of
+the wilderness. As is their custom, they determined to put
+this matter to the test of that ‘experience which one experiences
+when he experiences his own experience,’ and a whole
+body of divinity upon the advantages of non-alcoholic treatment
+could be furnished from their evidence. I was not able personally
+to pursue this method, my own condition of good health
+having become chronic. Away back in 1875, in executive
+committee, one of our leading officers was stricken with <i>angina
+pectoris</i>. A physician was promptly summoned. ‘Give her
+brandy,’ he said, and insisted so stoutly upon it as vital to her
+recovery that we should probably have sent for it, but the dear
+woman gasped out faintly, ‘I can die, but I can’t touch brandy.’
+She is alive and flourishing to-day. Another national officer
+absolutely refused whisky for a violent attack of a very different
+character, the physician telling her that she could not live
+through the night without it; but she is still an active worker&mdash;a
+living witness that doctors are not infallible. Instances
+like these have multiplied by hundreds and thousands in our
+Woman’s Christian Unions and Bands of Hope. ‘No, mamma
+I can’t touch liquor; I’ve signed the pledge,’ is a protest
+‘familiar as household words.’ Meanwhile, I beg you to contemplate
+something else that has happened. Behold, our own
+beloved beverage itself,</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">‘Sparkling and bright,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In its liquid light,’<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>has come grandly to our rescue in this crusade against alcohol
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span>in the sick room. Water has become a favorite&mdash;nay, even a
+fashionable&mdash;medicine! The most conservative physicians
+freely prescribe it in the very cases where some form of alcohol
+was the specific so long. To be sure, they give it hot,
+but we do not object to that, since ‘water hot ne’er made a
+sot,’ and it cures dyspepsia and all forms of indigestion as
+whisky never did, but only made believe to; while its external
+use as a fomentation is banishing alcohol even for old
+folks’ ‘rheumatiz’ where, as a remedy, it would be likely to
+make its final stand.</p>
+
+<p>“Farewell, thou cloven-foot, Alcohol! Thou canst no longer
+hide away in the home-like old camphor bottle, paregoric bottle,
+peppermint bottle or Jamaica-ginger bottle; and a tender
+good-by, Mrs. Winslow’s Soothing Syrup, for be it known to
+you that the wonderful discovery stumbled over for six thousand
+years has in our day been made, namely, that hot water
+will soothe the baby’s stomach-aches and the grown people’s
+pains, and drive out a cold when all else fails. <i>Jubilate!</i>
+Clear out the cupboard and top shelf of the closet now that the
+sideboard has gone. Let great Nature have a glance to
+‘mother up’ humanity with the medicine, as well as the
+beverage, brewed in Heaven.�</p></div>
+
+
+<h4>THE RED CROSS HOSPITAL.</h4>
+
+<p>A philanthropic young woman, Miss Bettina A.
+Hofker, entered Mount Sinai Training School for
+Nurses in 1891. Her desire was to fit herself as a
+nurse for the poor. After her graduation in 1893,
+she met Mrs. Charles A. Raymond, a benevolent
+lady, who offered her pecuniary assistance in her
+work. Miss Hofker suggested that she would like
+to institute a Red Cross Hospital and Training
+School for Nurses. Mrs. Raymond succeeded in interesting
+others in the proposition. The name of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span>
+Red Cross however could not be used without
+permission of the officers of the society bearing
+that name, but after consultation with Miss Barton,
+permission was granted. Several years previous to
+this, Dr. A. Monæ Lesser, Dr. Thomas McNicholl
+and Dr. Gottlieb Steger had opened a small hospital
+under the name of St. John’s Institute. This was
+now amalgamated with the Red Cross, and Dr.
+George F. Shrady and Dr. T. Gaillard Thomas, two
+of New York’s leading physicians, were requested
+to act as consulting physicians.</p>
+
+<p>The hospital does not confine itself to service in
+its building alone, but sends its workers wherever
+called, to mansion or tenement. The “Sisters� are
+trained for field service or for any national calamity
+such as floods, earthquakes, forest fires, epidemics,
+etc. When neither war nor calamities require their
+presence, they devote themselves to the service of
+the needy poor, or wait upon the rich, if called.
+The heroic service rendered by the surgeons and
+nurses from this hospital in the Cuban War,
+brought their work into great prominence.</p>
+
+<p>At the suggestion of Miss Barton, the medical
+department of the hospital was <a name="Page_48t" id="Page_48t"></a><a href="#Page_48tn">commissioned</a> to
+treat diseases without the use of alcoholic liquids.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Lesser, the executive surgeon, is a German,
+and of German education, having received his medical
+education in the Universities of Berlin and
+Leipsic. In a conversation with a press representative,
+Dr. Lesser said some time ago:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“We have been convinced that the use of alcohol can be
+entirely eliminated from our medical practice, and this has been
+practically accomplished at the Red Cross Hospital. We find
+that where stimulants are required, such remedies as caffeine,
+nitro-glycerine and kolafra take the place of alcohol, and are
+even more satisfactory. The main use of alcohol is to stimulate
+the action of the heart in various ailments. The blood is thus
+forced to the remote parts of the system, and poisonous substances
+carried away. But, besides serving this good purpose,
+the drug tears down and ultimately destroys the cellular tissues
+of the body. A relapse is certain to follow the application.
+The drugs that I have mentioned serve exactly the same purpose
+without the disastrous results. We are proving this every day
+at the Red Cross Hospital.</p>
+
+<p>“Only a few days ago a boy was brought in, apparently at
+the point of death. He was put into bed and watched by the
+nurse. After a little ammonia had been given to him as a
+stimulant, he unconsciously expressed himself to the effect
+that it was not the same as they gave him in another place, and
+gradually when it dawned upon him that no alcohol was
+administered by the Red Cross, he said, ‘Gin has allers made
+me better.’ The doctor in charge, who already suspected that
+the boy was pretending illness for the sake of the drink, was not
+surprised an hour or two afterwards to learn that he had
+demanded his clothes, dressed himself, and left the hospital
+most ungratefully, but apparently quite well.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. George F. Shrady, one of the consulting physicians,
+is famous as having been in attendance
+upon both President Garfield and President Grant.
+He is the editor of the <i>Medical Record</i>, one of the
+most important medical journals published in
+America. While not a non-alcoholic physician, he
+says of the medical use of intoxicants:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“There is altogether too much looseness among physicians
+in prescribing alcohol. It is a dangerous drug. There is much
+more alcohol used by physicians than is necessary, and it does
+great harm. Whisky is not a preventive; it prevents no disease
+whatever, contrary to a current notion. Another thing,
+we physicians get blamed wrongfully in many cases. People
+who want to drink, and do drink, often lay it on to the physician
+who prescribed it. *&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;* I think that in most cases
+where alcohol is now used, other drugs with which we are
+familiar could be used with far better effect, and with no harmful
+results.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. Steger, another physician of the staff, says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“I don’t use alcohol at all in my practice. I used to use it,
+but my observation has been that other drugs do the same
+work without the harmful results. Alcohol over-stimulates the
+heart, and tears down the cellular tissues of the system, besides
+causing other deleterious effects. The use of alcohol is simply
+a superstition among physicians. They have used it so long
+that they think they always must. I am not a total abstainer,
+but that only shows that I take better care of my patients than
+I do of myself. It is not good for a healthy man to drink, but
+sometimes folks like myself do things which had better be left
+undone. I have seen patients in hospitals made absolutely
+drunk by their physicians.�</p></div>
+
+<p>The following interesting items in regard to
+practice in this hospital are culled from the report
+of 1897:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Temperature was never reduced by active drugs known as
+antipyretics.</p>
+
+<p>“Water was allowed freely after all kinds of surgical operations
+and in fevers.</p>
+
+<p>“Alcohol was never used as an internal medicine.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span></p>
+<p>“The free use of water in saline solutions directly injected
+into the tissues was found of great service. Quarts have been
+injected that way with most satisfactory results.</p>
+
+<p>“Antipyretics were altogether discarded as it is well known
+that their action diminishes the tone of the heart. Artificial
+reduction of temperature only deludes one into the belief that
+the drug has improved the condition of the patient, while in
+reality, it has no beneficial influence on the disease, and has
+reduced the vital resistance of the patient. In no case has high
+temperature harmed a patient and there was every evidence
+that in some instances a high temperature was preferable to a
+low one.</p>
+
+<p>“Special attention has been given to the use of alcohol in
+disease, not with any desire to approve or disapprove it, but
+solely for the purpose of discovering the truth, for nothing
+seems of greater public interest from a medical standpoint than
+the truth regarding a subject for which so many virtues are
+claimed on the one hand, and so many destructive elements
+proven on the other. *&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*</p>
+
+<p>“We criticise the treatment of no institution, antagonize no
+school of medicine, claim no unusual or peculiar scientific
+virtue, but what we do maintain and insist upon is this: that
+the human body may be ever so afflicted, ever so reduced, the
+heart ever so feeble, and the spark of life ever so dim, the
+conscientious student of medicine can secure as good results
+without as with administration of antipyretics, sparkling wines,
+beers or liquors.</p>
+
+<p>“Experience teaches that true science does not antagonize
+nature. In surgical cases, in septicæmia, in pneumonia, or in
+any of the fevers, water freely administered has proven to be a
+real source of comfort, and an aid to recovery. It is amazing
+how favorably diseases terminate under this beneficent beverage.
+The withholding of food does not retard, but rather hastens
+convalescence.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span></p>
+<p>“In the conduct of our Red Cross patients, irrespective of
+their condition when admitted, it can be truly said that after
+treatment began, delirium has not been witnessed in a single
+instance, and as our hospital reports indicate, our mortality
+has been unusually small.</p>
+
+<p>“Alcohol has not figured as a life-saver in our institution.
+Cases of extreme collapse following major operations, cases of
+pneumonia, where the pulse ranged from 160 to 220, patients
+suffering from pernicious anæmia, septicæmia, pyæmia, cholera
+infantum and typhoid fever, some of whom when first seen were
+in the worst stages of delirium and collapse have without
+alcohol regained consciousness, overcome delirium and made
+excellent recoveries.</p>
+
+<p>“The following cases very forcibly illustrate the results of
+non-alcoholic treatment:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>“Case No. 1. A child, aged nine months, under treatment
+for six days for pneumonia, came under our notice on the
+seventh day. The temperature was 106 5-10; pulse was 220;
+respirations 90. Whisky, which had been given previously to
+the extent of two ounces daily, was stopped. Carbonate of
+ammonia, caffeine salicylate, nitro-glycerine and 1-10 of a drop
+of aconite were given internally; camphorated lard applied
+externally; with the result that on the ninth day temperature
+stood 99; pulse 100; respiration 20. The child made a complete
+recovery.</p>
+
+<p>“Case No. 2. L. was a child aged eight months, suffering
+from a very violent attack of entero-colitis. For three weeks
+previous to coming under our notice the patient received
+brandy, stimulating foods and alkaline mixtures. Fearfully
+emaciated, temperature 106, feeble pulse 182, frequent bloody
+discharges from the bowels, numbering as much as thirty in a
+day and constant vomiting, the child was considered beyond
+hope. Under these circumstances, and at this time we first
+saw her. Brandy and all foods were stopped; bowel flushings
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span>were given, 1-12 of a drop of tincture of aconite was administered
+every half hour and salicylate of caffeine every two hours.
+In twenty-four hours the temperature was 105 and the pulse
+160. In two days, temperature was 102 and the pulse 140. In
+one week, temperature was 99 5-10, pulse 110. In three weeks,
+the patient was discharged cured.</p>
+
+<p>“Case No. 3. Mrs. C., aged forty-three, who had been under
+treatment for seven weeks for <a name="Page_53t" id="Page_53t"></a><a href="#Page_53tn">metrorrhagia</a>, nietortes and peritonitis
+came under our notice. Brandy which had been previously
+given in large quantities had proved of no avail and the
+patient was considered beyond recovery. We found her completely
+prostrated, temperature 102, pulse 170, and unconscious.
+The heart very weak and irregular. The brandy was discontinued,
+salicylate of caffeine and nitrate of strychnia were
+given with the result that in a short time the patient was convalescent
+and finally recovered.</p>
+
+<p>“Each case in our hospital is an additional proof that
+whether found in wines, spirits or beers, alcohol can claim no
+right as an indispensable medicine.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. Lesser, who was Surgeon-General of the
+American Red Cross in the Cuban War said after
+his return from his first visit to Cuba that four out
+of six of his patients, to whom he allowed liquor to
+be given as a concession to the popular idea that it
+was necessary, died; while subsequently in treating
+absolutely without alcohol sixty-three similar cases,
+only one died, and he upon the day on which he
+was received at the hospital.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ALCOHOL IN OTHER HOSPITALS.</h4>
+
+<p>In the spring of 1909 a circular letter was sent to
+some of the best known hospitals throughout the coun<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span>try
+asking if the use of alcoholic liquors had decreased
+in those institutions during the past ten years. From
+the replies received the following statements are
+taken:</p>
+
+<p>Cook County Hospital, Chicago, sent figures for
+two years only, 1907, and 1908. With 28,932 patients
+treated in 1907, the bill for wines and liquors
+amounted to only $719.40. In 1908 with 31,202
+patients the bill for liquors amounted to $970.65. This
+makes a <i>per capita</i> expenditure for liquors for 1907
+of .024 cents, and for 1908 a <i>per capita</i> expenditure
+of .031 cents. The <i>per capita</i> expenditure for liquors
+during the same years in Bellevue and Allied Hospitals
+of New York city, with from 30,000 to 40,000 patients
+treated was .0246 and .029. Two or three cents as
+the yearly <i>per capita</i> expenditure for alcoholic liquors
+in the two largest hospitals in America is striking evidence
+that the physicians practicing there have not
+large faith in whisky, or other alcoholic liquors as
+remedial agents.</p>
+
+<p>Long Island, N. Y., State Hospital:&mdash;“We are not
+using more than half the amount of alcohol we used
+ten years ago.�</p>
+
+<p>Manhattan State Hospital, Ward’s Island, New
+York City:&mdash;“Our patient population has averaged
+nearly 4,500 the last four years, and we have had about
+750 employees, many of whom are prescribed for by
+institution physicians. The <i>per capita</i> cost of distilled
+liquors for the last fiscal year was .0273 at this hospital.�</p>
+
+<p>Milwaukee City Hospital:&mdash;“No alcoholic liquors
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span>are used to any extent in this hospital, or prescribed
+by the staff. I know of no move against such use of
+liquors, but venture the assertion that the physicians
+believe they have more reliable agents at their command
+for most cases.�</p>
+
+<p>Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia:&mdash;“We are
+now using about one-third the amount of liquor that
+was used in the Pennsylvania Hospital ten years ago.�</p>
+
+<p>The Presbyterian Hospital of Philadelphia sent figures
+for the years from 1900 to 1908. Those for 1900
+show the cost of liquors to be $774.20 and for 1908
+only $331.48. The number of patients was not given.</p>
+
+<p>Grady Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia:&mdash;“That less
+liquor is now used than formerly is a fact well known
+to all connected with the institution.�</p>
+
+<p>Garfield Memorial, Washington, D. C., sent figures
+for ten years. For 1899 the cost of liquors was
+$490.08, with a steady decrease to 1908 when the cost
+was $274.58. Number of patients in 1899 was 1,171;
+in 1908, 1,898 patients. The <i>per capita</i> for 1908 was
+.144 cents.</p>
+
+<p>University Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan:&mdash;“Very
+little alcohol is prescribed in this hospital.�</p>
+
+<p>Maine General Hospital, Portland:&mdash;“Comparatively
+speaking, we use but little alcohol for the reason
+that we now have many remedies which, especially for
+continued use, are superior to alcohol, which twenty
+years ago we did not have. For the conditions or
+emergencies in which we think alcohol has a value it is
+used when required or deemed best.�<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Buffalo, New York, State Hospital sent figures for
+six years which include cost of alcohol used in the
+manufacture of pharmaceutical preparations, which, of
+course, makes a very decided difference. <i>Per capita</i>
+for 1903 was 22 cents; for 1908 it was 18 cents.</p>
+
+<p>Buffalo, New York, General Hospital:&mdash;“The use
+of alcohol as a drug in this hospital has diminished
+about one-third in the past ten years, but I wish to
+add in this connection that the use of all drugs has
+diminished in this hospital, and to the best of my
+knowledge in other institutions of a like character.
+The use of the microscope, and other studies have
+advanced the science of medicine the same as all other
+branches of learning, and other methods are coming
+to be used beside the use of drugs.�</p>
+
+<p>Mount Sinai, New York City:&mdash;“The use of alcoholic
+beverages here for medical purposes is the exception
+rather than the rule. The majority of our cases
+are surgical cases, and in these alcoholic liquors are
+rarely prescribed for any purpose whatsoever.�</p>
+
+<p>Massachusetts Homeopathic Hospital, Boston, sent
+figures for five years. For 1904 the cost of alcoholic
+liquors was $197.69 with 3,720 patients; for 1908, the
+cost was $69.82 with 4,543 patients. The <i>per capita</i>
+cost for the five years is as follows: 1904, cost .0531
+cents; 1905, cost .0474; 1906, cost .034; 1907, cost
+.0171; 1908, cost .0153.</p>
+
+<p>In the <i>Boston Medical and Surgical Journal</i> of
+April 15, 1909, Dr. Richard C. Cabot gave a table showing
+the decrease in the use of alcoholic liquors, and of
+other drugs in Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span></p><p>The following is his table:</p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" summary="The decrease in the use of alcoholic liquors, and of
+other drugs in Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, 1898-1902." style="width: 70%;">
+  <tr>
+  <th>&nbsp;</th>
+
+  <th class="tdrp">1898</th>
+  <th class="tdrp">1899</th>
+  <th class="tdrp">1900</th>
+  <th class="tdrp">1901</th>
+  <th class="tdrp">1902</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Ale and Beer</td>
+  <td class="tdr">$759.00</td>
+  <td class="tdr">$793.90</td>
+  <td class="tdr">$1,062.00</td>
+  <td class="tdr">$723.00</td>
+  <td class="tdr">$605.00</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlt">Wines and liquors,</td>
+  <td class="tdr">1,563.00<br />&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td>
+  <td class="tdr">2,209.00<br />&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td>
+  <td class="tdr">1,348.00<br />&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td>
+  <td class="tdr">1,063.00<br />&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td>
+  <td class="tdr">799.00<br />&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td>
+</tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlt">Total for alcoholic drinks,</td>
+  <td class="tdrt">$2,321.00</td>
+  <td class="tdrt">$3,002.00</td>
+  <td class="tdrt">$2,410.00</td>
+  <td class="tdrt">$1,786.00</td>
+  <td class="tdrt">$1,404.00<br /><br /></td>
+</tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlt">Total for other medicines,</td>
+  <td class="tdrt">$8,424.00</td>
+  <td class="tdrt">$10,013.00</td>
+  <td class="tdrt">$10,132.00</td>
+  <td class="tdrt">$9,168.00</td>
+  <td class="tdrt">$9,772.00<br /><br /></td>
+</tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Number of patients,</td>
+  <td class="tdr">5,005</td>
+  <td class="tdr">5,203</td>
+  <td class="tdr">5,012</td>
+  <td class="tdr">5,495</td>
+  <td class="tdr">5,342</td>
+</tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Cost of alcohol per patient,</td>
+  <td class="tdr">$0.46</td>
+  <td class="tdr">$0.57</td>
+  <td class="tdr">$0.48</td>
+  <td class="tdr">$0.32</td>
+  <td class="tdr">$0.26</td>
+</tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Cost of medicine per patient,</td>
+  <td class="tdr">1.68</td>
+  <td class="tdr">1.92</td>
+  <td class="tdr">2.02</td>
+  <td class="tdr">1.66</td>
+  <td class="tdr">1.88</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" summary="The decrease in the use of alcoholic liquors, and of
+other drugs in Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, 1903-1907." style="width: 70%;">
+  <tr>
+  <th>&nbsp;</th>
+
+  <th class="tdrp">1903</th>
+  <th class="tdrp">1904</th>
+  <th class="tdrp">1905</th>
+  <th class="tdrp">1906</th>
+  <th class="tdrp">1907</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Ale and Beer</td>
+  <td class="tdr">$338.00</td>
+  <td class="tdr">$431.00</td>
+  <td class="tdr">$301.00</td>
+  <td class="tdr">$192.00</td>
+  <td class="tdr">$203.00</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlt">Wines and liquors,</td>
+  <td class="tdr">688.00<br />&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td>
+  <td class="tdr">904.00<br />&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td>
+  <td class="tdr">144.00<br />&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td>
+  <td class="tdr">546.00<br />&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td>
+  <td class="tdr">610.00</td>
+</tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlt">Total for alcoholic drinks,</td>
+  <td class="tdrt">$1,026.00</td>
+  <td class="tdrt">$1,335.00</td>
+  <td class="tdrt">$445.00</td>
+  <td class="tdrt">$738.00</td>
+  <td class="tdrt">$813.00<br /><br /></td>
+</tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlt">Total for other medicines,</td>
+  <td class="tdrt">$7,815.00</td>
+  <td class="tdrt">$9,162.00</td>
+  <td class="tdrt">$7,018.00</td>
+  <td class="tdrt">$5,981.00</td>
+  <td class="tdrt">$5,492.00<br /><br /></td>
+</tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Number of patients,</td>
+  <td class="tdr">5,429</td>
+  <td class="tdr">5,709</td>
+  <td class="tdr">5,531</td>
+  <td class="tdr">5,513</td>
+  <td class="tdr">5,966</td>
+</tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Cost of alcohol per patient,</td>
+  <td class="tdr">$0.19</td>
+  <td class="tdr">$0.23</td>
+  <td class="tdr">$0.09</td>
+  <td class="tdr">$0.13</td>
+  <td class="tdr">$0.13</td>
+</tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Cost of medicine per patient,</td>
+  <td class="tdr">1.43</td>
+  <td class="tdr">1.60</td>
+  <td class="tdr">1.26</td>
+  <td class="tdr">1.00</td>
+  <td class="tdr">0.92</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<p>Dr. Cabot says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Since there has been no fall in the price of stimulants or
+medicine, the diminished expenditure corresponds to a diminution
+in the number of doses of medicine and stimulants,
+and indicates a rapid and striking change of view among the
+members of the staff of the hospital, especially in the past
+five years, when it has become generally known that alcohol
+is not a stimulant but a narcotic and that drugs can cure
+only about half a dozen of the diseases against which we are
+contending.</p>
+
+<p>“There has been during this period no increase in the proportion
+of surgical cases among the whole number treated,
+so that the decreased use of medicines and alcoholic beverages
+has not resulted from an increased resort to surgical
+remedies. On the other hand, there has been a great increase
+in the utilization of baths (hydrotherapeutics), of
+massage, of mechanical treatment and of psychical treatment,
+all of which accounts no doubt for part of the falling off in
+the use of alcohol and drugs.�</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V.</h2>
+
+<h3>THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL UPON THE
+HUMAN BODY.</h3>
+
+
+<p>The body is made up mainly of cells, fibres and
+fluids. The cell is the most important structure in
+the living body. Life resides in the cell, and every
+animal may be considered a mass of cells, each of
+which is alive, and each of which has its own work
+to accomplish in the building up of the body.</p>
+
+<p>The matter which forms the mass of a cell is called
+protoplasm, or bioplasm. It resembles somewhat
+the white of a raw egg, which is almost pure albumen.
+Cells make up the body, and do its work. Some are
+employed to construct the skeleton, others are used
+to form the organs which move the body; liver-cells
+secrete bile, and the cells in the kidneys separate
+poisonous matters from the blood in order that they
+may be expelled from the system.</p>
+
+<p>These cells, composing the mass of the body,
+being very delicate, are easily acted upon by substances
+coming into contact with them. If substances
+other than natural foods or drinks are
+introduced into the body, the cells are injuriously
+affected. Alcohol is especially injurious to cells,
+“retarding the changes in their interior, hindering
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span>their appropriation of food, and elimination of
+waste matters, and therefore preventing their
+proper development and growth.�</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Bioplasm is living matter; it is structureless, semi-fluid,
+transparent and colorless. It is the only matter that can grow,
+move, divide itself and multiply, the only matter that can take
+up pabulum (food) and convert it into its own substance; and is
+the only matter that can be nourished. The bioplasm in the
+cell gets its nourishment by drawing in of the pabulum through
+the cell wall, and in that way building up the formed material
+while it is being disintegrated on the outer surface. This process
+is continually being carried on, and is what is meant by
+nutrition. Disintegration of the formed material is as essential
+as the building up of it. All organic structure is the result of
+change taking place in bioplasm. These small cell-like bioplasts
+are the workmen of the organism. All wounds are
+repaired by them, all fractures are united, and all diseased tissues
+brought back to their normal and healthy condition, unless
+there is not vitality enough to overcome disease, or they have
+been injured or killed by poisonous material. The body is kept
+in repair by this living matter, and all the functions of the body
+are but the result of its action. We may examine, watch and
+study bioplasm under the microscope; we see it take up pabulum
+and convert that which is adapted to itself into its own substance,
+while all other substances are rejected. We take a
+solution of what we call a stimulant and immerse the bioplasm
+in it, and we find that it increases its activity, moves faster, takes
+up more pabulum, and divides more rapidly than in the unstimulated
+condition. We next add an astringent, and it begins to
+move more slowly, and soon contracts into a spherical shape
+and remains contracted, or may move slowly to a limited extent,
+depending on the strength of the solution. We next take
+a relaxant, and gradually the living matter begins to spread in
+all directions, in a laxy-like manner, and becomes so thin as to
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span>be almost undiscernible, and takes up very little, if any, pabulum.
+If sufficiently relaxed or astringed, the movements may
+entirely cease so as to appear lifeless, but when a stimulant is
+again added the same result is obtained as before&mdash;it begins to
+move, and acts as vigorous as ever, which shows that it was
+not injured in the least by the agents used. Alcohol is called a
+stimulant. We take a weak solution of alcohol and try it in the
+same way; but we find that almost instantly the living matter
+contracts into a ball-like mass. Now, we may through ignorance
+suppose that alcohol acts as an astringent, and so we try
+to stimulate it with the same harmless agent before used, but
+no impression is made on it; it does not move; it is dead matter.
+These are demonstrable facts, and lie at the foundation of
+physiology, pathology and the practice of medicine. Alcohol
+destroys the very life force that alone keeps the body in repair.
+For a more simple experiment as to the action of alcohol, take
+the white of an egg (which consists of albumen, and is very
+similar to bioplasm), put it into alcohol, and notice it turn
+white, coagulate and harden. The same experiment can be
+made with blood with the same result&mdash;killing the blood bioplasts.
+Raw meat will turn white and harden in alcohol. Alcohol
+acts the same on food in the stomach as it does on the
+same substances before introduced into the stomach, and acts
+just the same on blood and all the living tissues in the system
+as out of it; and this alone is enough to condemn its use as a
+medicine.� From <i>Alcohol, Is It a Medicine?</i> by W. F. Pechuman,
+M. D., of Detroit, Michigan.</p></div>
+
+
+<h4>ALCOHOL AND STOMACH DIGESTION.</h4>
+
+<p>The nitrogenous portions of the food are the
+only ones digested in the stomach. The oily and
+fatty, as well as the starchy portions, are digested
+in the small intestines.</p>
+
+<p>Very little was known about digestion until 1833,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span>when Dr. Beaumont published the results of his
+investigations upon the stomach of Alexis St.
+Martin. St. Martin received a severe wound in the
+left side from a shot-gun. The wound in healing
+left an opening into the stomach about â…˜ of an
+inch in diameter, closed on the inside by a flap of
+mucous membrane. Through this opening the
+interior of the stomach could be thoroughly examined.
+Dr. Beaumont made hundreds of observations
+upon this young man, who was in his home several
+years. He says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“In a feverish condition, from whatever cause, obstructed
+perspiration, <i>excitement by alcoholic liquors</i>, overloading the
+stomach with food, fear, anger or whatever depresses or disturbs
+the nervous system, the lining of the stomach becomes
+somewhat red and dry, at other times pale and moist, and loses
+its smooth and healthy appearance, the secretions become
+vitiated, greatly diminished or entirely suppressed.�</p></div>
+
+<p>One day after giving St. Martin a good wholesome
+dinner, digestion of which was going on in
+regular order, Dr. Beaumont gave him a glass of
+gin. The digestive process was at once arrested,
+and did not begin again until after the absorption
+of the spirit, after which it was slowly renewed,
+and tardily finished.</p>
+
+<p>Gluzinski made some conclusive experiments
+with a syphon. He drew off the contents of the
+stomach at various times with and without liquor.
+He concluded that alcohol entirely suspends the
+transformation of food while it remains in the
+stomach.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Dr. Figg, of Edinburgh, fed two dogs with roast
+mutton; to one of them he gave 1½ounces of
+spirit. Three hours later he killed both dogs.
+The dog without liquor had digested the mutton;
+the other had not digested his at all. Similar
+experiments have been made repeatedly with like
+result.</p>
+
+<p>The elements of our food which the stomach can
+digest depend upon the pepsin of the gastric juice
+for their transformation. Alcohol diminishes the
+secretions of the gastric juice, unless given in very
+minute quantities, and kills and precipitates its
+pepsin. It also coagulates both albumen and
+fibrine, converting them into a solid substance,
+thus rendering them unfit for the action of the
+solvent principles of the gastric juice. Hence, any
+considerable quantity of alcohol taken into the
+stomach must for the time retard the function of
+digestion.</p>
+
+<p>Many experiments have been made with gastric
+juice in vials, one, having alcohol added, the other,
+not having alcohol. The meat in the vials without
+alcohol, in time dissolved till it bore the appearance
+of soup; in the vials to which alcohol was added
+the meat remained practically unchanged. In the
+latter a deposit of pepsin was found at the bottom,
+the alcohol having precipitated it. Dr. Henry
+Munroe, of England, one of the experimenters in
+this line of research, says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Alcohol, even in a diluted form, has the peculiar power of
+interfering with the ordinary process of digestion.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span></p>
+<p>“As long as alcohol remains in the stomach in any degree
+of concentration, the process of digestion is arrested, and is not
+continued until enough gastric juice is thrown out to overcome
+its effects.�&mdash;<i>Tracy’s Physiology</i>, page 90.</p></div>
+
+<p>In <i>The Human Body</i>, Dr. Newell Martin says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“A vast number of persons suffer from alcoholic dyspepsia
+without knowing its cause; people who were never drunk in
+their lives and consider themselves very temperate. Abstinence
+from alcohol, the cause of the trouble, is the true remedy.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Sir B. W. Richardson:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“The common idea that alcohol acts as an aid to digestion
+is without foundation. Experiments on the artificial digestion
+of food, in which the natural process is closely imitated, show
+that the presence of alcohol in the solvents employed interferes
+with and weakens the efficacy of the solvents. It is also one of
+the most definite of facts that persons who indulge even in
+what is called the moderate use of alcohol suffer often from
+dyspepsia from this cause alone. In fact, it leads to the symptoms
+which, under the varied names of biliousness, nervousness,
+lassitude and indigestion, are so well and extensively
+known.</p>
+
+<p>“From the paralysis of the minute blood-vessels which is
+induced by alcohol, there occurs, when alcohol is introduced
+into the stomach, injection of the vessels and redness of the
+mucous lining of the stomach. This is attended by the subjective
+feeling of a warmth or glow within the body, and
+according to some, with an increased secretion of the gastric
+fluids. It is urged by the advocates of alcohol that this action
+of alcohol on the stomach is a reason for its employment as an
+aid to digestion, especially when the digestive powers are
+feeble. At best this argument suggests only an artificial aid,
+which it cannot be sound practice to make permanent in place
+of the natural process of digestion. In truth, the artificial
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span>stimulation, if it be resorted to even moderately, is in time
+deleterious. It excites a morbid habitual craving, and in the
+end leads to weakened contractile power of the vessels of the
+stomach, to consequent deficiency of control of those vessels
+over the current of blood, to organic impairment of function,
+and to confirmed indigestion. Lastly, it is a matter of experience
+with me, that in nine cases out of ten, the sense of the
+necessity, on which so much is urged, is removed in the
+readiest manner, by the simple plan of total abstinence, without
+any other remedy or method.�</p></div>
+
+<p>In <i>Medicinal Drinking</i>, by John Kirk, M. D., this
+passage occurs:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Especially in the matter of support, it is essential to our
+inquiry to examine fully into alcoholic influence on the change
+by which food introduced into the stomach becomes capable of
+passing into the circulation and constituent elements of the
+living frame. It may be best to suppose a case for illustration.
+Here, then, is a child of, say, six or seven years of age. This
+child is of the slenderer sex and has been brought into a state of
+extreme weakness as the consequence of fever. The fury of
+the disease is expended, but it has, as nearly as may be, extinguished
+life. The medical man’s one hope for saving this
+child is now concentrated in what he fancies to be ‘support.’
+Beef-tea, arrowroot and <i>port wine</i> are prescribed. Let it be
+kept in mind that the pure wine of the grape is discarded in
+favor of alcoholic wine. Our question is, What effect will the
+alcohol in this wine have on that process by which the food is
+to prove really nourishing, and so to be that support which is
+the only hope for this child? Will it help her? or will it so
+hinder the necessary change in the food as to kill her, unless
+she has sufficient strength left to get above its influence?
+These are surely important questions. Neither of them can be
+set at rest by the fact that she recovers; for she <i>may</i> have
+strength enough, as many have had, to survive even a serious
+error in her treatment.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span></p>
+<p>“What light, then, does true science throw on these important
+questions? All who know anything on the subject are aware
+that alcohol, instead of dissolving <i>food</i>, or aiding in its dissolution,
+is one of the most powerful agents in preventing that
+dissolution. On what principle, then, is it possible that its
+being mixed with the materials of food, in this case, can aid in
+their dissolution, so that they may more easily be changed into
+the fresh blood required to sustain and recover life in this
+child?�</p></div>
+
+<p>He then refers to the experiments with gastric
+juice in vials, and proceeds:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Here, then, is indisputable evidence that alcohol effectually
+<i>prevents</i> that process which is known as digestion, and which
+is essential to food’s being of any use to support life in man.
+On what principle can the physician explain his introduction of
+it into the stomach of a child whose thread of life is attenuated
+to the slenderest hair?</p>
+
+<p>“We urge the chemical truth that the alcohol, given to promote
+support, is of such a nature as to prevent that which
+would nourish, from effecting the end so much to be desired,
+and for which true food is adapted.�</p></div>
+
+<p>The pure, unfermented juice of the grape, free
+from chemical preservatives, is now used by many
+physicians where the miserable concoction of drugs
+and alcohol, known as port wine, was once considered
+essential. Unfermented grape juice contains
+all the nutriment of the grape, without any of
+the poison, alcohol. After being opened it should
+be kept in a cool place, or it will ferment and produce
+alcohol. Fruit juices are very grateful to a
+fever patient, and should not be withheld as they
+are in so many cases. Dr. J. H. Kellogg, and other
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span>non-alcoholic physicians, recommend them highly.
+They are better than milk, as milk frequently produces
+“feverishness,� while fruit juices allay it.</p>
+
+<p>For those who think beer or ale an incentive to
+appetite, Dr. N. S. Davis, and others, recommend
+an infusion of hops, made fresh each day. It is the
+bitter which promotes appetite, not the alcohol.
+For the sake of the little bitter in beer, it is not
+wise to vitiate the tone of the stomach with the
+alcohol it contains, and which is its active principle.
+Many mothers have become drunkards, secret
+drunkards, possibly, through the use of beer as a
+fancied aid to digestion. Multitudes of men suffer
+untold horrors from dyspepsia, caused by the beer
+which they mistakenly suppose to be a friend to
+their stomach.</p>
+
+
+<h4>EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL UPON THE BLOOD.</h4>
+
+<p>“The blood is a thick, opaque fluid, varying in
+color in different parts of the body from a bright
+scarlet to a dark purple, or even almost black.� If
+a drop of blood be placed under a microscope, immense
+numbers of small bodies will be seen. These
+are called blood-globules, or corpuscles, or discs.
+There are both red, and white or colorless, corpuscles.
+Each red corpuscle is soft and jelly-like.
+Its chief constituent, besides water, is a substance
+called hemoglobin, which has the power of combining
+with oxygen when in a place where that gas is
+plentiful, and of giving it off again in a region
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span>where oxygen is absent, or present only in small
+quantity. Hence, as the blood flows through the
+lungs, which are constantly supplied with fresh air,
+its corpuscles take up oxygen, which, as it flows on,
+is carried by them to distant parts of the body
+where oxygen is deficient, and there given up to
+the tissues. This oxygen-carrying is the function
+of the red corpuscles.</p>
+
+<p>Hemoglobin, as the coloring-matter of the blood
+is called, is dark purplish-red in color; combined
+with oxygen it is bright “scarlet red.� Accordingly,
+the blood which flows to the lungs after giving
+up its oxygen is dark red in color, its dark
+color being due to the impurities it contains; and
+that which, having received a fresh supply of oxygen,
+flows away from the lungs is bright scarlet&mdash;having
+been cleansed of its impurities. The bright
+red blood is called <i>arterial</i>, and the dark red <i>venous</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The work assigned to the blood in the economy
+of the human system is: first, to pick up nutriment
+in its course through the walls of the alimentary
+canal, and oxygen, as it flows through the lungs,
+and convey these to all other parts of the body.
+Second, to act as a sort of sewage stream that
+drains off waste matter, and to carry this to the
+organs of excretion by which waste is expelled
+from the body.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“The blood is the great circulating market of the body, in
+which all the things that are wanted by all parts, by the muscles,
+the brain, the skin, the lungs, liver and kidneys, are
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span>bought and sold. What the muscles want they buy from the
+blood; what they have done with, they sell back to the blood;
+and so with every other organ and part. As long as life lasts
+this buying and selling is forever going on, and this is why the
+blood is forever on the move, sweeping restlessly from place to
+place, bringing to each part the thing it wants, and carrying
+away those with which it has done. When the blood ceases to
+move, the market is blocked, the buying and selling cease, and
+all the organs die, starved for lack of the things they want,
+choked by the abundance of things for which they have no
+longer any need.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Foster.</span></p></div>
+
+<p>This is one way of saying that the processes of
+repair and waste are constantly going on in the
+body. Every action of the body, every impulse of
+the mind uses up some cell-matter, which must
+then be passed from the body as waste. This is
+called tissue disintegration. New cells to repair
+tissue waste are built up from the nutriment which
+the blood carries from the alimentary canal after
+the process of food digestion is accomplished.
+This is called tissue construction, or the process of
+assimilation. Technically, these are the metabolic,
+or destructive and constructive processes. Both
+are essential to health and life. Any substance
+taken into the body, which will interfere with these
+processes of nutrition and waste is inimical to
+health, and in time of disease, dangerous to life.</p>
+
+<p><i>Alcohol is such a substance.</i></p>
+
+<p>The cells and tissues of the body which are
+touched by alcohol are more or less hardened and
+injured by it, hence are less perfectly nourished
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span>than they are when alcohol is not present in the
+blood. Even a teaspoonful of alcohol to a ½ gallon
+of water hinders natural growth. If liquor is given
+to puppies it keeps them small. Young growing-cells
+are most affected by it, because they are most
+tender. There are growing-cells in adults as well
+as in children, for people are growing and changing
+all through their lives.</p>
+
+<p>Hence, when alcohol is administered in sickness
+the cells are hindered in the full performance of
+their function of taking up food for the building up
+of tissue, and as a consequence, the patient’s body
+is really robbed of nutriment by the agent which is
+supposed to be “keeping up his strength.� Truly,
+“Wine is a <i>mocker</i>, strong drink is raging, and whosoever
+is <i>deceived</i> thereby is not wise.�</p>
+
+<p>That alcohol interferes with the passage of waste
+matter from the body is generally conceded. Indeed
+this is claimed by the advocates of its medicinal
+use as one of its virtues: the fact that less
+waste passes from the body being urged as evidence
+that there is less waste, that in some way alcohol
+preserves tissue from being used up in the natural
+way. Those who speak thus seem to think that
+they know better than the Creator how the body
+should be treated. He made the body so that in
+health, work, waste and repair should be equal to
+one another.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Ezra M. Hunt says in <i>Alcohol as a Food and
+as a Medicine</i>:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“We believe that any one who will candidly review the
+claims put forth for alcohol, in that it delays in any of these
+hypothetical ways, tissue-change, will conclude that it has no
+such power <i>in a salutary sense</i>, and that it is unwarrantably
+assumed that to retard tissue metamorphosis (change) is
+equivalent to tissue nutrition.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. N. S. Davis says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“It seems hardly possible that men of eminent attainments
+in the profession should so far forget one of the most fundamental
+and universally recognized laws of organic life as to promulgate
+the fallacy here stated. The fundamental law to
+which we refer is, that all vital phenomena are accompanied by,
+and dependent upon, molecular or atomic changes; and whatever
+retards these retards the phenomena of life; whatever suspends
+these suspends life. Hence, to say that an agent which
+retards tissue metamorphosis is in any sense a food, is simply
+to pervert and misapply terms.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Non-alcoholic physicians unite in declaring that
+the retention of waste matter in the system, caused
+by alcohol, invites disease, and tends to inflammatory
+action; and in illness retards, and frequently
+prevents, recovery, for the germs of disease remain
+longer in the body than they would were it not for
+the delay in the passage of effete matter.</p>
+
+<p><i>Alcohol not only hinders the blood in its work of
+tissue nutrition; it also prevents the full oxidation of
+the blood in the lungs.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“In order that a steam engine may work and keep warm it
+is not merely necessary that it have plenty of coal, but it must
+also have a draft of air through its furnace. Chemistry teaches
+us that the burning in this case consists in the combination of a
+gas called oxygen, taken from the air, with other things in the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span>coals; when this combination takes place a great deal of heat is
+given off. The same thing is true of our bodies; in order that
+food matters may be burnt in them and enable us to work and
+keep warm, they must be supplied with oxygen; this they get
+from the air by breathing. We all know that if his supply of
+air be cut off a man will die in a few minutes. His food is no
+use to him unless he gets oxygen from the air to combine
+with it; while he usually has stored up in his body an excess
+of food matters which will keep him alive for some time if he
+gets a supply of oxygen, he has not stored up in him any reserve,
+or, if any, but a very small one, of oxygen, and so he dies
+very rapidly if his breathing be prevented. In ordinary language
+we do not call oxygen a food, but restrict that name to
+the solids and liquids which we swallow; but inasmuch as it is
+a material which we must take from the external universe into
+our bodies in order to keep us alive, oxygen is really a food as
+much as any of the other substances which we take into our
+bodies from outside, in order to keep them alive and at work.
+<i>Suffocation</i>, as death from deficient air supply is named, is
+really death from oxygen-starvation.�&mdash;Martin’s <i>Human Body</i>.</p></div>
+
+<p>Much of the food taken into the body is burned
+to supply energy and heat. This burning is called
+oxidation. When food is burned, or oxidized, either
+in the body, or out of it, three things are produced,
+carbon dioxide (<i>carbonic acid gas</i>), water and
+ashes. These are waste matters, and must be expelled
+from the body, or they will clog up the various
+organs, as the ashes and smoke of an engine
+would soon put its fire out if they were allowed to
+accumulate in the furnace. It is the duty of the
+lungs to pass the carbon dioxide out to the air.
+With every breath exhaled, this poison gas, generated
+in the body through the oxidation of food,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span>passes from the system. With every breath inhaled
+the life-giving oxygen is taken into the body; providing
+that the person is not in a close room from
+which the fresh air is excluded.</p>
+
+<p>Any substance taken into the body which interferes
+with the reception of oxygen into the blood,
+and with the giving off of carbon dioxide from
+the same is a dangerous substance.</p>
+
+<p><i>Alcohol is such a substance.</i></p>
+
+<p>It has already been stated that it is the duty of
+the little red corpuscles in the blood to take up
+oxygen in the lungs, and carry it to every part of
+the body, and upon the return passage to the lungs
+to convey the <i>débris</i>, or used-up material, from the
+tissues, called carbon dioxide gas. A little vapor
+and ammonia accompany this gas. The action of
+alcohol upon these little corpuscles, or carriers of
+the blood, is to somewhat harden and shrivel them,
+so that they are unable to take up and carry as
+much oxygen as they can when no injurious substance
+is present in the blood. In consequence of
+this, the blood can never be so pure when alcohol is
+present, as it may be in the absence of this agent.</p>
+
+<p>The following is taken from <i>The Temperance
+Lesson Book</i>, by B. W. Richardson, M. D.:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“When the blood in the veins is floating toward the right
+side of the heart, which communicates with the lungs, it carries
+with it the carbonic acid (<i>carbon dioxide</i>), and, as I have found
+by experiment, a great part of this gas is condensed in these
+little bodies, the corpuscles. Arrived at the lungs, the blood
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span>comes into such contact with the air we breathe, that the
+oxygen gas in the air is freely absorbed by the little corpuscles,
+while the carbonic acid is given up into the air-passages of the
+lungs, and is thrown off with every breath we throw out. In
+this process the blood changes in color. It comes into the
+lungs of a dark color; it goes out of them a bright red. *&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*
+The parts of the blood on which alcohol acts injuriously are the
+corpuscles and the fibrine. The red corpuscles are most distinctly
+affected. They undergo a peculiar process of shrinking
+from extraction of water from them. They also lose some
+of their power to absorb oxygen from the air. In confirmed
+spirit-drinkers the face and hands are often seen of dark
+mottled color, and in very bad specimens of the kind, the face
+is sometimes seen to be quite dark. This is because the blood
+cannot take up the vital air in the natural degree. *&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*</p>
+
+<p>“If anything whatever interferes with the proper reception of
+oxygen by the blood, the blood is not properly oxidized, the
+animal warmth is not sufficiently maintained, and life is reduced
+in activity. If for a brief interval of time the process of breathing
+is stopped in a living person, we see quickly developed the
+signs of difficulty, and we say the person is being suffocated.
+We observe that the face becomes dark, the lips blue, the
+surface cold. Should the process of arrest or stoppage of the
+breathing be long continued the person will become unconscious,
+will stagger and fall, and should relief not be at hand,
+he will in a very few minutes die.</p>
+
+<p>“I found by experiment that in presence of alcohol in blood
+the process of absorption of oxygen was directly checked, and
+that even so minute a quantity as one part of alcohol in five
+hundred of blood proved an obstacle to the perfect reception of
+oxygen by the blood. The corpuscles are reduced in size,
+when large quantities of alcohol are taken, and become irregular
+in shape.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. J. J. Ridge says in <i>Addresses on the Physiological
+Action of Alcohol</i>:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“It has been found by experiment that, when alcohol is
+taken, less carbonic acid comes away in the breath than when
+it is not. This is partly because the blood-corpuscles cannot
+carry so much, and partly because so much is not produced,
+because there is less oxygen to join with the food and produce
+it. Just as burning paper smokes when it does not get enough
+oxygen, so other things are formed and get into the blood when
+there is not enough oxygen to make carbonic acid. These
+things make the blood impure, and cause extra work and
+trouble to get rid of them. This is why persons who drink
+alcohol are more liable to have gout and other diseases, than
+total abstainers.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. Alfred Carpenter, formerly president of the
+Council of the British Medical Association, says in
+<i>Alcoholic Drinks</i>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“A blood corpuscle cannot come into direct contact with an
+atom of alcohol, without the function of the former being
+spoiled, and not only is it spoiled, but the effete matter which
+it has within its capsule cannot be exchanged for the necessary
+oxygen. The breath of the drunken man does not give out
+the quantity of carbonic acid which that of the healthy man does,
+and the ammoniacal compounds are in a great measure absent.
+Some of the carbon and effete nitrogenous matter is kept back.
+The retention of these poisonous matters within the body is
+highly injurious. Let the drinker suffer from any wound or
+injury and this effete matter in his blood is ready at a moment’s
+notice to prepare and set up actions called inflammatory or
+erysipelatous, or some other kind; by means of which too
+often the drinker is hurried into eternity, although, perhaps,
+he may have been regarded as a perfectly sober man, and have
+never been drunk in his life.�</p></div>
+
+<p>In the light of these scientific facts, what can
+appear more utterly foolish than the swallowing of
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span>alcoholic patent medicines which are widely advertised
+as “Blood Purifiers�? That they will render
+the blood impure is only too evident in the
+light of scientific truth.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Nathan S. Davis has written much in disapproval
+of the use of alcohol in fevers, pneumonia
+and diphtheria, putting stress upon the fact that
+these diseases, of themselves, interfere with the
+reception of oxygen into the blood, and hence the
+use of all remedies that notably diminish the
+internal distribution of oxygen, or impair the corpuscles
+of the blood, should be avoided. Not only
+is alcohol of such a nature, but all the coal-tar
+series of antipyretics also. Since the internal distribution
+of oxygen, and the processes of tissue
+change are essential to the repair of the body, and
+alcohol hinders the blood in the full performance
+of its duties in these respects, it certainly seems
+clear that those physicians, who are extremely
+cautious in the use of this drug, or who do not use
+it at all, are more likely to be successful in saving
+their patients than are those who use it freely.
+Death-rates, with and without alcohol, show conclusively
+the superiority of the latter treatment.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ALCOHOL AND THE HEART.</h4>
+
+<p>The organs of circulation are the heart and the
+blood-vessels. The blood-vessels are of three kinds,
+arteries, capillaries and veins. The arteries carry
+blood from the heart to the capillaries; the veins
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span>collect it from the capillaries and return it to the
+heart. There are two distinct sets of blood-vessels
+in the body, both connected with the heart; one set
+carries blood to, through and from the lungs, the
+other guides its flow through all the remaining
+organs; the former are known as the <i>pulmonary</i>,
+the latter as the <i>systemic</i> blood-vessels.</p>
+
+<p>The smallest arteries pass into the <i>capillaries</i>,
+which have very thin walls, and form very close networks
+in nearly all parts of the body; their immense
+number compensating for their small size. It is
+while flowing in these delicate tubes that the blood
+does its nutritive work, the arteries being merely
+supply-tubes for the capillaries, through whose
+delicate walls liquid containing nourishment exudes
+from the blood to bathe the various tissues.</p>
+
+<p>The quantity of blood in any part of the body at
+any given time is dependent upon certain relations
+which exist between the blood-vessels and the nervous
+system. The walls of the arteries are abundantly
+supplied with involuntary muscular fibres,
+which have the power of contraction and relaxation.
+This power of contraction and relaxation is controlled
+by certain nerves called <i>vasomotor</i> nerves,
+because they cause or control motion in the vessels
+to which they are attached. When arteries supplying
+blood to any particular part of the body contract,
+the supply of blood to that part will be diminished
+in proportion to the amount of contraction.
+If the nervous control be altogether withdrawn, the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span>arterial walls will completely relax, and the amount
+of blood in the part affected will be increased correspondingly.</p>
+
+<p>Alcohol, even in moderate doses, paralyzes the
+<i>vasomotor</i> nerves which control the minute blood-vessels,
+thus allowing these vessels to become
+dilated with the flowing blood.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“With the disturbance of power in the extreme vessels, more
+disturbance is set up in other organs, and the first organ that
+shares in it is the heart. With each beat of the heart a certain
+degree of resistance is offered by the vessels when their nervous
+supply is perfect, and the stroke of the heart is moderate
+in respect both to tension and to time. But when the vessels
+are rendered relaxed, the resistance is removed, the heart begins
+to run quicker like a clock from which the pendulum has been
+removed, and the heart-stroke is greatly increased in frequency.
+It is easy to account in this manner for the quickened heart
+and pulse which accompany the first stage of deranged action
+from alcohol.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Richardson.</span></p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. Parkes of England, assisted by Count
+Wollowicz, conducted inquiries upon the effects of
+alcohol upon the heart, with a young and healthy
+man. At first they made accurate count of the
+heart beats during periods when the young man
+drank water only; then of the beats during successive
+periods in which alcohol was taken in increasing
+quantities. Thus step by step they measured the
+precise action of alcohol on the heart, and thereby
+the precise primary influence induced by alcohol.
+Their results are stated by themselves as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“The average number of beats of the heart in 24 hours (as
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span>calculated from eight observations made in 14 hours), during
+the first, or water period, was 106,000; in the earlier alcoholic
+period it was 127,000, or about 21,000 more; and in the later
+period it was 131,000, or 25,000 more.</p>
+
+<p>“The highest of the daily means of the pulse observed during
+the first, or water period, was 77.5; but on this day two observations
+are deficient. The next highest daily mean was 77
+beats.</p>
+
+<p>“If, instead of the mean of the eight days, or 73.57, we compare
+the mean of this one day; viz. 77 beats per minute, with
+the alcoholic days, so as to be sure not to over-estimate the
+action of the alcohol, we find:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>“On the 9th day, with one fluid ounce of alcohol, the heart
+beat 4,300 times more.</p>
+
+<p>On the 10th day, with two fluid ounces, 8,172 times more.</p>
+
+<p>On the 11th day, with four fluid ounces, 12,960 times more.</p>
+
+<p>On the 12th day, with six fluid ounces, 20,672 times more.</p>
+
+<p>On the 13th day, with eight fluid ounces, 23,904 times more.</p>
+
+<p>On the 14th day, with eight fluid ounces, 25,488 times
+more.</p>
+
+<p>But as there was ephemeral fever on the 12th day, it is right
+to make a deduction, and to estimate the number of beats in
+that day as midway between the 11th and 13th days, or 18,432.
+Adopting this, the mean daily excess of beats during the alcoholic
+days was 14,492, or an increase of rather more than 13
+per cent.</p>
+
+<p>The first day of alcohol gave an excess of 4 per cent., and
+the last of 23 per cent.; and the mean of these two gives almost
+the same percentage of excess as the mean of the six days.</p>
+
+<p>Admitting that each beat of the heart was as strong during
+the alcoholic period as in the water period (and it was really
+more powerful), the heart on the last two days of alcohol was
+doing one-fifth more work.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span></p>
+<p>“Adopting the lowest estimate which has been given of the
+daily work of the heart; viz. as equal to 12.2 tons lifted one
+foot, the heart during the alcoholic period, did daily work
+excess equal to lifting 15.8 tons one foot, and in the last two
+days did extra work to the amount of 24 tons lifted as far.</p>
+
+<p>“The period of rest for the heart was shortened, though, perhaps,
+not to such an extent as would be inferred from the
+number of beats, for each contraction was sooner over. The
+heart, on the fifth and sixth days after alcohol was left off, and,
+apparently at the time when the last traces of alcohol were
+eliminated, showed in the sphygmographic tracing signs of
+unusual feebleness; and, perhaps, in consequence of this, when
+the brandy quickened the heart again, the tracings showed a
+more rapid contraction of the ventricles, but less power than in
+the alcoholic period. The brandy acted, in fact, on a heart
+whose nutrition had not been perfectly restored.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Richardson quotes these experiments of Parkes
+and Wollowicz as if he agrees with them that increased
+heart-beat must of necessity mean increased
+work done by the heart. Dr. Nathan S. Davis, Dr.
+Newell Martin, Dr. A. B. Palmer, and some other
+investigators, show conclusively that mere increased
+frequency of beat above the natural standard is no
+evidence of increased force or efficiency in the circulation.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“The more frequent beats under the influence of alcohol constitute
+no exception to the general rule, for while the heart beats
+more frequently, its influence on the vasomotor nerves causes
+dilatation of the peripheral and systemic blood-vessels, as
+proved by the pulse-line written by the sphygmograph, which
+more than counterbalances the supposed increased action of the
+heart. The truth is, that under the influence of alcohol in the
+blood the systolic action of the heart loses in sustained force in
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span>direct proportion to its increase in frequency, until, by simply
+increasing the proportion of alcohol, the heart stops in diastole,
+as perfectly paralyzed as are the coats of the smaller vessels
+throughout the system. This was clearly demonstrated by the
+experiments of Professor Martin of Johns Hopkins University,
+to determine the effects of different proportions of alcohol on
+the action of the heart of the dog; and those of Drs. Sidney
+Ringer and H. Sainsbury, to determine the relative strength of
+different alcohols as indicated by their influence on the heart of
+the frog. Professor Martin states that blood containing ¼ per
+cent. by volume of absolute alcohol, almost invariably diminishes,
+within a minute, the work done by the heart.�</p></div>
+
+<p>(This estimate would equal in an adult man an
+amount equal to the absolute alcohol in two or
+three ounces of whisky or brandy.)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“These investigations of Professor Martin, being directly
+corroborated by those of Drs. Ringer and Sainsbury, complete
+the series of demonstrations needed to show the actual effects
+of alcohol on the cardiac, as well as on the vasomotor, and
+also on the direct contractability of the muscular structure,
+when supplied with blood containing all gradations in the relative
+proportion of alcohol, leaving no longer any basis for the
+idea, popular both in and out of the profession, that alcohol in
+any of its forms is capable of increasing, even temporarily the
+force or efficiency of the heart’s action.�&mdash;Dr. N. S. Davis in
+<i>Influence of Alcohol On the Human System</i>.</p></div>
+
+<p>The following letter will be of great interest to
+all students of the physiological effects of alcohol:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p style="text-align: right">
+“<span class="smcap">Chicago, Ill.</span>, March 3, 1899.<br />
+<br /></p>
+<p>“To <span class="smcap">Mrs. Martha M. Allen</span>,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;“Syracuse, N. Y.,<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>“<span class="smcap">Madam</span>: Your letter asking my attention to the
+apparent contradiction of authorities concerning the <i>work</i> done
+by the heart when influenced by alcohol was received yesterday.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span></p>
+<p>“The explanation is not difficult. It depends entirely on the
+different views of what constitutes the <i>work</i> of the heart.</p>
+
+<p>“One class of investigators, led by the original and valuable
+experiments of Parkes and Wollowicz base their estimate of
+the heart’s work entirely on the <i>number of times it contracts or
+beats per minute</i>. Thus Dr. Parkes, finding that moderate
+doses of alcohol increased the number of contractions of the
+heart from three to six beats per minute more than natural,
+readily estimated the number of additional contractions that
+would occur in twenty-four hours, and thereby demonstrated a
+large amount of increased work done by the heart under the
+influence of alcohol. All writers who speak of ‘stimulating’ or
+increasing the action of the heart by alcohol follow this method
+of measuring the amount of <i>work</i> done. They generally add
+that it is like applying ‘the whip to a tired horse.’</p>
+
+<p>“The other class of investigators who claim that <i>alcohol</i> diminishes
+the actual <i>work</i> done by the heart base their estimates
+on the amount <i>of blood the heart passes through its cavities
+into the arteries in a given time</i>. This is the physiological
+function of the heart; i.e. to aid in circulating the blood.
+Professor Martin’s experiments were admirably contrived to
+determine, not how frequently the heart beat, but the amount of
+blood it delivered per minute under the influence of alcohol and
+without alcohol.</p>
+
+<p>“He, and all others who take this basis of work, found that
+alcohol in any dose diminished the efficiency of the heart in circulating
+the blood in direct ratio to the quantity taken.</p>
+
+<p>“My own original experiments, made fifty years ago, uniformly
+showed that alcohol quickly increased the number of
+heart beats per minute, but at the same time diminished the
+efficiency of the circulation generally. Every experienced practitioner
+knows that the weaker the <i>heart</i> becomes, the <i>faster</i> it
+beats. Consequently, the number of times the heart contracts
+per minute is no measure of the efficiency of its work in circula<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span>ting
+the blood. Indeed the mechanism of the heart is such
+that there must be sufficient time between each of its contractions
+for its <i>cavities</i> to <i>fill</i>, or it is made to contract on an
+insufficient supply, and the efficiency of the circulation is diminished.</p>
+
+<p>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;“Yours respectfully,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;“<span class="smcap">N. S. Davis</span>.�<br /><br />
+</p></div>
+
+<p>The International Medical Congress of 1876
+adopted as its reply to the Memorial of the National
+Temperance Society, and of the National Woman’s
+Christian Temperance Union respecting “Alcohol
+as a Food and as a Medicine,� the paper by Dr.
+Ezra M. Hunt, one conclusion of which was, “Its
+use as a medicine is chiefly that of a cardiac stimulant.�</p>
+
+<p>As experiments conducted since that time show
+that it is not a cardiac stimulant, but a direct cardiac
+paralyzant, what excuse is there for using it as
+a medicine now?</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Whenever the heart is compelled to more rapid contraction
+than is natural, it has less time to rest. Although it seems to
+be constantly at work, it really rests more than half the time,
+so that, although the periods of relaxation are very short, they
+are so numerous that the aggregate amount of rest in a day is
+very great. Now, if the rapidity of the contractions is increased
+materially and continuously, although the aggregate amount of
+time for rest may be the same as before, yet the waste caused by
+the contractions is greater, while the time for rest after each
+one is shorter. This lack of rest produces exhaustion of the
+heart-muscle, ending in partial change of the muscular tissue
+into fat. The heart then becomes flabby and weak and its
+walls become thinner, a condition known to physicians as a
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span>‘fatty heart,’ often resulting in sudden death.�&mdash;<i>Tracy’s Physiology</i>,
+page 158.</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. T. D. Crothers, of Hartford, Conn., has made
+many observations with the sphygmograph to
+learn the effects of alcohol upon the heart. He
+says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“On general principles, and clinically, the increased activity
+and subsequent diminution of the heart’s action brings no
+medicinal aid or strength to combat disease. This is simply a
+reckless waste of force for which there is no compensation.
+Without any question or doubt the increased heart’s action,
+extending over a long period, is dangerous.</p>
+
+<p>“The medicinal damage done by alcohol does not fall exclusively
+upon the heart, although this organ may show it more
+permanently than others.�&mdash;<i>Transactions of Second Annual
+Meeting of A. M. T. A.</i></p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. I. N. Quimby, of Jersey City, N. J., in an
+address before the American Medical Temperance
+Association, after describing two clinical cases which
+ended in death, made the following statement:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“There was nothing so strange about the death of these
+two patients, although they both died unexpectedly to the
+physician and their friends, but the declaration I am about to
+make may be somewhat new and startling, namely: That
+neither of these patients, in my candid judgment, died from the
+effect of disease, but rather from vasomotor paralysis of the
+heart, <i>superinduced by the administration of the alcohol</i>,
+which brought on a sudden and unexpected collapse and death.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Alcohol causes fatty degeneration of the heart
+and other muscular structures. Old age also
+causes these degenerations, hence alcohol is said to
+produce premature aging of the body.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“In fatty degeneration the cells and fibres of the body become
+more or less changed into fat. If a muscular fibre undergoes
+fatty degeneration, the particles of which it is made disappear
+one by one, and particles of oil or fatty matter take
+their place, so that the degree or amount of degeneration varies
+according to the extent to which this change has gone on.
+When the fibres of which a muscle is composed have become
+thus altered by fatty degeneration they become softer according
+to the amount of it; they are more easily torn and may
+even tear across when the muscle is being used during life.
+The more a muscle is thus degenerated the weaker it is, because
+it contains less muscular substance and more fat. Not
+only do the heart and other voluntary muscles thus degenerate,
+but those of the arteries also.</p>
+
+<p>“Fatty degeneration is promoted by alcohol because alcohol
+prevents the proper removal of fat, which has been seen to
+accumulate in the blood; alcohol prevents the proper oxidation
+or burning up of waste matters; growing cells which are affected
+by the chemical influence of alcohol are not quite natural or
+healthy, so are more liable to degeneration; alcohol hinders the
+proper removal of waste matter from individual cells and
+tissues.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr. J. J. Ridge</span>, London.</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. Newell Martin says in <i>The Human Body</i>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Although fatty degeneration of the heart may occur from
+other causes, alcoholic indulgence is the most frequent one.
+Fatty liver or fatty heart is rarely if ever curable; either will
+ultimately cause death.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. Ridge says these degenerations occur in the
+tissues of thin people as well as in those of stout
+persons. In thin people they are usually in the
+fibres only, not between them.</p>
+
+<p>It is because of this degeneration of the heart
+and other muscles caused by alcohol that athletes in
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span>training need to be so very careful to avoid the use
+of beer and other intoxicating drinks.</p>
+
+<p>Diseases such as fevers, diphtheria, and pneumonia
+which interfere with the reception, and internal
+distribution of oxygen, favor granular and fatty
+degeneration of the heart and other structures of
+the body. Hence non-alcoholic physicians urge that
+alcohol and such other drugs, as have like action in
+hindering full oxidation of the blood, and causing
+fatty degenerations should be studiously avoided.
+These physicians attribute many of the deaths from
+heart-failure in such diseases to the combined action
+of the disease and the alcohol in exhausting the
+heart, and weakening its structure.</p>
+
+<p><i>Comparative death-rates with and without alcohol
+show conclusively the superiority of the latter treatment.</i></p>
+
+
+<h4>EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL UPON THE LIVER.</h4>
+
+<p>The liver is a very large organ, the largest and
+heaviest in the body, weighing in a healthy adult
+from three to four pounds. It secretes the bile.
+Its cells also store up, “in the form of a kind of
+animal starch called glycogen,� excess of starchy or
+sugary food absorbed from the intestine during the
+digestion of a meal. This it gradually doles out
+to the blood for general use by the organs of the
+body until the next meal is eaten.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. William Hargreaves says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“The office of the liver is to take up new substances having
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span>not yet become blood, as well as the portions of integrated
+matter that can be worked over, and brought again into use.
+It is in fact the economist of the system. It excretes bile, and
+liver-sugar, and <i>renews</i> the <i>blood</i>. When the liver is disordered
+the whole body is more or less deranged and the proper
+nutrition of its parts arrested.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. Alfred Carpenter says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“The liver has to do several things; a considerable part of its
+duty is to purify the blood from <i>débris</i> (waste matter), to filter
+out some things, to break up and alter others, and to expel
+them from the body in the form of bile. There are certain diseases
+in which the liver suddenly declines to do any more work.
+Acute atrophy of the liver is the name of this condition, and
+when it arises death rapidly results from suppression of the secretion
+of bile. It brings about a state of things called <i>acholia</i>;
+the patient is actually poisoned by the non-removal of those ingredients
+from the blood which it is the duty of the liver to remove.
+This corresponds in effect to the condition which alcohol
+can bring about by slow degrees.�</p></div>
+
+<p>The liver is the first important organ, next to the
+stomach and bowels, to receive the poisonous influence
+of alcohol.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“If alcohol is used habitually, though only in small quantities
+at a time, the liver may become the seat of serious changes.
+There may be a great increase of fat deposited in the cells,
+producing what is called ‘fatty liver,’ or it may lead to a great
+increase of connective tissue (membrane) between the cells, and
+surrounding the blood-vessels. This newly-developed connective
+tissue gradually contracts, and in so doing crushes the
+cells and obstructs the blood-vessels, making the organ much
+smaller than natural, and causing the surface to be covered
+with little projecting knobs, consisting of portions of liver-tissue
+that have been less compressed than the part that separates
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span>them. The pressure upon the liver-cells and the destruction of
+many of them, prevents the proper formation of bile and liver-sugar.
+The contraction of the newly-developed tissue, by obstructing
+the blood-vessels, interferes with the circulation.
+Malt liquors seem to produce fatty degeneration, while the
+stronger liquors cause the development of connective tissue.�&mdash;<i>Tracy’s
+Physiology.</i></p></div>
+
+<p>Speaking of diseases of the liver, Dr. Trotter said
+in his <i>Essay on Drunkenness</i>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“The chronic species is not a painful disease; it is slow in
+its progress, and frequently gives no alarm, till some incurable
+affection is the consequence. Hence, the fallacy and danger of
+judging merely by the feelings of the beneficial effects of the
+use of intoxicating drinks; for the liver and stomach may be
+seriously diseased, while a man imagines himself in moderate
+health.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Hardening of the liver, or “hob-nailed� liver, is
+said to be the result, largely, of taking liquor upon
+an empty stomach. Dr. E. Chenery, of Boston, in
+his excellent book, <i>Facts for the Millions</i>, tells of a
+patient of his who was well up to the evening before,
+when he went out and drank with some companions,
+taking the liquor on an empty stomach.
+That night, vomiting and pain in the right side
+came on, with high fever. Headache began and increased,
+followed by delirium and a general jaundiced
+condition. He died as a result. The disease
+was acute inflammation of the liver, brought on by
+the one broadside of alcohol poured “point blank�
+into the organ.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Chenery says further on in the same book:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“There is another disorder of a very serious nature which
+science is now laying at the doors of the liver&mdash;<i>diabetes mellitus</i>,
+or sugar in the urine. Till quite recently, this formidable affection
+has been regarded as having its seat in the kidneys;
+and it is so classified in medical writings. Later researches,
+however, show that the sugar has been formed in the economy
+before it reaches the kidneys, and that these organs act only as
+strainers with respect to it, removing it from the blood as they
+remove salt and various other substances. In seeking for the
+fountain-head of diabetic sugar, it is found that the liver is the
+great glycogenic, or sugar-originating factory of the body. In
+an ordinary state of health this substance is produced in just
+the proper amount for the uses for which it is intended, so that
+it is all disposed of in the organism, and does not pass off by
+the kidneys. If any cause interrupts the processes by which
+the sugar is consumed, while its manufacture goes on normally,
+there will come to be an over-supply of sugar in the blood,
+which, when it reaches 3 parts to 1,000 of the blood, will begin
+to pass off by the kidneys and appear in the urine. On the
+other hand, if an undue amount of it is formed, the consumption
+remaining normal, it will also accumulate in the circulation, and
+be eliminated by the kidneys. In either case we have diabetes,
+the sugar irritating and diseasing the kidneys as it passes.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. Harley, of the Royal Society of London, has
+made the subject of alcohol and diabetes matter for
+considerable study. He says a small quantity only
+of alcohol injected into the portal (liver) circulation
+of healthy animals will cause diabetic urine.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“If any one doubt the truth of the assertion that alcohol
+causes diabetes, let him select a case of that form of the disease
+arising from excessive formation, and after having carefully estimated
+the daily amount of sugar eliminated by the patient,
+allow him to drink a few glasses of wine, and watch the result.
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span>He will soon find the ingestion of the liquor is followed by an
+increase of sugar. If alcoholics increase the amount of saccharine
+matter in the urine of the diabetic, we can easily understand
+how their excessive use may induce the disease in
+individuals <i>predisposed</i> to it.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr. Harley.</span></p></div>
+
+<p>Some physicians claim that in jaundice and certain
+other bilious disorders even medicines prepared
+in alcohol are decidedly prejudicial and aggravating.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. J. H. Kellogg, and other writers draw attention
+to the effects of alcohol in hindering the liver
+in its duty of destroying the toxic substances generated
+within the system of a sick person by the
+specific microbes to which the disease owes its
+origin, saying that the activity of the liver in destroying
+these poisons is one of the physiologic
+processes which stand between the patient and
+death.</p>
+
+<p>The more this question is studied the more apparent
+is it that, other things being equal, the sick
+person who is cared for by a non-alcoholic physician
+has a much better chance of recovery than the
+one dosed by “a brandy doctor.�</p>
+
+
+<h4>EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL UPON THE KIDNEYS.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“The kidneys, being the chief organs for the excretion of
+nitrogen waste, are among the most important organs of the
+body. Any defect in their healthy activity leads to serious interference
+with the working of many organs, due to the accumulation
+in the body of nitrogenous waste products. If both
+kidneys be cut out of an animal, it dies in a few hours from
+blood-poisoning, due to the accumulation of waste poisonous
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span>substances which the kidneys should have got rid of. Serious
+kidney-disease amounts to pretty much the same thing as cutting
+out the organs, since they are of little use if not healthy.
+It is always fatal if not checked, and often kills in a short time.
+The things which most frequently cause kidney disease are undue
+exposure to cold, and indulgence in alcoholic drinks.�&mdash;Martin’s <i>Human Body</i>.</p>
+
+<p>“The kidneys are supplied with arterial blood, which, having
+given up water, urea, salt, and certain other substances, either
+secreted or simply strained from it, returns to the kidneys
+nearly as bright and fresh as when it entered them. While the
+lungs are concerned in removing carbonic acid&mdash;the ashes of
+the furnace&mdash;it is the peculiar province of the kidneys to remove
+the products of the wear and tear of the bodily machinery&mdash;the
+wasted nerve and muscle&mdash;in the form of urea, or other crystallizable
+substances, the presence of which in the economy for
+any considerable time is attended with disastrous results.</p>
+
+<p>“Now, nature has put these organs, charged with so important
+work, as far away as possible from any source of irritation.
+Could alcohol get as direct access to them as to the liver, there
+is no doubt that their function would be destroyed almost at
+once, since the change in arterial blood by alcohol is much
+more extensive and damaging than that wrought in such venous
+blood as the liver receives from the portal veins. Thus while
+the liver takes the alcohol immediately from the alimentary
+canal, the kidneys receive it only after it has passed through
+the liver, the heart, the lungs, and the heart again; by which
+time much of it has escaped, while the remainder has been
+greatly diluted by the blood of the general circulation; yet coming
+to the kidneys even so considerably diluted, it has power to
+congest, irritate, and excite them to the excretion of an unusual
+amount of the watery elements of the urine, as if to wash the
+irritant away.</p>
+
+<p>“But it is only the watery element that is increased, not the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span>urea, which is the substance representing the waste of vital
+action, and is a poison to the system; this it is the special office of
+the kidneys to remove. Not only does alcohol not increase
+its elimination, but actually lessens the discharge. And should
+the irritation of the spirit continue, or be augmented in force,
+inflammation would follow, and the excretion of urea nearly or
+entirely cease and life be in the greatest jeopardy. Relief or
+death then must speedily follow.�&mdash;Dr. E. Chenery, of Boston,
+in <i>Alcohol Inside Out</i>.</p>
+
+<p>“Alcohol causes kidney-disease in several ways. In the first
+place it unduly excites the activity of the organs. Next, by
+impeding oxidation it interferes with the proper preparation of
+nitrogen wastes: they are brought to the kidneys in an unfit
+state for removal, and injure those organs. Third, when more
+than a small quantity of alcohol is taken, some of it is passed
+out of the body unchanged, through the kidneys, and injures
+their substance. The kidney-disease most commonly produced
+by alcohol is one kind of “Bright’s disease,� so called
+from the physician who first described it. The connective
+tissue of the organ grows in excess, and the true excreting
+kidney-substance dwindles away. At last the organ becomes
+quite unable to do its work, and death results.</p>
+
+<p>“The three most common causes of Bright’s disease are an
+acute illness, as scarlet fever, of which it is a frequent result;
+sudden exposure to cold when warm (this often drives blood in
+excessive quantity from the skin to internal organs, and leads
+to kidney-disease); and the habitual drinking of alcoholic
+liquids.�&mdash;Dr. Newell Martin in <i>The Human Body</i>.</p>
+
+<p>“Every physician knows or should know, that the quantity
+and quality of the effete, or waste, material separated from the
+blood by the kidneys and voided in the urine, is such as to
+render a knowledge of the action of any remedy or drink on
+the function of these organs, of the greatest importance in the
+treatment of all diseases, and especially those of an acute febrile
+character. As was long since demonstrated by clinical obser<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span>vation,
+and more recently by patient and accurate experiments
+by Bouchard and others, the amount of toxic, or poisonous,
+material naturally separated from the blood by the kidneys and
+passed out in the urine is so great that if wholly retained by
+failure of the kidneys to act for two or three days, speedy
+death ensues. Equally familiar to every observing physician is
+the fact that in all the acute febrile and inflammatory diseases,
+not only is the quantity of the urine secreted generally diminished,
+but its quality or constituency is also changed to a
+greater degree than even its quantity. Thus, some of the more
+important constituents are increased, others diminished, and
+often new or foreign elements are found present, all resulting
+from the disordered metabolic processes taking place throughout
+the system during the progress of these diseases.</p>
+
+<p>“It is, therefore, hardly necessary to remind the physician
+that it is of the greatest importance to know as correctly as
+possible both the direct and the indirect influence of every
+medicine or drink on the action of the kidneys and all other
+eliminating organs and structures, lest he unwittingly allow the
+use of such as may not only retard the elimination of the specific
+causes of disease, but also favor auto-intoxication by retarding
+the elimination of the natural elements of excretion.</p>
+
+<p>“That the presence of alcohol in the living system positively
+lessens the reception and internal distribution of oxygen, and
+consequently retards the oxidation processes of disassimilation
+by which the various products for excretion are perfected and
+their elimination facilitated, is so fully demonstrated, both by
+observation and experiment, as no longer to admit of doubt.</p>
+
+<p>“As nearly all the toxic elements of urine are the results of
+these oxidation processes, the presence of alcohol in the system
+could hardly fail to interfere with them in a notable degree.</p>
+
+<p>“The direct and somewhat extensive series of experiments
+instituted by Glazer, as published in the <i>Deut. Med. Wochensch.</i>,
+Leipsic, Oct. 22, 1891, demonstrated this, as shown by
+the following conclusions:&mdash;‘Alcohol, in even relatively moder<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span>ate
+quantities, irritates the kidneys, so that the exudation of leucocytes
+and the formation of cylindrical casts may occur. It
+also produces an unusual amount of uric acid crystals and oxalates,
+due to the modified tissue changes produced by the alcohol.
+The effect of a single act of over-indulgence in alcohol does not
+last more than thirty-six hours, but it is cumulative under continued
+use.’</p>
+
+<p>“Dr. Chittenden kept several dogs under the influence of
+alcohol eight or ten days, and found it to increase the amount
+of uric acid in their urine more than 100 per cent. above the
+normal proportion.</p>
+
+<p>“Mohilansky, house-physician to Manassein’s clinic, in the
+conclusions drawn from his interesting experiments on fifteen
+young men to determine the effects of alcohol on the metabolic
+processes generally, stated that ‘it does not possess any diuretic
+action: but rather tends to inhibit the elimination of water
+by the kidneys.’ It is further stated that this result is owing to
+the coincident effect of diminished systemic oxidation and of
+blood pressure.</p>
+
+<p>“On the other hand, several observers have reported that the
+flow of urine was increased by the use of alcohol. From as
+full an examination of the subject as I have been able to make,
+it appears that the diverse results obtained have depended upon
+the previous habits of those experimented on, and the widely
+varying quantities of water drank with the alcohol. When the
+alcohol is taken with large quantities of water, as is usual with
+those who use beer and fermented drinks generally, the total
+amount of urine passed is usually increased, but not more than
+is found to result from taking the same quantity of water without
+any alcohol. When alcoholic drinks are taken by those
+already habituated to its use, it has less marked effect on the
+quantity and quality of the urine than when taken by those who
+had previously been total abstainers. This was illustrated by
+the experiments of Mohilansky on the fifteen men, some of whom
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span>were habitual drinkers, some occasional drinkers, and others
+total abstainers. When all were subjected to the same diet and
+drinks, with alcohol, in two the daily amount of urine voided remained
+unaltered, in five it was increased seven per cent., and in
+eight it decreased twelve per cent. But whatever may be the variations
+in the mere quantity of urine voided under the influence
+of alcohol, the alterations in quality pretty uniformly show an
+increase in the products of imperfect internal metamorphosis or
+oxidation, such as uric acid, oxalates, casts, leucocytes, albumen
+and potassium, with less of the normal products, as urea and
+salts of sodium.</p>
+
+<p>“During the past year I have met with three cases in which
+the regular daily use of alcoholic drinks for several months, in
+quantities not sufficient to produce intoxication, had so altered
+the blood, and the renal function, that the urine contained both
+casts and albumen, and some degree of Å“dema was observable
+in the face and extremities. These changes were so marked as
+to justify a diagnosis of incipient nephritis, or Bright’s disease.
+Yet after totally abstaining from the use of alcoholic drinks
+and remedies, and taking such vasomotor tonics as strychnine
+and digitalis, with a regulated diet and fresh air, they completely
+recovered.</p>
+
+<p>“When it is remembered that in diphtheria, pneumonia and
+typhoid fever, the acute diseases in which a large part of the
+profession administer most freely alcoholic remedies, the function
+of the kidney is altered in almost the same direction as are
+found to take place under the influence of alcohol, it should
+certainly cause every practitioner to pause and critically review
+the pathological basis on which he has been prescribing. An
+anæsthetic, like alcohol, may certainly render a patient with
+diphtheria, pneumonia or typhoid fever more quiet, and cause
+him to say he feels better, but if it at the same time diminishes
+the internal distribution of oxygen, retards the oxidation and
+elimination of waste and toxic products through the kidneys
+and lungs, and lessens vasomotor force, it cannot fail to pro<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span>tract
+the duration of disease, and increase the ratio of mortality.�&mdash;Dr.
+N. S. Davis, <i>A. M. T. A. Quarterly</i>, April, 1894.</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. J. H. Kellogg, by a series of carefully executed
+experiments, conclusively demonstrated that alcohol
+hinders the elimination of poisonous matter by the
+kidneys. This property of alcohol is one of the
+objections which he sees to its use as a medicine.
+He says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Water applied externally stimulates elimination by the
+pores of the skin, and employed freely internally by water
+drinking, and enemas to be retained for absorption, aids liver
+and kidney activity. If the patient dies it is because his liver
+and kidneys have failed to destroy and eliminate the poisons
+generated with sufficient rapidity to prevent their producing
+fatal mischief in the body.�</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI.</h2>
+
+<h3>ALCOHOL AS A MEDICINE.</h3>
+
+
+<p>Although nearly all of the foremost scientific investigators
+of the effects of alcohol upon the body
+have lost faith in the old views of the usefulness of
+alcoholic liquors as remedial agencies a considerable
+proportion of the medical profession do not seem
+yet to have learned how to treat disease without recourse
+to the alcohol therapy. This is largely due to
+the fact that the new thought has not yet crystallized
+to any large extent in the medical text-books, and also
+to the widely variant views held by professors of
+medicine.</p>
+
+<p>The medical use of alcohol has been, and still is,
+the great bulwark of the liquor traffic. The user of
+alcoholics as beverages always excuses himself, if
+hard pressed by abstainers, upon the ground that
+they must be of service or doctors would not recommend
+them so frequently. In all prohibitory
+amendment, and no-license campaigns, the cry of
+“Useful as Medicine� has been the hardest for
+temperance workers to meet, for they have felt
+that they had to admit the statement as true, knowing
+nothing to the contrary. Indeed, thousands of
+those who advocate the prohibition of the sale of
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span>liquor as a beverage, use alcohol in some form quite
+freely as medicine, and are as determined and
+earnest in defence of their favorite “tipple� as any
+old toper could well be. Many use it in the guise
+of cordials, tonics, bitters, restoratives and the
+thousand and one nostrums guaranteed to cure all
+ills to which human flesh is heir.</p>
+
+<p>The wide-spread belief in the necessity and
+efficacy of alcoholics as remedies is the greatest
+hindrance to the success of the temperance cause.
+It is impossible to convince the mass of the people
+that what is life-giving as medicine can be death-dealing
+as beverage. The two stand, or fall,
+together. Hence there is no more important question
+before the medical profession, and the people
+generally, than that of the action of alcohol in disease,
+and, as a goodly number of the most distinguished
+and successful physicians of Europe and
+America declare it to be harmful rather than
+helpful, it behooves thoughtful people to carefully
+study the reasons they assign for holding
+such an opinion. Certainly it is true that if physicians
+and people would all adopt the views of the
+advocates of non-alcoholic medication the temperance
+problem would be solved, and the greatest
+source of disease, crime, pauperism, insanity and
+misery would be driven from the face of the earth.</p>
+
+<p>To understand the arguments advanced in favor
+of non-alcoholic medication it is needful to make
+some study of the effects of alcohol upon the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span>body, and of the purposes for which alcoholics are
+prescribed medically.</p>
+
+<p><i>Alcohol is used in sickness as a food, when solid
+foods cannot be assimilated, “to support� or sustain,
+the vitality; it is used as a stimulant, a tonic, a
+sedative or narcotic, an anti-spasmodic, an antiseptic
+and antipyretic; it is used in combination with
+other drugs, in tinctures and in pharmacy.</i> It is
+not wonderful that the people esteem it above all
+other drugs, for none other is so variously and so
+generally employed. Those who discard it as a
+remedy teach that only in human delusions is it a
+food or a stimulant, and for the other uses to
+which it is put, outside of pharmacy, there are
+different agents which may be more satisfactorily
+employed.</p>
+
+
+<h4>IS ALCOHOL FOOD?</h4>
+
+<p>So well agreed are all the scientific investigators
+that alcohol has no appreciable food value that it
+would seem foolish to spend time upon a discussion
+of alcohol as food were it not that the idea of its
+“supporting the vitality� in disease, in some
+mysterious way is deeply rooted in the professional,
+as well as the popular mind.</p>
+
+<p><i>Foods are substances which, when taken into the
+body, undergo change by the process of digestion;
+they give strength and heat and force; they build
+up the tissues of the body, and make blood; and
+they induce healthy, normal action of all the bodily
+functions.</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Alcohol does none of these. It undergoes no
+change in the stomach, but is rapidly absorbed and
+mixed with the blood, and has been discovered
+hours after its ingestion in the brain, blood and
+tissues, unchanged alcohol. In many of the experiments
+made with it upon animals, considerable
+quantities of the amount swallowed were recovered
+from the excretions of the body, without any
+change having taken place in its composition.
+This, of itself, is sufficient evidence to show that it
+is a substance which the body does not recognize
+as a food.</p>
+
+<p><i>Foods build up the tissues of the body.</i> All physiologists
+are agreed that since alcohol contains no
+nitrogen it cannot be a tissue-forming food; there
+is no difference of opinion here. Dr. Lionel Beale,
+the eminent physiologist, says that alcohol is not a
+food and does not nourish the tissues.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“There is nothing in alcohol with which any part of the body
+can be nourished.�&mdash;Cameron’s <i>Manual of Hygiene</i>.</p>
+
+<p>“Alcohol contains no nitrogen; it has none of the qualities
+of the structure-building foods; it is incapable of being transformed
+into any of them; it does not supply caseine, albumen,
+fibrine or any other of those substances which go to build up
+the muscles, nerves and other active organs.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Sir B. W.
+Richardson.</span></p>
+
+<p>“It is not demonstrable that alcohol undergoes conversion
+into tissue.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr. W. A. Hammond.</span></p></div>
+
+<p>If it is a food why do all writers and experimenters
+exclude it from the diet of children, and why is
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span>the caution always given people to not take it upon
+an empty stomach? Foods are supposed to be
+particularly suited to an empty stomach.</p>
+
+<p><i>Foods induce healthy, normal action of all the bodily
+functions.</i></p>
+
+<p>The chapter upon “Diseases Produced by Alcohol�
+is evidence that by this test alcohol shows
+up in its true nature as a poison, and not a food.
+Alcohol destroys healthy normal action of all the
+bodily functions, and builds up impure fat, fatty
+degeneration, instead of strong, firm muscle. Dr.
+Parkes, one of the most famous of English students
+of alcohol, says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“These alcoholic degenerations are certainly not confined to
+the notoriously intemperate. I have seen them in women accustomed
+to take wine in quantities not excessive, and who
+would have been shocked at the imputation that they were
+taking too much, although the result proved that for them it
+was excess.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. Ezra M. Hunt, late secretary of New Jersey
+State Board of Health, remarks:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“The question of excess occurs in sickness as well as in
+health, and all the more because its determination is so difficult
+and the evil effects so indisputable. The dividing line in medicine,
+even between use and abuse, is so zigzag and invisible that
+common mortals, in groping for it, generally stumble beyond it,
+and the delicate perception of medical art too often fails in the
+recognition.�</p></div>
+
+<p>All non-alcoholic writers assert that the continuous
+use of alcohol as a medicine is equally injurious
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span>to all the bodily functions as the employment of it
+as a beverage. Calling it medicine does not change
+its deadly nature, nor does the medical attendant
+possess any magical power by which a destructive
+poison may be converted into a restorative agent.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Noble, writing recently to the <i>London Times</i>,
+said:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“The internal use of alcohol in disease is as injurious as in
+health.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Since foods induce healthy, normal action of all
+the bodily functions, and alcohol injures every organ
+of the body in direct proportion to the amount consumed,
+by this test it is proved to not be a food.</p>
+
+<p><i>Foods give strength.</i> Alcohol weakens the body.
+This has been determined again and again by experiments
+upon gangs of workmen and regiments
+of soldiers. These experiments always resulted in
+showing that upon the days when the men were
+supplied with liquor they could neither use their
+muscles so powerfully, nor for so long a time, as on
+the days when they received no alcoholic drink.
+Of the results of such tests Sir Andrew Clark, late
+Physician to Queen Victoria, said:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“It is capable of proof beyond all possibility of question that
+alcohol not only does not help work but is a serious hinderer
+of work.�</p></div>
+
+<p>So satisfied are generals in the British army of
+the weakening effect of alcohol that its use is now
+forbidden to soldiers when any considerable call is
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span>to be made upon their strength. The latest example
+of this was in the recent Soudan campaign
+under Sir Herbert Kitchener. An order was issued
+by the War Department that not a drop of intoxicating
+liquor was to be allowed in camp save for
+hospital use. The army made phenomenal forced
+marches through the desert, under a burning sun
+and in a climate famous for its power to kill the
+unacclimated. It is said that never before was
+there a British campaign occasioning so little sickness
+and showing so much endurance. Some
+Greek merchants ran a large consignment of liquors
+through by the Berber-Suakim route, but Sir Herbert
+had them emptied upon the sand of the desert.
+A reporter telegraphed to England:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“The men are in magnificent condition and in great spirits.
+They are as hard as nails, and in a recent desert march of
+fifteen miles, with manœuvring instead of halts, the whole lasting
+for five continuous hours, not a single man fell out!�</p></div>
+
+<p>This was in decided contrast to the march in the
+African war some years before when, as they passed
+through a malarial district, and a dram was served,
+men fell out by dozens. Dr. Parkes, one of the
+medical officers, prevailed upon the commander-in-chief
+to not allow any more alcoholic drams while
+the troops were marching to Kumassi.</p>
+
+<p>Experiments in lifting weights have also been
+tried upon men by careful investigators. In every
+case it was found that even beer, and very dilute
+solutions of alcohol, would diminish the height to
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span>which the lifted weight could be raised. As an illustration
+of the deceptive power of alcohol upon
+people under its influence, it is said that persons
+experimented upon were under the impression, after
+the drink, that they could do more work, and do it
+more easily, although the testing-machine showed
+exactly the contrary to be true.</p>
+
+<p>Athletes and their trainers have learned by experience
+that alcohol does not give strength, but is,
+in reality, a destroyer of muscular power. No careful
+trainer will allow a candidate for athletic honors
+to drink even beer, not to speak of stronger liquors.
+When Sullivan, the once famous pugilist, was defeated
+by Corbett, he said in lamenting his lost
+championship, “It was the <i>booze</i> did it�; meaning
+that he had violated training rules, and used liquor.
+University teams and crews have proved substantially
+that drinking men are absolutely no good in
+sports, or upon the water. Football and baseball
+teams, anxious to excel, are beginning to have a
+cast-iron temperance pledge for their members. So
+practical experience of those competing in tests of
+strength and endurance teach eloquently that
+alcohol does not give strength, but rather weakens
+the body, by rendering the muscles flabby.</p>
+
+<p>Sandow, the modern Samson, wrote his methods
+of training in one of the magazines a few years ago,
+and stated that he used no alcoholic beverages.
+The ancient Samson was not allowed to taste even
+wine from birth.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>A question worthy of serious consideration is:
+how are the sick to be strengthened and “supported�
+by drinks which athletes are warned to
+specially shun as weakening to the body? Either
+the sick are mistakenly advised, or the athletes are
+in error. Which seems the more likely?</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Richardson says in <i>Lectures on Alcohol</i>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“I would earnestly impress that the systematic administration
+of alcohol for the purpose of giving and sustaining strength is
+an entire delusion.�</p></div>
+
+<p>In another place he says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Never let this be forgotten in thinking of strong drink: that
+the drink is strong only to destroy; that it never by any possibility
+adds strength to those who drink it.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Sir William Gull, late physician to the Prince of
+Wales, said before a Select Committee of the House
+of Lords on Intemperance:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“There is a great feeling in society that strong wine and
+other strong drinks give strength. A large number of people
+have fallen into that error, and fall into it every day.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Any unprejudiced person can readily see that experience
+and experiment unite in testifying that
+alcohol does not give strength, hence differs radically
+from most substances commonly classed as
+foods. Yet millions of dollars are spent annually
+by deluded people upon supposedly strength-giving
+drinks, and thousands of the sick are ignorantly, or
+carelessly, advised to take beer or wine to make
+them strong and to <i>support</i> them when solid food
+cannot be assimilated. Truly, “My people is destroyed
+for lack of knowledge.�<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>Foods give force to the body.</i></p>
+
+<p>Dr. Richardson says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“We learn in respect to alcohol that the temporary excitement
+is produced at the expense of the animal matter and
+animal force, and that the ideas of the necessity of resorting
+to it as a food, to build up the body or to lift up the forces of
+the body, are ideas as solemnly false as they are widely disseminated.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. Benjamin Brodie says in <i>Physiological Inquiries</i>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Stimulants do not create nerve power: they merely enable
+you, as it were, to use up that which is left.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. E. Smith:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“There is no evidence that it increases nervous influence,
+while there is much evidence that it lessens nervous power.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. Wm. Hargreaves, of Philadelphia:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“It is sometimes said by the advocates and defenders of
+alcohol, that by its use force is generated more abundantly.
+This it certainly cannot do, as it does not furnish anything to
+feed the blood or to store up nourishment to replenish the
+expenditure. For by their own theory, the increase of action
+must cause an increase of wear and tear; hence alcohol
+instead of sustaining life or vitality, must cause a direct waste
+or expenditure of <i>vital force</i>.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. Auguste Forel, of Switzerland:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“All alcoholic liquors are poisons, and especially brain-poisons,
+and their use shortens life. They cannot therefore be
+regarded as sources of nourishment or force. They should be
+resisted as much as opium, morphia, cocaine, hashish and
+the like.�</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Dr. W. F. Pechuman, of Detroit, in his valuable
+little treatise, <i>Alcohol&mdash;Is it a Medicine?</i> says
+clearly:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“When alcohol or any other irritant poison is put into the
+system, the conservative vital force, recognizing it as an enemy,
+at once makes an effort through the living matter to rid the
+system of the offender;&mdash;the heart increases in action and new
+strength seems to appear. Now, right here is where the great
+mass of people and a large number of physicians are deluded.
+They mistake the extra effort of the vital force to preserve the
+body against harmful agencies for an actual increase in
+strength as the result of the agent given; we wonder that they
+can be so blind as not to see the reaction which invariably
+occurs soon after the administration of their so-called stimulant.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. F. R. Lees, of England:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“All poisons lessen vitality and deteriorate the ultimate
+tissue in which force is reposited. Alcohol is an agent, the
+sole, perpetual and inevitable effects of which are to avert
+blood development, to retain waste matter, to irritate mucous
+and other tissues, to thicken normal juices, to impede digestion,
+to deaden nervous sensibility, to lower animal heat, to
+kill molecular life, <i>and to waste, through the excitement it
+creates in heart and head, the grand controlling forces of the
+nerves and brain</i>.�</p></div>
+
+<p>If alcohol is a destroyer of bodily force, as any
+ordinary observer of drinking men can readily see,
+it is a problem beyond solving, how it is going to
+give force to, or sustain vitality in, the patient
+hovering between life and death. Too often has it
+been the means of hastening into eternity those
+who, but for its mistaken use, might have recovered
+from the illness affecting <a name="Page_106t" id="Page_106t"></a><a href="#Page_106tn">them</a>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>Food gives heat to the body.</i></p>
+
+<p>Alcohol does not, but really robs the body of its
+natural warmth. This finding of science was received
+with the utmost incredulity when first
+presented to the medical world, but the invention
+of the clinical thermometer settled it beyond controversy.
+It is now believed by all but a very few
+of those who have knowledge of the physiological
+effects of alcohol. While Dr. N. S. Davis, of
+Chicago, was the first to demonstrate this fact, it
+was Dr. B. W. Richardson, of England, who succeeded
+in putting it prominently before the attention
+of physicians.</p>
+
+<p>The normal temperature of the human body is a
+little over 98 degrees by Fahrenheit’s thermometer.
+If the temperature is found to be much above or
+below 98 degrees the person is considered out of
+health; indeed by this condition alone physicians
+are able to detect serious forms of disease. By the
+use of the clinical thermometer, placed under the
+tongue, it is easy to determine what agents acting
+upon the body will cause the temperature to vary
+from the natural standard. When alcohol is swallowed
+there is at first a decided feeling of warmth
+induced; if the temperature be taken now it will
+be found that in a person unaccustomed to alcohol
+the warmth may be raised half a degree; in one
+accustomed to alcohol the warmth may be raised
+a full degree, or even a degree and a half beyond
+the natural standard. But this warmth is only
+temporary, and is soon succeeded by chilliness.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Dr. Richardson says in his <i>Temperance Lesson
+Book</i>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“The sense of warmth occurs in the following way: When
+the alcohol enters the body, and by the blood-vessels is conveyed
+to all parts of the body, it reduces the nervous power of the
+small blood-vessels which are spread out through the whole of
+the surface of the skin. In their weakened state these vessels
+are unable duly to resist the course of blood which is coming
+into them from the heart under its stroke. The result is that
+an excess of warm blood fresh from the heart is thrown into
+these fine vessels, which causes the skin to become flushed and
+red as it is seen to be after wine or other strong drink has
+been swallowed and sent through the body. So, as there is
+now more warm blood in the skin than is natural to it, a sense
+of increased warmth is felt. The skin of the body is the most
+sensitive of substances and the sense of warmth through, or
+over the whole surface of the skin is conveyed from it to the
+brain and nervous centres of the body, by which we are enabled
+to feel.</p>
+
+<p>“The warmth of surface which seems to be imparted by
+alcohol, only <i>seems</i> to be imparted. Positively the warmth is
+not imparted by the alcohol, but is set free by it.</p>
+
+<p>“In a short time the sense of warmth is succeeded by a feeling
+of slight chilliness. Unless the person is in a very warm
+room, or has recently partaken of food, the thermometer will
+now show a decided decrease in temperature, reaching often to
+a degree. Should the person go out into a cold air, and
+especially should he go into a cold air while badly supplied with
+food, the fall of temperature may reach to two degrees below the
+natural standard of bodily heat. In this state he easily takes
+cold, and in frosty weather readily contracts congestion of the
+lungs, and that disease which is known as bronchitis. If the
+person drinks to drunkenness his temperature will be found to
+be from two and a half to three degrees below the natural
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span>standard. It takes from two to three days, under the most
+favorable circumstances, for the animal warmth to become
+steadily re-established after a drunken spree.</p>
+
+<p>“The excitement of the mind in the early stages of drunkenness
+is not natural; it is exhaustive of the bodily powers, and
+exhaustive for no useful purpose whatever. *&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*</p>
+
+<p>“As nothing has been supplied by the alcohol to keep up the
+supply of heat the vital energy is rapidly exhausted, and if the
+person is exposed to cold, the exhaustion becomes extreme,
+sometimes fatal. All great consumers of alcohol are chillier
+during winter than are abstainers, and as they labor under the
+delusion that they must take wine or ale or spirits to keep
+them warm, they keep on making matters worse by constantly
+resorting to their enemy for relief.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. Newell Martin makes this very clear in his
+physiology, <i>The Human Body</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Our feeling of being warm depends on the nerves of the
+skin. We have no nerves which tell us whether heart or
+muscles or brain, are warmer or cooler. These inside parts
+are always hotter than the skin, and if blood which has been
+made hot in them flows in large quantity to the skin, we feel
+warmer because the skin is heated. As alcoholic drinks make
+more blood flow through the skin, they often make a man feel
+warmer. But their actual effect upon the temperature of the
+whole body is to lower it. The more blood that flows through
+the skin, the more heat is given off from the body to the air,
+and the more blood, so cooled, is sent back to the internal
+organs. The consequence is that alcohol, in proportion to the
+amount taken, cools the body as a whole, though it may for a
+time heat the skin.�</p></div>
+
+<p>If other evidence that alcohol is not heat-producing
+in the body were necessary it could be found in
+the fact that the products of combustion are de<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span>creased
+when it is present in the body. The
+quantity of carbonic acid exhaled by the breath is
+proportionately diminished with the decline of
+animal heat.</p>
+
+<p>Arctic explorers learned by experience what
+science discovered by experiment. Dr. Hayes, the
+explorer, says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“While fresh animal food, and especially fat, is absolutely
+essential to the inhabitants and travelers in Arctic countries,
+alcohol, in almost any shape, is not only completely useless, but
+positively injurious.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Lieutenant Johnson, who accompanied Nansen
+upon his northern expedition, said, when interviewed
+by a reporter of the London <i>Daily News</i>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“The common opinion that alcohol becomes in some way a
+necessity in cold countries is entirely a mistaken one. This
+has been conclusively proved by the expedition. In making up
+his list of the <i>Fram’s</i> equipments, Nansen did not include
+any spirits, with the exception of some spirits of wine for lamps
+and stoves.�</p></div>
+
+<p>In the list of stores taken upon the long sledging
+expedition after leaving the <i>Fram</i> no liquors are
+mentioned. See <i>Farthest North</i>, by Nansen. The
+omission of spirits was not because of any “temperance
+fanaticism,� but because the experience of
+former Arctic expeditions had shown clearly that
+men freeze more readily after partaking of alcohol
+than when they totally abstain from it.</p>
+
+<p>That wine is not a fuel-food was shown conclusively
+in the Franco-Prussian war during the siege
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span>of Paris. Food was scarce in the French Army,
+and wine was liberally supplied. The men complained
+bitterly of the extreme chilliness which
+affected them. Dr. Klein, a French staff surgeon,
+was reported in the <i>Medical Temperance Journal</i> of
+England, October 1873, as saying of this:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“We found most decidedly that alcohol was no substitute for
+bread and meat. We also found that it was no substitute for
+coals. We of the army had to sleep outside Paris on the frozen
+ground. We had plenty of alcohol, but it did not make us
+warm. Let me tell you there is nothing that will make you
+feel the cold more, nothing which will make you feel the dreadful
+sense of hunger more, than alcohol.�</p></div>
+
+<p>There is no evidence against alcohol stronger
+than that which shows it to be not heat-producing,
+as commonly believed, but a reducer of heat in the
+body. Indeed, this question of bodily temperature
+is used in recent times to decide whether a man
+who has fallen upon the street is troubled by apoplexy,
+or influenced by alcoholism. If the clinical
+<a name="Page_111t" id="Page_111t"></a><a href="#Page_111tn">thermometer</a> shows the temperature to be above
+normal, it is apoplexy; if below normal, it is alcoholism.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Alcohol is clearly proved to be not a fuel-food, for if it were
+it would enable the body to resist cold, instead of making it
+colder; and in the extreme degrees of cold it would go on
+burning like other fuel-foods, and would maintain, instead of
+helping to destroy, life.�&mdash;Richardson’s <i>Lesson Book</i>.</p></div>
+
+<p>Yet because it creates a glow of warmth in the
+skin immediately after drinking it, thousands of
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span>people will discredit all evidence that it is a reducer
+of bodily heat. Clinical thermometers, and after-sensations
+of chilliness, are unheeded, for “Wine is
+a mocker,� and multitudes are willing to be deceived
+by it.</p>
+
+<p>So, also, with the conclusions against it as a
+strengthening agent; because it dulls the sense of
+hunger and of fatigue, those who crave it will declare
+in the face of all scientific testimony that it
+strengthens them, and takes the place of food.
+They will cite, too, the cases of people who “lived
+upon whisky� during an illness of greater or less
+duration. Of the sustaining of life upon alcohol
+only, Dr. N. S. Davis has said:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“The falsity of all such stories is made apparent by the fact
+that nineteen-twentieths of all the alcoholic drinks given to the
+sick are given in connection with sugar, milk, eggs or meat-broths,
+which furnish the nutriment, and would support the
+patients better if given with the same perseverance without the
+alcohol than with it. While we have quite a number of examples
+of men living on nothing but water forty or fifty days, I
+have never seen or learned of a well-authenticated case of a
+man’s taking or receiving into his system nothing but alcohol
+for half of that length of time, without becoming sick with either
+gastro-duodenitis, nephritis, or delirium tremens.�</p></div>
+
+<p><i>Some of the defenders of the medicinal use of
+alcohol claim that since it has been shown to reduce
+tissue waste it should be classed as an indirect food, a
+conserver of tissue.</i> Of this claim, Dr. N. S. Davis
+says in the <i>Bulletin of the A. M. T. A.</i>, November,
+1895:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“A careful study of the conditions and processes necessary
+for both tissue building or nutrition, and tissue waste or disintegration,
+in all the higher order of animals, will show that
+neither process can be materially retarded without retarding or
+preventing the other. Both processes take place only in bioplasm
+or vitalized matter, supplied with oxygen, water and heat.
+Neither the assimilation of new material food, nor its use in
+tissue building can be effected without the presence of free
+oxygen and nuclein, or corpuscular elements of the blood.
+And without the presence of the same elements we can have
+no natural tissue disintegration and removal of the waste.
+The processes of tissue building and tissue disintegration, are
+therefore, so intimately related, and dependent upon the same
+materials and forces, that neither can be hastened or retarded
+from day to day without influencing the other. When alcohol
+or any other substance, introduced into the blood, retards the
+tissue waste, as shown by the diminished amount of excretory
+products, it must do so by either diminishing the amount of
+free oxygen in the blood, by impairing the vasomotor and
+trophic nerve functions or by direct impairment of the properties
+of the nuclein or protogen elements of the blood and
+tissues. The popular idea, both in and out of the profession is,
+that the alcohol, by further oxidation in the blood, lessens the
+amount of oxygen to act on the tissues, and generates heat or
+’some kind of force.’ Those who advocate this theory of saving
+the tissues by combining the oxygen with alcohol seem to forget
+that in doing so they are diverting and using up the only
+agent, oxygen, capable of combining with, and promoting the
+elimination of, all natural waste products as well as the
+various toxic elements causing disease.</p>
+
+<p>“But the theory that alcohol directly combines with the
+oxygen of the blood by which it would be converted into carbonic
+acid and water with evolution of heat is completely
+refuted by the well-known fact that its presence in the blood
+diminishes both temperature and elimination of carbonic acid
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span>as already stated. Physiologists of the present day very generally
+agree that the capacity of the blood to receive oxygen from
+the lungs, and convey it to the systemic capillaries and various
+tissues, depends chiefly on its hemoglobin (red coloring matter),
+protein, or albuminous and saline elements.</p>
+
+<p>“Both experimental and clinical facts in abundance show
+that alcohol at all ordinary temperatures displays a much
+stronger affinity for these elements of the blood and tissues,
+than it does for oxygen. And when present in the blood, it
+rapidly attracts both water and hemoglobin from the corpuscular
+and albuminoid elements of that fluid, and thereby
+diminishes its reception and distribution of oxygen. We are
+thus enabled to see clearly how the alcohol diminishes the
+oxygenation and decarbonization of the blood, and retards all
+tissue changes both of nutrition and waste without itself undergoing
+oxidation with evolution of heat. Consequently, instead
+of acting as a shield or conservator of the tissues by simply
+combining with the oxygen, the alcohol directly impairs the
+properties and functions of the most highly vitalized elements
+of the blood itself, and thereby not only retards tissue waste
+but also equally retards the highest grades of nutrition, and
+favors only sclerotic, fatty and molecular degenerations, as we
+see everywhere resulting from its continued use. Can an agent
+displaying such properties and effects be called a <i>food</i>, either
+direct or indirect, without a total disregard for the proper
+meaning of words?�</p></div>
+
+<p>In another place he says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“This lessening of the elimination of tissue waste is simply
+an evidence of the accumulation of poisonous substances within
+the body, through the lessened activity of liver and kidneys
+and the impairment of the blood.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. Ezra M. Hunt says in <i>Alcohol as Food and as
+Medicine</i>, page 37:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“It sounds conservative of health to say of a substance that
+it delays the breaking down of tissue, but the physiologist does
+not allow a substance which occasions such delay, to possess,
+because of that, either dietetic or remedial value. To increase
+weight by prolonged constipation is not a physiological process.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dalton says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“The importance of tissue change to the maintenance of life
+is readily shown by the injurious effects which follow upon its
+disturbance. If the discharge of the excrementitious substances
+be in any way impeded or suspended, these substances accumulate
+either in the blood or tissues, or both. In consequence
+of this retention and accumulation they become
+poisonous, and rapidly produce a derangement of the vital
+functions. Their influence is principally exerted upon the
+nervous system, through which they produce most frequent
+irritability, disturbance of the special senses, delirium, insensibility,
+coma, and finally, death.�</p></div>
+
+<p>The power to retard the passage of waste matter
+from the system is one of the gravest objections to
+the use of alcohol in sickness, as the germs of disease
+are thereby caused to remain longer in the
+body than they would, were no alcohol or drug of
+similar action, used. Thus recovery is delayed, if
+not effectually hindered.</p>
+
+<p>The preponderance of scientific evidence is all
+against alcohol as possessing food qualities. It
+contains no elements capable of entering into the
+composition of any part of the body, hence cannot
+give strength; it is not a fuel-food as it does not
+supply heat to the body, but decreases temperature;
+and its classification as indirect food because it re<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span>tards
+the passage of waste matter is shown to be
+utterly unscientific, as any agent which interferes
+with the natural processes of assimilation and disintegration
+is a dangerous agent, a poison rather
+than a food.</p>
+
+<p>The question naturally arises:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>If these drinks are not liquid food, as we have
+been taught to believe, how is it, since they are
+made from food, as barley, corn, grapes, potatoes,
+etc?</p>
+
+<p>These drinks are not food, although made from
+food, because in the process of manufacturing them
+the food principle is destroyed. The grain is
+malted to change starch into sugar&mdash;loss of food
+principle begins here&mdash;then the malted grain is
+soaked in water to extract the saccharine matter.
+When the sugar is all in the water the grain goes to
+feed cattle or hogs, and the sweetened water is
+fermented. The fermentation changes the sugar
+into alcohol.</p>
+
+<p>Analyses of beer by eminent chemists show an
+average of 90 per cent. water, 4 per cent. alcohol,
+and 6 per cent. malt extract. The malt extract
+consists of gum, sugar, various acids, salts and hop
+extract. Starch and sugar are all of these capable of
+digestion, and the amount of them would be equal
+to 39 ounces to the barrel of beer. Liebig, the
+great German chemist, said:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“If a man drinks daily 8 or 10 quarts of the best Bavarian
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span>beer, in a year he will have taken into his system the nutritive
+constituents contained in a 5 pound loaf of bread.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Eight quarts a day for a year would be 2,920
+quarts, or a little more than 23 barrels. If sold to
+the consumer at the low rate of five cents a pint, it
+would cost him $292; a high price for as much nourishment
+as in a 5 pound loaf!</p>
+
+<p>Analyses of wine by reliable chemists show that
+the consumer must pay $500 for the equivalent in
+nourishment of a 5 pound loaf of bread, wine being
+higher priced than beer. Wines average 80 per cent.
+water, about 15 per cent. alcohol, and 5 per cent.
+residue. This residue is composed of sugar, tartaric,
+acetic and carbonic acids, salts of potassium
+and sodium, tannic acid, and traces of an ethereal
+substance which gives the peculiar or distinguishing
+flavor. The only one of these ingredients possessing
+food value is sugar; this exists chiefly in what
+are called sweet wines. Yet how many thousands
+of people spend money they can ill afford for wines
+and beers to build up the failing strength of some
+loved one! A costly delusion, and too often a
+fatal one!</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Distilled liquors, if unadulterated, contain literally nothing
+but water and alcohol, except traces of juniper in gin, and the
+flavor of the fermented material from which they have been distilled.�&mdash;<i>Influence
+of Alcohol</i>, by N. S. Davis, M. D.</p></div>
+
+<p>It is the solemn duty of those to whom the people
+look for instruction in matters of health to undeceive
+the toiling masses as to the food-value of alco<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span>holic
+liquids. Some of the medical profession are
+faithful in this regard, but too many others are
+themselves deceived, or care not for the destruction
+of the people.</p>
+
+
+<h4>IS ALCOHOL A STIMULANT?</h4>
+
+<p>A lady asked her family physician several years
+ago what he thought of the views of those medical
+writers who class alcohol as a narcotic, and not a
+stimulant. He answered with some heat, “Any
+one who says alcohol is not a stimulant is either a
+fool or a knave!� He could not have been aware
+that some of the most distinguished professors in
+American medical colleges teach that alcohol is
+not, properly speaking, a stimulant, but a narcotic.</p>
+
+<p>The accepted definition of a stimulant in medical
+literature is some agent capable of exciting or increasing
+<i>vital activity</i> as a whole, or the natural
+activity of some one structure or organ.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. N. S. Davis has said repeatedly that both
+clinical and experimental observations show that
+alcohol directly diminishes the functional activity
+of all nerve structures, pre-eminently those of respiration
+and circulation, thus decreasing the internal
+distribution of oxygen, which is nature’s own
+special exciter of all vital action.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Consequently it is antagonistic to all true stimulants or
+remedies capable of increasing vital activity. Instead, therefore,
+of meriting the name of <i>stimulant</i>, alcohol should be designated
+and used only as an anæsthetic and sedative, or depressor of
+vital activity.�</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The following is taken from an editorial article
+in the <i>American Medical Temperance Quarterly</i> for
+January, 1894:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Drs. Sidney Ringer and H. Sainsbury in a carefully executed
+series of experiments on the isolated heart of the frog,
+found that all the alcohol when mixed with the blood circulating
+through the heart, uniformly diminished the action of that
+organ in direct proportion to the quantity of alcohol used, until
+complete paralysis was induced. In closing their report in regard
+to the action of different alcohols, they say that ‘by their
+direct action on the cardiac tissue these drugs are clearly
+<i>paralyzant</i>, and that this appears to be the case from the outset,
+<i>no stage of increased force of contraction preceding</i>.’</p>
+
+<p>“Professor Martin, while in connection with the Johns Hopkins
+University, performed an equally careful series of experiments
+in regard to the action of ethylic, or ordinary alcohol,
+directly on the cardiac structures of the dog, and with the same
+results. He makes the following explicit statement of the
+results obtained by him. ‘Blood containing one-fourth per
+cent. by volume, that is two and a half parts per 1000 of absolute
+alcohol, almost invariably diminishes, within a minute, the
+work done by the heart; blood containing one-half per cent.
+always diminishes it, and may even bring the amount pumped
+out by the left ventricle to so small a quantity that it is not sufficient
+to supply the coronary arteries.’</p>
+
+<p>“In 1883, R. Dubois, by direct experimenting upon animals,
+found that the presence of alcohol in the blood much intensified
+the action of chloroform and thereby rendered a much less
+dose fatal.</p>
+
+<p>“Prof. H. C. Wood of the University of Pennsylvania, in an
+address upon Anæsthesia to the Tenth International Medical
+Congress, of Berlin, in 1890, said: ‘In my own experiments with
+alcohol, an eighty per cent. fluid was used largely diluted with
+water. The amount injected into the jugular vein varied in the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span>different experiments from 5 to 20 c. c.; and in no case have I
+been able to detect any increase in the size of the pulse or in the
+arterial pressure produced by alcohol, when the heart was failing
+during advanced chloroform anæsthesia. On the other hand,
+on several occasions, the larger amounts of alcohol apparently
+greatly increased the rapidity of the fall of arterial pressure,
+and aided materially in extinguishing the pulse.</p>
+
+<p>“Sir Henry Thompson says: ‘That alcohol is an anæsthetic
+and paralyzant is a fact too well established to be questioned
+or contradicted.’</p>
+
+<p>“Dr. J. J. Ridge, of London, has published elaborate tables,
+showing that even small doses of alcohol, averaging one tablespoonful
+of spirits&mdash;not quite half a wineglass of claret or
+champagne, and not quite a quarter of a pint of ale&mdash;impair
+vision, feeling, and sensibility to weight, without the subject’s
+being conscious of any alteration. Dr. Scougal, of New York,
+has repeated and confirmed these experiments, and also demonstrated
+that the hearing was similarly affected.</p>
+
+<p>“Drs. Nichol and Mossop, of Edinburgh, conducted a series
+of experiments on each other, examining the eye by means of
+the ophthalmoscope while the system was under the influence of
+various drugs. They found that the nerves controlling the
+delicate blood-vessels of the retina were paralyzed by a dose of
+about a tablespoonful of brandy.</p>
+
+<p>“Dr. T. D. Crothers, of Hartford, Conn., has deduced some
+valuable facts from his experiments with the sphygmograph,
+upon the action of the heart. He has found by repeated experiments
+that while alcohol apparently increases the force and
+volume of the heart’s action, the irregular tracings of the sphygmograph
+show that the real vital force is diminished, and
+hence its apparent stimulating power is deceptive.�&mdash;Extract
+from the Annual Address before the Medical Temperance
+Association at San Francisco, Cal., June 8, 1894, by Dr. I. N.
+Quimby, of Jersey City, N. J.</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Dr. J. H. Kellogg, of Battle Creek, Mich., has
+made extensive experiments as to the effects of
+alcohol. In summing up the results of these he
+says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“It would seem that no further evidence could be required
+that alcohol is a narcotic and an anæsthetic, rather than a
+stimulant, and that its use as a supporting and tonic remedy is a
+practice without foundation in either scientific theory or natural
+clinical experience.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Sir B. W. Richardson at a medical breakfast in
+London in 1895, stated that though alcohol produced
+an increase in the motion of the heart it was ultimately
+weaker in its action, so he resolved to give
+up using such an agent.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. A. B. Palmer of the University of Michigan
+prepared a “Report� upon alcohol in 1885 for the
+Michigan State Medical Society in which he cited
+experiments showing that the opinion that alcohol
+stimulates the heart by an increase of real force, is
+an error. It creates a flutter, but decreases power.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Increased frequency of pulsation is often the strongest evidence
+of diminished power&mdash;as the fluttering pulse of extreme
+weakness.�</p></div>
+
+<p>He classes alcohol with chloroform.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“If chloroform is a narcotic, alcohol is a narcotic. If chloroform
+is an anæsthetic, alcohol is an anæsthetic. If one is
+essentially a depressing agent, so is the other. Their strong
+resemblance no one can question. The chief difference is that
+the alcoholic narcosis is longer continued, and its secondary
+effects are more severe.�</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In closing his summary of the changes in scientific
+knowledge of this drug he says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“We said it was a direct heart exciter. We now know it is
+a direct heart depressor. We said, and nearly all the text-books
+still say, it is a direct cardiac stimulant. We know from most
+conclusive experiments it is a direct <i>cardiac paralyzant</i>.�</p></div>
+
+<p>The following is taken from one of the many excellent
+papers upon alcohol written by that Nestor
+among physicians, Dr. N. S. Davis:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Alcoholics are very generally prescribed in that weakness of
+the heart sometimes met with in low forms of fever and in the
+advanced stage of other acute diseases. It is claimed that
+these agents are capable of strengthening and sustaining the
+action of the heart under the circumstances just named, and
+also under the first depressing influence of severe shock.</p>
+
+<p>“There is nothing in the ascertained physiological action of
+alcohol on the human system, as developed by a wide range of
+experimental investigation, to sustain this claim. I have used
+the sphygmograph and every other available means for testing
+experimentally the effects of alcohol upon the action of the
+heart and blood-vessels generally, but have failed in every instance
+to get proof of any increased force of cardiac action.</p>
+
+<p>“The first and very transient effect is generally increased
+frequency of beat, followed immediately by dilatation of the
+peripheral vessels from impaired vasomotor sensibility, and
+the same unsteady or wavy sphygmographic tracing as is given
+in typhoid fever, and which is usually regarded as evidence of
+cardiac debility. Turning from the field of experimentation to
+the sick-room, my search for evidences of the power of alcohol
+to sustain the force of the heart, or in any way to strengthen
+the patient has been equally unsuccessful. I was educated
+and entered upon the practice of medicine at a time when
+alcoholic drinks were universally regarded as stimulating and
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span>beat-producing, and commenced their use without prejudice or
+preconceived notions. But the first ten years of direct clinical
+or practical observation satisfied me fully of the incorrectness
+of those views, and very nearly banished the use of these
+agents from my list of remedies. While it is true that during
+the last thirty years I have not prescribed for internal use the
+aggregate amount of one quart of any kind of fermented or
+distilled drinks, either in private or hospital practice, yet I have
+continued to have abundant opportunity for observing the
+effects of these agents as given by others with whom I have
+been in council; and simple truth compels me to say that I
+have never yet seen a case in which the use of alcoholic drinks
+either increased the force of the heart’s action or strengthened
+the patient beyond the first thirty minutes after it was swallowed. *&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*</p>
+
+<p>“Nothing is easier than self-deception in this matter. A
+patient is suddenly taken with syncope, or nervous weakness,
+from which abundant experience has shown that a speedy
+recovery would take place by simple rest and fresh air. But in
+the alarm of patient and friends something must be done. A
+little wine or brandy is given, and, as it is not sufficient to
+positively prevent, the patient in due time revives just as would
+have been the case if neither wine nor brandy had been used.�</p></div>
+
+<p>In the <i>Medical Pioneer</i> of November, 1895, Prof.
+E. MacDowel Cosgrave, Professor of Biology,
+Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“The result of all recent investigation is to show that the
+use of alcohol when a stimulant effect is desired, is an error;
+and that, from first to last alcohol acts as a narcotic.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. Edmunds, of London, said in an address
+given in Manchester:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“By giving alcohol as a stimulant in exhausting diseases, I
+believe we always do as we should in giving a dose of opium
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span>and brandy and water to comfort a half suffocated patient;
+i. e., increase his danger. If that be so, we reduce alcohol not
+only from the position of food medicine, but we reduce it from
+the position of a goad; and we say that the supposititious stimulating
+or goading influence of alcohol is a mere delusion; that
+in fact alcohol always lessens the power of the patients, and
+always damages their chance of recovery, when it is a question
+of their getting through exhausting diseases.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Many more such quotations might be adduced.
+Enough are given to show that the popular use of
+alcohol, when a stimulant is required, is considered
+a grave error by those who have most thoroughly
+studied the effects of this drug.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ALCOHOL AS A TONIC.</h4>
+
+<p>Dr. J. J. Ridge, of London, says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“The action of alcohol in relaxing unstriped muscular fibre,
+which entitles it to be called an anti-spasmodic, robs it of all
+claim to give tone. The sense of exhilaration which follows
+small doses of alcohol has been mistaken for real strength and
+increase of vitality. It is well known that relaxation of the
+blood-vessels throughout the body is one of the first effects of
+alcohol. The arteries of the retina have been observed to
+dilate after very small doses of alcohol. The diminution of
+tone is well seen in the tracings of the pulse under the influence
+of alcohol. If one needs a tonic, therefore, alcohol is one
+of the things to be shunned altogether.</p>
+
+<p>“But alcoholic beverages contain other things beside alcohol.
+Beer contains infusion of hops, or other bitter stomachics.
+Some wines contain tannin. These ingredients, by creating or
+stimulating the appetite, increase the strength and vital power
+in certain cases. But we have a large number of drugs which
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span>will do the same without the disadvantages arising from the
+presence of alcohol, and, if the flavor be objected to, many of
+them can be taken in the form of coated pills.</p>
+
+<p>“The external use of cold, either by a dripping sheet, cold
+sponging, or a shower-bath, according to the power of reaction,
+is a valuable means of giving real tone.</p>
+
+<p>“Wine is frequently prescribed for those young persons who
+are growing rapidly, and whose strength does not seem to keep
+pace with their growth. It is important to know that alcohol is
+not desirable in such circumstances. There is often found in
+such cases a defective appetite, perhaps even sub-acute gastric
+catarrh, which may be due to imperfect mastication through bad
+teeth, or aggravated by it. There are other causes, such as late
+hours, bad habits, improper food or irregular meals. In such
+cases those means must be resorted to which are so effectual in
+improving the condition and strengthening the heart of athletes.
+Regular and regulated meals, exercise in the fresh air, a good
+amount of rest and sleep&mdash;these will do more than anything
+else to invigorate the bodily health.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. N. S. Davis says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Although I was taught, like all others, to use alcohol as a
+tonic when patients were sick, to hasten their recovery and promote
+their strength, yet it did not take me very long to find out
+that here and there was one already a teetotaler who would not
+take wine long, nor any kind of alcoholic drink unless prescribed,
+just as castor-oil, dose by dose, but who, when he got beyond
+the necessity of having it as a medicine, took no more. What
+was the comparison? My patients who refused, or did not take
+alcohol, got strong quicker and had less tendency to relapse
+than those who continued its use. Here was the first step in
+progress, and consequently I came soon to cease the recommending
+it merely to hasten recovery of strength. As a tonic,
+I found it of no value.�</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Dr. James Miller, of Edinburgh, says in <i>Alcohol,
+Its Place and Power</i>, written many years ago:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“It may be well here to correct an important error, yet very
+current, in regard to the medicinal use of alcohol. People
+regard it as a simple and common tonic; and are ready to
+accept its supposed help as such in every form of weakness and
+general disorder of health. But it is ordinarily, no true tonic.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. Ernest Hart, editor of the <i>British Medical
+Journal</i>, stated some years ago at a meeting of the
+British Medical Temperance Association that “the
+medical profession were nearly all agreed that alcohol
+is neither a food nor a tonic.�</p>
+
+<p>Many drunkards have been made, especially
+among women, by the delusion that alcohol has
+tonic effect. As a sample of these sad cases the
+following is given, taken from a recent number of
+<i>The National Advocate</i>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“There is in the jail at Elizabeth, N. J., a woman who was
+arrested while participating in wild drunken orgies with a gang
+of tramps in the woods near the town. She appears nothing
+but a besotted hag, but was only a short time ago a dutiful wife
+of a respectable man, and the mother of three beautiful children.
+Her father, who is said to be living in a village in New York
+State, is a highly respected minister of the Methodist Episcopal
+Church. Her children are in an asylum, and her husband is a
+wanderer in the West. The cause of her ruin was beer, prescribed
+for her by the family physician as a tonic. At first she
+refused to take it, having always been a teetotaler, but persuaded
+to obey the physician, she soon acquired a taste for the
+drink that speedily developed into the overmastering appetite,
+which has brought her and hers to this sad condition.�</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>ALCOHOL AS A SEDATIVE.</h4>
+
+<p>Dr. J. J. Ridge says in the <i>Medical Pioneer</i>, April,
+1893:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Alcohol, chiefly in the form of spirits, is often given to procure
+sleep and to relieve pain, such as that of neuralgia,
+dyspepsia, colic and diarrhœa. It is as a sedative that alcohol
+is so insidious and seductive in cases of chronic disease, as, if
+frequently resorted to, the drink craving is almost certainly
+developed. Hence the importance in many cases of rather
+bearing the ills we have than of flying to others that we know
+not of. It is clear that other narcotics, such as opium, morphia,
+chorodyne, chloral, are open to the same objection, and the
+victims of these drugs are terribly numerous. *&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;* In
+many instances some form of dyspepsia is the cause of the
+sleeplessness, palpitation or other uneasy feeling for which a
+sedative is desired, and when this is cured the symptoms
+vanish.�</p></div>
+
+<p>A prominent minister in a large American city
+was afflicted with insomnia a few years ago, and,
+after trying various remedies, was advised by a
+physician to try whisky “night-caps.� He became
+a hopeless drunkard. A young medical student in
+New York appealed to one of his professors for aid
+in overcoming aggravated insomnia. The professor
+advised whisky and morphine! The advice led to
+the ruin of the young man.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ALCOHOL AS AN ANTIPYRETIC.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“By the power of alcohol to retard the evolution of heat in
+retarding molecular changes in the tissues, the liquids containing
+it may be used as antipyretics when the temperature is too
+high, and to retard the processes of waste when these are too
+rapid. But the antipyretic influence of alcohol is so feeble in
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span>comparison with the proper application of water to the surface,
+or with the internal administration of sulphate of quinia, salicylic
+acid, digitalis, etc. that no one thinks of using it for antipyretic
+purposes.�&mdash;Dr. N. S. Davis in <i>Principles and Practice
+of Medicine</i>.</p></div>
+
+
+<h4>PROFESSOR ATWATER’S CONCLUSIONS UPON ALCOHOL
+AS A FUEL-FOOD.</h4>
+
+<p>In 1899 a decided sensation was caused by the announcement
+that Prof. Atwater, of Middletown,
+Conn., had proved that alcohol is a fuel-food equal
+in value to carbohydrates and fats. The study later
+of Prof. Atwater’s report of his investigations led to
+prolonged discussions among medical men interested
+in the alcohol question, and his theory that alcohol is
+a food because it is oxidized in the body was vigorously
+opposed by many scientists of high standing.
+Professor Abel, of Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore,
+an investigator of alcohol who worked with the
+Committee of Fifty, said on this point:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Oxidizability cannot be made the measure of usefulness
+in regard to this substance.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Professor Gruber, president of the Royal Institute
+of Hygiene, Munich, said:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Does alcohol truly deserve to be called a food substance?
+Obviously, only such substances can be called food material,
+or be employed for food, as, like albumen, fat, and sugar,
+exert non-poisonous influence in the amounts in which they
+reach the blood and must circulate in it in order to nourish
+*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;* Although alcohol contributes energy it diminishes
+working ability. We are not able to find that its energy
+is turned to account for nerve and muscle work. Very
+small amounts, whose food value is insignificant, show an injurious
+effect upon the nervous system.�</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Sir Victor Horsley, the well-known London surgeon,
+said:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“We know that alcohol lowers the temperature of the body.
+It can only do that by diminishing the activity of the vital
+processes. It also diminishes very greatly the power of the
+muscles, and it diminishes the intellectual power of the nervous
+system. To call an agent that causes such diminution of
+activity throughout the whole body a food is ridiculous.�</p></div>
+
+<p>An editorial in the <i>Journal of the <a name="Page_129t" id="Page_129t"></a><a href="#Page_129tn">American</a> Medical
+Association</i> said:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“The fallacy of the reasoning which would place alcohol
+among the foods is very apparent when we put it in the
+form of a syllogism: All foods are oxidized in the body;
+alcohol is oxidized in the body; therefore alcohol is food.
+As logically we might say: ‘All birds are bilaterally symmetrical;
+the earthworm is bilaterally symmetrical; therefore
+the earthworm is a bird.’ Oxidation within the body is
+simply one of several important properties of food, as bilateral
+symmetry is one of several important characteristics
+of a bird.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Schafer’s Physiology says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“It cannot be doubted that any small production of energy
+resulting from the oxidation of alcohol is more than counterbalanced
+by its deleterious influences as a drug upon the
+tissue elements, and especially upon those of the nervous
+system.�</p></div>
+
+<p>The <i>Bulletin</i> of the A. M. T. A. for July, 1899,
+contained an article upon Prof. Atwater by Dr. J.
+H. Kellogg, from which the following is taken:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Starch, sugar and fats become foods or fuels only through
+their assimilation. Abundant physiological evidence attests
+that no substance can act as a food, or as a true source of energy,
+unless it has first entered into the composition of the body. It
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span>must be assimilated. The forces manifested by the body, the
+muscular forces, or nervous energy, are the result of the breaking
+down of organized structure into simpler forms. For
+example, in the case of nervous energy, material from which
+nerve energy is derived is stored up in the nerve cell, and can
+be seen with the microscope in the form of minute granules,
+which disappear as the cell energy is expended, leaving the cell
+blank and shriveled when in a state of extreme fatigue from
+overwork. The same is essentially true of the muscle cell.
+The source of muscular energy is glycogen, an organized substance
+which becomes a part of the muscle tissue in a well-nourished
+muscle in a state of rest.</p>
+
+<p>“Experiments have clearly shown that fat, sugar and starch
+must all alike be converted into the form of glycogen and enter
+into the muscle structure before they can become a source of
+energy.</p>
+
+<p>“Professor Atwater tells us that alcohol can not form tissue,
+hence the query is pertinent, How can it be a source of vital
+energy? The body does not burn food as a stove does fuel.
+Food can be called fuel only in a highly figurative sense. The
+oxidation of food in the body does not take place directly.
+Food is assimilated, becoming a part of the tissue. Oxygen is
+also assimilated, entering into the composition of the tissue
+along with the food elements under the action of special
+organic ferments brought into play by nervous impulses received
+from the central ganglia.</p>
+
+<p>“The molecules of these residual tissues which form the
+storehouse of energy in the body are rearranged in simpler
+forms, thereby giving up a portion of the energy which holds
+them together in the state in which they exist in the tissues,
+and this energy thus set free appears as muscle force, mental
+activity, glandular work and various other forms of functional
+activity.�</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a>CHAPTER VII.</h2>
+
+<h3>ALCOHOL IN PHARMACY.</h3>
+
+
+<p>In the <i>Journal of the American Medical Association</i>
+for November 13, 1897, Dr. T. D. Crothers,
+editor of the <i>Journal of Inebriety</i>, says in a paper
+upon “Concealed Alcohol in Drugs�:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“A very important question has been repeatedly raised, and
+answered differently by persons who claim to have some
+expert knowledge. The question is, can strong tinctures of
+common drugs be given in all cases with safety; tinctures of
+the various bitters which contain from 10 to 40 per cent. of
+alcohol, and are used very freely by neurotic and debilitated
+persons? It is asserted with the most positive convictions that
+such tinctures are more sought for the narcotic effect of the
+alcohol than for the drugs themselves.</p>
+
+<p>“In my experience a large number of inebriates who are
+restored, relapse from the use of these tinctures given for their
+medicinal effects. *&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*</p>
+
+<p>“The question is asked, how much alcohol can be used as a
+solvent in drugs without adding a new force more potent than
+that which is brought out by the alcohol? Opinions of experts
+differ. One writer thinks 10 per cent. of alcohol in any drug
+will, if given any length of time, develop the physiologic effect
+of alcohol in addition to that of the drug. An English writer
+says that in some cases a 5 per cent. tincture is dangerous from
+the alcohol which it contains.</p>
+
+<p>“There is some doubt expressed by many authorities as to
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span>the potency of a drug which is covered up in a strong tincture.
+It is clear that the value of a drug is not enhanced, and it is
+certain that a new force-producing, or exploding agency, has
+been added to the body.</p>
+
+<p>“In experience, any drug which contains alcohol can not be
+given to persons who have previously used it without rousing up
+the old desire for drink, or at least producing a degree of irritation
+and excitement that clearly comes from this source. It is
+also the experience of persons who are very susceptible to alcohol,
+that any strong tincture is followed by headache and other
+symptoms that refer to disturbed nerve centres.</p>
+
+<p>“In many studies I have been surprised at the increased action
+of drugs when given in other forms than the tincture. Gum
+and powdered opium, have far more pronounced narcotic action
+than the tincture. Yet the tincture is followed by a more rapid
+narcotism, but of shorter duration, and attended with more
+nerve disturbance at the onset.</p>
+
+<p>“I am convinced that a more exact knowledge of the physiologic
+action of alcohol on the organism will show that its use
+in drugs as tinctures is dangerous and will be abandoned.</p>
+
+<p>“There are many reasons for believing that its use in proprietary
+drugs will be punished in the future under what is
+called the poison act.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. J. J. Ridge published in May, 1893, in the
+<i>Medical Pioneer</i>, the following statement of the
+pharmacy of the London Temperance Hospital:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“When the Temperance Hospital was first opened, it became
+a question of practical importance, what should be done with
+regard to the alcohol so largely employed as a vehicle and drug
+excipient. Not that the principle of the treatment of disease
+without the ordinary administration of alcoholic beverages precludes
+the employment of alcoholic tinctures, but it was felt that
+in such a test case as this it was important to obviate the objec<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span>tion
+that while withholding alcohol as a beverage, it was given
+in the medicine. As a matter of fact, it is surprising, when one
+looks into it, how much alcohol is often given merely as a vehicle
+for other drugs, and without the special action of alcohol
+being required or desired. In prescriptions which are to be
+seen in many text-books, it is not uncommon to find from one
+to two or three, or even four drachms of rectified spirit in the
+form of tinctures or spirits. This is very undesirable. If alcohol
+is needed it should be given in proper measured dose.
+But if it is not indicated, then it is not well to administer it in
+this indirect manner.</p>
+
+<p>“Experiments were therefore made, partly at the hospital
+and specially by Messrs. Southall Bros. &amp; Barclay, of Birmingham,
+with the result that new non-alcoholic tinctures were
+made replacing the following alcoholic tinctures and wines:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 6em">
+Tinct. Aloes.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Arnicæ.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Aurantii.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;    Belladonnæ.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;    Buchu.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;    Calumbæ.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;    Camph. Co.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;    Capsici.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;    Cascarillæ.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;    Catechu.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;    Chiratæ.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;    Cinchonæ Co.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;        &nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;    Flav.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;    Cinnamomæ.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;    Colchici Sem.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;    Conii.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;    Digitalis.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;    Ferri Acet.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;    Ferri Perchlor.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;    Gentiani Co.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;    Hyosciami.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;    Kino.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;    Krameriæ.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;    Limonis.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;    Lobeliæ.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;    Nucis Vomicæ.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;    Opii.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;    Quassiæ.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;    Rhei.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;    Scillæ.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;    Serpentariæ.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;    Stramonii.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;    Valerianæ.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;       &nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;       Ammon.<br />
+Vin.  Aloes.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;    Colchici Rad.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;       &nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;     Sim.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;    Ipecac.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;    Opii.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;    Rhei.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span>“These were made by extracting the principles of the drugs
+in the usual way except that instead of alcohol a mixture of
+glycerine and water was used in the proportion of one-fourth to
+one-third part of glycerine, and about five per cent. of acetic
+acid. These made very elegant preparations, and in the majority
+of cases appeared to have just the same, and just as great
+physiological action. Subsequently the ordinary tinctures were
+distilled, and the extracts thus obtained dissolved in the above
+menstruum, as far as was possible, in most cases the residuum
+being found to be inert.</p>
+
+<p>“Gum resins and essential oils were found to be insoluble in
+this menstruum, and hence such drugs have been given in the
+form of pill, powder or mixture. Such tinctures are those of
+assafœtida, benzoin, cannabis indica, cantharides, castor, cubebs,
+lavender, myrrh, pyrethrum, sumbul, tolu and ginger. Out of
+62 tinctures it was found that 46 made good preparations, and
+16 did not.</p>
+
+<p>“These were employed for several years. But for some time
+past, somewhat more reliable preparations have been made for
+us which contain <i>all</i> the constituents of the alcoholic tinctures
+without the alcohol. They are for the most part made by taking
+standardized tinctures, mixing with them sugar of milk, and
+distilling off the alcohol. The alcoholic extract remains behind
+in a finely divided condition mingled with sugar of milk. This
+is broken up, pulverized and compressed into tabloids of a
+definite dose, which can be taken either in that form or rubbed
+up and dissolved or suspended in gum water.</p>
+
+<p>“The following have been made up in this form: aconite,
+belladonna, camph. co., cannabis indica, capsicum, cinchon. co.,
+and cinchon. simpl., digitalis, gelseminum, hyosciamus, nux
+vomica, opium, strophanthus, ginger and Warburg. Other tinctures
+will be gradually added to this list.</p>
+
+<p>“As external liniments those commonly used are the linimentum
+terebinthinæ and the linimentum terebinthinæ aceticum,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span>which do not contain alcohol. A strong solution of iodine is
+made with iodide of potassium.</p>
+
+<p>“The spiritus ammoniæ aromaticus is made without the spirit,
+the aromatic oils being emulsionized by means of rubbing up
+with fine sand, but most of these subsequently rise to the surface.
+The spiritus etheris nitrosi is impossible without alcohol,
+but nitrite of amyl, and nitrites of potash or soda can be substituted.
+The spiritus chloroformi is replaced by aqua chloroformi,
+or as a sweetening agent by solution of saccharin. Thus a favorite
+expectorant mixture contains carbonate of ammonia five
+grains, acetum ipecac, ten minims, and solution of saccharin in
+each dose.</p>
+
+<p>“As a special stimulant a subcutaneous injection of a drachm
+of pure ether has been given in a few cases; in others digitalis,
+or caffeine or ammonia in some form, such as the carbonate
+dissolved in a cup of hot coffee; or hot solution of Liebig’s
+extract, or rectal injections of hot water.�</p></div>
+
+<p>It may be objected by some that glycerine belongs
+to the family of alcohols, hence hospitals
+using glycerine tinctures are not, strictly speaking,
+non-alcoholic. To this the answer is, that while
+glycerine certainly is classed in the family of alcohols,
+it is of a very different nature from ethyl
+alcohol, which is used for beverage purposes.
+Ethyl alcohol, the alcohol in all intoxicating beverages
+in common use, and the alcohol generally used
+in medicine, creates a fatal craving for itself, and is
+injurious to the body. Glycerine does not create
+any craving for itself, and has not been demonstrated
+to have injurious properties, and is not used for
+beverage purposes.</p>
+
+<p>At the annual meeting of the New York State<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span>
+Medical Society, held in New York City, in October,
+1898, a discussion was held upon the use of alcohol
+as medicine. Dr. E. R. Squibb, a leading pharmacist
+of Brooklyn, stated that during the last two or
+three years much had been accomplished in retiring
+alcohol as a menstruum for exhausting drugs. Of
+the other menstrua experimented with up to the
+present time, that which had given the best results
+was acetic acid, in various strengths. It had been
+discovered that a ten per cent. solution of acetic
+acid was almost universal in its exhausting powers.
+There were now in use in veterinary practice, and
+in some hospitals, extracts made with acetic acid.
+They were made according to the requirements of
+the pharmacopœia, except that acetic acid was
+substituted for alcohol. Acetic acid, when used
+with alkaloids gives the physician some advantages
+in prescribing, owing to there being fewer incompatibles.
+In small doses, the percentage of acetic
+acid in the extract is so small as to be hardly
+appreciable, and when larger doses are required,
+the acetic acid can be neutralized by the addition
+of potash or soda.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Noble said, in article to <i>London Times</i> before
+referred to:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Modern science has shown that those drugs which are
+soluble in alcohol only, are, in all probability, more hurtful than
+useful.�</p></div>
+
+<p>The following from Dr. Jas. R. Nichols, editor
+Boston <i>Journal of Chemistry</i>, is too good to be
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span>omitted, although it should be familiar to temperance
+students:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“The facetious Dr. Holmes has said, that if the contents of
+our drug-stores were taken out upon the ocean and thrown
+overboard, it would be better for the human race, but worse for
+the fishes. This statement may be a little sweeping; but it is
+true that all the showy bottles in drug-stores which contain
+alcoholic decoctions and tinctures might be submerged in
+the ocean, and invalids would suffer no detriment. Since the
+active alkaloidal and resinoidal principles of roots, barks and
+gums have been isolated and put in better and more convenient
+forms, there is no longer need of alcoholic tinctures and elixirs.
+Laudanum, which is a tincture of opium, might be banished
+from the shelves of every apothecary, as it is not needed. It is
+now known that the valuable narcotic and hypnotic principles
+of opium are contained in certain crystalline bodies, which can
+be isolated, and used in minute and convenient forms, and that
+they can be held in aqueous solutions. Alcohol is no longer
+needed to hold the active principles of opium, Peruvian bark
+or other indispensable drugs. As regards the vegetable tonics
+so called, the best among them is the columbo (Radix columbo)
+and this readily yields its bitter principle to water, as does
+quassia, gentian, senna, rhubarb and most other valuable substances.
+A careful survey of the contents of a well-appointed
+modern pharmacy leads to the conclusion that there is no one
+indispensable medicinal preparation which requires alcohol as a
+free constituent.</p>
+
+<p>“The catalogue of modern remedies is almost endless, and
+many of them hold alcohol in some form; but every intelligent
+physician knows that 90 per cent. of these alleged remedies
+have little or no intrinsic value. The nostrums of the quack,
+the bitters, elixirs, cordials, extracts, etc. nearly all contain alcohol,
+and this is the ingredient which aids their sale. The
+whole unclean list might, with advantage to mankind, be
+thrown to the fishes.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span></p>
+<p>“The chemist, more particularly the pharmaceutical chemist,
+may inquire how he is to conduct his processes without alcohol.
+It is from the pharmaceutical laboratory we derive some of
+the most important substances used in medicines and the arts.
+Among them may be named ether, chloroform and chloral hydrate,
+three of the most indispensable agents known to science,
+and the employment of alcohol is essential to their production.
+Alcohol is a laboratory product; it is a chemical agent which
+belongs to the laboratory; it is the handmaid of the chemist,
+and, so long as it exists, should be retained within the walls of
+the laboratory. In the manufacture of most of the important
+products in which alcohol is either directly or indirectly used,
+its production may be made simultaneous with the production
+of the agent desired. In the manufacture of ether and chloroform,
+the apparatus for alcohol may be made a part of the devices
+from which the ultimate agents, ether and chloroform,
+result. Fermentation and distillation may be conducted at one
+end, and the anæsthetics received at the other. It is true that
+in a chemical laboratory alcohol is an agent very convenient in
+a thousand ways. But, if it were banished utterly, what would
+result? There are other methods of fabricating the useful
+products named, and many others, without the use of alcohol,
+but the processes would be rather inconvenient and more costly.
+The banishment of alcohol would not deprive us of a single one
+of the indispensable agents which modern civilization demands,
+and neither would chemical science be retarded by its loss.�</p>
+
+<p>“It must be remembered that modern science has given us
+glycerine, naptha, bisulphide of carbon, pyroligneous products,
+carbolic acid and a hundred other agents which are capable of
+taking the place of alcohol in a very large number of appliances
+and processes.�</p></div>
+
+<p>The sale of liquor in drug-stores is beginning to
+be deplored by the more respectable pharmacists.
+At the annual meeting of the Massachusetts State<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span>
+Pharmacists’ Association in 1895 the president said
+in his address:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“One thing that every pharmacist, who has the best interests
+of his calling at heart, must bear in mind is that the liquor part
+of their business is being, and must be, slowly crowded out.
+Public sentiment has changed greatly in the last few years, and
+instead of all being classed alike, the line has been sharply
+drawn, and the stores that sell the least amount of liquor that
+they possibly can are gaining the confidence and esteem of the
+public, and consequently their business is growing from year to
+year, while the others are losing ground and dropping lower
+and lower.�</p></div>
+
+<p>The <i>Evening Record</i> of Boston contained the following
+in its issue of March 7, 1896:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“The number of flagrant offences on the part of druggists in
+certain no-license towns&mdash;offences not only against the liquor
+laws, but also against the laws of decency and humanity&mdash;brought
+before the board of pharmacy, would appall the public
+if they were known. The Looker-On has seen the record of
+several of these druggists as transcribed from the police courts
+and they are very black records. One druggist after selling
+liquor over and over again to one customer, and several times
+getting him completely intoxicated, finally deposited him one
+night in a snowbank, in a state of frozen stupor, where he
+would have frozen to death had not the wife of the druggist’s
+clerk threatened to complain to the police unless he was rescued.</p>
+
+<p>“The story is told of one of the druggists of a neighboring
+no-license town. A man came in and asked for a pint of
+whisky. He was asked what he wanted it for. His reply was
+that he wanted it to soak some roots in. He got it, and as he
+went out he dryly remarked, ‘I should have told you that it
+was the roots of me tongue that I want to soak.’�</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII"></a>CHAPTER VIII.</h2>
+
+<h3>DISEASES, AND THEIR TREATMENT WITHOUT
+ALCOHOL.</h3>
+
+
+<p>The question, “What shall I take instead of
+wine, beer or brandy?� is frequently asked by
+those who have been trained to think some form of
+alcohol really necessary to the cure of disease, but,
+who, from principle would prefer other agents, if
+they knew of any equal in effect. This chapter
+deals somewhat with the answer to that question.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Alcoholic Craving</span>:&mdash;The craving for alcohol
+may be present for a time after a person has commenced
+to abstain from all beverages containing it.
+Or, it may occur periodically, as a sort of irresistible
+impulse. For the periodical craving Dr. Higginbotham,
+of England, recommends that a half drachm
+of ipecacuanha be taken so as to produce full vomiting.
+He says the desire for intoxicating drinks will
+be immediately removed. The craving is caused by
+vitiated secretions of the stomach; the vomiting
+removes these. Dr. Higginbotham says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“If a patient can be persuaded to follow the emetic plan for
+a few times when the periodical attacks come on, he will be
+effectually cured.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Some men in trying to abstain have found the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span>use of fresh fruit, especially apples, very helpful.
+Nourishing and digestible food should be taken
+somewhat frequently. A cup of hot milk or hot
+coffee taken at the right moment has saved some.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Anæmia</span>:&mdash;In this complaint there is a deficiency
+of the red corpuscles of the blood. It may be
+the result of some fever or exhausting illness; it
+may accompany dyspepsia, and is then due to imperfect
+digestion and assimilation of the food.
+The poverty of the blood produces shortness of
+breath, and often palpitation of the heart also,
+especially on a little exertion. There is generally
+more or less weariness, languor and debility, sometimes
+also giddiness, sickness, fainting and neuralgia.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“In the treatment of anæmia, port wine and other alcoholic
+liquors are worse than useless.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr. J. J. Ridge</span>, London.</p>
+
+<p>“The common prescription of wine or some form of spirits
+for states of general exhaustion and anæmia, is a serious mistake.
+It assumes that the temporary increase in the action of the heart
+is renewed vigor, and that some power is added to the failing
+energies. This theory rests solely on the statement of the
+patient that he feels better. In reality the exhaustion is intensified,
+though covered up.�&mdash;<i>Medical Pioneer.</i></p>
+
+<p>“Deficiency of nutrition, of light and of pure air may be
+mentioned as common causes of anæmia. *&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;* It is
+evident that the first step in the treatment of this disease is to
+remove the cause. If the cause is dyspepsia, this must receive
+attention; if intestinal parasites, they must be dislodged; if
+prolonged nursing, nursing must be interdicted; if too little
+food, a larger quantity of nourishing, wholesome food must be
+employed. Such simple and easily digested foods as eggs,
+poached or boiled, boiled milk, kumyzoon, good buttermilk,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span>purée of peas, beans or lentils, boiled rice, well-cooked gruels
+and other preparations of grains are suitable. Beef tea and
+extracts are worthless. *&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*</p>
+
+<p>“A careful course of physical training is essential to securing
+perfect recovery in cases of chronic anæmia due to indigestion,
+or any other serious disturbance of the nutritive processes.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr.
+J. H. Kellogg.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Appetite, Loss of</span>:&mdash;“There is often disinclination for
+food because <i>it is not required</i>. Many cannot eat much breakfast,
+because they have had a hearty supper. Or having had
+both a hearty breakfast and luncheon, they feel but little desire
+for a dinner of four or five courses. Generally the stomach is
+right and the habits wrong. What is to be done then, for
+such lack of appetite? Simply go without food until appetite
+comes.</p>
+
+<p>“When ale or beer is taken regularly with meals the stomach
+learns to expect them, and the food is not relished without
+them. The appetizing power of beer and bitter ales is chiefly
+due to the hop or other bitter ingredients which they contain.
+When it seems necessary to assist the appetite temporarily, a
+small quantity of simple infusion of hops may be taken.</p>
+
+<p>“Sometimes appetite fails because of exhaustion of body
+and mind. This may be nature’s warning against overwork,
+and cannot be neglected with impunity. Life will inevitably be
+shortened if it is found necessary to rely upon the aid of
+alcohol in any form in order to do a day’s work.</p>
+
+<p>“Bouillon, or beef soup, at the beginning of a meal are incentives
+to appetite. Change of scene, and life in the open
+air are the very best aids to appetite, when aids are really required.�</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Apoplexy</span>:&mdash;“There is a popular idea that whenever a person
+is taken ill with giddiness, fainting or insensibility, brandy
+should be at once procured and poured down his throat.
+Nothing can be more dangerous in apoplexy. This disease is
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span>due to the bursting of some blood-vessel in the head, and the
+poured-out blood presses on the brain and leads to more or less
+insensibility. If fainting occurs, it may possibly save the
+patient’s life, because then the blood-vessels contract, and the
+flow of blood ceases immediately; time is thus given for the
+ruptured blood-vessel to became sealed up by a clot, which will
+prevent further loss of blood. If brandy is given, there is, first,
+great risk of choking the patient; if that danger is escaped
+and the brandy is swallowed and absorbed, the vessels become
+relaxed and the heart recovers its force; hence the ruptured
+vessel, if not sufficiently sealed by clot, may be started again,
+and fatal hemorrhage result.</p>
+
+<p>“The only <i>treatment</i> which unskilled hands can adopt is to
+lay the patient on his back on the floor or sofa with the head
+and shoulders somewhat raised; to loosen all the dress round
+the neck and body; to apply cold to the head and hot flannels
+or a hot bottle to the feet and hands, or to soak them in hot
+mustard and water, and to gently rub the arms and legs.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr.
+J. J. Ridge.</span></p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. Alfred Smee, surgeon to the Bank of England,
+says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Give nothing by the mouth. Apply a stream of cold water
+to the head. If the feet are cold apply warm cloths. If relief
+is not soon obtained, apply hot fomentations to the abdomen,
+keeping the head erect.�</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Bed-Sores</span>:&mdash;Some object to using alcohol even
+as an outward application. Dr. Ridge recommends
+that when a patient is confined to bed the parts
+pressed on be well washed every day with strong
+salt and water or alum water, and carefully dried.
+<i>Glycerine of Tannin</i> may then be applied. If any
+redness appears, especially if any dusky patch is
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span>formed, <i>collodion</i> may be applied with a brush, and
+all pressure should be taken off the part by a circular
+air-pillow or by a cushion; or small bran or
+sand-bags may be made and carefully arranged. If
+the skin is broken, <i>zinc</i> or <i>resin ointment</i> may be
+applied.</p>
+
+<p>Some recommend finely powdered iodoform
+sprinkled over the surface of the sore.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Boils and Carbuncle</span>:&mdash;“In many cases these troubles
+result from an overloaded condition of the system, which is the
+result of taking too much food, or some error in diet. The
+boils are an effort of nature to be rid of offending matter. In
+some cases they are due to the use of impure water, or the
+presence of sewer gas in the house. In others, overwork, or
+other debilitating causes, may have produced the state of the
+digestive organs which usually causes the boils. Carbuncle is,
+essentially, an extensive boil.</p>
+
+<p>“Apply iodine early or a piece of belladonna plaster. The
+diet should be plain and unstimulating, condiments being
+avoided and plenty of fresh vegetables taken, if possible.
+Fresh-air, exercise and proper rest should be obtained, and
+late hours avoided.</p>
+
+<p>“Medical advice is requisite in carbuncle. The popular
+notion that port wine is absolutely necessary is both erroneous
+and mischievous.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Ridge.</span></p></div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Catarrh</span>:&mdash;Among the causes are repeated
+colds; errors in diet, especially excess in the use of
+fats and sugar, and an inactive state of the liver.</p>
+
+<p>Cut off from your bill of fare all salted foods,
+avoid fats and condiments; drink freely of pure
+water; live in the open-air and sunshine as much as
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span>possible, taking much out-door exercise. Take a
+cold sponge or towel bath every morning, beginning
+at the face and finishing by plunging the feet into
+a foot-tub. Follow with vigorous rubbing with a
+crash or Turkish towel. Those subject to sore
+throat should hold the head over a basin of cold
+water and lave the neck with the water for about
+two minutes. The writer was formerly subject to
+frequent sore throats, but has had none for over
+two years, as she believes, because of the adoption
+of this measure, together with the towel bath every
+morning, summer and winter.</p>
+
+<p>Care should be taken to avoid exposure to
+draughts, or any other means which will produce liability
+to cold. Care in diet, good ventilation and the
+morning cold bath are essential if a radical cure is desired.
+Local measures, while giving relief, will not
+remove the predisposing causes. Dr. Kellogg recommends
+saline solutions in the form of the nasal
+douche, a teaspoonful of salt to a pint of soft water,
+adding twenty to thirty drops of carbolic acid, if
+there is offensive odor, as a relief measure.</p>
+
+<p>Sleeping in a poorly ventilated room is said to be
+one cause of catarrh.</p>
+
+<p><i>Hay Fever</i> is a form of catarrh. The vapor
+bath is recommended as very helpful in this trouble.
+<i>Nature Cure</i> says that two vapor baths and a two
+or three days’ fast will cure any case of hay fever.
+The use of pork and other clogging foods should be
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span>avoided by those afflicted with this trouble. The
+bowels should be kept in good condition. If constipated,
+the use of prunes, figs, grapes, apples and
+other such fruits will be very beneficial; walking,
+and massage of the bowels, being added if the fruits
+are not sufficient. No one able to walk should
+depend upon drugs to relieve a constipated condition.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Colds</span>:&mdash;“If the bowels are constipated, the skin over-burdened
+and clogged with bilious matter, and the lungs weak,
+it is as easy to take cold as to roll off a log. If, on the contrary,
+the lungs are well developed, and the respiratory power
+large, providing abundant oxygen to keep bright the internal
+fires, the colon clean, the skin daily washed, and the system
+hardened by the cold bath, taking cold is next to impossible.</p>
+
+<p>“The first remedial agent for a cold should be a copious
+enema. Then open the pores of the skin by a hot bath; take a
+glass of hot lemonade and go to bed.�&mdash;<i>The New Hygiene.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Chills</span>:&mdash;For chill, take a hot foot and hand
+bath, with mustard in the water, ¼ pound to a
+gallon; then go to bed in a well ventilated room.
+Drink freely of hot lemonade or hot water. Catarrh,
+colds and hay fever may all be effectually relieved
+by hot baths. Relief may be gained also
+from inhaling the vapor from pine needles or hemlock
+leaves. Put them in a bowl, pour boiling
+water over them, hold the face down over the bowl,
+the head being covered, and inhale the vapor well
+up into the nostrils and head. A few drops of
+hemlock oil in the hot water will do as well.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Coughs and Hoarseness</span>:&mdash;Boil flaxseed in 1
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span>pint water, strain, add two teaspoons honey, 1
+ounce rock candy, and juice 3 lemons. Drink hot.
+Also; roast a lemon till hot, cut, and squeeze on 3
+ounces powdered sugar.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Colic</span>:&mdash;This may arise from cold, or from error
+in diet. If the latter it is desirable to induce
+vomiting. For the pain, apply hot flannels or
+fomentations; drink hot water. In severe cases,
+sprinkle a little turpentine on flannel, wrung from hot
+water, and apply to abdomen. Colic resulting from
+the accumulation of fecal matter should be treated
+with hot enemas until relieved. A hot hip-bath is
+sometimes necessary to relief.</p>
+
+<p>The colic of children and infants should never be
+treated with alcoholics. In infants it generally
+arises from excessive or improper feeding; care
+should be taken that the milk provided them is not
+sour.</p>
+
+<p>In severe cases the babe should be immersed in
+warm water, keeping the head above water, of
+course. This is also the best remedy in convulsions.
+The hot bath, with a copious enema of
+warm water, has saved the lives of many babes.</p>
+
+<p>For adults, hot water, with a pinch of red pepper
+added, will do all that brandy can do, and more.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cholera</span>:&mdash;Brandy has been considered by many
+a really necessary medicine in cholera. The following
+is a discussion upon Alcohol in Cholera which
+was held at the annual meeting of the British<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span>
+Medical Temperance Association, in May, 1893, and
+is taken from the <i>Medical Pioneer</i> of June, 1893:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Dr. Richardson opened a discussion on Cholera in relation
+to Alcohol. He said he would bring forward five points on the
+subject.</p>
+
+<p>1. The negligence among the people at large produced by
+alcohol in the presence of a cholera epidemic. There was no
+doubt on the part of any who had seen an epidemic of cholera
+as to the mischief done by alcohol, apart from its action as a
+remedy. People rush to the public houses and take it to ward
+off the danger, or to relieve them when they begin to feel ill,
+and the result is very bad morally. He had seen this in different
+epidemics. Or people got in spirits to face the danger, and
+many became intoxicated and less able to resist.</p>
+
+<p>2. Its misuse by those affected. It was often given to cheer
+them up and remove their fear and nervousness. In his opinion
+it invariably produced mischief.</p>
+
+<p>3. He was unable to find any physiological reason for giving
+it. There was a constant drain of fluid, causing spasms and
+cramp, both of the muscles and blood-vessels, and difficult circulation
+through the lungs. Spasm may be relaxed by alcohol,
+but, on the other hand, alcohol is exceedingly greedy of water,
+and so increases the flux. But it also reduces animal temperature,
+which is a strong feature of cholera, so much so that he
+could almost diagnose cholera blindfold in the stage of collapse,
+by the icy coldness.</p>
+
+<p>4. Its uselessness as a remedy during the acute stage. He
+had seen a great deal of cholera and never saw alcohol do any
+good whatever. There was a temporary glow which passed
+away in a few minutes, and then the evil it does in other ways
+was brought out. Water was far better, even if cold. The
+College of Physicians had given some instructions and ordered
+great care in the administration of alcohol; this was not far
+enough, but good as far as it went. The recoveries were best
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span>where the treatment was simplest, such as external warmth
+with plenty of diluents. He had given creasote largely.</p>
+
+<p>5. Its injuriousness during the stage of reaction. The reactive
+fever following collapse caused a great number of deaths.
+In this stage alcohol was absolutely poisonous. He could recall
+many such cases in which he had given alcohol through
+ignorance, and always with disaster.</p>
+
+<p>“Brigade-Surgeon Pringle said that when he went out to India
+he thought alcohol was something to stand by, but he had soon
+found out his mistake; he had himself suffered from it. He could
+confirm what Dr. Richardson had said as to the demoralization
+produced by alcohol to which men resort to keep up their
+spirits, and men seized under these circumstances were in the
+greatest danger. Nature effects a cure in many cases without
+assistance, and often with wonderful rapidity. People apparently
+dead and about to be buried, he had known to get up
+and recover. When alcohol is given during collapse there is
+often no absorption until reaction occurs, and then the quantity
+accumulated speedily produces intoxication. It was the same
+with opium: he had found pills unchanged in the stomach for
+hours. He recommended hot drinks; he had tried every kind
+of medicine and had little faith in it. The nursing was very
+important, and it was important that the nurses should abstain.</p>
+
+<p>“Dr. Morton said it was easy to see that on physiological
+grounds alone, alcohol, with its strong affinity for water and its
+tendency to lower temperature, could not be a useful drug in
+the treatment of cholera collapse, and with its powers of paralyzing
+vascular inhibition and checking elimination of effete
+matter, could not be otherwise than harmful in the stage of reaction.
+As these conclusions were corroborated by practical
+experience he did not think members would hesitate to banish
+it from their equipment against cholera.</p>
+
+<p>“Dr. Ridge said it should be remembered that Doyen had
+made experiments on guinea-pigs and had found they were
+proof against cholera, unless they had previously had a dose of
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span>alcohol. This explained why drunkards and hard drinkers
+were so much more liable to have cholera, and have it badly as
+all observers declared to be the case. Another reason might
+be that small quantities of alcohol, such as would be found circulating
+in the blood, favored the growth and multiplication
+of bacteria, certainly those of decomposition, and probably
+those of cholera. Hence, other things being equal, the abstainer
+had a great advantage.</p>
+
+<p>“Dr. Norman Kerr said that he had observed both in America
+and Glasgow that not only notorious drunkards but free
+drinkers suffered; abstainers were less liable unless they took
+contaminated water, and the less liquid taken the less chance
+of taking cholera; beer-drinkers often took more than abstainers.
+The alcohol-drinker uses up more water from his blood
+and so has less to flush out the system. Alcohol, given to a
+patient, disguised his condition so that he might seem better
+though really worse. Hence it is better and safer not to give
+any. The doctors and nurses ought to be abstainers. A doctor
+after dinner was more likely to take a roseate view of a
+case, looking at it through an alcoholic pair of spectacles. Alcohol
+was not really a stimulant, but a depressant, and this is a
+very depressing disease; it was important to have our vital resisting
+power as vigorous as possible. Hot water both relaxes
+and stimulates, and the whole cry of the sufferer is for water.
+Many persons who died in cholera did not die of the disease,
+but of the drugs such as alcohol and opium. Acid drinks
+should be given, as the bacilli could not live in acid mixtures.
+Cholera might come, but he believed we were better prepared
+to meet it and to treat it.</p>
+
+<p>“Surgeon-General Francis sent a communication which was
+read by the Honorable Secretary. He said: ‘Having had
+many opportunities of treating cholera in various parts of India
+and amongst all classes, I have no hesitation in affirming that
+alcohol in any shape is one of the very worst remedies. Life
+is, so to speak, paralyzed, and we give a remedy which, appar<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span>ently
+stimulating, is in reality, a paralyzer and therefore mischievous;
+the death-rate might be considerably reduced provided
+alcohol were rigidly excluded.’�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. Norman Kerr in a valuable paper upon
+Cholera says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“The first thing is to get rid of the poison. How? By assisting
+it out; but alcohol keeps it in by blocking the doors,
+just as the doors were blocked in the terrible calamity at Sunderland
+not long ago. The alcohol makes the heart and circulation
+labor more. Alcohol not only retains the cholera poison,
+but retards the action of the heart. Brandy and opium used to
+be employed, but the records show that if the object had been
+to make cholera as fatal as possible, that object was achieved
+by the indiscriminate administration of brandy and opium.
+Better leave the victim alone, and his chances of recovery will
+be greater than if he have a thousand doctors, and as many
+nurses, administering to him brandy and opium. Alcohol is
+especially dangerous in the third stage, that of reactive fever,
+because it adds to the fever. Then, alcohol is not only unsafe
+in the three stages of genuine cholera, but especially unsafe in
+the premonitory diarrhœa stage, which gives nearly every one
+warning before they are attacked by genuine cholera. Brandy
+is taken simply because it puts away the pain. If there are
+only the pain and slight diarrhœa, speaking medically, it is all
+right, but if there is anything behind the pain, it is all wrong.
+After the alcohol, the mischief is going on, only the patient does
+not know it, and valuable time is lost. All the alcohol does is
+to deaden sensation. *&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;* Here I can thoroughly recommend
+ice and iced water. I have always treated cholera patients
+with these. Let them drink iced water to their hearts’ content;
+they can never drink too much; and this opinion is fortified by
+that of Professor Maclean, of Netley. There is no need of a
+substitute for brandy in cholera, because in ordinary circumstances
+in that disease the action of a stimulant is bad. Flush<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span>ing
+of the blood is required, and water will do it. Milk will
+not do it, because it is too thick&mdash;nothing but pure, cold water,
+all the better if iced.�</p></div>
+
+<p>In 1893 Dr. Ernest Hart, editor of the <i>British
+Medical Journal</i>, read an able paper upon Cholera
+before the American Medical Association. His
+argument was that the introduction of such a substance
+as alcohol, itself being a product of germ action,
+into a system already suffering from the toxic
+influence of a ptomaine, could not be otherwise
+than pernicious.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Cholera Morbus</span>:&mdash;Dr. Kellogg says: “The stomach
+should be washed by means of the stomach-tube when possible.
+A large hot enema should be given after each evacuation of
+the bowels. The addition of tannin, one drachm to a quart of
+water, is serviceable. When the vomited matter no longer
+shows signs of food, efforts should be made to stop the vomiting.
+Give the patient bits of ice the size of a bean to swallow
+every few minutes. At the same time apply hot fomentations
+over the stomach and bowels. If the patient suffer much from
+cramp, put him into a warm bath. The first food taken should
+be farinaceous. Oatmeal gruel, well boiled and strained, is
+useful.�</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cholera Infantum</span>:&mdash;“Iced water may be given in very
+small quantities every few minutes. Give the stomach entire
+rest for at least twenty-four hours. There will be no suffering
+for want of food as long as the stomach is in such a condition.
+Withhold milk until nature has had time to rid the alimentary
+canal of the poison-producing germs. White of egg dissolved
+in water is an excellent preparation in these cases. Egg enemata
+may also be advantageously used.</p>
+
+<p>“Warm baths, the hot blanket pack when the surface is
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span>cold, and the hot enema are all useful. Keep the child wrapped
+warmly.</p>
+
+<p>“Great care should be taken in returning to the milk diet.
+The milk should be thoroughly sterilized by boiling for half an
+hour, and should be mixed with some barley water so as to
+avoid the formation of large curds in the stomach. Cream,
+diluted with water, may be used instead of milk.�</p></div>
+
+
+<h4>CONSUMPTION.</h4>
+
+<p>Dr. Koch, the celebrated German microscopist,
+pronounces consumption contagious, because during
+its progress a very minute bacterium is developed
+which may be transmitted from one person to
+another.</p>
+
+<p>It is said that a person with healthy lungs might
+daily breathe millions of tubercle bacilli without
+any danger, and that the best preventive of this
+disease is to live much in the open air, or if this is
+impossible to spend ten or fifteen minutes a day in
+deep breathing exercises in the open air. “Fresh-air
+and disease-germs are antagonistic.�</p>
+
+<p>Alcohol, chiefly in the form of whisky, was for
+many years considered of great value in the treatment
+of consumption of the lungs. Indeed, it was looked
+upon not only as a curative, but also as a prophylactic,
+or preventive, of great service to those predisposed to
+this disease by reason of narrow chest and weak
+lungs.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Benjamin Ward Richardson was the first
+medical scientist who showed plainly that alcohol,
+instead of being a preventive of consumption, is really
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span>the sole cause of one type of this disease, the type
+now classed under the head of “alcoholic phthisis.�
+For this kind of phthisis there is no hope of cure.</p>
+
+<p>French physicians some years ago came to the conclusion
+that alcohol was a prolific cause of tuberculosis
+and that the administration of alcoholic liquors in
+tubercular troubles was a great error, and in the International
+Anti-Tuberculosis Congress held in Paris in
+1905, about 2000 medical scientists being present, they
+presented the following resolution, which was adopted:
+“In view of the close connection between alcoholism
+and tuberculosis, this Congress strongly emphasizes
+the importance of combining the fight against tuberculosis
+with the struggle against alcoholism.�</p>
+
+<p>Since that time a great crusade against tuberculosis
+has been carried on by means of exhibits and lectures,
+and in connection with these, almost invariably the
+people are warned against intemperance. For example,
+a pamphlet sent out by the Boston Association for
+the Relief and Control of Tuberculosis says: “Do not
+spend money for beer or other liquors, or for quack
+medicines or ‘cures.’ Self-indulgence and intemperance
+are very bad. Vice which weakens the strong
+kills the weak.� The New York State Charities Aid
+Association, working with the State Board of Health,
+says in a pamphlet: “Patent medicines do not cure
+consumption. They are usually alcoholic drinks in
+disguise, and the use of alcoholic drinks is dangerous
+to the consumptive.� At the great exhibit in Washington
+in September, 1908, in connection with the International
+Anti-Tuberculosis Congress different
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span>warnings against alcohol were upon the walls. Among
+these was a large poster of white cloth on which was
+printed the opinions on alcohol, in brief, of some of
+the best-known authorities on consumption. The opinions
+as given on that poster are given here, with
+others, in order to show the great change of sentiment
+regarding alcohol and consumption which has come
+about within a few years:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Alcohol has never cured and never will cure tuberculosis.
+It will either prevent or retard recovery. It is like a two-edged
+weapon; on one side it poisons the system, and on
+the other it ruins the stomach and thus prevents this organ
+from properly digesting the necessary food.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">S. A. Knopf</span>,
+M. D., New York, Honorary Vice-President of the British
+Congress on Tuberculosis.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Knopf in his prize essay on “Tuberculosis and How to
+Combat It,� says in several places: “Avoid all alcoholic beverages.�
+He says also, “Alcohol should never be given to
+children even in the smallest quantities.�</p>
+
+<p>“It is a recognized fact in the medical profession that the
+habitual use of alcoholic drinks predisposes to tubercular infection.
+It is also recognized, I think, by most physicians
+that alcohol as a medicine is harmful to the tubercular invalid.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Frank
+Billings</span>, M. D., Chicago, Ill., Former President
+American Medical Association.</p>
+
+<p>“Alcoholic liquors are of damage to consumptives because
+they tend to impair nutrition, disturb the action of the stomach,
+and give a false strength to the invalid on which he is
+sure to presume. Besides, we know that in countries where
+drinking prevails most, the ravages of tuberculosis are most
+marked.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Edward L. Trudeau</span>, M. D., Adirondacks Sanitarium
+for Consumptives, Saranac Lake, N. Y.</p>
+
+<p>“In my judgment whisky should not be used by people who
+have consumption, and in my practice I prohibit its use absolutely.
+At the White Haven Sanitarium and Henry Phipps
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span>Institute we do not use alcohol in any form in the treatment
+of our patients.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Lawrence F. Flick</span>, M. D., Vice-President
+of the National Association for the Study and Prevention of
+Tuberculosis, Philadelphia, Pa.</p>
+
+<p>“I do not feel that I can emphasize strongly enough the
+harm that can be done by the use of alcohol in tuberculosis,
+and the indiscriminate use of it certainly borders on the
+criminal. I do not believe that any legitimate reason can be
+given for the routine employment of alcohol in the treatment
+of tuberculosis. I furthermore know of no emergency in
+which it is indispensable. My experience with patients who
+have been accustomed to the use of alcohol, especially moderately,
+is very unsatisfactory. They seem to show an abnormally
+low resisting power to the tubercle bacillus. The
+fact has been established that alcoholism is a very potent factor
+in the causation of tuberculosis. I find it not only unnecessary
+in treatment but believe it to be contraindicated.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">F. M.
+Pottenger</span>, M. D., Superintendent the Pottenger Sanitarium
+for Diseases of the Lungs and Throat, Monrovia,
+California.</p>
+
+<p>“I have met with a small class of consumptive patients who
+could take alcoholic liquors freely for a length of time, without
+deranging either the stomach or the brain, and with a
+decided amelioration of the pulmonary symptoms, and an
+arrest of the emaciation. Some of these have actually increased
+in <i>embonpoint</i>, and for three to six months were
+highly elated with the hope that they were recovering. But
+truth compels me to say that I have never seen a case in
+which this apparent improvement under the influence of alcoholic
+drink was permanent. On the contrary, even in those
+cases in which the emaciation seems at first arrested, and the
+general symptoms ameliorated, the physical signs do not undergo
+a corresponding improvement; and after a few months
+the digestive function becomes impaired; the emaciation begins
+to increase rapidly; and in a short time the patient is
+fatally prostrated.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr. Nathan S. Davis, Sr.</span>, of Chicago.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span></p>
+<p>“The use of whisky in this disease positively interferes with
+digestion which must under all circumstances be kept as perfect
+as possible in order that the patient may assimilate the
+food which is so necessary to the upbuilding of the system
+and to gain strength to fight the onslaught of the disease.</p>
+
+<p>“Its constant use would not only interfere with digestion
+but would have a tendency to create disease in other organs
+of the body so that we therefore consider the use of whisky
+in tuberculosis positively contraindicated.</p>
+
+<p>“Wishing you success in your laudable campaign.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr. M.
+Collins</span>, Superintendent National Jewish Hospital for Consumptives,
+Denver, Colorado.</p>
+
+<p>“It is difficult for many people to adapt themselves to a
+methodical plan of life long enough to establish a permanent
+cure in consumption. I have known many a young fellow
+with only a slight trouble in his lungs to die in the Adirondacks
+more from the effects of whisky than from the disease
+itself.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr. Henry P. Loomis</span>, of New York City, in a
+Lecture on Consumption. (See page 232, of Handbook, on
+the Prevention of Tuberculosis.)</p>
+
+<p>“The majority of our patients receive no medication whatsoever.
+The stomach is rarely in condition to bear excessive
+medication, and the promiscuous use of creosote and similar
+preparations is to be condemned. Milk and raw eggs are the
+best articles of diet in addition to a regular diet of simple
+food.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">James Alexander Miller</span>, M. D., of the Vanderbilt
+Clinic, New York. (From Medical Record.)</p>
+
+<p>“In my specialty, the treatment of pulmonary diseases, I
+rarely prescribe alcohol in any form, and in the sanitaria with
+which I have been connected it is the exception where alcohol
+in any form is prescribed. I have advised against its use
+where such has been the custom, believing that as a rule
+alcoholic liquors do more harm than good in the treatment
+of this disease.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Prof. Vincent Y. Bowditch</span>, M. D., Harvard
+Medical School, Boston.</p>
+
+<p>“From personal experience in handling pulmonary tuberculosis,
+not only at the Nordrach Ranch Sanitorium, for the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span>past five years, but in an active practice of thirteen years, I
+am more than convinced that whisky and liquor, in any form,
+are absolutely poisonous to the consumptive.</p>
+
+<p>“Whenever we admit a patient to the Nordrach Ranch Sanitorium,
+we ascertain whether the individual is an alcoholic or
+not; and we invariably find that such an individual is lacking
+in vitality enough to combat the disease. They may look
+fat and strong, pulmonary tuberculosis usually makes quick
+work of them.</p>
+
+<p>“It is also a noticeable fact, proven by various statistics,
+that a very large percentage of alcoholics become tubercular;
+and if we ever stamp out tuberculosis, we will also have to
+stamp out intemperance.</p>
+
+<p>“Trying to cure consumption with whisky is like trying to
+put out a fire with kerosene. This is very easy to understand
+when we stop to consider the nature of this disease.
+In the first place, we have a very rapid heart’s action, dating
+from the very earliest manifestations of the disease. The
+pulse is often in excess of 100, even in incipient cases, and if
+the stimulation of alcohol is added, we have what might be
+called a ‘runaway heart’; and if there is one thing needed in
+the long combat against tuberculosis, it is a good heart.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">John
+E. White</span>, M. D., Medical Director Nordrach Ranch
+<a name="Page_158t" id="Page_158t"></a><a href="#Page_158tn">Sanitorium</a>, Colorado Springs, Colorado.</p>
+
+<p>“You ask me my opinion as to the use of whisky in the
+treatment of consumption. In reply permit me to say that I
+regard its use in this disease as most universally pernicious.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Prof.
+Charles G. Stockton</span>, M. D., Buffalo Medical College,
+Buffalo, N. Y.</p>
+
+<p>“It was formerly thought that alcohol was in some way
+antagonistic to tuberculous disease, but the observations of
+late years indicate clearly that the reverse is the case, and
+that chronic drinkers are more liable to both acute and pulmonary
+tuberculosis. It is probably altogether a question of
+altered tissue soil, the alcohol lowering the vitality and enabling
+the bacilli more readily to develop and grow.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr.
+Osler</span>, formerly Professor of Medicine in Johns Hopkins
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span>University, Baltimore, Md., now of Oxford University,
+England.</p>
+
+<p>“Upon investigation I found 38 per cent. of our male tubercular
+patients were excessive users of alcohol, 56 per cent.
+moderate users. From my study of the cases I am led to
+believe that in a vast majority of these cases drink has been
+a large factor in producing the disease, by exposure, lowering
+of vitality, etc. I believe that alcohol has no place in
+the treatment of tuberculosis. Many patients are deceived by
+the false strength it gives them.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">O. C. Willhite</span>, M. D.,
+Superintendent of Cook County Hospital for Consumptives,
+Dunning, Ill.</p>
+
+<p>“In tuberculosis there is a state of over-stimulation of the
+circulatory system due to the toxins. The use of alcoholics
+simply makes the condition worse. It reduces resistance and
+makes the person more susceptible to the disease.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">H. J.
+Blankmeyer</span>, M. D., Sanatorium Gabriels, in the Adirondacks,
+N. Y.</p>
+
+<p>“The practice of taking alcoholics of any sort, and in any
+quantity, over a considerable length of time, is certain to produce
+more or less injury to a tubercular patient, and their use
+by tubercular people cannot be too strongly condemned.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">H.
+S. Goodall</span>, M. D., Lake Kushaqua, N. Y.</p></div>
+
+<p>Most of these opinions were written for the author
+of this book in response to letters of inquiry. Are
+they not indicative of a day when the medical profession
+will lay aside alcoholic liquors in the treatment
+of all diseases? It is acknowledged that the past usage
+of giving whisky and cod-liver oil to consumptives was
+an error; some day, it may be not far distant, a larger
+acknowledgment may be made, and the medical use
+of alcoholic liquors will be entirely a thing of the past.</p>
+
+<p>Rev. J. M. Buckley, D.D., editor of <i>The Christian
+Advocate</i>, was in early manhood considered an in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span>curable
+consumptive. Being a man of great will
+power and indomitable perseverance, he resolved to
+try the open-air cure, together with the use of an
+inspirator. The result was perfect restoration to
+health, so that, as is well known, he can be easily
+heard by audiences of thousands at Chautauqua
+and other places where he is greatly in request for
+lectures. He has written a pamphlet giving a full
+history of his case. It can be obtained from Eaton
+&amp; Mains, 150 Fifth Avenue, New York, for fifty
+cents, and should be read by all consumptives who
+have any “grit� in their composition.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Forrest, a hygienic physician, says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“What is to be done if the germs have already obtained
+lodgement in the lungs? Increase the general nutrition of the
+body in every way, and then the lungs can resist the inroads of
+the disease. The first thing necessary to improve the nutrition
+of the body is to stimulate the digestive and absorbent functions
+of the stomach and intestines. Naturally then, you must throw
+the so-called cough medicines out of the window. The drugs
+used to stop a cough are sedatives. Now, no sedative or nauseant
+is known that does not lock up the natural secretions
+and thus lessen the digestive powers. The cough is nature’s
+method of expelling offending matter from the lungs and bronchial
+tubes. It is infinitely better to have this stuff thrown out
+of the lungs than retained there.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Keep the bowels clean is this physician’s next
+recommendation.</p>
+
+<p>Sweet cream is preferable to cod-liver oil as it is
+not so likely to derange the stomach. Easily di<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span>gested
+food is necessary, as the organs of digestion
+are in weakened condition.</p>
+
+<p>Again Dr. Forrest says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“The consumptive should live as much as possible in the
+open air.</p>
+
+<p>“Dr. Trudeau inoculated twelve rabbits with tubercle or consumptive
+germs. Six of these he turned loose on an island
+where they ran wild. The other six were kept confined in
+hutches such as rabbits are usually kept in. Results&mdash;All the
+six rabbits in the open air recovered from the inoculation and
+remained well. Five of the confined rabbits died of tubercles in
+the lungs and different parts of the body. The sixth was still
+lingering, badly diseased, when the experiment was brought to
+a close. Fresh air and exercise enabled the first six to overcome
+the disease germs. Confinement gave full play to the disease in
+the others.</p>
+
+<p>“Now, you house lovers, sleepers in close bedrooms, people
+afraid of cold air, you are the rabbits in the hutches. Beware,
+lest the verdict be in your case, ‘Died of tubercles in the
+lungs.’ If you are not able to leave your home, live with open
+windows, day and night, summer and winter.</p>
+
+<p>“Exercise systematically, especially those exercises, accompanied
+by deep breathing, that open and strengthen the lungs&mdash;exercises
+without fatigue.</p>
+
+<p>“If you are hoping that some wonderful, mysterious drug
+has been or will be discovered, a drug that will cure consumption
+without your help, you are hoping against hope. Improved
+nutrition is your salvation, and that must come through exercise,
+diet and fresh air.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. J. H. Kellogg, in his <i>Home Hand-Book of
+Hygiene and Medicine</i>, recommends a salt sponge
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span>bath upon retiring, to arrest night sweats, or sponging
+with hot water. He adds:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“It is important that patients should know that the sweats
+are greatly aggravated by opium in any form, and hence are increased
+by cough mixtures of any sort which contain this drug.
+Very simple remedies are often effective to relieve the most
+distressing cough, such as gargling of water in the throat,
+holding bits of ice in the mouth, taking occasional sips of
+strong lemonade, and similar remedies. As a general rule,
+patients run down and the disease progresses much more
+rapidly, after beginning the use of opium in any form. Sometimes
+it is best that the cough should be encouraged instead of
+being repressed. When the patient expectorates very freely,
+the cough is a necessary means of relieving the chest of matters
+which would seriously interfere with the functions of the lungs
+if retained, by filling up the bronchial tubes and air-cells. The
+kind of cough needing relief is an irritable, ineffective cough,
+unaccompanied by any considerable degree of expectoration.
+Loaf sugar, honey or a mixture of honey and lemon juice, and
+other simple, familiar remedies are often effective in relieving
+such a cough. *&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*</p>
+
+<p>“It is perhaps needless to add that the numerous quack
+remedies for consumption advertised in the newspapers are
+wholly without merit. There is no known drug which will cure
+this disease, or in any certain degree influence its progress.
+Numerous remedies have been recommended as curative, but
+not one has thus far stood the test of experience.�</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Displacements of the Uterus</span>:&mdash;These conditions
+are not among those for which alcoholic liquors are
+likely to be advised by a physician, but women frequently
+resort to Lydia Pinkham’s Compound and
+other alcoholic preparations in the vain hope of finding
+the relief so positively promised in the nostrum adver<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span>tisements.
+Women are sometimes seriously injured by
+using the nostrums specially advised for uterine weaknesses,
+for this reason: a drug which may be of service
+in an anæmic condition of the womb may do much
+damage in an inflamed or engorged condition, yet
+the nostrum vendors advise their preparations for all
+alike, without a word of warning as to possible dangers.</p>
+
+<p>Ordinary displacements may be recovered from by
+cleanliness of the parts and by exercises which
+strengthen the muscles in the pelvic region. The
+writer has known a considerable number of women
+who have been restored to health by exercises after
+months, in some cases, and several years in others, of
+weakness and misery. One of these women was a
+close relative of a celebrated specialist in women’s
+diseases. He said he could not do any more for her,
+and gave permission for her to try the exercises, which
+were given her by a well-equipped teacher of physical
+training.</p>
+
+<p>There are three kinds of displacements: anteversion,
+retroversion, and prolapsus. The causes of these
+troubles are various; lack of proper care in child-bearing,
+miscarriages, heavy lifting, a hard fall, jumping
+out of a carriage, straining, too violent exercise in gymnasium
+work, and tight-lacing, also gradual weakening
+of the ligaments which sustain the uterus in position.</p>
+
+<p>An abdominal supporter should be worn constantly
+during the day for a year or so, then left off gradually
+an hour or two at a time. It should be worn during
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span>the second year whenever any extra work is to be
+done.</p>
+
+<p>There is a supporter sold by the Battle Creek Sanitarium
+which is highly recommended, but any physician
+can get one for a patient.</p>
+
+<p>Perfect cleanliness is necessary. For this purpose
+a hot vaginal douche should be taken two or three
+times a day. This douche should be made astringent
+by adding to a pint of water a quarter ounce of alum
+or tannin. The hot astringent injections tone up the
+lower supports of the uterus, and cleanse the passage.
+The patient should remain in a recumbent position for
+some hours after the douche if possible. Considerable
+rest hastens a cure. Take the rest in the fresh air
+when weather permits. Persistent use of sitz baths
+will be found helpful.</p>
+
+<p>For prolapsus the simplest form of internal supporter
+is a small roll of cotton. After the organ is
+carefully put into position this supporter should be
+pressed up against the mouth of the womb, the patient
+meanwhile lying upon her back. The ball of absorbent
+cotton should be large enough to be retained in position,
+and should be saturated with a weak solution of
+glycerine and alum or glycerine and tannin before
+being applied. A piece of white cord should be tied
+firmly around the centre of this tampon by which it
+may be removed. Remove before taking the douche.</p>
+
+<p>Persons who feel unable to purchase an elastic or
+other abdominal supporter can make a substitute (not
+so good, but of considerable service) from unbleached
+muslin made in the shape of the letter T, and having
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span>the cloth double. It should go up to the waist and be
+made to fit over the hips, then should be fastened
+firmly in front with safety-pins, and the cross-piece be
+drawn up from the back and fastened securely in
+front.</p>
+
+<p>The daily exercises are the most important part of
+the treatment. They must be begun gradually, and
+taken at greater length as strength is gained. Those
+for prolapsus will be given first:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>The patient should lie upon a rug, or on a firm
+long sofa or couch. The feet should be drawn up as
+close to the body as possible. Now lift the lower part
+of the body so that the hips and lower portion of the
+trunk will have no support but what comes from the
+feet and shoulders. Hold this position for a minute
+or two (longer when able without much fatigue).
+After a few minutes’ rest repeat. This exercise may
+be continued from twenty to thirty minutes, according
+to patient’s strength. The elevation of the hips in this
+exercise aids in the restoration of the organ to its
+natural position. This exercise should be continued
+daily, the number of times being increased as strength
+increases.</p>
+
+<p>A second exercise which is very helpful in prolapsus
+is to support the body on the toes and elbows with the
+face downward, and the hips raised as high as possible.
+Another exercise may be taken with an assistant; the
+patient should lie face downward, supporting the body
+by the chest, and keeping the limbs rigid while the
+assistant lifts the feet as high as possible without
+hurting. These movements strengthen the abdom<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span>inal
+muscles and draw fresh blood to the weakened
+parts, and cause quickened circulation in addition to
+restoring the displaced organ to natural position. They
+should be taken at night just before retiring after a
+hot douche. The bowels should be kept open by the
+free use of fruit. The patient should sleep with the
+hips elevated as much as can be endured without
+real discomfort and sit with the feet on a stool.
+When strength sufficient is acquired the exercises for
+anteversion will be found useful, and any other exercises
+which strengthen the abdominal muscles, such
+as bending backward and forward, and sideways.
+Kneading and percussing the abdomen by an osteopath
+or masseur strengthens, and also relieves constipation.
+Rest during the day should be taken with the feet
+higher than the head.</p>
+
+<p>Prolapsus due to laceration in child-birth may require
+a surgical operation.</p>
+
+<p>In case of antiflexions the first exercise given for
+prolapsus should be taken daily. (The advice for the
+prolapsus treatment and the exercises are taken from
+the writings of Dr. J. H. Kellogg, superintendent of
+the Battle Creek Sanitarium.).</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Anteversion</span>:&mdash;Persons suffering from anteversion
+or retroversion should sleep without pillows under the
+head, and lie flat upon the back; they should sit with
+the feet as high as convenient and avoid high seats
+which hinder the feet from touching the floor. They
+should discard corsets and tight stocking supporters
+which push or hold down the organs which need to be
+replaced. Stocking supporters should be fastened over
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span>the hips and comfort waists can be bought in place
+of corsets.</p>
+
+<p>It is well to have an attendant to prepare weak
+patients for first exercises in all uterine troubles by
+the use of towels wrung from hot water applied to
+the back and abdomen for a few minutes to relax
+the muscles, or a hot water bottle, or hot salt bag may
+be used. Then, with the patient lying with head low,
+the attendant should give the abdomen and small of
+the back a thorough rubbing or kneading for ten minutes
+or less according to strength of patient. Olive oil
+can be used on the hand in the rubbing.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">First Exercise for Anteversion</span>:&mdash;Lie on bed or
+rug; fold arms on chest; hold trunk of body still;
+stretch legs, and hold the position about half a minute,
+then relax at the knee and ankle. Then point the toes
+down and stretch upper leg muscles; relax; then stretch
+under leg muscles by stretching heel out. The patient
+will feel the exercise as far as the shoulders, and
+should be careful not to lift the body from the floor
+at first. When patient can hold stretching exercise
+for a minute then lift first the right, then the left leg,
+and take same exercise until the person can give a
+quick little kick for, say, twelve times, as the leg is
+straightened.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Second Exercise</span>:&mdash;Lying on the back, stretch to
+full length; move the left leg out at the side, then up
+and back to position, forming a semi-circle, keeping
+muscles tense throughout. Then move right leg out at
+the side&mdash;left&mdash;stretch toes long&mdash;relax&mdash;stretch heel&mdash;, lift
+a little higher and bring back to place in a circle
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span>and rest. Same with left leg and then both together.
+Few people can do this easily at first, the weight of
+the legs is too much for the weak muscles at the back;
+but some one can hold the foot at first. When the
+patient can do this easily without bringing on any pain
+or ache, she may sit in a low chair and take arm lifting
+exercises.</p>
+
+<p>Raise both arms out at the sides, then slowly raise
+them up close to the head and consciously lift all the
+organs of the body up, relax, and lower arms down
+front and repeat slowly, six or ten times at first, until
+for five minutes the patient can do this sitting. Then
+take it standing for ten minutes or more. Stand with
+feet wide apart. Dr. Anderson says, “A woman who
+will do this twenty times each day can never have
+anteversion, if she dresses properly, for it lifts the
+organs in place each time.� It lifts the chest and
+abdomen up, and brings a feeling of exhilaration if
+done in the open air.</p>
+
+<p>After the patient has taken exercises for five or six
+weeks she may lie flat on the back, fold arms and raise
+body up to sitting position without unfolding arms.
+Then turn on right side and do the same, then on left
+side and do the same. This is fine for back and abdomen
+muscles.</p>
+
+<p>Anteversion needs the Rest Cure, and resting with
+the body in a position in which nature can right things
+is an important thing to remember. Rest always after
+exercise, either with a pillow under the knees or with
+the legs hanging over a low foot-board, or lying on a
+couch with the feet higher than the head. Exercise
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span>will relax the muscles and call for blood which will
+revitalize and stimulate the weakened conditions. A
+woman with this trouble should be careful about bending
+quickly over, or climbing stairs, until she gains
+strength.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Retroversion</span>:&mdash;Place the patient with face downward
+on bed or mat and with a small pillow under the
+lower part of the abdomen. Relax the muscles by
+applying a hot towel, hot salt bag or hot water-bottle
+just below the small of the back, and lower part of
+the abdomen for ten or fifteen minutes. (Hot salt
+bags are most effective and are easy to handle.) Then
+rub the back briskly with a circular movement; if
+tender in front, do not rub the abdomen. The circulation
+will gradually carry away any inflammation as
+soon as the muscles reach a normal condition, though
+kneading of back and abdomen, using sweet oil on the
+hand, is helpful if the patient can bear it.</p>
+
+<p>The patient must remember that these conditions
+have been months in coming and only painstaking
+work and time can restore the weakened organs. The
+manner of dress is very important; loose, comfortable
+clothing must be worn. Sleep with the face down as
+much as possible; nature will correct itself, if allowed,
+many times.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">First Exercise</span>:&mdash;Fold arms under forehead and
+draw right knee up close to body and hold two minutes
+(unless painful) and slowly straighten, and stretch
+very slowly. Do the same with the left leg until the
+patient can repeat the exercise twelve times with each
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span>leg and hold five minutes instead of two, with the knee
+close to the body. It will probably take two weeks to
+gain strength for this. After that time raise the body
+up on hands, and move legs just as a baby does when
+creeping, except that the patient only follows the movement
+and does not move along.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Second Exercise</span>:&mdash;Patient take sitting position on
+floor and clasp hands under knees, and bring knees
+up, so that chin and knees meet and hold. Then
+straighten legs, slide hands toward the heels as far
+as hands can reach, (stretch hands toward heels);
+make a continuous movement of this.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Third Exercise</span>:&mdash;Sit on floor. Place the hands on
+floor at sides, legs straight out in front, lift the body
+from the floor with the arms, up and down. This is
+a fine exercise for raising up the misplaced organs.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Fourth Exercise</span>:&mdash;Place the patient flat on back
+and push the body up to sitting position with hands
+quite far back and palms down, recline again, up and
+down until arms and back are very tired. Then sit
+up, legs straight in front, raise the body from the
+floor, (an inch) and move backward, resting weight
+on hands, then move over on knees as at first exercise
+and creep, then sit up and move backward again.
+These will take a month to perfect. Begin by exercising
+five minutes and gradually work up to half an
+hour, rest between, always. The patient must have
+the right mental attitude, must think that she is trying
+to replace the uterus by lifting it to its natural
+position. The exercises must not be lazily done.</p>
+
+<p>Sitting in a tub of hot water is most helpful where
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span>there is much tenderness, or inflammation. Witch-hazel
+in hot water douches or a weak solution of hot
+salt water is a wonderful tonic in some cases.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Exercise for Replacing Uterus to be Taken
+Just Before Retiring</span>:&mdash;Kneel on the bed; bend forward
+until the chest is touching the bed and the hips
+are elevated as high as possible. The inlet of the
+vagina should then be opened so as to admit air. As
+soon as the air enters the womb falls into position. Lie
+down at once and give nature a chance to regain
+strength while you sleep.</p>
+
+<p>The tampon soaked in glycerine and alum, and the
+douches of hot water, in which a little alum is dissolved,
+are both of great service in controlling the
+flooding which so frequently accompanies change of
+life and miscarriages. (Exercises for anteversion and
+retroversion supplied by a successful teacher of such
+work.)</p>
+
+<p>The writer of this book asked a well-known medical
+writer why physicians do not advise exercises for the
+cure of displacements instead of operations. He said
+it is because women are not willing to do anything to
+help themselves. They expect the physician to cure
+them, and the only way a physician can “cure� is to
+operate. Sensible women, however, will be glad to
+practice helpful exercises.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Debility</span>:&mdash;“The debility of convalescence requires fresh air,
+easily digested food, the avoidance of over-exertion, with a
+gradually increasing amount of exercise. Such debility is only
+aggravated by alcohol, though it may for a time be partially
+masked thereby. Milk, eggs, fresh fruit and farinaceous
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span>articles are the best foods. General debility without obvious
+cause, may be treated by cold or tepid bathing. Salt added to
+the bath is helpful. Change of air is a good tonic. Port wine
+and other alcoholics while giving a false sensation of increased
+vigor, really <i>reduce the tone of the pulse</i>, and therefore tend to
+enfeeble the system. Alcohol is a relaxant, <i>not a tonic</i>.�</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Depression of Spirits</span>:&mdash;“Learn the Delsarte exercise
+for the ‘blues,’ and practice them daily. Hot air baths.
+Avoid rich food. Take out-door exercise.�</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Diarrhœa</span>:&mdash;“This is a symptom of the presence of an
+irritant of which the stomach is trying to be rid. Do not arrest
+it <a name="Page_172t" id="Page_172t"></a><a href="#Page_172tn">prematurely</a>, but assist it. If it persists, arrowroot, or corn
+starch, or flour, mixed with cold water to the consistency of
+cream may be taken, a tablespoonful at a time. 2. Bread
+charcoal with cold milk. 3. A tablespoonful of cinnamon
+water with a teaspoonful of lime water, mixed, every one, two
+or three hours. Smaller dose for a child. Diet should be confined
+to toast, milk toast, milk, cold or boiled. Tea, broth,
+meat, etc., are sure to renew the trouble. Diarrhœa in infants
+is generally due to errors in feeding, either over-feeding or the
+use of improper kinds of food. Boiled milk thickened with
+flour is a simple remedy in light cases. Alcoholics are
+utterly unnecessary in diarrhœa, and to order them for young
+children is quite wrong. A full enema of water, as hot as can
+be borne, will remove offending substances from the bowels.</p>
+
+<p>“Beware of diarrhœa medicines containing opium in any form.
+They are unnecessary and dangerous, particularly for young
+children.�</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dysentery</span>:&mdash;“At the beginning of the disease the stomach
+should be relieved by the use of a large warm-water emetic.
+The quantity of food should be restricted to the smallest
+amount compatible with comfort. Ripe fruits, especially grapes,
+and most stewed fruits, may be used in abundance to keep the
+bowels regular. Salads, spices and other condiments, fats
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span>and fried foods should be strictly avoided, together with tea,
+coffee, alcoholics and all other narcotics.</p>
+
+<p>“The diet should consist chiefly of simple soups, well boiled
+oatmeal gruel, egg beaten with water or milk, and similar foods.
+In many cases regulation of the diet is sufficient. Either the
+hot or the cold enema may be employed.</p>
+
+<p>“The use of opium, which is exceedingly common in this
+disease, is not advisable, as it produces a feverish condition of
+the system, decidedly prejudicial to recovery. Herroner, an
+eminent German physician, very strongly discourages the use
+of opium in this disease.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr. J. H. Kellogg.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dyspepsia</span>:&mdash;“It is commonly supposed that a little good
+whisky or brandy aids digestion, while on the contrary it has
+been proved conclusively by observing the processes of digestion
+upon persons who have fistula of the stomach, or by evacuating
+the contents of the stomach by means of a stomach-pump
+about an hour after taking a meal&mdash;in one instance after
+taking an ounce of alcohol, and in another where no alcohol
+was taken&mdash;that alcohol coagulates the albuminoids, throws
+down the pepsin, decreases the acidity (the combined chlorin
+and free hydrochloric acid), and increases the fixed chlorids.
+Any one can make the observation upon himself, that a meal
+taken without alcohol is more quickly followed by hunger than
+one with it.</p>
+
+<p>“Blumenau says: ‘On the whole, alcohol manifests a decidedly
+unfavorable influence on the course of normal digestion
+even when ingested in relatively small quantities, and impairs
+the normal digestive functions.’</p>
+
+<p>“Dr. Chittenden, professor of physiologic chemistry in Yale
+College, as a result of some investigations made by himself and
+Dr. Mendel, states in the <i>American Journal of Medical
+Sciences</i>, that he finds that as small a quantity as three per
+cent. of sherry, porter, or beer lessens the activity of the digestive
+powers.�&mdash;<i>Bulletin of A. M. T. A.</i></p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span></p>
+<p>“It should be observed that doses of alcohol which have no
+appreciable effect in delaying digestion, are so small as to be
+practically useless for any beneficial action.�&mdash;<i>Medical Pioneer.</i></p></div>
+
+<p>One doctor writes:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“What makes dyspepsia so hard to cure? This very
+alcohol taking. The best cure is to refuse all alcoholic drinks,
+at meals and all other times, and drink nothing but water.�</p></div>
+
+<p>The causes of dyspepsia are various; errors of
+diet being the most common. Others are mental
+worry, care and anxiety, and the use of drugs.
+An eminent writer upon this disease says:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“My main object in the treatment is to prevent the sufferers
+from resorting to drugs, which in such cases, not only produce
+their own morbid conditions, but also confirm those already existing.</p>
+
+<p>“The extensive and often habitual use of alkalies for acidity,
+of purgatives for constipation, nervines and opiates for sleeplessness,
+and after-dinner pills to goad into action the lagging
+stomach, has been a potent factor in the production of a large
+class of most inveterate dyspepsias.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Underdone bread, cake, and pie, are unfit for any
+stomach, yet are seen upon many tables. “Breakfast
+foods,� cooked for ten or twenty minutes, are
+also dyspepsia producers. All breads, cakes, pies
+and cereals, require thorough cooking to fit them
+for digestion. Most cereals are better for supper
+than for breakfast, as they should be cooked in a
+double boiler for several hours. A young man,
+troubled with dyspepsia, learned to his amazement
+that the oatmeal, which he supposed was his best
+food, had much to do with the giddiness which
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span>often overcame him. He was advised to use dry
+foods, such as toast, zwieback and shredded wheat.
+This diet, together with the abandonment of nostrums,
+led to a cure. Zwieback is bread sliced, and
+dried in a moderate oven until light brown. Whole
+wheat bread is best. It is very delicious and is
+quite easily digested. In the case of the young
+man, it is probable that the difficulty with the oatmeal
+was the lack of sufficient cooking. Oatmeal
+made into gruel, well cooked, and diluted with a
+large quantity of scalded milk is easy of digestion.</p>
+
+<p>Eating between meals, and excess in eating, lead
+to stomach derangement.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“The best remedy for acidity of the stomach is hot-water
+drinking. Two or three glasses should be taken as hot as can
+be sipped, one hour before each meal, and half an hour before
+going to bed. The effect of the hot water is to wash out the
+stomach, and so remove any fermenting remains of the previous
+meal. Heartburn may be treated the same as acidity.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Persons troubled with slow digestion are better
+to eat only two meals a day. The writer has personal
+knowledge of a goodly number of women who
+have been benefited wonderfully by adopting the
+two meal a day plan.</p>
+
+<p>Some persons, much troubled with dyspepsia,
+have adopted the plan of prolonged fasting advocated
+by Dr. Dewey, and testify to a cure by this
+method. While heroic, it is certainly more rational
+than drug treatment. For acute dyspepsia a fast
+is requisite.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>All that alcoholics can do for dyspepsia is to
+allay the uneasy sensations for a time, while adding
+to the trouble. It has been abundantly proved
+that alcohol must pass from the stomach before
+digestion can begin.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Ridge says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Many cases which seem to be relieved by the use of beer
+are really benefited by the hop, or other bitter, which the ale or
+beer contains. <i>Hop tea</i> is a useful stomachic, and a quarter of
+a pint, or half that quantity, may be taken cold. It is made in
+the same way as tea, using a handful of hops to a pint of boiling
+water. Make fresh every day.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. Kellogg says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“In cases of chronic dyspepsia the use of alcohol seems to be
+particularly deleterious, although not infrequently prescribed, if
+not in the form of alcohol or ordinary alcoholic liquors, in the
+form of some so-called ‘bitters,’ ‘elixir’ or ‘cordial.’ Nothing
+could be further removed from the truth than the popular
+notion that alcohol, at least in the form of certain wines, is
+helpful to digestion. Roberts showed, years ago, that alcohol
+even in small doses, diminishes the activity of the stomach in
+the digestion of proteids. Gluzinski showed, ten years ago,
+that alcohol causes an arrest in the secretion of pepsin, and
+also of its action upon food. Wolff showed that the habitual
+use of alcohol produces disorder of the stomach to such a degree
+as to render it incapable of responding to the normal excitation
+of the food. Hugounencq found that all wines, without
+exception, prevent the action of pepsin upon proteids. The
+most harmful are those which contain large quantities of alcohol,
+cream of tartar or coloring matter. Wines often contain
+coloring matters which at once completely arrest digestion, such
+as methylin blue and fuchsin.</p>
+
+<p>“A few years ago I made a series of experiments in which I
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span>administered alcohol in various forms with a test meal, noting
+the effect upon the stomach fluid as determined by the accurate
+chemic examination of the method of Hayem and Winter.
+The result of these experiments I reported at the 1893 meeting
+of the American Medical Temperance Association. The subject
+of experiment was a healthy young man whose stomach
+was doing a slight excess of work, the amount of combined
+chlorin being nearly fifty per cent. above normal, although the
+amount of free hydrochloric acid was normal in quantity.
+Four ounces of claret with the ordinary test meal reduced the
+free hydrochloric acid from 28 milligrams per 100 c. c. of
+stomach fluid to zero, and the combined chlorin from .270 to
+.125. In the same case the administration of two ounces of
+brandy with the ordinary test meal reduced the combined
+chlorin to .035, scarcely more than one eighth of the original
+amount, the free hydrochloric acid remaining at zero. Thus
+it appears that four ounces of claret produced marked hypopepsia
+in a case of moderate hyperpepsia, whereas two ounces
+of brandy produced practically apepsia.�</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Fainting or Syncope</span>:&mdash;The following letter
+from the late Sir B. W. Richardson was addressed
+to a lady who had sought the great physician’s
+advice on the subject:&mdash;<br /></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p style="text-indent: 4em">
+“25 Manchester Square, W., July 18, 1896.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>“<span class="smcap">Dear Madam</span>: There is no substance which acts as a
+substitute for alcohol, nor is anything like it wanted. The
+human body is a water engine, as I have often described it,
+and alcohol plays no part in its natural motion. The idea
+that when it begins to fail, a stimulant has to be called for,
+springs merely from habit, and if, whenever any of the symptoms
+of fainting you speak of occur, the person merely lies down on
+the side or back and drinks a glass of hot water, or hot milk
+and water, all that can be done is done. In the London
+Temperance Hospital I have been treating the sick for diseases
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span>of all kinds and during all stages, and have never administered
+a minim of alcohol, or any substitute for it, and we have got on
+better than when I&mdash;feeling it at all times at command&mdash;made
+use of it in the ordinary way.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 6em">“I am, dear Madam, faithfully yours,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;“<span class="smcap">B. W. Richardson</span>.�<br />
+<br /></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Treatment</span>:&mdash;“Lay the patient down in a current of air with
+the feet raised higher than the head, preferably on one side in
+case of sickness occurring, or bend the head down to the knees,
+to restore the flow of blood to the brain. Loosen all clothing.
+Rub the limbs, chest and over the heart with the hand or a
+rough towel. Sprinkle cold water on the head and face. Smell
+ammonia, strong vinegar, smelling salts or any pungent odor.
+Put hot bottles to the feet, and in severe cases a mustard
+plaster over the heart. Sip hot milk, hot water, hot tea, hot
+black coffee, beef tea or a meat essence. Crowding round the
+patient and all excitement should be avoided. In 999 cases out
+of 1,000, no medicine is necessary.</p>
+
+<p>“Faintness often proceeds from indigestion, flatulence inducing
+pressure on the heart.�</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Faintness, Weakness, Exhaustion, Fatigue</span>:&mdash;“The
+truth is that for simple weakness, faintness, exhaustion, fatigue,
+cold or wet, the best remedies are simple fresh air, pure water,
+digestible food and rest. These are nature’s restoratives, and
+the sooner both physicians and people learn to rely upon them
+instead of upon drugs the better it will be for all parties. And
+as the effect of alcoholic liquors are directly depressing to the
+strength and activity of all the natural functions and processes
+of life, as shown by the most varied and scientific investigations,
+it is important that this fact be taught to both doctors and
+people everywhere.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr. N. S. Davis.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Fits</span>:&mdash;“Whether the fit be apoplexy or epilepsy all alcoholics
+are extremely bad, both at the time and afterwards. Alcohol,
+the ‘genius of degeneration,’ is the chief cause of apoplexy,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span>and also a cause of epilepsy, especially when taken in the form
+of beer. It diminishes the tone of the arteries and blood-vessels,
+and thus tends to cause, aggravate and maintain a congested
+state of the capillaries throughout the whole body. In the treatment
+of epilepsy, therefore, neither alcohol nor any so-called
+substitute should be given. *&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*</p>
+
+<p>“In the convulsions of children alcohol is equally injurious.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr.
+Ridge.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Flatulence</span>:&mdash;“Many uneasy sensations or pains, even in
+distant parts of the body, are due to wind in the bowels, resulting
+from indigestion. Asthma, cramps, depression of spirits,
+faintness, giddiness, hiccough, prostration, sinking sensations
+and sleeplessness, are all frequently due to the same cause.
+The diet needs careful attention where there is much flatulence;
+tea is often a cause. Charcoal biscuits are useful in some
+cases; lemon juice in others. Fluid Magnesia may be taken.
+Watch for the cause and remove it.�</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Headache</span>:&mdash;<i>The New Hygiene</i> says: “This is the manifestation
+of a deeper-seated trouble, usually in the stomach.
+The use of stimulants is a sure promoter of headache. All
+users of alcoholic liquors are, I believe, subject to headache,
+and it is also a sure result of overindulgence in tea and coffee.</p>
+
+<p>“To prevent the attacks, live regularly, avoid late hours and
+excessive brain work; avoid tea, coffee and alcoholic beverages,
+also sweets of all kinds, including sauces and pastries, and anything
+fried in fat. Eat plenty of good, plain food, including
+fruit, especially oranges. Eat none late at night. Exercise
+regularly in such a way as to bring all the muscles into play,
+at least once a day.</p>
+
+<p>“To relieve an attack flush the colon.</p>
+
+<p>“Headaches, which so largely result from the retention of
+impure matter in the body, will be cured if a good quantity,
+say two or three glasses, of hot water be drank in the morning
+or at night, and then the next regular meal omitted, so that an
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span>interval of house-cleaning can be had before other material is
+moved in.�&mdash;<i>Life and Health.</i></p>
+
+<p>“Avoid pills and powders. Persons suffering from headache
+need to be warned against taking remedies that contain opium
+and alcohol, and also against the use of a recent popular
+remedy, usually called a ‘white powder’ or ‘white tablet.’
+They take the latter readily because the druggist or physician
+says it contains no opium. This is true, but it is one of the
+lately discovered coal tar preparations (anti-febrine, acetanilid,
+etc.) and is very depressing to the human system. Headache
+is usually a symptom of trouble somewhere else, often in the
+alimentary canal, <a name="Page_180t" id="Page_180t"></a><a href="#Page_180tn">an</a> overloaded stomach, constipation, or
+tight clothing. Learn the cause and remove that, and the
+headache will disappear.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr. H. J. Hall</span>, Franklin, Ind.</p>
+
+<p>“Gentle massage is helpful and the use of cold compresses.
+Lack of sufficient sleep will cause headache. Women often
+bring on nervous headache by overwork and worry.�</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hemorrhage</span>:&mdash;“Never give alcohol in a case of profuse
+hemorrhage. The faint feeling, or irresistible inclination to lie
+down is nature’s own method of circumventing the danger, by
+quieting the circulation and lessening the expulsive force of the
+heart, thus favoring the formation of clot at the site of the
+injury.�&mdash;<i>Clinique.</i></p>
+
+<p>“For uterine hemorrhage an emetic to induce vomiting is
+the best cure.�&mdash;Dr. Higginbotham in <i>British Medical Journal</i>.</p>
+
+<p>“If the faint is dispelled too quickly, and the blood-vessels
+are relaxed by alcohol, or the heart aroused to energetic action
+by any remedy, the hemorrhage may recommence, and may
+prove fatal. Quiet, the application of cold, pressure, the elevation
+of the wound where possible, and the absence of stimulants,
+are the cardinal points of treatment in most cases.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr.
+Ridge.</span></p>
+
+<p>“If then, it seems absolutely necessary to rouse a person out
+of a dead faint, what can be done? Swallowing is out of the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span>question, lest the patient choke. The head must be laid low,
+and the face and chest flapped with a cold wet cloth, or alternately
+with hot wet cloths; smelling salts (not too strong) may
+be applied to the nose.</p>
+
+<p>“When the faint has been recovered from, but the hemorrhage
+continues so much that it is feared another faint may
+occur, and, perhaps, be fatal, it may be warded off by drinking
+any hot liquid; if Liebig’s extract of meat, or strong beef tea, is
+at hand and can be given hot, there is nothing better.�</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Heart Disease</span>:&mdash;Dr. Ridge says: “I trench here on a
+delicate subject, because, when there is real disease of the
+heart, medical advice will of course have been obtained, and
+very probably a doctor may have said that some alcoholic liquor
+is essential. There are, also, several different forms of heart
+disease which require altogether different treatment, and only a
+physician can tell the difference, or appreciate the necessity for
+the particular treatment required. But it may be pointed out
+that alcohol is utterly unable to ‘strengthen’ the heart, or give
+tone to the blood-vessels, or to the system at large.</p>
+
+<p>“The alteration in the pulse due to alcohol is chiefly owing
+to its paralyzing action on the blood-vessels, and when they are
+too contracted, and thereby cause the weakened heart to labor
+too much, the alcohol will give relief for the time. But we
+have in nitrite of amyl, a fluid which will act more quickly and
+more powerfully; but this must not be employed without medical
+direction. It is very useful in cases of <i>angina pectoris</i>, or
+<i>breast pang</i>, but is rarely required in the majority of cases in
+which the valves of the heart are diseased. The paralyzing
+action of alcohol is not generally produced by less than half a
+wine-glassful of brandy or whisky, or twice that quantity of
+wine, and often much more is required. The relief to uneasy
+sensations which much smaller quantities sometimes produce is
+due to their anæsthetic or benumbing action, by which the
+nerves of the patient are rendered less sensible, although the
+danger is by no means diminished. *&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span></p>
+<p>“The only sensible way to avert the evil consequences of
+heart disease is to strengthen the heart, and that is to be done
+by strengthening the body generally. The amount of exercise,
+the kind of baths, etc., which should be taken, have to be modified
+in accordance with the nature of the case. If these natural
+health-giving measures cannot be employed nothing is an
+effectual substitute.</p>
+
+<p>“<i>Weak</i> or <i>feeble heart</i> is a common complaint, and is as
+ordinary an excuse for resorting to alcoholic liquors as ‘Timothy’s
+stomach.’ If there is no organic disease; if the valves
+of the heart are healthy and act properly, all anxiety on this
+point may be entirely banished. The slow pulse, the feeble
+pulse, the cold feet, the want of energy, these are not to be got
+rid of by such a mere temporary agent as alcohol, even if relief
+can be thus obtained from day to day. The constant application
+of alcohol to the tissues of the body alters them gradually
+by its chemical action. In addition to this, the balance of the
+nervous system is altered, an unnatural condition is produced,
+and the unhappy patient becomes more liable to disease and
+more easily succumbs when attacked.</p>
+
+<p>“Many of these ‘feeble hearts’ mean too little exercise, very
+often also, too much or improper food and drink.</p>
+
+<p>“The best remedies are cold sponging (according to the
+season); avoidance of coddling; plain, wholesome food; abstinence
+from tea, hot drinks and condiments; regular out-of-doors
+exercise and all similar true <i>tonic</i> measures.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. Kellogg says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Persons subject to attacks of <i>angina pectoris</i> should carry
+with them a small bottle containing a sponge saturated with
+nitrite of amyl, and place it to the nose when necessary.</p>
+
+<p>“Sympathetic palpitation may be relieved by bending the
+head downward, allowing the arms to hang down. The effect
+of this measure is increased by holding the breath a few
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span>seconds while bending over. Another ready means of relief is
+to press strongly upon the large arteries on either side of the
+neck.</p>
+
+<p>“Palpitation of the heart is often mistaken for real organic
+disease of the organ. *&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;* A careful regulation of the
+diet is in most cases all that is necessary to effect a cure.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. Edmunds, of London, was asked during a
+medical discussion what he thought of the use of
+alcohol in heart disease. His answer is embodied
+in the following:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“With regard to the use of brandy in cases of heart disease,
+he was convinced it was a mistake to use it in such cases.
+There were many forms of heart disease, but the most common
+kind arose from the heart being too fat. Excess of fat debilitated
+the heart and injured its working, just as a piece of wax
+attached to a tuning fork would impair its usefulness. In such
+cases he dieted his patients in order to reduce their weight.
+Every dose of brandy taken for heart disease increased the
+evil. The moment brandy was taken for heart disease, or any
+other chronic complaint of a similar kind, the disease was
+increased. If doctors recommended alcohol to their patients,
+he had been asked what abstainers should do. In such cases,
+as had been suggested, he thought the patients might ask what
+the alcohol was to do for them, and if the reply was not
+satisfactory, they should get another doctor.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. T. D. Crothers, of Hartford, Conn., has deduced
+some valuable facts from his experiments
+with the sphygmograph, upon the action of the
+heart. He has found by repeated experiments that
+while alcohol apparently increases the force and
+volume of the heart’s action, the irregular tracings
+of the sphygmograph show that the real vital force
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span>is diminished, and hence its apparent stimulating
+power is deceptive.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. C. W. Chapman, of the National Hospital for
+Diseases of the Heart, wrote in the <i>Lancet</i>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“The very thing (alcohol) which they supposed had kept
+their heart going was responsible for many of its difficulties.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Of cases of palpitation and irregularity caused by
+business anxieties or indigestion, he said:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“To give alcohol is only to add fuel to the fire.�</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Heart Failure</span>:&mdash;“In cases of cardiac weakness, the
+thing needed is not simply an increased rate of movement of
+the heart, or an increased volume of the pulse, but an increased
+movement of the blood current throughout the entire system.
+In the application of any agent for the purpose of affording
+relief in a condition of this kind, the peripheral heart as well as
+the central organ must be taken into consideration. In fact,
+the whole circulatory system must be regarded as one. The
+heart and the arteries are composed of essentially the same
+kind of tissue, and have practically the same functions. The
+arteries as well as the heart are capable of contracting.</p>
+
+<p>“Both the heart and the arteries are controlled by excitory
+and inhibitory nerves. These two classes of nerves are kindred
+in structure and in origin, the vagus and the vasodilators being
+medullated, while the accelerators of the heart and the vasoconstrictors
+of the arteries are non-medullated and pass
+through the sympathetic ganglia on the way to their distribution.</p>
+
+<p>“Winternitz and other therapeutists have frequently called
+attention to the value of cold as a cardiac stimulant or tonic.
+The tonic effect of this agent is greater than that of any
+medicinal agent which can be administered. The cold compress
+applied over the cardiac area of the chest may well
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span>replace alcohol as a heart tonic. The thing necessary to
+encourage the heart’s action is not merely relaxation of the
+peripheral vessels, but, as Winternitz has shown, increased
+activity of the peripheral circulation in the skin, muscles and
+elsewhere. Alcohol paralyzes the vasoconstrictors, and so
+dilates the small vessels and lessens the resistance of the heart
+action; but at the same time it lessens the activity of the
+nerve centres which control the heart, diminishes the power of
+the heart muscle, and lessens that rhythmical activity of the
+small vessels whereby the circulation is so efficiently aided at
+that portion of the blood circuit most remote from the heart.
+A continuous cold application applied to that portion of the
+chest overlying the heart stimulates the nerves controlling the
+walls of the vessels, and at the same time energizes the corresponding
+cardiac nerves. It is wise to remember that the
+vasoconstrictor nerves are one in kind with the excitor nerves
+of the heart, while the vasodilators are in like manner associated
+with the vagus. With this in mind, it is clear that while
+alcohol paralyzes the vasoconstrictors, it at the same time
+weakens the nerves which initiate and maintain the activity of
+the heart; while, on the other hand, cold excites to activity
+those nerves which produce the opposite effect.</p>
+
+<p>“The apparent increase of strength which follows the administration
+of alcohol in cases of cardiac weakness is delusive.
+There is increased volume of the pulse for the reason that the
+small arteries and capillaries are dilated, but this apparent improvement
+in cardiac action is very evanescent. This is a
+natural result of the fact that while the heart is relieved momentarily
+by sudden dilation of the peripheral vessels, the accumulation
+of the blood in the venous system, through the loss
+of the normal activity of the peripheral heart, gradually raises
+the resistance by increasing the amount of blood which has to
+be pushed along in the venous system. This loss of the action
+of the peripheral heart more than counterbalances the temporary
+relief secured by the paralysis of the vasoconstrictors.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span></p>
+<p>“Thermic applications, general and local, may safely be affirmed
+to be the true physiological heart tonic. In the employment
+of the cold pericardial compress as a heart tonic, the
+application should generally be continued not more than half
+an hour at a time, and its use may be alternated with general
+cold applications to the surface. A cold towel rub, or the cold
+trunk pack is the best form for application if the patient is very
+feeble.</p>
+
+<p>“The cold towel rub is applied thus: wring a towel as dry
+as possible out of very cold water, and spread it quickly and
+evenly over the surface; rub vigorously outside until the skin
+begins to feel warm; then remove, dry the moistened surface,
+rub until it glows, and make the same application to another
+part; and so on until the whole surface of the body has been
+gone over. The procedure should be rapid and vigorous.</p>
+
+<p>“If the cold trunk pack is employed, a sheet of not more
+than one thickness should be wrung as dry as possible out of
+very cold water, and wrapped quickly about the body, after
+first dipping the hands in water, and rubbing the trunk vigorously.
+In cases of extreme cardiac weakness, very cold and
+very hot applications may be alternately applied over the region
+of the heart. The duration of the hot and cold applications
+should be about fifteen seconds each.</p>
+
+<p>“Any one who has ever witnessed the marvelous effects of
+applications of this sort in reviving a flagging heart will never
+doubt their efficacy, and will have no occasion to resort to
+alcohol, or any other intoxicant, to stimulate a flagging heart.
+The writer has employed these measures for stimulating the
+heart for more than twenty years, and might cite hundreds
+of instances in which their efficiency has been demonstrated.
+They are applicable not only to the cardiac depression encountered
+in the adynamic stage of typhoid and other fevers,
+but in cases of heart failure from hemorrhage, of surgical
+shock, collapse under chloroform or ether, opium poisoning,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span>coal gas asphyxia, drowning, etc.�&mdash;Dr. J. H. Kellogg, in
+<i>Bulletin of the A. M. T. A.</i>, Jan., 1899.</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. N. S. Davis tells of a case of threatened collapse
+where he was called in consultation. Patient
+was in a small, unventilated room.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“It was easy to see that what she needed was fresh air
+in her lungs. Instead of giving alcohol in any form she
+was moved into a large, well-ventilated room. All symptoms
+of ‘heart failure’ disappeared. Had she begun to take
+whisky or brandy, physician and friends would have attributed
+her recovery to that, when in fact it would have retarded recovery
+by hindering oxygenation of the blood.�</p>
+
+<p>“It would also be a very great mistake to suppose that when
+reaction follows collapse, in cases in which alcohol has been
+given, this result is always due to the alcohol. I have seen so
+many cases of severe collapse recover without alcohol that I
+cannot but be skeptical as to its necessity, and even as to its
+value. I was much struck many years ago by a case of post
+partum hemorrhage which was so severe that convulsions set
+in. I should then have given brandy if there had been any to
+give, but there was none in the house and none to be got. I
+administered teaspoonfuls of hot water and the patient revived
+and recovered; next day, except for anæmia, she was as well
+as ever, with no reactionary fever or other disturbance, as would
+almost certainly have been the case if brandy had been given.</p>
+
+<p>“In collapse from hemorrhage, we have learned the value of
+injections of warm saline water, either into the veins, the skin
+or the rectum, and the same treatment is available in other
+cases of collapse with contracted vessels.</p>
+
+<p>“Another measure which has proved most efficacious is the
+<i>inhalation of oxygen</i> gas. This is especially useful in cases in
+which alcohol is decidedly injurious, namely, those in which
+there is increasing congestion of the lungs, which the heart,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span>though doing its utmost, is unable to overcome. Alcohol only
+increases the congestion, and the heart is already over-exerted
+and nearly exhausted. The effect of the oxygen is apparent in
+a few seconds, and cases have been rescued in which death appeared
+to be inevitable and imminent.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr. Ridge.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Heart Stimulants</span>:&mdash;“The advantage of beef extract
+over alcohol as a stimulant was demonstrated on a large scale
+in the Ashantee war.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr. Ridge</span>, London.</p></div>
+
+<p>For those who must have a drug: aqua ammonia,
+8 drops to ½ cup of hot water, or 20 grains carbonate
+ammonia to ½ cup water. Hot water alone is a
+useful stimulant; also water, hot or cold, with a few
+grains of Cayenne pepper added. The latter is
+good, not only to start the heart’s action in collapse,
+but also to relieve violent pain. Hot milk is a most
+valuable stimulant. Many persons to whom hot
+milk has been given during the extreme weakness
+of acute disease have testified afterward to its good
+effects in comparison with the wine formerly administered.
+The wine caused an after-feeling of chilliness
+and weakness, while the milk gave warmth and
+added strength.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Insomnia or Sleeplessness</span>:&mdash;“A person who suffers
+from sleeplessness should avoid the use of tea and coffee,
+tobacco, alcoholic liquors and all other disturbers of the nervous
+system. Eating immediately before retiring has been recommended,
+but the ultimate result may be an aggravation of
+the difficulty instead of relief. If a person suffers from ‘all
+gone feelings’ so that he cannot sleep, he should take a few
+sips of cold water or a glass of lemonade. As complete relief
+will generally be obtained as from eating, and the stomach will
+be saved work when it should be resting. A warm bath just
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span>before retiring, a wet-hand rub, a cool sponge bath, gentle
+rubbing of the body with the dry hand, a moist bandage worn
+about the abdomen during the night, are all useful measures.
+When the feet are cold, they should be thoroughly warmed by
+a hot foot or leg bath, and thorough rubbing. When the head
+is congested, these measures should be supplemented by the
+application of cold to the head, as the cold compress or the
+ice-cap.�</p></div>
+
+<p>A walk in the evening, or gentle calisthenics, may
+help those of sedentary habits. Bicycle riding and
+horse-back riding in the evening have helped many.</p>
+
+<p>The practice of long deep breathing will often put
+persons to sleep when all other devices fail. The
+lungs should be filled to their utmost capacity, and
+then emptied with equal slowness, repeating the
+respiration about ten times a minute, instead of
+eighteen or twenty, the natural rate. Those who
+fall asleep upon first going to bed, and after a few
+hours awake, and are unable to sleep again, may
+find relief by getting out of bed, and rubbing the
+surface of the body with the dry hand. Or walk
+about the room a few minutes, exposing the skin to
+the air, go back to bed and try the deep breathing.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“The use of drugs for the purpose of inducing sleep should
+be avoided as much as possible. Opium is especially harmful.
+Sleep obtained by the use of opiates is not a substitute for
+natural sleep. The condition is one of insensibility, but not of
+natural refreshing recuperation. Three or four hours of natural
+sleep will be more than equivalent to double that amount of
+sleep obtained by the use of narcotics. When a person once
+becomes dependent upon drugs of any kind for producing
+sleep, it is almost impossible for him to dispense with them.
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span>It is often dangerous to resort to their temporary use, on
+account of the great tendency to the formation of the habit of
+continuous use. The use of opiates for securing sleep is one of
+the most prolific means by which the great army of opium-eaters
+is annually recruited. Chloral, bromide of potash,
+whisky and other drugs are to be condemned almost as
+strongly as opium.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr. Kellogg.</span></p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. Furer, of Heidelberg, Germany, in a paper
+before the International Congress against alcohol,
+held in Basle, Switzerland, in Sept., 1895, said:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“The sleep from alcohol does not act as a mental tonic, but
+leaves the mind weaker next day.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Some noble specimens of manhood have become
+wrecks through accepting the advice to try “whisky
+night-caps.� Edison recommends manual labor,
+instead of going to rest, for aggravated insomnia.
+He says sleep will soon come naturally.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">La Grippe</span>:&mdash;“Alcohol has no place in the treatment of <i>la
+grippe</i>; on the contrary it is because of the too frequent use
+of this, and other narcotics, that epidemics make such fearful
+headway in our land, and such must be the rule until the
+people study the laws of health and obey them. Profuse
+sweating, followed by a careful bathing of the body in tepid
+water, gradually cooling it to a normal temperature, and avoiding
+unnecessary exposure, will relieve. The patient should
+sleep in pure air and eat as little as possible, and that only
+when hungry. *&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;* Quinine is essentially a nerve poison,
+and capable of producing a profound disturbance of the nervous
+centres. A drug of such potency for evil should be employed
+with the greatest care, and never when a milder agency will
+secure the result. Exceedingly pernicious is the habit of dosing
+children with this drug.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr. Charles H. Shepard</span>, Brooklyn,
+N. Y.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span></p>
+<p>“A late surgeon of the gold coast of Africa wrote the following
+to the London <i>Lancet</i> of Jan. 2, 1890: ‘Some of the worst
+cases of this disease, the grippe, remind me of an epidemic I
+saw among the natives of the swamps of the Niger. *&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*
+Irrespective of disinfectants and inhalations there is a simple,
+effective and ready remedy, the juice of oranges in large quantities,
+not of two or three, but of dozens. The first unpleasant
+symptoms disappear, and the acid citrate of potash of the juice,
+by a simple chemic action decreases the amount of fibrine in the
+blood to an extent which prevents the development of pneumonia.’�</p></div>
+
+<p>The Syracuse (N. Y.) <i>Post-Standard</i> contained
+the following during the epidemic of 1899:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Dr. George D. Whedon declared to a <i>Post-Standard</i> reporter
+yesterday that there is practically no subsiding of the grippe
+in this city. Dr. Whedon said that the weather conditions
+have little, if anything, to do with the disease, and that it is impossible
+to define the conditions which produce it. It is
+some morbific agency, the influence of which, Dr. Whedon
+said, is exerted upon the pneumogastric nerve.</p>
+
+<p>“<i>Dr. Whedon was emphatic in denouncing treatment by
+means of alcoholic stimulants, and coal tar derivatives.</i> In discussing
+the subject at some length he said:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>‘I find that infants and young children are practically
+exempt from the disease, and the liability increases with age. In
+my own experience, which has since 1889 amounted to an
+aggregate of 3,000 cases, alcoholic stimulants have appeared to
+be usually of little or no value; their usual stimulating effect
+does not seem to be realized in this condition. Unless malarial
+complications exist quinine appears of no benefit, and then
+should not be used in larger than two grain doses. Large
+doses depress the weakened heart, and in all cases increase the
+terrible confusion and headache constantly present in severe
+cases.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span></p>
+<p>‘From the views I entertain of its pathology, and from the
+terrible fatality which has attended the extensive use of the
+coal tar derivatives in treatment of <i>la grippe</i>, I argue that the
+manner in which they have been prescribed in the beginning of
+the disease, to reduce fever, and relieve the often intense suffering,
+lowers the heart’s action, which is already sufficiently incapacitated
+by the toxic agent producing the disease.</p>
+
+<p>‘The intention is usually to stimulate later, but later is in
+many cases unfortunately too late. The heart being overwhelmed
+by the poison, and by the added depression of all coal
+tar preparations, cannot keep up the pulmonary circulation.
+The swelling of the lungs increases, and the result is fatal.</p>
+
+<p>‘I am aware of the weight of authority for their administration
+and of the relief they afford, but am just as well assured that
+were their use discontinued, the greatly increased death-rate from
+<i>la grippe</i> would cease to appear.</p>
+
+<p>‘These coal tar remedies are being used everywhere, and
+the medical journals recommend them despite the fatal results.
+They are being used every hour in the day in Syracuse, and, as
+a result, are knocking out good people. Among the most popular
+coal tar derivatives I might mention anti-kamnia, salol-phenacetine,
+anti-pyrine and salicylate of soda.</p>
+
+<p>‘Prognosis is favorable at all ages. Patients should be kept
+warm, and perfectly quiet in bed, and supplied with such nutritious
+and easily digested food, at frequent intervals, as the partially
+paralyzed stomach can take care of. All nourishment
+must be fluid and warm rather than cold.’�</p></div>
+
+<p>The <i>Journal of Inebriety</i> for April, 1889, says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“The present epidemic of influenza has proved to be very
+fatal in cases of moderate and excessive alcoholic drinkers.</p>
+
+<p>“Pneumonia is the most common sequel, breaking out suddenly,
+and terminating fatally in a few days. Heart failure
+and profound exhaustion, is another fatal termination. One case
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span>was reported to me of an inebriate, who, after a full outbreak
+of all the usual symptoms, drank freely of whisky and became
+stupid and died. It was uncertain whether cerebral hemorrhage
+had taken place, or the narcotism of the alcohol had combined
+with the disease and caused death.</p>
+
+<p>“A physician appeared to have unusual fatality in the cases
+of this class under his care.</p>
+
+<p>“It was found that he gave some form of alcohol freely, on
+the old theory of stimulation. Another physician gave all
+drinking cases with this disease alcohol, on the same theory,
+and had equally fatal results. It has been asserted that alcohol,
+as an antiseptic, was useful in these bacterial epidemics, but its
+use has been followed by greater depression, and many new
+and complex symptoms. The frequent half domestic and
+professional remedy, hot rum and whisky, has been followed
+by more serious symptoms, and a protracted convalescence.
+Many facts have been reported showing the danger of alcohol
+as a remedy, also the fatality in cases of inebriates who were
+affected with this disease.</p>
+
+<p>“The first most common symptom seems to be heart exhaustion
+and feebleness, then from the catarrhal and bronchial irritation,
+pneumonia often follows.�</p></div>
+
+<p>The vapor or Turkish bath is the best means of
+“breaking up� this disease, together with hot
+lemonade and rest in bed for a day or two. The
+inhalation of hot steam should be tried when there
+is much bronchial irritation.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Life-Saving Stations, The Use of Alcohol In</span>:&mdash;“There
+is no possible useful place for alcoholic liquors in connection
+with a life-saving station. Applied externally the rapid
+evaporation of alcohol reduces the temperature; taken internally
+it diminishes the efficiency of both respiration and circulation,
+and by increasing congestion of the kidneys it directly increases
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span>the danger of secondary bad effects from exposures of any kind.
+To restore warmth and circulation to the surface, light, rapid
+friction and the wrapping with dry flannel is the safest, cheapest
+and most efficient, while free breathing of fresh air, and frequent
+small doses of milk, beef-tea, ordinary tea or coffee, or
+even simple water, will afford the greatest amount of strength
+and endurance, and leave the least secondary bad consequences.
+It is just as easy to keep at hand a jug or flask of any one of
+the articles named as it is to keep a flask of whisky or brandy.
+There is no need of keeping them hot, as they act well at any
+temperature at which they can be drunk.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr. N. S. Davis</span>,
+Chicago.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Measles</span>:&mdash;“In mild cases, very little treatment is required,
+except such as is necessary to make the patient comfortable.
+Good nursing is much more important than medical attendance.
+If the eruption is slow in making its appearance, or is repelled
+after having appeared, the patient should be given a warm
+blanket pack.</p>
+
+<p>“The old-fashioned plan of keeping the patient smothered
+beneath heavy blankets, and constantly in a state of perspiration
+is wholly unnecessary. The irritation of the skin, as well
+as the sensitiveness to cold, may be relieved by rubbing the
+skin gently two or three times a day with vaseline or sweet oil.
+There is no danger from the application of cold water to the
+surface except in the last stages of the disease, after the eruption
+has disappeared.</p>
+
+<p>“The patient should be allowed cooling drinks as much as desired.
+During the disease a simple but nutritious diet should be
+allowed, but <i>stimulants of all kinds should be prohibited</i>.�</p>
+
+<p>“It is wholly unnecessary, and dangerous as well, to give
+whisky to bring out the eruption.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr. I. N. Quimby</span>, Jersey
+City.</p>
+
+<p>“Any hot drink, such as ginger tea or hot lemonade, may
+be used to hasten the eruption, if delayed.�</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Malaria</span>:&mdash;Observers of this disease in such regions
+as the gold coast of Africa have noted the
+fact that malarial attacks are generally preceded by
+impaired digestion. The disease is said to be due
+to animal parasites. These parasites are supposed
+to generate in the soil of certain regions, and thence,
+through the drinking water, or otherwise, find entrance
+to the human body.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“A healthy stomach is able to destroy germs of all sorts,
+hence the best protection from malaria is the boiling of all
+drinking water, and the maintenance of sound digestion and
+purity of blood by an aseptic dietary.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. J. H. Kellogg says in <i>The Voice</i>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“It must be understood, however, that fruit in malarial regions,
+especially watermelons, may be thickly covered with
+malarial parasites and the parasites may sometimes find entrance
+to the fruit when it becomes over-ripe, so that the skin
+is broken. It is evident, then, that care must be taken to disinfect
+such fruit by thorough washing, or by dipping in hot
+water, which is the safer plan. The same remark applies to
+cucumbers, lettuce, celery, cabbage and other green vegetables
+which are commonly served without cooking. Not only malarial
+parasites but small insects of various kinds are often
+found clinging to such food substances, their development being
+encouraged by the free use of top dressing on the soil, a process
+common with market gardeners.</p>
+
+<p>“The treatment of malarial disease is too large and intricate
+a subject for proper treatment in these columns. We will say
+briefly, however, at the risk of being considered very unorthodox,
+that the majority of cases of malarial poisoning can be cured
+without the use of drugs of any sort. In fact, in the most
+obstinate cases of chronic malarial poisoning, drugs are of
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span>almost no use whatever. Quinine, however, is certainly of
+value as a curative agent in these cases, either in destroying
+the parasites, or in preventing their development; but as it does
+not remove the cause, its curative effect is likely to be very
+transient. The practice of habitually taking quinine as a preventive
+of malarial disease is a most injurious one, as quinine
+is itself a non-usable substance in the system, and therefore
+must be looked upon as a mild poison, to be dealt with by the
+liver and kidneys the same as other poisons. By habitual use
+it may itself become a cause of disease. One or two periodical
+doses of quinine often prove of great service in interrupting the
+paroxysms of an intermittent fever, but other treatment must
+also be employed to develop the bodily resistance, and fortify the
+system against disease. The morning cold bath, followed by
+vigorous rubbing, is a most excellent measure for this purpose,
+but the old-fashioned German wet-sheet pack is one of the best
+remedies known. The paroxysm itself can generally be
+avoided by means of the dry pack, begun before the chill
+makes its appearance; but this requires the services of an expert
+nurse. In not a few cases it is wise for a person who
+suffers frequently from malarial disease to seek a change of
+climate to some non-malarial region.</p>
+
+<p>“Col. T. W. Higginson of the First South Carolina Volunteers,
+in 1862, said of Dr. Seth Rogers, an eminent Southern physician,
+who was surgeon of the regiment: ‘Fortunately for us, he
+was one of that minority of army surgeons who did not believe
+in whisky, so that we never had it issued in the regiment while
+he was with us, and got on better, in a highly malarial district,
+than those regiments which used it.’�</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Maternity</span>:&mdash;Dr. Ridge says:&mdash;“It is one of the greatest
+mistakes to make use of alcoholic beverages to ‘keep up the
+strength’ during labor. It is, of course, impossible to predict
+at the commencement how long the labor will last; if then
+brandy, or other similar drink, is resorted to early, it acts most
+injuriously. The desire for food is often entirely removed; the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span>demand of the system being therefore unperceived, and so not
+supplied, a state of weakness and prostration is in time produced,
+if the labor should be protracted, which may be really
+serious. The nervous system becomes exhausted by the repeated
+action of the alcohol. If a fatal result is not occasioned,
+yet the prostration of body and mind after delivery is aggravated,
+and convalescence thereby retarded. Alcoholic drinks
+produce paralysis and congestion of the blood-vessels, and in
+this way largely increase the liability to flooding after the labor
+is over. Alcohol also increases the liability to a feverish
+condition.</p>
+
+<p>“It is necessary to take small quantities of plain, nourishing
+food at regular intervals, and nothing is of greater value than
+well-cooked oatmeal: other farinaceous food may be substituted,
+if preferred. If there is much prostration, meat extracts
+or beef tea are of great value. Tea tends to produce flatulence
+and to prevent sleep.</p>
+
+<p>“After the labor is over, the best restorative is a cup of hot
+beef tea or an egg beaten up in warm milk or a cup of warm
+gruel. Rest, and absence of excitement and worry are essential
+and alcohol is specially injurious.�</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Menstruation, Painful</span>:&mdash;Young girls often
+resort to the use of brandy during the monthly
+period, and parents ask anxiously, “What can they
+use instead of the brandy?�</p>
+
+<p>The very best thing that can be done is to go to
+bed, wrapped in flannels, with a hot-water bottle or
+other hot application to the abdomen, and to the
+feet. Take hot ginger tea, or pepper tea.</p>
+
+<p>A warm hip-bath taken at the beginning may give
+relief, or a large hot enema retained for half an hour
+or so. Rest is necessary.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>For those who must go to work, Dr. Ridge
+recommends five drops of oil of juniper, to be
+taken on sugar.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Neuralgia</span>:&mdash;“The principal cause of neuralgia is defective
+nutrition of the nerves. Disorders of digestion are very often
+accompanied by neuralgia in various parts of the body. It
+may also result from taking cold, from loss of sleep, from dissipation,
+and also from the use of tobacco, alcohol, tea and
+coffee.</p>
+
+<p>“The patient’s general health must be improved by a wholesome,
+simple diet, and the employment of tonic baths, as a
+daily sponge bath, and massage in feeble cases. Sun-baths
+and exercise in the open air are of first importance. Ordinary
+neuralgia may almost always be relieved by either moist or dry
+heat. In some cases, cold applications give more relief than
+hot. As a rule, abnormal heat requires cold, and unnatural
+cold requires hot applications. In many cases it is necessary
+to give the patient a warm bath of some kind. Electricity
+often succeeds when all other remedies fail.</p>
+
+<p>“For facial neuralgia apply hot fomentations, together with
+the use of sitz baths, or hot foot baths. The head may be
+steamed by holding it over hot water, adding pieces of hot
+brick occasionally to keep water steaming, head being covered.</p>
+
+<p>“There is no complaint, perhaps, in the treatment of which
+the use of port wine will be more strongly urged by kind
+friends, with the assurance that it is impossible to get well
+without it. This is quite untrue, as thousands can testify.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr.
+Ridge.</span></p>
+
+<p>“Avoid opiates of all sorts. ‘It is better to bear the ills we
+have than fly to others that we know not of.’ The pangs of
+neuralgia are as nothing to endure compared with the sufferings
+of an opium wreck. Build up the general health, and the neuralgia
+will disappear.�</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span></p>
+<p><span class="smcap">Nausea.</span>&mdash;“A feeling of sickness is not uncommonly due to
+indigestion. If it is caused by rich food take a pinch of bicarbonate
+of soda in a little water, or a teaspoonful of fluid magnesia.
+The acidity of the food will thus be neutralized, and
+this course is far preferable to benumbing the stomach with
+brandy. If indigestion is the cause, it is often salutary to miss
+one or two meals, so as to allow the stomach to recover.</p>
+
+<p>“When due to pregnancy, a little aërated water, or soda
+water is useful; sometimes a small wafer or a crust, eaten before
+rising in the morning, will check it. An early morning
+walk, if the weather is pleasant, is helpful.</p>
+
+<p>“The moist abdominal bandage is a very excellent means of
+relieving nausea during pregnancy. It should be worn constantly
+for a week or two, and then omitted during the night.
+Daily sitz baths are also of great advantage. In many cases
+electricity relieves this symptom very promptly. In very urgent
+cases in which the vomiting cannot be repressed, and the life of
+the patient is threatened, the stomach should be given entire
+rest, the patient being nourished by nutritive injections. Fomentations
+over the stomach, and swallowing small bits of ice,
+are sometimes effective when other measures fail.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr. J. H.
+Kellogg.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Outgrowing the Strength</span>:&mdash;“There is sometimes debility
+or weakness in rapidly growing boys and girls which is
+attributed to this cause. It is popularly supposed that port
+wine or beer, is the great remedy; but nothing can be worse.
+It is true that gin given continuously to puppies will keep them
+small, but no one would advocate the amount of spirit required
+in proportion by a lad or girl to produce the same effect. If
+the growth could be checked by chemicals it would be most
+injurious to do so.</p>
+
+<p>“In the treatment of such cases fresh air by day and night
+is essential; cold sponging, followed by friction with a rough
+towel, and exercise are desirable.�</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>PNEUMONIA.</h4>
+
+<p>Dr. Julius Poheman says in <i>Medical News</i>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“The effect of alcohol upon nearly all the organs of the body
+has been carefully investigated. But, strange to say, literature
+contains only a few straggling hints upon the action of alcohol
+on the pulmonary tissue. It has long been known that the
+abuse of alcohol is a predisposing cause of death when the
+drinker is attacked with pneumonia. No experimental evidence
+has been published of the action of alcohol in producing pathological
+conditions in the lungs. In order to determine this
+action, a series of experiments was made upon dogs in the winters
+of 1890-1891 and 1892-1893. The dogs were a mixed lot
+of mongrels gathered in by the city dog catchers. They varied
+in weight from fifteen to twenty-five pounds, and were apparently
+in good health. In all, thirty animals were experimented
+on.</p>
+
+<p>“The experiments were performed as follows:&mdash;A carefully
+etherized animal had injected into his trachea just below the
+larynx a quantity of commercial alcohol varying from one dram
+to one ounce in amount. The effects of equal amounts of alcohol
+upon animals of the same weight varies greatly. Two dogs,
+weighing twenty-five pounds each, were injected with two
+drams of alcohol. One died in one hour, and the other in six
+hours after the injection. Four other dogs, two weighing
+twenty-four pounds each, another eighteen pounds, and the
+fourth fifteen pounds, were all injected with the same amount,
+two drams. All four survived, and were as well as usual in
+four weeks. Another dog of eighteen pounds died five minutes
+after an injection of two drams, while another of fifteen pounds
+took one ounce and recovered.</p>
+
+<p>“The symptoms in the dogs were all alike, dyspnea, increasing
+as the inflammation increased, until the accessory muscles
+of respiration were called into play. The stethoscope showed
+that air had great difficulty in entering the bronchi and air
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span>vesicles, and showed also the tumultuous beating of the heart in
+pumping blood through the lung. It was impossible to take the
+temperatures. Post-mortem examinations showed the lungs
+dark, congested and solid in some places. The air passages
+were filled with frothy, bloody mucus, even in the dog that died
+in five minutes. On section, the lungs were dark, congested,
+and full of bloody mucus. This shows how acutely sensitive
+the respiratory passages are to the action of alcohol. On microscopic
+examination of the lungs, the air tubes and vesicles
+were found filled with immense numbers of red and white corpuscles
+and much mucus. The same picture was presented as
+in a slide from the lungs of a broncho-pneumonic child.</p>
+
+<p>“The striking similarity between the two is enough to prove
+that the pathological condition is the same, and that alcohol
+has produced a lesion very closely resembling, if not absolutely
+like, that of broncho-pneumonia in the human subject. This
+to some extent explains why drunkards attacked by pneumonia
+succumb more readily than the temperate. The sensitive lung
+tissue is enveloped in alcohol&mdash;flowing through the capillaries
+of the lung on one side, and exhaled, filling the air vesicles and
+tubes on the other. The condition must create a state of semi-engorgement
+or of mild inflammation, similar to the drunkard’s
+red nose, or his engorged gastric mucous membrane. Such a
+state will reduce the vitality of the pulmonary tissue, and its
+power of resistance to external influences. Add to this an inflammation
+such as a pneumonia, and the lungs find themselves
+unable to stand the pressure.�</p></div>
+
+<p>As previous chapters contain much showing the
+reasons why alcohol is dangerous in pneumonia,
+space need not be taken here to do more than indicate
+briefly some points of non-alcoholic treatment.</p>
+
+<p>Pneumonia is generally supposed to result from a
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span>cold; it is ushered in by the symptoms of a chill,
+followed by fever, headache, shortness of breath,
+pain in chest, etc. It sometimes occurs as a complication
+of typhoid fever and other acute diseases.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“It is not a very fatal disease in young and healthy subjects,
+but in weak children, old persons and habitual drinkers, it is a
+very fatal malady.�</p></div>
+
+<p><i>Nature Cure</i> recommends a vapor bath immediately
+upon the appearance of the first symptoms,
+together with copious drinking of hot lemonade,
+and a good supply of pure fresh air in the room,
+together with the application of alternating hot and
+cold compresses, <i>and no drugs</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Kellogg says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Cool compresses or ice-bags, alternated every three hours
+by hot fomentations for ten minutes, should be applied to the
+chest, particularly to the affected side, the seat of pain. The
+hot fomentations relieve the pain, and the cold compresses
+check the diseased process. The compresses should be wrung
+out of cold water, and changed every five to eight minutes, or as
+often as they become warm. Although the cool compresses
+are not usually liked by the patient, they will soon give relief
+if their use is continued, and they do much towards shortening
+the course of the disease. Care should be taken to keep the
+patient’s body from being wet except where the treatment is
+applied. The cold compress is much used in the large hospitals
+of Germany. When the pulse becomes as rapid as 95 to
+110 or more, cool sponging, the wet-sheet pack, the cool full
+bath or the cool enema should be employed. When much
+chilliness is produced by the contact of water with the skin, the
+cold enema is a most admirably useful measure. The amount
+of water required is from half a pint to a pint. The tempera<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span>ture
+may be 40 to 60 degrees. The apartment should be kept
+as cool as possible without discomfort, and an abundance of
+fresh air should be continually supplied.</p>
+
+<p>“The diet of the patient should consist of milk, oatmeal
+gruel, ripe fruit, and similar easily digested food. No meat,
+eggs or other stimulating food should be allowed.</p>
+
+<p>“Discontinue the cold treatment after the first twenty-four to
+forty-eight hours. If the surface is cold, apply hot sponging or
+a hot pack. Avoid causing chilliness.�</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pre-Natal Influence of Alcohol</span>:&mdash;“The use of beer
+as a medicine during pregnancy is without doubt perilous to
+the health and vigor of the offspring. Children born under
+such conditions are sickly and feeble, and suffer from disease
+more severely than others, or die early. Alcoholic prescriptions
+to pregnant women are, from all present knowledge of the
+facts, both dangerous and reprehensible in the highest degree.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr.
+T. D. Crothers</span>, Hartford, Conn.</p>
+
+<p>“M. Fere, an eminent French physician, recently reported to
+the Biological Society of Paris the results of experiments which
+he had been conducting for the purpose of throwing light upon
+this question. These experiments demonstrate that the exposure
+of hen’s eggs to the influence of the vapor of alcohol,
+previous to incubation, retards the development of the embryo,
+and favors the production of malformations. It is evident from
+these experiments that alcohol may act directly upon the embryo
+when there is no marked influence of alcoholism in the
+parent.�</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pain After Food</span>:&mdash;“This may occur in acute or chronic
+gastric catarrh, or in a neuralgic or oversensitive condition of
+the stomach, or in ulcer or cancer of that organ. In all these
+it comes on soon after food has been swallowed; but, if occurring
+a long time after a meal, it is probably due to atonic dyspepsia.
+Alcohol will undoubtedly sometimes relieve this kind of
+pain by deadening the nerves of the stomach so that the pain is
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span>not felt so much; but this effect soon passes off, and if the cause
+of the malady is not removed by other means, increasing quantities
+of alcohol will be required to give relief. Many cases of
+drink-craving have originated in this way. Medical aid will generally
+be required. A small mustard poultice over the pit of the
+stomach is often useful, especially in inflammatory cases, or any
+other outward application of heat. Food should be fluid, or
+semi-fluid, and digestible. Ginger tea, or peppermint water,
+may serve to disperse gas.�</p></div>
+
+
+<h4>POISON, ANIMAL.</h4>
+
+<p>The following by Dr. Chas. H. Shepard, of Brooklyn,
+who introduced the Turkish bath into America,
+is taken from the <i>Journal of the A. M. A.</i>, for
+Nov. 13, 1897:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Animal poison is by no means uncommon, and so quick
+and mysterious is its action that a prompt remedy is a vital necessity.
+There is good reason to believe that the numerous
+remedies that have been recommended from earliest times as
+antidotes for animal poison are worthless, as they have not the
+properties commonly ascribed to them. The paucity of remedies
+is so great that alcohol is the one which comes most
+quickly to the mind of those who have been taught in the traditions
+of the past, and who are not fully aware of its action on
+the human system. We shall endeavor to show that the action
+of alcohol is not helpful, but on the contrary is really detrimental;
+and also that there is a better way out of the difficulty.</p>
+
+<p>“If we get a splinter in the body, vital energy is aroused to
+get rid of the offending substance, inflammation is set up, and
+sloughing goes on until the splinter is voided. If the splinter
+is covered with acrid material, the same process is intensified,
+and nature endeavors to eliminate the offending substance
+through the natural excretions. Upon the peculiarity of the
+material depends the direction of this elimination.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span></p>
+<p>“It is well known that some poisons are thrown off by the
+kidneys, some by the lungs, while others again are attacked by
+all the emunctories. The difference in the power of the system
+to absorb different substances, appropriate whatever can
+be utilized, and throw off whatever can not be used, is sometimes
+called idiosyncrasy, but more properly it may be called
+vital resistance, and upon the integrity of this power rests the
+ability to combat disease in all its forms, whether it be the absorption
+of any animal virus or the poison resulting from undigested
+food. This ability is in proportion to the integrity and
+soundness of every tissue and organ of the body. This may be
+illustrated by the fact that with a person suffering from kidney
+disease, which necessarily impedes elimination, the ordinary
+effects of a poison are intensified; therefore whatever aids in
+the promotion of good health, or in other words, the normal
+action of all the functions, will contribute to the safety of the
+individual in any and every emergency.</p>
+
+<p>“When a person dies from the effect of poisoning, it is simply
+because the system was unable to eliminate the offending
+substance and was exhausted in the effort. There is a tolerance
+of some substances which frequently results in chronic disease,
+and again it is shown in what is called the cumulative effect or
+acute disease.</p>
+
+<p>“Those who would hold that a substance is at one time a
+medicament, and at another time a poison, have much trouble
+in drawing the line between the beneficial and the poisonous
+effect. The idea that poisonous substances act on the system
+is responsible for many grave mistakes, whereas always, and
+under all circumstances, it is the system that does all the action.</p>
+
+<p>“There might be some excuse for the idea that disease is an
+entity, from the facts that have been brought to light by the
+germ theory, but this theory is of recent date, while the entity
+theory is as old as superstition.</p>
+
+<p>“Snake poison, which may be cited as a type of other animal
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span>poisons, takes effect through the circulation, and acts by paralyzing
+the nerve centres, and by altering the condition of the
+blood. In ordinary cases death seems to take place by arrest
+of respiration, from paralysis of the nerves of motion. The
+poison also acts septically, producing at a later period sloughing
+and hemorrhage.</p>
+
+<p>“Dr. Calmette, a noted French scientist, claims that what is
+poisonous in the snake’s bite, is not the venom absorbed into
+the blood, but a principle which the blood itself has developed
+out of the poison. This would necessitate very quick action
+when the poison is inserted in one of the large veins, as that is
+followed by instant death.</p>
+
+<p>“The following cases fairly represent some of the tragedies
+that are occurring in our everyday life.</p>
+
+<p>“A man 60 years old falls and dislocates his finger, he goes
+to the hospital, where in a short time he dies from blood poisoning.
+*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;* Another man 48 years old, many years a wine
+merchant, whose great toe was severely crushed by a heavy
+man stepping on it, was taken with blood-poisoning and in
+spite of all treatment, even to the amputation of the leg, he
+soon succumbed to the disease. *&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;* A young woman
+24 years old, picks a pimple on her chin and at once her face
+begins to swell. In vain was all medical treatment, for in a
+few days she died in terrible agony. *&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;* About a year
+ago there died in Brooklyn, N. Y., a physician in his 38th year,
+who six days previously received a slight scratch in his hand
+while performing a post-mortem examination. All that medical
+science could suggest was done to no avail. *&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;* In
+the summer of 1896 a young woman 22 years of age was bitten
+on the leg by an insect. Several physicians were called in but
+their treatment gave no relief; blood-poisoning set in; it was
+decided to amputate the leg, but before it could be done she
+died. *&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;* In July, 1896, a veterinary surgeon 34 years
+of age, while removing a cancer from a horse pricked his finger
+with his knife. The wound was so slight that he forgot all
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span>about it. A few days later blood-poisoning set in and in a
+short time his end came. *&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;* Some forty years ago a
+man named Whitney was teasing a rattlesnake in a Broadway
+barroom, was bitten by it, and, though whisky was poured
+down his throat by the quart, he soon died.</p>
+
+<p>“Such results seem entirely unnecessary were the proper
+course pursued, and at the same time they are a fearful commentary
+on the medical resources of the day.</p>
+
+<p>“The latest researches in regard to alcohol reveal it as a
+poison to the human system in whatever way it may be diluted
+or disguised. Its effect is always the same in proportion to the
+amount taken. It is impossible to habitually use it in any
+form, even in small quantities, without disease and degeneration
+resulting therefrom. When taken into the stomach the
+action is the same as with any other narcotic; the meaning of
+this word is <i>to become torpid</i>. It benumbs the nerves of sensation,
+and thus the vital resistance to any offending material is
+reduced, and while the patient <i>feels</i> less of any disturbance the
+real harm goes on with accumulated force because of the lack
+of vitality and non-resistance of the nervous system.</p>
+
+<p>“When the body is in the throes of a vital struggle with a
+virulent poison it would seem, to any unprejudiced mind, the
+height of folly to further weaken the vital resistance by the
+administration of any narcotic, and especially alcohol.</p>
+
+<p>“The eminent German, Professor Bunge, says: ‘All the
+results which on superficial observation appear to show that
+alcohol possesses stimulant properties, can be explained on the
+ground that they were due to paralysis.’ *&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;* Professors
+S. Weir Mitchell and E. T. Reichert, in <i>Researches on Serpent
+Poison</i>, make this notable statement: ‘Despite the
+popular creed, it is now pretty sure that many men have been
+killed by the alcohol given to relieve them from the effects of
+snake bite, and it is a matter of record that men dead drunk
+with whiskey and then bitten, have died of the bite.’</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span></p>
+<p>“As a great contrast to the weakness of the mass of our
+people who are drug-takers and alcohol-consumers, and who
+are liable to almost any epidemic that comes along, and quickly
+succumb to a serious injury, may be mentioned the Turkish
+soldiers of to-day, who know nothing of drugs as we use them
+and never use alcohol in any form. During the late controversy
+with the Greeks, one of them who was reported as having been
+shot in the stomach, remained in the ranks, and afterward
+walked ten miles. Another one who was wounded twice in
+the legs and once in the shoulder, continued attending to his
+duties for twenty-four hours, until an officer noticed his condition
+and ordered him to the hospital. The heat was tremendous,
+but the troops endured it without complaint, and the
+doctors were astonished at the wonderful vitality of the wounded
+Turks, who recovered with remarkable rapidity. This, with good
+reason, is attributed to their abstemious lives.</p>
+
+<p>“It has been stated that the Moqui Indians handle the
+rattlesnake with impunity, and are not inconvenienced by its
+occasional bite.</p>
+
+<p>“The rational treatment of animal poison is to endeavor to
+prevent the entry of the virus into the circulation and to neutralize
+it in the wound before it is absorbed; but when it has entered
+the system everything should be done for its elimination.</p>
+
+<p>“The most powerful aid to the human system, and the most
+perfect eliminator known to man is heat. It is used with much
+advantage, and great success by means of water, both internally
+and externally, but above all is its use by hot air, as in the
+Turkish bath, which works in harmony with every natural
+function, promoting the action of all the secretions, and more
+particularly the excretions. By this means will the system unload
+itself of an accumulation of impurities in an incredibly
+short space of time, while the heat aids in destroying whatever
+there may be of virus therein.</p>
+
+<p>“Calmette, whom we have previously quoted, has shown
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span>that whatever be the source of snake venom, its active principle
+is destroyed by being submitted to a temperature of about 212
+degrees for a variable length of time.</p>
+
+<p>“In the not remote future thousands of human beings will
+owe to the Turkish bath not only an immunity from disease
+in general, but also an escape from the horrors of a premature
+death from hydrophobia, the poison of snake bite, or the slower
+action of infectious disease.</p>
+
+<p>“The mass of testimony that has been accumulating for
+over thirty years past is more than sufficient to convince any
+reasonable mind that is willing to examine the facts.</p>
+
+<p>“The medical profession has searched the world over and
+under for the means of controlling disease, while within the
+human body itself lies the vital power which needs only to be
+cultivated and exalted to its true function to banish the mass
+of disease from the land.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. Shepard states in another article that Turkish
+baths are now used in London and Paris for the
+cure of hydrophobia.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. J. H. Kellogg says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“A great number of remedies have acquired the reputation
+of being cures for snake bites. The partisans of each one of
+these have been able to produce a large number of cases, which
+apparently supported their claims; the uniform testimony of all
+scientific authorities upon this subject, however, is that all these
+so-called antidotes are worthless. Prof. W. Watson Cheyne,
+M. B., F. R. C. S., surgeon of Kings College Hospital, London,
+England, states, in the <i>International Encyclopedia of Surgery</i>,
+that ‘there is no known antidote by which the venom can be
+neutralized, nor any prophylactic.’ This eminent authority also
+remarks further: ‘Hence medication with this view is to be
+avoided altogether, and the aim of treatment should be to prevent
+the poison from gaining access to the general circulation,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span>and to avoid its prostrating effects if its entrance has already
+taken place.’ The same writer asserts that the only aim of the
+constitutional treatment should be ‘to sustain the strength until
+the poison shall have been eliminated.’ The idea that the
+saturation of the body with whisky to the point of intoxication,
+if possible, is beneficial in these cases, is in the highest degree
+erroneous. Whisky intoxication, according to Dr. Cheyne,
+actually ‘favors the injurious effect of the poison. What is required
+is to keep the patient alive until the poison has been
+eliminated.’ Whisky will not do this, but actually aids the
+poison in its fatal work by lessening the resistance of the
+patient, and hence lessening his chances for recovery.</p>
+
+<p>“The reputation of whisky as a remedy in these cases is due
+to the fact that on an average only one person in eight who is
+bitten by a rattlesnake is really poisoned; the reasons for this
+were fully explained in an interesting paper on ‘Rattlesnakes,’
+by the eminent Dr. S. Weir Mitchell, and published in the
+Smithsonian Contributions to <i>Knowledge</i> for 1860. If the
+snake strikes several times before inflicting a wound, the sacs
+containing the venom may be emptied, so that the succeeding
+bite will introduce only the most minute quantity of poison&mdash;not
+enough to produce serious, or fatal results. If the part
+bitten is covered by clothing, the poison may be absorbed by
+the clothing, so that but very little enters the circulation. In
+various other ways the snake is prevented from inflicting a fatal
+wound. The popular idea, that every bite of a rattlesnake is
+necessarily poisonous, is thus shown to be erroneous. It is not
+at all probable that the administration of whisky has ever in
+any case contributed to the long life of a person bitten by a
+rattlesnake.</p>
+
+<p>“Whisky is often recommended by physicians with the idea
+that it will sustain the energies of the patient, or will stimulate
+the heart, etc.; but it has been clearly shown that alcohol
+in all forms is not only useless for these purposes, but does
+actual damage, since it lessens the resistance of the patient,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span>weakens the heart, and helps along the prostration which is the
+characteristic effect of the rattlesnake venom. Alcohol has,
+for many years, been used as an antidote for collapse under an
+anæsthetic administered for surgical purposes, but no intelligent
+physician nowadays thinks of using alcohol for such a purpose;
+instead, alcohol is given before the anæsthetic for the purpose
+of facilitating its effect. Errors of this sort which have once
+become established are very hard to uproot. Probably some
+physicians will continue to use alcohol for shock, exhaustion,
+general debility and similar conditions as well as for rattlesnake
+poisoning for another quarter of a century, but such use
+of alcohol does not belong to the domain of rational medicine
+and is not supported by scientific facts.�</p>
+
+<p>“Under the Pasteur method, a man who did not take alcohol
+was much more likely to recover from the bite of a mad dog
+than one bitten under the same conditions, who used that drug;
+while in lock-jaw there was absolute failure to secure immunity
+if the patient had taken alcohol. In India it used to be given in
+large quantities for snake bite, but it was found that it had a
+direct effect in interfering with the processes of repair, and so
+is being abandoned.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr. Sims Woodhead</span>, of the Royal
+College of Physicians and Surgeons, London, Eng.</p>
+
+<p>“Nothing could be more irrational and dangerous than the
+popular notion concerning the antagonism of whisky and
+snake-bites, and Willson reports that several of the fatalities in
+his series were directly due to alcohol rather than to the
+bite.�&mdash;<i>Editorial, Journal of the American Medical Ass’n.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Rheumatism</span>:&mdash;“Unquestionably, the most active cause of
+rheumatism, as well as of migraine, sick-headache, Bright’s
+disease, neurasthenia and a number of other kindred diseases,
+is the general use of flesh food, tea and coffee, and alcoholic
+liquors. As regards remedies, there are no medicinal agents
+which are of any permanent value in the treatment of chronic
+rheumatism. The disease can be remedied only by regimen,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span>&mdash;that
+is, by diet and training. A simple dietary, consisting of
+fruits, grains, and nuts, and particularly the free use of fruits,
+must be placed in the first rank among the radical curative
+measures. Water, if taken in abundance, is also a means of
+washing out the accumulated poisons.</p>
+
+<p>“An individual afflicted with rheumatism in any form should
+live, so far as possible, an out-of-door life, taking daily a sufficient
+amount of exercise to induce vigorous perspiration. A
+cool morning sponge bath, followed by vigorous rubbing, and a
+moist pack to the joints most seriously affected, at night, are
+measures which are worthy of a faithful trial. Every person
+who is suffering from this disease should give the matter immediate
+attention, as it is a malady which is progressive, and is
+one of the most potent causes of premature old age, and general
+physical deterioration. American nervousness is probably more
+often due to uric acid, or to the poisons which it represents,
+than to any other one cause.�&mdash;<i>Good Health.</i></p>
+
+<p>“Alcohol favors the development of rheumatism. It does
+this by preventing waste matter from leaving the system. Beer
+and wine, because they contain lime and salts, are said to
+cause rheumatism, or at least to aid in its development. These
+salts are absorbed into the system, unite with the uric acid,
+and form an insoluble urate of lime, which is deposited around
+the joints, thus causing them to become enlarged and stiff. *&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*</p>
+
+<p>“The success of the Turkish bath treatment has been phenomenal.
+Of over 3,000 cases treated here at least 95 per cent.
+have been entirely relieved, or greatly helped. Some who were
+treated over twenty years ago have stated that they have not
+had a twinge of rheumatism since. Very few have persevered
+in the use of the bath without experiencing permanent relief.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr.
+Charles H. Shepard</span>, Brooklyn.</p>
+
+<p>“Those having a bath cabinet can have a good substitute at
+home for the Turkish bath. Remember that if tobacco and alcohol
+are indulged in, there can be no permanent relief.�</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>The New Hygiene</i> says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Under no circumstances take any of the thousand and one
+nostrums advertised as sure cures for this disease. Pure unadulterated
+blood is the only remedy. This can only be produced
+by cleansing the system of impurities, and giving it the
+right kind of material out of which to make it. Keep out the
+poisonous physic, clean out the colon, strengthen the lungs, and
+feed the system with proper food, and this disease will vanish
+like a fog before the rising sun.�</p></div>
+
+<p>The same book in advocating the use of the Turkish
+bath for rheumatism, says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“The fact, which is well attested, that when a person enters
+the bath the urine may be strongly acid, but, on leaving the
+bath, after half an hour, it is markedly alkaline, shows that the
+bath has a strong effect upon the system.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. Ridge says of <i>rheumatic fever</i>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“I would urge most strongly the desirability of avoiding
+every form of alcoholic liquor, from the very commencement of
+the disease, as affording the best chance for a speedy and safe
+recovery. The highest authorities are agreed on this point, but
+there is a lingering practice which makes reference necessary in
+order to confirm the wavering.�</p></div>
+
+<p>In Mt. Sinai Hospital, New York, the hot blanket
+pack is used in acute rheumatism, almost to the exclusion
+of other methods. The pack should be
+continued two to four hours at least, and may be
+repeated two or three times within the twenty-four
+hours with advantage.</p>
+
+<p><i>Nature Cure</i> says that thorough massage, and
+half a dozen cups of hot lemonade will cure a severe
+case of sciatica:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“The massage should be commenced moderately, and increased
+as the patient can bear it. Rubbing and slapping of
+the muscles with bare hands will hasten a cure, and be agreeable
+to the patient. One to two hours treatment, if <i>vigorous</i>,
+will effect a cure.�</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sea-Sickness</span>:&mdash;Brandy is a common resort in
+this trouble, many taking it under such circumstances
+who would under no other. Yet it frequently
+adds to the sickness, instead of relieving
+it.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Be sparing in diet for two or three days before the expected
+voyage. If very sensitive, take to your berth as soon as you
+go on board, or lie down on deck; get near the centre of the
+vessel, and lie with your feet to the stern. Go to sleep if
+possible. Iced water may be sipped, but nothing solid should
+be taken at first; after a while a cracker or wafer may be
+taken.�</p></div>
+
+<p>It is said upon good authority that if two or three
+apples are eaten shortly before going on board, or
+before rough water is encountered, sea-sickness is
+entirely averted. It will be well to partake of no
+other food for some hours previous to the voyage
+when trying this.</p>
+
+<p><i>Good Health</i> says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“If any of our readers have occasion to cross the ocean in the
+stormy season, we recommend three things; keep horizontal,
+with the head low; put an ice-bag to the back of the neck,
+keep the stomach clean, free from greasy foods and meats, and eat
+nothing till there is an appetite for food. A habitually clean
+dietary before going on board is doubtless a good preparation
+for such a voyage, as well as for any other nerve strain, or test
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span>of endurance. It pays to be good&mdash;to your stomach, as well as
+in other ways.�</p></div>
+
+<p>The following is guaranteed by a Russian physician
+to be an effective cure and a means of avoiding
+sea-sickness when the symptoms first make their
+appearance. Take long and deep inspirations.
+About twenty breaths should be taken every
+minute, and they should be as deep as possible.
+After thirty or forty inspirations the symptoms will
+be found to abate. This is recommended for
+dyspepsia also.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Sore Nipples</span>:&mdash;“Alum water, or tannin, used for several
+months in advance will harden as effectually as brandy. If
+there is soreness on commencing to nurse, put a pinch of alum
+into milk, and apply the curd to the nipple.�</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Spasms</span>:&mdash;“These are caused by flatulence, as a result of
+indigestion. A little hot ginger tea, or capsicum tea, may do
+all that is required. If these are not at hand, loosen every
+tight band, rub well the region of the heart and stomach, slap
+the face with the corner of a wet towel, and give sips of cold
+water.�</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Shock</span>:&mdash;“In shock, or collapse, the state is similar in some
+respects to that which is present in fainting. Every function is
+almost at a standstill; absorption from the stomach and elsewhere
+is at its lowest point, because the circulation of the
+blood is so much interfered with. Hence much of the brandy
+which is so often given, and to such a wonderful amount, with
+very little apparent effect of intoxication, is really not absorbed
+at all, and is very often rejected from the stomach by vomiting,
+when reaction does occur, if not before.</p>
+
+<p>“The patient should be wrapped up warmly, and put to bed
+as soon as possible. The limbs may be rubbed with hot
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span>flannels, and hot water bottles put to hands and feet. In some
+cases, also, towels wrung out of hot water may be wrapped
+around the head. Hot milk and water, hot water slightly
+sweetened, or with a little peppermint water in it, should be given
+as soon as the patient can swallow. Hot beverages will warm
+the skin more rapidly and powerfully than any alcoholic liquor.</p>
+
+<p>“If the patient cannot swallow, an enema of hot water, or
+hot, thin gruel, should be administered, and may be of use in
+addition to hot drinks. Beef extract may be added to the hot
+water with advantage.</p>
+
+<p>“In the vast majority of cases there need be no anxiety so
+far as the shock is concerned; reaction will occur in due time
+if ordinary care be taken, and will be more natural and steady
+if the system is not embarrassed by the presence of the narcotic
+alcohol. In the state of collapse the voluntary nervous
+system is depressed; alcohol diminishes the power and activity
+of the nervous centres of the brain, hence its action is undesirable
+in shock or collapse.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr. J. J. Ridge</span>, London.</p>
+
+<p>“No procedure could be more senseless than the administering
+alcohol in shock. A stimulant of some kind is necessary
+in such cases, and alcohol, instead of being a stimulant is a
+narcotic. *&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;* Alcohol causes a decrease of temperature,
+the very thing to be avoided in cases of shock.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr. J.
+H. Kellogg</span>.</p>
+
+<p>“I am perfectly sure that a large dose of alcohol in shock
+puts a nail in the coffin of the patient.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr. H. C. Wood</span> of
+the University of Pennsylvania.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sinking Sensations</span>:&mdash;Many women have a
+feeling of weakness or “goneness� at about eleven
+o’clock in the morning, and are led by it to the
+injurious practice of eating between meals. It is
+often due to indigestion, or to the use of beer or
+wine. A few sips of hot milk, of fruit juice, or
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span>even of cold water will often relieve it, especially if
+total abstinence is persevered in.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Sudden Illness</span>:&mdash;“Those taken suddenly ill are likely to
+fare best if placed in a recumbent position, with head slightly
+elevated, all tightness of garments about the neck or waist
+relieved, and a little cold water given in case of ability to
+swallow. A mustard plaster on the back of the neck, or over
+the stomach, and hot water or hot bottles to the feet, are never
+out of place, while vinegar, or smelling salts, or dilute ammonia
+to the nostrils is reviving.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Ezra M. Hunt</span>, M. D., late
+secretary of New Jersey State Board of Health.</p>
+
+<p>“Both the popular and professional beliefs in the efficacy of
+alcoholic liquids for relieving exhaustion, faintness, shock, etc.
+are equally fallacious. All these conditions are temporary, and
+rapidly recovered from by simply the recumbent position, and
+free access to fresh air. Ninety-nine out of every hundred of
+such cases pass the crisis before the attendants have time to
+apply any remedies, and when they do, the sprinkling of cold
+water on the face, and the vapor of camphor or carbonate of
+ammonia to the nostrils, are the most efficacious remedies, and
+leave none of the secondary evil effects of brandy, whisky or
+wine.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr. N. S. Davis.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sunstroke</span>:&mdash;“There has lately been a correspondence in
+the <i>Morning Post</i> on the subject of ‘Sunstroke and Alcohol.’
+We quite agree with the statement that ‘nothing predisposes
+people to sunstroke so much as this pernicious habit of taking
+stimulants (so-called) during the hot weather.’ As far as this
+country is concerned, nearly every case of sunstroke might be
+more appropriately designated ‘beerstroke.’ One effect of
+alcohol is to paralyze the heat-regulating mechanism; the blood
+becomes overloaded with waste material, and the narcotism,
+and vasomotor paralysis, produced by the alcohol, is added to
+that produced by the heat. Abstainers, other things being
+equal, can always endure extremes of temperature better than
+consumers of alcohol.�&mdash;<i>Medical Pioneer</i>, England.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span></p>
+<p>“During the month of January, 1896, there occurred over three
+hundred deaths from sunstroke in Australia. When called
+upon to offer suggestions relative to its prevention, the medical
+board promptly informed the Colonial government that, of all
+the predisposing causes, none were so potent as indulgence in
+intoxicating liquors, and in its treatment nothing seemed to
+have a more disastrous effect than the administration of alcoholic
+stimulants.�&mdash;<i>Medical News.</i></p></div>
+
+<p>The <i>Bulletin of the A. M. T. A.</i> for August, 1896,
+contained the following:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Recently a leading medical man, a teacher in a college,
+warned his student audience against the anti-alcoholic theories
+urged by extremists and persons whose zeal was greater than
+their intelligence. He affirmed positively that the value of
+alcohol was well known in medicine, and established by long
+years of experience.</p>
+
+<p>“Not long afterward a man was brought into his office in a
+state of collapse from sunstroke, and this physician and teacher
+ordered large quantities of brandy to be administered; the patient
+died soon after.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. T. D. Crothers tells of a case where alcohol
+was administered to a child for partial sunstroke,
+and says, “there were many reasons for believing
+that the profound poisoning from alcohol gave a
+permanent bias and tendency that developed into
+inebriety later.�</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“When a person falls with sunstroke (or heatstroke) he
+should at once be carried to a cool, shady place. His clothing
+should be removed, and cold applications made to the head,
+and over the whole body. Pieces of ice may be packed around
+the head, or cold water may be poured upon the body. Cold
+enema may also be employed. In case the face is pale, hot
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span>applications should be made to the head and over the heart
+and the body should be rubbed vigorously.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr. J. H. Kellogg.</span></p></div>
+
+
+<h4>TYPHOID FEVER.</h4>
+
+<p>As many lives are lost by this disease, its treatment
+must ever be one of intense interest, not only
+to physicians, but also to all humanity. Since
+non-alcoholic treatment has reduced the death-rate
+in typhoid to five per cent., the views regarding such
+treatment expressed by leading practitioners will
+doubtless be read with eagerness.</p>
+
+<p>The following is a paper by Dr. N. S. Davis
+taken from the <i>Medical Temperance Quarterly</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“<span class="smcap">Alleged Indications for the Use of Alcohol in
+the Treatment of Typhoid Fever</span>:&mdash;On the first page of
+the first number of a new medical journal bearing date July, 1895,
+may be found the following statement: ‘The question of administering
+alcohol comes up in every case of typhoid fever. In mild
+cases, especially when the patient is young, healthy and temperate,
+stimulants are not needed so long as the disease follows
+the typical course. Here, as elsewhere, alcohol should be
+avoided when not absolutely demanded. There is, however,
+generally such a dangerous tendency toward nervous exhaustion,
+that in a majority of cases more or less alcohol is required.
+The indication which calls for its use is an inability to administer
+enough food. *&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;* Again, the existence of high
+temperature nearly always makes it necessary to stimulate the
+patient, as does threatened nervous exhaustion and heart
+failure, for immediate effect; likewise a weak, small, compressible,
+rapid pulse, with impaired cardiac impulse and systolic
+sound, is a frequent indication; other remedies may be required,
+but alcohol cannot be dispensed with.’ The next para<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span>graph
+continues: ‘It is necessary to give alcohol in serious
+complications of typhoid fever, such as pneumonia, pleurisy,
+hemorrhage and severe bronchitis or diarrhœa. It is best to begin
+giving it early and in small quantities: two to six ounces is
+a moderate amount, eight to twelve ounces daily is not too
+much for adynamic or complicated cases.’</p>
+
+<p>“The foregoing quotations purport to have been condensed
+from one of our recent authoritative works on practical medicine,
+and doubtless fairly represent the prevailing opinions
+concerning the use of alcohol in the treatment of typhoid and
+other fevers, both in and out of the profession. A careful
+reading will show that the whole is founded on the following
+four assumptions:</p>
+
+<p>“1. That alcohol when taken into the living body acts as a
+general stimulant, and especially so to the cardiac and vasomotor
+functions. 2. That in mild, uncomplicated cases of
+typhoid fever in young and previously healthy subjects, stimulants
+are not required and no alcohol should be given. 3. That
+in a ‘majority of cases’ the tendency toward dangerous ‘nervous
+exhaustion’ and ‘heart failure’ is so great that the giving
+of ‘more or less alcohol is required.’ 4. The amount required
+may vary from two to twelve or more ounces per day.</p>
+
+<p>“In the two preceding numbers of this journal, I have endeavored
+to show that the chief causes of nervous exhaustion
+and heart failure, in typhoid and other fevers were impairment
+of the hemoglobin and corpuscular elements of the blood, deficient
+reception and internal distribution of oxygen, and molecular
+degeneration of the muscular structures of the heart itself.
+These important pathological conditions are doubtless caused
+by the specific toxic agent or agents giving rise to the fever.
+Consequently the rational objects of treatment are to stop the
+further action of the specific cause, either by neutralization, or
+elimination, or both; to stop the further impairment of the
+hemoglobin and other elements of the blood; and to increase
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span>the reception and internal distribution of oxygen, by which we
+will most effectually prevent further fatty or granular degeneration
+of cardiac and other structures. The language of the
+paragraphs I have quoted, fairly assumes that alcohol is a
+<i>stimulant</i> capable of relieving nervous exhaustion and cardiac
+failures, regardless of the causes producing those pathological
+conditions, and consequently its use is necessary in the ‘majority
+of cases’ of typhoid fever.</p>
+
+<p>“Can such an assumption be sustained by either established
+facts, or correct reasoning? Can nervous and cardiac exhaustion,
+induced by the presence of toxic agents in the blood, with
+deficiency of both hemoglobin and oxygen, be relieved by a
+simple <i>stimulant</i>, that neither neutralizes nor eliminates the
+toxic agents, nor increases either the hemoglobin or oxygen?
+That alcohol does not neutralize or destroy toxic ptomaines, or
+tox-albumins, is proved by abundant clinical experience, and also
+by the fact that chemists use it freely in the processes for separating
+these substances from other organic matters for experimental
+purposes. That its presence in the living body retards
+metabolic changes generally, and thereby aids in retaining
+instead of eliminating toxic agents of all kinds, has been so
+fully shown in the pages of preceding numbers of the <i>Medical
+Temperance Quarterly</i>, that the leading facts need not be repeated
+here. That its presence does not increase the hemoglobin,
+or favor oxy-hemoglobin or increased internal distribution
+of oxygen, but decidedly the reverse, has been equally well
+demonstrated by numerous and reliable experimental researches
+in this and other countries.</p>
+
+<p>“Then it must be conceded that alcohol is not capable of
+fulfilling either of the important indications presented in the
+treatment of typhoid fever as stated above. Nevertheless, the
+advocates of its use apparently recognize but two ideas or
+factors in these cases, namely, the popularly inherited assumption
+that alcohol is a <i>stimulant</i>, and as the patient is in danger
+from nervous and cardiac weakness, therefore the alcohol must
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span>be given, <i>pro re nata</i> without the slightest regard to the existing
+causes of the weakness, or the <i>modus operandi</i> of the so-called
+stimulant.</p>
+
+<p>“This is proved by the fact that they group together as
+stimulants, and give to the same patient in alternate doses,
+remedies of directly antagonistic action, as alcohol and strychnine,
+or digitalis, etc.</p>
+
+<p>“The accepted definition of a stimulant in medical literature,
+is some agent capable of exciting or increasing <i>vital activity</i> as
+a whole, or the natural activity of some one structure or organ.</p>
+
+<p>“For instance, both clinical and experimental observations
+show that strychnine directly increases the functional activity of
+the respiratory, cardiac and vasomotor nervous systems, and
+thereby increases the internal distribution of oxygen, which is
+nature’s own special exciter of all vital action. Therefore it is
+properly a direct respiratory, cardiac and vasomotor stimulant
+and indirectly a stimulator of all vital processes. But the same
+kind of clinical and experimental observations show that
+alcohol directly diminishes the functional activity of all nerve
+structures, pre-eminently those of respiration and circulation,
+and also of all metabolic processes, whether respirative, disintegrative
+or secretory. Consequently it not only acts as directly
+antagonistic to strychnine, but equally so to all true stimulants
+or remedies capable of increasing vital activity. Instead, therefore,
+of meriting the name of <i>stimulant</i>, alcohol should be designated
+and used only as an anæsthetic and sedative, or
+depressor of vital activity.</p>
+
+<p>“And a thorough and impartial investigation will show that its
+use in the treatment of typhoid and other fevers, while deceiving
+both physician and patient, by its anæsthetic effect in diminishing
+restlessness, both prolongs the duration and increases
+the ratio of mortality of the disease, by its impairment of vital
+activity in the organizable elements of both blood and tissues.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Equally interesting is the following outline of
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span>treatment pursued by Dr. W. H. Riley, of the Battle
+Creek Sanitarium.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“The purpose of the present paper is to give briefly an outline
+of the method of treatment of typhoid fever as used by the
+writer in a considerable number of cases.</p>
+
+<p>“A consideration of the pathology of this disease does not
+properly come under this head, but we wish simply to call attention
+to the well-known fact that typhoid fever is a germ
+disease. The germ which causes this fever has generally been
+supposed to be the bacillus of Eberth. More recent bacteriological
+studies rather indicate that the bacillus coli may also
+cause the disease. These germs are usually carried into the
+body in food or drink, and, lodging in the small intestines, begin
+to grow and multiply, and by their life produce poisonous
+ptomaines which are absorbed and carried by the circulation to
+all the organs and tissues of the body.</p>
+
+<p>“It is these ptomaines, thus carried to all parts of the body,
+that are largely the immediate cause of the pyrexia and attending
+symptoms. The organisms which produce these poisons
+for the most part remain in the intestines, although they have
+been found in the spleen.</p>
+
+<p>“The indications for treatment are:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>“1. To remove or destroy the cause (to eliminate the germs
+and ptomaines from the body).</p>
+
+<p>“2. To sustain the vital and resisting powers of the patient.</p>
+
+<p>“If the patient is seen early in the disease, it has been my
+practice to immediately put him to bed and give a free dose of
+magnesium sulphate. This is preferably given in the morning
+or forenoon, and may be repeated once or twice on successive
+days. Besides this the patient should have a large enema of
+water at a temperature of from 75° to 80° F.; and this may be
+repeated daily or even oftener, for some time, if necessary, to
+keep the bowels empty of the poisonous substances.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span></p>
+<p>“The salines and enemas thus used carry out bodily a large
+number of germs and ptomaines that are present in the intestines;
+and further, the salines, by producing an increased
+secretion of the mucous membrane of the intestines, tend to
+disentangle and set free many of the germs that have found a
+lodging place in the walls of the intestines.</p>
+
+<p>“For the elimination of the ptomaines which have been absorbed
+into the circulation and carried to the tissues, nothing is
+better than the internal use of water. From three to five pints
+should be drunk during every twenty-four hours. It should be
+taken in small quantities&mdash;six to eight ounces every hour or two
+during waking hours, except when food is taken. I will refer
+to this point more in detail later.</p>
+
+<p>“A consideration of the general care of the patient properly
+comes under the second head of the indications for treatment as
+given above. The patient should be put to bed in a large, light,
+well-ventilated room. At least two sides of the room should
+communicate directly by windows with out-of-doors, in order
+that the room may be properly ventilated.</p>
+
+<p>“All unnecessary articles of furniture, such as carpets,
+couches, upholstered chairs, pictures, etc. should be removed.</p>
+
+<p>“The room should be thoroughly cleaned before the patient
+is put into it.</p>
+
+<p>“There should be two beds in the room for the use of the
+patient. These should be, preferably, narrow and so placed in
+the room that there is a free approach to both sides of the bed,
+for the convenience of the nurse in giving treatment. Iron bedsteads
+are preferable to wooden. The bedding should be firm,
+yet soft and smoothly drawn. There should be just sufficient
+covering to protect the body. The patient should be changed
+from one bed to the other daily. This may be done by placing
+the two beds side by side and carefully moving the patient
+from one to the other. The sheets on the bed from which the
+patient has been taken should be washed and disinfected at
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span>each change of the beds, and all other bedding should be thoroughly
+aired and exposed to the sunlight daily.</p>
+
+<p>“The patient should have the care of a thoroughly educated,
+careful and competent nurse, one who understands perfectly
+the various methods of using water in the treatment of fevers.</p>
+
+<p>“There is no other single remedy that I consider so valuable
+in the treatment of fever as the internal use of water. As
+above stated, the patient should drink six or eight ounces every
+hour during the waking hours, except for about two hours after
+food is taken. The water should be thoroughly sterilized, and
+as a rule may be taken either cool or hot. Ice water is objectionable.
+Hot water is often preferable. This is a simple
+remedy, but nevertheless is efficacious. It should be given to
+the patient whether he calls for it or not, and it should be considered
+an important part of his treatment. When water is
+taken into the stomach and absorbed into the circulation, it
+throws into solution the ptomaines which have been absorbed
+from the intestines and are present in the circulation and tissues,
+and thereby puts them in a favorable condition for elimination.
+It increases the activity of the kidneys, and thus hastens and
+increases the elimination of the poisons in the system.</p>
+
+<p>“In the early stage of the fever, when the pulse is full, and
+the action of the heart increased, it is best to give the patient
+cool water. Later in the disease, when the action of the heart
+is weak, and the patient feeble, it is best to give the water hot.</p>
+
+<p>“Winternitz, many years ago, demonstrated that hot water
+taken into the stomach acts as a cardiac stimulant, and the increased
+heart’s action is immediate, or at least before the water
+has time to absorb, which indicates that the water in the stomach
+acts reflexly as a cardiac stimulant. The water after absorption
+also increases the circulation by filling the blood-vessels,
+and increasing arterial pressure. The writer has frequently
+noticed a decided increase in the fullness, and rapidity of the
+pulse, after a patient has drunk a glassful of hot water.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span></p>
+<p>“The external use of water also forms an important part of
+the treatment. The patient should be sponged off with tepid
+water every hour or two when the temperature is 103°, or above.
+When the temperature is less than this, it is not necessary to
+sponge the body so frequently. Sometimes a hot sponge bath
+is more efficacious in reducing the temperature than the tepid
+or cool bath. The sponge bath reduces the temperature, relieves
+many of the distressing nervous symptoms, is refreshing
+to the patient, and promotes sleep. The temperature of the
+body may also be reduced by the use of cool compresses placed
+over the abdomen, and changed frequently.</p>
+
+<p>“The matter of diet is an important factor in the treatment
+of typhoid fever. The diet should be aseptic, easily digested,
+and should contain the necessary food elements. Probably no
+one article of diet meets all these requirements as well as
+sterilized milk. The patient should take from two to three
+pints daily. The milk is best taken four times during the day
+at intervals of four hours, taking eight to ten ounces at a time.
+Should the patient become tired of the milk, gluten gruel may
+be substituted for the milk.</p>
+
+<p>“The diarrhœa and bowel symptoms, when present, may be
+relieved by the application of hot fomentations to the abdomen,
+warm or hot enemas and twenty grains of subnitrate of bismuth
+given every four hours.</p>
+
+<p>“The patient should be kept as quiet as possible, and should
+be turned in bed at intervals, to prevent hypostatic congestion
+and the formation of bed-sores. The bony prominences which
+are apt to become eroded should be sponged frequently with a
+solution of tannic acid in equal parts of alcohol and water;
+a dram of the tannic acid to a pint of alcohol and water, is
+about the proper strength to use.</p>
+
+<p>“By the methods briefly outlined above&mdash;that is by the free
+use of water internally and externally, by keeping the intestines
+thoroughly emptied of poisonous material by the free and
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span>frequent use of enemas, by proper feeding and the careful
+attention of a good nurse to the patient and his surroundings&mdash;the
+duration of the fever may be shortened and the severity
+of the disease lessened; heart failure, and other complications
+will seldom occur, and the patient will in nearly every instance
+make a good recovery. The best method to pursue to prevent
+heart failure is to keep the poisons which are generated in the
+bowels and absorbed into the body, and which are the
+direct cause of the heart failure, eliminated from the body.
+Should the heart become weak, it may be effectually stimulated
+by giving hot water to drink, applying heat to the heart in the
+form of a fomentation, and the application of fomentations to
+the upper spine.</p>
+
+<p>“In the treatment of a large number of cases of typhoid fever,
+extending over several years’ practice, the writer has never
+made use of alcohol internally to support the action of the
+heart, or for any other purpose.</p>
+
+<p>“The number of cases of death from typhoid fever coming
+under the writer’s observation, where the method of treatment
+pursued has been similar to that briefly indicated above, have
+been very few, a much smaller per cent. than in practice where
+alcohol has been used as a ‘cardiac stimulant.’ I believe that
+the use of alcohol in the treatment of typhoid fever is not only
+useless, but absolutely harmful.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. Kate Lindsay, of Battle Creek Sanitarium and
+Hospital, contributed an article upon Typhoid Fever
+to the <i>Bulletin of the A. M. T. A.</i> for January,
+1896, from which a few notes are here taken:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“The chief toxic centre is evidently the intestinal tract,
+especially the termination of the ileum. The ulcerations,
+necroses, perforations and hemorrhages are most frequently
+found in the last twelve inches of the small intestine, and may
+extend into the large intestine. The ulcerated surface and
+open vessels increase the facility with which the poison finds
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span>entrance into the circulation. The microbes, blood clots,
+necrosed tissue and pus, furnish abundant supplies of toxic
+matter, which, saturating the system, over-power and stop the
+activity of the functions of all the organs of the body, causing
+degeneration of tissues. Death is said to take place from
+heart, lung or brain failure, but the failure involves every other
+organ as well.</p>
+
+<p>“Regarding the intestinal tract as any other abscess at this
+time, the physician should seek for methods of treatment
+or remedies which will remove the morbid matters, and
+destroy, or at least inhibit their action, thus decreasing the
+fever and stimulating the circulation. Secondary toxic centres
+often develop in the course of this disease, notably in the
+glands, lungs and dependent organs, the hypostatic congestion
+resulting from lying in one position, causing stasis of blood,
+death and necrosis of tissue, both of the external and internal
+organs. All vessels connected with the dying tissues carry
+toxins to other parts of the body. Suppurating glands, and phlebitis
+of the femoral veins are examples of this secondary infection,
+and are accountable for the heart failure and collapse so
+often fatal during the second, third and fourth weeks of typhoid
+fever. *&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*</p>
+
+<p>“The old idea that in peristaltic action lay the great danger of
+increase of the hemorrhage and perforation of the bowels, is
+giving way to the more rational view that gaseous distention
+and septic absorption, are what bring about fatal results from
+these complications, and that the moderate peristalsis of the
+intestinal walls lessens these dangers by closing the gaping ends
+of the injured vessels, and expelling the septic matter and foul
+gases. To meet these indications I have found lavage of the
+bowels, even during hemorrhage, with water of 105° to 110° F.
+or even hotter, given in moderate quantity of from one pint to
+three, to give great relief by freeing the large intestines of blood
+clots, fecal matter and other morbid matter. It also increases
+peristaltic action in the small intestines, thus favoring the expul<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span>sion
+of gas. The heat stimulates the circulation in the peripheral
+vessels of the intestines, and overcomes the tendency to
+blood stasis.</p>
+
+<p>“In the cases cited, ice-bags, alternated with fomentations,
+were used over the abdomen externally, and heat, or hot and
+cold, to spine. The extremities were kept warm. From ten to
+thirty minims of turpentine, in an ounce of gum acacia or starch
+water, increased the efficiency of the enemata, and aided in expelling
+the gas and checking hemorrhage.</p>
+
+<p>“The tendency to hypostatic congestion and bed-sores, was
+prevented by frequent change of position, and the use of hot and
+cold to the spine by fomentations and compresses, or better
+still, hot fine spraying, or the alternate hot and cold spray. In
+one grave case, spraying was kept up for about twelve hours,
+with only short intermissions. The heart was stimulated by
+heat applied over it, whenever depression and collapse threatened,
+and by hot and cold sponging of the spine.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. Noble said some time ago in the <i>London
+Times</i>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Although it is true that alcohol is an antipyretic, yet its exhibition
+neither shortens nor modifies (favorably) the diseases
+of which the fever is but a symptom. The paralysis of the
+brain which is so frequent a cause of death in typhoid fever, is
+more often brought about by alcohol than any other cause, and
+more than one woman suffering from puerperal fever has been
+done to death by the administration of this substance, which,
+not being <i>convenienter naturæ, is contra naturam</i>.�</p></div>
+
+<p>J. S. Cain, M. D., in an able paper, read at the
+Nashville Academy of Medicine, on “Rational Suggestions
+in the Treatment of Typhoid Fever,� dissents
+from the practice, which still obtains largely
+in the medical profession, of administering alcoholic
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span>liquors, in the belief that they are “stimulants, conservators
+of force and even nutrients,� and says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“After a careful and thoughtful study of this subject, I have
+reluctantly, and against firm early convictions, been forced to the
+conclusion that these theories with regard to the beneficial effects
+of alcohol in disease are wholly fallacious. The only rational
+conclusion at which I can arrive is that the agent is ever,
+and under all circumstances, a depressor of temperature; that
+it arrests the physiological interchange of carbonic acid gas and
+oxygen in the tissues, as well as in the air vesicles of the
+lungs; that it impedes the elimination of tissue waste, and
+causes the accumulation of this refuse in the system; that it is
+lethal anæsthetic in all quantities; that it is not stimulant in the
+true sense, and never exerts that influence; and that it supplies
+no element to the diseased and vitiated system calculated to
+antagonize disease, repair waste, or invigorate lowered vital
+forces, and therefore for these purposes is not called for in the
+rational treatment of typhoid fever.�</p></div>
+
+<p>At the annual meeting of the American Medical
+Association held in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1896, Dr.
+G. B. Garber, of Dunkirk, Ind., read a paper upon
+“Alcohol in Typhoid Fever� from which a few
+points are here taken:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“The fact that the mortality from typhoid fever seems to be
+gradually lowering is no doubt due in great measure to the
+non-use of alcohol in the treatment of the disease. Hardly a
+week passes that some of our journals do not report a series of
+cases treated without the aid of alcohol in any form. I used
+alcohol in the treatment of the disease until two years ago,
+when I became alarmed at the mortality; so I changed my
+plan, and in 1894 I treated thirty-seven well marked cases of
+varying degrees of intensity. I had two fatal cases, and in both
+of them I had used alcohol. In 1895 I treated thirty cases of
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span>about the same type, with no death. I only used alcohol in
+one of them, and it caused me more trouble than any of the
+others. As this case was in the family of a saloon-keeper, I
+could not control the matter, as they would give it during my
+absence. On my return I would find the face flushed, the
+temperature high, the pulse rapid and the patient nervous.
+By close inquiry I would find that some of the family had
+given ‘just a little good whisky’ which had been in the house
+for twenty years.</p>
+
+<p>“In closing, I wish to state that I am well convinced that in
+the treatment of typhoid fever our patients will do better and
+stand a greater chance of recovery, if we abstain entirely from
+the use of alcohol in the treatment of the disease.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Prof. J. Burney Yeo, of London, in a paper read
+before the International Medical Congress held at
+Rome, Italy, said:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“In order to maintain the intestinal antisepsis which forms
+an essential part of this method of treatment, I insist on the
+necessity of scrupulous attention and caution in feeding patients
+suffering from enteric fever, great danger arising from a failure
+to note the extremely limited digestive and absorptive capacity
+exhibited by such patients.</p>
+
+<p>“In conclusion, the use of alcoholic stimulants, and the
+common employment of depressing antipyretic agents, must be
+condemned.�</p></div>
+
+<p>In a report of the treatment of typhoid fever by
+seventy-two physicians of Connecticut, thirty-eight
+declared that they did not use alcohol in any stage
+of this disease. The remainder used it sparingly in
+the last stages, and only two considered it valuable
+from the beginning of the disease.</p>
+
+<p>In a discussion of typhoid fever by a medical
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span>society meeting in Rochester, N. Y., recently, sixty
+physicians being present, only three spoke in favor
+of using alcohol in this disease.</p>
+
+<p>Hygienic physicians all insist upon a rigid fast as
+long as the high temperature continues, or until the
+patient is sufficiently hungry to eat a piece of plain,
+stale, graham bread, “dry upon the tongue.� Dr.
+Charles E. Page of Boston says there would be
+very few relapses if this plan were carefully carried
+out. He contends that the whisky and milk diet,
+together with the not over-fresh air of the average
+sick room is enough to produce fever in a healthy
+person, hence is not likely to be conducive to recovery
+in one already infected with the disease.</p>
+
+<p>In an article in the <i>Arena</i> of September, 1892, Dr.
+Page says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“In my fever practice I have frequently observed the effect
+of fasts of six, eight, ten and twelve days to be in the highest
+degree productive of the health and comfort of patients, as, on
+the other hand I have, during the past twenty years observed
+the deplorable effects of the almost universal plan of constant
+feeding. In some of the most distressing cases that have
+happened to be thrown in my way, when all hope in the minds
+of friends had been abandoned, I have found that withdrawal of
+food, drugs and stimulants, and the substitution of simple, fresh,
+soft water, has produced results that seemed almost miraculous.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Fruit juices are now permitted by many physicians
+in fever, a few drops of lemon or orange
+juice, being a grateful addition to the water. Grape
+juice, unfermented, is highly recommended by some.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>A young minister of great promise died recently
+of typhoid fever. His young wife, only one year
+married, is in settled melancholy, because she cannot
+understand why “God took her husband.� Inquiry
+developed the fact that the physician in attendance
+was a believer in alcohol as a remedy, and used it
+in this case. In view of the better chances of
+recovery under non-alcoholic treatment shown by
+comparative death-rates, may it not be that the
+alcohol was responsible for the young man’s death,
+instead of its being “God’s will to take him?�
+The Author of all good has too frequently been
+held responsible for the errors of physicians, and
+the carelessness of nurses.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Vomiting</span>:&mdash;“If the vomiting is due to undigested food,
+and the sickness can be traced to excess, or to improper diet,
+draughts of hot water should be taken in order to be rid of
+offending matter in the stomach. After the stomach is empty
+bits of ice may be sucked, or cold water sipped. A quarter of
+a Seidlitz powder may be taken. A flannel, folded to four
+thicknesses, dipped in hot water, and wrung dry in a towel,
+may be applied to the pit of the stomach. Cover the flannel
+with a hot plate, being careful to have the flannel large enough
+to prevent the plate’s burning the skin. Pin a dry towel over
+all, around the body. This may be renewed every half-hour or
+hour, as required. Sometimes a cold wet compress on the pit
+of the stomach, covered with a dry towel is more efficacious,
+heat developing by reaction. Fluid magnesia is often helpful.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr.
+Ridge.</span></p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IX" id="CHAPTER_IX"></a>CHAPTER IX.</h2>
+
+<h3>ALCOHOL AND NURSING MOTHERS.</h3>
+
+
+<p>It frequently happens that the nursing mother
+is unable by reason of defective digestive apparatus,
+or imperfect assimilative powers, to supply sufficient
+nourishment for her babe. In such case she
+is often advised to drink ale or beer. It is true
+that these liquors will excite the secretions of the
+mammary gland, but it is increase in quantity, not
+in quality, for the milk is impoverished by the added
+water and alcohol, taken in the beer. Milkmen
+sometimes salt cows heavily so that they will drink
+largely of water, and thus give more milk, but one
+quart of good, rich milk is worth three quarts of the
+poor, thin stuff resulting from such method. It is
+proper feeding, and care, that ensure good milk.</p>
+
+<p>When women complain that they are unable to
+nurse their babies the cause is often an error in
+diet. Too great reliance is put upon meat as
+strength-giving. While meat, used in moderation,
+may be valuable to many persons, the nursing
+mother should not depend upon it to any great extent.
+She will find farinaceous foods, with plenty
+of warm milk, what she most requires. At bed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span>time
+she should have a bowl of well-cooked oatmeal
+gruel, diluted with rich milk, and sweetened,
+if she prefer it so. The milk should be added to
+the gruel while it is boiling, as it digests more readily
+if scalded. People who cannot, or think they
+cannot, take milk of itself, often find it easy to digest
+it, after it is scalded in the gruel. Anything
+that a mother can do in the way of nourishing her
+babe will be done upon such a diet, that is, farinaceous
+foods and milk. Sweet fruits are of course
+valuable also, as tending to keep the system in
+good order.</p>
+
+<p>It is well to bear in mind that it is not the quantity
+of food eaten, but that which is digested, and
+assimilated, that goes to build up the tissues of the
+body. So the habit of eating between meals is
+pernicious, as it disturbs the digestive processes,
+and robs the stomach of much-needed rest. This
+habit is the cause, in many cases, of the falling off
+in the milk after the first month or two.</p>
+
+<p>As nourishment for both mother and babe can
+come from food only, good appetite, and good digestion
+are essential to health and strength. The
+very best help towards gaining a good appetite is
+exercise in the open air. All mothers recognize
+the need of keeping their little ones out of doors a
+while every day, but all do not see the necessity of
+the same mode of life for themselves. Dr. Nathan
+S. Davis has said: “I have persuaded thousands of
+mothers to try fresh air, instead of wine or beer,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span>with gratifying results.� The mother who takes
+her babe out, herself, for its daily airing, is laying
+up stores of health and vitality, to aid her in providing
+for the needs of the little one, dependent upon
+her.</p>
+
+<p>Good digestion is as essential as good appetite.
+Alcohol, whether in beer, wine, whisky, or any
+other form, is injurious to the stomach, and a hinderer
+of digestion, hence must do harm, rather than
+good, to the mother in search of added nourishment
+for her babe.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Condi says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“The only drink of the nurse should be water or milk. All
+fermented and distilled liquors, as well as strong tea and coffee,
+she should strictly abstain from. Never was there a more absurd
+or pernicious notion than that wine, ale or porter is necessary
+to a nursing mother in order to keep up her strength, or
+to increase the quantity, and improve the properties of her milk.
+So far from producing these effects, such drinks, when taken in
+any quantity, invariably disturb more or less the health of the
+stomach, and tend to impair the quality, and diminish the quantity,
+of nourishment furnished by her to her infant.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. William Hargreaves says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Every farmer knows that all a healthy cow requires to give
+good milk and butter is, to give her good feed, and pure water;
+and he also knows that the way to make a cow give poor
+watery milk, which they might churn until doomsday without
+obtaining butter, is to feed her on distillery slops, or grains
+from the brewery. It is also well known that cheese cannot be
+made from such milk, it being deficient in curd, or casein.</p>
+
+<p>“Alcohol is not only useless but injurious; for children
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span>whose mothers try to keep themselves upon beer, etc., very
+frequently suffer from vomiting and diarrhœa, and often from
+convulsions. Sometimes a single glass of whisky, taken by the
+mother, will produce sickness and indigestion in the child, for
+twenty-four hours after.</p>
+
+<p>“In the milk of a healthy woman the water ranges from 879
+to 905 parts in 1,000. The oily substance ranges from 25 to
+42; casein from 15 to 39; sugar of milk from 31 to 45, and the
+salts from 1 to 4 parts in 1,000.</p>
+
+<p>“Alcoholic drinks materially alter these proportions, for, on
+the analysis of the milk of the same woman, a few hours before
+and after the use of a pint of beer, it was found that the alcohol
+increases the proportion of the water, and diminishes that of
+casein; and that alcohol is very perceptible in it.�</p>
+
+<p>“The only rational way to be adopted by mothers to increase
+the supply of nutrition for their infants, is to secure plenty of
+suitable nutritious food, prepared in the way that will most fit
+it for digestion, while they at the same time, avoid as far as
+possible all fatigue, and mental excitement. It is impossible
+that alcoholic beverages can add anything to the nutrition of
+either the infant or mother.�&mdash;Dr. Bussey, in <i>Stimulants for
+Nursing Mothers</i>.</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. E. G. Figg, in <i>The Physiological Operation of
+Alcohol</i>, gives the analyses of the milk of a temperate
+woman in good health, and of a drinking woman
+as follows:&mdash;<br /></p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" summary="Analyses of the milk of temperate and drinking mothers." style="width: 50%;">
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="4">Milk of temperate mother.</td>
+  <td colspan="4">Milk of drinking mother.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>Salts,</td>
+  <td>&nbsp; &nbsp;"&nbsp; &nbsp;"</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">8.50</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Salts,</td>
+  <td>&nbsp; &nbsp;"&nbsp; &nbsp;"</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">5.50</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+  <td>Casein,</td>
+  <td>&nbsp; &nbsp;"&nbsp; &nbsp;"</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">3.00</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Casein,</td>
+  <td>&nbsp; &nbsp;"&nbsp; &nbsp;"</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">2.00</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+  <td>Oil,</td>
+  <td>&nbsp; &nbsp;"&nbsp; &nbsp;"</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">7.50</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Oil,</td>
+  <td>&nbsp; &nbsp;"&nbsp; &nbsp;"</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">6.50</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>Water,</td>
+  <td>&nbsp; &nbsp;"&nbsp; &nbsp;"</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">81.00</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Water,</td>
+  <td>&nbsp; &nbsp;"&nbsp; &nbsp;"</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">84.00</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdrp"><br />&mdash;&mdash;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td class="tdlt">Alcohol,</td>
+  <td>&nbsp; &nbsp;"&nbsp; &nbsp;"</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">2.0<br />&mdash;&mdash;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdrpt">100.00</td>
+  <td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
+<td class="tdrpt">100.00</td>
+</tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Dr. Edward Smith says in his <i>Practical Dietary</i>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Alcoholics are largely used by many women in the belief
+that they support the system, and maintain the supply of milk
+for the infant; but I am convinced that this is a serious error,
+and is not an infrequent cause of fits and emaciation in the
+child.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. James Edmunds, of the Lying-In Hospital,
+London, Eng., says in <i>Diet for Nursing Mothers</i>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“The nursing mother is peculiarly placed, in that she has to
+provide a supply of nutriment for the child which is dependent
+upon her, as well as for the ordinary requirements of her own
+system. The nutrition of the child is to be provided for upon
+the same principles, and by the same food-elements, as is the
+nutrition of the mother, the only difference being that the
+young child is possessed of less perfect masticatory and digestive
+powers, and therefore requires food to be presented to it
+in a state more simple, uniform, and readily assimilable than
+the adult, who is furnished with strong teeth, and possessed of
+a fully-grown stomach. The mastication, digestion, and primary
+assimilation of the nursing infant’s food is thrown upon the
+mother’s organs; but the tissues of the child are nourished precisely
+as are the tissues of the mother, and a nursing mother
+requires simply to digest a larger supply of wholesome, and
+appropriate food. As a matter of course mothers with imperfect
+teeth, or weak stomachs, cannot perform the digestion of
+extra food for the infant so well as those mothers who have
+an abundance of reserve power in their digestive apparatus;
+and with such patients, the question arises, how are they to
+make up for the deficiency which they soon experience in <a name="Page_238t" id="Page_238t"></a><a href="#Page_238tn">the</a>
+supply of milk? Such mothers appeal to their medical
+advisers to prescribe some stimulant which will enable them to
+overcome the difficulty which they experience, and often are
+greatly dissatisfied if informed that there is no drug in the
+<i>materia medica</i> which will make up for structural weakness in
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span>the organs which masticate, digest or assimilate the food.
+The proper course for such women to adopt is a simple and
+rational one. They should assist their digestive apparatus as
+much as possible by securing an abundance of suitable and
+nutritious food, prepared in the best way, and as is most digestible,
+while they should lessen the demands of their own system
+by the avoidance of bodily fatigue, and mental excitement.
+These means, aided by that philosophical hygiene which is at
+all times essential to the preservation of pure and perfect
+health, will enable them to supply a maximum quantity of pure
+and wholesome milk; and further calls by the child require
+proper artificial food. Unfortunately such advice fails to
+satisfy many anxious mothers who refuse to admit, or believe,
+that they are less robust, or less capable, than other ladies of
+their acquaintance, and such mothers fall easy victims to circulars
+vaunting the nourishing properties of ‘Hoare’s Stout,’
+‘Tanqueray’s Gin,’ or Gilbey’s ‘strengthening Port,’ circulars
+which are always backed up by the example, and advice, of
+lady friends, who themselves have acquired the habit of using
+these liquors, and who view as a reproach to themselves the
+practice of any other lady who may not keep them in countenance,
+as the perfection of all moral and physical propriety.
+Unfortunately the pressure of such lady friends is often so
+persistent as to paralyse the influence of a conscientious and
+thoughtful medical adviser, while the appetites and beliefs of
+such friends often throw them into active antagonism to any
+medical adviser, who may not endorse the habits in which, as
+they believe, and no doubt conscientiously, duty to their child
+requires them to indulge. The only course that a medical
+practitioner, whose family is dependent upon his practice, can
+safely take with veteran mothers on this question, is to let them
+have their own way without reiterated admonition. When
+once they have acquired the habit of depending upon large
+quantities of beer for nursing their children, they become perfectly
+infatuated, and are practically incapable of passing
+through the probationary fortnight which takes place before
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span>the digestive apparatus can work under its natural, but to them
+strange, conditions, while the temporary longing for beer, and
+the sudden lessening of the quantity of milk afforded by their
+strained and impoverished systems, are at once set down as clear
+proofs that their medical adviser is a crochetty, and dangerous
+person, who must be superseded at the first convenient opportunity.
+Facts and arguments have no more influence on such
+mothers than they have upon opium-eaters, drunkards, or
+inveterate consumers of tobacco; while the extreme propriety
+of conduct which these ladies manifest, and the encouragement
+they receive from other medical men, make the convictions
+based upon their own personal sensations incontrovertible, and
+their position practically unassailable. I think I might fairly say
+that among the comfortable middle classes of society the views
+at present held on this question are so deplorable that a large
+proportion of children are never sober from the first moment of
+their existence until they have been weaned; while often after a
+few years the use of alcohol is again introduced to the children
+as a ‘medical comfort,’ as a part of their regular diet, or as an
+invariable accompaniment of all their juvenile visitation, and
+company-keeping. Under such circumstances, it is not surprising
+that temperance reformers appeal in vain on this question,
+and that their facts and arguments are viewed with
+plausible indifference, or insidious opposition, by persons whose
+appetites and instincts have been undergoing debasement, and
+perversion from the very dawn of their lives. My own deliberate
+conviction is that nothing but harm comes to nursing
+mothers, and to the infants who are dependent upon them, by
+the ordinary use of alcoholic beverages of any kind.</p>
+
+<p>“Infants nursed by mothers who drink much beer also become
+fatter than usual, and to an untrained eye sometimes appear
+as ‘magnificent children.’ But the fatness of such children
+is not a recommendation to the more knowing observer; they
+are extremely prone to die of inflammation of the chest (bronchitis)
+after a few days’ illness from an ordinary cold. They
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span>die, very much more frequently than other children, of convulsions
+and diarrhœa, while cutting their teeth, and they are very
+liable to die of scrofulous inflammation of the membranes of the
+brain, commonly called ‘water on the brain,’ while their childhood
+often presents a painful contrast&mdash;in the way of crooked
+legs, and stunted or ill-shapen figure&mdash;to the ‘magnificent,’ and
+promising appearance of their infancy.</p>
+
+<p>“Those ladies who adopt the general views I have thus
+expressed in relation to the nursing of their children, will
+want to know what is the ‘proper artificial food’ with which
+to supplement their milk when it is deficient in quantity. With
+some patients the milk will fall off in quantity at the end of two
+or three months. With others, although the quantity may not
+fall off, the child seems unsatisfied; and there is a third class
+with whom a profusion of milk is supplied, and the child thrives
+exceedingly, but the mother gets flabby, weak, nervous, pale and
+exhausted. In the last case, the mother is simply goaded on
+by susceptibility of her nervous system, or by inordinate activity
+of the breasts to yield an amount of milk which her digestive
+powers are not equal to providing for. The treatment of such
+cases should be simply repressive. The mother should separate
+herself somewhat more from the child, and make a rule of only
+nursing it from five to eight times in the twenty-four hours,
+while the neck of the mother should be kept cool in regard to
+dress, and cold sponging may be practiced carefully night and
+morning. Her attention should be diverted by outdoor exercise
+on foot, and additionally in a carriage if necessary. When
+the mother’s milk, though apparently not deficient in quantity,
+proves unsatisfying to the child, great attention should be paid
+to varying the diet of the mother, while such staple foods should
+be taken as are most easily and thoroughly assimilated into milk.
+The unsatisfying quality of the milk will generally be remedied
+by taking a more varied diet, together with three or four half
+pints of milk in the course of the day, accompanied with farinaceous
+matter, as in the shape of well-made milk gruel; and in
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span>case these measures fail, the only alternative is to supplement
+the mother’s milk by obtaining a wet-nurse to suckle the child
+three or four times a day alternately with the mother, or by
+feeding the child with proper artificial food. The same measures
+may be resorted to where the milk, though satisfying in
+character, is deficient in quantity; and in preparing artificial
+food for the child it must always be remembered that the food
+requires to be adapted to the stage of development which is
+manifested by a young infant’s digestive organs. The infant’s
+digestive apparatus is, in fact, designed to digest milk, and to
+digest nothing else, but when the teeth are cut farinaceous matter
+of a more or less solid character should be gradually mixed
+with the milk. Almost all the illnesses of infants under twelve
+months of age are caused by some gross impropriety of diet, or
+otherwise, on the part of the mother, for which the child suffers
+through the medium of the milk, or they are caused by feeding
+the child with improper artificial food. Thick sop, and many
+other articles often given as food are as indigestible to an infant
+of three months old as beefsteaks would be to a horse; and, until
+the child has cut its teeth, it should have nothing but food
+resembling the mother’s milk as closely as possible.</p>
+
+<p>“The proper way to feed an infant of three months old,
+whose mother is only able to partially support it, is as follows:
+When the child wakes in the morning it should not go to the
+mother, but should be taken away by the nurse, and immediately
+fed from the bottle, sucking its milk through a suitable
+teat. After the mother has breakfasted the child may go to the
+breast, and during the day it should be alternately fed from the
+bottle, and nursed by the mother. At six o’clock the baby
+should invariably be placed in its crib, by the side of the mother’s
+bed, and fed just before going to sleep, and the habit of
+going to bed at six o’clock should be strictly and invariably enforced.
+If once the child be allowed to come down to the family
+circle after dark, the habit of going to sleep will be broken,
+and the child will continuously cry to come down. In the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span>course of the evening the mother may nurse the child once, and
+at ten or eleven o’clock, when the mother goes to bed, the child
+should be again fed from the bottle, and the mother should have
+a basin of well-made milk-gruel; and by her bedside should be
+placed, at the last moment, as much gruel as she is likely to
+drink with relish during the night. Whenever the child is
+restless it should be taken out of its crib, gently, by the mother,
+and nursed, say two or three times during the night, and put
+back again into its crib, the child never being allowed to sleep
+with the mother. When the night is fairly over, and the child
+awakens, it should be fetched by the nurse, and have its first
+morning meal from the bottle. This plan of feeding should be
+persisted in continuously until the child has cut its teeth; and it
+is only when every means have been taken to ensure the sweetness,
+freshness and niceness, not only of the milk and water,
+but of the bottle and of the teat, and the child still fails to get
+on, that, in rare cases, I advise the admixture of a little farinaceous
+matter, in the way of food containing one part milk, and
+two parts of properly sweetened barley-water. As the milk
+teeth come through, other farinaceous matter may be gradually
+blended with the milk, and there is nothing better than to begin
+at about eight months with a teaspoonful of baked flour,
+well boiled in a pint of milk and water, or in the water, to be
+afterwards cooled with milk. Oftentimes a little salt, as well as
+sugar, will materially help its digestion. The child will do well
+on that food&mdash;the quantity being duly increased&mdash;until it has
+cut almost all its milk teeth, when it may eat bread and butter,
+rice, and egg puddings, and occasionally eat a boiled egg once
+a day. I believe that it is a great mistake to give red flesh meat
+to children in their early years, unless there be some very special
+reason for it, and then it should only be temporarily used; but
+nice potatoes, flavored with fresh gravy from a joint, may be
+given at dinner, as the child becomes able to feed itself. *&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*</p>
+
+<p>“Bear in mind that when you take wine, beer or brandy, you
+are distilling that wine, beer or brandy into your child’s body.
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span>Probably nothing could be worse than to have the very fabric of
+the child’s tissues laid down from alcoholized blood.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Another English physician deplores “the pernicious
+habit of drinking large quantities of ale or stout
+by nursing mothers, under the idea that they thereby
+increase and improve the secretion of milk, whereas
+they are in reality deteriorating the quality of that
+upon which the infant must depend for health and
+life.�</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Edis says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Infant mortality is mainly due to two causes, the substitution
+of farinaceous food for milk, and the delusion that ale or
+beer is necessary as an article of diet for nursing mothers. *&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*
+Countless disorders among infants are due simply and solely
+to the popular fallacy, that the nursing mother cannot properly
+fulfil her duties, unless she resorts to the aid of alcoholics.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. N. S. Davis says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“The opinion prevails quite extensively among certain classes
+of people, and with some physicians, that a liberal use of beer
+is beneficial to women while nursing their children. They
+drink it under the impression that it will both strengthen them
+and make their milk more abundant. But I have never seen a
+case in which it had been used regularly for any considerable
+period of time, where it did not result in more or less indigestion
+from gastric irritation and disordered secretions, and an
+early failure in the secretion of milk. It probably never increases
+the flow of milk any more than would the drinking of
+the same quantity of pure water; while the alcohol it contains,
+by daily repetition, induces congestion of the gastric mucous
+membrane, with disordered gastric and hepatic secretions.</p>
+
+<p>“A case strikingly illustrating these results was examined by
+me to-day. The patient was a young married woman who was
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span>nursing her first child, now nine months old. At the time of
+her confinement she was in fair health, rather nervous temperament,
+weight 120 pounds. During the first few days her milk
+did not flow very freely, and she says her physician advised her
+to drink beer. Consequently she commenced to drink a glass
+of beer at each mealtime, and a bottle during the night. During
+the first six months she had sufficient milk for her baby;
+but before the end of that time she had begun to suffer from
+flatulency, constipation, gaseous and acid eructations, what she
+calls ‘heart-burn,’ and sometimes vomiting. During the last
+three months she has suffered, in addition to the preceding
+symptoms, one or two attacks each week of extreme pain, from
+the lower point of the sternum to the back between the scapula,
+accompanied by retching, or severe efforts to vomit. To relieve
+these attacks she has taken liberal doses of gin, in addition to
+her regular supply of beer. Now at the end of nine months,
+her milk has nearly ceased to flow, her bowels are costive, her
+stomach tolerates only small quantities of the simplest nourishment,
+her flesh and strength are very much reduced, her weight
+being only 96 pounds; and yet she thinks both the beer and gin
+make her feel better every time she takes them. Such is the
+delusive power of the anæsthetic effect of alcohol. A persistence
+in the same management would probably terminate fatally
+in from six to twelve months more, from chronic gastritis, and
+inanition. But if she will rigidly abstain from all alcoholic remedies,
+and take only the most bland, unirritating nourishment,
+aided by mildly soothing and antiseptic remedies, and fresh air,
+she will slowly recover.�</p></div>
+
+<p>In a clinical lecture delivered before the Senior
+Class in the Northwestern University Medical
+School, Dr. Davis told of a case similar to the preceding:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“The flow of milk in her breasts has also diminished to such
+a degree that she does not have half enough for her baby. Yet
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span>she says the <i>beer</i> makes her feel better after each drink, and
+that the <i>gin</i> helps to relieve the severe attacks of pain, and
+consequently she thinks she could not do without them. It is
+undoubtedly true that the patient feels temporary relief from
+the anæsthetic effect of the alcohol in her beer and gin, just as
+she would from any anæsthetic or narcotic. And it is equally
+true that so long as the alcohol is present in her blood it so
+modifies the hemoglobin and albuminous constituents, as to
+diminish the reception and internal distribution of oxygen, and
+thereby retards metabolic changes. But the combined influence
+of the alcohol in retarding the internal distribution of oxygen and
+the drain upon the nutritive elements of her blood, in furnishing
+milk for her baby, led to rapid impoverishment of the blood and
+tissues, and the early establishment of a sufficient grade of gastritis
+to cause indigestion, frequent vomiting, and, later, paroxysms
+of severe gastralgia, with general emaciation, and loss of
+strength.</p>
+
+<p>“In accordance with the present popular ideas, both in and
+out of the profession, this patient tells me she has tried a great
+variety of foods, peptonized, sterilized, and predigested, but all
+to no purpose. And why?&mdash;Simply because her troubles are
+not in the kind of food she takes, but in the morbid condition of
+her blood, and of the mucous membrane and nerves of her
+stomach. Consequently the rational indications for treatment
+are: (<i>a</i>) to get her stomach and blood free from the alcohol of
+beer and gin; (<i>b</i>) to encourage the reception and internal distribution
+of oxygen by plenty of fresh air; (<i>c</i>) to give her the
+most bland, or unirritating food in small, and frequently repeated
+doses, of which good milk with lime-water, and milk and wheat-flour
+gruel are the best; (<i>d</i>) such medicines as possess sufficient
+antiseptic, and anodyne properties to allay the irritability
+of the gastric mucous membrane, and lessen fermentation.�</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_X" id="CHAPTER_X"></a>CHAPTER X.</h2>
+
+<h3>COMPARATIVE DEATH-RATES WITH AND WITHOUT
+THE USE OF ALCOHOL AS A REMEDY.</h3>
+
+
+<p>A study of statistics relating to the difference
+in results of the treatment of disease with and
+without the use of alcohol, cannot but be of great
+interest to all students of the alcohol question.
+The appended statistics are culled mainly from the
+<i>Medical Pioneer</i> of England, now, <i>Medical Temperance
+Review</i>, the journal of the British Medical Temperance
+Association, and from the <i>Bulletin of the
+American Medical Temperance Association</i>.</p>
+
+<p>A paragraph in the <i>British Medical Journal</i>, for
+Dec. 2, 1893, says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“An interesting fact has been noted by Dr. Claye Shaw, at
+the London County Asylum, Banstead, for the Insane. Since
+the withdrawal of <i>beer</i> from the dietary, the rate of recovery
+has gone up. During the past year, for example, the recoveries
+reached 46.97 per cent. Nearly one half of the patients had
+thus recovered during the period stated. The inmates take
+their food better without the liquor, and they are thus taught
+that intoxicants are not a necessity of ordinary health.�</p></div>
+
+<p>In the <i>Medical Pioneer</i> for January, 1894, Dr. John
+Mois, medical superintendent of West Haven Infec<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span>tious
+Diseases Hospital, states that prior to 1885 he
+had treated 2,148 cases of smallpox “in the usual
+routine method, with the use of alcohol when the
+heart’s action seemed to indicate it;� resulting in a
+mortality of 17 per cent. But since 1885 he has
+treated 700 additional cases under similar circumstances
+except that the use of alcoholic preparations
+was entirely omitted, and the resulting mortality
+was only 11 per cent.</p>
+
+<p>In the same journal, Dr. J. J. Ridge states that
+he had treated the 200 cases of scarlet fever admitted
+into the Enfield Isolation Hospital during
+the years 1892 and 1893, without alcohol in any
+form, with a mortality of only 2.5 per cent.; while
+the mortality in the hospitals under the Metropolitan
+Asylums Board in 1893, in which alcohol was
+used in accordance with the usual practice in scarlet
+fever, was 6.3 per cent.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. J. J. Ridge says later:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“In January, 1894, I published the result of the treatment of
+the first 200 cases of scarlatina admitted into the temporary
+wards of the Enfield Isolation Hospital during 1892 and 1893.
+I stated that there had been five fatal cases, but that one was
+dying when admitted and only lived a few hours. The
+mortality was 2 per cent., or 2.5 if the later case is included.</p>
+
+<p>“Since then 300 more cases have been admitted and discharged
+and among these there have been 7 fatal. Hence there
+have been 14 deaths in 500 consecutive cases extending over a
+period of a little more than four years. One of these ought
+to be excluded, no time having been given for treatment.
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span>Hence the mortality has been just 2.6 per cent. This, I think
+it will be admitted, is a low mortality, although it is possible it
+may be even lower when the cases are treated in a permanent
+hospital about to be erected.</p>
+
+<p>“It may be interesting to state that 4 of the cases died on
+the third day after admission; 1 on the fourth; 1 on the sixth;
+1 on the tenth, with pneumonia; 1 on the thirteenth; 1 on the
+fifteenth; 1 on the sixteenth; 1 on the eighteenth; 1 on the
+thirty-sixth, with nephritis and pleuropneumonia; and 1 on the
+forty-sixth, with otitis and meningitis.</p>
+
+<p>“All the cases have been treated without alcohol either as
+food or drug, although many have been of great severity with
+various complications. It is certain that the absence of alcohol
+has not been detrimental, since the mortality is less than three-fourths
+of that of the mortality among all notified cases in England
+and Wales. I am bound to say that it is my firm conviction
+that had alcohol been given in the usual fashion, the
+death-rate would have been higher. Cases have been admitted
+to which alcohol has been given previous to admission, apparently
+with harm, as they have improved without it. One case
+was particularly noticeable in this respect. A child, aged 6,
+had had a good deal of whisky, and was supposed to be dying
+when admitted on the fourth day of the disease, so that the
+doctor who had seen it was surprised, when he called the following
+day to inquire, to find it was still alive. Without a
+drop of alcohol it began to improve and made a good recovery.
+I may say that delirium is very rare, even in the worst cases
+treated non-alcoholically.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. Norman Kerr says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“In my paper on ‘The Medical Administration of Alcohol,’
+read to the section of medicine at the Sheffield meeting in 1876,
+I cited several medical testimonies in favor of non-alcoholic
+treatment of fevers, notably that of my friend, the late Dr.
+Simon Nicolls, who had a mortality of less than 5 per cent. in
+230 cases.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span></p>
+<p>“The record of the results of a greatly lessened administration
+of alcohol in the treatment of smallpox in the London hospital
+ships, is of deep interest. Having been requested to inquire
+into the effects of this diminished alcoholic stimulation on mortality
+and convalescence, Dr. Birdwood stated that though the
+gravity of the cases had increased, with a mortality of 15 per
+100 in the metropolis, the ship’s death-rate had remained at
+less than 7 per 100. Convalescence had been more rapid, and
+there had been fewer and less serious complications from abscesses
+and inflammatory boils. Other causes had contributed
+to this improvement, but the medical officers attributed a considerable
+share in the amelioration to a greatly diminished prescription
+of alcohol.�</p></div>
+
+<p>The <i>Medical Pioneer</i> says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“In 1872 there appeared in the <i>Saturday Review</i> an article
+in which the medical practitioners of this country were accused
+of inciting their patients to free drinking, and in the discussion
+which this article called forth, Dr. Gairdner, of Glasgow, said
+that fever patients in that city, when treated with milk and
+without alcohol, did much better than those reported as having
+been treated by Dr. Todd with large doses of alcohol; the
+latter resulting in a mortality of about 25 per cent., while those
+treated by Dr. Gairdner with milk had had a death-rate of
+only 12 per cent. About this time the British Medical Temperance
+Association was founded, owing to the exertions of
+Dr. Ridge, of Enfield, and in 1876 it was enrolled, under the
+presidency of Sir B. W. Richardson. It now contains 269
+members in England and Wales, 53 in Scotland and 80 in Ireland,
+or more than 400 altogether, all professional men and
+women. This, I think, is but a sign of the change of opinion
+on the use of alcoholic fluids in medical practice, for all who remember
+what medical practice was in London thirty years ago
+know that the use of wine and brandy in hospital practice was
+so common that it was quite a rarity in some hospitals to find a
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span>patient who was not ordered, by some of the staff, from three
+to four ounces of brandy or six to eight fluid ounces of wine.
+The expense caused to the hospitals by this practice was, of
+course, great, and increased notably between 1852 and 1872,
+owing to the prevalence of the views of Liebig and his follower,
+Dr. Todd. The writings of Parkes, Gairdner, Dr. Norman
+Kerr and of Sir B. Ward Richardson, Dr. Morton and others,
+gradually lessened this predilection for treating diseases by alcohol,
+and accordingly between 1872 and 1882 a great change
+came over the practice of London hospitals. Thus the sum
+paid for milk in 1852 in Saint Bartholomew’s Hospital was
+£684, and in 1882 it was £2,012; whilst alcohol in that hospital
+cost in 1852, £406; in 1862, £1,446; in 1872, £1,446; and in
+1882 only £653. Westminster Hospital in 1882 spent £137 on
+alcohol and £500 on milk. One hospital, St. George’s, long
+continued to use large quantities of alcohol. That hospital in
+1872 had the high mortality among its typhoid fever patients of
+24 per cent., which was twice as high as that noted by Dr.
+Gairdner as occurring in Glasgow, when alcohol was abandoned
+and milk used instead. Dr. Meyer, who reported these
+cases of typhoid treated in Saint George’s Hospital at that time,
+mentioned that alcohol in large doses was given to 87 per cent.
+of the patients. Three-fifths of these patients took daily eight
+ounces of brandy when there was danger of sinking from failure
+of the heart’s action. One-fourth of the number took sixteen
+fluid ounces of brandy in the 24 hours.�</p>
+
+<p>“In 230 typhoid cases in St. Mary’s Hospital, Dr. Chambers
+reduced the ratio of deaths from 1 in 5 with alcohol to 1 in 40
+without it. Dr. Perry, of Glasgow, found that of 534 cases
+treated with alcohol, 138 died, while of 491 treated without alcohol,
+only 9 died.�</p></div>
+
+<p>In a recent text-book on medicine occurs the
+following:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“English physicians use spirits in fevers, and all experience
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span>sustains the conviction that no substitute has been found for
+them.�</p></div>
+
+<p>In a late number of the <i>Temperance Record</i>, Dr.
+Smith gives a different view of the experience of
+English physicians:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“When Bentley Todd was at King’s College, and leading
+his profession, brandy was the rule in febrile cases. Then the
+mortality varied from twenty-five to thirty-five per cent.
+That the treatment was as fatal as the disease, experience
+demonstrates:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>“1. Professor W. T. Gairdner, of Glasgow, writing to the
+Lancet (1864), gave his experience as follows:&mdash;<br /></p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" summary="W. T. Gairdner's fever treatment results" style="width: 70%;">
+  <tr>
+    <th class="tdc">Fever cases treated.</th>
+    <th class="tdc">Average of wine and spirits.</th>
+    <th class="tdc">Mortality.</th>
+  </tr>
+
+<tr>
+  <td class="tdc">1,829</td>
+  <td class="tdc">34 oz. to each</td>
+  <td class="tdc">17.69 per cent.</td>
+  </tr>
+
+<tr>
+  <td class="tdc">595</td>
+  <td class="tdc">2½ oz. to each</td>
+  <td class="tdc">11.93 per cent.</td>
+  </tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="tdc">212</td>
+  <td class="tdc">none</td>
+  <td class="tdc">1 death only.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class="tdc">(young lives)</td><td colspan="2"></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<p>“These were mostly typhus cases, but the rationale, so far as
+alcohol is concerned, is the same as in typhoid.</p>
+
+<p>“2. At the British Medical Association in 1879, Professor H.
+MacNaughton Jones gave particulars of 340 cases of typhus,
+typhoid and simple fever. I append a summary:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" summary="Professor H.
+MacNaughton Jones treatment of 340 cases of typhus: summary" style="width: 50%;">
+  <tr>
+    <th>&nbsp;</th>
+    <th class="tdrp2">Cases.</th><th class="tdrp2">Deaths.</th><th class="tdrp2">Mortality<br />
+per cent.</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Given brandy</td>
+  <td class="tdrp2">58</td>
+  <td class="tdrp2">19</td>
+  <td class="tdrp2">32.7</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Given claret</td>
+  <td class="tdrp2">51</td>
+  <td class="tdrp2">2</td>
+  <td class="tdrp2">3.8</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Given no alcohol</td>
+  <td class="tdrp2">231</td>
+  <td class="tdrp2">4</td>
+  <td class="tdrp2">1.7</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<p>“3. Dr. J. C. Pearson writes to the <i>Lancet</i> (Dec. 5 and 26,
+1891), giving his experience of typhoid. He had treated several
+hundreds of cases without a single death, and never prescribed
+stimulants in any shape or form in the disease.</p>
+
+<p>“4. Dr. Knox Bond writes to the <i>Lancet</i> (Nov. 25, 1893),
+giving his experience of typhoid at the Liverpool Fever Hospital.
+He says: ‘As a resident for some years in the fever hospitals,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span>my views of the value of alcohol in fever underwent, solely as a
+result of the experience there gained, entire modification. The
+conviction became forced upon my mind that in no case in
+which it was used did benefit to the patient ensue; that in a
+proportion of cases its use was distinctly hurtful; and that in a
+small but appreciable number of cases the resultant harm was
+sufficient to tilt the balance as against the recovery of the
+patient.’</p>
+
+<p>“In plain terms, alcohol tended to the destruction of the
+patients. Dr. Bond’s figures are:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" summary="Dr. Knox Bond's treatment of typhoid cases: summary" style="width: 60%;">
+  <tr>
+    <th>&nbsp;</th>
+    <th class="tdc">No. of cases.</th>
+    <th class="tdc">No. of deaths.</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Given alcohol</td>
+  <td class="tdrp2">71</td>
+  <td class="tdrp2">18</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdlt">Given no alcohol</td>
+  <td class="tdrp2">309<br />&mdash;&mdash;</td>
+  <td class="tdrp2">15<br />&mdash;&mdash;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td><td class="tdrp2">380</td><td class="tdrp2">33</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>In May, 1890, Dr. Nathan S. Davis, read a paper
+before the American Medical Association upon the
+use of certain drugs in disease. Among the drugs
+mentioned was alcohol, and comparative death-rates
+were given in typhoid fever and pneumonia, between
+Mercy Hospital, Chicago, during a term of
+years when no alcohol was used in the medical
+wards, Dr. Davis being in charge of them, and
+some of the large metropolitan hospitals using alcohol.
+In Mercy Hospital without alcohol, the death-rate
+in typhoid fever was only five per cent.; in
+pneumonia only twelve per cent.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Of 161 cases of typhoid fever treated in Cook County Hospital
+during 1889, 27 died, or one in six&mdash;nearly 17 per cent.</p>
+
+<p>“According to the annual report of the Cincinnati Hospital
+for 1886, 47 cases of typhoid fever were treated during that
+year, with seven deaths, a mortality rate of 16 per cent.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span></p>
+<p>“The Garfield Memorial Hospital, at Washington, reported for
+the year 1889, 22 cases of typhoid fever, with 5 deaths&mdash;or 22
+per cent.</p>
+
+<p>“In the Pennsylvania Hospital the mortality rate in pneumonia
+for the years 1884-1886, was 34 per cent.</p>
+
+<p>“The mortality of pneumonia in the Massachusetts General
+Hospital, between the years 1822 and 1889, comprising 1,000
+cases, was 25 per cent.; but a gradual increase in mortality had
+been noted from 10 per cent. in the first decade of the seventy
+years represented by this report, to 28 per cent. in the last
+decade.</p>
+
+<p>“According to the report of the Supervising Surgeon General
+of the U.S. Marine Hospital Service for 1888, the number of
+cases of pneumonia treated between 1880 and 1887 was 1,649,
+with 311 deaths&mdash;nearly 19 per cent.</p>
+
+<p>“The Cincinnati Hospital reported for 1886 a mortality rate
+in pneumonia of 38 per cent.</p>
+
+<p>“The mortality rate in the Cook County Hospital, Chicago,
+for 1889, according to Dr. Heltoin, relating to 80 cases of pneumonia,
+was 36 per cent.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Only a five per cent. death-rate in typhoid fever
+without alcohol, and from sixteen to twenty-two
+per cent. with alcohol; only a twelve per cent. death-rate
+in pneumonia without alcohol, and from 19 to
+as high as 38 per cent. with alcohol. Such are the
+comparative death-rates given by Dr. Davis. They
+should be committed to memory by every opposer
+of the use of alcohol, as they show clearly that
+people have many more chances for recovery, other
+things being equal, in the diseases mentioned, if
+alcohol is not used than if it is.</p>
+
+<p>It is worthy of mention in this connection that
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span>Cook County Hospital contains in its report for
+1897 the following items: Number of patients
+19,536; cost of liquors $80.00; per cent. of deaths
+from all causes, 5.7. The cost of liquors is only
+.004 for each patient. This shows a decided advance
+in the disuse of alcohol, when so very little is
+used in a great hospital, with so large a number of
+patients.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. A. L. Loomis, in the <a name="Page_255t" id="Page_255t"></a><a href="#Page_255tn">treatment</a> of 600 typhus
+fever cases on Blackwell’s Island in 1864, excluded
+alcoholics, with the result of reducing the mortality
+rate to only six per cent. whereas it had previously
+been twenty-two per cent., in Bellevue Hospital
+from which the patients had been removed.</p>
+
+<p>In Battle Creek Sanitarium no alcohol is used in
+any disease, simply because the management believe
+better results are obtained by the use of other
+agencies. In the October, (1893) number of the
+<i>American Medical Temperance Quarterly</i> now <i>Bulletin
+of the A. M. T. A.</i>, Dr. J. H. Kellogg gives
+statistics of deaths from various diseases in the Battle
+Creek Sanitarium. The total of these statistics
+is as follows: la grippe, 827 cases, 4 deaths&mdash;or two
+per cent.; scarlet fever, 83 cases, 2 deaths&mdash;less
+than three per cent.; 333 cases of typhoid fever, 9
+deaths&mdash;or 2.7 per cent.; 82 cases of pneumonia, 4
+deaths&mdash;or 4.9 per cent. These exceptional results
+are not attributed solely to the non-use of alcohol.
+The nursing and surroundings were of the best.
+But these results certainly show that the use of
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span>alcohol as a remedy in acute diseases is not necessary,
+and that patients have a much better chance
+for life, other things being equal, where alcohol is
+not used than where it is.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Kellogg says of the surgical cases:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“In a hospital of 100 beds, connected with the institution,
+more than 3,000 surgical cases have been treated, to whom alcohol
+has never been administered except in connection with
+chloroform anæsthesia; my uniform custom being to administer
+an ounce of brandy or whisky five minutes before beginning
+the administration of the anæsthetic, when chloroform is used.</p>
+
+<p>“The surgical cases include more than 300 cases of ovariotomy,
+and over 300 other cases involving the peritoneal cavity, such as
+operations for strangulated hernia, the radical cure of hernia,
+etc. The statistics of death and recoveries are certainly as
+good as can be produced by any hospital in the world, dealing
+with the same class of cases. The total mortality from the
+operation of ovariotomy, including nearly 300 cases, is less than
+three per cent., and for the last few years, in which the antiseptic
+measures have been perfected, the record is still better,
+showing a succession of 172 cases of laparotomy for the removal
+of ovarian tumors, or diseased uterus and ovaries, without
+a death. These cases include a number of <a name="Page_256t" id="Page_256t"></a><a href="#Page_256tn">hysterectomies</a>,
+and many cases so desperate that those who trust in alcohol as
+a heart stimulant, and as a means of supporting the vital energies,
+would certainly have considered it necessary to resort to
+the use of this drug. Nevertheless, it was not administered in
+a single case, and I have seen no reason to regret its non-use
+in a single instance.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. T. D. Crothers, of Hartford, Conn., tells the
+following:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“In a large hospital a study of the mortality of pneumonia
+indicated a greater fatality at intervals of six months. There
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span>were five per cent. more deaths during periods of two months
+at a time, twice during the year. This extended back for two
+years, and was finally narrowed down to the service of an eminent
+physician who gave spirits freely in all cases of pneumonia
+from their entrance to the hospital. The other visiting physicians
+gave very little spirits, and only in the later stages. The
+physician was skeptical of these statistics, but finally consented
+to test them by giving up spirits practically in all cases of pneumonia.
+This was continued for a year, and the mortality went
+back to the average statistics. That physician has abandoned
+alcohol as a food and a medicine, only in very limited degree.
+He writes, ‘My stupidity in accepting theories and statements
+of others, concerning spirits, which I could have tested personally,
+is a source of deep sorrow, and I do not know but it could
+be called criminal. I certainly feel that punishment would be
+just.<a name="Page_257t" id="Page_257t"></a><a href="#Page_257tn">’�</a></p></div>
+
+<p>Brandy has been considered the great necessity
+in cholera, yet the use of it and other alcoholics are
+known to expose people to greater danger when
+this disease prevails.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Bulletin of the A. M. T. A.</i> is authority
+for the following:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“During the epidemic of 1832, Dr. Bronson said: ‘In Montreal
+1,000 persons have died of cholera, only two of whom
+were teetotalers.’ A Montreal paper said: ‘Not a drunkard
+who has been attacked has recovered from the disease, and almost
+all the victims have been at least moderate drinkers.’</p>
+
+<p>“In Albany, N. Y., the same year, cholera carried off 366 persons
+above sixteen years of age, all but four of whom belonged
+to the drinking classes. Packer, Prentice &amp; Co., large furriers
+in Albany, employed 400 persons, none of whom used ardent
+spirits, and there were only two cases of cholera among them.
+Mr. Delevan, a contractor, said: ‘I was engaged at the time in
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span>erecting a large block of buildings. The laborers were much
+alarmed, and were on the point of abandoning the work. They
+were advised to stay and give up strong drink. They all remained,
+and all quit the use of strong drink except one, and he
+fell a victim to the disease.’ He says also: ‘I had a gang of
+diggers in a clay bank, to whom the same proposition was
+made; they all agreed to it, and not one died. On the opposite
+side of the same clay bank were other diggers who continued
+their regular rations of whisky, and one third of them died.’</p>
+
+<p>“In New York City there were 204 cases in the park, only six
+of whom were temperate, and these recovered, while 122 of the
+others died. In many parts of the city the saloon keepers saw
+and acknowledged the terrible connection between their business
+and the spread of the disease, and, becoming alarmed for
+their own safety, shut up their saloons and fled, saying: ‘The
+way from the saloon to hell is too short.’</p>
+
+<p>“In Washington the Board of Health was so impressed with
+the terrible facts that they declared the grog shops nuisances,
+ordered them closed, and they remained closed for three months.</p>
+
+<p>“A prominent physician of Glasgow reported: ‘Only nineteen
+per cent. of the temperate perished, while ninety-one and
+two-tenths per cent. of the intemperate died.’ One extensive
+liquor dealer of Glasgow, said, ‘Cholera has carried off half of
+my customers.’</p>
+
+<p>“In Warsaw ninety per cent. of those who died from cholera
+were wine drinkers.</p>
+
+<p>“At Tifels, Prussia, a town of 20,000 inhabitants, every drunkard
+died of cholera.�</p></div>
+
+<p>The <i>St. Paul Medical Journal</i>, of September,
+1899, gives the following report of a railway surgeon,
+Dr. Kane:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“From June 1, 1898, to June 1, 1899, the author performed a
+few more than four hundred operations. Forty-nine abdomi<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span>nal
+sections, fifty odd more operations of a graver sort, one
+hundred miscellaneous of less gravity than above, over one
+hundred operations upon female perineum and uterus. Of the
+four hundred, more than three hundred demanded anæsthesia.
+There were but three deaths, making the mortality a little less
+than one per cent.</p>
+
+<p>“The author does not claim a phenomenally low mortality, nor
+does he claim specially brilliant results. He has to contend
+with unreasoning fear on the part of the patients for hospital
+surgeons, and also most of his cases had been in the hands
+of quacks, and had subjected themselves to remedies prescribed
+by old women. Many cases came after the family physician
+had exhausted his resources. He thinks his results are considerably
+better than the average in hospitals and in country
+districts. Alcohol medication was dispensed with entirely
+after the patients came under his care, and to this he attributes
+much of his success. He does not believe that alcohol is a stimulant,
+or a tonic. On the contrary, he believes that it retards
+digestion, arrests secretion, and hinders excretion. The courage
+and fortitude of his patients were lessened instead of increased
+by the use of alcoholic medication.</p>
+
+<p>“Pain is better borne, endured longer and more patiently
+when alcohol is not used.</p>
+
+<p>“He urges the practical surgeon to carefully weigh the subject
+of alcohol, and verify for himself the expediency of its use.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. B. W. Richardson in the report of his practice
+for 1895 in the London Temperance Hospital
+refers to non-alcoholic treatment of rheumatism.
+He said:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Out of seventy-one cases of acute or subacute rheumatism&mdash;the
+large majority acute, and attended with temperatures
+moving up to 104° F.&mdash;sixty-nine recovered, and two, although
+they were discharged without being put on the recovery list,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span>were so far relieved that a few days’ change in country air
+seemed all that was required to induce full restoration. Comparing
+the experience of the treatment of acute rheumatic disease
+without alcohol with that which I have previously observed
+with alcohol, I can have no hesitation in declaring that it
+is of the greatest advantage to follow total abstinence absolutely
+in this disease. The pain and swelling of joints is more
+quickly relieved under abstinence, the fever falls more rapidly,
+there is less frequent relapse, and there is quicker recovery.
+In brief, the experience of <a name="Page_260t" id="Page_260t"></a><a href="#Page_260tn">treatment</a> of rheumatic fever minus
+alcohol, presents to me as much novelty as it does pleasure,
+and I am convinced that if any candid member of the profession
+could have witnessed what I have witnessed in this matter,
+he would agree with me that alcohol in rheumatic fever, however
+acute, is altogether out of place. I am also under the
+conviction, though I express it with great reserve, that in acute
+rheumatism, treated without alcohol, the cardiac complications,
+endocardial and pericardial, are much less frequently developed
+than where alcohol is supplied.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. Pechuman in <i>Alcohol&mdash;Is It a Medicine</i>, published
+in 1891, says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“There is no disputing that many deaths occur each day as
+the result of the administration of alcohol in acute diseases, to
+say nothing of the deaths caused by its habitual use; and those
+who give it ignore the very fundamental principles of physiology
+and the many published statistics. The Boston Hospital
+report tells a sad story in this connection; it shows that
+out of 1,042 cases treated with alcoholics 386 died, while out of
+the same number treated without alcohol only 81 died. Using
+plain English 305 were actually killed by it.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. T. D. Crothers, in the January, 1899, <i>Bulletin
+of the American Medical Temperance Association</i>,
+gave the following Hospital Statistics, showing a
+decline in the use of spirits in hospitals:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Evidently a great change is going on in the use of alcohol
+as a remedy in large hospitals. The annual reports of ten hospitals
+in the New England and the Middle States show the
+following widely varying figures. The spirits used include
+beers, wines, whiskies and brandies, and vary from eleven to
+sixty-one cents a person for all the cases treated. These hospitals
+treat from eighty to seven hundred cases a year, both
+surgical and medical, and the medical staff are the leading
+physicians of the towns and cities where they are located. The
+hospital where the largest amount of spirits was used is not
+different from others, nor is the one where the lowest amount
+is reported. The conclusion is that this difference is due
+entirely to the judgment of the medical men. The lowest rate
+(eleven cents each) was in a hospital where one hundred and
+twenty-one cases had been under treatment. The highest
+rate (sixty-one cents) was in a hospital of five hundred and
+forty cases. The mortality from typhoid fever and pneumonia
+was eight per cent. higher in this hospital than in the one
+where only eleven cents a head had been expended for spirits.
+The general mortality did not vary greatly in any of these hospitals,
+and the records of one year could not be expected to
+show this. In the remaining hospitals the mortality of the
+fever and the septic cases was about the same. The free use
+of spirits did not show any improvement, but rather an increase
+of the death-rate, while the same amount of spirits used
+showed but little change, and that in the line of improvement
+of death-rate. These are only the figures of one year, but
+they indicate a change of practice, and show the passing of
+alcohol as a remedy.�</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XI" id="CHAPTER_XI"></a>CHAPTER XI.</h2>
+
+<h3>REASONS WHY ALCOHOL IS DANGEROUS AS
+MEDICINE.</h3>
+
+
+<p>In the chapter upon “The Effects of Alcohol
+upon the Human Body� are cited some of the
+reasons assigned by scientific investigators for their
+disuse of alcohol as a remedy in disease. In this
+chapter the same may be briefly hinted at, while
+others, some the results of quite recent research,
+will be added.</p>
+
+<p>In the <i>Bulletin of the A. M. T. A.</i>, for January
+1898, Dr. N. S. Davis says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“The supposed effects of alcohol as a medicine were
+originally based solely on the sensations and actions of the
+patients taking it. The first appreciable effect of the alcohol
+after entering the blood is that of an anæsthetic; that is, it
+diminishes the sensibility of the brain and nerve structures, in
+the same direction as ether and chloroform. And, as the brain
+is the material seat of man’s consciousness, the alcohol renders
+him less conscious of cold or heat, of weariness or pain, and
+less conscious of his own weight or of any external resistance.
+Consequently, when under the influence of small doses, he
+feels lighter and less conscious of any external impressions,
+and thinks he could do more than without it. It was these
+effects that led both the patient and his physician to regard
+the alcohol as a general stimulant or tonic, notwithstanding
+the fact that by simply increasing the doses of alcohol the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span>sensibility soon became entirely suspended, and the patient
+helpless and altogether unconscious. *&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*</p>
+
+<p>“Simple increased frequency of the heart action is no evidence
+of either increased force or efficiency in promoting the
+circulation of the blood. Indeed, it may be stated as a physiological
+law, that the more frequent the heart action above the
+normal standard, the less efficiently does it promote the circulation
+and strength of the living system. But the effect of a
+moderate dose of alcohol in increasing the frequency of the
+heart-beat and of blood pressure is so temporary that the doses
+must be repeated so often that the alcohol accumulates in the
+blood and tissues, and extends its paralyzing effects to all
+the vasomotor, cardiac and respiratory nerves. Indeed, all
+the investigators agree that alcohol in any dose capable of producing
+an appreciable effect, diminishes the function of the
+lungs in direct proportion to the quantity taken; and as the
+lungs are the only channel through which free oxygen reaches
+the blood, and such oxygen is the natural exciter of all vital
+activities in the living body, it is not possible to explain how
+alcohol, or any other drug that diminishes the function of the
+lungs can, at the same time, act as a cardiac, or any other kind
+of tonic.</p>
+
+<p>“The truth is that all intelligent physicians and writers on
+therapeutics of the present day agree in stating that alcohol in
+large doses directly diminishes all the vital processes in the
+living body, and in still larger doses suspends the life of the
+individual by paralyzing the cerebral, vasomotor, respiratory
+and cardiac functions, generally in the order named. If large
+doses produce such effects, we must logically claim that small
+doses act in the same direction, but in less degree. In other
+words, alcohol is as truly and exclusively an anæsthetic as is
+ether or chloroform, and, like them, is to be used as a medicine
+only temporarily to relieve pain, or suspend nerve sensibility.
+But as for these purposes it is less efficient than either
+ether or chloroform, and other narcotics, there is no neces<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span>sity
+for using it as a remedy in the treatment of disease. And
+in health its use in any dose can be productive of nothing but
+injury. The only legitimate fields for the uses of alcohol are in
+chemistry, pharmacy and the arts.�</p></div>
+
+<p>In another issue of the same magazine, Dr. Davis
+writes of the investigations pursued by M. Robin
+of France in regard to the chemistry of respiration.
+These investigations, he says, afford conclusive
+proof that the acts of oxidation are defensive processes
+of the organism in its struggle with bacteria,
+and therefore that the physician should favor in
+every possible way the absorption of oxygen in
+every infection, especially when there are typhoid
+complications.</p>
+
+<p>He then speaks of the researches of other scientists
+in the same line, concluding thus:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“If we add to the foregoing investigations the results obtained
+by Dr. A. C. Abbott, demonstrating that the presence of
+alcohol directly diminished the vital resistance to infections,
+we cannot fail to see that the administration of alcohol in
+diphtheria, typhoid fever, pneumonia and other infectious
+diseases, is directly contraindicated. If, as shown by M. Robin,
+‘the acts of oxidation are defensive processes’ against bacterial
+infections, then certainly the administration of alcohol to patients
+with such infections is in the highest degree illogical and
+injurious. The oxygen being obtained for oxidation purposes
+in the blood and tissues, through the respiratory process, it
+would be equally absurd to administer alcohol in all cases in
+which it is desirable to increase the processes of oxidation, as a
+long series of experiments has shown that the presence of
+alcohol diminishes the efficiency of the respiratory process in
+direct proportion to the quantity used.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</a></span></p>
+<p>“How much longer will practical writers continue to recommend
+for the same patient on the same day, fresh air, sponge
+baths, and vasomotor and respiratory tonics to increase the
+absorption of oxygen and oxidation processes, and alcohol in
+the form of wine, whisky and brandy to directly diminish the
+respiratory function and all the oxidations of the living system?�</p></div>
+
+<p>In his address before the Medical Congress for
+the Study of Alcohol, held at Prohibition Park,
+Staten Island, July 15, 1891, Dr. Davis said:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“If the foregoing views regarding the effects of alcoholic
+liquids on the human system in health, are correct, what can
+we say concerning their value as remedies for the treatment of
+disease? If it be true that the alcohol they contain acts directly
+upon the corpuscular elements of the blood, and so far
+diminishes the metabolic processes of nutrition and disintegration
+as to lessen nerve sensibility and heat production, and favor
+tissue degenerations, their rational application in the treatment
+of any form of disease must be very limited. And yet the
+same errors and delusions concerning their use in the treatment
+of diseases and accidents are entertained and daily acted upon
+by a large majority of medical men as are entertained by
+the non-professional part of the public. Throughout the
+greater part of our medical literature they are represented as
+stimulating and restorative, capable of increasing the force and
+efficiency of the circulation, and of conserving the normal living
+tissues by diminishing their waste; and hence they are the first
+to be resorted to in all cases of sudden exhaustion, faintness or
+shock; the last to be given to the dying; and the most constant
+remedies through the most important and protracted acute
+general diseases. Indeed, it is this position and practice of the
+profession that constitutes, at the present time, the strongest
+influence in support of all the popular though erroneous and destructive
+drinking customs of the people.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</a></span></p>
+<p>“The same anæsthetic properties of the alcohol that render
+the laboring man less <i>conscious</i> of the cold or heat or weariness,
+also render the sick man less conscious of suffering, either
+mental or physical, and thereby deceive both him and his
+physician by the appearance, temporarily, of more comfort.
+But if administered during the progress of fevers or acute
+general disease, while it thus quiets the patient’s restlessness
+and lessens his consciousness of suffering, it also directly diminishes
+the vasomotor and excito-motor nerve forces with slight
+reduction of temperature, and steadily diminishes both the
+tissue metabolism and the excretory products, thereby favoring
+the retention in the system of both the specific causes of disease
+and the natural excretory materials which should have been
+eliminated through the skin, lungs, kidneys and other glandular
+organs. Although the immediate effect of the remedy is
+thus to give the patient an appearance of more comfort, the
+continued dulling or anæsthetic effect on the nervous centres,
+the diminished oxygenation of the blood, and the continued
+retention of morbitic and excretory products, all serve to protract
+the disease, increase molecular degeneration, and add to
+the number of fatal results.</p>
+
+<p>“I am well aware that the foregoing views, founded on the
+results of numerous and varied experimental researches and
+well-known physiological laws, and corroborated by a wide
+clinical experience, are in direct conflict with the very generally
+accepted doctrine that alcohol is a cardiac tonic, capable of increasing
+the force and efficiency of the circulation, and therefore
+of great value in the treatment of the lower grades of
+general fevers. But there have been many generally accepted
+doctrines in the history of medicine that have been proved
+fallacious. And the more recent experiments of Professors
+Martin, Sidney Ringer, and Sainsbury, Reichert, H. C. Wood
+and others, have clearly demonstrated that the presence of
+alcohol in the blood as certainly diminishes the sensibility of
+the vasomotor and cardiac nerves in proportion to its quantity
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</a></span>until the heart stops, paralyzed, as that two and two make
+four.</p>
+
+<p>“After an ample clinical field of observation in both hospital
+and private practice for more than fifty years, and a continuous
+study of our medical literature, I am prepared to maintain the
+position that the ratio of mortality from all the acute general
+diseases has increased in direct proportion to the quantity of
+alcoholic remedies administered during their treatment. How
+can we reasonably expect any other result from the use of an
+agent that so directly and uniformly diminishes the cerebral
+respiratory, cardiac and metabolic functions of the living
+human body?�</p></div>
+
+<p>The <i>Medical Pioneer</i> of January, 1896, contained
+a very interesting article by Dr. J. H. Kellogg upon
+“The Influence of Alcohol upon Urinary Toxicity,
+and its Relation to the Medical Use of Alcohol.�
+He gives the results of many of his own experiments
+to determine the effects of alcohol in hindering
+the elimination of poisonous matter by the
+kidneys. The subject of one experiment was a
+healthy man of 30 years, weighing 66 kilos. For
+fifty days prior to the experiment he had taken a
+carefully regulated diet, and the urotoxic coefficient
+had remained very nearly uniform. The urine carefully
+collected for the first eight hours after the
+administration of 8 ounces of brandy diluted with
+water, showed an enormous diminution in the urotoxic
+coefficient, which was, in fact, scarcely more
+than half the normal coefficient for the individual
+in question. The urine collected for the second
+period of eight hours showed an increase of toxicity,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</a></span>and that for the third period of eight hours showed
+still further increase of toxicity, the coefficient having
+nearly returned to its normal standard.</p>
+
+<p>Of this Dr. Kellogg says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“The bearing of this experiment upon the use of alcohol in
+pneumonia, typhoid fever, erysipelas, cholera and other infectious
+diseases, will be clearly seen. In all the maladies named,
+and in nearly all other infectious diseases, which include the
+greater number of acute maladies, the symptoms which give the
+patient the greatest inconvenience, and those which have a fatal
+termination, when such is the result, are directly attributable to
+the influence of the toxic substances generated within the system
+of the patient as the result of the specific microbes to which
+the disease owes its origin. The activity of the liver in destroying
+these poisons, and of the kidneys in eliminating them, are
+the physiologic processes which stand between the patient and
+death. In a very grave case of infectious disease, without this
+destructive and eliminative activity the accumulation of poison
+within the system would quickly reach a fatal point. The
+symptoms of the patient vary for better or worse in relation to
+the augmentation or diminution of the quantity of toxic substances
+within the body.</p>
+
+<p>“In view of these facts, is it not a pertinent question to ask
+how alcohol can be of service in the treatment of such disorders
+as pneumonia, typhoid fever, cholera, erysipelas and other infections,
+since it acts in such a decided and powerful manner
+in diminishing urinary toxicity&mdash;in other words, in lessening the
+ability of the kidney to eliminate toxic substances? In infectious
+diseases of every sort, the body is struggling under the
+influence of toxic agents, the result of the action of microbes.
+Alcohol is another toxic agent of precisely the same
+origin. Like other toxins resulting from like processes of bacterial
+growth, its influence upon the human organism is unfriendly;
+it disturbs the vital processes; it disturbs every vital
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</a></span>function, and, as we have shown, in a most marked degree
+diminishes the efficiency of the kidneys in the removal of the
+toxins which constitute the most active factor in the diseases
+named, and in others of analogous character. If a patient is
+struggling under the influence of the pneumococcus, Eberth’s
+bacillus, Koch’s cholera microbe or the pus-producing germs
+which give rise to erysipelatous inflammation, his kidneys laboring
+to undo, so far as possible, the mischief done by the invading
+parasites, by eliminating the poisons formed by them, what
+good could possibly be accomplished by the administration of a
+drug, one of the characteristic effects of which is to diminish
+renal activity, thereby diminishing also the quantity of poisons
+eliminated through this channel? Is not such a course in the
+highest degree calculated to add fuel to the flame? Is it not
+placing obstacles in the way of the vital forces which are already
+hampered in their work by the powerfully toxic agents to
+the influence of which they are subjected?</p>
+
+<p>“In his address before the American Medical Association
+at Milwaukee, Dr. Ernest Hart, editor of the <i>British
+Medical Journal</i>, very aptly suggested in relation to the treatment
+of cholera, the inutility of alcohol, basing his suggestion
+upon the fact that in a case of cholera, the system of the patient
+is combating the specific poison which is the product of
+the microbe of this disease, and hence is not likely to be
+aided by the introduction of a poison produced by another
+microbe; namely, alcohol. This logic seems very sound, and
+the facts in relation to the influence of alcohol upon urinary toxicity
+or renal activity, which are elucidated by our experiment,
+fully sustain this observation of Mr. Hart.</p>
+
+<p>“In a recent number of the <i>British Medical Journal</i>, Dr.
+Lauder Brunton, the eminent English physiologist and neurologist,
+in mentioning the fact that death from chloroform anæsthesia
+rarely occurs in India, but is not infrequent in England,
+attributed the fact to the meat-eating habits of the English people,
+the natives of India being almost strictly vegetarian in diet,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</a></span>partly from force of circumstances doubtless, but largely also,
+no doubt, as the result of their religious belief, the larger proportion
+of the population being more or less strict adherents to
+the doctrines of Buddha, which strictly prohibit the use of flesh
+foods.</p>
+
+<p>“The theory advanced by Dr. Lauder Brunton in relation to
+death from chloroform poisoning, is that the patient does not
+die directly from the influence of chloroform upon the nerve
+centres, but that death is due to the influence of chloroform
+upon the kidneys, whereby the elimination of the ptomaines and
+leucomaines naturally produced within the body, ceases, their
+destruction by the liver also ceasing, so that the system is suddenly
+overwhelmed by a great quantity of poison, and succumbs
+to its influence, its power of resistance being lessened by the inhalation
+of the chloroform.</p>
+
+<p>“The affinity between alcohol and chloroform is very great.
+Both are anæsthetics. Both chloroform and alcohol are simply
+different compounds of the same radical, and the results of our
+experiment certainly suggest the same thought as that expressed
+by Dr. Brunton. How absurd, then, is the administration of
+alcohol in conditions in which the highest degree of kidney
+activity is required for the elimination of toxic agents!</p>
+
+<p>“In a certain proportion of chronic cases there is a tendency
+to tissue degeneration. Modern investigations have given good
+ground for the belief that these degenerations are the result of
+the influence of ptomaines, leucomaines and other poisons produced
+within the body, upon the tissues. It is well known that
+many of these toxic agents, even in very small quantity give
+rise to degenerations of the kidney. It is this fact which explains
+the occurrence of nephritis in connection with diphtheria,
+scarlet fever and other infectious maladies. Dana has called
+attention to the probable role played by ptomaines produced in
+the alimentary canal in the development of organic disease of
+the central nervous system.</p>
+
+<p>“It is thus apparent that the integrity of the renal functions
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</a></span>is a matter of as great importance in chronic as in acute disease,
+hence any agent which diminishes the efficiency of these
+organs in ridding the system of poisons, either those normally
+and regularly produced, or those of an accidental or unusual
+character, must be pernicious and dangerous in use.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Among the more recent findings of science in
+regard to the effects of alcohol are the action of
+this drug upon the leucocytes or “guardian cells�
+of the body. Leucocytes are defined to be “minute,
+nucleated, colorless masses of protoplasm, capable
+of ameboid movements, found swimming freely in
+blood and lymph, in the reticulum of lymphatic
+glands, and in bone-marrow and other connective
+tissue.� The white corpuscles of the blood are leucocytes.
+“The work of these cells is to prey upon
+and take into their substance bacteria and other
+micro-organisms within the blood and tissues.
+This destruction of bacteria, and other noxious
+organisms, has the biological name of phagocytosis.�</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Alonzo Brown in <i>Physician and Surgeon</i> says
+of phagocytosis:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Recently a brilliant theory has been projected into the
+histological world. It is the principle of phagocytosis. The
+beauty of it is so great that we are attracted by it, and its
+reasonings have riveted general attention. It is said that
+certain cells have the power to absorb and so destroy other
+cells. This is phagocytosis. It is said that ‘the cells which
+are known to possess phagocytocic properties are the leucocytes,
+mucous corpuscles, connective tissue cells, endothelia
+of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, alveolar eypithelium of
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</a></span>the lungs, and the cells of the spleen, bone, marrow and
+lymphatic glands.’ (Senn). This is a very significant array of
+colloid matter; and it has been repeatedly affirmed by the highest
+authorities that alcohol is poisonous to the colloid element.</p>
+
+<p>“Now, among the most important of the phagocytes just
+enumerated are the leucocytes. They embrace and enfold the
+pathogenic germs with which they come in contact by what is
+known as an ameboid force. They enclose, disintegrate and
+absorb the enemy. It is well known that the moment the leucocytes
+are submitted to an alcoholic solution, their ameboid
+movements cease, and their function is arrested. It is plain
+that their phagocytocic power is immediately destroyed. It is
+possible, also, that the fixed tissue-cells are likewise impaired
+or killed by alcoholic imbibition. How deleterious, and even
+deadly, must the internal administration of alcoholic liquors then
+be in the treatment of diphtheria, and of other diseases having
+a germinal origin? It therefore follows, to my mind, that all the
+diseases which are the result of germinal infection, are most
+badly treated when alcohol is used in their therapy.</p>
+
+<p>“With extreme brevity I advert to another view in the field.
+It is that of adynamic disease. It has been conclusively proven
+that alcohol decreases the muscular power. It decreases (from
+the minimum dose to the maximum) the power of the heart as
+well as that of all other muscles. I say this has been absolutely
+demonstrated by Richardson and others. In death from adynamia
+it is through failure of muscle, that is, of the heart, of
+the scaleni and intercostals, of the diaphragm, and of the laryngeal
+muscles, et cetera. All of the muscles may gradually fail,
+become wearied unto death. How pernicious then must
+alcohol be in adding its influence to bring about the tragic end!</p>
+
+<p>“It is my belief that it is in diphtheria that the most dire
+results are to be observed. In that disease the vast majority
+of cases die by asthenia, or else by sudden failure of the heart.
+To what is this sudden cardiac paralysis due? The elucidation
+is as follows. In the grave cases there is almost invariably a
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[Pg 273]</a></span>subnormal temperature, together with great muscular prostration.
+Also it is a physiological fact that a decrease of the
+temperature slows nervous conduction. As the system is
+made colder, the nervous force flows slower and slower. In
+diphtheria the heart muscle is very weak, the temperature falls,
+the lessened nervous energy but feebly animates the muscular
+fibres, and so actual paralysis ensues, death closing the scene
+almost instantaneously. Now, in such a state of imminent
+danger, brought about by such causes, what could be worse
+than to administer an agent which notably reduces temperature,
+and at the same time enfeebles muscular power? May
+I add, what could be the remedy in such a condition? and I
+answer, <i>External heat freely applied to the whole surface of
+the body</i>. This will prevent the cardiac paralysis whenever it
+is preventable.�</p></div>
+
+<p>The <i>Medical Pioneer</i> of Dec., 1892, contained an
+editorial article upon “The Toxine Alcohol,� which
+deals with leucocytes and their functions. The
+following is the article:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Dr. Broadbent’s introductory address at the opening of the
+session at Owen’s College, Manchester, deserves more attention
+than most of these formal deliveries. He dwelt on the intellectual
+interest which attaches to the study of medical science,
+and illustrated it, among other ways, by the interest excited by
+recent observations on the action of bacilli and the combat
+which goes on between these invading hosts and the guardian
+cells or leucocytes of the living body. Inflammation surrounding
+a wound is regarded as caused by the influx and multiplication
+of leucocytes to engulf and destroy septic bacilli which
+have gained entrance from the air, a ‘local war’ of defence.
+The issue of this pitched battle will depend on the relative
+number and activity of the respective hosts. Inflammation
+round a poisoned wound is an evidence of vital power and a
+means of protecting the system at large from invasion and dev<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</a></span>astation.
+If this first line of defence is broken through, the
+bacilli pass through the lymphatic spaces and ducts to the
+glands, and another battle ensues which produces glandular
+swelling and inflammation and possibly abscess. This second
+line of defence may be insufficient and then we get general
+septicæmia. It is now well proven that the injury is done,
+not by the bacilli themselves but by the toxines which they
+secrete or excrete. Dr. Broadbent very properly points out
+that the action of the bacilli of fever in the body is strictly
+comparable to the action of yeast in a fermentable liquid. The
+yeast cells grow and multiply at the expense of the sugar, in destroying
+which they produce alcohol, carbonic dioxide and other
+substances. When the alcohol amounts to some 17 per cent. of
+the liquid the process is stopped by the poisonous action of the
+alcohol on the yeast cells. In just the same way the toxines
+produced by the bacilli at length stop their further multiplication
+and put an end to the disease. Alcohol is in fact, the toxine
+produced by yeast, and, like many other toxines, it is not
+only poisonous to cells which produce it, but to any animal into
+whose veins it may happen to get.</p>
+
+<p>“There can be little doubt that the state of immunity which
+one attack of certain fevers confers against future attacks
+depends partly upon what is called the phagocytic action of
+leucocytes. These have been actually observed to draw into
+their interior and destroy bacilli which would otherwise have
+multiplied and produced their special effects. There can be
+little doubt, either, that we are continually taking into our
+systems bacilli of all sorts, and that, again, disease is averted
+by the activity of the germ-devouring leucocytes. Dr. Broadbent
+describes an experiment which proves that power of resisting
+disease is largely dependent on the activity of these
+cells. A rabbit, having had a certain quantity of bacilli injected
+under its skin, suffers from inflammation at the spot, and
+perhaps abscess, but recovers. At the same time, another
+rabbit is treated in precisely the same way, but, simultaneously,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</a></span>a dose of chloral is injected into another part of the body. The
+chloral, circulating in the blood, is known to paralyze leucocytes,
+and, as a result of this, they do not collect and wage war
+on the bacilli injected under the skin; there is very little local
+reaction, the bacilli get free course into the lymph and blood,
+and the animal dies. But, in the words of Dr. Broadbent,
+‘alcohol in excess has a similar action on the leucocytes, and
+this, as well as the deteriorating influence of chronic alcoholism
+on the tissues, predisposes to septic infection. A single debauch,
+therefore, may open the door to fever or erysipelas.’
+A <a name="Page_275t" id="Page_275t"></a><a href="#Page_275tn">similar</a> experiment of Doyen confirms this. He found that
+guinea pigs can be killed by the cholera microbe, when introduced
+by the mouth, if a dose of alcohol has been previously
+administered. It has been the general testimony of observers
+in cholera epidemics that those addicted to much alcohol are
+far more liable to fatal attacks. But while large doses of
+alcohol are, of course, more obviously injurious, it would be
+absurd to imagine that lesser quantities are entirely without
+influence in the same direction. It has, indeed, been shown by
+Dr. Ridge, that even infinitesimal quantities of alcohol, such as
+one part in 5,000, cause a more rapid multiplication of the
+<i>bacillus subtilis</i> and other bacilli of decomposition, while, by
+the same quantities, the growth of both animal and vegetable
+protoplasm is retarded. Hence there can be no longer any
+question that alcohol renders the body more liable to conquest
+by invading microbes, less able to resist and destroy them.
+Alcohol, a toxine injurious to living cells, is destroyed or removed
+from the body as fast as nature can effect it, but while
+it remains, and while able to affect the cells at all, its action is
+detrimental to healthy growth and healthy life, and the less we
+take of such an agent the better for us. This is a dictum which
+it becomes the profession to enunciate far and wide. ‘The
+less, the better’ is a watchword which all may use, and the
+wise will interpret it in a way which will infallibly preserve them
+altogether from all possible danger from such a source.�</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>On the sixteenth of December, 1897, Dr. Sims
+Woodhead, president of the British Medical Temperance
+Association, gave a masterly address in
+London upon “Recent Researches on the Action
+of Alcohol.� The lecture was illustrated by
+lantern slides. From the report given in <i>The Medical
+Temperance Review</i> of Jan., 1898, the following is
+culled:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“In a series of drawings of kidney you will notice first that
+there is a condition known as cloudy swelling; this is one of
+the first changes that can be observed. Notice the characteristic
+features of this cloudy swelling in the cells of all these
+specimens. The large swollen cells are granular, and very frequently
+there is a granular mass in the lumen of the tubule.
+In some cases the cells are so much swollen that the lumen of
+the tubule is represented merely by a ‘star-shaped’ radiating
+chink. The nucleus is usually somewhat obscured, that this
+alcoholic cloudy swelling (similar to that met with as the result of
+the administration of certain poisons) is the first change observed
+in the parenchymatous cells of the organs of animals that have
+died of acute alcoholic poisoning. This condition, unless the
+cause is removed, goes on to a condition of fatty-degeneration,
+as shown in the next specimen in which we have, in addition
+to the granular appearance of the protoplasm of the cell, a deposition
+of masses of fat in and at the expense of this protoplasm.</p>
+
+<p>“There is another series of changes to which I wish to draw
+your attention. In the tubules of the kidney we have, in addition
+to the granular appearance of the protoplasm of the cells,
+an increase in the number of leucocytes, and connective tissue
+cells between the tubules around the glomeruli and along the
+course of the blood-vessels. This condition of small cell infiltration,
+we know, is constantly associated with inflammatory
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[Pg 277]</a></span>conditions of the kidney as in other organs. Here then are the
+changes in the epithelium plus increase in the number of leucocytes.</p>
+
+<p>“I show you too a specimen of heart muscle, in which the
+granular degeneration, or cloudy swelling is well marked
+whilst here and there the process is going on to fatty degeneration,
+similar to that seen in the kidney. Here again, then, the
+active elements of the organ are becoming broken down, or, at
+any rate, losing their normal structure and affording evidence
+of fundamental changes in these cells. Such changes are set
+up, not by any one poison alone, or by any single disease
+toxin, but by members of many groups of poisons, by alcohols,
+ethers, etc. indeed by very various poisons&mdash;animal, vegetable
+and mineral.</p>
+
+<p>“Now, it is a peculiar fact, as shown by Massart, Bordet and
+others, in researches on chemiotaxis, that nearly all these
+poisons have the power of repelling leucocytes, and of seriously
+interfering with them in the performance of their functions, and
+this power assumes a special significance in connection with
+our subject this afternoon.</p>
+
+<p>“Now, two of the great functions of leucocytes under ordinary
+conditions are those of policing and scavenging. Massart
+and Bordet showed, under the action of certain substances,
+alcohol amongst others, these functions are lost, but following
+up Metchnikoff and others they observed that after a time these
+same leucocytes became accustomed to the presence of these
+poisons, gradually becoming ‘acclimatized’ as it were. At
+first paralyzed or repelled, they after a time pluck up courage to
+attack the invading substances and carry on or renew their
+accustomed work of scavenging; they try to get rid of both
+poisons and poison-producers, and even acquire the power of
+forming substances (anti-toxins) which can neutralize the poison
+and allow the cells to devote their energy to doing their own
+proper work.</p>
+
+<p>“Here are drawings of minute abscesses that have formed
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</a></span>in the wall of the heart. We see at once the part that the leucocytes
+play in attacking micro-organisms, and of localizing their
+action. Look at the blood-vessel in the wall of the heart with
+its plug of micro-organism (staphylococci) in the centre of a clear
+space; here the leucocytes are not numerous, indeed they are
+very sparsely scattered, and appear to have been driven back
+by the organisms or their toxics. Then a little distance away
+from the toxin and toxin-forming organisms, the leucocytes are
+coming up in large numbers, forming a sort of protecting army,
+as it were. This is known as leucocytosis. In the small
+patent vessels around this commencing abscess numerous
+leucocytes, far in excess of the usual proportion, may be seen&mdash;the
+nearer the abscess, the more numerous they become.
+Thus the leucocytes make their way to what is to become the
+wall of the abscess, and form a layer around a mass of micro-organisms,
+localizing, or attempting to localize, such mass.
+So long as the leucocytes can make their way to this mass,
+and shut it off from the surrounding tissue, so long we shall
+have no extension of the abscess.</p>
+
+<p>“Now, if you add something&mdash;alcohol in the case we are
+considering&mdash;which not only exerts a negative chemiotaxic
+action&mdash;i. e., which drives the leucocyte away&mdash;but which, as
+we have seen, also causes degeneration of nerve, muscle and
+epithelial cells, shall we not injure the infected patient both
+directly and indirectly by interfering with the return of the
+leucocytes driven away, by diminishing or altering the functional
+activity of these cells, and indirectly by interfering with
+the excretion of the poisons (owing, as we have seen, to a
+degenerated condition of the secretory epithelium)? Have we
+not, in fact, a cumulative action of two substances, either of
+which alone would do damage, but not in the same proportion
+as do the two when acting together.</p>
+
+<p>“Now let us see what we may learn from a series of experiments
+carried out by Dr. Abbott, working in the Laboratory of
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</a></span>Hygiene of the University of Pennsylvania, under the auspices
+of the committee of fifty, to investigate the Alcohol Question.</p>
+
+<p>“These are his conclusions:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>1. “That the normal vital resistance of rabbits to infection by
+streptococcus pyogenes is markedly diminished through the
+influence of alcohol when given daily to the stage of acute
+intoxication. 2. That a similar, though by no means so conspicuous,
+diminution of resistance to infection and intoxication
+by the bacillus coli communis also occurs in rabbits subjected
+to the same influences.</p>
+
+<p>“Throughout these experiments, with few exceptions, it will
+be seen that the alcoholized animals not only showed the
+effects of the inoculations earlier than did the non-alcoholized
+rabbits, but in the case of the streptococcus inoculations, the
+lesions produced (formation of miliary abscesses) were much
+more pronounced than are those that usually follow inoculations
+with this organism.</p>
+
+<p>“With regard to the predisposing influence of the alcohol,
+one is constrained to believe that it is in most cases the result
+of structural alterations consequent upon its direct action on
+the tissues, though in a number of animals no such alterations
+could be made out by microscopic examinations. I am inclined,
+however, to the belief, in the light of the work of
+Berkley and Friedenwald, done under the direction of Professor
+Welch, in the pathological laboratory of the Johns
+Hopkins University, that a closer study of the tissues of these
+animals would have revealed in all of them structural changes
+of such a nature as to indicate disturbances of important vital
+functions of sufficient gravity fully to account for the loss of
+normal resistance.</p>
+
+<p>“Following up Dr. Abbott’s experiments, Dr. Deléarde,
+working in Calmette’s laboratory in the <i>Institut Pasteur</i> at
+Lille, made a series of observations which are, from many
+points of view, of very great interest and importance as he
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</a></span>attacks it from an entirely new standpoint, one that will, I
+hope, ere long, be taken up by those working in this country.
+It has already been demonstrated that ‘alcoholics’ suffer far
+more seriously from microbic affections than do those of sober
+life, and it is now accepted that amongst them the mortality
+from this class of disease is higher than amongst those who
+are not accustomed to take alcohol regularly or to excess.</p>
+
+<p>“It is pointed out, as most of us have from time to time had
+the opportunity of observing, that, taking pneumonia as an
+example of this class of disease, there can be no doubt that the
+alcoholic patient has not merely an appreciably smaller chance
+for recovery, but an apparently slight attack becomes one in
+which the chances of recovery come to be against the patient
+rather than in his favor. I well remember when I was House
+Physician in the Royal Infirmary at Edinburgh that Dr. Muirhead,
+who almost invariably treated his pneumonic patients
+without alcohol, used to say that an ordinary case of acute
+pneumonia should always recover under careful treatment, but
+that cases of pneumonia in ‘alcoholics’ were always most
+anxious cases and in every way unsatisfactory. (Slides were
+shown on screen to illustrate the changes taking place in pneumonia,
+the conditions of leucocytosis, and the very important
+part which leucocytes play in the process of ‘clearing up’ during
+the course of the patient’s recovery). Dr. Deléarde in an
+admirable summary gives the principal features of pneumonia
+in alcoholics. He describes it as running a comparatively
+prolonged course, as being often accompanied by a violent
+delirium, following which is a period of prostration or of coma;
+even in those who recover, abscesses frequently occur in the
+liver, or in other organs. He also points out that there may be
+a similar chain of events in other infective conditions such as
+erysipelas and typhoid fever, but as he insists that, until Abbott’s
+experiments on the streptococcus,<a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> staphylococcus<a name="FNanchor_A_2" id="FNanchor_A_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> and bacterium
+coli,<a name="FNanchor_A_3" id="FNanchor_A_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> in alcoholized and non-alcoholized animals, little
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</a></span>attempt has been made to indicate the mechanism, or, at any
+rate, the process by which alcoholized individuals are rendered
+more susceptible to the invasion and action of micro-organisms.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> Microbes or bacteria of different kinds.</p></div>
+
+<p>“As we have already seen, Abbott’s experiments prove beyond
+doubt that attenuated disease-producing organisms, which in
+healthy animals do not kill immediately, bring about a fatal
+result when the animal has previously been treated with alcohol.
+In order to determine which was the most important
+factor in the destruction or weakening of the resisting agents
+in the body, Dr. Deléarde conceived the idea of experimenting
+with those diseases in which it has been found possible to produce,
+artificially, as it were, and under controlled conditions, an
+immunity or insusceptibility in healthy animals. He carried
+out a series of experiments on rabbits, immunizing against and
+infecting with the virus of hydrophobia, tetanus and anthrax.<a name="FNanchor_B_2" id="FNanchor_B_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_B_2" class="fnanchor">[B]</a>
+To these rabbits he first administered a quantity of alcohol,
+from 6 to 8 c.c. at first, and gradually rises to 10 c.c. doses
+per diem.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_B_2" id="Footnote_B_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_B_2"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> Carbuncle.</p></div>
+
+<p>“There is in the first instance a slight falling off in weight of
+the animal, but after a time this ceases, and the animal may
+again become heavier, until the original weight is reached. He
+then took a series of animals and vaccinated them against
+hydrophobia. In one set the animals were afterwards alcoholized
+and then injected with a considerable quantity of virulent
+rabic cord. It was here found that immunity against
+rabies had not been lost.</p>
+
+<p>“In a second set the vaccination and alcoholization were carried
+on simultaneously, a fatal dose (as proved by control experiment)
+of rabic cord was then injected, when it was found
+that little or no immunity had been acquired. In a third series
+the alcohol was stopped before the immunizing process was
+commenced. In this case marked immunity was acquired.</p>
+
+<p>“As regards rabies, then, acute alcoholism, especially when
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</a></span>continued for comparatively short periods, simply has the effect
+of preventing the acquisition of immunity when alcohol is administered
+during the period when the immunizing process
+ought to be going on. This indicates that the action of the
+alcohol in acute alcoholism is direct, and that although its
+administration prevents the acquisition of immunity it does not
+alter the cells so materially that they cannot regain some of
+their original powers, whilst once the immunity has been gained
+by the cells, alcohol cannot, immediately, so fundamentally
+alter them that they lose the immunity they have already
+acquired. When we come to the consideration of the case of
+tetanus, however, we are carried a step further. Dr. Deléarde
+repeating his immunizing and alcoholizing experiments, but
+now working with tetanus virus in place of rabic virus, found&mdash;and,
+perhaps, here it may be as well to give his own words:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>(1) “‘That animals vaccinated against tetanus and afterwards
+alcoholized lose their immunity against tetanus;</p>
+
+<p>(2) “‘That animals vaccinated against tetanus and at the same
+time alcoholized do not readily acquire immunity;</p>
+
+<p>(3) “‘That animals first alcoholized and then vaccinated may
+acquire immunity against tetanus if alcohol is suppressed from
+the commencement of the process of vaccination.’</p>
+
+<p>“In the case of anthrax too, as we gather from another
+series of experiments, it is almost impossible to confer immunity,
+if the animal is alcoholized during the time that it is being
+vaccinated, and although the animals, first alcoholized and then
+vaccinated, may acquire a certain amount of immunity, they
+rapidly lose condition and are certainly more ill than non-alcoholized
+animals vaccinated simultaneously.</p>
+
+<p>“We have already mentioned that Massart and Bordet some
+years ago pointed out that alcohol, even in very dilute solutions,
+exerts a very active negative chemiotaxis, i. e., it appears to
+have properties by which leucocytes are repelled or driven
+away from its neighborhood and actions. Alcohol thus pre<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</a></span>vents
+the cells from attacking invading bodies or of reacting in
+the presence of the toxins which also, as is well known, exert a
+more or less marked negative chemiotaxis, i.e., the cells appear
+to be paralyzed. In all diseases, then, in which the leucocytes
+help to remove an invading organism or in which they have the
+power of reacting or of carrying on their functions in the presence
+of a toxin, we should expect that alcohol would to a certain
+extent deprive them of this power or interfere with their
+capacity for acquiring a greater resisting power or of reinforcing
+the powers of resistance. It appears indeed to reinforce
+the poison formed by pathogenic organisms. Dr. Deléarde
+maintains moreover that chronic alcoholism increases enormously
+the difficulty of rendering an animal immune to anthrax,
+whilst as those who have had any experience of cases of
+anthrax know full well alcoholics, whether acute or chronic,
+manifest a remarkable susceptibility both as regards attacks of
+anthrax and the fatality of the disease when once contracted.
+Further as clinical proof of the correctness of another of these
+sets of experiments, Dr. Deléarde instances two cases of rabies
+which have come under observation in the Institut Pasteur&mdash;one,
+a man of 30 years of age, of intemperate habits who after
+a complete treatment of 18 days after a bite in the hand died of
+hydrophobia; the other, a child of 13 years who was bitten on the
+face by the same dog that had attacked the other patient, and
+on the same day&mdash;who underwent the same treatment remained
+perfectly well. In this case the more severe bite (the
+face being the most serious position in which a person can be
+bitten) was received by the child; indeed the intemperate habits
+of the man, who even took alcohol during treatment, appear to
+have been the only more serious factor in his case as compared
+with that of the child.</p>
+
+<p>“From all this Dr. Deléarde draws the practical conclusion
+that patients who have been bitten by a mad dog should as far
+as possible abstain from the use of alcohol not only during the
+process of treatment, but also for some time afterwards, even
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</a></span>for a period of eight months, during which period, apparently,
+increase of immunity may be going on. Beyond this he maintains
+that doctors often commit a grave error in administering
+strong doses of alcohol to patients suffering from certain infectious
+diseases such as pneumonia, or from certain intoxications
+such as those produced by snake-bite, during which an increase
+in the number of leucocytes appear to be a necessary part of
+any process that leads to the cure of the patient. Finally, he
+points out how necessary it is that we should respect the integrity
+of the leucocytes in the presence of microbic infections or
+intoxications. We may accept these statements all the more
+readily as Dr. Deléarde states that ‘although we must recognize
+that small doses of dilute alcoholic beverages are indicated in
+certain cases where it is necessary to stimulate the nervous
+system, one must guard oneself against an abuse which may
+certainly be prejudicial to the putting into operation of the
+mechanism of defence against the organisms of disease.’</p>
+
+<p>“In so far as these conclusions rest on a series of exact experiments
+we are justified in accepting them as being a most
+valuable contribution to the question; where there is no experimental
+basis, we must exercise our own judgment. To show
+the very strong impression that exists that there is some connection
+between severe cases of pneumonia and alcohol I may
+mention that the other day I heard a gentleman (not a medical
+man) say, ‘It is well known that most men (of a certain profession)
+die from alcoholism.’ When asked to explain he said,
+‘They all die from cirrhosis or pneumonia, and if those conditions
+are not due to alcoholism, what is?’</p>
+
+<p>“There can be no doubt that in addition to its specific action,
+alcohol has a general action&mdash;the mal-nutrition, which is usually
+associated with the use of alcohol, especially as a result of its
+action on the mucous membranes of the stomach, etc.�</p></div>
+
+<p>That the “guardian cells� of the body play a part
+in a considerable number of diseases was illustrated
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[Pg 285]</a></span>by Dr. Woodhead by drawings and photographs,
+shown on the lantern screen. The photographs included
+cells containing anthrax, typhoid and tubercle
+bacilli, the spirilla of relapsing fever, specimens
+from cases of anthrax. Specimens were shown in
+which the cells were actually ingesting and digesting
+the specific micro-organisms. In a case of typhoid,
+showing large masses of typhoid bacilli in
+one of Peyer’s patches, there were seen certain of
+the cells which contained the typhoid bacilli, some
+of them undergoing degenerative changes, and
+showing unequal standing.</p>
+
+<p>Of the researches made by Dr. Abbott referred
+to in the foregoing lecture Dr. N. S. Davis says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Thus we have another and direct positive demonstration of
+the fact that the presence of alcohol in living bodies not only
+impairs all the physiological processes, but also impairs their
+vital resistance to the effects of all other poisons. It was
+hardly necessary, however, to trouble the rabbits to obtain
+proof of this; for such evidence may be found in abundance
+by examining the vital statistics of every civilized country. The
+late Frank H. Hamilton, in his valuable work on military
+hygiene, gives an interesting account of an experiment executed,
+not on a few rabbits, but on whole regiments of human beings,
+who were being exposed to the inhibition, not of the streptococcus
+pyogenes, but to the infections of malarial and typho-malaria
+fever. And, as many were attacked with sickness, it
+was thought by some of those in authority that if the soldiers
+were given a specified ration of alcoholic liquor two or three
+times a day, it might enable them to resist the morbid influences
+to which they were exposed. The proposed ration was
+accordingly ordered, and Dr. Hamilton informs us that the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[Pg 286]</a></span>soldiers taking the liquor ration succumbed to the morbific
+influences surrounding them so much more rapidly than before,
+that in less than sixty days the order was countermanded, and
+the liquor ration stopped. And that eminent surgeon and
+sanitarian added, with peculiar emphasis, that he wished never
+to see the same experiment tried again.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. J. J. Ridge, of London, has learned through
+his experiments that alcohol not only hinders the
+leucocytes in their war upon disease germs, but also
+tends to the multiplication of germs. Of this he
+says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“The antagonism of alcohol to the fundamental functions of
+life is further exhibited by its action on the cellular elements of
+living tissues and the free cells or leucocytes of the blood. Dr.
+Lionel Beale long ago pointed out how it affected the protoplasm
+of cells, and diminished the movements of amœbae, to
+which leucocytes are apparently analogous.</p>
+
+<p>“But while alcohol is thus injurious to living protoplasm, or
+<i>constructive protoplasm</i> as it may be called, that which builds
+up, and forms all kinds of structures, and living beings of all
+higher types, I accidentally discovered that in minute quantities,
+under about one per cent., and even in such almost incredible
+amounts as 1 part in 100,000, (<sup>1</sup>/<sub>10</sub> millilitre in 10 litres) it favors
+the growth and multiplication of many microbes whose function
+is antagonistic to the protoplasm of organized beings, and
+which may therefore be called <i>destructive protoplasm</i>. We
+know that these microbes are kept at bay by the vitality of the
+tissues; if this vitality is lowered they may prevail: as soon as
+life departs they set to work, and decomposition is the result.
+It is, therefore, not very surprising that an agent, like alcohol,
+which, we have seen, lowers the vitality of constructive protoplasm,
+should, on the other hand increase the vitality of destructive
+protoplasm. At any rate such is the fact. In the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[Pg 287]</a></span>presence of these minute quantities of alcohol, decomposition
+goes on more rapidly, and the micrococci and bacilli, thrive and
+swarm more abundantly. This is easily demonstrable by the
+more rapid, and thicker, cloudiness of any clear decomposable
+liquor in the course of a day or two, or in a few days, according
+to circumstances. But I have demonstrated the more rapid
+multiplication of some forms by means of plate cultivations, of
+which I show specimens. It is true of the bacteria of decomposition,
+of the streptococci, and staphylococci of pus, and of
+diphtheria. Time alone has been wanting to demonstrate this
+in other cases, which I hope to do.�</p></div>
+
+<p>The <i>Medical Week</i> some time ago contained this
+paragraph:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Dr. Viala, in collaboration with Dr. Charrin, says: ‘I have
+carried out a series of researches on the toxicity of various alcoholic
+beverages in common use, such as wines and brandies
+of all brands, from those which are reputed the best to those of
+very inferior quality. All these products have been analyzed
+with the greatest care. Our experiments were carried out on
+fifty animals. Intravenous injections confirm Dr. Daremberg’s
+statement that liquors considered as the best are the most toxic,
+more particularly as regards their immediate effects.’�</p></div>
+
+<p>Although the foregoing statement directs the
+reader’s attention to the comparative effects of different
+alcoholic liquors, it also plainly implies several
+facts of great importance. The first is, that all
+alcoholic liquors, fermented or distilled, are toxic
+or poisonous; and the more pure alcohol they contain,
+the more poisonous are they, the qualities of
+liquor differing only in the rapidity of their injurious
+effects.</p>
+
+<p>In the same number of the <i>Medical Week</i>, Pro<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[Pg 288]</a></span>fessor
+Gréhant states that after injecting a quantity
+of alcohol into the venous circulation of a dog equal
+to one twenty-fifth, or four per cent., of the estimated
+weight of the blood of the animal, he found
+by several analyses at different times that it required
+“a little over twenty-three hours for complete
+elimination of the alcohol from the blood.�
+If we consider these results obtained by Viala,
+Charrin, Daremberg and Gréhant, with those obtained
+by Dr. A. C. Abbott, showing the direct effect
+of alcohol in diminishing the normal vital
+resistance of the living body to infection, we see
+excellent reasons why the liberal use of alcohol in
+the treatment of such infectious diseases as diphtheria,
+typhoid fever and pneumonia, under the supposition
+that it was a cardiac tonic, has resulted in
+so great a mortality as from thirty to sixty per cent.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. A. Pearce Gould, a London hospital surgeon
+of the first rank, has made special study of the
+surgery of the blood-vessels, and of the chest. He
+was one of the earliest to practice and advocate the
+careful removal of the axillary glands in all operations
+for cancer of the breast.</p>
+
+<p>He is a strong believer in the value of total
+abstinence as promoting robust health of body and
+mind. He regards the value of alcohol in disease
+as exceedingly small, and prescribes it only very
+rarely. He thinks that alcohol increases the
+activity of cancer and other malignant growths, an
+opinion which is of great importance from one with
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[Pg 289]</a></span>such exceptional opportunities for observation in
+these complaints.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. N. S. Davis in the <i>American Medical Temperance
+Quarterly</i> of January, 1895, gives reports of
+cases which came under his observation as a consulting
+physician, where the use of alcoholics
+throughout an extended illness favored the continuance
+of delirium, or mild mental disorder, after
+convalescence was established. In each case the
+withdrawal of the alcohol was followed by a cessation
+of the mental delusion.</p>
+
+<p>One of these cases may be taken as an example:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“The third case was that of a woman over sixty years of age,
+who had suffered from a mild grade of fever and protracted
+diarrhœa, somewhat resembling a mild grade of enteric typhoid
+fever.</p>
+
+<p>“As she became much reduced in strength during the latter
+part of her diarrhœa, her friends began to give her wine, and
+sometimes stronger alcoholic drink, under the popular delusion
+that these could strengthen her. Her mind soon became wandering,
+and she was troubled with illusions, which were attributed
+to her weakness, and the so-called stimulants were
+increased. But the mental disorder increased also, and continued
+after the fever and diarrhœa had ceased, until the question
+was raised concerning the propriety of her removal to an
+asylum for the insane.</p>
+
+<p>“Being consulted at that time, and listening to an accurate history
+of the case, I suggested that the anæsthetic effect of the alcohol
+on the cerebral hemispheres, in connection with its effect on
+the hemoglobin, and other elements of the blood, in lessening
+the reception and internal distribution of oxygen, might be
+the cause of both the perpetuation of her weakness, and her
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[Pg 290]</a></span>mental disorder. I advised a trial of its entire omission, and
+the giving of only simple nourishment, and moderate doses of
+strychnine and digitalis, as nerve tonics. My advice was followed,
+though not without much hesitation on the part of her
+friends. The result, however, was entire recovery from the
+mental disorder, and some improvement in her general health.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Puerperal mania resulted in one case cited, from
+the use of a moderate amount of wine at mealtimes;
+when the wine was abandoned the mania subsided.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[Pg 291]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XII" id="CHAPTER_XII"></a>CHAPTER XII.</h2>
+
+<h3>WHY DOCTORS STILL PRESCRIBE ALCOHOLICS.</h3>
+
+
+<p>Workers in the department of Medical Temperance
+of the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union
+are told repeatedly by the better class of physicians
+that they would be glad often not to prescribe alcohol
+if patients and their friends would not insist upon its
+use. There is a deep-rooted prejudice in favor of
+alcohol as a remedy in the minds of the great multitude
+of people, and they are ready to distrust as fanatical,
+or incompetent, any physician who does not use it.
+Dr. Norman Kerr, a well-known physician of England,
+says, that during a ten years’ residence in America, he
+found people unwilling to pay him as much for his
+services as they were willing to pay one who prescribed
+alcoholics. Even those who were abstainers from
+liquors as beverages distrusted him for not using
+these things as medicines. Indeed, this prejudice
+goes so far with many that they will refuse to
+employ a non-alcoholic physician, if they know him
+to be such. In consequence of this latter fact,
+there are great numbers of skilful physicians who
+say nothing about alcohol lest they be con<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[Pg 292]</a></span>sidered
+“faddists,� and lose practice, but who
+never prescribe it unless it is asked for by the
+patient or his friends.</p>
+
+<p>Again, consulting physicians will sometimes insist
+upon the use of alcohol, and thus seeds of distrust
+of the non-alcoholic physician will be sown.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. J. J. Ridge says of medical prescriptions:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Hundreds of medical men order alcoholic liquors from
+habit, from ignorance of their real effect, from fashion, or
+from a desire to please, or not to offend, their patients. Port-wine
+is constantly being ordered when persons are recovering
+from various diseases; day by day they regain their strength,
+and the port-wine gets all the credit of it, especially since
+each glass seems to diffuse a comfortable glow over the whole
+body. They forget that the process of recovery would have
+gone on without the port, and that hundreds and thousands of
+people do get well without it. They often ignore the fact that
+they are taking real tonics in addition. They are misled by
+the sensations which the alcohol causes; they do not know
+that it relaxes the blood-vessels instead of improving their tone;
+that it exhausts the heart by making it beat away more rapidly
+to no profit. Hence the convalescence is actually more
+prolonged than it would otherwise be. Gentle exercise, regulated
+baths, good food, balmy sleep, these are the true restoratives
+of the exhausted system, and no jugglery with sedatives,
+such as alcohol, can produce the desired result.</p>
+
+<p>“It is by its sedative action that alcohol has obtained its position
+in public opinion. It will render persons insensible to
+various uneasy sensations, and the majority prefer to continue
+the bad habits which produce the uneasy sensations, and then
+to take them away by a dose or two of some alcoholic liquor,
+or, indeed, to take this before the uneasy sensations come on.
+In this way they do themselves injury and make themselves
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[Pg 293]</a></span>unconscious of it. Dr. Beaumont, who had the opportunity of
+examining the interior of Alexis St. Martin’s stomach, and of
+seeing how digestion went on, was astonished to see how
+inflamed the mucous membrane could be without any consciousness
+of it. He observed, as a matter of fact, that alcoholic
+drinks of all kinds hindered the process of digestion, and
+produced this morbid condition of the mucous membrane.
+The relief, therefore, which can be obtained by alcohol is
+delusive and dangerous.</p>
+
+<p>“But some persons say they are afraid to abandon the use of
+alcohol because they have been in the habit of taking it for a
+long period. This fear is entirely groundless. The alcohol
+will be missed for a time, just as a person who has been using
+crutches would miss them if thrown away; but they will do
+better without both after a little while. There is no kind of
+constitution which renders a person unable to do without alcohol.
+The prisoners in all our jails have to leave off their drink
+at once, and altogether, on entering there, and no harm ever
+ensues in consequence. But some say that this is because their
+diet is so carefully arranged, and the hygienic condition of the
+prison so perfect. Quite so. This shows us clearly that when
+total abstainers become ill outside the prison, their illness is to
+be attributed to some error in diet or hygiene, or to some
+accidental circumstance. It is absurd to think that the infraction
+of one law of health can be nullified by breaking another;
+that if you eat too much, or too fast, or too often, or what is
+not good for you, you can escape the consequences by injuring
+yourself with alcohol.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. N. S. Davis was for many years openly
+sneered at by many of his professional brethren as
+“a cold-water fanatic.� Since his views are now
+being rapidly adopted by progressive medical men
+all over the civilized world, it may be that soon those
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[Pg 294]</a></span>physicians who cling to alcohol will deserve the
+soubriquet of “alcohol fanatics.� Dr. Davis said:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“If I am asked why the profession continues to prescribe
+these drinks, I answer; simply from the force of habit and traditional
+education, coupled with a reluctance to risk the experiment
+of omitting them while the general popular notions
+sanction their use. Nothing is easier than self-deception in
+this matter. A patient is suddenly taken with syncope, or
+nervous weakness, from which abundant experience has shown
+that a speedy recovery would take place by simple rest and
+fresh air. But in the alarm of friends something must be done.
+A little wine or brandy is given, and as it is not sufficient to
+positively prevent, the patient in due time revives just as would
+have been the case if neither wine nor brandy had been used.</p>
+
+<p>“Of course both doctor and friends will regard the so-called
+stimulant as the cause of the recovery. So, too, when patients
+are getting weak, in the advanced stage of fever, or some other
+self-limited disease, an abundance of nourishment is regularly
+administered, in the greater part of which is mixed some kind
+of alcoholic drink. The latter will always occupy the chief attention,
+and if, after a severe run, the fever, or disease, finally
+disappears, it will be said that the patient was sustained or
+‘kept alive’ for over two or three weeks, as the case may be,
+‘solely by the stimulants,’ when, in fact, if the same nourishment
+and care had been given without a drop of alcohol, he
+would have convalesced sooner, and more perfectly, as I have
+seen demonstrated a thousand times in my experience.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. Casgrau, of Dublin, says that physicians who
+make personal use of alcohol are not able to give
+an unbiased opinion about its action, as one of its
+most marked effects is that of a narcotic to the mental
+powers; such physicians are not so acute to observe
+the action of this, or any drug.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[Pg 295]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Sir B. W. Richardson, M. D., in an address upon
+the reasons why physicians still prescribe alcoholics,
+says that the magnetism of public opinion has
+great weight with professional men.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“All professions are under that subtle influence. All professions
+whatever their duties, whatever their learning may be,
+are sensitive and obedient to that influence. In their pride
+they think they lead public opinion; it is a mistake, they always
+follow it on every question in which the people, at large, have a
+voice. They can assist in influencing the public voice, and
+sometimes, to quote the words of Abbé Purcelle, spoken in the
+dawn of the great French Revolution, they may prove that
+‘respect for sovereign power sometimes consists in transgressing
+its orders,’ but as a general rule not merely the orders but
+the inclinations are obeyed. We have to wait on, and for, public
+opinion, and in nothing so much as on the subject of alcohol.
+The use of alcoholic beverages rests not on argument but
+on habit, custom. To those whom it affects personally it is an
+absolute monarch. It makes its own empire. By the very
+action which it has upon the body of those who receive it into
+themselves it rules and governs. The joke of the inebriate
+man that when he had taken his potation he was quite another
+man and that then he felt it his duty to treat that other man,
+is literally true, a terse and faithful expression of a natural fact.
+The man or woman born and bred under the influence of alcohol
+is of the race of alcohol, and as distinct a person as any
+racial peculiarity can supply. The reason, the judgment, the
+temper, the senses are attuned by it. It is loved by its lovers
+like life. The grape to them is no longer a luscious fruit; it is
+‘the mother of mighty wine,’ and he who is bold enough to disown
+that motherhood must stand apart. How can a profession
+however strong, march all at once against such an overwhelming
+influence? Itself born, perchance, under the influence
+bred under it, how shall it immediately be transformed? Why
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[Pg 296]</a></span>disobey the influence? It is in the <i>interest</i> of the doctor to
+obey, in a worldly sense of view; but more&mdash;it is in his <i>nature</i>
+to obey. The strong bands of nature and interest go hand in
+hand. Is it wonderful that the genius of a professional man
+so situated should, according to the quality of his genius, uphold,
+root and branch, the rôle of his nativity? On the contrary
+the wonder is that he has ever done anything else. It is
+most natural that he should be amongst the last to take up
+what revolutionizes all the manners, and customs, and faiths, of
+society. A lady will ask her physician the question, May I
+take wine, Sir? As much as you like Madam; it is very bad
+for you and I take none, but that is your business entirely.
+Henceforth that gentleman is said to be one who prescribes alcohol
+in any quantity. In fact, he never prescribes it, for although
+when forbidding is hopeless, there is all the difference
+in the world between prescribing and permitting, permitting
+goes down as if it were prescribing. Often a patient will try
+to compromise. On an ocean of whisky and water, brandy and
+soda, or other poisonous mixture, he is floating into fatal paralysis.
+You tell him so faithfully, and he says he knows it and
+will drop down to claret. If you assent, he tells his friends you
+have changed his brandy or whisky to wine; if you dissent, he
+says you have left your duty as a doctor undone, in order to become
+an advocate for abstaining temperance, about which he is
+as competent a judge as you are, and he won’t pay fees for that
+advice. He pays to be cured of his disease, not to be dragooned
+into a system peculiar in its tenets. In an alcoholic world
+there is a strong argument in this decision. It rolls splendidly,
+especially down hill.�</p></div>
+
+<p>After speaking of non-alcoholic physicians, and
+their opinions of the harmfulness of alcohol, he
+adds:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“On the other side, there are practitioners who, under the
+magnetism of public opinion, as earnestly believe the opposite
+in relation to alcohol, who declare they could not, conscienti<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[Pg 297]</a></span>ously,
+practice their profession if they were debarred the use of
+alcohol, and who look on the advance and the growth of scientific
+abstaining principles&mdash;which they cannot avoid recognizing&mdash;with
+positive dread. The extremists on this side are indeed
+extreme in their fanaticism. They shut their eyes to the most
+obvious facts, and do not hesitate in their blindness to misrepresent
+the most obvious truths. They affirm that under the influence
+of total abstinence and, by inference, because of total
+abstinence, the yearly decreasing death-rate of the population
+is accompanied by reduction of vitality; that people who live
+long are more enfeebled than those who live short lives and
+merry; that under abstinence from alcohol fearful diseases are
+being developed; that the total abstainers have less power for
+resisting disease than the moderate temperate; and that under
+the current system of advance towards total abstinence, a very
+small advance yet by the way, diseases of a low type have developed
+and extended their ravages.�</p></div>
+
+<p>It is only physicians of large conscientiousness,
+or of great independence of character, who will dare
+to go counter to the prejudices of the people.</p>
+
+<p>Consequently, it is necessary to educate <i>the people</i>
+in the teachings of those physicians, whose eminence
+in the profession has permitted them, or
+whose conscientiousness has driven them, to expose
+the delusions concerning the medical value of alcoholic
+beverages. When the people cease to believe
+in alcoholic remedies, physicians will no longer prescribe
+them. But while the majority desire the
+“physicians’ prescription� as a cover for indulgence,
+there will be found physicians willing to give such
+prescriptions.</p>
+
+<p>That the prescription of alcohol by physicians is
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[Pg 298]</a></span>largely a matter of routine may be seen from the
+following two cases, reported to the writer by
+county superintendents of the department of Medical
+Temperance.</p>
+
+<p>In the first case, the physician said to the nurse,
+“If the patient’s heart becomes weak, you might
+give a little brandy or whisky.� Seeing reluctance
+expressed upon the nurse’s countenance, he added
+hastily, “Or coffee, strong coffee will do just as
+well.� The nurse in reporting this to the writer,
+said, “Why couldn’t he have ordered coffee in the
+first place if he thought it equally good?�</p>
+
+<p>The second case was that of an aged woman
+whose physician ordered whisky as a tonic. Her
+granddaughter ventured to ask, “Would not whisky
+have a narcotic rather than a tonic effect?� He
+replied thoughtfully, “Well, tell the truth, I suppose
+it would.�</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[Pg 299]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIII" id="CHAPTER_XIII"></a>CHAPTER XIII.</h2>
+
+<h3>ALCOHOLIC PROPRIETARY OR ‘PATENT’ MEDICINES.</h3>
+
+
+<p>America has been called the Paradise of Quacks,
+and with good reason. For years patent medicine
+manufacturers had such complete control of the
+American press, both secular and religious, that it
+was almost impossible to reach the public with information
+as to the real nature of these concoctions.
+Consequently the people accepted with amazing credulity
+the startling claims to miraculous cures of various
+pills and potions as set forth under glaring headlines
+in the daily papers. The publicity of the last few
+years has hurt the traffic seriously, but it still has a
+great hold upon the ignorant and credulous part of
+the population, and there is still a very large number
+of these preparations upon the market. Many persons
+think that the Pure Food Law guarantees every drug
+preparation now sold to be perfectly safe for use.
+This is a great error. The guarantee means simply
+that the manufacturer guarantees that his preparation
+is as he states upon the label; the government guarantees
+nothing concerning the matter. That the guarantee
+of the manufacturer is not always truthful has
+been shown by analyses of some preparations made by
+state and national chemists. All the advantage that
+the public has through the Pure Food Law, so far as
+drug preparations are concerned, is that the percentage
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[Pg 300]</a></span>of alcohol must be printed upon the label, and the
+presence of certain dangerous drugs, such as morphine,
+cocaine, and acetanilid must be indicated. Thus persons
+intelligent as to the nature of these drugs will
+avoid medicines which the label says contains them.
+The ignorant are not protected. It was difficult to
+secure even this small restriction upon the sale of proprietary
+medicines because of the opposition of a large
+number of newspaper publishers who were sharing
+the ill-gotten gains of the medical fakirs.</p>
+
+<p>A careful compilation of manufacturers’ announcements
+list 1,806 so-called patent medicines sold in
+open markets, in which alcohol, opium or other
+toxic drugs form constituent parts. 675 of the
+preparations are known as “bitters,� stomachics, or
+cordials, and alcohol enters into their composition in
+quantities varying from fifteen to fifty per cent.;
+390 are recommended for coughs and colds, nearly
+all of which contain opium. Sixty remedies are sold
+for the relief of pain, and no other purpose. 120 are
+for nervous troubles, and of this number, sixty-five
+have entering into their composition coca leaves, or
+kola nut, or both, or are represented by their respective
+active principles, cocaine or caffeine. 129 are
+offered for headaches, and kindred ailments, and
+usually with a guarantee to give immediate relief.
+In these are generally compounded phenacetine,
+caffeine, antipyrine, acetanilid, or morphine, diluted
+with soda, or sugar of milk. Dysentery, diarrhœa,
+cholera morbus, cramp in bowels, etc., have 185
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[Pg 301]</a></span>quick reliefs or “cures� to their credit, nearly all of
+which contain opium, many of them in addition,
+alcohol, ginger, capsicum or myrrh in various combinations,
+and there are numerous cases on record
+where children and adults have been narcotized by
+their excessive use. Some manufacturers print on
+the labels covering these goods, words of caution
+limiting the amount to be taken. Forty-eight compounds
+for asthma contain caffeine and morphine.
+Sufferers from toothache have their choice from
+thirty-eight remedies, and thirty-six soothing, or
+teething, syrups are provided for infants.</p>
+
+<p>Many people have ignorantly and innocently formed
+an alcohol, morphine, or cocaine habit through the use
+of patent medicines. Many deaths have occurred
+from headache powders of which acetanilid is the chief
+ingredient. Dr. Harvey W. Wiley, chief of the Bureau
+of Chemistry, says of these headache powders:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“A woman has a headache and she uses one of these remedies.
+It relieves the pain. When she has another attack she
+uses it again and again with the same result. After a while
+she finds the usual amount of the remedy does not cure the
+pain. She uses two portions, and so the habit is formed
+until absolute danger is confronted. For one thing must not
+be forgotten: these remedies are powerful, for if they were
+not they would be of no effect. They are in certain doses
+deadly; they depress the nervous system; they disturb the
+digestion; they interfere with natural sleep; they require to
+be used in increasingly larger quantities as the system becomes
+accustomed to their use; they are almost without exception
+excreted by the kidneys, thus adding an additional
+burden to organs already badly overworked. They produce
+a habit of gaining relief which becomes an obsession and incapable
+of being <a name="Page_301t" id="Page_301t"></a><a href="#Page_301tn">resisted.�</a></p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[Pg 302]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>It may be asked, “How is it if these mixtures are
+harmful only, that so many people profess to have
+received benefit from <a name="Page_302t" id="Page_302t"></a><a href="#Page_302tn">them?�</a> There are different
+reasons for this.</p>
+
+<p>1. The nature of such drugs as alcohol, opium and
+cocaine is to benumb sensation, so that pain is
+stilled, and the pain, or functional disturbance forgotten
+for the time, because the nerves are drugged
+into insensibility. The person <i>feels</i> better while
+under the influence of the drug, so thinks it is benefiting
+him.</p>
+
+<p>2. There are people who imagine they have diseases
+which they do not have; since trained physicians
+occasionally err in diagnosis, it is not strange
+if the laity should do likewise. Such persons are
+always ready to aver that a certain medicine “cured�
+them.</p>
+
+<p>A ludicrous example of this is a woman out West,
+whose picture graces the advertisements of a certain
+nostrum, accompanied by a testimonial that said
+nostrum cured her of a “polypus�! Upon being
+written to as to how such a preparation could effect
+such a cure, she answered that, after giving the testimonial,
+she found that she had not had a polypus!</p>
+
+<p>3. Some of the cures attributed to drugs, are
+doubtless due to Nature. It is estimated that from
+30 to 90 per cent. of ailments are cured by Nature,
+unassisted, and often in spite of, the drugs swallowed.
+Many of the books advertising these remedies (?)
+give excellent rules of health, which, if followed,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[Pg 303]</a></span>would restore persons to vigor more speedily without
+the accompanying medicine, than they can be
+restored while the system has the poisonous drugs
+to throw off. It may be reasonably assumed that a
+goodly number of recoveries ascribed to drug treatments
+are due, in reality, to the resisting force of a
+good constitution, or to obedience to the laws of
+health given in the circular.</p>
+
+<p>4. It is not uncommon for people suffering from
+certain diseases to have temporary remissions in the
+course of the disease. No doubt, some of the cases
+reported as cures are such spontaneous remissions,
+which are followed, after the testimonials have been
+written, by relapse. The majority of people are
+ignorant of the natural course of diseases&mdash;of what
+happens when no treatment is taken. They do not
+know that a great many affections are characterized
+by periods of apparent recovery. For instance in
+some varieties of paralysis, as well as in consumption,
+the sufferer may to appearance recover completely
+for a few months or longer; if a remedy was being
+used at the time, it would naturally get the credit
+of causing the favorable change.</p>
+
+<p>However, all of the glowing testimonials of wonderful
+benefits accruing from patent medicines are
+not what they seem to be. Dr. J. H. Kellogg says
+in his <i>Monitor of Health</i>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“The average manufacturer of patent medicines regularly
+employs a person of some literary attainment whose duty it is
+to invent vigorous testimonials of sufferings relieved by Dr.
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[Pg 304]</a></span>Charlatan’s universal panacea. In many instances persons are
+hired to give testimonials, and answer letters of inquiry in such
+a way as to encourage business. The shameless dishonesty
+and ingenious villainy exhibited are beyond description.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Recently an advertisement of one of these nostrums
+stated in the headlines that said nostrum
+was used in the Frances Willard Temperance Hospital,
+Chicago. The testimonial appended purported
+to be from a nurse in that hospital, <i>but the testimonial
+did not state, as did the headlines</i>, that the preparation
+was ever used in that hospital. The president
+of the hospital board of trustees states that the
+nurse positively denies having given any testimonial
+to the company thus advertising. She did give one
+to another patent medicine concern, but not to this,
+and never said either was used in the hospital, nor
+have they been. Suit could be brought for damages,
+but unfortunately the patent medicine people
+have unlimited money, and the hospital has not.</p>
+
+<p>Early in the present year there appeared in many
+daily papers a large advertising picture of a man
+whose name was appended as a professional nurse of
+a western city.</p>
+
+<p>The following testimonial accompanied the picture:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Mr. &mdash;&mdash; of &mdash;&mdash;, who is a professional nurse of experience,
+writes,&mdash;‘My friend is improving, thanks to &mdash;&mdash;, and
+you. I am called on to nurse the sick of all classes. I recommend
+---- to such an extent that I am nicknamed &mdash;&mdash;
+(giving name of nostrum) by nearly everybody.’�</p></div>
+
+<p>As the writer of this book was acquainted with a
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[Pg 305]</a></span>physician residing in the small city mentioned in
+the advertisement, she wrote to him, requesting that
+he investigate this testimonial.</p>
+
+<p>He replied that he found the chief part of the
+advertisement, namely, that Mr. &mdash;&mdash; was a professional
+nurse, false; “First, by his own statement
+as he told me this morning that he never claimed
+to be a professional nurse. And my personal acquaintance
+with him, as well as that of a number of
+other physicians in our little city, and reliable men
+and women of this community who are acquainted
+with him, all testify to the same thing, namely;
+that he is not a professional nurse, neither is he a
+nurse, or even a reliable man. He is an innocent,
+ignorant man, very close to the pauper class. He
+told me when I read the commendation to which
+his name is affixed, that it was all true except the
+professional nurse part, and that was entirely false,
+as stated above.�</p>
+
+<p>As the picture was of a fine-looking, intelligent-appearing
+man it probably was as <i>genuine</i> as the
+testimonial.</p>
+
+<p>The following was clipped from a copy of <i>Merck’s
+Report</i>, April, 1899, a druggists’ paper published in
+New York city:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><h4>
+<big><span class="smcap">Many Druggists Indignant.</span></big><br />
+<br />
+A PATENT-MEDICINE ADVERTISEMENT CONTAINS UNAUTHORIZED<br />
+ENDORSEMENTS.</h4>
+
+<p>“Fully a score of East-side druggists are up in arms over the
+unauthorized use of their names in a full-page newspaper adver<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[Pg 306]</a></span>tisement
+of a widely-known specific. This advertisement appeared
+recently in certain New York daily papers, and retail
+druggists who have made it a rule of their business never to
+recommend any particular proprietary article, found themselves
+quoted in unqualified laudation of the article so liberally advertised.
+The names and addresses of the druggists were given
+in full, and when several of the men quoted conferred together
+they found that the most barefaced misrepresentation had been
+resorted to.</p>
+
+<p>“One of the pharmacists thus misrepresented, happened to be
+Sidney Faber, the secretary of the Board of Pharmacy. He
+was not selling this particular specific, and had never said a
+word for or against it, nevertheless, six or eight lines of endorsement
+of the article were directly attributed to him. He
+called on some of his druggist neighbors whose names he saw
+in the advertisement, and ascertained that they, too, had been
+falsely and unwarrantably quoted. Mr. Faber promptly wrote
+to the proprietors of the specific in question, and denounced the
+published endorsements bearing his name, as a forgery. His
+indignation was by no means appeased when he received a
+letter from the proprietary concern, couched in the following
+language: ‘We regret to learn that you have been annoyed by
+any statements that have appeared in New York city papers.
+We will forward your letter to them.’</p>
+
+<p>“Within the past few days several of the druggists whose
+names were used in this advertisement without authority, have
+been considering the advisability of taking legal proceedings in
+order to ascertain their rights in the matter. It is contrary to
+pharmaceutical ethics for a pharmacist to specially endorse any
+proprietary article, or patent medicine. Some of the offended
+druggists propose to contribute to a fund for the purpose of
+publicly, and widely, advertising this unwarranted use of their
+names.�<br /><br /></p></div>
+
+<p>When patent medicine advertisers would dare to
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[Pg 307]</a></span>resort to such a wholesale fraud as this, what may
+they be expected to refrain from?</p>
+
+<p>As an illustration of how commendations from
+notable persons are sometimes obtained, the following
+is cited: In the winter of 1899, appeared an
+advertising picture of the lovely Christian lady
+from Denmark, the Countess Schimmelmann, who
+was spending some time in Chicago. Below her
+picture were the words:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Adeline, Countess Schimmelmann, whose portrait is here
+given, in a recent letter to the &mdash;&mdash; company, (mentioning
+proprietors of nostrum) speaks of friends of hers who have
+been benefited by &mdash;&mdash; (mentioning nostrum), and who first
+advised her to recommend it to her sick friends.</p>
+
+<p>“The Countess, as is well known, is a prominent member of
+the Danish court. Her coming to this country has been much
+talked of. Her real object is one of charity. She is stopping
+in Chicago, <i>and from there writes her straightforward endorsement
+of</i> &mdash;&mdash; (mentioning nostrum).�</p></div>
+
+<p>The italics are the writer’s. The picture and the
+testimonial were cut from the paper, and sent to
+the countess, asking if she had so spoken of this
+medicine, and, if so, did she, a strong total abstinence
+woman, know that this mixture contains a
+large percentage of alcohol.</p>
+
+<p>She responded as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Thank you for asking me about the enclosed. A white-ribbon
+lady came and asked me if I would do her the great
+kindness to recommend &mdash;&mdash; compound (made up of the
+juice of celery). I said I could not personally recommend it
+as I neither use, nor want, medicine. But some very reliable
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[Pg 308]</a></span>friends of mine (<i>temperance people</i>, and <i>true Christians</i>) told
+me I would do a good thing in recommending it as they used
+it, and found it excellent. Then I wrote the following: ‘I
+myself cannot recommend &mdash;&mdash; compound as I do not suffer
+from any of the ailments it is said to be good for, but reliable
+friends of mine tell me that it is excellent, and I would do a
+good thing in recommending it to my friends. Adeline, Countess
+Schimmelmann.’</p>
+
+<p>“I will only consent to the publishing of this letter if you
+publish the <i>whole</i> letter, and no extract from it, as the white-ribbon
+lady did for the &mdash;&mdash; compound.�</p></div>
+
+<p>If a white-ribboner played this mean trick upon
+this distinguished Christian worker she is unworthy
+of membership in the Woman’s Christian
+Temperance Union. It is more than likely that
+the “white-ribbon lady,� was a paid advertising
+agent of the patent medicine manufacturer, and
+wore a white-ribbon to gain the confidence of the
+Countess.</p>
+
+<p>Whether patent medicine manufacturers know
+how to doctor all ills to which human flesh is heir
+may be doubted, but that their advertising agents
+are skilful “doctors� of testimonials is very evident
+to any one acquainted with the facts.</p>
+
+<p>The Department of Public Charities of New
+York city in a “Report on the use of so-called
+Proprietary Medicines as Therapeutic Agents,�
+says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“In connection with this subject it might be mentioned that,
+for years past, the name of Bellevue Hospital has been taken
+in vain by a number of persons and firms, without any authority
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[Pg 309]</a></span>whatever. It is a common occurrence that samples of proprietary
+medicines, foods, mineral waters, plasters, etc., etc. are
+sent to the hospital, or to members of the house-staff for
+‘trial,’ whereupon the subsequent advertisements of the
+articles in question often assert that the latter are ‘used in
+Bellevue Hospital,’ leaving the impression upon the mind of
+the reader that the article, or articles, have been used with
+the sanction of some member of the Medical Board. It is
+probably impossible to find a remedy for this evil, from which
+many other institutions of repute likewise suffer. To publish a
+denial of such false assertions would only aggravate the evil.
+The utmost that can be done appears to be, to caution the
+medical staff against any entanglements with, or encouragement
+of, the agents of the interested parties.�</p></div>
+
+<p>This report, which was adopted by the Medical
+Board of Bellevue Hospital, classifies proprietary
+preparations as “Objectionable� or “Unobjectionable�
+according to the following rules:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Unobjectionable preparations are those, the origin and
+composition of which is not kept secret, and which are known
+to serve a useful and legitimate purpose. Malted Milk is an
+example. Objectionable proprietary preparations, by far the
+largest group of the whole class, comprise all those which are
+aimed at under the medical code of ethics under the term
+’secret nostrum,’ which term may be more closely defined thus:</p>
+
+<p>“A secret nostrum is a preparation, the origin or composition
+of which is kept secret, the therapeutic claims for which
+are unreasonable or unscientific, or which is not intended for a
+legitimate purpose.</p>
+
+<p>“Examples: The various ‘Soothing Syrups,’ ‘Female
+Regulators,’ ‘Blood Purifiers,’ and thousands of others.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. A. Emil Hiss, Ph. G., says of the secrecy of
+these preparations:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[Pg 310]</a></span>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“A secret compound with a meaningless title is presumptively
+a fraud. Why a secret if not to permit extravagant, or
+fraudulent, claims as to therapeutic merit? *&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;* The
+ruling motive of the secret being essentially false and dishonest,
+its employment in the interest of any remedy is clearly
+a sufficient cause for its condemnation and ostracism.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Mothers sometimes wonder why their boys take
+so readily to cigarettes, or their daughters to cocaine,
+never thinking that the soothing syrup, or cough
+mixture given freely by themselves to their children
+developed a craving for something stronger later
+on. Mrs. Winslow’s Soothing Syrup, advertised for
+years in church as well as secular papers as “invaluable
+for children,� is cited in the report for
+1888 of the Massachusetts State Board of Health
+as containing opium; also Ayer’s Cherry Pectoral,
+Dr. Bull’s Cough Syrup, Jayne’s Expectorant,
+Hooker’s Cough and Croup Syrup, Moore’s Essence
+of Life, Mother Bailey’s Quieting Syrup, and others
+too numerous to mention. The report says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“The sale of soothing syrups, and all medicines designed for
+the use of children, which contain opium and its preparations
+should be prohibited. Many would be deterred from using a
+preparation known to contain opium, who would use without
+question a soothing syrup recommended for teething children.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Again, on page 149 the following is quoted from
+a prominent physician:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Among infants, and in the early years of life, soothing
+syrups are the cause of untold misery; for seeds are doubtlessly
+sown in infancy only to bear the most pernicious fruit in adult
+life. It is said that one of the best known soothing syrups con<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[Pg 311]</a></span>tains
+from one to three grains of morphia to the ounce of
+syrup. I believe that stringent legal measures should immediately
+be taken to stop the sale of so-called soothing syrups
+containing opium, morphia or codeine.�</p></div>
+
+<p>The writer has known mothers so ignorant of the
+nature of these soothing syrups as to deliberately
+put the baby to sleep upon them in order to insure
+relief from care for some hours.</p>
+
+<p>Prof. J. Redding, M. D., says on this point:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“While it may be true that an adult, of his own free will, and
+without incentive, or predisposing causes, does occasionally become
+a drunkard, I am convinced that nine hundred and
+ninety-nine out of every one thousand individuals who become
+drunkards are made so in embryo, infancy, or childhood, by the
+use of alcoholic decoctions, soothing syrups, opiates, calomel,
+etc. which are given as medicines to allay pain, obtund nerve
+sensibility, to cure the little sufferer of his <i>vital manifestations</i>,
+of his <i>mental discomforts</i>, but leave the actual disease and its,
+perhaps, putrid causation to time and debilitated vitality to
+remove.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Of the danger and harmfulness of patent cough
+mixtures <i>The American Therapist</i> says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Cough mixtures as a rule, do more harm than good. Nine
+times out of ten the principal ingredient is opium. It is true
+that opium may lessen the tendency to cough, but it does great
+damage by arresting the normal secretions, and the system
+becomes affected by the poisons from the kidneys, skin,
+stomach, intestines and the mucous membrane lining the upper
+air passages. Not only do these mixtures arrest every
+secretion in the body, but they also show their deteriorating
+and degrading effect through the stomach. They contain substances
+which tend to disorder and derange digestion.�</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[Pg 312]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Several years ago the Post-Office Department at
+Washington was led to take an interest in the question
+of fraudulent “patent� medicines, and an examination
+of many of these nostrums was undertaken by government
+chemists. Fraud orders were issued against
+some of the most flagrant offenders, forbidding them
+the use of the mails. This has not done away with the
+evil, however, for they usually move to another city,
+and begin business again under another name.</p>
+
+<p>The examinations made for the Post Office Department
+revealed the fact that a great many of the so-called
+medicines on the market were intoxicating beverages
+in disguise. The Internal Revenue Department
+then took up the matter and a long list of these beverage
+medicines was sent out to internal revenue agents
+with instructions that these must not be sold henceforth
+unless by persons paying a special tax for the
+sale of alcoholic beverages.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the manufacturers of these nostrums
+availed themselves of opportunity given to add a recognized
+medicinal agent to their flavored alcohol and
+water and such preparations were stricken from the
+list of those requiring a whisky license for their sale.
+Peruna and Hostetter’s Bitters were the best-known
+of these. Peruna had been up to this time what government
+chemists called “a cheap cocktail.� The report
+of the pure food commissioner of North Dakota
+for 1906 gives on page 157 an analysis of it as now
+upon the market: “Alcohol by volume, 21.25 per
+cent.; total solids, 3.846 per cent.; ash, .158 per cent.�
+The report says:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[Pg 313]</a></span>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“The only thing of a medicinal nature that we could find
+in this preparation appeared to be a small amount of senna
+combined with a bitters of some kind.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Proprietary “Foods� have not escaped attention
+from chemists. Dr. Charles Harrington, for several
+years secretary of Massachusetts Board of Health,
+was the first to publish an analysis of these preparations
+showing their alcoholic strength and their small
+nutritive content. He lists “foods� examined by him
+as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Liquid Peptonoids 23.03 alcohol; maximum amount recommended
+will yield less than one ounce of nutriment per
+day, and the equivalent of 3.50 oz. of whisky. Hemapeptone
+10.60 alcohol; Hemaboloids 15.81 alcohol; the maximum dose
+recommended yields about ¼ oz. of nutriment, and the equivalent
+of about 1½ oz. of whisky daily. Tonic Beef 15.58
+alcohol; doses recommended yield about ½ oz. nutriment
+daily, and the equivalent of one ounce of whiskey. Mulford’s
+Predigested Beef 19.72 alcohol; doses recommended
+yield about 1¼ oz. nutriment daily, and the alcoholic equivalent
+of about 6 oz. of whisky. There were “Foods� for the
+sick examined which were non-alcoholic, but their nutritive
+value was about nothing in comparison to their cost.�</p></div>
+
+<p>The Committee on Pharmacy of the American
+Medical Association reports on the following foods
+thus:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Carpanutrine 17.3 alcohol; Liquid Peptones (Lilly &amp; Co.)
+22.0; Nutrient Wine of Beef Peptone (Armour) 21.5; Nutritive
+Liquid Peptone 23.0; Panopepton 18.5; Peptonic Elixir
+18.8; Tonic Beef 16.1. The report on these says: “There are
+no fatty substances present in these products; their food
+value from this point of view is, therefore, <i>nil</i><a name="Page_313t" id="Page_313t"></a><a href="#Page_313tn">.�</a></p></div>
+
+<p>A prominent physician of Philadelphia said of these
+“Foods� in the Journal of the A. M. A.:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[Pg 314]</a></span>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“I have long been convinced that many a patient has suffered
+severely when preparations such as these were being
+used, and that not a few of them have died, chiefly of starvation.
+*&nbsp;*&nbsp;* A very important disadvantage of these foods
+is their alcoholic content. Even in the small doses customarily
+used, the quantity of alcohol is often irritating to the stomach,
+and may be disadvantageous in other ways.�</p></div>
+
+<p>The Committee on Pharmacy also reported on cod-liver
+oil preparations. They said: “A preparation
+claiming to represent cod-liver oil which does not contain
+oil in some form is fraudulent. Waterbury’s
+Metabolized Cod-Liver Oil and Hagee’s Cordial of
+Cod-Liver Oil are cited as examples. It is claimed
+by the manufacturers that the latter represents 33 per
+cent. of pure Norwegian cod-liver oil, but in neither
+of these preparations did the tests made by the committee
+show any oil. Analysis revealed sugar, alcohol,
+and glycerine, none of which is contained in cod-liver
+<a name="Page_314t" id="Page_314t"></a><a href="#Page_314tn">oil.�</a></p>
+
+<p>Vinol is advertised as Wine of Cod-Liver Oil, but
+is admittedly without oil, and according to analysis
+contains 18.8 per cent. alcohol. Wampole’s Tasteless
+Preparation of Cod-Liver Oil showed 20.05 per cent.
+of alcohol.</p>
+
+<p>Cod-Liver Oil is considerably out of date now as a
+prescribed remedy because physicians have found that
+it impairs appetite. Cream and fresh butter and olive
+oil are advised instead.</p>
+
+<p>Australia has been such a harvest field for patent
+medicine manufacturers that a government commission
+was appointed to study the subject. This commission
+presented a voluminous report to the parlia<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[Pg 315]</a></span>ment
+of 1907. This report gives an analysis of most
+of the extensively advertised medicines. Doan’s Backache
+Kidney Pills are said to be made of oil of juniper
+1 drop, hemlock pitch 10 grains, potassium nitrate
+5 grains, powdered fenugreek (Greek hay) 4 grains,
+wheat flour 4 grains, maize starch 2 grains. The report
+says: “The stuff is the cheapest kind of skin-plaster
+made up into pills.� The seeds of fenugreek are used
+mainly for poultices. Doan’s Dinner Pills contain two
+drastic purgatives, podophyllin and aloin. Both of
+these are dangerous drugs. Aloin frequently produces
+hemorrhoids (piles). The <i>British Medical Journal</i>
+says that the material in forty of the Kidney Pills and
+four Dinner Pills would cost one English halfpenny
+(one cent).</p>
+
+<p>Vitae-Ore is given as consisting of ordinary sulphate
+of iron (green vitriol) to which a little Epsom
+salts has been added. Munyon’s Kidney Cure, which
+claims to cure Bright’s disease, gravel, and all urinary
+diseases, is given as composed entirely of sugar. Dr.
+Williams’ Pink Pills are said to be an iron pill much
+the same as the ordinary Blaud’s Pills which are sold
+in drug-stores for half, or less than half, the price of
+the proprietary article. (Iron is said by recent investigators
+to be very injurious to the stomach.)</p>
+
+<p>The Committee on Pharmacy of the American Medical
+Association has analyzed many proprietary medicines;
+from their reports the following analyses are
+taken. “Health Grains,� which are claimed to be a
+remedy for “Dyspepsia, Indigestion, Nervousness,
+etc.,� were found to consist of 87.50 per cent. of coarse
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[Pg 316]</a></span>quartz sand, and 12.50 per cent. of rock candy and
+syrup.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><a name="Page_316t" id="Page_316t"></a><a href="#Page_316tn">“Hoff’s</a> Consumption Cure consists essentially of sodium cinnamate
+and extract of opium, a mixture at one time suggested
+for the treatment of tuberculosis, but which has been
+discarded by physicians. A medicine which depends on
+opium for whatever therapeutic effect it may have is, when
+sold indiscriminately to the laity, inherently vicious.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Sartoin Skin Food for “sunburn, and all skin blemishes�
+was made of Epsom salts colored with a pink
+dye. The government prosecuted the company sending
+out Epsom salts as a “food,� and they were fined
+$20 for thus seeking to dupe silly women.</p>
+
+<p>Malt extracts are very extensively used at the
+present time, under the popular notion that they
+are an aid to starch digestion. That they are a
+product of the brewery has caused them to be
+looked upon with suspicion by cautious people, but
+the multitude has apparently given no thought, or
+care, as to whether or not they may be alcoholic.
+Dr. Charles Harrington presented the results of an
+examination of these preparations at a meeting of
+the Boston Society of Medical Sciences, held Nov.
+17, 1896. The following is quoted from the journal
+of the society for November, 1896:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Twenty-one different brands of liquid malt extract were
+obtained and analyzed. That they were not true malt extracts
+is shown by the fact that in no one was there the slightest diastatic
+power; all were alcoholic, some being stronger than beer,
+ale, or even porter. In a number of specimens a large amount
+of salicylic acid was detected.�</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[Pg 317]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Dr. J. H. Kellogg, in commenting upon this report,
+said in the Dec., 1896, <i>Bulletin of the A. M. T. A.</i>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“In the light of these facts, it is apparent that ale or lager
+beer might as well be prescribed for a patient as these so-called
+malt extracts, which are practically nothing more than concentrated
+ale or lager.�</p></div>
+
+<p>There are malt extracts, made up like honey, or
+syrup, in consistency, which are valuable.</p>
+
+<p>The following list of malt extracts, with accompanying
+letter from Prof. Sharples, is taken from a
+paper published by Hon. Henry H. Faxon, of
+Quincy, Mass.:&mdash;<br /></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>
+<span class="ralign">“Boston, Mass., March 20, 1897.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>“I enclose a list of the malt extracts examined in this office
+during the past year or two. These samples were all in
+original packages, obtained by officers in various parts of
+Eastern Massachusetts. They probably very fairly represent the
+various malt extracts on the market. I have added two
+samples of Porter and one of Old Brown Stout for purposes of
+comparison.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 50%">
+“Yours respectfully,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;“<span class="smcap">S. P. Sharples</span>.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;“State Assayer.�<br />
+</p></div>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" summary="Analysis of malt extracts." style="width: 60%;">
+  <tr>
+   <th class="tdl">&nbsp;</th>
+   <th class="tdl">Name.</th>
+   <th class="tdrp">Solids.</th>
+   <th class="tdrp">Alcohol.</th>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">5193</td>
+    <td class="tdl">English Malt Extract</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">9.70</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">5.63</td>
+  </tr>
+
+    <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">5214</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Old Grist Mill Malt Extract</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">10.57</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">5.54</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">5418</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Old Grist Mill Malt Extract</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">9.98</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">5.63</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">5490</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Old Grist Mill Malt Extract</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">12.28</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">5.86</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">5626</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Old Grist Mill Malt Extract</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">9.63</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">5.00</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">5207</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Liquid Food, a Malt Extract</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">10.47</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">4.27</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">5225</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Pure Malt, a Liquid Food, a Tonic</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">9.71</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">5.00<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[Pg 318]</a></span>
+</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">5416</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Pure Malt, a Liquid Food, a Tonic</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">10.76</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">6.32</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">5619</td>
+    <td class="tdl">King’s Pure Malt<a name="FNanchor_C_3" id="FNanchor_C_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_C_3" class="fnanchor">[C]</a></td>
+    <td class="tdrp">9.52</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">6.60</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">5421</td>
+    <td class="tdl">A Nutritious Tonic, Pure Malt Extract</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">10.88</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">6.24</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">5226</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Noris’ Extract of Malt</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">11.57</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">5.94</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">5258</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Noris’ Extract of Malt</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">9.31</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">6.55</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">5397</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Noris’ Extract of Malt</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">10.63</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">6.24</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">5485</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Noris’ Extract of Malt</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">10.50</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">6.63</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">5620</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Noris’ Extract of Malt</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">12.55</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">5.90</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">5229</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Pabst Malt Extract, The Best Tonic</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">10.43</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">5.16</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">5230</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Hoff’s Malt Extract (Tarrant’s)</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">11.33</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">8.88</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">5489</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Hoff’s Malt Extract (Tarrant’s)</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">12.25</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">7.17</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">5231</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Johann Hoff’sches Malz-Extract, Gesundheit’s Beir</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">11.31</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">4.34</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">5491</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Johann Hoff’sches Malz-Extract, Gesundheit’s Beir</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">11.02</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">4.85</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">5621</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Johann Hoff’sches Malz-Extract, Gesundheit’s Beir</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">10.49</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">4.50</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">5408</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Johann Hoff’sches Malz-Extract, Gesundheit’s Beir</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">11.47</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">4.78</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">5340</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Haffenreffer &amp; Co. Malt Wine</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">11.02</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">6.65</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">5423</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Haffenreffer &amp; Co. Malt Wine</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">11.71</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">5.63</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Liquid Bread, A Pure Extract of Malt</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">6.78</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">6.63</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">5395</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Durgin’s Malt, Liquid Extract of Malt</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">7.12</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">5.94</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">5433</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Durgin’s Liquid Extract of Malt</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">6.49</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">5.55</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">5396</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Wyeth’s Liquid Malt Extract</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">14.80</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">3.35</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">5488</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Wyeth’s Liquid Malt Extract</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">15.50</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">2.86</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">5622</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Wyeth’s Liquid Malt Extract</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">15.73</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">2.35</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">5406</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Wampole’s Concentrated Extract of Malt</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">9.84</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">9.86</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">5407</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Anheuser-Busch’s Malt Nutrine</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">15.98</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">3.00</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">5600</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Anheuser-Busch’s Malt Nutrine</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">15.82</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">2.25</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">5417</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Malt Extract (Sterilized), John L. Gleeson</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">7.97</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">4.71</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+   <td class="tdl">5422</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Malt Extract (Sterilized), Charles C. Hearn</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">8.58</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">5.00</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">5436</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Burkhart Brewing Co.’s Malt Extract</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">10.73</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">7.01</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">5486</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Menzel’s Extract of Malt</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">5.90</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">5.24<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[Pg 319]</a></span></td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">5625</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Menzel’s Extract of Malt</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">6.75</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">4.35</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">5623</td>
+    <td class="tdl">King of Malt Tonics, Lion Tonic</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">10.95</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">7.05</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">5624</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Teutonic, “A concentrated Extract of Malt and Hops�</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">9.95</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">7.45</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">5409</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Van Nostrand’s Old Stout Porter, “a pure malt extract�</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">7.97</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">6.55</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">5233</td>
+    <td class="tdl"><a name="Page_319t" id="Page_319t"></a><a href="#Page_319tn">Philadelphia</a> Porter</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">5.34</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">6.63</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">5232</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Burke’s Guiness Stout</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">6.66</td>
+    <td class="tdrp">7.17</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_C_3" id="Footnote_C_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_C_3"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> The label on King’s Malt states that for a strong, healthy person, with a
+good appetite, a pint with each meal and another on retiring at night will not
+be too much.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The alcohol in the above table represents the cubic centimeters
+of alcohol in a 100 cubic centimeters of the liquid. The solids
+are the number of grams of solid extract in each 100 centimeters
+of the liquid.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 50%">
+
+<span class="smcap">S. P. Sharples.</span><br /><br />
+</p></div>
+
+<p>The <i>British Medical Journal</i>, and the <i>British
+Medical Temperance Review</i> have been calling attention
+to the danger in coca wines. Intemperance
+among invalids is said to be greatly on the increase
+from the use of these wines. In every case the
+basis of these preparations is strongly alcoholic
+wine, ranging from 18 to 20 per cent. The coca
+added is either the leaves, or liquid extract of coca,
+or hydrochlorate of cocaine.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Frederic Coley says in the <i>British Medical
+Journal</i>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Coca, and its chief alkaloid, cocaine, are drugs which possess
+some power of removing the sense of fatigue, just as analgesics
+remove the consciousness of pain. But they no more
+remove the physical condition of muscles, and nerve centres,
+of which the sense of pain gives us warning, than a dose of
+morphine, which removes the pain of toothache, removes the offending
+tooth, or even arrests the caries in it. The truth of
+this will be obvious to any one who remembers enough of physio<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[Pg 320]</a></span>logy
+to know what fatigue really means. A muscle which is
+tired out is different chemically from the same muscle in its
+more normal condition, when it is ready to respond vigorously
+to ordinary stimuli. It has lost something, and is, besides, overcharged
+(poisoned, in fact) with the products of its own activity,
+and it can only be restored by a fresh supply of the material
+which it requires, and the carrying away of the poisonous waste
+products. Fatigue of nerve centres is no doubt strictly analogous
+to fatigue of muscles.</p>
+
+<p>“It is practically impossible for us, by voluntary exertion, to
+reach the degree of absolute fatigue, which the physiologist produces
+by electric stimulation of a nerve-muscle preparation.
+The sense of fatigue becomes so intense that voluntary effort
+cannot overcome it. So no man can produce asphyxia by
+simply holding his breath, because the <i>besoin de respirer</i> becomes
+irresistible; but it is quite possible for a narcotic to so
+dull the sensory part of the respiratory reflex mechanism as to
+permit asphyxia to take place.</p>
+
+<p>“The sense of fatigue, and the <i>besoin de respirer</i> are both
+Nature’s danger signals. Drugs which hide such signals from
+us are a more than doubtful benefit. If it were possible for us
+to suppose that a fraction of a grain of cocaine could afford to
+exhausted nerve centres, and muscles, the nutriment which they
+require for their restoration, and at the same time eliminate the
+poisonous waste products, then it would be reasonable to prescribe
+the drug for use by all who are overworked, and perhaps
+suffering from the malnutrition consequent upon, ‘nervous
+dyspepsia,’ as well as mere want of rest.</p>
+
+<p>“In this go-ahead century it is no wonder that many are but
+too ready to experiment with a drug which professes to be able
+to remove fatigue, and to enable a man to go on working when,
+without its aid, weariness had become unendurable. Cocaine
+claims all this; and it is most dangerous just because, for a
+time, it seems able to keep its promise. That is how victims to
+cocainism are made. Let us be honest with our overworked
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[Pg 321]</a></span>patients, who want us to help them with drugs; let us tell them
+that rest is the only safe remedy for weariness.</p>
+
+<p>“To combine such a drug as coca, or cocaine, with an alcoholic
+stimulant, is to multiply the dangers of cocainism by
+those of alcoholism. It would be impossible to find terms sufficiently
+severe in which to condemn the recklessness of those
+who promiscuously recommend such a compound for all who
+are overworked or debilitated. One firm actually has the assurance
+to advertise a preparation of this kind as a remedy for
+dipsomania. Truly this is casting out devils by Beelzebub, with
+a vengeance. Invoking Beelzebub for such a purpose has
+never been a success. And I suspect that any form of coca
+wine will make a great many more dipsomaniacs than it will
+cure.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. Walter N. Edwards, F. C. S., says of coca
+wines:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“These wines are sold as being useful in an immense variety
+of ailments. The following are a few of the many that are
+named upon the bottles or in the circulars accompanying
+them:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 20%">
+“Weakness after illness,<br />
+“Nervous disorders,<br />
+“Sleeplessness,<br />
+“Influenza,<br />
+“Whooping cough,<br />
+“Exhaustion of mind and body,<br />
+“Allays thirst,<br />
+“Restores digestive function,<br />
+“Enables great physical toil to be undergone,<br />
+“Great value in excesses of all kinds,<br />
+“General debility,<br />
+“Prevents colds and chills,<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[Pg 322]</a></span>“Makes pure, rich blood,<br />
+“Anæmia,<br />
+“Invaluable after pleurisy, pneumonia, etc.,<br />
+“Aid to the vocal organs.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>“This is a fairly respectable list of complaints, and the very
+fact that these preparations of coca wine are put forward as a
+cure for so wide a range of various complaints is in itself a
+condemnation of them.</p>
+
+<p>“When any particular remedy is said to be of universal
+application for a large number of different complaints it may be
+looked upon with great suspicion.</p>
+
+<p>“It must always be remembered that there is the commercial
+side to this question. The proprietors have no particular
+regard for the welfare of the people; their business is to make
+a profit, and many of them gain enormous fortunes. By skilful
+and lavish advertisements, and by carefully worded testimonials,
+they appeal to the credulity of the public, and often deceive
+even those who regard themselves as belonging to the
+thinking classes.</p>
+
+<p>“There are two specific dangers in regard to these wines.
+They are ordinary wines, either port or sherry for the most
+part, and therefore strongly alcoholic. The user of them is in
+considerable danger of cultivating a taste for alcohol, and certainly,
+there is the greatest possible danger to any one having
+had the appetite, of reviving it.</p>
+
+<p>“The dose is an elastic one, it can be repeated with considerable
+frequency three or four times a day.</p>
+
+<p>“What would be said of growing girls or youths having recourse
+three or four times a day to the wine bottle? This is
+exactly what they are doing when coca, and the so-called food
+wines are placed in their hands as medicine. They like the
+pleasant taste, there is the call of habit and appetite, and so
+there arises the greatest possible danger of a general liking for
+alcoholic liquors being set up. The ailing man or woman of
+set years is in similar danger, for they are having recourse to
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[Pg 323]</a></span>alcohol when their powers of mind and body are to some extent
+exhausted, and they are thus less able to resist the fascination
+for alcohol that may so quickly be brought into existence.</p>
+
+<p>“Another element of danger is that the recourse to coca and
+kola is an attempt to get more out of the body, and the mind,
+than nature intended. Overwork, overstrain, worry, all produce
+exhaustion of physical and nervous power. Nature pulls us up
+by asserting herself, and we feel run down and seedy, and, perhaps,
+quite unwell. What is wanted is rest, proper diet, and
+change. These would quickly be restorative, and once again
+we should be fit for the duties of life.</p>
+
+<p>“In a busy age there is the strongest possible temptation to
+seek a restorative by some occult method, rather than to give
+the rest and refreshment that nature demands. It is upon this
+that the whole trade in these so-called restoratives depends.</p>
+
+<p>“There is no food quality in alcohol, cocaine or kola,
+but there is in them all a narcotizing influence that in its lesser
+stages is hurtful, and in its greater stages disastrous.</p>
+
+<p>“The cocaine habit may be cultivated as easily as the alcohol
+habit, and the two forms of disease, alcoholism and cocainism,
+are by no means rare. The great factor in each of them is the
+loss of will power, and when that is accomplished the descent
+to complete moral and physical ruin is quite easy.</p>
+
+<p>“A pure and simple life, in accord with the laws of health
+and hygiene, is the panacea both for the maintenance, and the
+restoration of health, and that is what we should strive to aim
+at, rather than having recourse to drugs that are not only ineffective,
+but positively dangerous.�&mdash;<i>United Temperance Gazette.</i></p></div>
+
+<p>In Dr. Milner Fothergill’s <i>Practioners’ Hand-book
+of Treatment</i>, fourth edition, the following statement
+is made:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Coca wine, and other medicated wines are largely sold to
+people who are considered, and consider themselves, to be total
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[Pg 324]</a></span>abstainers. It is not uncommon to hear the mother of a family
+say, ‘I never allow my girls to touch stimulants of any kind,
+but I give them each a glass of coca wine at 11 in the morning,
+and again at bedtime.’ Originally coca wine was made from
+coca leaves, but it is now commonly a solution of the alkaloid,
+in a sweet and strongly alcoholic wine. This is really the gist
+of the whole matter; coca wine is largely consumed by people
+who fondly believe themselves to be total abstainers, and who
+are active enough in denouncing those who take a little wine, or
+a glass of beer at their meals. The sooner their delusion is
+dispelled the better for themselves, and for the unfortunate
+children over whom they exercise supervision.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Another physician tells of seeing a distinguished
+ecclesiastical dignitary, a sworn foe of alcohol and
+its congeners, giving his young child a generous
+daily allowance of one of these wines.</p>
+
+<p>The user of coca wines runs a double risk&mdash;an
+alcohol craving may be revived, or created; and, at
+the same time, cocainism may be set up, and
+nothing but physical, mental and moral ruin follow.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>British Medical Journal</i> of January 23rd,
+1897, says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“There can be no doubt that in many parts of the world cocaine
+inebriety is largely on the increase. The greatest number
+of victims is to be found among society women, and among
+women who have adopted literature as a profession; and there
+is no doubt that a considerable proportion of chronic cocainists
+have fallen under the dominion of the drug from a desire to
+stimulate their powers of imagination. Others have acquired
+that habit quite innocently from taking coca wines. The symptoms
+experienced by the victims of the cocaine habit are illusions
+of sight and hearing, neuromuscular irritability, and
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[Pg 325]</a></span>localized anæsthesia. After a time insomnia supervenes, and
+the patient displays a curious hesitancy, and an inability to arrive
+at a decision on even the most trivial subjects.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. F. Coley says later on in the article before
+referred to:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“There is another combination which, though utterly absurd
+from a therapeutical point of view, is not in itself quite so dangerous
+as coca wine. It will probably do a larger amount of
+mischief, however, because more people take it. I refer to the
+various preparations, so largely advertised, which profess to be
+compounded of port wine, extract of malt, and extract of meat.
+To the medically uneducated public this doubtless seems a most
+promising combination: extract of meat for food, extract of
+malt to aid digestion, port wine to make blood. Surely the very
+thing to strengthen all who are weak, and to hasten the restoration
+of convalescents. Unfortunately what the advertisements
+say&mdash;that this stuff is largely prescribed by medical men&mdash;is not
+wholly untrue.</p>
+
+<p>“I do not suppose that any physician of anything like front
+rank would make such a mistake. But busy general practitioners
+may be excused if they prove to be a bit oblivious of physiology,
+and so become attracted by a formula which is more
+plausible than sound. In the first place, we all know that extract
+of meat is not food at all. From the manner of its production,
+it cannot contain an appreciable quantity of proteid
+material. It consists mainly of creatin, and creatinin, and salts.
+These are, it is needless to say, incapable of acting as food.
+Extract of meat, and similar preparations, have their uses however;
+made into ‘beef-tea,’ their meaty flavor often enables
+patients to take a quantity of bread, which would otherwise be
+refused; or lentil flour, or some other matter may be added.
+In this way, though not food itself, it becomes a most useful
+aid to feeding. It is besides, a harmless stimulant, especially
+when taken, as it always should be, hot. It should be needless
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[Pg 326]</a></span>to add that to combine extract of meat with port wine is simply
+to ignore its real use. The only intelligible basis for such an
+invention must be the wholly erroneous notion that extract of
+meat is a food.�</p></div>
+
+<p>The prices asked for “secret nostrums� are
+said by chemists to be ofttimes far beyond the value
+of the materials. Of one article the <i>New Idea</i>, a
+druggists’ paper, says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“It retails at $1.50 per bottle. Such an article could be put
+up for less than fifteen cents, including bottle, leaving by no
+means a small margin for the profit of its manufacturers.�</p></div>
+
+<p>The same paper says of a cure for catarrh,
+neuralgia, etc. sold in the form of a small ball:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“This cure costs $2.50 per ball. A handsome profit could
+be made upon it at 5 cents a ball.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Some proprietary preparations are not harmful,
+but are positively inert. The Mass. State Board of
+Health in report of 1896 gives <i>Kaskine</i> as an example
+of these. Although sold at a dollar an ounce
+it was found to consist of nothing but granulated
+sugar of the fine grade used in homeopathic pharmacy,
+without any medication or flavoring whatever.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Edward Von Adelung in an article in <i>Life
+and Health</i>, Dec., 1897, tells of a well advertised
+cure for consumption, the analysis of which showed
+it to be composed of water, slightly colored by the
+addition of a very small quantity of red wine, and
+two mineral acids, muriatic and impure sulphuric,
+in quantities just sufficient to lend it a taste! He
+says:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[Pg 327]</a></span>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Fortuitously I had the opportunity of observing the influence
+of this remedy on a consumptive who took it regularly, and
+who was so enamored of its favorable action that he gave up
+his business to conduct an agency for its sale. It was not long
+after he had entered upon his new vocation that I received
+word of his death, due to pulmonary hemorrhage.�</p></div>
+
+<p>The “returned missionary� fraud has been exposed
+by different druggists’ papers, among them
+the <i>New Idea</i>. The “missionary� would advertise
+a “free cure,� if people would send to him. The
+“cure� would be in the form of a prescription.
+There being no drugs in any drugstore bearing the
+names given in the prescription, the dupe was expected
+to pay an exorbitant price for them to the
+philanthropic “missionary.� In one case of this
+kind the “medicinal plants brought from South
+America, the only place where they grew,� were
+upon examination by chemists of the <i>New Idea</i>
+found to be ordinary drugs, not one of which
+comes from South America.</p>
+
+<p>The same paper tells of another “South American�
+fraud, 60,000 bottles of which were said to be
+sold in Detroit in a few weeks, by an itinerating
+vendor.</p>
+
+<p>A certain liver, and kidney, and constipation
+cure, sold in the form of herbs, is said by <i>New Idea</i>
+to be chiefly couch grass, and senna leaves. Yet
+it sells for 25 cents for a small package.</p>
+
+<p>To this paper the public is also indebted for the
+information that a kind of wafer advertised to “cure
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[Pg 328]</a></span>in a few days all coughs, colds, irritation of the
+uvula and tonsils, influenza, bronchitis, asthma, sore
+throat, consumption, and all diseases of the lungs
+and chest� was found to consist wholly of sugar and
+corn starch!</p>
+
+<p><i>Medical World</i> recently told of the investigation
+of “H&mdash;&mdash;� by Prof. John Uri Lloyd of Cincinnati.
+It was advertised as a plant discovered by a doctor
+traveling in Florida. Its juices were said to be
+antidotal to snake poisoning, and would also cure
+the opium habit. Prof. Lloyd found it to be a liquid
+consisting of a solution of sulphate of morphine
+and salicylic acid, in alcohol and glycerine,
+with suitable coloring matter.</p>
+
+<p>Another fraud exposed by <i>New Idea</i> was a
+“cure� for the peculiar ills of women. The cure is
+put up in the form of little oblong blocks about a
+half inch in length.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“A circular accompanies them, and is well calculated to produce
+alarm in the young. It is another sample of the demoralizing
+documents which unscrupulous quacks are continually
+circulating among the laity, in order to create alarm, and
+profit by this alarm.�</p></div>
+
+<p>After giving a description of the diseases peculiar
+to the sex it is stated that all of these are curable
+by using eight dollars worth of this wonderful medicine.</p>
+
+<p><i>New Idea</i> continues:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“The <i>cure</i> consists, according to our examination, of nothing
+but flour, made into a paste and allowed to harden in the form
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[Pg 329]</a></span>of small oblong blocks. Evidently the quack relied upon the
+faith-cure principle, and his auxiliary treatment, as set forth in
+the rules of living given in the circular.�</p></div>
+
+<p>While these inert preparations are of the nature
+of frauds, they will not injure the health, nor make
+drunkards, or opium fiends, as the disguised preparations
+of whisky and morphine are likely to do.</p>
+
+<p>That the use of patent medicines has made many
+drunkards is a fact well attested. The American
+Association for the Study of Inebriety appointed a
+committee several years ago to investigate the various
+nostrums advertised especially for the benefit of
+alcohol and opium inebriates. The report of this
+committee, prepared by Dr. N. Roe Bradner, late
+of the Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane, in
+speaking of the marvelous cures advertised in connection
+with the use of these mixtures, calls them
+“volumes of gilded falsehood, designed for an innocent,
+unsuspecting public,� and adds:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“The use of such nostrums would do more toward confirming
+than eradicating the habit, if it existed, and would invite
+and create addiction to an almost hopeless fatality, where the
+habit had not previously existed. Insanity, palsy, idiocy, and
+many forms of physical, moral and mental ruin have followed
+the sale of these nostrums throughout our land.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. E. A. Craighill, President of the Virginia
+State Pharmaceutical Association, is quoted in the
+July (1897) <i>Journal of Inebriety</i>, as saying:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“In my experience I have known of men filling drunkards’
+graves who learned to drink taking some advertised bitters as
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[Pg 330]</a></span>legitimate medicine. It would be hard to estimate the number
+of young brains ruined, and the maturer opium wrecks from
+nostrums of this nature. I could write a volume on the mischief
+that is being done every day to body, mind and soul, all
+over the land, by the thousands of miserable frauds that are being
+poured down the throats of not only ignorant people, but,
+alas, intelligent ones, too.�</p></div>
+
+<p>A lady informed the writer recently that her
+brother had taken forty bottles of one of these
+preparations, and had become a drunkard through it.</p>
+
+<p>Many seem unaware that the ethics of the medical
+profession restrain reputable physicians from advertising
+themselves or their remedies, so that these
+much-lauded patent medicines are put upon the
+market by quacks, never by physicians of good
+standing. It is purely a money-making enterprise,
+without consideration of the health or destruction
+of the people. It is popularly supposed that physicians
+decry these things from fear that their sale
+will injure regular practice. This is another error
+as they increase work for the doctor by aggravating
+existing trouble, as well as causing disease where
+there was only slight disturbance.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. F. E. Stewart, Ph. G., of Detroit, Mich., says
+in the October, 1897, <i>Life and Health</i>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Taking all these facts into consideration, it is apparent that
+the patent, trade-mark and copyright laws should be so interpreted
+and administered by the court that they will secure the
+greatest good to the greatest number, and aid in attaining the
+end of government, viz., ‘moral, intellectual and physical perfection.’
+It is not the object of these laws to create odious mon<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[Pg 331]</a></span>opolies,
+to throw a mantle of protection over fraud, to enable
+quacks and charlatans to encroach on the domain of legitimate
+medical and pharmacal practice, or to support an advertising
+business designed to mislead the public in regard to the nature
+and value of medicines as curative agents. The morals of the
+community are injured by some of this advertising, intellectual
+vigor is impaired by the use of many things advertised, and
+physical, as well as moral, degradation frequently results. Crime
+is often inculcated&mdash;even the crime of murder, that the nostrum
+manufacturer may profit thereby. Cures for incurable diseases
+are promised, and guaranteed. Every scheme that human and
+devilish ingenuity can devise to wring money from its victim is
+resorted to, which can be employed without actually bringing
+the advertisers into court. All this wicked quackery parades
+under the guise of ‘patent’ medicines, and asks the protection
+of our courts. It is time for the medical and pharmaceutic professions
+to unite, and unmask this monster, and show the public
+its true nature. And this can be accomplished in no better way
+than through a study of the object of the laws which the secret
+nostrum manufacturers are now endeavoring to prostitute for
+their own advantage, and the teaching of the public what these
+laws were enacted for.</p>
+
+<p>“The secret nostrum business in some of its phases has assiduously
+found its way into the medical arts, and physicians,
+pharmacists, and manufacturing houses, seem to have forgotten,
+to a certain extent, the obligations which they owe to the public.
+Medicine, in all its departments, must be practiced in accord
+with scientific, and professional requirement, or it will sink to
+the level of a commercial business. <i>The end of medical practice
+is service to suffering humanity, not the acquisition of
+money.</i> Money making is a necessary part of the practice of
+medical arts, not, however, its chief object. This fact must be
+kept in view always. Once lost sight of, and trade competition
+substituted for competition in serving the interests of the sick,
+medical and pharmacal practice will become an ignoble scrabble
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[Pg 332]</a></span>for wealth, in which the sick become victims of avarice and
+greed. Better set free a pack of ravening wolves in a community
+than to change the end of medical practice to a commercial
+one, for physicians and pharmacists would soon degenerate
+into quacks and charlatans, and take shameful advantage of
+the community for gain.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Where Dr. Stewart speaks of murder he probably
+refers to the sale of <i>abortofacients</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Roe Bradner, of Philadelphia, in his report
+upon alleged cures for drunkenness before the Society
+for the Study of Inebriety several years ago,
+said:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“There is a certain other class of so-called remedies, prepared
+sometimes by physicians and pharmacists, that do a great
+deal of harm. I allude to the ‘non-secret proprietaries’ that
+claim to publish their formulas, <i>but do not</i>. One in particular
+has made thousands, and likely tens of thousands, of <i>chloral
+drunkards</i>, dethroned the reason of as many more, besides
+having killed outright very many. It is impossible for any one
+to estimate the mischief that is being done by such remedies,
+and the physicians who recommend them.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Advertising is still the great hindrance in protecting
+the people from medical imposters. Professor
+E. W. Ladd, Pure Food Commissioner of North
+Dakota, says on this point:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“These patent medicines, some of which are of merit, and
+others are only ‘dopes,’ or preparations intended to defraud
+the public, have been altogether too generally advertised and
+sold to the public. In many ways it seems a deplorable fact
+that by an unfair method of advertising the American people
+have come to be consumers to such an extent of a class
+of medicines, which, at times, are positively detrimental to
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[Pg 333]</a></span>health. In other instances the continued use of the product
+is liable to result in the formation of a drug habit which
+may lead to serious consequences.</p>
+
+<p>“It should not be understood that this department condemns
+the use of legitimate proprietary or patent medicines,
+but it insists that there is a need for wiping out of existence
+about half of the products now generally sold, and with regard
+to the others the public have a right to know what is
+contained in them, and not be misled by false statements, or
+by statements so cunningly worded as to positively mislead
+the unwary reader. *&nbsp;*&nbsp;* In view of the fact that about 90
+per cent. of the nostrums on the market are sold by newspaper
+and magazine advertising and not by the customer
+seeing the package, it would seem advisable to amend the
+law so as to cover this point.�</p></div>
+
+<p>There is no doubt that it is the advertising which
+makes the patent medicine business so tremendously
+profitable. One firm boasted, prior to the exposure
+of the fraud nature of their preparation, that they
+spent $5,000 a day in advertising. What must have
+been made on the nostrum to allow such expenditure?
+It is said on good authority that the cost of these nostrums
+does not exceed fifteen to sixteen cents a bottle,
+and they sell for a dollar a bottle. Such profits make
+it easy to buy up newspapers that are conscienceless
+as to the robbery of the unfortunate sick.</p>
+
+<p>The only effectual way of putting an end to the
+sale of nostrums is to make illegal the advertising of
+such preparations in the public press. Norway has
+safeguarded her people thus. The difficulty in gaining
+such a law in America will be the opposition of the
+newspapers, the large majority of which still cling to
+this selfish method of adding to their gains. Even the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[Pg 334]</a></span>so-called religious press is not all clean yet in this
+respect. Once they could be excused because of lack
+of knowledge. Now there is no excuse.</p>
+
+<p>During the debate in Congress upon the patent-medicine
+clause of the Pure Food Bill, Senator Heyburn
+said:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“I have always been aggressively against the advertisements
+of nostrums. Some time ago a friend of mine, a
+very old fellow, that I had taken a special interest in securing
+a pension for, had reached the age and condition of dependency.
+I succeeded in getting him a comfortable pension
+that would pay his bills for household provisions. Once,
+when I found he was very poor, I said to his wife, ‘What are
+you doing with your pension?’ She said, ‘Don’t you know,
+Mr. Heyburn, that it takes at least one-half of that pension
+for patent medicine?’ Then she enumerated the patent medicines
+they were taking. It was being suggested to them
+through advertisements that they were the victims of ills
+that they were not troubled with, and that they could find
+relief through these different medicines.</p>
+
+<p>“I am in favor of stopping the advertisements of these nostrums
+in every paper in the country.�</p></div>
+
+<p>It may well be asked, Would any one of these well-to-do
+newspaper owners entrust himself, or any of
+his family, in time of sickness to the cure-all imposters
+whose nostrums they advertise? If one of their
+children had anæmia would they rely on Pink Pills
+for a cure? If they had a genuine catarrh would they
+expect it to be cured by Peruna? Never! They
+would seek the very best medical advice obtainable.
+Yet, for the ignorant, credulous, sick and suffering
+poor they allow traps to be laid to rob of both money
+and such chances of recovery as might come from
+proper medical attendance.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[Pg 335]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIV" id="CHAPTER_XIV"></a>CHAPTER XIV.</h2>
+
+<h3>“DRUGGING.�</h3>
+
+
+<p>The main reason why so many people use patent
+medicines is the popular supposition that drugs
+cure disease. This is a great error. <i>Drugs never
+cure disease.</i> Nature alone has power to heal.
+There are agents, which in the hands of a trained
+and painstaking physician may assist nature, but
+the physician needs to understand something of the
+idiosyncrasies of his patient’s system, or the use of
+these agents may do great harm instead of good.
+Those medical men who have made the most diligent
+study of health and disease assert as their
+deliberate opinion that excessive professional drugging
+has been decidedly destructive of human life.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Jacob Bigelow, professor in the medical
+department of Harvard University, in a work
+published a few years ago stated as his belief that
+the unbiased opinion of most medical men of sound
+judgment, and long experience, is that the amount
+of death and disaster in the world would be less, if
+all diseases were left to themselves, than it now is
+under the multiform, reckless, and contradictory
+modes of practice, with which practitioners of
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">[Pg 336]</a></span>diverse denominations carry on their differences, at
+the expense of the patient.</p>
+
+<p>Sir John Forbes, M. D., F. R. S., said:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Some patients get well with the aid of medicine, more
+without it, and still more in spite of it.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. Bostwick, author of <i>The History of Medicine</i>,
+said:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Every dose of medicine given is a blind experiment upon
+the vitality of the patient.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. James Johnson, editor of the <i>Medico-Chirurgical
+Review</i>, says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“I declare as my conscientious conviction founded on long
+experience and reflection, that if there were not a single physician,
+surgeon, man-midwife, chemist, apothecary, druggist
+nor drug on the face of the earth, there would be less sickness
+and less mortality than now prevail.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Prof. J. W. Carson, of the New York College of
+Physicians and Surgeons, says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“We do not know whether our patients recover because we
+give them medicine, or because nature cures them. Perhaps
+bread-pills would cure as many as medicine.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Prof. Alonzo Clark, of the same college, has
+said:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“In their zeal to do good physicians have done much harm;
+they have hurried many to the grave who would have recovered
+if left to nature.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Prof. Martin Paine, of the New York University
+Medical College, said:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Drug medicines do but cure one disease by producing
+another.�</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[Pg 337]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Dr. Marshall Hall, F. R. S.:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Thousands are annually slaughtered in the quiet sick-room.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. Adam Smith:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“The chief cause of quackery <i>outside</i> the profession is the
+<i>real</i> quackery <i>in</i> the profession.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Prof. Gilman:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“The things that are administered for the cure of <i>scarlet
+fever</i> and <i>measles</i> kill far more than those diseases kill.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Prof. Barker, of New York Medical College:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“The drugs that are administered for the cure of <i>scarlet
+fever</i> kill far more patients than the disease does.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Prof. Parker:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“As we place more confidence in nature, and less in preparations
+of the apothecary, mortality diminishes.�</p></div>
+
+<p>The examining physician of a large insurance
+company in New York said to a <i>Mercury</i> reporter:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“The primary cause of so many cases of <i>la grippe</i> in this
+and other cities is the almost universal habit of drug taking
+from the milder tonics to patent medicines. Whenever the
+average man or woman feels depressed or slightly ill, resort is
+made at once to medicine, more or less strong. If they would
+try to find out the cause of the trouble, and seek to obviate it
+by regulating their mode of living, the general health of the
+community would be better. The drug habit tends continually
+to lower the tone of the system. The more it is indulged in
+the more apparent becomes the necessity of continuing the
+downhill course. The majority of persons do not look beyond
+the fact that they seem to feel better after the use of a stimulating
+drug, or patent medicine. This feeling comes from a be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">[Pg 338]</a></span>numbing
+action of the drug, because it has no uplifting action.
+With the system in such a weakened state, the microbes of the
+disease find excellent ground to grow.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. J. H. Kellogg says in the April, 1899, <i>Bulletin
+of the A. M. T. A.</i>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Every drug capable of producing an artificial exhilaration of
+spirits, a pleasure which is not the result of the natural play of
+the vital functions, is necessarily mischievous in its tendencies,
+and its use is intemperance, whether its name be alcohol, tobacco,
+opium, cocaine, coca, kola, hashish, Siberian mushroom,
+caffeine, betel-nuts, maté or any other of the score or more
+enslaving drugs known to pharmacology. As the result of the
+depression which follows the unnatural elevation of sensation
+resulting from the use of one of these drugs, the second application
+finds the subject on a little lower level than the first, so
+that an increased dose is necessary to produce the same intensity
+of pleasure or the same degree of artificial felicity as the
+first. The larger dose is followed by still greater depression
+which demands a still larger dose as its antidote, and thus there
+is started a series of ever-increasing doses, and ever-increasing
+baneful after-affects, which work the ultimate ruin of the drug
+victim. All drugs which enslave are alike in this regard, however
+much they may differ otherwise in their physiological effects.
+Alcohol is universally recognized as only one member of
+a large family of intoxicating drugs, each of which is capable
+of producing specific functional and organic mischief, besides
+the vital deterioration common to the use of so-called felicity-producing
+drugs.</p>
+
+<p>“Is it not evident, then, that in combating the use of alcohol
+we are attacking only one member of a numerous family of
+enemies to human life and happiness, every one of which must
+be exterminated before the evil of intemperance will be up-rooted?�</p></div>
+
+<p>Among the most popular drugs for self-prescrip<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">[Pg 339]</a></span>tion
+at the present time are the coal-tar products.
+Of these Dr. N. S. Davis has said:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Only a few years since, the profession were taught to regard
+the degree of pyrexia, or heat, as the chief element of
+danger in all the acute general diseases. Consequently, to control
+the pyrexia became the leading object of treatment; and
+whatever would do this promptly, and at the same time allay
+pain and promote rest, found favor at the bedside of the patient.</p>
+
+<p>“It was soon ascertained that antipyrin, antifebrin, phenacetin
+and other analogous products, if given in sufficient doses, would
+reduce the heat, and allay the pains with great certainty and
+promptness, not only in continued fevers, but also in rheumatism,
+influenza, or la grippe, etc.; and thus their use soon became
+popular with both the profession and the public. No one,
+however, undertook to first ascertain by strictly scientific
+appliances the actual pathological processes causing the pyrexia
+in each form of disease, or even to determine whether in any
+given case the increased heat was the result of increased heat
+production, or diminished heat dissipation. Neither were any
+of the remedies subjected to such experimental investigation as
+to determine their influence on the elements of the blood, the
+internal distribution of oxygen, the metabolism of the tissues,
+or on the activity of the eliminations. Consequently their
+exhibition was wholly empirical, and the one that subdued the
+pyrexia most promptly was given the preference. Yet we all
+know that the pyrexia invariably returned as soon as the effects
+of each dose were exhausted, and in a few years the results
+showed that while the antipyretics served to keep down the
+pyrexia, and give each case the appearance of doing well, the
+average duration of the cases, and their mortality, were both increased.</p>
+
+<p>“Step by step experimental therapeutic investigations have
+proved that the whole class of coal-tar antipyretics reduce ani<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">[Pg 340]</a></span>mal
+heat by impairing the capacity of the hemoglobin and corpuscular
+elements of the blood to receive and distribute free
+oxygen, and thereby reduce temperature by diminishing heat
+production, nerve sensibility and tissue metabolism. Therefore,
+while each dose temporarily reduces the fever, it retards
+the most important physiological processes on which the living
+system depends for resisting the effects of toxic agents; namely,
+oxidation and elimination. This not only encourages the retention
+of toxic agents and natural excretory materials by which
+specific fevers are protracted, but it greatly increases the number
+of cases of pneumonia that complicate the epidemic influenza,
+or la grippe, as it has occurred since 1888-89.</p>
+
+<p>“The bad work that people make in dosing themselves with
+patent medicines, without a physician’s prescription is not unfrequently
+punctuated with a sudden death from overdosing
+with antipyrin, sulphonal, or some other coal-tar preparation.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. C. H. Shepard, Brooklyn, N. Y., says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Quinine is a most fatal drug. Of course, it is the orthodox
+treatment for malarial conditions, but quinine never did nor
+never can cure malaria or any other disease. The action
+brought about by its use is simply to benumb the nervous
+activity and interfere with the natural action of the system to
+throw off the poison, which is expressed by the chill. Because
+of this interference with the manifestation or symptom of the
+disease, many imagine that the disease is being cured, but
+there never was a greater mistake. A drug disease is added to
+the original disease. This is shown by the invariable depression
+that follows the administration of the drug, and the length
+of time required to recuperate, which imperils restoration, and
+sometimes hastens the final results. This is ordinarily met by
+the use of what are called stimulants, that is, more drugs, and the
+last state is worst than the first; the poor patient is thus made
+the victim of a triple wrong, which only a most vigorous consti<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">[Pg 341]</a></span>tution
+can pass through and live, and even then he is crippled
+and made more liable to whatever disease may come along
+ever afterward.</p>
+
+<p>“Disease is not entity to be killed by a shot from a professional
+gun, but a condition, an effort of outraged nature to free
+itself from an incumbrance, and should be aided rather than
+hindered by the administration of any nerve irritant. There
+never will come a time when the laws of health can be evaded.
+Nor is there any vicarious atonement. The full penalty of disobedience
+will invariably be exacted. The hunt for a panacea is
+as sure to be disappointing in the future as it has been in the
+past.�</p></div>
+
+<p>A writer in the <i>Brooklyn Citizen</i> says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Few people are aware of the extent of a peculiar kind of
+dissipation known as ginger-drinking. The article used is the
+essence of ginger, such as is put up in the several proprietary
+preparations known to the trade, or the alcohol extract ordinarily
+sold over the druggist’s counter. Having once acquired a liking
+for it, the victim becomes as much a slave to his appetite as the
+opium eater or the votary of cocaine. In its effect it is much
+the most injurious of all such practices, for in the course of
+time it destroys the coating of the stomach, and dooms its victim
+to a slow and agonizing death.</p>
+
+<p>“The druggist who told me about the thing says that as
+ginger essence contains about one hundred per cent. alcohol,
+and whisky less than fifty per cent., the former is therefore
+twice as intoxicating. In fact, this is the reason why it is used
+by hardened old topers whose stomachs are no longer capable
+of intoxicating stimulation from whisky. They need the more
+powerful agency of the pure alcohol in the ginger extract. He
+told me that he had two regular customers, one a woman, who
+had ginger on several occasions for stomachic pains. The relief
+it afforded her was so grateful that she took it upon any
+recurrence of her trouble. She found, too, that the slight ex<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">[Pg 342]</a></span>hilaration
+of the alcohol banished mental depression. In this
+way she got to using it regularly, and finally to such excess
+that she was often grossly intoxicated. Large doses produce a
+quiet stupor; additional doses induce a profound lethargic
+slumber, which lasts in some cases for twenty-four hours. His
+other customer was a peddler, who came at a certain hour
+every morning, bought a four-ounce bottle and drank its contents
+by noon. The man craved the stuff so ardently that he
+was unable to go about his business until he set the machinery
+of his stomach in operation, and started the circulation of the
+blood by means of the fiery draught. He says that the habit
+is well known to the drug trade.�</p>
+
+<p>“The morphia habit, the cocaine habit, the chloral habit, and
+other poison habits which are prevalent in this and other
+countries, are only different manifestations of a wide-spread
+and apparently increasing love for drugs which benumb or excite
+the nerves, which seems to characterize our modern civilization.
+Indeed, there appears to be, at the present time,
+almost a mania for the discovery of some new nerve-tickle, or
+some novel means of fuddling the senses. It is indeed high
+time that the medical profession raised, with one accord, its
+voice in solemn protest against the use of all nerve-obtunding
+and felicity-producing drugs, which are all, without exception,
+toxic agents, working mischief and only mischief in the human
+body.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr. J. H. Kellogg.</span></p></div>
+
+<p>Much discussion upon careless drug-taking has
+resulted from remarks made recently in London by
+Sir Frederick Treves, the King’s surgeon, at the opening
+of a hospital. He said that the time is fast
+approaching when physicians will give very little medicine,
+but will instead teach the people right methods
+of living so that sickness may be avoided.</p>
+
+<p>Although there are some physicians who appear to
+enjoy the old routine of giving heroic doses of ill-<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">[Pg 343]</a></span>tasting
+liquids, there are others who agree with Sir
+Frederick, and admit that they would often be glad
+to give no medicine if their patients would be satisfied
+without it. But the great mass of people are unwilling
+to take a physician’s advice as to proper clothing,
+suitable diet, and regular habits of living. They do not
+seek his advice upon those points; what they want is a
+drug that will benumb uneasy sensations while they
+live as they please.</p>
+
+<p>Not long ago a business man of intelligence was
+heard to complain because he had tried several physicians
+and all had failed to cure his sciatica. He said
+they all told him he must live differently; several said
+he must quit smoking and lay aside wine and beer
+or he could not be cured. With scorn he said, “What
+are physicians good for if they don’t know a drug
+that will cure as simple a thing as rheumatism?� He
+could not and would not believe that rheumatism might
+be the result of his wrong habits.</p>
+
+<p>Akin to him in thought is a woman, much above the
+average in intelligence, who a few months ago had an
+operation performed upon her stomach. The stomach
+was enlarged so that the food did not pass through the
+pylorus, the opening into the intestines. The operation
+consisted in making a new opening and connecting
+it with an intestine. This bright woman now complains
+that the operation was not a success, because she
+still has times of great distress with indigestion. Upon
+being asked what she eats, she laughed and said,
+“Everything, peanuts, mince-pie, sauer-kraut, frankforts;
+whatever is going. I have a vigorous appetite,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">[Pg 344]</a></span>and keep peanuts and figs in my room, for I often
+have to eat in the night.�</p>
+
+<p>Until multitudes of people like that business man,
+and that bright woman, are educated in matters of
+health, it will not be easy for physicians to bring Sir
+Frederick’s prediction to fulfilment.</p>
+
+<p>The popular supposition is that drugs <i>cure</i> disease,
+and all that the medical adviser is for is to choose the
+drug that will produce the desired effect with the greatest
+speed. Consequently the physician is in many
+cases driven to prescribe drugs that simply allay pain
+without removing the cause of the pain. He cannot
+remove the cause without the patient’s co-operation,
+and as that would require the abandonment of wrong
+habits few are willing to accept health at such a price.
+What man will abandon beer to escape rheumatism,
+or smoking to save his eyesight if he has weakness
+there? Or, what woman will cease tea-drinking if she
+has neuralgia?</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Journal of the American Medical Association</i>
+for November 16, 1907, contained an editorial article
+in which, after reference to drugs necessary in the
+practice of a physician or surgeon, this is said:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“The remark of Holmes years ago that it would be better
+for the patients, but worse for the fish, if most of the drugs
+were thrown into the sea, is probably even more true to-day.
+The vast majority of these drugs have not the slightest excuse
+for existence.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. T. D. Crothers, in his valuable book upon Morphinism
+and other drug addictions, reports a case of
+murder where it was shown that the assailant was
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">[Pg 345]</a></span>delirious from large doses of quinine. He says assaults
+are often clearly traced to the drug taking of
+the assailant. A surgeon from a New York hospital,
+in speaking of drug habits before an audience at Chautauqua,
+New York, said that some of the ovarian
+difficulties which demand operations are the result of
+over-dosing with quinine.</p>
+
+<p>There are people who keep morphine in the house
+all the time lest some little pain or ache should find
+them unprepared.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Crothers, who has perhaps made more of a
+study of the evil results of drug taking than any other
+man in America, says of this:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Morphine as a common remedy, taken for pains and aches,
+may suddenly develop into an incurable craze for its continuous
+use. *&nbsp;*&nbsp;* The early relief which morphine brings
+to the sufferer is often the beginning of an unknown journey
+ending in disease and death.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Cases are on record where morphine given to mothers
+soon after the birth of children to allay pain, has
+resulted in the death of the infant, the morphine having
+poisoned the milk.</p>
+
+<p>Cocaine is possibly the most insidious of all drugs
+yet known. Few of those who become enslaved to it
+ever are able to lay it aside. It leads to hallucinations
+of sight and hearing. Many persons have become enslaved
+to cocaine unwittingly through its use in catarrh
+snuffs, asthma “cures,� and other proprietary preparations,
+the composition of which was secret. Some
+states now have strict laws regulating the sale of this
+dangerous drug.</p>
+
+<p>It is not only the enslaving drugs which are injuri<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">[Pg 346]</a></span>ous
+to the body, but even such apparently simple agents
+as liver pills and pills for the relief of constipation
+may do more harm than good if resorted to frequently.
+Some of the ingredients used in the pills for the relief
+of constipation are said to be injurious to the liver.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Nathan S. Davis, late dean of the Northwestern
+University Medical School, Chicago, said of the coal-tar
+remedies, such as phenacetin and antipyrin, in
+the treatment of influenza and <i>la grippe</i>:&mdash;“While
+each dose temporarily reduces the fever it retards the
+most important physiological processes on which the
+living system depends for resisting the effects of toxic
+agents, namely, oxidation and elimination. This not
+only encourages the retention of poisonous agents by
+which fevers are protracted, but it greatly increases
+the number of cases of pneumonia that complicate
+<i>la grippe</i>. The bad work that people make in dosing
+themselves with patent medicines is not infrequently
+punctuated with a sudden death from overdosing with
+antipyrin, sulphonal, or some other coal-tar preparation.�</p>
+
+<p>Deaths from acetanilid are becoming more and more
+frequent. The presence of acetanilid in headache
+powders “guaranteed to be harmless� and thrown
+upon the door-steps as samples has led many persons
+into grave danger, and not a few to death. Bromo-Seltzer,
+Orangeine, Antikamnia, Taylor’s Headache
+Powders, and various other preparations have all
+contained this drug.</p>
+
+<p>The use of cocaine is advancing rapidly in this<a name="TNanchor_1" id="TNanchor_1"></a><a href="#TN_1">[TN]</a>
+country. The following article is taken from <i>The
+Banner of Gold</i>, of Feb., 1899:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">[Pg 347]</a></span>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" summary="Cocaine imports." style="width: 60%;">
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">“Value of cocaine leaves imported at the port of New York in 1894</td>
+    <td class="tdr">$14,284</td>
+</tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Imported in 1897</td>
+    <td class="tdr">54,122</td>
+</tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Indicated value of imports for 1898</td>
+    <td class="tdr">75,000</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“In these simple figures are contained the elements of a
+warning sermon that would startle all America. We seem to
+be rapidly becoming a nation of cocaine fiends. If the number
+of those addicted to the use of the dreadful drug continues to
+increase at the present rate, the importation of what was originally
+regarded as a blessed alleviation of pain, will have to be
+classed with opium, and its use prohibited by law, except for
+medicinal purposes.</p>
+
+<p>“At present the cocaine fiend can purchase the drug without
+trouble, and the ease with which it is taken is a fatal recommendation
+to those who crave a nerve-deadener. No laborious
+cooking of pills over a lamp, cleaning of implements, or troublesome
+necessity for secrecy, as with the use of opium. Cocaine
+can be taken at any time, with scarcely any trouble, and without
+a soul besides the user being aware of his being in the toils.</p>
+
+<p>“At first, that is. It will not be long before every intimate
+friend will observe a change, a gradual and scarcely perceptible
+change, come over the appearance and general conduct of the
+cocaine fiend.</p>
+
+<p>“Begun in many cases in a legitimate way, as an anæsthetic,
+the surprisingly pleasant effect is sought for again by the one
+who has had a glimpse at the portals of the elysium. This is
+the beginning of the terrible habit. The effect is a sense of exhilaration
+followed by a quiet, dreamy state that causes the
+worried man to forget his troubles, and the sufferer his pain.
+Once this freedom from physical and mental sickness has been
+experienced, the cocaine fiend will rob or kill to get the drug.
+Enforced non-use of it will not cure the victim. Sentence him
+to a term of imprisonment, and he will go straight from the jail
+door to the nearest drug store to secure cocaine before he eats
+or sleeps.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">[Pg 348]</a></span></p>
+<p>“From an occasional use of the drug to insatiable craving is
+the rational course of the cocaine fiend. From thence to the
+insane asylum and the grave is a swift and easy descent.</p>
+
+<p>“In his fall from health to physical and mental disintegration,
+the cocaine fiend undergoes a terrible experience. When not
+in the temporary heaven that the drug provides, the victim is in
+the lowest depths of an <i>inferno</i>. He suffers from insomnia,
+anorexia, and gastralgic pains, dyspepsia, chronic palpitations,
+and will-paresis. He is a terror both to himself and others.
+The life of the man is a living death. He knows it, and with
+this knowledge staring him in the face, he rushes for the drug,
+and is happy for a brief period under its influence.</p>
+
+<p>“It is time something was done to keep from this high-strung
+nation a drug so deadly. Clear-minded medical men
+have recommended its exclusion from the country, believing
+that its use medicinally should be foregone rather than that such
+a cursed temptation should be placed in the way of weak humanity.</p>
+
+<p>“What the real action of the drug is, and how to counteract
+its influence, are at present puzzling questions to the medical
+fraternity. A leading member of the profession to whom these
+questions were put replied after careful consideration as follows:
+<a name="Page_348t" id="Page_348t"></a><a href="#Page_348tn">‘Its</a> physiological action is practically unknown. As an analgesic,
+it is uniform in its action, and this is due to the suspension
+of the physiological functions of the sensory cells which it
+comes in contact with. Beyond this, it is an excitant of the
+cerebro-spinal axis, later it has a peculiar action on the encephalon,
+manifest in a wide range of psychical phenomena. Beyond
+this a great variety of widely variable symptoms appear. In
+some cases all the intellectual faculties are excited to the highest
+degree. In others a profound lowering of the senses and
+functional activities occur. Morphine-takers can use large
+quantities of cocaine without any bad symptoms. Alcoholics
+are also able to bear large doses. Not unfrequently the excitement
+caused by cocaine goes on to convulsions, and death.
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">[Pg 349]</a></span>Sometimes its action is localized to one part of the cerebro-spinal
+axis, and then to another. In some cases well-marked
+cerebral anæmia appears, and for a time is alarming, but soon
+passes away.</p>
+
+<p>“Small doses frequently given are more readily absorbed
+than large doses. Habitues always use weak solutions, the
+effects being more pleasing with less excitation. Morphine and
+alcoholic inebriates very soon acquire certain tolerance to large
+doses taken at once. The cocaine user takes large quantities,
+but in small doses frequently repeated. He becomes frightened
+at the effects of large doses, and when he cannot get the
+effects from small (to him safe) doses, he resorts to alcohol,
+morphine, or chloral. In many cases memories of the delusions
+and hallucinations are so vivid and distressing that other narcotics
+are used to prevent their recurrence. In other cases the
+recollection is very confused and vague, and strong suspicions
+fill the mind that the real condition is grossly exaggerated by
+the friends for some deterring effect. In common with opium
+and alcoholics, there is moral paralysis, untruthfulness, and low
+cunning in order to conceal and explain the condition by other
+than the real causes.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Hoffman Drops are used considerably as a heart
+stimulant. They are much more intoxicating than
+whisky, and, used as a beverage, make the drinker
+crazy while under their influence. According to
+Dr. F. E. Jones, of Mass. Board of Health, they
+consist of 325 parts ether, 650 parts alcohol, and 25
+parts ether oil. They are said to have a very bad
+effect upon the kidneys.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Banner of Gold</i> for Oct., 1898, contained a
+lengthy article upon the dangers of drugging, from
+which an extract is given here:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Philanthropists, when trying to stay the hand of rum, do
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">[Pg 350]</a></span>not overlook the victims of drugs. If you will go, under the
+protecting ægis of an officer, to an opium den, such as are to
+be found in every large city, and as a visitor view for yourself
+the degradation of hopeless opium users, then train your
+batteries towards removal of the cause. Do not depend upon
+preaching, or the writing of essays, or the delivery of an address
+before some society whose mission ends in telling others what
+to do, but put on the armor of earnestness, go into the nursery,
+and demand of the mother to know why, when little lumps
+of human clay are placed in her keeping for the sacred purpose
+of moulding them into men and women, she deliberately feeds
+the prattling babe with soothing syrups, sleeping drops, paregoric,
+and opiates in various other forms, rather than with the
+healthful food, and simple remedies, that nature only requires.
+With such commercial nostrums the thoughtless mother too
+often paves the way for her offspring to a life of toxic-slavery
+by creating a systemic condition, which, in maturer years,
+develops an abnormal craving, or appetite, for narcotics and
+stimulants. Follow this little victim of nursery malpractice
+through the imitative age, and you will discover in him the
+cigarette smoker, the tippler, the self-abased youth, and later,
+the man whose life is shadowed with the curse of baneful
+appetite.</p>
+
+<p>“Ask the druggist, and the saloon keeper, why they dispense
+deadly poisons so freely to old and young, and they will tell you
+the law permits it; a sad commentary!</p>
+
+<p>“Converted men relapse into evil ways through coquetting
+with sin; and cured inebriates relapse to drink, and drugs,
+through the use of proprietary medicines, with which the domestic
+market is flooded. Tonics, compounds, nerve remedies, bitters,
+vitalizers, appetizers, balsams, pectorals and kindred nostrums
+contain, with few exceptions, from 7 to 50 per cent. of alcohol,
+or opium in varying quantities, each preponderating in kind,
+as the effect is designed to be stimulating, or sedative. The active
+principle of some of the best known catarrh remedies is co<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">[Pg 351]</a></span>caine,
+and a few manufacturers are honest enough to so announce
+on the labels covering their goods; more do not, and leave the
+victims to discover the truth after they have paid the penalty of
+ignorance, and developed the cocaine habit. Wholesale legislation,
+as well as vigorous education, is needed along these lines,
+and while considering means of betterment, the reputable citizen,
+the clergyman, and others of good moral repute, whose
+names are so generally used to herald the efficacy of so-called remedial
+inventions, should not be overlooked for ethical attention.</p>
+
+<p>“For the information of those of our readers, who are not familiar
+with the nature and use of toxic drugs, we here refer
+briefly to the prominent characteristics of a few most dangerously
+potent for evil, and seductive in kind.</p>
+
+<p>OPIUM AND MORPHINE:&mdash;“Gum opium, the dried milky exudate
+from the green capsules of the white poppy, and its product&mdash;morphine&mdash;are
+the most reliable drugs known for the relief
+of pain. The dose of gum opium in medicine is from ¼ to 1
+grain. It contains from 8 to 14 per cent. of morphine, which
+is its principal alkaloid. Opium is a much more stable, and
+stronger, sedative than morphine. The cumulative effect of
+repeated medicinal doses is frequently observed, and is followed
+by dangerous symptoms. It is both a sedative and hypnotic,
+and, if given in large doses, quiets the brain, and excites the
+spinal cord. Small doses have little perceptible effect upon the
+circulation, but, under the influence of large doses, the pulse is
+retarded, and the respiration becomes fuller, deeper, and slower.
+In poisonous doses the pulse may become rapid, and great depression
+follow, the respiratory centres are paralyzed, thus causing
+death. If taken in from 2 to 4 grain doses it produces deep
+comatose sleep, full breathing, full pulse, dry skin, and contracted
+pupils. If the dose is sufficiently large, the sleep will be
+more profound, the patient can hardly be roused, and if awakened
+quickly, he sinks back into slumber. The face may be
+swollen, and reddened, and the lips deeply tinged with blue. At
+this stage the breathing may be characterized as puffing.
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">[Pg 352]</a></span>Respiration may be from 8 to 10 per minute, perhaps be reduced
+to 4, 2 or 1, and as the toxic effect is more marked, it becomes
+shallow, the pupils are contracted, and the patient is so
+thoroughly narcotized that nothing will arouse him, the heart
+ceases to beat, and he dies by respiratory failure, or paralysis of
+the pneumogastric nerve.</p>
+
+<p>“Morphine, extracted from gum opium by a slow and expensive
+process, is used much less in proprietary medicines than
+is tincture of opium, which is more easily manufactured.</p>
+
+<p>“A medicinal dose of sulphate of morphine is from ⅛ to ¼ of
+a grain. One grain is a dangerous dose, and 2 grains are
+liable to prove fatal. Morphine is a true narcotic. It is a sedative,
+lessens tissue change, and weakens every function of the
+body.</p>
+
+<p>TINCTURE OF OPIUM, OR LAUDANUM:&mdash;“Laudanum, or the
+tincture of opium, is a mixture of gum opium with alcohol and
+water, the solution consisting of equal parts of alcohol and
+water. Each ounce contains 5½ grains of powdered gum
+opium and half an ounce of alcohol, and is equal in alcoholic
+strength to one ounce of strong whisky. The ordinary medical
+dose is from 12 to 15 minims, or from 25 to 30 drops. It is
+much used as a domestic remedy for pain from any cause, such
+as ear or toothache, indigestion, insomnia, summer complaints
+with children or adults, and is often used in poultices over painful
+sores or swellings. It is also used in many medicines for
+throat and lung troubles, in nearly all medicines for painful
+chronic diseases, and in many of the well advertised spring
+tonics, as well as in nearly all the compounds that are offered
+for sale for blood troubles, or as alteratives. The opium in
+laudanum acts the same as morphine, or any other of the thirty
+preparations of opium, officially recognized by the medical
+profession.</p>
+
+<p>PAREGORIC:&mdash;“Paregoric of standard grade is half alcohol,
+which is as strong of alcohol as high proof whisky. It contains
+a little opium, some benzoic acid, oil of anise, and camphor. The
+dose is from 15 to 60 drops.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353">[Pg 353]</a></span></p>
+<p>COCAINE:&mdash;“Cocaine is an alkaloid of coca leaves, and is used
+in medicine in the form of hydro-chlorate. It is used locally in
+powder or solution to relieve pain. It is a strong local anæsthetic.
+The ordinary dose when used as medicine is from ¼ to
+½ grain, and is very unstable and treacherous in its effects.
+Some patients will tolerate large doses while in others small
+doses produce unpleasant effects. Deaths are recorded from
+the use of 1-7 to 1 grain.</p>
+
+<p>CHLOROFORM:&mdash;“Chloroform is an anæsthetic, and death is
+often caused by a few inhalations. The dose internally is from
+3 to 20 minims. It is not much used in medicine, except to
+control pain, and produce sleep. It is inhaled to produce mild
+slumber, or complete insensibility in surgical operations. Death
+may come suddenly, and without warning, at any time during its
+administration.</p>
+
+<p>CHLORAL:&mdash;“Chloral, or hydrate of chloral, is an hypnotic. It
+is of but little value in medicine, except to control nervousness,
+and produce sleep. The dose is from 15 to 30 grains. It
+should be administered with caution, and only by the physician.
+It is made by passing chlorine gas through pure alcohol, and
+gets its name from the first syllables of the two words, chlorine
+and alcohol. It produces death by inhibition of the heart’s
+action, and by paralyzing the pneumogastric nerve.</p>
+
+<p>BROMIDIA:&mdash;“Bromidia is the trademark of an hypnotic, the
+manufacturers of which give out to the public that each fluid
+drachm contains 15 grains of chloral hydrate, or 1 ounce to
+every 4 ounces of bromidia.</p>
+
+<p>SULPHONAL:&mdash;“Sulphonal is a coal tar preparation, and is
+valuable in medicine as an hypnotic only. An ordinary dose to
+produce sleep is from 10 to 40 grains. If it is given in these
+doses for several days in succession it produces great weariness,
+an unsteady gait, and may involve paralysis of the lower limbs,
+with great disturbance of digestion, and scanty secretion of urine
+of about the color of port wine. There are a number of cases
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">[Pg 354]</a></span>of death reported as resulting from acute, or chronic poisoning,
+by sulphonal.</p>
+
+<p>PHENACETINE:&mdash;“Phenacetine is a product of coal tar, and an
+antipyretic, a drug that lessens the temperature in high fevers,
+and rapidly disintegrates the blood.</p>
+
+<p>ANTIFEBRIN:&mdash;“Antifebrin, another of the coal tar preparations,
+is the registered name for acetanelid. Its effects are very
+similar to the effects of phenacetine, and it is used in fevers for
+lessening the temperature, and for neuralgic pains. The medicinal
+dose is from 3 to 10 grains. Unpleasant effects follow its
+continued use, such as great exhaustion, blueness of the lips,
+and a slow, labored pulse.</p>
+
+<p>HEADACHE REMEDIES:&mdash;“The indiscriminate use of the
+many coal tar products and other hypnotics, such as sulphonal,
+phenacetine, antifebrin, chloral, bromidia, etc., under the guise
+of headache remedies is productive of much disaster, all being
+nerve paralyzants.�</p></div>
+
+<p>The public owe a debt of gratitude to those
+physicians, and chemists, who give freely such valuable
+information as to the real nature and effects of
+dangerous drugs. While it is true that the popular
+belief in drugging is due to professional practice,
+yet it is also true that what the people know of the
+preservation of health, and of the danger of alcohol
+and other drugs is largely owing to the medical profession.
+There is as much difference among the
+members of the medical profession as there is
+among the members of any profession; some are
+careless, selfish, unprincipled, unobservant of the effects
+of various medicines; while others are anxious
+to teach the people how to avoid sickness, and gain
+strength. It is the latter class who warn against
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">[Pg 355]</a></span>the self prescription of drugs, especially those of the
+dangerously seductive, narcotic class.</p>
+
+<p>Yet, with all the warnings, few pay heed. Even
+highly educated, intelligent people seem possessed
+of a blind faith in the power of drugs. Every little
+ache or pain must have its sedative, be the future
+penalty what it may.</p>
+
+<p>Were people to quit drugging themselves, avoid
+indigestible viands, eat at regular hours, chew well,
+stop eating when they have had enough, take a sufficiency
+of exercise, sleep and fresh air, with a hot
+bath once a week, and a cold “towel bath� each
+morning, laying aside all alcoholic beverages, tea
+and coffee, and tobacco, there would be very little
+sickness in the world. Over-eating leads to the drug
+habit for relief from uneasy sensations, so does improper
+food, or poorly cooked food.</p>
+
+<p>It should be remembered that it is not possible
+to violate the laws which relate to the physical well-being,
+and then escape the natural penalty of
+transgression by swallowing a few doses of medicine.
+Remedies may postpone the results of physical
+transgression, and may even seem to prevent them
+altogether, but careful observation will show that
+the escape from punishment is only apparent.
+Sometimes a parent escapes, while his child pays
+the penalty of his transgression, in a weakly nervous
+system, which may lead to insanity, or other
+trouble.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">[Pg 356]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XV" id="CHAPTER_XV"></a>CHAPTER XV.</h2>
+
+<h3>TESTIMONIES OF PHYSICIANS AGAINST ALCOHOLIC
+MEDICATION.</h3>
+
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“In abandoning the use of alcohol it should be clearly understood
+that we abandon an injurious influence, and escape from
+a source of disease, as we do when we get into a purer atmosphere.
+<i>There is not the slightest occasion to do anything, or
+to take anything to make up for the loss of a strengthening or
+supporting agent.</i> No loss has been incurred save the loss of
+a cause of disease and death.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr. J. J. Ridge</span>, of London
+Temperance Hospital.</p></div>
+
+<p>Sir. B. W. Richardson, M. D., said of the London
+Temperance Hospital:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“No alcohol is administered, and no substitute for it. Any
+drug with similar action would be bad; warmth and suitable
+nourishment are relied on to keep up the system. We know
+that people who take alcohol often feel better; this is from the
+narcotic action. The pain may be stilled, and the disease forgotten,
+but it has not been removed; its symptom has been
+narcotized.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Another writer says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“I am asked for a substitute for brandy, and frankly and
+gladly I tell you there is no substitute, for I have no knowledge
+of any agent equally pleasing to the palate, and yet so destructive
+of life.�</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">[Pg 357]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Dr. Norman Kerr, President of the Society for
+the Study of Inebriety, England, says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“My own experience of thirty-four years in the practice of
+my profession has taught me that in nearly all cases and kinds of
+disease the medical use of alcohol is unnecessary, and in a large
+number of instances is prejudicial and even dangerous. Having
+given an intoxicant, in strictly definite and guarded doses,
+probably on the whole only about once in 3,000 cases (then
+usually when nothing else was available in an emergency), and
+having had most varieties of disease to contend with, my death-rate
+and duration of illness have been quite as low as my neighbors.
+The experience of the London Temperance Hospital and
+other similar institutions, the current reports of that hospital
+being now reliable scientific records, amply support this experience.</p>
+
+<p>“The chief peril of narcotic drugs has always appeared to
+me to lie in their disguising the real state of the patient from
+himself as well as from his doctor and his friends. If there is
+any serious ailment, such as cholera or fever, the sufferer may
+seem to be and may feel better. He is not better. He is
+actually worse&mdash;made worse by the alcohol, and not unseldom,
+after the evanescent alcoholic disguise and deceptive improvement
+has faded, it is found that the malady itself has been progressing,
+unseen and unsuspected from the delusive aspect of
+the alcohol, steadily toward a fatal termination, which might, in
+many cases, have been averted but for the true state of the patient
+having been completely masked.</p>
+
+<p>“Wherever the blame really has lain, one thing is now clear,
+that alcoholic intoxicants are very rarely useful as a medicine;
+are at the best dangerous remedies; and that, other things being
+equal, the less they are resorted to the better for the chances
+of the patient’s recovery, the better for body and brain, the better
+for physical, intellectual and moral well-being. Alcohol
+does not nourish, but pulls down; does not stimulate, but de<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358">[Pg 358]</a></span>presses;
+does not strengthen, but excites and exhausts. Alcohol
+is the pathological fraud of frauds, degenerating while it
+claims to be reconstructing, enfeebling while it appears to be
+invigorating, destroying vitality while it professes to infuse new
+life.�</p></div>
+
+<p>A medical writer in the Toledo, O., <i>Blade</i> holds
+up in clear light the relation of the <i>materia medica</i>
+and alcohol, and the opportunity of the physician to
+become a benefactor, and active temperance worker.
+His remarks follow:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“One of the signs of the times in the temperance movement
+is the steady growth among physicians of a sentiment against
+the administration of liquor of any kind as a medicine. The
+accepted scientific view of alcohol is that it is a poison, and its
+administration should be as guarded as that of any other
+poison used as a medicine. Perhaps the hardest thing a
+physician finds in his effort to restore his patients to health
+without the use of liquors is the common, but erroneous, belief
+that they are ‘strengthening,’ and that the convalescent, by
+their use, reaches recovery more quickly. The error is in supposing
+that any alcoholic liquor is nourishing, or strengthening.
+They are neither. Alcohol does not nourish, but it pulls
+down; it does not strengthen, but excites and exhausts, for
+every stimulation is necessarily followed by a period of depression,
+and this is inevitably unfavorable to the patient.</p>
+
+<p>“There is a grave responsibility resting on the physician
+who prescribes alcoholic liquor. It may arouse in a susceptible
+patient a dormant, inherited tendency to drink. He may,
+by authorizing its use during the period of convalescence, fix a
+habit upon a patient of feeble will, which the latter will never be
+able to shake off. No physician who realizes this great moral
+responsibility will be willing to accept it habitually. He certainly
+knows that the best medical authorities agree that
+alcoholic intoxicants are rarely useful as a medicine; that at
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359">[Pg 359]</a></span>best they are dangerous remedies, and that the less they are
+resorted to, the better for both brain and body.</p>
+
+<p>“In point of fact the physician who does his duty to his
+patient teaches him the error of the prevalent belief in the
+virtues of liquor in restoring the sick to health. He becomes
+an active temperance worker in effect. And he can do a
+noble and useful work in the rescue of those who are under
+the control of the drink habit. *&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*</p>
+
+<p>“Furthermore, every physician owes it to his profession to
+teach his patients the utter fallacy of the common belief that
+alcohol is an article of food value. It has no such value.
+The use of intoxicants in any quantity whatever, or at any
+time, is entirely useless and unnecessary. The continued use
+of them gradually induces structural degradations and functional
+derangements of the great bodily organs, thus leading
+to the gravest physical disorders.�</p>
+
+<p>“I have demonstrated by actual experience that no form of
+alcoholic drink is necessary, or desirable, for internal use, either
+in health, or any of the varied forms of disease; but that health
+can be better preserved, and disease more successfully treated,
+without the use of such drinks.*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;* Simple truth compels
+me to say that I have never yet seen a case in which the use of
+alcoholic drinks either increased the force of the heart’s action,
+or strengthened the patient. But I could detail very many
+cases in which the administration of alcoholics was quieting the
+patient’s restlessness, enfeebling the capillary circulation, and
+steadily favoring increased engorgement of the lungs and other
+internal viscera, and thereby hastening a fatal result, where
+both attending physician and friends thought they were the
+only agents that were keeping the patient alive.</p>
+
+<p>“I have found no case of disease and no emergency arising
+from accident, that I could not treat more successfully without
+any form of fermented or distilled liquors than with. It is easy
+to see that the anæsthetic properties of alcohol can be made
+available by an intelligent and skillful physician to meet a very
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">[Pg 360]</a></span>limited number of indications in the treatment of some cases
+that will come before him. But the same intelligence and skill
+will enable him to select other remedies capable of meeting the
+same indications more perfectly, and, with less tendency to
+secondary bad effects. I have no hesitation, therefore, in stating
+that for the attainment of the highest degree of success in
+the management of all forms of disease, whether acute or
+chronic, we need no form of fermented, or distilled, alcoholic
+drinks. And whoever will boldly make the trial, will find that
+his patients, of every kind, will make better progress, on good
+air and simple nourishment, without any admixture of alcoholic
+liquids, than they will with such addition. In other words he
+will find that the supposed benefits of this class of agents in
+medicine, are as illusory as they are in general society, and that
+the words of the wise man are worthy of careful consideration
+when he says: ‘Wine is a mocker and strong drink is raging,
+and whosoever is <i>deceived</i> thereby is not wise.’�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr. N. S.
+Davis</span>, Chicago, Ill.</p>
+
+<p>“Dr. <a name="Page_360t" id="Page_360t"></a><a href="#Page_360tn">Hirschfeld</a>, a well-known physician of Magdeburg,
+Germany, was recently arrested on a charge of malpractice.
+The specific charge was that he had refused to give alcohol to
+one of his patients who was supposed to need it. The doctor,
+like the more advanced German physicians, is discarding liquor
+from his practice, and made such a hot defence to the charge
+that the court not only discharged the physician, but assessed
+the cost of the defense against the prosecution.�&mdash;<i>Bulletin of
+A. M. T. A.</i></p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. Greene, of Boston, when addressing his brethren
+and sisters of the medical association in that
+city, upon alcohol, said in closing:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“It needs no argument to convince you that it is upon the
+medical profession, to a very great extent, that the rum-seller
+depends to maintain the respectability of the traffic. It requires
+only your own experience, and observations, to convince
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361">[Pg 361]</a></span>you that it is upon the medical profession, upon their prescriptions
+and recommendations for its use upon many occasions,
+that the habitual dram-drinker depends for the seeming
+respectability of his drinking habits. It is upon the members
+of the medical profession, and the exceptional laws which it has
+always demanded, that the whole liquor fraternity depends,
+more than upon anything else, to screen it from <a name="Page_361t" id="Page_361t"></a><a href="#Page_361tn">opprobrium</a>,
+and just punishment for the evils which the traffic entails upon
+society; and it is because the rum-seller, and the rum-drinker,
+hide under this cloak of seeming respectability that they are so
+difficult to reach either by moral suasion, or by law. Physicians
+generally have only to overcome the force of habit, and the prevailing
+fashion in medicine, to find an excellent way, when they
+will all look back with wonder and surprise, that they, as individuals,
+and members of an honored profession, should have
+been so far compromised.�</p>
+
+<p>“It will be asked, <i>Was there no evidence of any good service
+rendered by the agent in the midst of so much obvious bad
+service?</i> I answer to that question <span class="smcap">that there was no
+such evidence whatever, and is none</span>.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Sir B. W.
+Richardson.</span></p>
+
+<p>“A prominent general practitioner expressed surprise that
+any one could do without alcohol in general medicine. He was
+persuaded to make a trial, by abandoning the internal use of
+spirits as medicine. A year afterward he wrote that his success
+in the treatment of disease had been equal to that of any year
+in the past, and that his cases recovered as well without alcohol
+as with it. In a recent medical meeting he remarked, ‘I
+thought for many years that I could not do without spirits as
+medicine. I was mistaken. I am constantly treating cases of
+all degrees of severity without alcohol, and my success is fully
+equal to the average.’�&mdash;<i>Quarterly of A. M. T. A.</i></p>
+
+<p>“Happily, the belief in alcohol is passing away.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr. C. R.
+Francis</span>, late Professor of Medicine, Calcutta Medical College.</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362">[Pg 362]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Dr. Moor, the distinguished editor of the <i>Pacific
+Record</i>, says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“While the use of alcohol is always injudicious and injurious,
+it is particularly so in summer, when the system is predisposed
+to disturbances of the gastro-intestinal tract.</p>
+
+<p>“Alcohol flushes the capillaries of the mucous membranes
+just as it does the capillaries of the skin, and where there is already
+a smouldering congestion, it will take but little to light
+the fire of acute inflammation, which will rage with greatly increased
+intensity.</p>
+
+<p>“It is wiser to habitually avoid even the medicinal use of alcohol,
+as there are plenty of other stimulants which will give
+the desired results without entailing any disastrous after effects.�</p>
+
+<p>“All the pleasant sensations of increased mental and physical
+power, which the use of alcohol produces, are deceptive and
+arise from the paralysis of the judgment and the momentary
+benumbing of the sense of fatigue which afterwards returns so
+imperiously with perhaps even greater intensity.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Prof.
+Adolf Fick</span>, of Wurzburg.</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. Frank Payne, vice-president of the London
+Pathological Society, says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Alcohol is a functional and tissue poison, and there is no
+proper or necessary use for it as a medicine.�</p>
+
+<p>“When I first heard that there was going to be a total abstinence
+hospital, I thought it would be a complete failure. That
+was because I had been taught as a student to regard alcohol as
+absolutely necessary in the treatment of disease. Nevertheless
+I was an abstainer myself. When I was asked to join as physician,
+I did not consent without a good deal of consideration, and
+then only on the understanding that if I thought a person needed
+it, I should be allowed to administer alcohol. I remember
+the first case of severe typhoid fever I had. He was hovering
+between life and death, and I was anxiously watching to see
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">[Pg 363]</a></span>whether it would be necessary to give alcohol, but the man
+made a good recovery without it. After watching many cases
+to whom I should have given alcohol if I had been treating
+them elsewhere, I came to the conclusion that I had been completely
+deluded. I gave it at one time to a woman in the
+Hospital who was in a dying condition, but it did not save her.
+I do not think I am likely to administer alcohol again. We
+have had progress and efficiency in the Hospital. It has been
+like an experiment for the profession, and our success shows
+that this giving of alcohol is certainly a matter for re-consideration
+for the medical profession. I believe that they are mistaken.
+There is no doubt that the amount of alcohol used in
+other hospitals has diminished greatly, compared with what
+was used in the past. To the outside public also this Hospital
+is an example. I believe that an immense number of the public
+have been teetotalers some time in their lives, but a great many
+of them have gone back to the drink in time of illness, because
+they have been advised to do so. This Hospital is a
+standing witness that disease and surgical injuries can
+be treated without alcoholic liquors.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr. J. J. Ridge</span>, of
+London Temperance Hospital.</p>
+
+<p>“I find very little use for alcohol in the practice of medicine.
+Where there is one element of good in alcohol there
+are thousands that are bad.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr. Alfred Mercer</span>, Syracuse,
+N. Y., Professor of Medicine in Syracuse Medical School.</p>
+
+<p>“Alcohol is rarely necessary. Other remedies are much
+more efficacious. In my department of the University of
+Buffalo I follow Cushny, who claims that alcohol is a poison,
+a depressant in direct proportion to the amount ingested, and
+a so-called false food.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr. De Witt H. Sherman</span>, Adjunct
+Professor of Therapeutics, University of Buffalo Medical
+Department.</p>
+
+<p>“I believe that alcohol is the greatest foe to the human
+race to-day. I feel that it would not be a serious harm if its
+use as a medicine were totally discontinued.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr. Walter E.
+Fernald</span>, Professor in Tufts Medical School, Boston, Mass.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">[Pg 364]</a></span></p>
+<p>“I rarely or never prescribe alcohol as a medicament or a
+food, or sanction its use as a beverage. Physiologically I look
+upon alcohol as a narcotic, with perhaps a primary stimulating
+effect, but I believe that such desired action as it is capable
+of producing can be equally well brought about by other
+agents. As a beverage the use of alcohol, particularly in excess,
+is attended with definite and well-known dangers.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr.
+A. A. Eshner</span>, Professor of Clinical Medicine, Philadelphia
+Polyclinic and College for Graduates in Medicine.</p>
+
+<p>“I agree with you altogether in your agitation against the
+use of alcohol in any form. I believe that wine is a mocker,
+and belief in wine as a benefit, mockery.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr. Matthew
+Woods</span>, Philadelphia, Pa.</p>
+
+<p>“It is extremely seldom that I ever advise the use of alcohol
+in any form for my patients.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Elliott P. Joslin, M. D.</span>,
+Professor in Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.</p>
+
+<p>“My belief is that there is very little need of the medical
+use of alcohol. I almost never use it in my practice, and
+think that its use by practitioners generally is far less than it
+was a few years ago.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr. E. G. Cutler</span>, Professor in Harvard
+Medical School, Boston, Mass.</p>
+
+<p>“I believe that the trend of teaching in the Harvard Medical
+School has been growing less favorable, of late years, to
+the use of alcohol in the treatment of disease, and in fact it
+is far less used than it was a generation ago.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr. James J.
+Putnam</span>, Professor in Harvard Medical School.</p>
+
+<p>“My personal opinion in regard to the use of alcoholic
+drinks is very decidedly averse to such use. I have long
+been of the opinion that while the use of alcohol may restrain
+tissue metamorphosis, it cannot legitimately be considered
+a food.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr. William O. Stillman</span>, Albany Medical
+College, Albany, N. Y.</p>
+
+<p>“I do not think you will meet with very many physicians
+who favor alcohol and its use. I believe the trend of the
+teaching in the Albany Medical College is that alcohol is not
+a food or stimulant.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr. A. Vander Veer</span>, Albany, N. Y.,
+Medical School.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365">[Pg 365]</a></span></p>
+<p>“I think the medical profession could get along perfectly
+well without the use of alcohol, except as it is needed in the
+manufacture of drugs. As a therapeutic agent, it has very
+little value. I do not suppose I have used a pint of alcohol
+in the last ten years. I think the tendency of the medical
+profession throughout the country is to give up alcohol in
+the treatment of disease.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr. Matthew D. Mann</span>, Dean of
+the Medical Department of the University of Buffalo, N. Y.</p>
+
+<p>“I very seldom prescribe alcohol as a medicine, and think
+its effects are positively harmful in the vast majority of medical
+cases.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr. Allen A. Jones</span>, Adjunct Professor of Medicine,
+Buffalo, N. Y.</p>
+
+<p>“At the Baptist Hospital I have not ordered alcohol for a
+patient in several years. At the Massachusetts General Hospital,
+in the out-patient department, I never prescribe it.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr.
+Richard Badger</span>, of Harvard Medical School, Boston.</p>
+
+<p>“Alcohol is used much too freely in the treatment of the
+sick, especially in such conditions as mild typhoid fever, neurasthenia
+and early tuberculosis. It should be prescribed only
+when there is definite indication for it, and then in definite
+dose for a limited period in the same manner as any other
+powerful and potentially harmful drug.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr. S. S. Cohen</span>,
+Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia.</p>
+
+<p>“It is seldom necessary to prescribe alcohol as a medicine.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr.
+James B. Herrick</span>, Professor of Medicine in
+Rush Medical College, Chicago.</p>
+
+<p>“As I have said but little about the use of medicine in the
+treatment of typhoid fever, save for one symptom, I may
+add, for the purpose of definiteness, that I use none except
+for special symptoms. The rare exceptions are stimulants
+such as strychnia, in less marked indications coffee. Alcohol
+as a routine drug I have entirely abandoned, having found
+that the doses formerly given before or after the bath are
+altogether unnecessary. Hot milk internally, or hot water
+bags externally, more than replace spirits according to my
+experience.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr. George Dock</span>, New Orleans.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366">[Pg 366]</a></span></p>
+<p>“I have no use for alcohol, either personally, or in my practice.
+Yet I cannot say that I have entirely abolished it. Alcohol
+is used in compounding most of our tinctures, but in remedies
+proper my experience has been that other stimulants,
+such as ammonia, strychnine, caffeine, kolafra, etc., answer the
+same purpose without alcohol’s dangerous effects. In my practice,
+which is confined to surgery, I find very, very little use for
+it. During the past year, in extreme cases, I used it in hypodermic
+injections, and afterwards felt that ether, or ammonia
+would have answered the same purpose. I think, in general
+practice, physicians are dispensing with alcohol more and more,
+but perhaps unconsciously.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">D. W. B. De Garmo</span>, Professor
+of surgery in Post-Graduate Hospital, New York City.</p>
+
+<p>“Medicine, to-day, would be in a more satisfactory condition
+if the use of alcohol as a medicine had been interdicted a
+hundred years ago, and the interdict had remained to the
+present day. The benefits derived from its use are so small
+(even when they can be proved, which is much more rarely the
+case than most people imagine), and the advantages gained are
+so slight, that they are completely outweighed when we set
+against them the evil that has been wrought by the abuse of
+alcohol, and that has arisen out of the loose methods of prescription
+that have obtained, and even still obtain, in regard to
+this drug.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr. G. Sims Woodhead</span>, F. R. C. P., F. R. S.,
+Director of the Research Laboratories of the Royal College of
+Physicians and Surgeons, London.</p>
+
+<p>“The effect of continually dosing with this drug is too
+apparent wherever it is used, benumbing the senses, and rendering
+more difficult every natural function. Alcohol never
+sustains the powers of life. It sometimes changes the symptoms
+of disease, but at the expense of the vitality of the body.
+What is called its supporting action, is a fever induced by the
+poison, which finally prostrates the patient. The secret of its
+action is found in the laws of vitality. The man who takes
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_367" id="Page_367">[Pg 367]</a></span>alcohol to help digest his food, must first throw off the alcohol,
+before his stomach can act healthfully.</p>
+
+<p>“There is one encouraging fact to be noted in this connection,
+that the use of alcohol in medicine has very much diminished
+during the past twenty-five years, and the present
+tendency is constantly in that direction. Right here is an
+important point which I wish to make: When the physician
+ceases to prescribe alcohol as a medicine, the drink problem
+will have reached the final stage of its solution. Mankind will
+eventually learn that safety lies not so much in skillful doctors,
+or in some wonderful ‘new remedy,’ as in daily obedience to
+the laws of health. A small amount of prevention is of more
+worth than all the power of cure.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr. C. H. Shepard</span>,
+Brooklyn, N. Y.</p>
+
+<p>“My observation has been that there is a decided tendency
+among educated physicians to give less alcohol than formerly
+in the treatment of disease. Of late years I have given but very
+little alcohol in my own practice. The tendency is due, in
+my opinion, to the study of the physiological action of drugs,
+and to the better understanding of the causation of disease and
+pathological processes. Modern investigators now know that
+we have therapeutic agents that meet the requirements of
+disease processes with more scientific accuracy than is obtained
+by the exhibition of alcohol.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr. Donnelly</span>, Secretary of
+Minnesota State Medical Society, St. Paul, Minn.</p>
+
+<p>“Dr. Pearce Gould recently made a speech to the National
+Temperance League on alcohol and the advantage of doing
+without it, both in health and in the treatment of disease. It
+takes a strong man to say the strong things which Mr. Gould
+said on the subject, especially if he happens to be a medical
+man. No doubt, as Dr. Gould says, the use of alcohol in
+medical practice is nothing now compared to what it was
+twenty years ago, much more forty years ago, when Dr.
+Todd’s influence, and the reaction from the so-called antiphlogistic
+treatment were at their height. Public opinion has been
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_368" id="Page_368">[Pg 368]</a></span>enlightened by the evidence of leaders in medicine, such as Dr.
+Parkes, Sir William Gull, Dr. Gairdner, Dr. Sanderson, and
+others, and medical men have dared to treat disease without
+alcohol, or with only small quantities of it. There are physicians
+and surgeons of reputation and success, who are so
+strong in their convictions that alcohol is of little use in the
+treatment of disease, that it destroys tissues, lessens the
+resistance to microbes, deranges functions, spoils temper, and
+shortens life, that they are ready to testify to this effect in
+public, in company with redoubtable champions of the temperance
+cause like the Archbishop of Canterbury, Sir William
+White (chief constructor of the navy), and the Bishop of
+Derry, who have as much prejudice to contend against in their
+spheres as the medical man has in his. We recognize with
+pleasure the good done by such testimony as Dr. Gould’s.
+Men whose record and authority in the profession are such as
+his have the courage of their opinions, and their honest testimony
+will be respected even by those who do not go quite so
+far in discarding alcohol as an element of diet, or as a medicine.�&mdash;<i>The
+Lancet</i>, London, May 14, 1898.</p>
+
+<p>“The light of exact investigation has shown that the therapeutic
+value of alcohol rests on an insecure basis, and it is
+constantly being made clearer that after all alcohol is a sort
+of poison to be handled with the same care and circumspection
+as other agents capable of producing noxious and deadly
+effect upon the organism. It has been shown by Abbott and
+others that alcoholic animals are more susceptible to infections
+than normal animals. And Laitinen, after having studied
+the influence of alcohol upon infections with anthrax,
+tubercle and diphtheria bacilli in dogs, rabbits, guinea-pigs
+and pigeons, reaches the same general results with certainty
+and directness. Under all circumstances alcohol causes a
+marked increase in susceptibility no matter whether given
+before or after infections, no matter whether the doses were
+few and massive or numerous and small, and no matter
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369">[Pg 369]</a></span>whether the infection was acute or chronic. The alcoholic
+animals either die while the controls remain alive, or in case
+both die, death is earlier in the alcoholic. The facts brought
+out by the researches of Abbott and Laitinen and others do
+not furnish the slightest support for the use of alcohol in the
+treatment of infectious diseases in man.�&mdash;<i>Journal American
+Medical Association, Editorial, September 8, 1900.</i></p>
+
+<p>“Step by step the progress of science has nullified every
+theory on which the physician administers alcohol. Every
+position taken has been disapproved. Alcohol is not a food
+and does not nourish, but impairs nutrition. It is not a stimulant
+in the proper acceptation of the term; on the contrary
+it is a depressant. Hence its former universal use in cases
+of shock was, to say the least, a grave mistake. It has been
+proved by recent experiments that alcohol retards, perverts,
+and is destructive either in large or small doses to normal
+cell growth and development.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Nathan S. Davis, Sr.</span>, M.D.,
+former Dean of Northwestern University Medical School,
+Chicago, Illinois. (Deceased.)</p>
+
+<p>“It seems to me that the field of usefulness of alcohol in
+therapeutics is extremely limited and possibly does not exist
+at all. Probably every supposed indication for its use can be
+met better and more safely by other drugs. The recent work
+on the so-called food value of alcohol is the subject of much
+misunderstanding. While it is true that under some circumstances,
+for example, after a person has acquired a certain
+degree of tolerance to its poisonous effects, alcohol seems to
+act as a food in the sense that fats and carbohydrates do, I
+believe this to be at present a matter of little more than theoretical
+importance.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr. Reid Hunt</span>, Chief of the Department
+of Pharmacology, Public Health and Marine Hospital
+Service, Washington, D.C.</p>
+
+<p>“The physician should have blazoned before him, ‘If you
+can do no good, do no harm.’ If this rule is adhered to, in
+ninety-nine cases out of one hundred the physician will give
+no alcohol. In the medical wards of the Pennsylvania Hospital
+I have found that in acute as well as chronic disease
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370">[Pg 370]</a></span>we can do without alcohol. It does harm rather than good.
+Alcohol masks the symptoms of disease, so that we cannot
+know the patient’s real condition.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">J. H. Musser</span>, M. D.,
+Philadelphia, Pa., Ex-President American Medical Association.</p>
+
+<p>“It is time alcohol was banished from the medical armamentarium;
+whisky has killed thousands where it cured one.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">J.
+H. McCormack</span>, M. D., Secretary Kentucky Board of
+Health, and Organizer for the American Medical Association.</p>
+
+<p>“I very rarely use alcohol in my practice. I think that its
+use is never essential. Physicians are using it less and less
+in the treatment of disease owing to the recognition that it is
+a narcotic, not a stimulant, and that other narcotics are usually
+better when a narcotic is required.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Richard C. Cabot</span>,
+M. D., Professor of Clinical Medicine, Harvard Medical
+School, Boston, Mass.</p>
+
+<p>“My position has been that alcohol should be prescribed
+with as much care as to indications and circumspection as to
+dose and method as in the use of any other drug that in
+health would prove harmful, as morphine, belladonna, aconite,
+quinine, etc. I believe strongly that in pneumonia, typhoid
+fever, and tuberculosis especially, the indiscriminate use
+of alcohol in the past has caused an incalculable amount of
+distress and needless disaster to suffering humanity.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Howard
+S. Anders</span>, M. D., Professor of Physical Diagnosis, Medico-Chirurgical
+College, Philadelphia, Pa.</p>
+
+<p>“I do not think alcohol of any value in the treatment of
+disease; formerly it was used a great deal in the hospital
+wards, and ‘liquor slips’ were daily signed. Now, I never
+order liquor in any quantity, and at times for weeks I have
+not signed a single slip ordering liquor.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Henry Jackson</span>,
+M. D., Professor in Harvard Medical School.</p>
+
+<p>“In the overwhelming majority of cases I am in entire
+sympathy with the movement to abolish the routine use of
+alcoholics from medicine, and I rarely advise such in my
+practice.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Edward R. Baldwin</span>, M. D., Saranac Lake Sanitarium,
+New York.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_371" id="Page_371">[Pg 371]</a></span></p>
+<p>“I seldom prescribe alcohol.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">George Blumer</span>, M. D.,
+Yale Medical School, New Haven, Conn.</p>
+
+<p>“<span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, The study of alcohol from a scientific standpoint
+has demonstrated that its action is deceptive, and that
+it does not have the medical properties that we once claimed
+for it; now, therefore, be it</p>
+
+<p>“<i>Resolved</i>, By the West Virginia State Medical Association,
+That we deplore the fact that our profession has been
+quoted so long as claiming for it virtues which it does not
+possess, and that we earnestly pledge ourselves to discourage
+the use of it, both in and out of the sick room.�&mdash;<i>Resolution
+passed at annual meeting May, 1908.</i></p>
+
+<p>“I have been actively engaged in the practice of medicine
+for nearly twenty-five years, in the early portion of which I
+prescribed alcoholics moderately but yet with considerable
+frequency. For the past ten years I have been finding professionally
+less place for alcoholics of any sort in my practise,
+and for perhaps three years I have scarcely ever prescribed
+them. I am satisfied that my cases of pneumonia
+and typhoid come through in better condition without anything
+alcoholic, even wines, and I no longer prescribe these
+at all in cases of tuberculosis. I have noted also that among
+my professional associates of the thinking rather than of
+the automatic type, the medicinal use of alcohol is rapidly
+lessening.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">C. G. Hickey</span>, M. D., Lecturer on Medicine, Denver
+and Gross College of Medicine, Denver, Colorado.</p>
+
+<p>“In the thirteen years I have taught in Michigan I have
+not used alcohol in the treatment of disease in a routine way.
+Even alcoholic preparations, such as tinctures, have been used
+in very rare instances. I have occasion to speak on this subject
+every year to about two hundred students. My reasons
+for taking this stand are chiefly medical, though I am heartily
+in sympathy with the ethical and moral phases of the temperance
+movement.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr. George Dock</span>, formerly Professor
+of Medicine, University of Michigan Medical College, now of
+Tulane University, New Orleans.</p>
+
+<p>“Alcohol is distinctly a poison, and the limitation of its use
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372">[Pg 372]</a></span>should be as strict as that of any other kind of poison. It
+is not an appetizer, and even in small quantities it hinders
+digestion. The use of alcohol is emphatically diminishing in
+hospital practise.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Sir Frederick Treves</span>, Surgeon to King
+Edward.</p>
+
+<p>“If during the last quarter of a century I have prescribed
+almost no alcohol in the treatment of disease, it is because I
+have found very little reason for its use, and it seemed to me
+that my patients got on better without it.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Sir James Barr</span>,
+Dean of the Medical School of Liverpool University.</p>
+
+<p>“With the increase of medical knowledge and with the
+increase of medical observation, it is shown every year that
+the value of alcohol as a drug has been enormously overestimated.
+It is a very poor agent, and only in common use
+because it is so easily obtained. The medical profession is
+using it less and less, because they appreciate it now at its
+true value. Personally I never order it, because I believe
+patients recover better without it.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Sir Victor Horsley</span>, Surgeon
+to London Hospital.</p>
+
+<p>“The same care and discrimination should be given to the
+prescribing of alcohol as to the most deadly drug with which
+we have to deal. In looking at the report of Radcliffe Infirmary
+for the past month I see that in dealing with twenty-five
+cases I ordered alcohol costing exactly 1¾ pence.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr.
+William Collier</span>, President British Medical Association, 1904.</p>
+
+<p>“In England at present the use of large doses of alcohol
+seems to have greatly gone out of hospital practise, and opinion
+is certainly growing that not even small doses are required.
+Diseases of the stomach, liver, heart, and kidneys
+have appeared to me, in my practise, to be much more satisfactorily
+treated without beer, wines, or spirits.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr. C. R.
+Drysdale</span>, Consulting Physician to the Metropolitan Hospital,
+London.</p>
+
+<p>“Alcohol is a functional and tissue poison, and there is no
+proper or necessary use for it as medicine.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr. Frank
+Payne</span>, Vice-President London Pathological Society.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_373" id="Page_373">[Pg 373]</a></span></p>
+<p>“Of scarlet fever I have treated some 2,000 cases. I have
+never seen a case in which, in my opinion, alcohol was necessary;
+no case in which its administration was beneficial; but
+I have seen more than one case in which its action was directly
+injurious. *&nbsp;*&nbsp;* Alcohol in no case averts a fatal issue
+where such is impending. *&nbsp;*&nbsp;* The facts are dead
+against alcohol. In hospitals there has been an increase of
+300 per cent. in the use of milk, and a decline of 47 per cent.
+in the use of alcohol. Progress in treatment of disease has
+gone hand in hand with disuse of alcohol. The use of alcohol
+formerly was the outcome of ignorance, a confession of
+weakness and defeat; to-day it is the expression of inability
+to discard the fetters of an outworn routine.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr. C. Knox
+Bond</span>, in Medical Times.</p>
+
+<p>“For many years I have dispensed almost entirely with alcohol
+as an aid in surgical treatment. As a student I saw it
+used, almost as a matter of routine, for every kind of surgical
+malady except head injuries, and in my early years I naturally
+followed the practise of my teachers; but as soon as
+I made trial for myself of the effect of withholding alcohol,
+I found how entirely overrated its value was, and how gravely
+mistaken had been the teaching. It is commonly held, I believe,
+that alcoholic stimulants are of especial value in all
+forms of septic inflammation, such as erysipelas, pyæmia,
+septicæmia, and hectic fever. I believe that this belief is
+founded solely upon tradition unsupported by any trustworthy
+evidence, and untested by experiment or experience.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr.
+A. Pearce Gould</span>, F. R. C. S., Surgeon to the Middlesex Hospital,
+London.</p>
+
+<p>“I have not prescribed alcohol to my patients for more
+than ten years, and can affirm positively that they have fared
+well under this change of treatment. Since I formerly followed
+the universal practice, I am competent to make comparisons,
+and these speak unconditionally in favor of treatment
+without alcohol. As a preventive of waste I use among
+fever patients nothing but real foods; in addition to milk,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374">[Pg 374]</a></span>particularly sugar, which can be administered to any fever
+patient in ample quantity in the form of fruit juices, stewed
+fruit, sweet lemonade, fruit ices, sugared tea, etc., concerning
+which hundreds of investigations have demonstrated positively
+that it prevents the waste of both albumen and fat.
+As a stimulant I employ, besides hydriatic methods, which at
+the same time abstract heat, almost nothing but camphor, and
+I can affirm that it is unconditionally preferable to alcohol
+for its prompt results and the absence of disagreeable after-effects
+(intoxication, benumbing). Pneumonia, especially,
+subsides without alcohol to perfect satisfaction, and I rejoice
+to agree in this respect with Aufrecht, one of the best
+authorities on this disease, who in his monograph in Nothnagle’s
+manual, acknowledges himself hostile to the use of
+alcohol in the treatment of pneumonia, and hopes that its
+use may be speedily abolished. For the reasons previously
+specified, I should like to see that extended to all use of alcohol
+in therapeutics. However, that can come to pass only
+when all thinking physicians clearly appreciate the fact that
+no substance is able to undertake the double role of a food
+and a poison, and, also, that for alcohol no nutritive, but
+only toxic properties can be claimed.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Max Kassowitz</span>,
+M. D., Professor in the University of Vienna, Austria.</p>
+
+<p>“Besides its deleterious influence on the nervous system
+and other important parts of our body, alcohol has a harmful
+action on the phagocytes, the agents of natural defense
+against infective microbes.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Prof. Metchnikoff</span>, Pasteur
+Institute, Paris, France.</p>
+
+<p>“Alcoholic liquors are, to my mind, not only not valuable,
+but distinctly disadvantageous, in the treatment of disease,
+except in rare instances, as for example in the initial chill
+of some acute infectious disease. However, I have almost
+given up the use of alcohol in the treatment of disease.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr.
+D. L. Edsall</span>, Professor of Therapeutics in the University of
+Pennsylvania Medical School.</p>
+
+<p>“As a rule which might well be regarded as universal in
+the practice of medicine, alcohol in the treatment of disease
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375">[Pg 375]</a></span>is an evil. In ordinary doses and in continuous use the sum
+of its reactions increases exhaustion, which may terminate
+fatally.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr. John Van Duyn</span>, Professor of Medicine in
+Syracuse, N. Y., University Medical School.</p>
+
+<p>“In sixteen years of active practice I have not used alcoholics
+at all. I am medical director of the Scranton Sanitarium,
+and I have considerable trouble in trying to cure
+those who use alcohol, and to undo some of the work my
+fellow practitioners have unwittingly made.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">D. Webster
+Evans</span>, M. D., Scranton, Pa.</p>
+
+<p>“I am opposed to the use of alcoholic liquors as a beverage,
+and with rare exceptions, to their use in the treatment
+of diseases.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr. Eugene Kerr</span>, Physician to Phipps Dispensary,
+Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Md.</p>
+
+<p>“In my professional work I do not advise or permit the
+use of alcohol as a beverage or medicine in any form whatever.
+No alcohol is used medicinally in my hospital wards.
+Beer or wine is not permitted to convalescents. Children are
+never given tinctures. Cases of delirium tremens receive no
+alcohol. The hypodermic use of alcohol is not permitted in
+cases of shock. There are other much more effective and
+less depressing diffusable stimulants.</p>
+
+<p>“Among my colleagues the employment of alcohol as a medicine
+has diminished at least seventy-five per cent. in the
+past fifteen years.</p>
+
+<p>“I have cast it out entirely.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">J. P. Warbasse</span>, M. D., Chief
+Surgeon German Hospital, Brooklyn, N. Y.</p>
+
+<p>“The habitual use of alcohol in any disease is worse than
+harmful.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Robert B. Preble</span>, M. D., Chicago, Ill.</p>
+
+<p>“The last few years I find I have used less and less alcohol
+in prescribing for my patients until at the present time I
+use very little. I think my typhoid cases do better without
+alcohol than with it.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">H. H. Healy</span>, M. D., former Sec’y
+North Dakota Board of Health.</p>
+
+<p>“Alcohol is a poison. It is claimed by some that alcohol is
+a food. If so, it is a poisoned food.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Frederick Peterson</span>,
+M. D., Professor of Psychiatry, Columbia University, N. Y.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_376" id="Page_376">[Pg 376]</a></span></p>
+<p>“Few physicians now credit alcohol as a food (that is, as a
+tissue builder) or as having any valuable medicinal qualities.
+In fact, it is considered by many to have a destructive rather
+than a constructive quality. I believe it should never be put
+into the human body.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Eugene Hubbell</span>, M. D., St. Paul,
+Minn.</p>
+
+<p>“The medical profession is learning that alcohol has been
+much abused in the treatment of the sick, and is largely discarding
+it. I hardly find occasion to prescribe it once a year.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">W. A.
+Plecker</span>, M. D., Sec’y State Board of Health, Hampton,
+Va.</p>
+
+<p>“The use of alcohol as a beverage or therapeutically, is in
+either case a habit of the user. The stimulation is but temporary,
+the reaction leaving the nerve cells of the individual
+with less resisting power than before the ingestion of alcohol. *&nbsp;*&nbsp;* Never
+permit a verbal or written prescription of
+yours to give rise to the use of a habit forming drug.�&mdash;<i>From
+a lecture to students in Omaha Medical College by J. M.
+Aiken, M. D., Clinical Instructor and Lecturer upon Nervous
+and Mental Diseases.</i></p>
+
+<p>“The use of spirits as a stimulant in diseases, except in a
+very limited circle, is a mere empiricism for which no good
+reasons can be given. The teachings of medical men are no
+more to be followed blindly and without question. The tests
+of alcohol as a tonic, as a food, as a stimulant, as a retarder
+of waste, are all negative. There is no reliable evidence to
+support these claims, but a constant accumulation of facts to
+indicate the danger from the use of spirits. To give alcohol
+or any other drug without some rational theory in accord
+with the scientific researches of to-day is unpardonable.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr.
+T. D. Crothers</span>, Hartford, Conn., Editor of the Journal of
+Inebriety.</p>
+
+<p>“Many physicians prescribe alcohol only because it is the
+desire of the patient, and because patients refuse medicine
+which the physicians would rather use.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Everett Hooper</span>, M. D.
+Boston, Mass.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_377" id="Page_377">[Pg 377]</a></span></p>
+<p>“You are right in indicting alcohol for its insidious wrongs
+to humanity. It is an old and sly offender and very much the
+‘mocker’ in medical practise that it has been pronounced in
+holy writ. It exhausts the latent energy of the organism
+often when that power is most needed to conserve the failing
+strength of the body in the battle with disease.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr. C. H.
+Hughes</span>, St. Louis, Missouri.</p>
+
+<p>“The best class of thinkers, men of the best intellectual
+gauge, are those who are doing away with this miserable,
+unscientific practise of giving liquor.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr. Boynton</span>, Clifton
+Springs, N. Y.</p>
+
+<p>“I believe that in the scientific light of the present era alcohol
+should be classed among the anæsthetics and poisons, and
+that the human family would be benefited by its entire exclusion
+from the field of remedial agents.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr. J. S. Cain</span>,
+Dean of the Faculty, Medical Department, University of
+the South, Sewanee, Tenn.</p>
+
+<p>“Let me cite my experience in surgery for the last three
+years in proof of the uselessness of alcohol, and the benefit
+of abstinence from its administration. During that time I
+have performed more than one thousand operations, a large
+portion upon cases of railroad injuries, one hundred for appendicitis,
+and in none of these was alcohol administered in
+any form, either before, during, or after operations. I defy
+any one who still adheres to alcohol to show as good results.
+Equally gratifying results have been obtained with my medical
+cases, and I fail to understand how any observing and
+thinking physician can still cling to so prejudicial a drug as
+alcohol, when he has within his reach a multitude of valuable,
+exact, and reliable methods for combating, governing,
+and controlling disease.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr. Evan C. Kane</span>, Surgeon Pennsylvania
+Railroad, Kane, Pa.</p>
+
+<p>“In my neurological practice I emphatically forbid my patients
+the use of alcohol. This poison has a special predilection
+for the nervous system which it influences sometimes to
+an alarming extent.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Alfred Gordon</span>, M. D., Jefferson Medical
+College, Philadelphia, Pa.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378">[Pg 378]</a></span></p>
+<p>“Alcohol finds no place in my remedial list. It has been
+banished, not from sentiment, but from knowledge secured
+by scientific investigation.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">T. Alexander MacNicholl</span>, M.
+D., New York City, one of the founders of the Red Cross
+Hospital, New York.</p>
+
+<p>“No sound, scientific argument can be offered for the medical
+use of alcohol, either internally or externally. It is a
+toxic substance which ought to be retired from the <i>materia
+medica</i>, and placed in the catalog of obsolete drugs along
+with tobacco, lobelia, and like useless but highly toxic drug
+substances.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr. J. H. Kellogg</span>, Superintendent Battle Creek
+Sanitarium, Battle Creek, Michigan.</p>
+
+<p>“The majority of medical men, without making any searching
+investigation into the abundant recent literature upon the
+subject of alcohol, are disposed to regard it with less and
+less favor as the years go by, while those who have closely
+followed the thorough investigations into the physiological
+action of alcohol recently made by scientists, have repudiated
+it altogether. *&nbsp;*&nbsp;* It is a lack of information upon
+this subject&mdash;together with the fact that alcohol has been
+used as a therapeutic agent for hundreds of years, during
+which it has formed the basis of all tonic or stimulating
+treatment&mdash;that gives alcohol its present hold upon a part of
+the medical profession.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">John Madden</span>, M. D., Portland,
+Oregon, formerly professor in Milwaukee Medical College.</p>
+
+<p>“Alcohol may fill an emergency when better means are not
+at hand, but, apart from this, I know of no use in the practise
+of medicine and surgery for which we have not better
+weapons at our command. There is but one reason for the
+continued use of alcohol&mdash;men use it because they love it.�
+<span class="smcap">Dr. W. F. Waugh</span>, Chicago, Editor Journal of Clinical Medicine.</p>
+
+<p>“If alcohol had become a candidate for recognition years
+ago instead of centuries ago it is safe to say that its application
+in medicine would have been very much more limited
+than we find it at the present time. Its wide therapeutic use
+is to be attributed in part to fallacies and misconception re<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379">[Pg 379]</a></span>garding
+its pharmacology, and in part to a disinclination on
+the part of the average practitioner of medicine to depart
+from old and well-beaten lines.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Winfield S. Hall</span>, M. D.,
+Professor of Physiology, Northwestern University Medical
+School, Chicago.</p>
+
+<p>“In its relation to the human system, alcohol is never constructive
+and always destructive.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Prof. Frank Woodbury</span>,
+M. D., Philadelphia, Pa.</p>
+
+<p>“The clinicians who decide for the deleterious action of
+alcohol in infectious conditions have what evidence of an
+experimental nature we possess at the present time to support
+their impressions. The advocates of the continuous use
+of the drug have this evidence against them.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Henry F.
+Hewes</span>, M. D., Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.</p>
+
+<p>“I am very glad that you are undertaking so important a
+work as this in connection with the terrible problem of alcoholism.
+Physicians need awakening in this matter; they need
+reform. The evil results of alcohol are unfortunately brought
+to my notice each day of my life as I pursue my vocation
+and my public duties as Health Officer, and a reform in prescribing
+so as to eliminate alcohol would undoubtedly have
+far-reaching beneficent effects.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Edward von Adelung</span>,
+M. D., Health Officer, Oakland, Cal.</p>
+
+<p>“I am forwarding you a report of 303 cases of typhoid
+fever treated without alcohol, and my reasons for not using
+it. I believe the results will not suffer by comparison with
+those obtained in other hospitals where alcohol is used. Wishing
+you lasting success in your war upon the greatest evil
+of the times.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">J. H. Landis</span>, M. D., Cincinnati, O.</p>
+
+<p>“Only precise evidence that it (alcohol) is able to protect
+albumen from destruction can warrant its employment and
+establish its value as a food in the sick diet. And this evidence
+which is of determinative importance must be looked
+upon as having failed, according to the recent investigations
+of Stammreich and Miura (who both worked under von
+Noorden’s direction), as well as by Schmidt, Schöneseiffen
+and Roseman. The uniform result of all these experiments,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_380" id="Page_380">[Pg 380]</a></span>arrived at by altogether different methods, is that <i>alcohol
+does not possess albumen sparing power</i>; that it even brings
+about an undoubted breaking down of albumen, and consequently
+it is entirely unequal to carbohydrates and fat.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr.
+Julian Marcuse</span>, a contributing editor of <i>Die Heilkunde</i>, a
+German medical magazine. See issue of July, 1900.</p>
+
+<p>“Thirty years ago the general principle of practice was
+stimulation. Alcohol was supposed to rouse up and support
+vital forces in disease. Twenty-three years ago the first
+practical denial was put into a permanent position in a public
+hospital in London, where alcohol was seldom or never
+used. *&nbsp;*&nbsp;* Doctor Richardson’s researches showing the anæsthetic
+nature of alcohol have had a great influence in
+changing medical practice in England. *&nbsp;*&nbsp;* On the Continent
+a number of scientific workers have published researches
+confirming Doctor Richardson’s conclusions, and
+bringing out other facts as to the action of alcohol on the
+brain and nervous system. These papers and the discussions
+which followed have been slowly working their way into the
+laboratory and hospital, and have been tested and found correct,
+materially changing current opinions, and creating great
+doubts of the value of alcohol.</p>
+
+<p>“In 1896, the prosecution of Doctor Hirschfeld, a Magdeburg
+physician, in the German courts, for not using alcohol
+in a case of septicemia, seemed to be the central point for a
+new demonstration of the danger of the use of alcohol in
+medicine. Doctor Hirschfeld was acquitted on the testimony
+of a large number of leading physicians from the large hospitals
+and universities of Europe. It was proved that alcohol
+was not a remedy which was specifically required in any
+disease; also that its value was most seriously questioned as
+a general remedy by many able men, and its substitution was
+practical and literal in most cases. Statistics were presented
+proving that alcohol was dangerous, and never a safe remedy,
+and laboratory investigations confirming and explaining
+its action were given. Since then a sharp reaction has been
+going on in Europe, and alcohol is rapidly declining and
+passing away as a common remedy.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_381" id="Page_381">[Pg 381]</a></span></p>
+<p>“Doctor Frick, an eminent teacher of medicine in Zurich,
+Switzerland, and Doctor von Speyer, of the University of
+Berne, have made statistical studies of cases treated with
+and without alcohol, and have analyzed the effects of spirits
+as medicinal agents to check and antagonize disease, and
+assert very positively, that alcohol is a dangerous and exceedingly
+doubtful remedy. Doctor Meyer, of the University
+of Gottenburg, Doctor Möbius, of Leipsic, and Doctor
+Wehberg, of Dusseldorf, are equally prominent physicians
+who have taken the same position, and are equally emphatic
+in their denunciations of the current beliefs concerning alcohol
+in <a name="Page_381t" id="Page_381t"></a><a href="#Page_381tn">medicine.�</a>&mdash;<i>Journal A. M. A.</i>, January 6, 1900.</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. H. D. Didama, Dean of the Medical College
+of Syracuse University, Syracuse, N. Y., said in
+January, 1898, in the <i>Voice</i>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“For many years after my graduation at Albany, in 1846,
+I prescribed alcohol, and for twenty years, while occupying the
+chair of professor of the science and art of medicine in the
+College of Medicine of Syracuse University. I followed in my
+lectures&mdash;often reluctantly and usually afar off, but still I
+followed&mdash;the almost unanimous teaching of authors, ancient
+and modern, and the professors in the medical schools.</p>
+
+<p>“Convinced that a great number of the diseases I was called
+to treat owed their existence or aggravation to the use, in
+alleged moderation, of alcoholic beverages, and that not in a
+few instances this use was commenced and even continued by
+the advice of the medical attendants; convinced also by the
+published experiments of many acute observers at home and
+abroad, and by my own observations, that almost all diseases
+could be managed as well if not better by the non-use of
+alcohol, and satisfied from the communications of some
+brother practitioners that the fatality in certain specified diseases
+was not delayed, to say the least, by the employment of
+increasing and enormous doses of wine, whisky and brandy,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_382" id="Page_382">[Pg 382]</a></span>and influenced also, I must admit&mdash;overwhelmed, indeed&mdash;by
+what I know and what I read daily of the pauperism, domestic
+wretchedness, crime, insanity and incurable maladies transmitted
+to innocent offspring, I abandoned entirely, more than
+three years ago, the use of alcoholic remedies.</p>
+
+<p>“I have endeavored by personal example and earnest council
+to dissuade my patients from the use of intoxicating beverages
+and medicines.</p>
+
+<p>“The outcome of this practice, medically and morally, has
+been satisfactory to myself, and, I have reason to believe, to
+my patients also.</p>
+
+<p>“Whatever regrets I may feel for my former teaching and
+practice, I have no apology to offer for my inconsistency except
+that once given by Gerrit Smith:&mdash;‘I know more to-day
+than I did yesterday; the only persons who never change
+their minds are God and a fool.’</p>
+
+<p>“Permit me to add that while there may be an honest difference
+of opinion regarding the efficacy of legislative enactments
+in overcoming or restraining the drink habit, there should be
+little doubt that a whole-hearted, persistent, precept-and-example
+effort of the medical profession exerted as individuals on
+their patients and the families of their patients, and as associations
+on the community at large, would do immeasurable good.</p>
+
+<p>“And the newspapers might aid materially in this beneficent
+work if, while they continue to spread before our households
+every day the details of the brawls and fights of drunken men
+and the horrible murders which they commit, they would discontinue
+advertising, without warning or dissent, side by side
+with the atrocities, the ‘innocuous beers,’ the pure malt whiskies,
+the genuine brandies, guaranteed to prevent and cure all
+manner of diseases.�</p></div>
+
+<p>The following testimony from an English physician
+is significant:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Although I know beforehand that their united testimony
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_383" id="Page_383">[Pg 383]</a></span>must be in favor of the practice of total abstinence from all
+intoxicating drinks, being most conducive to health and longevity
+of their patients, but very inimical to the pocket interests
+of themselves, my own experience is, that my teetotal patients
+are seldom ill, and that they get well very soon again, if they
+are attacked by disease. A higher principle than that of gain
+must influence a medical man’s mind, or he will never advocate
+the doctrine of total abstinence.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">J. J. Ritchie</span>, M. R. C. S.,
+Leek.</p>
+
+<p>“One of the most dangerous phases of the use of alcohol is
+the production of a feeling of well being in weakly, dyspeptic,
+irritable, nervous or anæmic patients. In consequence of the
+temporary relief so obtained, the patient develops a craving
+for alcohol, which in many cases can end only in one way,
+and, as I felt compelled to tell an assembly of ladies a short
+time ago, the very symptoms for the alleviation of which
+alcohol is usually taken are those, the presence of which
+renders it exceedingly desirable that alcohol should not be
+taken.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr. G. Sims Woodhead</span>, of London.</p></div>
+
+<p>In an address upon the London Temperance
+Hospital delivered shortly before his death, Sir B.
+W. Richardson gave a brief review of the influences
+which led him to abandon the medical use of alcohol.
+The following is taken from that address as
+reported in the <i>Medical Pioneer</i>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“I was a member of the Vestry of St. Marylebone, and we
+had in our parish a very serious outbreak of small-pox, attended
+with a considerable mortality. In his report to us Dr.
+Whitmore stated that in his treatment of earlier cases of the
+confluent and hemorrhagic, and malignant forms of disease,
+stimulants of wine and brandy were freely administered without
+any apparent benefit; and, that after consultation with Mr.
+Cross, the resident surgeon, they resolved to substitute simple
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_384" id="Page_384">[Pg 384]</a></span>nutriments, such as milk, eggs and beef-tea, at frequent intervals,
+with discontinuance of stimulants altogether. The result
+of the change was most satisfactory, and many bad cases did
+well, which under the stimulant plan they believed would have
+terminated fatally. Again I was struck very much by a report
+made by Mr. Cadbury, in which that gentleman showed the
+course that was going on in various hospitals. The amount of
+alcohol in twelve hospitals in London, taken by the inpatients,
+varied in ounces from 37,531 in one establishment to 300,094 in
+another during the year 1878. I also found, from the same
+author, that the whole cost in St. George’s Union Infirmary for
+the year 1878 was £8. 3s. 6d., amongst 2,496 patients, while the
+cost of the same number at the average of the twelve hospitals
+was £124. About this same time I also remarked that in many
+of the public institutions of England there was a reduction
+something similar in kind, if not to the same extent, and that
+the number of persons who suffered seemed to make better recoveries
+than those who were taking the free amount of stimulant.
+The effect of these observations chimed in very remarkably
+with the physiological experiments it had been my duty to
+carry out, and which tended to show in a most striking manner
+that the action of alcohol in the body very much differed from
+the ordinary opinion that had been held upon it, and thereupon,
+in my own practice, I abandoned the use of alcohol, and began
+to give instead small quantities of simple, nourishing, dietic
+food, a course I pursued up to the present time with the most
+satisfactory results, results I have never felt any occasion to regret.
+By these steps, learned in the first place from the study
+of alcohol in its action on man, I was led to become a believer
+that alcohol is of no more service in disease than it is in health,
+and a lengthened experience in this matter has really confirmed
+the correctness of the idea.�</p></div>
+
+<p>In his last report as physician to the Temperance
+Hospital Dr. Richardson made some remarkable
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_385" id="Page_385">[Pg 385]</a></span>statements upon the fallacy of the general ideas of
+stimulation. So interesting are his views that they
+are incorporated here:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Sir B. W. Richardson, M. D., who was unable to be present,
+communicated (through the secretary) his annual report as
+physician to the hospital. After twelve months further trial of
+the treatment of all kinds of disease in this institution without
+the assistance of alcohol, either as a diet or a medicine, he (Sir
+B. W. Richardson) was fully sustained in the belief that the
+plan pursued had been attended with every possible advantage.
+About 500 cases had come under his observation and treatment
+as in previous years, and these cases had been of the most
+varied kind, including all patients who were not directly suffering
+from contagious disease. In not one instance had alcohol
+been administered, nor had anything like it been used in the
+way of a substitute, and there had not been a single case in
+which he could conceive that it was ever called for, while the
+success which had attended the treatment generally had been
+superior to anything he had ever seen following upon the
+administration of alcoholic stimulants. One great truth
+which had forced itself upon him had reference to the doctrine
+of stimulation generally. It had been one of the grand
+ideas in medicine that there came times when sick people
+were benefited by being stimulated. It was argued that
+they were low, and in order that they might be raised and
+brought nearer to the natural life they required something like
+alcohol to quicken the circulation, quicken the secretion, and
+help to preserve the vitality. But the experience which was
+learned here tended to show in the most distinct manner that
+that very old and apparently rational idea was fallacious. Such
+stimulation only tended ultimately to wear out the powers of the
+body, as well as change the physical conditions under which the
+body worked. True lowness meant practical over-fatigue, and
+when the body was spurred on, or stimulated, over-fatigue was
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_386" id="Page_386">[Pg 386]</a></span>simply intensified and increased. What, therefore, was wanted
+was not stimulation, but repose. The sufferer was placed in
+the best position to gain entire rest, and all the surroundings or
+environments were employed which tended to prevent waste.
+The air was kept at the proper temperature, the body of the
+patient kept warm, and the simplest and most easily digested
+foods were used; the patient’s condition then swung round to
+a natural state, and he began to get well. In other cases where
+the sick were brought under observation suffering already from
+excitable condition of the senses, with congestions here and there
+of the circulatory or nervous systems, with imperfect condition
+of the brain, and with the elements of what was usually denominated
+inflammatory or febrile state&mdash;the stimulant was already
+present (was, indeed the cause of the symptoms) and did
+not want in any degree to be enforced further by the acts of
+treatment. Here, therefore, they were on the safest grounds as
+regarded methods of administration, for they calmed as well as
+they possibly could both mind and body and left nature to do
+the rest, which she did with the best and most tranquilizing effect.
+On both sides, therefore, in the treatment of disease, they
+did good, and that was the reason, he believed, why their returns
+were so satisfactory. It often happened in an institution
+where some particular plan was carried out that the old ideas
+in which they had been bred were without intention refined or
+suppressed. For example, he had been taught, and believed for
+a number of years, that some medicament of a particular kind
+was needful for some particular train of symptoms, be the surrounding
+conditions what they might. There was no doubt
+that this same feeling had given rise to the persistent use of
+alcohol; but, greatly to his own surprise, he discovered that
+when the surroundings were all good, the rule that applied to
+alcohol constantly applied to other substances that were called
+remedies, with the result that recovery was often just as good
+without the particular remedies as with them, so that a revision
+came quite simply with regard to stimulating agents and their
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_387" id="Page_387">[Pg 387]</a></span>properties, and also with regard to every medicine that might
+at earlier times have been employed. He had seen many cases
+in this hospital recover without any other aid than that of the
+environments, which cases he would have said could not possibly
+have gone on well, or towards complete recovery, unless
+some special recipe had been followed. He believed the day
+would come when others, learning this same truth as he had been
+obliged to learn it, would act on such simple principles that the
+books of remedies would have to be vastly curtailed. It would
+be seen that there was such a tendency of disease to get well
+of itself, or by virtue of natural processes, of which people had
+at present but a very poor idea, that the art of physic would
+pass into directions how to live rather than into dogmatic assertions
+that particular means must be employed in addition to the
+common details of life for the process of cure. If therefore
+they learned in this hospital by their reduced death-rates the
+true lesson, the institution would have performed a double duty,
+and become one of the test objects in medicine, and in the field
+of disease. They made no attempt by selection, or by any side
+action, to exaggerate their results. The cases were taken indiscriminately,
+except that they gave admission to the worst
+cases first; that was to say, they never caused patients to come
+under their treatment if they saw they were only slightly affected,
+and were bound to get well.�&mdash;<i>Medical Pioneer.</i></p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. Landmann, of Boppard-on-the-Rhine, Germany,
+says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“The members of the Association of Abstaining Physicians,
+reject the use of spirituous liquors in every form, and particularly
+declare the use of alcohol at the sick-bed a scientific error
+of the saddest kind. In order to war against this abuse, they
+earnestly appeal to the officers having charge of funds for the
+sick, henceforth, under no circumstances, any longer to permit
+the prescription of wine, whisky and brandy for sick members;
+but to resist to the utmost, according to the right given them
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_388" id="Page_388">[Pg 388]</a></span>by the laws insuring the sick, the taking of spirituous liquors,
+under the false pretext that they have a curative and strengthening
+effect.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. Bleuler, Rheineau, Switzerland, says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“The treatment of chronic diseases with alcohol is contrary
+to our knowledge of the physiological effects of alcohol. There
+is no probability that its use will be beneficial, certainly its benefits
+have not been established. Often an injurious result is
+proved.</p>
+
+<p>“It is not implied that there may not be some benefit in the
+use of alcohol in cases of sudden weakness with or without
+fever. But even in such cases the benefit is not demonstrated.
+At any rate, other remedies can with advantage be substituted
+for alcohol.</p>
+
+<p>“The essential thing in the treatment of all alcoholic diseases,
+delirium tremens included, is total abstinence.</p>
+
+<p>“The physiological effect of alcohol is that of a poison, whose
+use is to be limited to the utmost. Even the moderate use as
+now practiced is injurious.</p>
+
+<p>“The customary beneficial results unquestionably depend
+chiefly on suggestion, and by making the patient believe falsely
+that the momentary subjective better feeling means actual improvement.</p>
+
+<p>“Physicians share the blame of the present flood of alcoholism.
+They are, therefore, morally bound to remedy the evil.
+Only by means of personal abstinence can this be done.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. A. Frick, professor in Zurich, is a careful
+student and an influential writer on alcohol. His
+statements are weighty. This is his testimony:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“In larger doses, alcohol is absolutely injurious in the treatment
+of acute fevers, especially in case of pneumonia, typhus
+and erysipelas. They first of all injure the general state
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_389" id="Page_389">[Pg 389]</a></span>of the patient, they cause delirium, or increase it if already existing,
+and, secondly, they injure most seriously the organs of
+digestion and interfere with proper nourishment; thus they have
+a weakening effect, instead of preventing weakness, which they
+are usually supposed to do. In case no alcohol is used, the
+convalescence is much more rapid. In no case has the benefit
+of treatment with alcohol been established. According to the
+view of the most eminent pharmacologists, the stimulating
+effect of alcohol consists simply in a local irritation of the mucous
+membrane of the stomach, similar to that produced by a
+mustard plaster.�</p></div>
+
+<p>The following selection from the excellent address
+of Dr. Harvey, president of the Virginia State Medical
+Society, at a recent meeting, is a most timely
+caution:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Our prisons, asylums and homes are filled with the victims
+of the careless and indiscriminate use by the medical profession
+of those twin demons, alcohol and opium, which, save tuberculosis,
+are doing more to debase and destroy the human race
+than all the other diseases together. I most earnestly beseech
+you, young men, who are just starting out in life, to stay your
+hand in the use of these agents in your own persons, and in
+your daily work, and to beware of the seductive needle, and the
+cup that inebriates. Make it an invariable rule, never to prescribe
+alcohol, nor one of the solinaceus or narcotic drugs, if
+you can possibly avoid it. The use of alcohol and opium debases
+the minds and morals of habitués, predisposes especially
+to Bright’s disease and insanity, and lays the foundation in the
+offspring for the majority of the neuroses and degenerations of
+modern civilized life. The physical fatigue of long working
+hours, loss of sleep, mental strain, worry and hunger, invite the
+tired physician, especially, to their seductive use. To totally
+abstain from them is always business, and very often character,
+and even life itself. I feel free to speak to you on this subject
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_390" id="Page_390">[Pg 390]</a></span>very earnestly, my younger brothers, for, having prescribed
+alcohol for over thirty years, I am familiar with its tendencies
+and its dangers.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. T. D. Crothers of Hartford, Conn., in an article
+upon “The Decline of Alcohol as a Medicine,�
+says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Thoughtful observers recognize that alcohol as a medicine
+is rapidly becoming a thing of the past. Ten years ago leading
+medical men and text-books spoke of stimulants as essentials
+of many diseases, and defended their use with warmth and
+positiveness. To-day this is changed. Medical men seldom
+refer to spirits as remedies, and when they do, express great
+conservatism and caution. The text-books show the same
+changes, although some dogmatic authors refuse to recognize
+the change of practice, and still cling to the idea of the food
+value of spirits.</p>
+
+<p>“Druggists who supply spirits to the profession recognize a
+tremendous dropping off in the demand. A distiller who, ten
+years ago, sold many thousand gallons of choice whiskies, almost
+exclusively to medical men, has lost his trade altogether,
+and gone out of business. Wine men, too, recognize this
+change, and are making every effort to have wine used in the
+place of spirits in the sick-room. Proprietary medicine dealers
+are putting all sorts of compounds of wine with iron, bark, etc.,
+on the market with the same idea. It is doubtful if any of these
+will be able to secure any permanent place in therapeutics.</p>
+
+<p>“The fact is, alcohol is passing out of practical therapeutics
+because its real action is becoming known. Facts are accumulating
+in the laboratory, in the autopsy room, at the bedside,
+and in the work of experimental psychologists, which show that
+alcohol is a depressant and a narcotic; that it cannot build up
+tissue, but always acts as a degenerative power; and that its
+apparent effects of raising the heart’s action and quickening
+functional activities are misleading and erroneous.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_391" id="Page_391">[Pg 391]</a></span></p>
+<p>“French and German specialists have denounced spirits both
+as a beverage and a medicine, and shown by actual demonstration
+that alcohol is a poison and a depressant, and that any
+therapeutic action it is assumed to have is open to question.</p>
+
+<p>“All this is not the result of agitation and wild condemnation
+by persons who feel deeply the sad consequences of the abuse
+of spirits. It is simply the outcome of the gradual accumulation
+of facts that have been proven within the observation of
+every thoughtful person. The exact or approximate facts relating
+to alcohol can now be tested by instruments of precision.
+We can weigh and measure the effects, and it is not essential
+to theorize or speculate; we can test and prove with reasonable
+certainty what was before a matter of doubt.</p>
+
+<p>“Medical men who doubt the value of spirits are no more
+considered fanatics or extremists, but as leaders along new and
+wider lines of research. Alcohol in medicine, except as a narcotic
+and anæsthetic, is rapidly falling into disfavor, and will
+soon be put aside and forgotten.�</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_392" id="Page_392">[Pg 392]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVI" id="CHAPTER_XVI"></a>CHAPTER XVI.</h2>
+
+<h3>RECENT RESEARCHES UPON <a name="Page_392t" id="Page_392t"></a><a href="#Page_392tn">ALCOHOL</a>.</h3>
+
+
+<p>In the year 1900 Prof. Taav Laitinen, of the University
+of Helsingfors, Finland, published an account
+of experiments made upon 342 animals&mdash;dogs, rabbits,
+guinea pigs, fowls and pigeons&mdash;to determine the
+effects of alcohol upon the resistance of the body to
+infectious diseases. He used as infecting agents,
+anthrax bacilli, tubercle bacilli, and diphtheria bacilli.
+The doses of alcohol given varied with the animal.
+For his “small dose� experiments he used the quantity
+of alcohol given as a food or as a medicine, or
+both, in a neighboring sanitorium. The alcohol employed
+was, as a rule, a 25 per cent. solution of ethyl
+alcohol in water. It was given either by esophageal
+catheter, or by dropping it into the mouth from a
+pipette. It was administered in several ways, and for
+varying times; sometimes in single large doses, at
+others in gradually increasing doses for months at a
+time, in order to produce here an acute, and there a
+chronic poisoning; in fact, he produced the conditions
+consequent upon steady, moderate drinking.</p>
+
+<p>His first conclusion from these experiments, most
+carefully carried out, is that alcohol, however given,
+induces in the animal body a markedly increased susceptibility
+to infectious diseases; and he maintains
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_393" id="Page_393">[Pg 393]</a></span>that his experiments indicate that the use of alcohol,
+at least in the treatment of anthrax, tuberculosis, and
+diphtheria, is not only useless but probably injurious.
+From a number of other experiments carried out with
+scrupulous care he comes to the same conclusion as
+Abbott, Welch, and others that the predisposing to
+disease of alcohol must be explained by its action in
+producing abnormal conditions&mdash;pathological changes
+in the alimentary canal, liver, kidneys, heart, and nervous
+system. He found that the alkalinity of the blood
+was slightly diminished, and the number of leucocytes
+somewhat decreased. He also draws attention to the
+fact that his experiments prove that pregnant animals
+and their offspring are markedly affected by the continued
+use of small doses of alcohol. He shows, too,
+that the temporary lowering of the body temperature
+by alcohol produces the most favorable condition for
+the invasion of disease germs.</p>
+
+<p>Since the publication of these experiments, and of
+others similar to them, the use of alcohol in diphtheria
+and tuberculosis has very largely ceased. Boards of
+health and charity organizations unite in warning
+against indulgence in alcoholic drinks as conducive to
+tuberculosis.</p>
+
+<p>At the International Congress on Alcoholism, held
+in London in July, 1909, Professor Laitinen delivered
+two lectures. The first was upon “The Influence of
+Alcohol on Immunity.� The following is taken from
+this lecture:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Modern researches have done much to explain the extent
+and nature of the protective powers by which the or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_394" id="Page_394">[Pg 394]</a></span>ganism
+endeavors to defend itself against the attacks of all
+kinds of injurious agencies, and especially against invasion
+by the germs of infective diseases. It is now a well-established
+fact that alcohol weakens the normal resisting power
+of the body against the above-named disease-producing influences.
+In the hope of contributing something to the explanation
+of the way in which alcohol weakens the organism,
+I have made a number of experiments bearing upon the question
+of the influence of alcohol on immunity.</p>
+
+<p>“Early in this century careful experiments went to show
+that alcohol certainly had some influence upon immunity.
+Two Americans, Abbott and Bergey, were the first to discover
+that this agent produces a diminution of the hæmolytic
+complement in the blood-serum of certain animals which
+were tested. They showed also that the formation of specific
+hæmolytic receptors (immune bodies) may be retarded
+by the action of alcohol.</p>
+
+<p>“The extent of the evil effects upon the human body resulting
+from the consumption of alcoholic liquors is as yet
+far from being fully known, and stands in need of scientific
+verification. Many other injurious influences such as
+unsanitary dwellings, bad feeding, excessive toil, and toxic
+agents like nicotine, etc., may produce somewhat similar morbid
+effects. It is therefore necessary, in the scientific study
+of the question, to take these possibilities into consideration.
+In my investigations, the results of which I am now to lay
+before you, I have endeavored to select as subjects for my
+experiments both abstainers from alcohol, and those who
+indulge more or less in its use, in such a way that their
+conditions of life and their habits in other respects should
+be as nearly as possible the same. All persons, for instance,
+suffering from any acute or chronic disease were rejected,
+and very few of the persons selected were smokers. The
+subject of this research has been human blood, and especially
+its two principal components, namely, red blood-corpuscles
+and blood-serum, both of which up to the present
+time have been very little studied in relation to the ques<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_395" id="Page_395">[Pg 395]</a></span>tion
+under discussion. I have gone into these matters chiefly
+because the modern theoretical study of immunity during the
+last few years has, in general, attracted greater attention to
+the blood, and shown the important role which the different
+parts, properties, and capacities of the blood play in defending
+the organism against internal and external injurious
+agencies. Further, the subtle methods employed in the study
+of immunity (such as organic reactions, and reactions between
+greatly attenuated organic liquids) would also seem to be
+available for our purpose, as they allow of the detection of
+the minutest differences which alcohol may produce in any
+part of the organism in question.</p>
+
+<p>“During the course of this research, which has lasted over
+a period of three years, I sought to investigate the action of
+alcohol on the resistive power of human red blood-corpuscles.
+I wished to ascertain whether the resistivity of the
+red blood-corpuscles in a healthy man could be lowered by
+the consumption of alcohol. *&nbsp;*&nbsp;*</p>
+
+<p>“It may be well for me here to explain that in this lecture
+I mean by the term ‘drinker’ a person who has taken
+alcohol in any quantity whatever. Many of these ‘drinkers,’
+therefore, were in fact most moderate consumers of alcohol.
+By the term ‘abstainer’ I mean a person who has never taken
+alcohol in any quantity worth mentioning. In the course of
+my investigations I have examined blood from two hundred
+and twenty-three persons. They were of different classes
+and ages. There were professors of medicine and other
+physicians, University fellows, students of both sexes, hospital
+nurses, school-teachers, waiters, and other men and
+women belonging to the working-classes.�</p></div>
+
+<p>The rest of the lecture as given here is an abstract
+made by Professor Laitinen:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“My studies have been directed to an investigation of the
+following points:</p>
+
+<p>“1. I sought to ascertain whether the resistance of human
+red blood-corpuscles against a heterogeneous normal serum,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_396" id="Page_396">[Pg 396]</a></span>or an immune serum, can be diminished by the use of alcohol.</p>
+
+<p>“2. I have studied the action of alcohol in drinking and
+abstaining persons on the hæmolytic power of blood-serum
+over heterogeneous red blood-corpuscles (rabbits). I have
+studied not only the hæmolytic power of the human blood-serum,
+but also its power of precipitation in the presence of
+rabbit-serum, with a view to ascertain if the reaction between
+a known dilution of rabbit-serum and a certain dilution
+of serum of alcohol-users and non-drinking persons is
+different or not, and if the reaction is more apparent with
+the former or with the latter.</p>
+
+<p>“3. The resisting power of serum obtained both from alcohol-drinking
+and from non-drinking persons was further
+tested by human blood, with the object of discovering whether
+any difference in reaction existed between the same immune
+serum and the two kinds of human sera above mentioned.</p>
+
+<p>“4. I have studied the problem as to whether the hæmolytic
+complement in the blood-serum of alcohol-drinking and non-drinking
+persons is altered in any way by alcohol.</p>
+
+<p>“5. The bactericidal power of blood-serum from both alcohol-drinking
+and non-drinking persons was determined by
+some experiments.</p>
+
+<p>“The above experiments have given the following results:</p>
+
+<p>“1. The normal resistance of human red blood-corpuscles
+appears to be somewhat diminished against a heterogeneous
+normal serum or an immune serum by the consumption of
+alcohol, provided that tolerably large equal, or nearly equal,
+numbers of drinkers and abstainers of both sexes be examined,
+and the average of resistance be taken on both sides:
+this last-named precaution being necessary because the resistance
+of red blood-corpuscles from different human beings
+varies largely. The difference is often greater when using
+weaker solutions than when using stronger dilutions of
+lysin.</p>
+
+<p>“2. These experiments have shown the normal hæmolytic
+power of human blood-serum to be less in the case of alco<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_397" id="Page_397">[Pg 397]</a></span>hol-drinkers
+than in that of abstainers.</p>
+
+<p>“3. The precipitating reaction between a solution of 1 per
+cent. human blood-serum and different dilutions of immune
+serum was greater in the case of drinkers than in that of
+abstainers.</p>
+
+<p>“4. These experiments have also shown that the bactericidal
+power of blood-serum against typhoid bacteria was less
+in the case of drinkers than in that of abstainers.</p>
+
+<p>“It seems clear, therefore, that alcohol, even in comparatively
+small doses, exercises a prejudicial effect on the protective
+mechanism of the human body.�</p></div>
+
+<p>The lecturer made his points clear by a carefully
+prepared series of charts. At its close Sir Victor
+Horsley, Professor Sims Woodhead, A. Pearce Gould,
+and several other distinguished physicians spoke in
+high terms of the painstaking care exhibited in the
+experiments.</p>
+
+<p>Professor Laitinen’s second lecture was upon “The
+Influence of Alcohol Upon Human Offspring.� He
+sent out 15,000 circulars to his countrymen, asking
+many questions relative to themselves and their infant
+children, and received 5,845 replies relative to 20,008
+children. He also studied personally a large number
+of drinking and abstaining families. From these studies
+he shows by careful tables that the drinking of
+alcohol by parents, even in small quantities, has an
+injurious influence upon human offspring. His studies
+in former years showed the same unfavorable
+influence upon the offspring of animals. One of his
+tables gives percentages of deaths of children in the
+homes of abstaining parents, moderate drinkers, and
+harder drinkers. Children of abstainers dying in the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_398" id="Page_398">[Pg 398]</a></span>first year, 13.45 per cent.; of moderates, 23.17 per
+cent.; of harder drinkers, 32.02 per cent. Other tables
+show that abstainers’ children gain in weight more
+steadily in the first year than drinkers’ children, and
+have their teeth earlier, as a rule.</p>
+
+<p>At the International Medical Congress of 1909, held
+in Budapest, Professor Laitinen lectured again upon
+his researches, and summarized his conclusions thus:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“1. The importance of alcohol as an article of food is rendered
+very questionable by recent researches. 2. These researches
+prove that alcohol diminishes the natural power of
+the tissues to resist injury, promotes degeneration, and has a
+disastrous effect on future generations. 3. The questions of
+relation of alcoholic liquor to crime and of the manufacture
+and sale of such beverages deserve the serious consideration
+of the legislature. 4. It is the duty of medical men to direct
+more attention than formerly to the alcohol question, and by
+careful study to decide whether recent researches are justified
+or not in regarding alcohol and alcoholic beverages as
+a poison and one of the principal causes of degeneration in
+the human family; they ought also to consider whether it
+would not be advisable in medical practice, and especially in
+hospitals, either to banish it altogether or at least to prescribe
+it with the same care as other poisonous drugs. In
+this matter the attitude taken by medical men as representatives
+of public hygiene was of quite exceptional importance.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Metchnikoff, the illustrious Russian scientist, who
+has for some years been connected with the Pasteur
+Institute in Paris, was the discoverer of the work
+assigned by nature to the white corpuscles of the
+blood. These blood-cells are the “guardian-cells� of
+the body, and their duty is to destroy disease germs
+which may gain an entrance. They actually devour
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_399" id="Page_399">[Pg 399]</a></span>disease germs. Metchnikoff has been studying the
+effect of alcohol upon these protective cells, and he
+asserts that alcohol, even in small doses, has a harmful
+action on these agents of defence against disease.
+Alcohol seems to paralyze them more or less so that
+they are unable to do their full duty in destroying the
+infective microbes. Thus disease germs can multiply
+more rapidly when alcohol is in the blood. In his
+book called “The New Hygiene,� Metchnikoff suggests
+that the administration of alcoholic liquors in
+infectious disease appears to be attended with danger
+to the patient.</p>
+
+<p>The researches of Kraepelin, Ach, Aschaffenberg
+and other German scientists have become so well
+known through the articles by Henry Smith Williams
+in <i>McClure’s Magazine</i> that only brief reference need
+be made to them here. Kraepelin used very small
+doses of alcohol for some of his experiments. He
+found that after ¼ to ½ ounce of alcohol had been
+taken the time occupied in making response to a signal
+was slightly shortened, but in a few minutes, in
+most cases, this quickening action passed and a slowing
+process began, and continued until the body was
+free from the influence of the alcohol, which was
+sometimes four or five hours.</p>
+
+<p>The ability to add figures was tested, and this decreased
+very rapidly under minute doses of alcohol.
+Memory tests showed that only 60 figures could be
+remembered from numbers written in columns after
+alcohol had been taken, while 100 figures could be
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_400" id="Page_400">[Pg 400]</a></span>remembered correctly when the mind was free from
+the alcoholic influence. Type-setters were tested, and
+the average number of errors they made and the
+amount of work they did in a given time was carefully
+recorded. After a small dose of alcohol none
+of the men could in the same time do as much work,
+or as accurate work. Yet every one of the men experimented
+upon thought he was doing better work after
+his drink. This proves the narcotic effect of alcohol.</p>
+
+<p>The economic loss to a people from beer and wine
+drinking is worthy of serious consideration since a
+bottle of wine or its equivalent in beer could diminish
+by ten to fifteen per cent. the amount of work done
+by these type-setters experimented upon by Professor
+Aschaffenberg.</p>
+
+<p>Professor Kraepelin says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“I must admit that my experiments, extending over more
+than ten years, have made me an opponent of alcohol.�</p></div>
+
+<p>He says again:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“The laborer who wins his livelihood by the working power
+of his arm strikes at the very foundation of his power by
+the use of alcohol.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Professor Aschaffenberg says of moderate doses:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Any quantity of alcohol must be regarded as considerable
+which causes a disturbance, even if only transitory, of
+bodily and mental efficiency.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. Reid Hunt, chief of the Division of Pharmacology,
+Hygienic Laboratory, United States Public
+Health and Marine Hospital Service, made some very
+interesting experiments to determine the physiological
+changes upon animals which would result from the
+strictly moderate use of alcohol. These are described
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_401" id="Page_401">[Pg 401]</a></span>in Bulletin No. 33 of the Hygienic Laboratory, published
+in 1907. Mice and guinea-pigs were used. The
+food, usually oats, was soaked in diluted alcohol, at
+first of five per cent. strength, then gradually increased
+to forty or fifty per cent. By carefully observing the
+weight of the mice, and not increasing the strength
+of the alcohol too rapidly, it was possible to keep the
+animals for months on this diet without any material
+loss of weight. After the lapse of weeks, in some
+cases, and months in other cases, these alcohol fed animals
+were given small doses of a poison known as
+acetonitrile. Other mice to whom no alcohol was fed
+were given similar doses of this poison. In the first
+series the mice which had received alcohol died from
+about one-half the quantity of acetonitrile required to
+kill those which had not received alcohol. In the second
+series with a somewhat stronger dilution the alcohol
+mice succumbed to one-half to one-third the dose
+necessary to kill the non-alcoholized animals. In no
+case was enough alcohol given for any symptoms of
+intoxication to appear, nor was there any outward
+indication of any injury being done by the alcohol. In
+another experiment a mouse was kept for four months
+on a diet of oats soaked in water, then 0.5 milligram
+of acetonitrile per gram body weight was injected.
+The mouse recovered. It was then fed on oats soaked
+in an alcoholic solution which was gradually increased
+to 45 per cent. After a little more than a month of
+this diet 0.2 milligram acetonitrile per gram body
+weight proved fatal. The weight of the mouse had
+remained about the same throughout.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_402" id="Page_402">[Pg 402]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Alcohol increased the susceptibility of the guinea
+pigs also.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Hunt says on page 33 of the bulletin:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“These experiments with alcohol and acetonitrile are of
+interest in another connection. The greatest advance in recent
+years in our knowledge of the physiological action of
+alcohol has been the clear demonstration that alcohol is oxidized
+in the body, and may replace fats and carbohydrates
+and to a certain extent, the proteids of an ordinary diet.
+So clear has been this demonstration that the view that alcohol,
+in moderate amounts, should be regarded as a food is
+almost universally accepted by physiologists, and the drift of
+opinion is certainly toward the view that it is in all respects
+strictly <a name="Page_402t" id="Page_402t"></a><a href="#Page_402tn">analogous</a> to sugar and fats, provided always
+that the amount used does not exceed that easily oxidized
+by the body. Under these premises it would be expected that
+alcohol in a diet would have the same effect upon an animal’s
+susceptibility to acetonitrile as has dextrose, for example.
+This is by no means the case, however; on the contrary,
+the action of these substances in this regard is entirely
+different. Mice fed upon oats soaked in a solution of
+dextrose or upon cakes containing considerable dextrose, or
+upon rice, show a very distinct increase in their resistance to
+acetonitrile; such mice may recover from two or three times
+the dose fatal to controls. (Controls are the animals fed in
+the ordinary way without alcohol or in this case dextrose.&mdash;Ed.)
+While these facts are not sufficient to justify the conclusion
+that in many cases alcohol has not a true food value,
+yet they are sufficient to indicate caution in applying, without
+further consideration, the brilliant and very exact results
+on the proteid sparing power of alcohol to practical
+dietaries.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Various other experiments were made, but there is
+not room here for a record of them.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_403" id="Page_403">[Pg 403]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In the summary Dr. Hunt says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“It is believed that these experiments afford clear experimental
+evidence for the view that extremely moderate
+amounts of alcohol may cause distinct changes in certain
+physiological functions, and that these changes may, under
+certain circumstances, be injurious to the body. The results
+also afford further evidence that in some respects the action
+of alcohol as a food is different from that of carbohydrates,
+and finally that in all probability certain physiological processes
+in ‘moderate drinkers’ are distinctly different from
+those in abstainers.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Professor Chittenden, of Yale University, has made
+extensive researches upon alcohol and digestion. A
+full report of these may be found in the “Physiological
+Aspects of the Liquor Problem.� In the <i>Medical
+News</i>, vol. 86, page 721, Professor Chittenden says
+of the theory that alcohol is a food similar to sugar and
+fats:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“It is, I think, quite plain that while alcohol in moderate
+amounts can be burned in the body, thus serving as food in
+the sense that it may be a source of energy, it is quite misleading
+to attempt a classification or even comparison of
+alcohol with carbohydrates and fats, since, unlike the latter,
+alcohol has a most disturbing effect upon the metabolism or
+oxidation of the purin compounds of our daily food. Alcohol,
+therefore, presents a dangerous side wholly wanting in
+carbohydrates and fats. The latter are simply burned up to
+carbonic acid and water, or are transformed into glycogen
+and fat, but alcohol, though more easily oxidizable, is at all
+times liable to obstruct, in some measure at least, the oxidative
+processes of the liver, and probably of other tissues
+also, thereby throwing into the circulation bodies such as
+uric acid, which are inimical to health; a fact which at once
+tends to draw a distinct line of demarcation between alcohol
+and the two non-nitrogeneous foods&mdash;fat and carbohydrate.�</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_404" id="Page_404">[Pg 404]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Dr. S. P. Beebe, now of the Cornell Medical College
+Laboratory, New York City, has made some very
+valuable experiments with alcohol. It is well known
+that impairment of the functions of certain organs results
+in the appearance in the urine of nitrogeneous
+compounds which do not normally occur there. In
+certain diseases of the liver the same quantity of
+nitrogen may be excreted as in health, but a portion
+of it is in the form of acids never found in the urine
+during health. Dr. Beebe, with this knowledge in
+mind, sought to discover the effects of alcohol upon
+the excretion of uric acid in man. Most of the experiments
+were made on the same person, a young man in
+good health, of regular habits, unaccustomed to the
+use of alcohol in any form. Absolute alcohol, diluted
+with water, whisky, ale, and port wine were used
+at different times. Dr. Beebe reported his experiments
+in the <i>American Journal of Physiology</i>, vol. 12, No. 1.
+His conclusions are given as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“After a consideration of these experiments, it hardly
+seems possible to doubt that alcohol, even in what is considered
+by the most conservative as a moderate amount,
+causes an increase in the excretion of uric acid, and this
+effect is seen almost immediately after taking the alcohol.
+The following points indicate that the effect is due to a
+toxic effect on the liver, thereby interfering with the oxidation
+of the uric acid derived from its precursors in the
+food: Alcohol taken without food causes no increase. The
+maximum increase occurs at the same time after a meal as
+it does when purin food but no alcohol is taken. Alcohol is
+rapidly absorbed and passes at once to the liver, the organ
+which has most to do with the metabolism of proteid cleavage
+products.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_405" id="Page_405">[Pg 405]</a></span></p>
+<p>“There is no evidence that the alcohol has merely hastened
+the excretion of urates normally present in the blood; the
+increased excretion means that a larger quantity has been in
+circulation, and although it is classed by Van Noorden among
+the substances easily excreted, still most physiologists would
+consider the presence in the blood of this larger quantity as
+undesirable. Certainly in pathological conditions it might
+be harmful.</p>
+
+<p>“If we accept the origin of the increased quantity of uric
+acid to be in the impaired oxidative powers of the liver, the
+results of these experiments will have greater significance
+than can be attributed to uric acid alone. For the impaired
+function would affect other processes which are normally
+accomplished by that organ, and the possibilities for entrance
+into the general circulation of toxic substances, of
+intestinal putrefaction, for instance, would be increased. The
+liver performs a large number of oxidations and syntheses
+designed to keep toxic substances from reaching the body
+tissues, and if alcohol, in the moderate quantity which caused
+the increase in uric acid excretion, impairs its power in this
+respect, the prevalent ideas regarding the harmlessness of
+moderate drinking need revision.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. Winfield S. Hall, professor of physiology at the
+Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, has
+interpreted these researches of Beebe and Hunt in a
+very striking way. He says that they prove that the
+oxidation of alcohol in the body is a protective oxidation,
+the same as the oxidation of any other poisonous
+substance by the liver. His views have such an important
+bearing upon the commonly accepted theory
+that alcohol is in some sense a food that they are given
+here, somewhat abbreviated, as a fitting finish to this
+chapter. Dr. Hall says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“The fact that alcohol is oxidized in the body has been
+generally misunderstood. The first impression naturally was:
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_406" id="Page_406">[Pg 406]</a></span>‘Foods are Oxidized; Alcohol is Oxidized; therefore alcohol
+is a food.’ But many difficulties appeared. A real food promotes
+muscular, glandular and nerve activity, and its oxidation
+maintains body temperature. But alcohol disturbs muscular,
+glandular, and nervous activity, and its oxidation does
+not maintain body temperature. When one eats a real food
+it is assimilated largely by muscle tissue and is oxidized for
+the purpose of liberating the life energy. When one ingests
+alcohol it is carried by the blood to the tissues, mostly
+to the liver, where it is oxidized, as any toxine would be,
+for the purpose of making it harmless. Its oxidation liberates
+heat energy but this energy cannot be utilized by the
+body even for the maintenance of body temperature. If a
+food is defined as a substance which, taken into the body, is
+assimilated and used either to build or repair body structure,
+or to be oxidized in the tissues to liberate the energy
+used by the tissue in its normal activity, then alcohol is not
+a real food.</p>
+
+<p>“But, if alcohol is not a real food, what is the significance
+of its oxidation? It has been long known that the liver produces
+oxidases and that it is the site of active oxidation of
+mid-products of katabolism of toxins and of other toxic
+substances. Alcohol, usually formed as an excretion of the
+yeast plant, is also found as a mid-product of tissue katabolism.
+On a priori grounds we should expect alcohol to be
+oxidized in the liver along with leucin, tyrosin, uric acid,
+xanthin bodies, and various amido bodies. There have recently
+appeared two most important papers based upon extended
+researches upon man and lower animals. These
+researches practically clear up this knotty question.�</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr. Hall then reviews the work of Dr. Reid Hunt
+and Dr. S. P. Beebe, and continues:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“The value of this work can hardly be over-estimated. In
+the first place the rapid oxidation of the alcohol in the liver
+is explained. <i>Alcohol itself being one of the toxic substances
+which reach the liver from the alimentary canal is
+at once attacked by the liver, and if the oncoming tide of
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_407" id="Page_407">[Pg 407]</a></span>alcohol is not too great it will practically all be oxidized.</i></p>
+
+<p>“But the liver oxidation of other toxic substances is impaired
+in the meantime so that they get past the liver to the
+tissues, where they may do injury. Some of these toxins are
+excreted unoxidized by the kidneys. There are three ways
+of accounting for this condition: (1.) The oxidation capacity
+of the liver is limited. The physiological limit of alcohol
+ingestion is that amount which taxes the oxidation capacity
+of the liver to its limit. When thus taxed all other toxic
+substances including uric acid and the xanthin bodies pass
+through the liver unoxidized to appear in the urine. (2.)
+The presence of alcohol in the blood, through its toxic action
+upon the liver cells, impairs the hepatic oxidation capacity
+and thus permits toxic substances to pass unoxidized. (3.) A
+combination of these conditions may represent the real situation.
+It is hardly conceivable that the relation of alcohol to
+the liver activity is not covered in the hypotheses above
+formulated.</p>
+
+<p>“We may therefore accept it as practically demonstrated by
+the researches of Beebe, Hunt, and others that the oxidation
+of alcohol in the liver is simply one of the defensive
+activities of that organ, <i>i. e.</i>, it is a protective oxidation and
+belongs strictly in the same category with the oxidation of
+uric acid, xanthin bodies, leucin, tyrosins, and the amido
+acids.</p>
+
+<p>“The next question which arises is, why does the liver
+select alcohol first and oxidize that substance to the exclusion
+of other toxic substances up to the oxidation capacity?
+The answer is probably to be found in the chemical
+composition of alcohol.</p>
+
+<p>“It oxidizes very easily, much more so than any of the other
+toxic substances which gain access to the liver. Its early
+oxidation may be due to this fact alone, or in part to an
+actual selection on the part of the liver. Another question
+of importance: Is the energy liberated in the oxidation of
+alcohol in the liver available for the use of the muscles,
+nervous system, or glands?</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_408" id="Page_408">[Pg 408]</a></span></p>
+<p>“If this question is answered affirmatively, then alcohol is a
+food. If negatively then alcohol is not a food. Let us
+reason together. All body oxidations may be classified in two
+groups: (1.) <i>Active oxidations</i> which take place in the active
+tissues&mdash;muscles, nervous system, or glands&mdash;and take place
+incident to action. It is under the perfect control of the nervous
+system and is proportional to normal activity. (2.) <i>Protective
+oxidations</i> which take place in the liver. This class of
+oxidation processes is wholly independent of the usual tissue
+activity and is proportional to the ingestion of toxic substances
+and quite independent of muscle action, brain action, or gland
+action, other than liver action.</p>
+
+<p>“If the oxidation of alcohol in the liver belongs to class 1,
+the following consequences should be found: (1.) The ingestion
+of alcohol would lead to an increase in muscular power
+and in the working capacity of the brain or glands. (2.) The
+ingestion of alcohol would serve to maintain body temperature
+in the healthy individual subjected to low external temperature.
+(3.) The accession of muscle, brain, or gland activity
+would be proportional to the amount of alcohol ingested,
+but laboratory observations and general experience show that
+none of these things are true; <i>i. e.</i>, the ingestion of alcohol
+decreases muscle, brain, and gland work, and depresses body
+temperature when external temperature is low.</p>
+
+<p>“In the nature of the case there can be no proportional relation.
+The oxidation of alcohol does not therefore belong to
+class 1. If the oxidation of alcohol in the liver belongs to
+class 2, the following consequences would be found: (1.) The
+ingestion of alcohol would be followed by its early oxidation
+in the organs in question. (2.) If the oxidation capacity of
+the liver is limited this capacity may be overloaded by exceeding
+the physiological limit of alcohol. (3.) If the oxidation
+capacity of the liver is taxed nearly to its limit in the
+oxidation of uric acid, xanthins, and other toxic substances,
+the introduction of alcohol may seriously interfere with this
+protective oxidation by overtaxing the capacity. (4.) If the
+oxidation capacity is overtaxed, an excess of uric acid, xan<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_409" id="Page_409">[Pg 409]</a></span>thin
+bodies, and other toxic substances will get by this portal
+and reach the active tissues or the kidneys. Now all of these
+things take place, so we are forced to the conclusion that the
+oxidation of alcohol is a protective oxidation. In the light of
+this presentation the significance of Dr. Hunt’s work becomes
+very clear. The alcohol given to the animals taxed the oxidation
+capacity of the liver to the limit and left the organism
+defenseless against bacterial or other toxic substances.�</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_410" id="Page_410">[Pg 410]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVII" id="CHAPTER_XVII"></a>CHAPTER XVII.</h2>
+
+<h3>MISCELLANEOUS.</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Alcohol Baths</span>:&mdash;The action of alcohol upon the surface
+of the body is that of a refrigerant. Alcohol baths for
+debility, weakness, and states of exhaustion are opposed by
+non-alcoholic physicians. The old custom of bathing a new-born
+babe with whisky was simply a superstition, and a
+dangerous one, because the infant should not have a refrigerant
+applied to its body so soon after leaving the warm
+nest where it had been sheltered so long. Warm water is
+the proper liquid for a baby’s bath until it becomes hardy.
+There is nothing of strength imparted by an alcohol rub;
+the ‘rub’ is good, but vinegar, or water, or olive oil can be
+used according to what is desired. Alcohol is not necessary
+internally nor externally. Its proper use is for mechanical
+purposes and to give light and heat.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wilhelmina Lemonade</span>:&mdash;Take four or five
+rough-skinned oranges (according to size) and two
+pounds of sugar, in big lumps. After having cleaned
+the oranges, rub the sugar with them, till the
+oranges are quite white&mdash;the sugar yellow. Place
+the sugar in a big earthernware pan or jar, and add
+three pints of <i>cold</i> water. Then cover it up and let
+it stand two days, stirring it occasionally to help the
+melting. Now take two ounces of citric acid, dissolved
+in a little boiling water, and add it to the
+syrup, stirring the whole. Then strain the whole
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_411" id="Page_411">[Pg 411]</a></span>through a fine sieve, covered with muslin, so that it
+becomes perfectly clear. In well-corked bottles it
+will keep for more than a year. Mix one-third of
+the lemonade with two-thirds water. [Instead of
+the oranges five or six lemons may be used.]</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Beverages for the Sick</span>:&mdash;Unfermented Grapejuice. Hot milk. Egg cream, made as follows:
+Beat the white and yolk separately, add milk and
+sugar, and stir well, flavor to suit taste. Egg lemonade&mdash;beat
+yolk and sugar thoroughly, add lemon
+and water, shake well, then add white, beaten stiff.
+Barley water, made by boiling pearl barley five or
+six hours, and straining the water from it; add milk
+or cream if wished. These are used in the National
+Temperance Hospital of Chicago.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Baths</span>:&mdash;“If all people understood the value of water to cool,
+cleanse, invigorate and sustain life, and how to use it, <i>and
+would use it</i>, one-half of all the afflictions from disease would be
+removed; and the other half might be banished if all the people
+understood how and what to eat, how to breathe, and the necessity
+of daily vigorous exercise. A daily towel bath will do
+more to counteract disease, and restore the body to its normal
+health condition, than any other method or remedy yet discovered.
+After the bath, the body should be thoroughly rubbed
+with a crash or Turkish towel. Rub until a warm glow is produced.
+This bath is a fine tonic if taken upon rising in the
+morning.�</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hot Water as a Medicine</span>:&mdash;“One is never,� says a
+physician, “far from a pretty good medicine chest with hot
+water at hand. It is a most useful assistant to the mother of a
+family of small children, who is frightened often to find herself
+confronted by a sudden illness of one of her flock, without her
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_412" id="Page_412">[Pg 412]</a></span>usual dependence&mdash;the family doctor. If the baby has croup,
+fold a strip of flannel or a soft napkin lengthwise, dip into very
+hot water, and apply to the child’s throat. Repeat and continue
+the application till relief is had, which will be almost at
+once. For toothache, or colic, or a threatened lung congestion,
+the hot-water treatment will be found promptly efficacious if
+resorted to. Nature needs only a little assistance at the first
+sign of trouble to rally quickly in the average healthy child, and
+often hot water is all that is wanted.�</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Alcohol Injurious to the Insane</span>:&mdash;Dr.
+Richard Maurice Bucke, whose valuable paper on
+“The Evolution of the Mind� appeared in the December
+number of the <i>Journal of Hygiene</i>, in a recent
+report of the Asylum for the Insane in London,
+Canada, makes the following statement concerning
+the use of alcohol in the institution over which
+he presides:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“As we have given up the use of alcohol, we have needed
+and used less opium and chloral; and as we have discontinued
+the use of alcohol, opium and chloral, we have needed and
+used less seclusion and restraint. I have, during the year
+just closed, carefully watched the effect of the alcohol given,
+and the progress of cases where, in former years, it would have
+been given, and I am morally certain that the alcohol used
+during the past year did no good. With humiliation I am
+forced to admit that in the recent past my noble profession has
+been to an alarming extent, and is still too much so, guilty of
+producing many drunkards in the land, directly or indirectly, by
+the reckless and wholesale manner in which so many of its
+members have prescribed alcoholic stimulants in their daily
+practice for all the aches and pains, coughs and colds, inflammations
+and consumptions, fevers and chills, at the hour of
+birth and at the time of death, and all intermediate points of
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_413" id="Page_413">[Pg 413]</a></span>life, to induce sleep and to promote wakefulness, and for all
+real or imaginary ills.�</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Tobacco and the Eyesight</span>:&mdash;“Prof. Craddock says
+that tobacco has a bad effect upon the sight, and a distinct disease
+of the eye is attributed to its immoderate use. Many
+cases in which complete loss of sight has occurred, and which
+were formerly regarded as hopeless, are now known to be curable
+by making the patient abstain from tobacco. These patients
+almost invariably at first have color blindness, taking red
+to be brown or black, and green to be light blue or orange. In
+nearly every case, the pupils are much contracted, in some
+cases to such an extent that the patient is unable to move about
+without assistance. One such man admitted that he had
+usually smoked from twenty to thirty cigars a day. He consented
+to give up smoking altogether, and his sight was fully
+restored in three and a half months. It has been found that
+chewing is much worse than smoking in its effects upon the
+eyesight, probably for the simple reason that more of the
+poison is thereby absorbed. The condition found in the eye in
+the early stages is that of extreme congestion only; but this,
+unless remedied at once, leads to gradually increasing disease
+of the optic nerve, and then, of course, blindness is absolute
+and beyond remedy. It is, therefore, evident that, to be of any
+value, the treatment of disease of the eye due to excessive
+smoking must be immediate, or it will probably be useless.�&mdash;<i>Journal
+of Inebriety.</i></p>
+
+<p>“Dr. Isaac Fellows was for many years a prominent physician
+in Los Angeles. A temperance man, he was persuaded
+by an old physician whom he loved to try for a year substituting
+alcohol in drop doses in water for such patients as demanded
+alcoholic stimulants. He was delighted with the result.
+When his patients found they could not have wine, beer or
+brandy under the guise of medicine, but must take it in drop
+doses in water, as they did their other medicines, they speedily
+learned to do without ‘a stimulant.’�&mdash;<i>Pacific Ensign.</i></p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_414" id="Page_414">[Pg 414]</a></span></p>
+
+<h5>ADVERTISED “CURES� FOR DRUNKENNESS.</h5>
+
+<p>“<i>Poudre Coza</i>, an English product, is sold at $3.00 for thirty
+powders. On analysis these powders were found to contain
+an impure form of sodium bicarbonate, together with
+a little aromatic vegetable matter. Gloria Tonic was examined
+by the Massachusetts Board of Health, and found to
+consist of sugar of milk and cornstarch, with a small quantity
+of ground leaves resembling those of senna. White
+Ribbon Remedy was found to be made of milk sugar and
+ammonium chloride. Of course such things are clearly
+frauds, as they can have no power to destroy a craving for
+liquor. The Infallible Drink Cure was 98 per cent. sugar
+and 2 per cent. common table salt. Another ‘cure’ was made
+of chlorate of potash and sugar. Cases of poisoning by
+chlorate of potash are on record. Another ‘cure’ contained
+tartar emetic, a dangerous poison. Most of the liquid ‘cures’
+for drunkenness sold prior to the passage of the National
+Pure Food Law contained large quantities of cheap alcohol.
+It is safe to say that practically all of the secret cures for
+drunkenness are fraudulent, and some are dangerous.</p>
+
+<p>“If a man wants to quit drinking, he can be helped by a
+proper diet, and by frequent use of the Turkish bath, or
+even of the ordinary hot bath at home, with a quick cold
+sponge or shower bath each morning as a tonic. The hot
+bath is to draw out impurities from the system. The diet
+should consist of plenty of fruit, nuts, grains and vegetables.
+It is better to eat no meat. It has been fully demonstrated
+in Lady Henry Somerset’s work with women drunkards
+that a vegetarian diet is a great help in allaying the
+alcohol crave. The Salvation Army, in England, have also
+found by experience that a meat-free diet is a great aid in
+overcoming the drink habit.</p>
+
+<p>“Dr. T. D. Crothers, who has for years conducted a large
+sanitarium for the cure of inebriety, at Hartford, Connecticut,
+says that a valuable remedy to break up the impulsive
+craze for spirits is a strong infusion of quassia given in two-<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_415" id="Page_415">[Pg 415]</a></span>ounce
+doses every hour. As desire for liquor abates the
+quassia can be given less frequently, until it is no longer
+needed.</p>
+
+<p>“Dr. Alexander Lambert, of Bellevue Hospital, New York,
+has been treating drunkards and other drug habitues successfully
+of late. A description of his treatment may be found
+in <i>Success</i> for November, 1909.�</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Medical Puffs of Whisky and Other Alcoholics</span>:&mdash;
+“Every medical man knows how he is pestered with advertising
+circulars of so-and-so’s genuine whisky, and what-do-you-call-em’s
+extra stout, to say nothing of the tempting offers of
+wines and spirits on sale with special discounts to medical men.
+Other enterprising firms send samples or offer to send them
+with the implied understanding that a testimonial is to be given,
+or that at least the wares in question will be recommended to
+patients. Even our medical papers have not always been incorruptible.
+We have little expectation ourselves of being favored
+with an offer of full-page advertisements of extraordinary
+wines and spirits. We are not prepared to recommend them
+except as vermin killers. Nor are we prepared to remain silent
+as to their alleged virtues. The whole system of testimonials
+is a huge imposture. Granted that the sample is all that it is
+described as being, who can guarantee that what is served to
+the public in the face of severe competition will be up to the
+sample?</p>
+
+<p>“But there is another and a sadder view of the case. We
+cannot believe that all the eulogies of all the medical trumpeters
+of the wines and the spirits are wilfully false or even exaggerated.
+It is a lamentable fact that a vast number of doctors
+have a genuine faith in the value and virtue of these pernicious
+drinks. It is not simply a question of medicinal use, though
+even on that we should join issue. These things are vaunted
+as valuable for the promotion of health in spite of all the accumulating
+evidence to the contrary. We wish that these doctors
+would carefully study this evidence. The pity of it is that the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_416" id="Page_416">[Pg 416]</a></span>very worst offenders are the least likely to study it. We suppose
+they must die out, and be replaced by men less prejudiced
+and bound by the chain of alcoholic habit. We can only regret
+that they should be doing so much harm in fastening the
+fetters of drink on other people, and hindering their emancipation
+from the evil customs which play havoc amongst us.�&mdash;<i>Medical
+Pioneer.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Alcohol and Children</span>:&mdash;“Parents often labor under the
+delusion that alcoholic drinks are good for children and act as
+tonics. Mothers will put drops of brandy into the milk with
+which their children are fed, increasing the quantity with the age
+of the recipient. In the illness of children the same is given to
+meet disturbances of the stomach or to increase growth and
+development, without taking the advice of any medical man as
+to the wisdom of the practice. This is all erroneous. The
+excitement of the central nervous system under alcohol, excitement
+which seems to be a relief to weariness and to give
+strength, is nothing more than temporary at best, and injurious,
+causing in fact symptoms of alcoholic poisoning, abnormal excitement,
+ending, in extreme cases, in convulsions succeeded by
+exhaustion of body and mind, and inducing a kind of paralysis.
+Many cases of stomach and gastric catarrh in children followed
+by emaciation and debility are due to the early administration
+of alcoholic drinks; and impediment of growth from the same
+cause is thereby produced. The most serious derangement is
+that of the nervous system, and the development in the young,
+under the influence of alcohol, of what is known as nervousness,
+to which is added the moral paralysis with which the
+habit of alcoholic drinking smites its victims in the very spring-time
+of life.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Prof. Demme</span>, of Berne, Switzerland.</p>
+
+<p>“The action of the New York Board of Health, in recommending
+to tenement house parents, that on the hottest days of
+summer a few drops of whisky be added to the water or food of
+their infants, has received a strong protest and rebuke in a
+meeting at Prohibition Park, where the opinions of eminent
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_417" id="Page_417">[Pg 417]</a></span>physicians, collected by the <i>Voice</i>, were read, condemning such
+a course. A resolution of protest was also adopted.�&mdash;<i>Sel.</i></p>
+
+<p>“For nineteen years we lived with a physician whose success
+may be estimated from this one item: He had between 1,600
+and 1,700 labor cases, and never once lost the mother, and only
+twice the child, and what seems still more remarkable never
+used instruments. When other physicians, as often happened,
+would come to him to know how he did it, he always answered,
+‘A woman will do anything if you only encourage her.’ Nor
+was obstetrics his specialty&mdash;he had none.</p>
+
+<p>“In a fifteen years’ practice in Chicago and New York, where
+these diseases are so very fatal, and he was much sought after
+to treat them, he did not lose a case of scarlet fever, diphtheria
+or cholera infantum which he managed himself, and saved
+many a one where he was called in consultation, or after some
+other physician. Now when such a man after an experience
+more than fifty years long and as wide as the continent, gives it
+as his unqualified opinion that wines, beers, liquors of every
+kind, alcohol itself, are not medicines and should never be used
+as such, for <span class="smcap">scientific</span> reasons, not to mention moral, is not
+his opinion entitled to a hearing? Isn’t it probable it weighs
+more than the doctor’s you were just quoting? Is it too great
+a risk to act upon it?�&mdash;<i>Pacific Ensign.</i></p>
+
+<p>“A lady, Mrs. A., tenderly nurtured, refined, cultured, moving
+in an influential position, belonged to a family in whom the
+tendency to intemperance existed. Realizing the danger, she,
+for seven years of her married life, adhered to total abstinence.
+Illness came, and the doctor ordered wine; and her husband,
+deaf to her arguments, insisted on her taking it. She fell into
+habits of intemperance. Her husband died, and for a time she
+pulled up and trained as a hospital nurse; but temptation prevailed,
+and she fell from bad to worse. Loving hands received
+her time after time, and at last placed her in an Inebriate
+Home. For a short time she did well, but soon became unmanageable.
+After another desperate period she entered a
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_418" id="Page_418">[Pg 418]</a></span>second home, but after leaving she yielded again, was twice in
+prison, and fell into the lowest degradation and utter ruin,
+surely deserving our deepest pity. Her doctor and her husband
+had persisted in working her fall in spite of her own strongest
+convictions.�&mdash;<i>Selected.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">They did not Die.</span>&mdash;“Dr. Lord of Pasadena suffered
+from rheumatism of the heart for more than half of a long lifetime.
+No doctor ever felt his pulse (which intermitted) without
+exclaiming, ‘Why, doctor, you have no business to be alive
+with such a pulse,’&mdash;or something similar. For nineteen years
+his wife never retired without having at least one medicine she
+could put her hand on in the dark, the ammonia bottle within
+reach, the electric battery ready to start like a fire-engine, and
+preparations for heating water in less than no time. His acute
+attacks usually came in the night&mdash;an uninterrupted night’s
+sleep was something unknown to either the doctor or his wife
+in all these years.</p>
+
+<p>“They lived in sight of an open grave, and seldom a week
+passed when it did not seem as if death had actually occurred.
+If ever a case called for alcoholic stimulants this one did.
+But none were ever administered, none were ever kept in the
+house. The doctor’s standing orders were: ‘If all the doctors
+in the country order you to give me liquor, and say my
+life depends upon it, don’t do it. Tell them I know more about
+it than they do. It won’t save my life; it will only lessen what
+little chance I have.’ All who knew about this case, and hundreds
+did, were driven to the conclusion that if these two people,
+one in this condition and the other feeble, could live all
+alone as they did, miles from a doctor, and neighbors not near,
+and could get along without alcoholics of any kind, everybody
+can do the same everywhere. And the doctor finally wore out
+his heart trouble and died of another disease.�&mdash;<i>Pacific Ensign.</i></p></div>
+
+<p>An English weekly journal is responsible for the
+following anecdote:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_419" id="Page_419">[Pg 419]</a></span>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“A Birmingham physician has had an amusing experience.
+The other day a somewhat distracted mother brought her
+daughter to see him. The girl was suffering from what is
+known among people as ‘general lowness.’ There was nothing
+much the matter with her, but she was pale and listless and did
+not care about eating or doing anything. The doctor, after
+due consultation, prescribed for her a glass of claret three
+times a day with her meals. The mother was somewhat deaf,
+but apparently heard all he said and bore off her daughter, determined
+to carry out the prescription to the very letter. In ten
+days’ time they were back again, and the girl looked a different
+creature. She was rosy-cheeked, smiling and the picture of
+health. The doctor congratulated himself on his diagnosis of
+the case. ‘I am glad to see that your daughter is so much
+better,’ he said. ‘Yes,’ exclaimed the excited and grateful
+mother. ‘Thanks to you, doctor! She has had just what you
+ordered. She has eaten carrots three times a day since we
+were here, and sometimes oftener&mdash;and once or twice uncooked&mdash;and
+now look at her!’�</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Rest Cure</span>:&mdash;“After all, the veneer of civilization is
+quite thin. Scratch most people, and very near the surface you
+come on the savage. This is specially true when they are sick.
+They at once want charms and miracles to restore them to
+health, and come to the doctor or ‘medicine man,’ as they
+look upon him&mdash;with this demand: ‘I want something, doctor,
+to fix me up.’ But he, unhappy man, has not wherewith to
+satisfy them, unless he is a quack.</p>
+
+<p>“He knows that in most cases all he can do is to give advice
+as to how best Nature may be allowed to effect a cure; for Nature
+is the great physician, and the doctor’s main duty is to stand
+by and see that she gets fair play. Nature’s chief cure, in a
+large number of the diseases to which flesh is heir, is rest.
+The tired man needs rest. The tired brain, the tired stomach,
+the tired liver and kidneys, need the same rest.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_420" id="Page_420">[Pg 420]</a></span></p>
+<p>“So, when the patient turns up with an overworked and exhausted
+organ of some sort within him&mdash;be it what it may&mdash;heart,
+brain or stomach&mdash;the true physician prescribes, first and
+chiefly, not drugs, but rest.</p>
+
+<p>“Now, this is generally the advice the patient doesn’t want.
+His desire is for a bottle of something, no matter how nasty it
+may be, which shall ‘fix him up,’ and let him go on doing what
+he has been doing previously. Common-sense is always at a
+discount, and never more so than in this case. The tired brain-worker
+doesn’t want to stop. Give him something to whip up
+his brain and his body, something to drive the spurs into them.
+‘What I want,’ he says, ‘is a really strong tonic’; though, if he
+knew that before, what was the use of coming to the doctor?
+Or he would like to be told to take a glass of whisky-and-water
+when he is tired, which is the maddest and most disastrous
+advice that could be given.</p>
+
+<p>“The man who has been ill-treating his stomach, eating too
+much or too well, also demands a tonic&mdash;something to give him
+an appetite so that he may eat more. And his poor overwrought
+stomach is all the time crying out for rest.</p>
+
+<p>“So it is all along the line. The possessor of an inflamed and
+swollen knee prays for a liniment to rub into it which will cure
+it straight away, and is highly disgusted when told that he will
+have to lie up for a week or two.</p>
+
+<p>“Again, for the tired stomach the cure is starvation. Let
+the person live on his own fat, and a little milk-and-water for a
+few days, and his stomach will take courage again and return
+to work with renewed zest. But it is the most difficult thing in
+the world to persuade the patient or his kind relatives of the
+truth of this. There are many diseases in which, for a short
+time at least, the less food the sick person has the better. But
+the relatives are always much wiser than the doctor. They insist
+‘that the strength must be kept up,’ and would like to force
+the patient to eat more than he does when well. ‘You will let
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_421" id="Page_421">[Pg 421]</a></span>his strength down, doctor,’ is a common complaint, and one of
+the difficulties hospital authorities have to face is to prevent
+kind friends from smuggling in food to the inmates, who, in
+their opinion, are being brutally starved.</p>
+
+<p>“I myself have cured people by making them rest&mdash;lie in bed
+and starve. But the next time they were sick, <i>I wasn’t the
+<a name="Page_421t" id="Page_421t"></a>doctor</i><a href="#Page_402tn">.�</a>&mdash;“<span class="smcap">Physician</span>� in <i>Our Federation</i>.</p>
+
+<p>“The blessings of sunlight and fresh air should be more appreciated.
+The sun is the godfather of us all. The source of
+all light, heat, electricity and energy, what wonder that it was
+once worshipped as the Creator. The future will recognize it
+not only as the best disinfectant, an all powerful preventive of
+disease, but also as a wonderful healer of disease. The more
+people can be taught to live in pure air out of doors, and bask
+in the rays of the sun, the less of disease there will be to
+prevent.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr. C. H. Shepard</span>, Brooklyn, N. Y.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ALCOHOL TESTED.</h4>
+
+<p>“Some years ago Dr. Beddoes, a physician of eminence, was
+very anxious to put to the test the disputed question as to the
+power of alcoholic liquors to give strength to the system. He
+discovered that those who had most calls upon their physical
+endurance were the smiths who were engaged in forging ship’s
+anchors, for at one moment they would be exposed to a heat so
+fierce that one marveled that any human organization could endure
+exposure to it, and then their work would call them away
+to a temperature that was chilly and cold, added to which all
+the time their work lasted they were bathed in a profuse perspiration,
+the demands upon their physical energy were so
+great. To counteract this perpetual drain upon their system
+they were in the habit of drinking unlimited quantities of beer,
+which their masters provided for them as a matter of course,
+and a <i>sine qua non</i>. One day, as they were resting from their
+work at midday, Dr. Beddoes made his appearance amongst
+some of these men who were employed in a certain foundry,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_422" id="Page_422">[Pg 422]</a></span>and submitted a formal proposition to them, to this effect, that
+twelve of their number, the strongest and stanchest, should be
+selected for an experiment, and they should work for a week,
+six of them drinking only water, and the other six taking their
+beer as usual. His proposition was laughed to scorn. The
+men would not hear of it. ‘Look here, mate,’ said their
+spokesman, ‘do you want us to be all dead men; you don’t
+know what our work is, and how it takes all a man’s strength
+to weld an anchor. Why, if we did not have our beer and
+plenty of it, it would be all up with us in a brace of shakes.’</p>
+
+<p>“The doctor said: ‘I should be very sorry for any harm to
+come to you. You know I am a doctor, and I will be constantly
+at hand to see if any of you are going wrong, and I
+promise that if I see any of you breaking down I will at once
+stop my experiment.’ And then taking out of his pocket ten
+crisp five-pound notes, he displayed them to the anchor smiths.
+‘I will put down these notes, £50 in all; six of you shall try
+water for one week honestly and fairly; if you pull through
+without giving in, the £50 shall be yours; if not, I’ll take the
+£50 back again. Is it a bargain?’</p>
+
+<p>“This clenched the matter, and very soon the doctor’s offer
+was accepted, and a gang of six men volunteered to begin
+their work on the Monday without beer. The beer drinkers
+did their best to chaff the water drinkers, and aggravated them
+by taking good care to show them how very nice it was to have
+recourse to unlimited beer. The water drinkers kept firm, and
+the first day, to their astonishment, found that they could do
+just as much work as the rest of their mates. On Tuesday the
+water drinkers began to crow over the beer drinkers, for they
+found that, while the latter complained and grumbled at the
+heat, they were enabled to take the work in a philosophical
+kind of way. Wednesday, Thursday and Friday wore away,
+and the teetotal band became more and more triumphant, the
+laugh was all on their side, for not only did they feel more
+comfortable than their beer-loving companions, but the £50
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_423" id="Page_423">[Pg 423]</a></span>came nearer and nearer, and at last, on Saturday, when the
+time for finishing work came, they threw down their tools and
+their hammers, and crowded up to the doctor to claim the
+prize, and to give a faithful record of their experiences; and
+one and all declared that they had done their hard work with
+more ease and comfort to themselves than ever it had been
+done before, and, instead of feeling tired and jaded, as they
+often did on the Saturday afternoon, they were quite ready to
+begin work again, and if the doctor had another £50 to dispose
+of, they would most gladly give him a chance of protracting his
+experiment for another week. The doctor expressed himself
+perfectly satisfied with the trial which had already taken place,
+and left the place amidst three hearty cheers, while the men
+proceeded to discuss the ins and outs of the matter among
+themselves.�&mdash;<i>National Advocate.</i></p>
+
+
+<h4>BEER-DRINKING INJURES HEALTH.</h4>
+
+<p>“I think there is no doubt that beer-drinking is deleterious
+to health, and personally I have never seen any case of disease
+where I thought it useful. I believe it is more deleterious
+to health than the stronger spirits, and this opinion is
+derived from the report of the actuaries’ investigations for
+our insurance companies a few years ago.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr. John M.
+Dodson</span>, Dean of the Medical Department of the University
+of Chicago.</p>
+
+<p>“My connection with large medical institutions for many
+years past has given me, I think, an excellent opportunity to
+observe the effect of beer-drinking and the use of other
+alcoholic liquors in many cases. I can say as a result of my
+own observation that beer-drinking has a very pernicious
+effect upon nearly every organ of the body. It produces
+disease of the stomach and digestive tract, of the heart and
+circulating system, of the kidneys and liver, and of the nervous
+system. In addition to this it lessens the vigor and
+vital resistance of the whole body, makes the beer drinker
+very much more susceptible to infection such as pneumonia,
+and other acute infections, and also lessens his ability to
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_424" id="Page_424">[Pg 424]</a></span>recover from illnesses of any kind. An untold amount of
+misery and disease would be avoided if the use of beer and
+other intoxicating liquors could be wiped off the face of the
+earth.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr. W. H. Riley</span>, Battle Creek Sanitarium, Battle
+Creek, Mich.</p>
+
+<p>In the report of Bellevue Hospital, New York City, for
+1904, Dr. Alexander Lambert, in speaking of delirium tremens,
+says: “The delirium tremens from beer does not come
+on so readily as that from whisky, but is slower in clearing
+up.� Page 138 of report.</p>
+
+<p>“Apart from its toxic effect it is seldom realized how
+harmful beer may be by promoting obesity, and, in susceptible
+persons, favoring dilatation of the stomach.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr. E. P.
+Joslin</span>, Professor in Harvard Medical School.</p>
+
+<p>“It is not the concentrated alcoholic liquors alone that cause
+heart and kidney trouble but pre-eminently the continued immoderate
+use of beer. Nothing is more false than the belief
+that the progressive dislodgement of other alcoholic
+drinks by beer will diminish the destructive influences of
+alcoholism. *&nbsp;*&nbsp;* It has been conclusively established by
+thousandfold experiments that soldiers in all climates, in
+heat, cold and rain, endure best the most fatiguing marches
+when they are absolutely deprived of alcoholic drinks.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Prof.
+G. Von Bunge</span>, M. D., Basle, Switzerland.</p>
+
+<p>“Beer, wine and spirits furnish no element capable of
+entering into the composition of blood, muscular fibre, or
+anything which is the seat of vital principle. If a man drinks
+daily 8 or 10 quarts of the best Bavarian beer in a year he
+will have taken into his system as much nourishment as is
+contained in a five-pound loaf of bread.�&mdash;<i>Liebig, the great
+German chemist.</i></p>
+
+<p>“Beer-drinker’s heart is a term well-known to the physicians
+of our large hospitals, and indicates a special condition
+of unhealthy enlargement of the heart due to dilatation,
+accompanied by some increase of tissue and of fat. Doctors
+Bauer and Bollinger found that in Munich one in every sixteen
+of the hospital patients died from this disorder. It is
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_425" id="Page_425">[Pg 425]</a></span>common in Germany&mdash;the land of beer-drinking&mdash;and proves
+incontestably that the habit of drinking even such a mild
+alcoholic beverage as lager-beer is one that is undesirable
+and unwise.�&mdash;<i>From “Alcohol and the Human Body,� by Sir
+Victor Horsley, M. D., London.</i></p>
+
+<p>“Nothing is more erroneous from the physician’s standpoint,
+than to think of diminishing the destructive effects of
+alcoholism by substituting beer for other alcoholic drinks, or
+that the victims of drink are found only in those countries
+where whisky helps the people of a low grade of culture to
+forget their poverty and misery.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Prof. Strumpel</span>, Breslau,
+Germany.</p>
+
+<p>“The result of extolling beer as the mightiest enemy of
+whisky and brandy has been that the consumption of the
+distilled liquors has changed very little, while to these liquors
+has been added beer, the use of which has led to a
+great and still increasing beer alcoholism. *&nbsp;*&nbsp;*</p>
+
+<p>“The beer drinker who is not at all a drunkard in the
+popular sense, is very frequently the victim of chronic inflammation
+of the kidneys. *&nbsp;*&nbsp;* An enlarged and fatty
+condition of the liver, marked by a dull pain in the region
+of the organ, often follows from the habitual use of beer.
+The death-rate from liver diseases among brewers of beer
+in England is more than double that in all other occupations.
+*&nbsp;*&nbsp;* Beer-drinkers have a marked tendency to enlargement
+of the stomach, and to chronic diarrhoea. Beer
+causes also inflammation of the nerves. This is often announced
+by ‘rheumatic’ pains in the legs. *&nbsp;*&nbsp;* Beer alcoholism,
+as well as alcoholism in general, lowers the resistance
+of the body to all diseases by injuring most of the
+organs. And herein lies the chief danger in the general wide-spread
+use of beer. The drinker is especially open to attacks
+of infectious disease. *&nbsp;*&nbsp;* The brutalizing effect of
+beer-alcoholism is shown most clearly by the fact that in Germany
+crimes of personal violence, particularly dangerous
+bodily injuries, occur most frequently in Bavaria where there
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_426" id="Page_426">[Pg 426]</a></span>is the highest consumption of beer.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr. Hugo Hoppe</span>, Nerve
+Specialist, Konigsberg, Germany.</p>
+
+<p>“The life insurance companies make a business of estimating
+men’s lives, and can only make money by making correct
+estimates of whatever influences life. Now they
+expect a man otherwise healthy, who is addicted to beer-drinking,
+will have his life shortened from 40 to 60 per cent.
+For instance if he is twenty years old and does not drink
+beer he may reasonably expect to live until he is 61. If he
+is a beer-drinker he will probably not live to be over 35.
+If he is 30 years old when he begins to drink beer he will
+probably drop off somewhere between 40 and 45 instead of
+living to 64 as he should. There is no sentiment, prejudice
+or assertion about these figures. They are simply cold-blooded
+business facts, derived from experience, and the
+companies invest their money on them just the same as a
+man pays so many dollars for so many feet of ground or
+bushels of wheat.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr. S. S. Thorn</span>, Toledo, Ohio, in U. S.
+Senate Document, published in 1901.</p>
+
+<p>“Fatty degeneration of various organs is frequently witnessed
+in beer-drinkers. Diabetes mellitus is frequently due
+to beer-drinking, and is made much worse by its continuance.
+In Germany more than half of the cases in the inebriate
+asylums enter from beer-drinking. In Bavaria, the women
+are not able properly to suckle their children because of the
+universal consumption of their favorite national drink. Indeed,
+so grave are the evils caused by beer-drinking that
+the fight against beer should now be conducted as strenuously
+as that against stronger liquors.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr. Legrain</span>, Paris,
+France.</p></div>
+
+
+<h4>DRUG DRINKS.</h4>
+
+<p>In the report of the President’s Homes Commission,
+Senate Document 644, may be found a list of
+soft drinks examined by the Bureau of Chemistry.
+The report says:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_427" id="Page_427">[Pg 427]</a></span>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Attention is directed to the danger of soft drinks containing
+caffeine, and extract of coca leaf, the active principle of
+the latter being cocaine. *&nbsp;*&nbsp;* We have seen how the opium
+habit may be acquired by the use of the various proprietary or
+secret preparations, and so the cocaine habit may be developed
+by the use of these much lauded soft drinks. *&nbsp;*&nbsp;* No
+wonder that insanity and diseases of the nervous system are
+on the increase.�</p>
+
+<p>The following is a list of drinks examined by the Bureau of
+Chemistry. Investigation showed that these contained both
+caffeine and extract of coca leaf:</p>
+
+<p>Afri Cola, Ala Cola, Cafe Coca, Carre Cola, Celery Cola,
+Chan Ola, Chera Cola, Coca Beta, Coca Cola, Pilsbury’s Coke,
+Cola Coke, Cream Cola, Dope, Four Kola, Hayo Kola, Heck’s
+Cola, Kaye Ola, Koca Nola, Koke, Kola Ade, Kola Kola, Kola
+Phos, Koloko, Kos Kola, Lime Cola, Lima Ola, Mellow Nip,
+Nerv Ola, Revive Ola, Rocola, Rye Ola, Standard Cola, Toka
+Tona, Tokola, Vim-O, French Wine of Coca, Wise Ola.</p>
+
+<p>The manufacturers of some of those listed claim that their
+coca extract is prepared from a decocainized coca leaf, the
+refuse product discarded in the manufacture of cocaine. The
+Coca Cola company claims that their coca extract is now without
+cocaine, and most of the recent analyses show this to be
+true, yet the Pure Food Commissioner of North Dakota says
+in his report for 1907 that Coca Cola as examined by him,
+“Gave a reaction for cocaine.� It is easy to see that so long
+as even refuse coca leaves are used some cocaine may at times
+be in the product.</p>
+
+<p>As cocaine is the most destructive drug known to humanity
+its presence in any of the so-called temperance drinks is a
+frightful evil calling for speedy legislation. It is practically
+impossible to cure a person of the cocaine habit. This drug
+causes insomnia, dyspepsia, chronic palpitations, and complete
+paralysis of will-power, with a tendency to criminal acts.
+When a person becomes habituated to its use he suffers torments
+when not under its influence. The real cocaine fiend
+will rob or kill to get the drug. What can be thought of men,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_428" id="Page_428">[Pg 428]</a></span>who knowing the deadly nature of this drug, will hide it away
+in a drink sold as harmless to children and women who would
+never touch beer or wines? It is placed in the drink to form
+a craving for that drink and thus create a demand that will
+enrich the conscienceless manufacturers.</p>
+
+<p>The following preparations were found to contain caffeine,
+but there was no evidence to the effect that coca leaf in any
+form had been used in their manufacture:</p>
+
+<p>Calcycine, Celery Cocoa, Citro Cola, Deep Rock Ginger Ale,
+Fosko, Heck’s Star Pepsin, Koke, Koke Ola, Kalafra, Kumfort,
+Lime Juice and Kola, Lon Kola, Meg-O, Mexicola, Pau
+Pau Cola, Pedro, Pepsi Cola, Speed Ball, To-Ko, Vril.</p>
+
+<p>The report says that the following list were not examined
+but from their names, and from the evidence submitted, they
+contain either caffeine or coca leaf extract, or both: Charcola,
+Cherry Kola, Cola Soda, Cola Ginger, Field’s Coca, Imported
+French Cola, Jacob’s Kola, Koko Ale, Kola Cream,
+Kola Pepsin Celery Wine Tonic, Kola Vena, Loco Kola,
+Mintola, Mate, Pikmeup, Ro-Cola, Schelhorn’s Coca, Vine
+Cola, Viz.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Harvey W. Wiley, chief of the Bureau of Chemistry,
+says that the sale of all such drinks should be prohibited.</p>
+
+<p>Caffeine is a drug much used in headache remedies. It is
+derived from the kola nut, and from tea and coffee. It is
+also made artificially from uric acid occurring in the guano
+or bird manure deposits of South America. This bird manure
+product is said to be used in some of the drinks while
+in others caffeine obtained from refuse tea sweepings is used.
+The sales-manager of the Coca Cola Company says the caffeine
+in their product is made from tea. It is claimed by
+the manufacturers of caffeine drinks that they are as harmless
+as tea or coffee. But physicians advise against the use
+of tea and coffee for children and for delicate, nervous people,
+and every intelligent person knows that these drinks
+should not be indulged in immoderately. The secret caffeine
+drinks at the soda-fountain are not warned against because
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_429" id="Page_429">[Pg 429]</a></span>few people know of what they are made. So it frequently
+happens that children whose parents do not permit them to
+drink tea and coffee are taking caffeine in a much more injurious
+form at the drug stores.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Harvey W. Wiley, Chief of the Bureau of Chemistry,
+says: “When caffeine is separated from tea and coffee, and
+used as a separate drug, it exerts a much more specific action
+upon the system than when in natural combination. Its general
+effect is to induce that unhappy state described as nervousness,
+with deranged digestion and impaired health.� Dr.
+H. H. Rusby, Dean of the College of Pharmacy, of Columbia
+University, New York City, a high authority, says:
+“Caffeine is a genuine poison, both acute and chronic. Taken
+in the form of a beverage it tends to the formation of a
+drug habit, quite as characteristic, though not so effective,
+as ordinary narcotics. Permanent disorders of the cardiac
+function, and of the cerebral circulation, result from its
+continued use.�</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Druggists Circular</i>, for May, 1908, contained a query
+from a druggist as to a good formula for a kola nut soda
+syrup. The answer was in part as follows: “There are two
+kinds of druggists. One kind puts any and every kind of
+stuff into stock, and passes it out to his customers, young
+and old, ignorant or learned, foolish or wise, his only desire
+being to get a profit. The other kind of druggist refuses to
+stock some things at all. Kola drinks owe their vogue to
+the caffeine which they contain. Caffeine is a poison which
+is cumulative in its effects, and an excess of which has not
+infrequently caused death. We believe you would better be
+on record as discouraging rather than encouraging the growth
+of the caffeine habit, especially among young people, who
+constitute a large part of the soda-water trade.�</p>
+
+<p>The <i>London Lancet</i> of January 25, 1908, reports the results
+of experiments made in Paris with kola given to horses
+to determine its action in relieving fatigue. It apparently
+diminished fatigue, but the horses receiving it lost more
+weight than those to whom it was not given. The experi<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_430" id="Page_430">[Pg 430]</a></span>menter
+said this showed that kola (caffeine) like alcohol, can
+give the tissues a lash with a whip, but that such energy,
+artificially produced, is at the expense of the organism. So,
+when people see the alluring advertisements of caffeine
+drinks which “relieve fatigue,� let them beware of the relief
+which carries with it injury to the body.</p>
+
+<p>Of the most widely advertised of these caffeine drinks the
+government report says: “The prevalence of the ‘Coca Cola
+fiend’ is becoming a matter of great importance and concern.�
+(See volume on Social Betterment of Senate Document
+644, page 268.) M. M. A.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SPECIAL MEDICAL DIRECTIONS FOR WOMEN.</h4>
+
+<p>“In the treatment of diseases of women, alcohol has been
+considered a very important remedy. Because it affords relief
+from pain, many resort to its use during painful menstruation.
+Each month either whisky, or some medicine containing
+a liberal supply of alcohol, is considered a necessity.</p>
+
+<p>“The alcohol habit is not infrequently formed in this way.
+I have in my mind several cases of inebriety which were
+traceable to the habit of taking something to relieve pain
+at these periods. A woman whose husband held a high
+official position, thus acquired a craving for alcohol and
+became a confirmed drinker. He was finally compelled to
+place her in an institution for treatment.</p>
+
+<p>“Alcohol affords relief, not by lessening the internal congestion
+which causes the pain, but by paralyzing or benumbing
+the nervous system. In fact, alcohol, instead of
+relieving, aggravates the internal congestion. It is a deceiver,
+for it makes the patient believe she is benefited when
+in fact the condition is made worse. The uterus has become
+more congested by its use, and when the paralyzing
+effect of the alcohol has worn off the pain will be found
+more severe, and the demand for alcohol increased correspondingly.
+The only safe and wise plan when suffering
+from pain due to internal congestion is to remove the cause.
+If uterine misplacement exists suitable treatment must be
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_431" id="Page_431">[Pg 431]</a></span>taken to correct this. Almost immediate relief from pain
+due to congestion of the pelvic organs may be obtained by
+taking a hot full bath. A hot foot or leg bath is also a good
+treatment since the warming of the extremities quickens the
+circulation in the limbs and relieves congestion in the pelvic
+region.</p>
+
+<p>“There are various forms of dysmenorrhea or painful menstruation
+and each form has a treatment by itself. The congestive
+type which is due to taking cold is better relieved by
+a hot sitz bath before the date expected, the temperature of
+the water should be 101°-103° with the feet in water a degree
+or two hotter. If at the time of the period the pain
+still continues, an enema or vaginal douche will usually give
+the necessary relief unless the patient should be exposed to
+cold by allowing the hands, arms, feet or legs to become
+chilled.</p>
+
+<p>“Many women do not dress their limbs warmly enough at
+any time. Just before the menstrual period the tendency is
+for the pelvic organs to become congested; there is a greater
+tendency to cold feet then, than at any other time. I would
+therefore advise warmer clothing on the limbs at such times.
+The drinking of hot pepper tea, ginger tea, etc., is a pernicious
+practice, for these irritants inflame the mucous membrane
+of the stomach and intestines. Hot lemonade or hot
+water will afford the same relief without leaving an inflamed
+surface behind to be irritated by the next meal.</p>
+
+<p>“There are some cases of great constriction of the uterine
+canal which have reflex irritability in the stomach. Those
+having the stomach affected cannot take food, the least
+thing is rejected. It is best for such to remain quiet in bed,
+applying heat to the stomach and abdomen and to the feet
+until relief is experienced. Those suffering from headache
+should also remain quiet in bed. Some resort to anodynes
+and form the habit of using codeine, morphine. All these
+are bad and should be avoided. I have never found it necessary
+to give one dose of either to relieve pain at such
+times. Hot applications with the enema, vaginal douche, or
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_432" id="Page_432">[Pg 432]</a></span>foot bath, has usually been all that was required.</p>
+
+<p>“I recall many cases of severe pain where the extremities
+were cold and clammy and the entire body was in a hysterical
+contraction that were immediately relieved by a hot
+vaginal douche. The muscles relaxed, the patient warmed
+up and recovered nicely.</p>
+
+<p>“For securing sleep in insomnia, a hot toddy is often used,
+but a quicker and better effect can be gained by a hot, or
+neutral bath. The latter given at 99° or 100° for twenty
+minutes will produce sleep and refreshment, as it equalizes
+the circulation by bringing the blood to the surface.</p>
+
+<p>“It is safer under all circumstances to do without alcohol
+or other dangerous drugs in treatment of these diseases.�&mdash;<span class="smcap">Dr.
+Lauretta E. Kress</span>, Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Note</span>&mdash;An experienced nurse says that prompt relief in
+painful menstruation may often be found by sitting upon a
+toilet water-jar half full or more of hot water. The steam
+rises and the heat relieves.</p>
+
+
+<h4>TOTAL ABSTINENCE AND LIFE INSURANCE.</h4>
+
+<p>Nothing shows more clearly and convincingly that alcoholic
+liquors have a tendency to shorten life than the figures
+published by life insurance companies. A most interesting
+and valuable paper upon this theme was read before
+the Actuarial Society of America, in 1904, by Mr. Joel G.
+Van Cise, actuary of the Equitable Life Assurance Society
+of the United States. In it he gives the experience of different
+life insurance companies which have separate sections
+for total abstainers and non-abstainers. The Mutual Life
+Insurance Company of New York, one of the large companies,
+showed after a few years’ experience with the two
+sections a death-rate 23 per cent. higher among the drinkers
+than among the abstainers. The Sceptre Life for the years
+from 1884 to 1903, inclusive, gave the following: Expected
+deaths of abstainers, 1,440; actual deaths, 792, being 55 per
+cent. of the expected. Expected deaths of non-abstainers,
+2,730; actual deaths, 1,880, or 79 per cent. of the expected.
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_433" id="Page_433">[Pg 433]</a></span>The Scottish Temperance Life from 1883 to 1902 gave the
+following: Abstainers, expected deaths, 936; actual deaths,
+420, or 45 per cent. of the expected. Non-abstainers, expected
+deaths, 319; actual deaths, 225, or 71 per cent. of
+the expected.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Van Cise goes on to show that the statistics which
+have been published from time to time, giving the percentages
+of mortality in the various occupations of life, invariably
+show a higher death-rate among those engaged in the
+liquor business than among those engaged in other lines of
+work, except such as are specially hazardous. He says:
+‘The higher death-rate among liquor dealers is so universally
+recognized by life assurance companies that a number of
+them will not issue policies, even on the lives of the richest
+brewers, upon any terms, and not one of the companies,
+to my knowledge, admits liquor dealers upon as advantageous
+terms as those engaged in other ordinary occupations.’
+He then quotes from a circular sent to the agency force of a
+prominent United States company, in which attention is
+called to a rule which forbids the taking of any risks on bartenders:
+‘Saloonkeepers, generally, not taken, but best of
+this class may be accepted on 10 or 15 year endowments
+only.’ Others connected more remotely with the liquor business
+might be taken with a charge of $5.00 per thousand
+extra. The circular of instructions adds that the limitations
+of liquor dealers are made necessary ‘by the very excessive
+rate of mortality found to exist among persons so employed.’</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Van Cise closed his address before the Actuaries’ Society
+by saying: ‘I contend that the facts given in this
+paper show conclusively that the effect of total abstinence is
+to lower the death-rate, and increase the average duration of
+human life.’</p>
+
+<p>The Equitable Company had a section for total abstainers
+for a few years which was discontinued on account of
+the new insurance laws which came into effect in 1907. The
+actuary writes in response to inquiry: ‘We are very careful
+in our selection of risks, and only those who drink in
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_434" id="Page_434">[Pg 434]</a></span>moderation will be accepted. I think it safe to say that,
+other things being equal, all American life insurance companies
+would consider a total abstainer a more desirable
+risk than a moderate drinker.’</p>
+
+<p>The United Kingdom Temperance and General Provident
+Institution, of London, is a large and successful company
+which was organized in 1840, expressly for total abstainers,
+because at that time larger premiums were asked from abstainers
+than from drinkers, the common opinion then being
+that alcoholic liquors were necessary to health. In 1846, this
+company added a general section, in which carefully selected
+moderate drinkers were accepted, but each section was kept
+entirely separate from the other. This separation has continued
+to the present time, both classes paying the same
+premiums, but sharing in profits according to the earnings
+of the section to which the members belong. From 1866 to
+1900, for every 100 deaths in the temperance section there
+were 137 deaths in the moderate drinking section, based on
+a corresponding number of lives at risk. The dividends for
+a recent five years average $20 to the temperance members,
+and $17 to the drinking members.</p>
+
+<p>The actuary of this English company, Mr. Roderick Mackenzie
+Moore, read a paper before the Institute of Actuaries,
+in 1903, in which he reviewed the work of this company during
+its history of sixty years’ experience with abstainers
+and over fifty with non-abstainers. He showed that there
+has been no marked difference in the number of policies in
+force in the two sections, and the average amount of the
+policies in each section has been about the same, so that the
+comparison is as fair as could possibly be made. He gives
+these figures: ‘Non-abstainers, male, expected deaths, 8,911;
+actual deaths, 8,947; per cent. of actual to expected, 100.4.
+Abstainers, male, expected deaths, 6,899; actual deaths, 5,124;
+per cent. of actual to expected, 74.3.’ This shows a difference
+of 26.1 per cent. between the actual and expected deaths
+of abstainers and moderate drinkers, and the full figures
+show the death rate among the drinkers to be 35 per cent.
+higher than among the abstainers.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_435" id="Page_435">[Pg 435]</a></span></p>
+<p>The American Temperance Life Insurance Association
+was organized in 1887. It gives a lower premium rate to
+members of the abstainers’ section than to those in the general
+section. The circulars sent out by this company state
+that the average life of moderate drinkers is thirty-five and
+a half years; tipplers, fifty-one years; total abstainers, sixty-four
+and one-fifth years.</p>
+
+<p>Very interesting is the result of an inquiry made of various
+insurance companies not long ago as to whether they
+consider the habitual user of intoxicating beverages as good
+an insurance risk as the total abstainer; ‘if not, why not?’
+All but two out of forty-one companies answered, ‘No.’
+The two answered, ‘Depends on quantity used.’ In answer
+to the ‘Why not?’ the Etna said, ‘Drink diseases the system
+and shortens life’; Hartford Life, ‘Moderate use lays foundation
+for disease’; Knights of the Maccabees, ‘Drink tends
+to destroy life’; Knights Templar and Masons’ Life Indemnity,
+‘Drink lessens ability to overcome disease’; Sun Life,
+‘Drink injures constitution. Habit apt to grow’; Massachusetts
+Mutual Life, ‘Drink causes organic changes. Reduces
+expectation of life nearly two-thirds.’ The rest of the
+answers are much the same as these.&mdash;<i>M. M. A.</i></p></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_i_i" id="Page_i_i">[Pg i]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX"></a>INDEX</h2>
+
+<p>
+Abbott, Dr. A. C., <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>, <a href="#Page_368">368</a><br />
+<br />
+Abdominal bandage, <a href="#Page_199">199</a><br />
+<br />
+Abel, Prof. J. J., <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br />
+<br />
+Abernethy, Dr., <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br />
+<br />
+Acetanilid, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a><br />
+<br />
+Acetic acid in pharmacy, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a><br />
+<br />
+Acid drinks kill bacilli, <a href="#Page_150">150</a><br />
+<br />
+Adelung, Dr. Edward Von, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a><br />
+<br />
+Adynamic disease, <a href="#Page_272">272</a><br />
+<br />
+Aiken, Dr. J. M., <a href="#Page_376">376</a><br />
+<br />
+Alabama law and alcoholic prescriptions, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br />
+<br />
+Albumen, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a><br />
+<br />
+Alcohol,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">food claims, <a href="#Page_112">112-114</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">a mocker, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, <a href="#Page_377">377</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">a narcotic, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">a poison, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">injurious to living cells, <a href="#Page_275">275</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">advance in study of, <a href="#Page_380">380</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">affinity for blood and tissues, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">affinity for water, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">and foods, action contrasted, <a href="#Page_406">406</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">and empty stomach, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">mental work, <a href="#Page_400">400</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">anti-spasmodic, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">apparent benefits; deceptive warmth from evanescent, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">anæsthetic and paralyzant, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">anæsthetic effect deceptive, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">antipyretic, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">as medicine, <a href="#Page_96">96-130</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">as medicine, causes waste of force, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">as medicine, diminished use, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53-57</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">as medicine, need of popular education regarding, <a href="#Page_297">297</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">as medicine, opposition to by W. C. T. U., <a href="#Page_21">21-27</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">causes disease, <a href="#Page_28">28-36</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">as sedative, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">as tonic, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">beginning of scientific study, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">a cause of Bright’s disease, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">causes malnutrition, <a href="#Page_284">284</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">craving, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">delusion that it “supports�, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">depressant, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">dangerous in pneumonia, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">difference in action from carbohydrates and fats, <a href="#Page_403">403</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">diminishes arterial pressure, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">effect on respiration, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">experiments, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="#Page_392">392-405</a>, <a href="#Page_421">421</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Alcoholic diseases ascribed to other causes, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">drink, no danger in sudden stopping, <a href="#Page_293">293</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">drinks, stories of life sustained on, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">dyspepsia, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">proprietary medicines, <a href="#Page_299">299-334</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Alcohol, medical use bulwark of liquor-traffic, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>, <a href="#Page_361">361</a><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">medical use causes death, <a href="#Page_260">260</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">medical use delays recovery, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">medical use evidence against, <a href="#Page_336">336-391</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">medical use result of habit and tradition, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">medical use, Toledo Blade on, <a href="#Page_358">358</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">medical use, mortality increased by, <a href="#Page_247">247-261</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Ammonia, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a><br />
+<br />
+Anæsthesia, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a><br />
+<br />
+Anæmia, <a href="#Page_141">141</a><br />
+<br />
+Anders, Dr. Howard S., <a href="#Page_370">370</a><br />
+<br />
+Angina pectoris, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a><br />
+<br />
+Animal poison, <a href="#Page_206">206-211</a><br />
+<br />
+Anthrax, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a><br />
+<br />
+Alcoholism, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a><br /><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ii_i" id="Page_ii_i">[Pg ii]</a></span>
+Ale, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a><br />
+<br />
+Alkalies for stomach, <a href="#Page_174">174</a><br />
+<br />
+Alum, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a><br />
+<br />
+American Association for Study of Inebriety, <a href="#Page_329">329</a><br />
+<br />
+American Druggist and Patent Medicine Agitation, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br />
+<br />
+American Medical Association, declaration on alcohol, <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br />
+<br />
+Antikamnia, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a><br />
+<br />
+Anti-Tuberculosis Congress resolution, <a href="#Page_154">154</a><br />
+<br />
+Apoplexy, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br />
+<br />
+Appetite, loss of, <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br />
+<br />
+Aschaffenberg, Prof., <a href="#Page_400">400</a><br />
+<br />
+Association of Abstaining Physicians, Germany, <a href="#Page_387">387</a><br />
+<br />
+Asthma, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a><br />
+<br />
+Athletes and alcohol, <a href="#Page_103">103</a><br />
+<br />
+Atwater, Prof., <a href="#Page_128">128-130</a><br />
+<br />
+Australian Government Commission on Patent Medicines, <a href="#Page_314">314</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Baldwin, Dr. Edward R., <a href="#Page_370">370</a><br />
+<br />
+Barton, Miss Clara, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br />
+<br />
+Baths, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>, <a href="#Page_432">432</a><br />
+<br />
+Battle Creek Sanitarium, <a href="#Page_223">223-227</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a><br />
+<br />
+Bavaria, beer-drinking effects, <a href="#Page_425">425</a><br />
+<br />
+Beale, Dr. Lionel, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a><br />
+<br />
+Beaumont, Dr., <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a><br />
+<br />
+Beddoes, Dr., <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_421">421</a><br />
+<br />
+Beebe, Dr. S. P., <a href="#Page_404">404</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a><br />
+<br />
+Beef-tea, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_325">325</a><br />
+<br />
+Bacteria, <a href="#Page_150">150</a><br />
+<br />
+Badger, Dr. Richard, <a href="#Page_365">365</a><br />
+<br />
+Baer, Dr., <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br />
+<br />
+Barker, Prof., <a href="#Page_337">337</a><br />
+<br />
+Barr, Sir James, <a href="#Page_372">372</a><br />
+<br />
+Beer, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244-246</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423-426</a><br />
+<br />
+Bellevue Hospital, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_309">309</a><br />
+<br />
+Berkley and <a name="ind1" id="ind1"></a><a href="#ind1t">Friedenwald</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a><br />
+<br />
+Beverages for the sick, <a href="#Page_411">411</a><br />
+<br />
+Bigelow, Dr. Jacob, <a href="#Page_335">335</a><br />
+<br />
+Billings, Dr. Frank, <a href="#Page_155">155</a><br />
+<br />
+Bitters, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a><br />
+<br />
+Blankmeyer, Dr. H. J., <a href="#Page_159">159</a><br />
+<br />
+Bleuler, Dr., <a href="#Page_388">388</a><br />
+<br />
+Blood, <a href="#Page_66">66-75</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>,106, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a><br />
+<br />
+Blood purifiers, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br />
+<br />
+Blood vessels, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a><br />
+<br />
+Blumenau, alcohol and digestion, <a href="#Page_173">173</a><br />
+<br />
+Boils and carbuncles, <a href="#Page_144">144</a><br />
+<br />
+Bond, Dr. Knox, on fevers, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_373">373</a><br />
+<br />
+Bostwick, Dr., <a href="#Page_336">336</a><br />
+<br />
+Bowditch, Prof. Vincent Y., <a href="#Page_157">157</a><br />
+<br />
+Boynton, Dr., <a href="#Page_377">377</a><br />
+<br />
+Bradner, Dr. Roe, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a><br />
+<br />
+Brain, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br />
+<br />
+Brandy, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a><br />
+<br />
+Brewers, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a><br />
+<br />
+Bright’s disease, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a><br />
+<br />
+British army, experiences with alcohol, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a><br />
+<br />
+British Medical Journal, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a><br />
+<br />
+British Medical Temperance Association, <a href="#Page_148">148-151</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a><br />
+<br />
+Broadbent, Dr., <a href="#Page_274">274</a><br />
+<br />
+Brodie, Dr. Benj., <a href="#Page_105">105</a><br />
+<br />
+Bromidia, <a href="#Page_353">353</a><br />
+<br />
+Bromo Seltzer, <a href="#Page_346">346</a><br />
+<br />
+Brown, Dr. Alonzo, <a href="#Page_271">271-273</a><br />
+<br />
+Brunton, Dr. Lauder, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a><br />
+<br />
+Bucke, Dr. R. M., alcohol and the insane, <a href="#Page_412">412</a><br />
+<br />
+Buckley, Rev. J. M., D.D., cured of consumption, <a href="#Page_159">159</a><br />
+<br />
+Bunge, Prof. G. Von, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a><br />
+<br />
+Bureau of Chemistry, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>, <a href="#Page_427">427</a><br />
+<br />
+Burnett, Dr. Mary Weeks, <a href="#Page_41">41-44</a><br />
+<br />
+Burt, Mrs. Mary T., <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br />
+<br />
+Bussey, Dr., <a href="#Page_237">237</a><br />
+<br />
+Butter, substitute for cod-liver oil, <a href="#Page_314">314</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Cabot, Dr. Richard C., <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370</a><br />
+<br />
+Caffeine, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>, <a href="#Page_428">428-430</a><br />
+<br />
+Cain, Dr. J. S., <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_377">377</a><br />
+<br />
+Calmette, Dr., snake-bite <a href="#Page_206">206-209</a><br />
+<br />
+Camphor, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a><br />
+<br />
+Cancer and alcohol, <a href="#Page_288">288</a><br />
+<br />
+Carbolic acid, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a><br />
+<br />
+Carbon dioxide, <a href="#Page_71">71-73</a><br />
+<br />
+Carbonic acid in wine, <a href="#Page_117">117</a><br />
+<br />
+Cardiac paralysis in diphtheria, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a><br />
+<br />
+Carpanutrine, <a href="#Page_313">313</a><br />
+<br />
+Carpenter, Dr. Alfred, <a href="#Page_86">86</a><br />
+<br />
+Carson, Prof. J. W., <a href="#Page_336">336</a><br />
+<br />
+Casgrau, Dr., doctors who personally use alcohol less observant of its effects, <a href="#Page_294">294</a><br />
+<br />
+Catarrh, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a><br />
+<br />
+Cells, <a href="#Page_58">58-60</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a><br />
+<br />
+Chapman, Dr. C. W., <a href="#Page_184">184</a><br />
+<br />
+Charcoal, <a href="#Page_179">179</a><br />
+<br />
+Charrin, Dr., <a href="#Page_287">287</a><br />
+<br />
+Cheese, cannot be made from milk of cows fed on distillery slops, <a href="#Page_236">236</a><br />
+<br />
+Cheyne, Prof. W. W., snake-poison, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a><br />
+<br />
+Children, danger of alcohol for, <a href="#Page_416">416</a><br />
+<br />
+Children of beer-drinking mothers, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_iii_i" id="Page_iii_i">[Pg iii]</a></span><br />
+Children, per cent. of deaths of those of abstaining and drinking parents, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>, <a href="#Page_398">398</a><br />
+<br />
+Chills, <a href="#Page_146">146</a><br />
+<br />
+Chittenden, Prof., <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a><br />
+<br />
+Chloral, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a><br />
+<br />
+Chlorodyne, <a href="#Page_127">127</a><br />
+<br />
+Chloroform, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a><br />
+<br />
+Cholera, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147-152</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">infantum, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">morbus, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Christian Advocates, The, and patent medicines, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br />
+<br />
+Christison, Prof., <a href="#Page_34">34</a><br />
+<br />
+Cincinnati Hospital, <a href="#Page_254">254</a><br />
+<br />
+Circulation, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184-186</a><br />
+<br />
+Claret, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a><br />
+<br />
+Clark, Dr. Alonzo, <a href="#Page_336">336</a><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">Sir Andrew, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Clinique, The, <a href="#Page_180">180</a><br />
+<br />
+Coal-tar drugs, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a><br />
+<br />
+Coca wines, <a href="#Page_319">319-324</a><br />
+<br />
+Coca Cola, <a href="#Page_427">427</a><br />
+<br />
+Cocaine, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319-325</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345-351</a>, <a href="#Page_427">427</a><br />
+<br />
+Cod-liver oil, fraudulent preparations, <a href="#Page_314">314</a><br />
+<br />
+Coffee, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a><br />
+<br />
+Cohen, Dr. S. S., <a href="#Page_365">365</a><br />
+<br />
+Cold, as a heart stimulant, <a href="#Page_184">184-186</a><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">as tonic, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">pack, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">treatment for pneumonia, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Colds, cause and treatment, <a href="#Page_146">146</a><br />
+<br />
+Colic, <a href="#Page_147">147</a><br />
+<br />
+Collier, Dr. Wm., <a href="#Page_372">372</a><br />
+<br />
+Collier’s Weekly and nostrums, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br />
+<br />
+Collins, Dr., <a href="#Page_157">157</a><br />
+<br />
+Coloring matter in wines arrests digestion, <a href="#Page_176">176</a><br />
+<br />
+Coma from waste retention, <a href="#Page_115">115</a><br />
+<br />
+Committee of Fifty, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">on Pharmacy, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Condi, Dr., nursing mothers, <a href="#Page_236">236</a><br />
+<br />
+Constipation, <a href="#Page_146">146</a><br />
+<br />
+Consumption, <a href="#Page_153">153-162</a>, <a href="#Page_326">326</a><br />
+<br />
+Convalescence and alcohol, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a><br />
+<br />
+Convulsions, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a><br />
+<br />
+Cook County Hospital, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a><br />
+<br />
+Cordials in dyspepsia, <a href="#Page_176">176</a><br />
+<br />
+Cough medicines, <a href="#Page_310">310-312</a><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">simple remedies, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Cramps, <a href="#Page_179">179</a><br />
+<br />
+Cream, substitute for cod-liver oil, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a><br />
+<br />
+Crothers, Dr. T. D., <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a><br />
+<br />
+Cures for inebriety, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>, <a href="#Page_414">414</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Deaths from alcohol, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">from alcoholic diseases ascribed to other causes, <a href="#Page_31">31-34</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Death-rates, comparative, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247-261</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">lowered by non-alcoholic treatment, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Debility, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a><br />
+<br />
+Davis, Dr. Nathan S., Sr., <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29-31</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80-82</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91-95</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_358">358-360</a><br />
+<br />
+De Garmo, Prof., <a href="#Page_366">366</a><br />
+<br />
+<a name="ind2" id="ind2"></a><a href="#ind2t">Deléarde</a>, Dr., Pasteur Institute, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a><br />
+<br />
+Delirium tremens, <a href="#Page_388">388</a><br />
+<br />
+Depression of spirits, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a><br />
+<br />
+Diabetes, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a><br />
+<br />
+Diarrhœa, <a href="#Page_172">172</a><br />
+<br />
+Digestion, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155-157</a><br />
+<br />
+Digestive organs, injured, <a href="#Page_389">389</a><br />
+<br />
+Digitalis, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a><br />
+<br />
+Diphtheria, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a><br />
+<br />
+Diseases of women, <a href="#Page_430">430</a><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">non-alcohol treatment, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Distilled liquors, composition, <a href="#Page_117">117</a><br />
+<br />
+Doan’s Pills, <a href="#Page_315">315</a><br />
+<br />
+Dodson, Dr. John M., <a href="#Page_423">423</a><br />
+<br />
+Dogbite, <a href="#Page_211">211</a><br />
+<br />
+Dock, Dr. George, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a><br />
+<br />
+Douches, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_431">431</a><br />
+<br />
+Drowning, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a><br />
+<br />
+“Drugging�, <a href="#Page_335">335-355</a><br />
+<br />
+Drug habits formed by patent medicines, <a href="#Page_301">301</a><br />
+<br />
+Drugs, medical opinions of, <a href="#Page_336">336-338</a><br />
+<br />
+Druggists’ resolutions against whiskey drug-stores, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br />
+<br />
+Druggist’s Circular, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_429">429</a><br />
+<br />
+Druggists, liquor selling by, <a href="#Page_139">139</a><br />
+<br />
+Drunkards made in infancy, <a href="#Page_311">311</a><br />
+<br />
+Drunkards, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_350">350</a><br />
+<br />
+Drysdale, Dr., <a href="#Page_372">372</a><br />
+<br />
+Dubois, experiments, <a href="#Page_119">119</a><br />
+<br />
+Dysentery, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a><br />
+<br />
+Dysmenorrhea, <a href="#Page_431">431</a><br />
+<br />
+Dyspepsia, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173-177</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Edmunds, Dr., <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238-243</a><br />
+<br />
+Edsall, Dr. David L., <a href="#Page_374">374</a><br />
+<br />
+Epilepsy, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a><br />
+<br />
+Erysipelas, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a><br />
+<br />
+Eshner, Dr. A. A., <a href="#Page_364">364</a><br />
+<br />
+Exhaustion, <a href="#Page_178">178</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Fainting and faintness, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a><br />
+<br />
+Fatigue, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_430">430</a><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_iv_i" id="Page_iv_i">[Pg iv]</a></span><br />
+Fatty degeneration, <a href="#Page_34">34-36</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82-85</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a><br />
+<br />
+Fats digested in small intestines, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br />
+<br />
+<a name="ind3" id="ind3"></a><a href="#ind3t">Fere</a>, Dr., <a href="#Page_203">203</a><br />
+<br />
+Fermentation, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a><br />
+<br />
+Fevers, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249-255</a>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a><br />
+<br />
+Fibrine, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br />
+<br />
+Fits, <a href="#Page_238">238</a><br />
+<br />
+Flatulence, <a href="#Page_179">179</a><br />
+<br />
+Flick, Dr. Lawrence, <a href="#Page_156">156</a><br />
+<br />
+Fomentations, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a><br />
+<br />
+Food, alcohol as indirect, <a href="#Page_112">112-114</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98-117</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128-130</a><br />
+<br />
+Foods, proprietary, <a href="#Page_313">313</a><br />
+<br />
+Forel, Dr. A., <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a><br />
+<br />
+Forrest, Dr., <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a><br />
+<br />
+Foster, Dr., <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br />
+<br />
+Franco-Prussian War, wine, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a><br />
+<br />
+Francis, Surgeon Gen’l, cholera, <a href="#Page_150">150</a><br />
+<br />
+Frick, Dr. A., <a href="#Page_388">388</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a><br />
+<br />
+Fruit, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">juice, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Gairdner, Dr., fevers, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a><br />
+<br />
+Garber, Dr., typhoid, <a href="#Page_230">230</a><br />
+<br />
+Garfield Memorial Hospital, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a><br />
+<br />
+Gastric juice, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br />
+<br />
+Gastritis from beer and gin, <a href="#Page_246">246</a><br />
+<br />
+Georgia law and alcohol prescriptions, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br />
+<br />
+Germs, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a><br />
+<br />
+Giddiness, <a href="#Page_179">179</a><br />
+<br />
+Gilman, Prof., treatment leads to death, <a href="#Page_337">337</a><br />
+<br />
+Gin, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a><br />
+<br />
+Ginger drinking, <a href="#Page_341">341</a><br />
+<br />
+Gloria Tonic, <a href="#Page_414">414</a><br />
+<br />
+Gluzinski and digestion, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a><br />
+<br />
+Glycerine in pharmacy, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a><br />
+<br />
+Glycogen, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a><br />
+<br />
+Gordon, Dr. A., <a href="#Page_377">377</a><br />
+<br />
+Gould, A. Pearce, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>, <a href="#Page_373">373</a><br />
+<br />
+Gout, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br />
+<br />
+Grape juice, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br />
+<br />
+<a name="ind4" id="ind4"></a><a href="#ind4t">Gréhant</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a><br />
+<br />
+Gruber, Prof., <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a><br />
+<br />
+Guardian cells, see leucocytes<br />
+<br />
+Gull, Sir Wm., <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a><br />
+<br />
+Gum resins, non-alcoholic preparation, <a href="#Page_134">134</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Hagee’s Cordial of Cod-Liver Oil, <a href="#Page_314">314</a><br />
+<br />
+Hall, Dr. W. S., <a href="#Page_379">379</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405-409</a><br />
+<br />
+Hamilton, Dr. Frank H., <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a><br />
+<br />
+Hammond, Dr. W. A., <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a><br />
+<br />
+Hargreaves, Dr. W., <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a><br />
+<br />
+Harley, Dr., alcohol and diabetes, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a><br />
+<br />
+Harrington. Dr. Chas., <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a><br />
+<br />
+Hart, Dr. Ernest, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a><br />
+<br />
+Harvey, Dr., counsel to young physicians, <a href="#Page_389">389</a><br />
+<br />
+Hay Fever, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a><br />
+<br />
+Hayes, Dr., arctic work, <a href="#Page_110">110</a><br />
+<br />
+Headaches, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a><br />
+<br />
+Headache remedies, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a><br />
+<br />
+Health, how to preserve, <a href="#Page_355">355</a><br />
+<br />
+Health Grains, <a href="#Page_315">315</a><br />
+<br />
+Healy, Dr. H. H., <a href="#Page_375">375</a><br />
+<br />
+Heart abscesses, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">and alcohol, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75-85</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">beer-drinkers, <a href="#Page_424">424</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">disease, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">failure,&nbsp; <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185-188</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">force diminished, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">stimulants, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">weak, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Hemaboloids, <a href="#Page_313">313</a><br />
+<br />
+Hemapeptone, <a href="#Page_313">313</a><br />
+<br />
+Hemaglobin, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a><br />
+<br />
+Hemorrhage, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a><br />
+<br />
+Heredity of alcoholic diseases, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br />
+<br />
+Herrick, Dr. James B., <a href="#Page_365">365</a><br />
+<br />
+Hewes, Dr. Henry F., <a href="#Page_379">379</a><br />
+<br />
+Heyburn, Senator, nostrums, <a href="#Page_334">334</a><br />
+<br />
+Hiccough, <a href="#Page_179">179</a><br />
+<br />
+Higginbotham, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a><br />
+<br />
+Higginson, Col. T. W., <a href="#Page_196">196</a><br />
+<br />
+<a name="ind5" id="ind5"></a><a href="#ind5t">Hirschfeld</a>, Dr., <a href="#Page_360">360</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a><br />
+<br />
+Hiss, Dr. A. Emil, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a><br />
+<br />
+History of study of alcohol, <a href="#Page_9">9-20</a><br />
+<br />
+Hob-nailed liver, <a href="#Page_87">87</a><br />
+<br />
+Hoffman drops, <a href="#Page_349">349</a><br />
+<br />
+Hoff’s Consumption Cure, <a href="#Page_316">316</a><br />
+<br />
+Holmes, Dr. Oliver W., on drugs, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a><br />
+<br />
+Hop tea, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a><br />
+<br />
+Hoppe, Dr. Hugo, beer, <a href="#Page_425">425</a><br />
+<br />
+Horsley, Sir Victor, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a><br />
+<br />
+Hospitals, Temperance, <a href="#Page_37">37-53</a><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">death-rates, <a href="#Page_252">252-261</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">decreased use of alcoholic liquors, <a href="#Page_53">53-57</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Hugounencq, alcohol and pepsin, <a href="#Page_176">176</a><br />
+<br />
+Hunt, Mrs. Mary H., temperance education, <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br />
+<br />
+Hunt, Dr. Reid, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>, <a href="#Page_402">402</a><br />
+<br />
+Hydrochloric acid, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a><br />
+<br />
+Hydrophobia, <a href="#Page_281">281-283</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Internal Rev, Dep’t. and Nostrums, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a><br />
+<br />
+International Congress on Alcoholism, London, 1909, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em"><a name="ind6" id="ind6"></a><a href="#ind6t">Encyclopedia</a> of Surgery, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_v_i" id="Page_v_i">[Pg v]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 2em">Medical Congress 1876, and National W. C. T. U., <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Immunity, influence of alcohol on, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393-395</a><br />
+<br />
+Indigestion and alcohol, <a href="#Page_32">32</a><br />
+<br />
+Infant feeding, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a><br />
+<br />
+Infection, liability to increased, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a><br />
+<br />
+Infectious diseases, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a><br />
+<br />
+Inflammation in wounds, <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br />
+<br />
+Influenza and drinkers, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a><br />
+<br />
+Iron, injurious to stomach, <a href="#Page_315">315</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Jackson, Dr. Henry, <a href="#Page_370">370</a><br />
+<br />
+Jaundice, alcohol prejudicial, <a href="#Page_89">89</a><br />
+<br />
+Jayne’s Expectorant, <a href="#Page_310">310</a><br />
+<br />
+Johnson, Lieut., arctic work, <a href="#Page_110">110</a><br />
+<br />
+Joslin, Dr. E. P., <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a><br />
+<br />
+Journal Amer. Med. Ass’n., <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204-209</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a><br />
+<br />
+Journal of Inebriety, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>, <a href="#Page_413">413</a><br />
+<br /><br />
+Kansas prohibits whiskey drug-stores <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br />
+<br />
+Kassowitz, Prof. Max, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a><br />
+<br />
+Kellogg, Dr. J. H., <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a><br />
+<br />
+Kerr, Dr. Norman, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a><br />
+<br />
+Kidneys, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89-95</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a><br />
+<br />
+Koch, Dr., consumption, <a href="#Page_153">153</a><br />
+<br />
+Knopf, Dr. S. A., <a href="#Page_155">155</a><br />
+<br />
+Kola, see caffeine.<br />
+<br />
+Kraepelin, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a><br />
+<br />
+Kress, Dr. Lauretta, <a href="#Page_430">430-432</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+La grippe, <a href="#Page_190">190-193</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a><br />
+<br />
+Ladd, Prof., <a href="#Page_332">332</a>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a><br />
+<br />
+Ladies’ Home Journal, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br />
+<br />
+Laitinen, Prof. T., <a href="#Page_368">368</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>, <a href="#Page_392">392-398</a><br />
+<br />
+Lambert, Dr. Alex., <a href="#Page_415">415</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a><br />
+<br />
+Lancet, The London, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>, <a href="#Page_429">429</a><br />
+<br />
+Landis, Dr. J. H., and typhoid, <a href="#Page_379">379</a><br />
+<br />
+Laudanum, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a><br />
+<br />
+Laxative pills often harmful, <a href="#Page_346">346</a><br />
+<br />
+Lees, Dr. F. R., <a href="#Page_106">106</a><br />
+<br />
+Legrain, Dr., <a href="#Page_426">426</a><br />
+<br />
+Liebig, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a><br />
+<br />
+Lemon, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_411">411</a><br />
+<br />
+Lesser, Dr. A. <a name="ind7" id="ind7"></a><a href="#ind7t">Monæ</a>, success in treating fevers in Cuban War, <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br />
+<br />
+Leucocytes, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a><br />
+<br />
+Life insurance and total abstinence, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>, <a href="#Page_432">432-435</a><br />
+<br />
+Life saving stations and alcohol, <a href="#Page_193">193</a><br />
+<br />
+Liniments, non-alcoholic, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a><br />
+<br />
+Liquid Peptones, <a href="#Page_313">313</a><br />
+<br />
+Liver, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85-89</a>, <a href="#Page_404">404-409</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a><br />
+<br />
+Lloyd, Prof. J. U., <a href="#Page_328">328</a><br />
+<br />
+London Temperance Hospital, <a href="#Page_37">37-41</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132-135</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a><br />
+<br />
+Loomis, Dr. A. L., <a href="#Page_255">255</a><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">Dr. Henry P., <a href="#Page_157">157</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Lungs, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a><br />
+<br />
+Lying-in-Hospital, London, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Martin, Dr. Newell, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a><br />
+<br />
+Massage, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a><br />
+<br />
+Mass. State Board of Health, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a><br />
+<br />
+<a name="ind8" id="ind8"></a><a href="#ind8t">Massart</a> and Bordet, leucocytes, <a href="#Page_277">277</a><br />
+<br />
+McNicholl, Dr. T. A., <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a><br />
+<br />
+Madden, Dr. John, <a href="#Page_378">378</a><br />
+<br />
+Magnesia, <a href="#Page_179">179</a><br />
+<br />
+Malaria<a name="FNanchor_D_4" id="FNanchor_D_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_D_4" class="fnanchor">[D]</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a><br />
+<br />
+Malt Extracts, <a href="#Page_316">316-319</a><br />
+<br />
+Manassein’s Clinic, alcohol and kidneys, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a><br />
+<br />
+Mann, Dr. Matthew D., <a href="#Page_365">365</a><br />
+<br />
+Martin, Alexis St., <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a><br />
+<br />
+McCormack, Dr. J. H., <a href="#Page_370">370</a><br />
+<br />
+Measles, <a href="#Page_194">194</a><br />
+<br />
+Meat extracts, valueless, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>, <a href="#Page_326">326</a><br />
+<br />
+Medical temperance department of W. C. T. U., <a href="#Page_25">25-27</a><br />
+<br />
+Menstruation, painful, <a href="#Page_197">197</a><br />
+<br />
+Mercer, Dr. Alfred, <a href="#Page_363">363</a><br />
+<br />
+Metchnikoff, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>, <a href="#Page_398">398</a><br />
+<br />
+Milk, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_373">373</a><br />
+<br />
+Miller, Dr. James Alex., <a href="#Page_157">157</a><br />
+<br />
+Mitchell, Dr. S. Weir, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a><br />
+<br />
+Miura, investigations, <a href="#Page_379">379</a><br />
+<br />
+Morphine, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a><br />
+<br />
+Mossop, Dr., experiments, <a href="#Page_120">120</a><br />
+<br />
+Mother Bailey’s Quieting Syrup, <a href="#Page_310">310</a><br />
+<br />
+Munyon’s Kidney Cure, <a href="#Page_315">315</a><br />
+<br />
+Mulford’s Predigested Beef, <a href="#Page_313">313</a><br />
+<br />
+Muscles and alcohol, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a><br />
+<br />
+Musser, Dr. John H., <a href="#Page_369">369</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370</a><br />
+<br />
+Mussey, Prof. R. D., <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Nansen and polar expedition, <a href="#Page_110">110</a><br />
+<br />
+Narcotic drug dangers, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>, <a href="#Page_350">350-355</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a><br />
+<br />
+Nausea, <a href="#Page_199">199</a><br />
+<br />
+Nerves, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a><br />
+<br />
+Nervous system affected by retention of waste, <a href="#Page_115">115</a><br />
+<br />
+Neuralgia, <a href="#Page_198">198</a><br />
+<br />
+New York State Board of Health, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a><br />
+<br />
+Newspapers and whiskey ads., <a href="#Page_382">382</a><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">and patent medicine ads, <a href="#Page_333">333</a></span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vi_i" id="Page_vi_i">[Pg vi]</a></span><br />
+Nichol, Dr., experiments, <a href="#Page_120">120</a><br />
+<br />
+Nichols, Dr. Jas. R., <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a><br />
+<br />
+Nitrite of amyl, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a><br />
+<br />
+Non-alcoholic treatment, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140-233</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258-260</a>, <a href="#Page_360">360</a><br />
+<br />
+Nurses, abstinence in cholera, <a href="#Page_149">149</a><br />
+<br />
+Nursing mothers and beer, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_426">426</a><br />
+<br />
+Nutrition retarded by alcohol, <a href="#Page_114">114</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Oatmeal, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a><br />
+<br />
+Oils, essential, non-alcoholic preparation, <a href="#Page_134">134</a><br />
+<br />
+Opium, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_412">412</a><br />
+<br />
+Orangeine, <a href="#Page_346">346</a><br />
+<br />
+Osler, Dr., <a href="#Page_158">158</a><br />
+<br />
+Oxidations, <a href="#Page_408">408</a><br />
+<br />
+Oxidation checked by coal-tar drugs, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">hindered by alcohol, <a href="#Page_263">263</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Oxidative powers of liver effected by alcohol, <a href="#Page_404">404</a><br />
+<br />
+Oxygen, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Page, Dr. C. E., on typhoid, <a href="#Page_232">232</a><br />
+<br />
+Pain after food, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a><br />
+<br />
+Palmer, Dr. A. B., <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121-123</a><br />
+<br />
+Pepper, Cayenne, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a><br />
+<br />
+Pepsin, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a><br />
+<br />
+Peptonic Elixir, <a href="#Page_313">313</a><br />
+<br />
+Peruna, <a href="#Page_312">312</a><br />
+<br />
+Peterson, Dr. Frederick, <a href="#Page_375">375</a><br />
+<br />
+Phagocytes, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a><br />
+<br />
+Pharmacy, non-alcoholic, <a href="#Page_132">132-139</a><br />
+<br />
+<a name="ind10" id="ind10"></a><a href="#ind10t">Phenacetine</a>, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a><br />
+<br />
+Physicians need awakening as to evils of alcohol, <a href="#Page_379">379</a><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">responsibility for prescribing alcoholic liquor, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">why they prescribe alcoholics, <a href="#Page_291">291-298</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Pneumonia, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200-203</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a><br />
+<br />
+Poheman, Dr. Julius, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a><br />
+<br />
+Poisons, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204-211</a>, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a><br />
+<br />
+Port Wine, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a><br />
+<br />
+Porter, <a href="#Page_236">236</a><br />
+<br />
+Pregnancy, danger of alcohol in, <a href="#Page_203">203</a><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">vomiting in, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Packs, hot <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a><br />
+<br />
+<a name="ind9" id="ind9"></a><a href="#ind9t">Panopepton</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a><br />
+<br />
+Paralysis, caused by alcohol, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br />
+<br />
+Paregoric, <a href="#Page_352">352</a><br />
+<br />
+Parkes, <a href="#Page_77">77-79</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a><br />
+<br />
+Patent medicines, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299-334</a>, <a href="#Page_350">350</a><br />
+<br />
+Preble, Dr. Robert B., <a href="#Page_375">375</a><br />
+<br />
+Proprietary “Foods�, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a><br />
+<br />
+Prostration, <a href="#Page_179">179</a><br />
+<br />
+Protoplasm and alcohol, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a><br />
+<br />
+Psychical treatment, Cabot, <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br />
+<br />
+Ptomaine poisoning, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a><br />
+<br />
+Puerperal fever, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a><br />
+<br />
+Pulse and alcohol, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a><br />
+<br />
+Pure Food Law, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_300">300</a><br />
+<br />
+Putnam, Dr. J. J., <a href="#Page_364">364</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Quackery, cause, <a href="#Page_337">337</a><br />
+<br />
+Quinine, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Rattlesnakes, bite of, <a href="#Page_210">210</a><br />
+<br />
+Recent researches on alcohol, <a href="#Page_276">276-284</a>, <a href="#Page_392">392-409</a><br />
+<br />
+Reichert, alcohol and snake-bite, <a href="#Page_207">207</a><br />
+<br />
+Retina, blood-vessels and alcohol, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a><br />
+<br />
+Rheumatism, <a href="#Page_211">211-214</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_343">343</a><br />
+<br />
+Richardson, Sir B. W., <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295-297</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385-387</a><br />
+<br />
+Ridge, Dr. J. J., <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>, <a href="#Page_362">362</a><br />
+<br />
+Riley, Dr. W. H., <a href="#Page_223">223-227</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a><br />
+<br />
+Ringer and Sainsbury, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a><br />
+<br />
+Ritchie, Dr. J. J., <a href="#Page_383">383</a><br />
+<br />
+Roberts, Sir W., <a href="#Page_176">176</a><br />
+<br />
+Robin, <a href="#Page_264">264</a><br />
+<br />
+<a name="ind11" id="ind11"></a><a href="#ind11t">Rusby</a>, Dr. H. H., <a href="#Page_429">429</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Salicylic acid, <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br />
+<br />
+Saline injections, <a href="#Page_187">187</a><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">solutions, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Sartoin Skin Food, <a href="#Page_316">316</a><br />
+<br />
+Scarlet fever, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>, <a href="#Page_373">373</a><br />
+<br />
+Schafer’s physiology on alcohol, <a href="#Page_129">129</a><br />
+<br />
+Scientific temperance education, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br />
+<br />
+Sedatives, dangers of, <a href="#Page_127">127</a><br />
+<br />
+Shock, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a><br />
+<br />
+Sight impaired by alcohol, <a href="#Page_120">120</a><br />
+<br />
+Sleeplessness, <a href="#Page_179">179</a><br />
+<br />
+Small-pox, <a href="#Page_247">247-250</a><br />
+<br />
+Smith. Dr. E., <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a><br />
+<br />
+Snake-bite, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a><br />
+<br />
+Soft drinks, dangerous, <a href="#Page_427">427</a><br />
+<br />
+Soldiers, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a><br />
+<br />
+Soothing syrups, <a href="#Page_310">310</a><br />
+<br />
+Sore nipples, <a href="#Page_215">215</a><br />
+<br />
+Sore throat, <a href="#Page_145">145</a><br />
+<br />
+Sphygmograph, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a><br />
+<br />
+<a name="ind12" id="ind12"></a><a href="#ind12t">Stammreich</a>, investigations, <a href="#Page_379">379</a><br />
+<br />
+Starch, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a><br />
+<br />
+Stimulant, definition, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a><br />
+<br />
+Stimulants, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="#Page_338">338</a><br />
+<br />
+Stimulation, fallacy of theory,, <a href="#Page_385">385</a><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vii_i" id="Page_vii_i">[Pg vii]</a></span><br />
+Stockton, Dr. C. G., <a href="#Page_158">158</a><br />
+<br />
+Stomach, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a><br />
+<br />
+Strychnia, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a><br />
+<br />
+Strumpel, Prof., on beer, <a href="#Page_425">425</a><br />
+<br />
+Sudden illness, <a href="#Page_217">217</a><br />
+<br />
+Sugar, <a href="#Page_86">86-88</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a><br />
+<br />
+Sulphonal, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a><br />
+<br />
+Sunstroke, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a><br />
+<br />
+Switzerland and alcohol deaths, <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br />
+<br />
+Syncope, <a href="#Page_177">177</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Tannin, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a><br />
+<br />
+Taylor’s Headache Powders, <a href="#Page_346">346</a><br />
+<br />
+Tea, <a href="#Page_236">236</a><br />
+<br />
+Temperance hospitals, <a href="#Page_37">37-53</a><br />
+<br />
+Tonic Beef, <a href="#Page_313">313</a><br />
+<br />
+Toxins, <a href="#Page_267">267-269</a>, <a href="#Page_406">406-409</a><br />
+<br />
+Treves, Sir Frederick, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>, <a href="#Page_372">372</a><br />
+<br />
+Trudeau, Dr. Edward, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a><br />
+<br />
+Tuberculosis, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154-158</a><br />
+<br />
+Tetanus, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a><br />
+<br />
+Thompson, Sir Henry, <a href="#Page_120">120</a><br />
+<br />
+Tinctures, <a href="#Page_131">131-137</a><br />
+<br />
+Tissue changes, <a href="#Page_113">113-115</a><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">waste retarded, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Tobacco and alcohol, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>, <a href="#Page_413">413</a><br />
+<br />
+Todd, Dr. B., <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a><br />
+<br />
+Turkish baths, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a><br />
+<br />
+Type-setters and alcohol, <a href="#Page_400">400</a><br />
+<br />
+Typhoid fever, <a href="#Page_219">219-233</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a><br />
+<br />
+Typhus, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Uric acid, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a><br />
+<br />
+Urine and alcohol, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a><br />
+<br />
+Uterine displacements, <a href="#Page_163">163-171</a><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">hemorrhage, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Van Duyn, Dr. John, <a href="#Page_374">374</a><br />
+<br />
+Vasomotor nerves, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a><br />
+<br />
+Vegetarian diet for drink crave, <a href="#Page_414">414</a><br />
+<br />
+Vinol, <a href="#Page_314">314</a><br />
+<br />
+Vita-Ore, <a href="#Page_315">315</a><br />
+<br />
+Vomiting, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Water, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150-152</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_411">411</a><br />
+<br />
+Weakness in growing youth, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a><br />
+<br />
+W. Va. Medical Society resolutions, <a href="#Page_371">371</a><br />
+<br />
+<a name="ind13" id="ind13"></a><a href="#ind13t">Whisky</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a><br />
+<br />
+Willhite, Dr. O. C., <a href="#Page_159">159</a><br />
+<br />
+Wine, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a><br />
+<br />
+Wampole’s Cod-Liver Oil, <a href="#Page_314">314</a><br />
+<br />
+Warbasse, Dr. J. P., <a href="#Page_375">375</a><br />
+<br />
+Waste, retention invites disease, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br />
+<br />
+Welch, Dr. W. H., <a href="#Page_393">393</a><br />
+<br />
+White, Dr. John E., <a href="#Page_158">158</a><br />
+<br />
+White Haven Sanitarium, <a href="#Page_155">155</a><br />
+<br />
+White Ribbon Remedy, <a href="#Page_414">414</a><br />
+<br />
+Wiley, Dr. H. W., <a href="#Page_301">301</a>, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>, <a href="#Page_429">429</a><br />
+<br />
+Willard, Miss Frances E., <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44-47</a><br />
+<br />
+Williams, Henry Smith, <a href="#Page_399">399</a><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em">Pink Pills, <a href="#Page_315">315</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Willson, alcohol and snake-bite, <a href="#Page_211">211</a><br />
+<br />
+Winternitz, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a><br />
+<br />
+Wolff, <a href="#Page_176">176</a><br />
+<br />
+Wollowicz, <a href="#Page_77">77-79</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a><br />
+<br />
+Woodhead, Dr. G. Sims, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276-284</a>, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a><br />
+<br />
+Woods, Dr. Matthew, <a href="#Page_364">364</a><br />
+<br />
+Wood, Dr. H. C., <a href="#Page_119">119</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="ind14" id="ind14"></a><a href="#ind14t">Zwieback</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a><br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_D_4" id="Footnote_D_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_D_4"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> Of late years malaria is attributed to the bite of a certain kind of<br />
+mosquito. In preparing this edition that item was overlooked.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_viii_i" id="Page_viii_i">[Pg viii]</a></span></p>
+
+<h4><a name="TN_1" id="TN_1"></a>ERRATA</h4>
+
+
+<p>Page <a href="#TNanchor_1">346</a>, third line from bottom omitted:</p>
+
+<p>The use of cocaine is advancing rapidly in this</p>
+
+
+<div class="trans_note">
+<p class="center"><a name="TN" id="TN"></a><big>TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE:</big></p>
+
+<p>Every effort has been made to replicate this text as faithfully as
+possible, including obsolete and variant spellings. Obvious
+typographical errors in punctuation (misplaced quotes and the like) have
+been fixed. Note that the index has <i>not</i> been resorted
+alphabetically. Corrections [in brackets] in the text are noted below:</p>
+
+<p><a name="Page_vtn" id="Page_vtn"></a>page v: typo corrected<br />
+
+Sims Woodhead on immunity--<a href="#Page_vt">Delearde’s[Deléarde's]</a> experiments<br /><br />
+
+<a name="Page_vitn" id="Page_vitn"></a>page vi: typo corrected<br />
+
+Society--Dr. Knox Bond on Scarlet Fever--<a href="#Page_vit">Metchinkoff[Metchnikoff]</a>
+on white blood-cells--Kassowitz describes his<br /><br />
+
+<a name="Page_viitn" id="Page_viitn"></a>page vii: typo corrected<br />
+
+to quit drinking--Dr. T. D. <a href="#Page_viit">Crother’s[Crothers’]</a> remedy<br /><br />
+
+<a name="Page_21tn" id="Page_21tn"></a>page 21: typo corrected<br />
+
+THE <a href="#Page_21t">WOMAN[’]S</a> CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNION IN
+OPPOSITION TO ALCOHOL AS MEDICINE.<br /><br />
+
+<a name="Page_48tn" id="Page_48tn"></a>page 48: typo corrected<br />
+
+department of the hospital was <a href="#Page_48t">commissoned[commissioned]</a> to
+treat diseases without the use of alcoholic liquids.<br /><br />
+
+<a name="Page_53tn" id="Page_53tn"></a>page 53: typo corrected<br />
+
+treatment for seven weeks for <a href="#Page_53t">metorrhagia[metrorrhagia]</a>, nietortes[TN: unsure what this word is] and peritonitis<br /><br />
+
+<a name="Page_106tn" id="Page_106tn"></a>page 106: typo corrected<br />
+
+who, but for its mistaken use, might have recovered
+from the illness affecting <a href="#Page_106t">then[them]</a>.<br /><br />
+
+<a name="Page_111tn" id="Page_111tn"></a>page 111: typo corrected<br />
+
+or influenced by alcoholism. If the clinical
+<a href="#Page_111t">thermometor[thermometer]</a> shows the temperature to be above<br /><br />
+
+<a name="Page_129tn" id="Page_129tn"></a>page 129: typo corrected<br />
+
+An editorial in the Journal of the <a href="#Page_129t">Amercian[American]</a> Medical
+Association said:<br /><br />
+
+<a name="Page_158tn" id="Page_158tn"></a>page 158: typo corrected<br />
+
+Medical Director Nordrach Ranch
+<a href="#Page_158t">Sanatorium[Sanitorium]</a>, Colorado Springs, Colorado.<br /><br />
+
+<a name="Page_172tn" id="Page_172tn"></a>page 172: typo corrected<br />
+
+irritant of which the stomach is trying to be rid. Do not arrest
+it <a href="#Page_172t">permaturely[prematurely]</a>, but assist it.<br /><br />
+
+<a name="Page_180tn" id="Page_180tn"></a>page 180: typo corrected<br />
+
+is usually a symptom of trouble somewhere else, often in the
+alimentary canal, <a href="#Page_180t">and[an]</a> overloaded stomach, constipation, or<br /><br />
+
+<a name="Page_238tn" id="Page_238tn"></a>page 238: duplicate word removed<br />
+
+which they soon experience in the
+<a href="#Page_238t">[the]</a> supply of milk?<br /><br />
+
+<a name="Page_255tn" id="Page_255tn"></a>page 255: typo corrected<br />
+
+Dr. A. L. Loomis, in the <a href="#Page_255t">treatmemt[treatment]</a> of 600 typhus
+fever cases on Blackwell’s Island in 1864, excluded<br /><br />
+
+<a name="Page_256tn" id="Page_256tn"></a>page 256: typo corrected<br />
+
+These cases include a number of <a href="#Page_256t">hyterectomies[hysterectomies]</a>,
+and many cases so desperate that those who trust in alcohol<br /><br />
+
+<a name="Page_257tn" id="Page_257tn"></a>page 257: aded missing single quote<br />
+
+be called criminal. I certainly feel that punishment would be
+just.<a href="#Page_257t">[’]</a>�<br /><br />
+
+<a name="Page_260tn" id="Page_260tn"></a>page 260: typo corrected<br />
+
+there is less frequent relapse, and there is quicker recovery.
+In brief, the experience of <a href="#Page_260t">treament[treatment]</a> of rheumatic fever minus<br /><br />
+
+<a name="Page_275tn" id="Page_275tn"></a>page 275: typo corrected<br />
+
+therefore, may open the door to fever or erysipelas.’
+A <a href="#Page_275t">similiar[similar]</a> experiment of Doyen confirms this.<br /><br />
+
+<a name="Page_301tn" id="Page_301tn"></a>page 301: added missing quote<br />
+
+a habit of gaining relief which becomes an obsession and incapable
+of being resisted.<a href="#Page_301t">[�]</a><br /><br />
+
+<a name="Page_302tn" id="Page_302tn"></a>page 302: added missing quote<br />
+
+harmful only, that so many people profess to have
+received benefit from them?<a href="#Page_302t">[�]</a> There are different<br /><br />
+
+<a name="Page_313tn" id="Page_313tn"></a>page 313: added missing quote<br />
+
+no fatty substances present in these products; their food
+value from this point of view is, therefore, <i>nil</i>.<a href="#Page_313t">[�]</a><br /><br />
+
+<a name="Page_314tn" id="Page_314tn"></a>page 314: added missing quote<br />
+
+show any oil. Analysis revealed sugar, alcohol,
+and glycerine, none of which is contained in cod-liver
+oil.<a href="#Page_314t">[�]</a><br /><br />
+
+<a name="Page_316tn" id="Page_316tn"></a>page 316: added missing quote<br />
+
+<a href="#Page_316t">[�]</a>Hoff’s Consumption Cure consists essentially of sodium cinnamate
+and extract of opium, a mixture at one time suggested<br /><br />
+
+<a name="Page_319tn" id="Page_319tn"></a>page 319: typo corrected<br />
+
+5233 <a href="#Page_319t">Philadephia[Philadelphia]</a> Porter<br /><br />
+
+<a name="Page_348tn" id="Page_348tn"></a>page 348: end of quote ambiguous<br />
+
+questions were put replied after careful consideration as follows:
+<a href="#Page_348t">'[could not find ending single quote]</a>Its physiological action is practically unknown.<br /><br />
+
+<a name="Page_360tn" id="Page_360tn"></a>page 360: typo corrected<br />
+
+“Dr. <a href="#Page_360t">Hirschfield[Hirschfeld]</a>, a well-known physician of Magdeburg,
+Germany, was recently arrested on a charge of malpractice.<br /><br />
+
+<a name="Page_361tn" id="Page_361tn"></a>page 361: typo corrected<br />
+
+more than upon anything else, to screen it from <a href="#Page_361t">opprobium[opprobrium]</a>,
+and just punishment for the evils which the traffic entails upon<br /><br />
+
+<a name="Page_381tn" id="Page_381tn"></a>page 381: added missing quote<br />
+
+in their denunciations of the current beliefs concerning alcohol
+in medicine.<a href="#Page_381t">["]</a>--<i>Journal A. M. A.</i>, January 6, 1900.<br /><br />
+
+<a name="Page_392tn" id="Page_392tn"></a>page 392: typo corrected<br />
+
+RECENT RESEARCHES UPON <a href="#Page_392t">ALCOLOL.[ALCOHOL]</a><br /><br />
+
+<a name="Page_402tn" id="Page_402tn"></a>page 402: typo corrected<br />
+
+strictly <a href="#Page_402t">analagous[analogous]</a> to sugar and fats, provided always
+that the amount used does not exceed that easily oxidized<br /><br />
+
+<a name="Page_421tn" id="Page_421tn"></a>page 421: added missing quote<br />
+
+and starve. But the next time they were sick, <i>I wasn’t the
+doctor</i><a href="#Page_421t">.["]</a>--"<span class="smcap">Physician</span>" in <i>Our Federation</i>.<br /><br />
+
+Throughout the index, typos corrected:<br />
+
+Berkley and <a name="ind1t" id="ind1t"></a><a href="#ind1">Friendenwald[Friedenwald]</a>, 279<br />
+
+<a name="ind2t" id="ind2t"></a><a href="#ind2">Delearde[Deléarde]</a>, Dr., Pasteur Institute, 279, 284<br />
+
+<a name="ind3t" id="ind3t"></a><a href="#ind3">Fére[Fere]</a>, Dr., 203<br />
+
+<a name="ind4t" id="ind4t"></a><a href="#ind4">Grehaut[Gréhant]</a>, 288<br />
+
+<a name="ind5t" id="ind5t"></a><a href="#ind5">Hirshfield[Hirschfeld]</a>, Dr., 360, 380<br />
+
+<a name="ind6t" id="ind6t"></a><a href="#ind6">Encyclopædia[Encyclopedia]</a> of Surgery, 209<br />
+
+Lesser, Dr. A. <a name="ind7t" id="ind7t"></a><a href="#ind7">Monae[Monæ]</a>, success in treating fevers in Cuban War, 53<br />
+
+<a name="ind8t" id="ind8t"></a><a href="#ind8">Massert[Massart]</a> and Bordet, leucocytes, 277<br />
+
+<a name="ind9t" id="ind9t"></a><a href="#ind9">Panopeptone[Panopepton]</a>, 313<br />
+
+<a name="ind10t" id="ind10t"></a><a href="#ind10">Phenacetin[Phenacetine]</a>, 300, 339, 340, 346, 354<br />
+
+<a name="ind11t" id="ind11t"></a><a href="#ind11">Rushy[Rusby]</a>, Dr. H. H., 429<br />
+
+<a name="ind12t" id="ind12t"></a><a href="#ind12">Stamreich[Stammreich]</a>, investigations, 379<br />
+
+<a name="ind13t" id="ind13t"></a><a href="#ind13">Whiskey[Whisky]</a>, 28, 50, 112, 127, 155, 157, 173, 190, 193, 196, 210, 265, 370, 390<br />
+
+<a name="ind14t" id="ind14t"></a><a href="#ind14">Zweiback[Zwieback]</a>, 175<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Alcohol: A Dangerous and Unnecessary
+Medicine, How and Why, by Martha M. Allen
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ALCOHOL ***
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+</body>
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Alcohol: A Dangerous and Unnecessary
+Medicine, How and Why, by Martha M. Allen
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Alcohol: A Dangerous and Unnecessary Medicine, How and Why
+       What Medical Writers Say
+
+Author: Martha M. Allen
+
+Release Date: October 4, 2008 [EBook #26774]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ALCOHOL ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness, Deirdre M., and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+book was produced from scanned images of public domain
+material from the Google Print project.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE: Every effort has been made to replicate this text as
+faithfully as possible; please see detailed list of printing issues at
+the end of the text.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+ALCOHOL
+
+
+A DANGEROUS AND UNNECESSARY MEDICINE
+
+HOW AND WHY
+
+What Medical Writers Say
+
+BY
+
+MRS. MARTHA M. ALLEN
+
+Superintendent of the Department of Medical Temperance
+for the National Woman's Christian Temperance Union
+
+
+Published by the
+
+DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL TEMPERANCE OF THE
+NATIONAL WOMAN'S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNION
+
+MARCELLUS, NEW YORK
+
+
+COPYRIGHT, 1900.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+INTRODUCTION                                                          5
+
+PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION                                             7
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+HISTORY OF THE STUDY OF ALCOHOL.
+
+  Discovery of distillation--First American investigator of
+  effects of alcohol--Medical Declarations--Sir B. W.
+  Richardson's researches--Scientific Temperance Instruction
+  in American Schools--Committee of Fifty                             9
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+THE WOMAN'S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNION IN
+OPPOSITION TO ALCOHOL AS MEDICINE.
+
+  How the Opposition began--Memorial to International
+  Medical Congress--Origin of Medical Temperance
+  Department--Objects of the department--Public agitation
+  against patent medicines originated by the department--Laws
+  of Georgia, Alabama and Kansas on Medical
+  prescription of alcohol                                            21
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+ALCOHOL AS A PRODUCER OF DISEASE.
+
+  Alcohol a poison--Sudden deaths from brandy--Changes
+  in liver, kidneys, heart, blood-vessels and nerves caused
+  by alcohol--Beer and wine as harmful as the stronger
+  drinks--Alcohol causes indigestion--Other diseases
+  caused by alcohol--Deaths from alcoholism in Switzerland           28
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+TEMPERANCE HOSPITALS.
+
+  The London Temperance Hospital--Methods of treatment--The Frances
+  E. Willard Temperance Hospital, Chicago--"As a beverage" in the
+  pledge--Address by Miss Frances E. Willard at opening of
+  hospital--The Red Cross Hospital--Clara Barton and non-alcoholic
+  medication--Reports of treatment in Red Cross Hospital--Use of
+  Alcohol declining in other hospitals                               37
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL UPON THE HUMAN BODY.
+
+  The body composed of cells--Effect of alcohol on cells--Alcohol
+  and Digestion--Effects on the blood--The heart--The liver--The
+  kidneys--Incipient Bright's disease recovered from by total
+  abstinence--Retards oxidation and elimination of waste
+  matters--Lengthens duration of sickness and increases mortality    58
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+ALCOHOL AS MEDICINE.
+
+  Medical use of alcohol a bulwark of the liquor traffic--Alcohol
+  not a Food--Alcohol reduces temperature--Food principle of grains
+  and fruits destroyed by fermentation--Alcohol not a
+  Stimulant--Experiments proving this--Alcohol not a
+  tonic--Professor Atwater on Alcohol as Food                        96
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+ALCOHOL IN PHARMACY.
+
+  Strong tinctures rouse desire for drink in reformed
+  inebriates--Glycerine and acetic acid to preserve
+  drugs--Non-alcohol tinctures in use at London Temperance
+  Hospital--Sale of liquor in drug-stores condemned by pharmacists  131
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+DISEASES, AND THEIR TREATMENT WITHOUT ALCOHOL.
+
+  Alcoholic Craving--Anaemia--Apoplexy--Boils and
+  Carbuncle--Catarrh--Hay-Fever--Colds--Colic--Cholera--Cholera
+  Infantum--Consumption--Displacements--Debility--Diarrhoea--
+  Dysentery--Dyspepsia--Fainting--Fits--Flatulence--Headache--
+  Hemorrhage--Heart Disease--Heart Failure--Insomnia--La
+  Grippe--Measles--Malaria--Neuralgia--Nausea--Pneumonia--Pain After
+  Food--Snake-bite--Rheumatism--Spasms--Shock--Sudden
+  Illness--Sunstroke--Typhoid Fever--Vomiting                       140
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+ALCOHOL AND NURSING MOTHERS.
+
+  Beer not good for nursing mothers--Helpful diet--Opinions of
+  medical men--Analysis of milk of a temperate woman--Of a drinking
+  woman--Advice of Dr. James Edmunds, of the Lying-In Hospital,
+  London--How to feed the baby--Case of a young mother who used
+  beer--Nathan S. Davis on beer and gin                             234
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+COMPARATIVE DEATH-RATES WITH AND WITHOUT THE USE OF ALCOHOL.
+
+  Fewer deaths in smallpox hospitals without alcohol--200 cases of
+  scarlet fever without alcohol--Non-alcoholic treatment of fevers
+  with less than 5 per cent. death-rate--Report of cases in English
+  and Scotch hospitals--340 cases of typhus--London Lancet articles
+  on typhoid--Mercy Hospital, Chicago--Death-rates in pneumonia and
+  typhoid in large hospitals--Sir B. W. Richardson's report of
+  practice                                                          247
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+REASONS WHY ALCOHOL IS DANGEROUS AS MEDICINE.
+
+  Researches of Abbott--Vital Resistance lowered by
+  alcohol--Experiments upon Urinary Toxicity--Effect of alcohol upon
+  the guardian-cells of the body--Dr. Sims Woodhead on
+  immunity--Delearde's experiments at the Pasteur Institute--Dr. A.
+  Pearce Gould on alcohol and cancer--Delirium in illness caused by
+  alcohol                                                           262
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+WHY DOCTORS STILL PRESCRIBE ALCOHOLICS.
+
+  Public often demand it--Lack of knowledge of true nature of
+  alcohol--Alcohol given undeserved credit for recoveries--Use of
+  alcohol results from custom--Education of the people in teachings
+  of non-alcoholic physicians necessary--Prescription of alcohol a
+  matter of routine--Two examples                                   291
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+ALCOHOLIC PROPRIETARY OR "PATENT" MEDICINES.
+
+  The Pure Food Law--The guarantee--Newspaper opposition to the
+  law--Headache remedies--Fake testimonials--Dangers of soothing
+  syrups and morphine cough syrups--Fraud orders issued by
+  Post-Office Department--Internal Revenue Department and Patent
+  Medicines--Proprietary "Foods" strongly alcoholic--Alcoholic
+  Cod-Liver Oil preparations--Australia's Royal Commission on Patent
+  Medicines--Committee on Pharmacy analyses--Malt extracts--Coca
+  Wines--Advertising, the strength of the Nostrum business--An
+  effectual remedy                                                  299
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+DRUGGING.
+
+  Drugs do not cure disease--Nature cures--Opinions of drug
+  medication of prominent physicians--La grippe caused by drug
+  taking--Coal-tar drugs--Quinine--Sir Frederick Treves on disuse of
+  drugs--People demand drugs of physicians--Mothers make drug
+  victims of their children--Habit-producing drugs--Causes of
+  drug-taking--How to be well                                       335
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+TESTIMONIES OF PHYSICIANS AGAINST ALCOHOLIC MEDICATION.
+
+  No need for substitutes for alcohol--Alcohol hides symptoms of
+  disease--Responsibility of physicians--Opinions of many teachers
+  in medical colleges--Hot milk better than alcohol--_Journal of the
+  American Medical Association_ on researches of Abbott and
+  Laitinen--Resolution against alcohol of West Virginia Medical
+  Society--Dr. Knox Bond on Scarlet Fever--Metchnikoff on white
+  blood-cells--Kassowitz describes his treatment of fevers--Sims
+  Woodhead's opinions--Opinions of German Physicians--Dr. Harvey
+  blames medical profession for careless use of alcohol and
+  opium--Use of Alcohol declining rapidly in medical practice       356
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+RECENT RESEARCHES UPON ALCOHOL.
+
+  Experiments of Laitinen--Resistance of blood-cells to disease
+  lowered by alcohol--International Congress on Alcoholism, London,
+  1909--Alcohol and Immunity--Effect of Alcohol Drinking on Human
+  Off-spring--Researches of Kraepelin and Aschaffenberg--Economic
+  losses by reduced work through beer and wine drinking--Researches
+  of Dr. Reid Hunt--Mice given alcohol killed by small doses of
+  poison--Difference in effect of alcohol and starch
+  foods--Chittenden on food theory of alcohol--Researches of Dr. S.
+  P. Beebe--Liver impaired by alcohol--Dr. Winfield S. Hall's
+  interpretation of the researches of Beebe and Hunt--Oxidation of
+  alcohol by liver a protective action--Researches show that alcohol
+  is a poison, not a food                                           392
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+MISCELLANEOUS.
+
+  Alcohol Baths--Beverages for the Sick--Tobacco and the
+  Eyesight--Advertised "Cures" for Drunkenness--How to quit
+  drinking--Dr. T. D. Crothers' remedy for drink crave--Alcohol and
+  Children--Alcohol Tested--Beer-Drinking Injurious to Health--Drug
+  Drinks--Special Directions for Women--Total Abstinence and Life
+  Insurance--Opinions of Life Insurance Companies on drinkers as
+  risks                                                             410
+
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+This book is the outcome of many years of study. With the exception of a
+few quotations, none of the material has ever before appeared in any
+book. The writer has been indebted for years past to many of the
+physicians mentioned in the following pages for copies of pamphlets and
+magazines, and for newspaper articles, bearing upon the medical study of
+alcohol. Indeed, had it not been for the kindly counsels and hearty
+co-operation of physicians, she could never have accomplished all that
+was laid upon her to do as a state and national superintendent of
+Medical Temperance for the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. She is
+also under obligation for helps received from the secretaries of several
+State Boards of Health, and from eminent chemists and pharmacists.
+
+The object of the book is to put into the hands of the people a
+statement of the views regarding the medical properties of alcohol held
+by those physicians who make little, or no use of this drug. In most
+cases their views are given in their own language, so that the book is,
+of necessity, largely a compilation.
+
+It is hoped that while the laity may be glad to peruse these pages
+because of the very useful and interesting information to be obtained
+from them, the medical profession, also, may be pleased to find, in
+brief form, the teachings of some of their most distinguished brethren
+upon a question now frequently up for discussion in society meetings.
+
+The writer does not presume to set forth her own opinions upon a
+question which is still a subject of dispute among the members of a
+learned profession; she simply culls from the writings of those members
+of that profession who, having made thorough examination of the claims
+of alcohol, have decided that this drug, as ordinarily used, is more
+harmful than beneficial, and that medical practice would be upon a
+higher plane, were it driven entirely from the pharmacopoeia.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION.
+
+
+When the first edition of this book was published in 1900, there were
+only a few leading physicians either in Europe or America who were ready
+to condemn the medical use of alcohol. Sir Benjamin Ward Richardson,
+Sims Woodhead, and a few others in England; Forel, Kassowitz and one or
+two more on the Continent, and Nathan S. Davis, T. D. Crothers and J. H.
+Kellogg, in America, were about all that could be quoted largely as
+opposed to alcoholic liquors as remedies in disease. Whisky was then
+looked upon as necessary in the treatment of consumption and diphtheria.
+Ten years have brought about a great change. There are many American
+physicians now willing to admit that they have very little or no use for
+alcoholic liquors as remedial agents, and now, instead of recommending
+whisky for consumption anti-tuberculosis literature almost everywhere
+warns against the use of intoxicating drinks. The use of anti-toxin in
+diphtheria has driven out whisky treatment in that disease with markedly
+favorable results. Under the whisky treatment death-rates ran up to
+fifty-five and sixty per cent.; now the diphtheria death-rate is very
+low. Ten years ago many good authorities still ranked alcohol as a
+stimulant; now, almost all rank it as a depressant. In England, leading
+physicians and surgeons have spoken so strongly against alcohol in the
+last few years that the London _Times_, England's leading newspaper,
+said: "According to recent developments of scientific opinion, it is not
+impossible that a belief in the strengthening and supporting qualities
+of alcohol will eventually become as obsolete as a belief in
+witchcraft."
+
+So far as the writer can learn from replies sent to her inquiries by
+teachers of medicine, and by study of text-books on medicine, and
+articles in good medical journals, alcohol now has only a very limited
+use in medicine with the great majority of successful physicians. Some
+recommend wine in _diabetes mellitus_, saying that it acts less like a
+poison and more like a food in that disease than in any other. Some use
+alcoholic liquors in fevers as a food "to save the burning of tissue,"
+but an article on "Therapeutics" in the _Journal of the American Medical
+Association_, for November 6, 1909, page 1564, says that sugar would
+probably have equal value in such case. The same article says that hot
+baths, with hot lemonade, and a quickly acting cathartic, will abort a
+cold without any need of recourse to alcohol.
+
+The writer wishes here to make grateful acknowledgment of courtesies
+received from busy physicians who have aided materially in her work by
+answering personal letters of inquiry, also letters published in the
+_Journal of the American Medical Association_, by kindness of the
+editor. Especially would she thank those professors of medicine and
+superintendents of large hospitals, who so courteously aided her in
+preparing a paper for the International Congress on Alcoholism, held in
+London, July, 1909, to which she was a delegate, representing the United
+States government. A few of the replies received at that time are given
+in this book. There was not room for all.
+
+She wishes also to acknowledge kindness and much help received from
+pharmacists and druggists in the fight against dangerous patent
+medicines and drug drinks sold at soda fountains. The _Druggists'
+Circular_, of New York, deserves special mention in this connection.
+
+It has been necessary to make many changes in this edition because of
+the changing views on alcohol and the publicity on patent medicines.
+Physicians will find Chapter XVI entirely new, and of great interest.
+
+      M. M. A.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+ALCOHOL.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+HISTORY OF THE STUDY OF ALCOHOL.
+
+
+The only intoxicating drinks known to the ancients were wines and beers.
+That these were used for medicinal as well as beverage purposes is
+evident from sacred and secular history. About the tenth century of the
+Christian era, an Arabian alchemist discovered the art of distillation,
+by which the active principle of fermented liquors could be drawn off
+and separated. To the spirit thus produced the name alcohol was given. A
+plausible reason cited for this name is that the Arabian for evil spirit
+is _Al ghole_, and the effects of the mysterious liquid upon men
+suggested demoniacal possession.
+
+Medical knowledge at this time was very limited: there was no accurate
+way of determining the real nature of the new substance, nor its action
+upon the human system. It could be judged only by its _seeming_ effects.
+As these were pleasing, it was supposed that a great medical discovery
+had been made. The alchemists had been seeking a panacea for all the
+ills to which flesh is heir, indeed for something which would enable men
+even to defy Death, and the subtle new spirit was eagerly proclaimed as
+the long-looked-for cure-all, if not the very _aqua vitae_ itself.
+Physicians introduced it to their patients, and were lavish in their
+praises of its curative powers. The following is quoted from the
+writings of Theoricus, a prominent German of the sixteenth century, as
+an example of medical opinion of alcohol in his day:--
+
+    "It sloweth age, it strengtheneth youth, it helpeth digestion,
+    it cutteth phlegme, it cureth the hydropsia, it healeth the
+    strangurie, it pounces the stone, it expelleth gravel, it
+    keepeth the head from whirling, the teeth from chattering, and
+    the throat from rattling; it keepeth the weasen from stiffling,
+    the stomach from wambling, and the heart from swelling; it
+    keepeth the hands from shivering, the sinews from shrinking, the
+    veins from crumbling, the bones from aching, and the marrow from
+    soaking."
+
+Being a medicine, which very rapidly creates a craving for itself, the
+demand for it became enormous, and, as time advanced, people began
+prescribing it for themselves, until its use both as medicine and
+beverage became almost general.
+
+If the medical profession is responsible for the wide-spread belief that
+alcoholics are of service to mankind both as food and medicine, it
+should not be forgotten that it is to members of the same profession the
+world is indebted for the correction of these errors. All down through
+the centuries there have been physicians who doubted and opposed its
+claims to merit. It remained for the medical science of the latter half
+of the nineteenth century to clearly demonstrate with nicely adjusted
+chemical apparatus and appliances the wisdom of these doubts.
+
+The scientific study of the effects of alcohol upon the human body began
+about sixty years ago. The first American investigator was Dr. Nathan S.
+Davis, of Chicago, who was the founder of the American Medical
+Association. During the months of May, June, July, September and
+October, 1848, Dr. Davis published in the _Annalist_, a monthly medical
+journal of New York City, a series of articles controverting the
+universal opinion that alcoholic drinks are warming, strengthening and
+nourishing. In 1850 he executed an extensive series of experiments to
+determine the effects of a diet exclusively carbonaceous (starch), one
+exclusively nitrogenous (albumen), and alcohol (brandy and wine), on the
+temperature of the living body; on the quantity of carbonic acid
+exhaled; and on the circulation of the blood. The results of these
+investigations were embodied in a paper read before the American Medical
+Association in May, 1851. They showed that alcohol, instead of
+increasing animal heat, and promoting nutrition and strength, actually
+produced directly opposite effects, reducing temperature, the amount of
+carbonic acid exhaled, and the muscular strength. So opposed were these
+conclusions to the generally accepted teachings of the day that the
+Association did not refer the paper to the committee of publication. It
+was published later in the _Northwestern Medical and Surgical Journal_.
+
+In 1854 Dr. Davis published one of the most remarkable of the numerous
+works which have come from his prolific pen; it was entitled, "A Lecture
+on the Effects of Alcoholic Drinks on the Human System, and the Duty of
+Medical Men in Relation Thereto." This lecture was delivered in Rush
+Medical College, Chicago, on Christmas, 1854. An appendix to the work
+contained a full account of the series of original experiments which the
+author had been conducting in relation to the effect of alcohol upon
+respiration and animal heat, and gave the same conclusions as those
+presented before the A. M. A. several years previously. These
+experiments laid the foundation for the scientific study of the
+physiological effects of alcohol; and their bearing upon the study of
+the temperance question can even yet scarcely be appreciated. They were
+the first experiments which showed conclusively that the effect of
+alcohol is not that of a stimulant, but the opposite.
+
+In 1855 Prof. R. D. Mussey, of Vermont, read an able paper before the
+American Medical Association upon "The Effects of Alcohol in Health and
+Disease," in which he said, "So long as alcohol retains its place among
+sick patients, so long will there be drunkards."
+
+In England as early as 1802, Dr. Beddoes pointed out the dangers
+attendant upon the social and medical use of intoxicating drinks, laying
+stress upon "The enfeebling power of small portions of wine regularly
+drunk." In 1829 Dr. John Cheyne, Physician General to the forces in
+Ireland said:--
+
+    "The benefits which have been supposed from their liberal use in
+    medicine, and especially in those diseases which are vulgarly
+    supposed to depend upon mere weakness, have invested these
+    agents with attributes to which they have no claim, and hence,
+    as we physicians no longer employ them as we were wont to do, we
+    ought not to rest satisfied with the mere acknowledgment of
+    error, but we ought also to make every retribution in our power
+    for having so long upheld one of the most fatal delusions that
+    ever took possession of the human mind."
+
+Dr. Higginbotham, F. R. S., of Nottingham, a keen and able clinical
+practitioner, abandoned the prescription of alcohol in 1832, saying:--
+
+    "I have amply tried both ways. I gave alcohol in my practice for
+    twenty years, and have now practiced without it for the last
+    thirty years or more. My experience is, that acute disease is
+    more readily cured without it, and chronic diseases much more
+    manageable. I have not found a single patient injured by the
+    disuse of alcohol, or a constitution requiring it; indeed, to
+    find either, although I am in my seventy-seventh year, I would
+    walk fifty miles to see such an unnatural phenomenon. If I
+    ordered or allowed alcohol in any form, either as food or as
+    medicine, to a patient, I should certainly do it with a
+    felonious intent."--_Ipswich Tracts. No. 346._
+
+In 1839 Dr. Julius Jeffreys drew up a medical declaration which was
+signed by seventy-eight leaders of medicine and surgery. This document
+declared the opinion to be erroneous that wine, beer or spirit was
+beneficial to health; that even in the most moderate doses, alcoholic
+drinks did no good. This, of course, dealt only with the beverage use of
+alcoholics. In 1847 a second declaration was originated, signed by over
+two thousand of the most eminent physicians and surgeons. This also
+referred only to liquor as a beverage. In 1871 a third declaration,
+signed by two hundred and sixty-nine of the leading members of the
+medical profession was published in the London _Times_.
+
+This declaration was in part as follows:--
+
+    "As it is believed that the inconsiderate prescription of large
+    quantities of alcoholic liquids by medical men for their
+    patients has given rise, in many instances, to the formation of
+    intemperate habits, the undersigned, while unable to abandon the
+    use of alcohol in the treatment of certain cases of disease, are
+    yet of opinion that no medical practitioner should prescribe it
+    without a sense of grave responsibility.
+
+    "They are also of opinion that many people immensely exaggerate
+    the value of alcohol as an article of diet, and they hold that
+    every medical practitioner is bound to exert his utmost
+    influence to inculcate habits of great moderation in the use of
+    alcoholic liquids."
+
+In the same year the American Medical Association passed a resolution
+that "alcohol should be classed with other powerful drugs, and when
+prescribed medically, it should be done with conscientious caution, and
+a sense of great responsibility."
+
+The physicians of New York, Brooklyn and vicinity not long afterward
+published a declaration practically the same as that of the A. M. A.,
+adding: "We are of opinion that the use of alcoholic liquor as a
+beverage is productive of a large amount of physical disease."
+
+The publication of these later declarations was the beginning of a
+marked change in the medical use of alcohol.
+
+In England the scientific temperance movement began with Dr. B. W.
+Richardson, afterwards knighted by Queen Victoria for his great services
+to humanity as a medical philanthropist. Dr. Richardson's success in
+bringing before physicians the remarkable medicinal agent known as
+nitrite of amyl, led to a request from the British Association for the
+Advancement of Science that he investigate other chemical substances.
+The result was that several years of study, beginning with 1863, were
+given to the physiological effects of various alcohols, ethylic alcohol,
+which is the active principle in wines, beers and other intoxicating
+drinks, receiving special attention.
+
+The following is taken from his "Results of Researches on Alcohol":--
+
+    "In my hands ethylic alcohol and other bodies of the same group;
+    viz. methylic, propylic, butylic, and amylic alcohols were
+    tested purely from the physiological point of view. They were
+    tested exclusively as chemical substances apart from any
+    question as to their general use and employment, and free from
+    all bias for or against their influence on mankind for good or
+    for evil.
+
+    "The method of research that was pursued was the same that had
+    been followed in respect to nitrite of amyl, chloroform, ether,
+    and other chemical substances, and it was in the following
+    order: First, the mode in which living bodies would take up or
+    absorb the substance was considered. This settled, the quantity
+    necessary to produce a decided physiological change was
+    ascertained, and was estimated in relation to the weight of the
+    living body on which the observation was made. After these facts
+    were ascertained the special action of the agent was
+    investigated on the blood, on the motion of the heart, on the
+    respiration, on the minute circulation of the blood, on the
+    digestive organs, on the secreting and excreting organs, on the
+    nervous system and brain, on the animal temperature and on the
+    muscular activity. By these processes of inquiry, each specially
+    carried out, I was enabled to test fairly the action of the
+    different chemical agents that came before me. * * * * *
+
+    "The results of these researches were that I learned purely by
+    experimental observation that, in its action on the living body,
+    alcohol deranges the constitution of the blood; unduly excites
+    the heart and respiration; paralyzes the minute blood-vessels;
+    disturbs the regularity of nervous action; lowers the animal
+    temperature, and lessens the muscular power.
+
+    "Such, independent of any prejudice of party or influence of
+    sentiment, are the unanswerable teachings of the sternest of all
+    evidences, the evidences of experiment, of natural fact revealed
+    to man by testing of natural phenomena."
+
+When Dr. Richardson reported to the Association for the Advancement of
+Science the results of his researches so at variance with commonly
+accepted ideas, the Association was as incredulous as the American
+Medical Association had been in 1851 when Dr. Davis gave a similar
+report, and Dr. Richardson's paper was returned to him for correction.
+
+It should be stated here that Dr. Richardson was not a total abstainer
+when he began his study of the effects of alcohol, but became an ardent
+and enthusiastic advocate of total abstinence, and later of
+non-alcoholic medication, because of what he learned by his experiments
+with this drug. He was the first to suggest that scientific temperance
+be taught in the public schools, and he prepared the first text-book
+ever published for this purpose. In 1874 he delivered his famous "Cantor
+Lectures on Alcohol," by request of the Society of Arts. This series of
+lectures created a sensation, being attended by crowds of people, as it
+was the first time that any physician of eminence had spoken from
+experimental evidence in favor of total abstinence.
+
+The agitation begotten in medical circles by the discussion of Dr.
+Richardson's researches upon alcohol led to extensive experimenting upon
+the same line by scientists of England, Continental Europe and America.
+The efforts of the National Woman's Christian Temperance Union of the
+United States, led by that intrepid woman, Mrs. Mary H. Hunt, to
+introduce scientific temperance instruction into public schools gave
+impetus to the study in this country. The call for text-books caused
+publishers to request professors in medical colleges to make minute
+research into the nature and effects of alcohol, that the demands of the
+new educational law might be met. The bitter opposition to these
+temperance education laws was a great stimulant to the scientific study
+of alcohol, for it was hoped by many that the teachings regarding the
+deleterious effects of alcohol might be proved incorrect. Unfortunately
+for the lovers of the bibulous, the proof was all the other way; great
+medical men could not be _bought_ by distillers or brewers to tell
+anything but the truth, and the truth of experimental research was all
+against alcohol. The text-books endorsed by Mrs. Hunt and her advisory
+committee being assailed again and again as containing erroneous
+teaching, were finally, in 1897, submitted to an examining committee of
+medical experts, nearly all of whom were connected with medical
+colleges. This committee consisted of Dr. N. S. Davis, Sr., of Chicago,
+Ill.; Dr. Leartus Connor, of Detroit, Michigan; Dr. Henry Q. Marcy, of
+Boston, Mass.; Dr. E. E. Montgomery, of Philadelphia, Pa.; Dr. Henry D.
+Holton, of Brattleboro, Vt.; and Dr. George F. Shrady, of New York City.
+From their reports upon the books the following is culled:--
+
+    "I find no errors in the teaching of any of them on this
+    subject."
+
+    "No statement was found at variance with the most reliable
+    studies of especially competent investigators."
+
+    "I was asked to point out any errors in these books which need
+    correcting. I find no such errors."
+
+    "I find their teaching completely in accordance with the facts
+    determined through scientific experimentation and
+    investigation."
+
+    "I find them to be in substantial accord with the results of the
+    latest scientific investigations."
+
+Dr. Baer, of Berlin, Germany, the foremost European specialist on the
+subject treated in these text-books, has recently subjected the books to
+rigid examination. He says in his report upon them:--
+
+    "On the basis of the examination I have made I can assert that
+    the above mentioned school text-books, (the endorsed
+    physiologies), in respect to their statements regarding
+    alcoholic drinks contain no teachings which are not in harmony
+    with the attitude of strict science."
+
+Still the opposers of the text-books were not satisfied, and a self
+constituted Committee of Fifty undertook an investigation. Men of
+unquestioned ability were chosen to make researches, but the result of
+their investigations was so different from what was looked for, that,
+with the exception of Professor Atwater's contention for the food value
+of alcohol, the report of the Committee of Fifty did not stir up much
+controversy.
+
+The school text-books deal exclusively with the effects of alcohol used
+as a beverage; for obvious reasons this is all they can do. But as
+intoxicating drinks have been generally supposed to contain great virtue
+as remedial agents, this phase of their nature and effects has not been
+overlooked by those pursuing inquiries concerning them. While full
+agreement has not yet been reached by experts as to the value of
+alcoholic liquids as medicines, it is noteworthy that some of the most
+eminent investigators were led to drop alcohol from their
+pharmaceutical outfit, and the remainder to admit that its sphere of
+usefulness is extremely limited.
+
+There are now medical colleges of high standing where students are
+advised against the use of alcohol as a remedy; hospitals are gradually
+using it less and less, some entirely discarding it; and many
+progressive physicians, while saying nothing as to their position upon
+the alcohol question, yet show their lack of faith in this drug by
+ignoring it unless patients or their friends desire it.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+THE WOMAN'S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNION
+IN OPPOSITION TO ALCOHOL AS MEDICINE.
+
+
+When the W. C. T. U. was first organized there was no thought among its
+members of antagonizing the use of alcohol in medicine. One almost
+immediate result of the organization, however, was that the women began
+to study the causes of inebriety, and prominent among the prevailing
+influences leading to drunkenness they found the medical use of
+alcoholics. The early efforts of these women were chiefly in rescue work
+through Gospel temperance meetings, and visitations of jails and
+poor-houses. By reason of this contact with the effects of inebriety
+they learned many sad tales of ruined lives, blighted homes and lost
+souls, through the appetite for strong drink created, or aroused, by
+alcoholic prescription. They saw, as time passed, that some of the
+drunkards reclaimed through their influence lapsed again into their evil
+habits because a little beer, or wine, "for the stomach's sake," or some
+other sake, had been advised them. Some of the workers had this trouble
+in their own homes, husband, son or other relative enslaved to alcohol
+through prescription in disease. Is it any wonder that women of the
+spirit of the Crusaders, having once had their attention thoroughly
+aroused to the danger of alcohol in medicine, should begin to examine
+this stronghold of the enemy to discover, if possible, whether or not,
+his fortress, the medicine-chest, was impregnable? Greatly to their joy
+they found that the medical profession was not a unit in commending
+alcoholics as remedial agencies, that all along since alcohol came into
+common use there have been physicians who distrusted, and opposed it.
+They learned, too, that some of the most distinguished physicians of
+America and of England were using little or no alcohol in their
+practice, and that a hospital had been established in London, England,
+which was clearly demonstrating the superiority of non-alcoholic
+medication by its small death-rate in comparison with hospitals using
+alcohol.
+
+This knowledge encouraged those possessing it so that they began to
+refuse alcoholics as remedies in their own households, and rarely did
+they find physicians unwilling or unable to supply another agent when
+asked to do so, and thousands of women can now testify to the fact of
+having recovered from ill health without the wine, beer or brandy they
+were advised to take. So the W. C. T. U. discovered several good reasons
+for opposing alcohol in medicine.
+
+    1. Its liability to create or revive an uncontrollable appetite.
+
+    2. A considerable number of the leading physicians of America
+    and of Great Britain discard it from their list of remedies,
+    considering it harmful rather than helpful.
+
+    3. The lessened mortality consequent upon its entire disuse
+    demonstrated by the London Temperance Hospital.
+
+    4. By their own experience they knew that alcohol is not
+    necessary to the restoration of health, nor to the upbuilding of
+    strength.
+
+The first active work touching the medical use of alcohol was a memorial
+from the National W. C. T. U. to the International Medical Congress of
+1876, which met in Washington, D. C. This memorial was suggested by Miss
+Frances E. Willard, and co-operated in by the National Temperance
+Society. It asked for a deliverance from the Congress upon alcohol as a
+food and as a medicine.
+
+The Congress was divided into sections for the more thorough discussion
+of the various topics. Upon the program was a paper on "The Therapeutic
+Value of Alcohol as Food, and as a Medicine," by Ezra M. Hunt, M. D.,
+delegate from the New Jersey Medical Society. This paper was read before
+the "Section on Medicine," and, after earnest discussion, the
+conclusions of the author were adopted "quite unanimously" as the
+sentiments of the Section on Medicine. As such they were reported for
+acceptance to the General Congress, and by it ordered to be transmitted
+as a reply to the memorialists.
+
+The report was published in full by the National Temperance Society, and
+may be obtained from it in paper binding for twenty-five cents. As it
+makes a book of 137 pages the conclusions only will be quoted here. They
+are as follows:--
+
+    1. "Alcohol is not shown to have a definite food value by any of
+    the usual methods of chemical analysis or physiological
+    investigation.
+
+    2. "Its use as a medicine is chiefly that of a cardiac
+    stimulant, and often admits of substitution.
+
+    3. "As a medicine it is not well fitted for self-prescription by
+    the laity, and the medical profession is not accountable for
+    such administration, or for the enormous evil arising therefrom.
+
+    4. "The purity of alcoholic liquors is in general not as well
+    assured as that of articles used for medicine should be. The
+    various mixtures when used as medicine should have definite and
+    known composition, and should not be interchanged
+    promiscuously."
+
+It is matter for sincere regret that this deliverance was not, in some
+way, brought prominently before every physician in the land. There are,
+doubtless, thousands of physicians who never heard of it, and,
+consequently have never been influenced by it to doubt the utility of
+the popular brandy bottle.
+
+In 1883 Mrs. Mary Towne Burt, President of New York State W. C. T. U.,
+in her annual address, suggested that a department of work be created to
+endeavor to induce physicians to not prescribe alcohol, unless in such
+cases as allowed of the use of no other agent. Mrs. (Rev.) J. Butler, of
+Fairport, was the first superintendent of this department, which was
+named, "Influencing Physicians to not Prescribe Alcoholics as
+Medicines." The National W. C. T. U. adopted the department in 1883,
+but soon dropped it. In 1895 it was reinstated and Mrs. Martha M. Allen,
+New York's superintendent, was made national superintendent. In 1905 the
+name of the department was changed from Non-Alcoholic Medication, which
+it had borne for fifteen years, to Medical Temperance.
+
+The objects of this department of work are:
+
+1. To inform the public of the objections to the medical use of
+alcoholic drinks now held by many successful physicians.
+
+2. To show the dangers in the home-prescription of alcohol and other
+powerful drugs.
+
+3. To expose fraudulent and dangerous proprietary and "patent" medicines
+and liquid "foods," the main ingredients of which are alcohol and
+morphine.
+
+4. To use persuasion with publishers of newspapers and magazines against
+fraudulent medical advertising. Also to seek legislation which shall
+hinder such advertising.
+
+5. To endeavor to win the attention of physicians who prescribe
+alcoholic liquors to the teachings of great leaders in their profession
+who have abandoned such practice.
+
+6. To bring to the attention of nurses the same teachings, and to seek
+their co-operation in education against the self-prescription of
+alcohol.
+
+7. To work for legislation which shall correct the evils of the whisky
+drug-store, the whisky-prescribing doctor, and the dangerous "patent"
+medicine.
+
+8. To gather the opinions upon alcohol of well-known physicians who do
+not use it, and publish them.
+
+This department originated the public agitation against injurious and
+fraudulent "patent" medicines which later was so ably carried on by
+_Collier's Weekly_, and the _Ladies' Home Journal_. That its early work
+in this direction was not better known to the general public was due to
+the fact that religious as well as secular papers were reaping large
+revenues from the advertising of these nostrums, and consequently
+refused to publish anything which might injure the trade. Indeed, in
+accepting some of this advertising, newspaper managers had to sign a
+contract that they would not publish any reading matter opposed to the
+nostrum business.
+
+The _Christian Advocate_ of New York city deserves special mention for
+having published in 1898 two articles written by Mrs. Allen under the
+caption, "The Danger and Harmfulness of Patent Medicines." These were in
+the fall of that year published in pamphlet form, and a copy sent to
+every local W. C. T. U. in the United States for study. Tens of
+thousands of copies of this and other leaflets on that theme were
+distributed within a few years, some local unions placing them in every
+home in their community. Medical journals took note of this work and
+commended it highly. When Mr. Bok began his campaign of education in the
+_Ladies' Home Journal_, for which he deserves lasting gratitude, the
+_American Druggist_ said he was "bowing to the clamor of the W. C. T.
+U."
+
+This department which began in weakness, and was for years regarded as
+fanatical even by many members of the W. C. T. U. has entered upon an
+era of victories. The National Pure Food Law requires the percentage of
+alcohol in patent medicines, and the presence of different dangerous
+drugs, to be stated upon the label. The prohibition law of Georgia
+forbids physicians to prescribe alcoholic beverages, absolute alcohol
+only being permitted. Kansas has amended her law so that whisky
+drug-stores are eliminated. If physicians prescribe alcohol the law
+forbids charge for it. Alabama forbids the sale of liquor for everything
+but the communion. The Internal Revenue Department has examined a large
+number of "patent" medicines and has listed them as intoxicating
+beverages. Two state medical societies and some county societies in 1908
+passed resolutions to discourage the medical use of alcoholic liquors.
+Two national societies of druggists and pharmacists in 1908 passed
+resolutions against whiskey drug-stores.
+
+These are some of the results of Medical Temperance agitation. Much more
+may be expected in the next decade if the work is as faithfully and
+fearlessly carried on as in the past.
+
+This book contains much of the teachings of the department of Medical
+Temperance. When these views are generally accepted the liquor-problem
+will be well-nigh solved.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+ALCOHOL AS A PRODUCER OF DISEASE.
+
+
+That alcohol is a poison is attested by all chemists and other
+scientific men; taken undiluted it destroys the vitality of the tissues
+of the body with which it comes in contact as readily as creosote, or
+pure carbolic acid. The term _intoxicating_ applied to beverages
+containing it refers to its poisonous nature, the word being derived
+from the Greek _toxicon_, which signifies a _bow_ or an _arrow_; the
+barbarians poisoned their arrows, hence, _toxicum_ in Latin was used to
+signify poison; from this comes the English term _toxicology_, which is
+the science treating of _poisons_. Druggists in selling proof spirits
+usually label the bottle, "Poison." Apart from the testimony of science
+in regard to its poisonous nature, it is commonly known that large doses
+of brandy or whisky will speedily cause death, particularly in those
+unaccustomed to their use. The newspapers frequently contain items
+regarding the death of children who have had access to whisky, and drunk
+freely of it. Cases are reported, too, of men, habituated to drink, who
+after tossing off several glasses of brandy at the bar of a saloon have
+suddenly dropped dead.
+
+Dr. Mussey says:--
+
+    "A poison is that substance, in whatever form it may be, which,
+    when applied to a living surface, disconcerts and disturbs
+    life's healthy movements. It is altogether distinct from
+    substances which are in their nature nutritious. It is not
+    capable of being converted into food, and becoming a part of the
+    living organs. We all know that proper food is wrought into our
+    bodies; the action of animal life occasions a constant waste,
+    and new matter has to be taken in, which, after digestion, is
+    carried into the blood, and then changed; but poison is
+    incapable of this. It may indeed be mixed with nutritious
+    substances, but if it goes into the blood, it is thrown off as
+    soon as the system can accomplish its deliverance, if it has not
+    been too far enfeebled by the influence of the poison. Such a
+    poison is alcohol--such in all its forms mix it with what you
+    may."
+
+Dr. Nathan S. Davis said in an address given in 1891:--
+
+    "When largely diluted with water, as it is in all the varieties
+    of fermented and distilled liquids, and taken into the stomach,
+    it is rapidly imbibed, or taken up by the capillary vessels and
+    carried into the venous blood, without having undergone any
+    digestion or change in the stomach. With the blood it is carried
+    to every part, and made to penetrate every tissue of the living
+    body, where it has been detected by proper chemical tests as
+    unchanged alcohol, until it has been removed through the natural
+    process of elimination, or lost its identity by molecular
+    combination with the albuminous elements of the blood and
+    tissues, for which it has a strong affinity.
+
+    "The most varied and painstaking experiments of chemists and
+    physiologists, both in this country and Europe, have shown
+    conclusively that the presence of alcohol in the blood
+    diminishes the amount of oxygen taken up through the air-cells
+    of the lungs; retards the molecular and metabolic changes of
+    both nutrition and waste throughout the system and diminishes
+    the sensibility and action of the nervous structures in direct
+    proportion to the quantity of alcohol present. By its stronger
+    affinity for water and albumen, with which it readily unites in
+    all proportions, it so alters the hemaglobin of the blood as to
+    lessen its power to take the oxygen from the air-cells of the
+    lungs and carry it as oxyhemaglobia to all the tissues of the
+    body; and by the same affinity it retards all atomic or
+    molecular changes in the muscular, secretory and nervous
+    structures; and in the same ratio it diminishes the elimination
+    of carbon-dioxide, phosphates, heat and nerve force. In other
+    words, its presence diminishes all the physical phenomena of
+    life.
+
+    "I say, then, that from the facts hitherto adduced, whether from
+    accurate experimental investigations in different countries,
+    from the pathological results developed in the most scientific
+    societies, from the most reliable statistics of sickness and
+    mortality, as influenced by occupations and social habits, or
+    from the life insurance records kept on a uniform basis through
+    periods of ten, twenty, thirty or even forty years, it is
+    clearly shown that alcohol when taken into the human system not
+    only acts upon the nervous system, perverting its sensibility,
+    and, if increased in quantity, causing intoxication or
+    insensibility, but it also, _even in small quantities_, lessens
+    the oxygenation and decarbonization of the blood and retards the
+    molecular changes in the structures of the body. When these
+    effects are continued through months and years, as in the most
+    temperate class of drinkers, _they lead to permanent structural
+    changes, most prominently in the liver, kidneys, stomach, heart,
+    blood-vessels and nerve structures, and lessen the natural
+    duration of life in the aggregate from ten to fifteen years_.
+    Consequently there is no greater, nor more destructive error
+    existing in the public mind than the belief that the use of
+    fermented and distilled drinks does no harm so long as they do
+    not intoxicate.
+
+    "Another popular error is the opinion that the substitution of
+    the different varieties of beer and wine in the place of
+    distilled liquors promotes temperance, and lessens the evil
+    effects of alcohol on the health and morals of those who use
+    them. Accurate investigations show that beer and wine drinkers
+    generally consume more alcohol per man than the spirit drinkers;
+    and while they are not as often intoxicated, they suffer fully
+    as much from diseases and premature death as do those who use
+    distilled spirits. Again, the beer drinker drinks more nearly
+    every day, and thereby keeps some alcohol in his blood more
+    constantly; while a large percentage of spirit drinkers drink
+    only periodically, leaving considerable intervals of abstinence,
+    during which the tissues regain nearly their natural condition.
+    The more constant and persistent is the presence of alcohol in
+    the blood and the tissues, even in moderate quantity, the more
+    certainly does it lead to perverted and degenerative changes in
+    the tissues, _ending in renal _(kidney)_ and hepatic _(liver)_
+    dropsies, cardiac _(heart)_ failures, gout, apoplexy and
+    paralysis_."
+
+Sir B. W. Richardson says:--
+
+    "Alcohol produces many diseases; and it constantly happens that
+    persons die of diseases which have their origin solely in the
+    drinking of alcohol, while the cause itself is never for a
+    moment suspected. A man may say quite truthfully that he never
+    was tipsy in the whole course of his life; and yet it is quite
+    possible that such a man may die of disease caused by the
+    alcohol he has taken, and by no other cause whatever. This is
+    one of the most dreadful evils of alcohol, that it kills
+    insidiously, as if it were doing no harm, or as if it were doing
+    good, while it is destroying life. Another great evil of it is
+    that it assails so many different parts of the body. It hardly
+    seems credible at first sight that the same agent can give rise
+    to the many different kinds of diseases it does give rise to. In
+    fact, the universality of its action has blinded even learned
+    men as to its potency for destruction.
+
+    "Step by step, however, we have now discovered that its modes of
+    action are all very simple, and are all the same in character;
+    and that the differences that have been and are seen in
+    different persons under its influence are due mainly to the
+    organs, or organ, which first give way under it. Thus, if the
+    stomach gives way first, we say that the person has indigestion
+    or dyspepsia, or failure of the stomach; if the brain gives way
+    first, we say the person has paralysis, or apoplexy, or brain
+    disease; if the liver gives way first, we say the man has liver
+    disease, and so on.
+
+    "All persons who indulge much in any form of alcoholic drink are
+    troubled with indigestion. When they wake in the morning they
+    find their mouth dry, their tongue coated, and their appetite
+    bad. In course of time they become confirmed 'dyspeptics,' and
+    as many of them find a temporary relief from the distress at the
+    stomach, and the deficient appetite from which they suffer by
+    taking more liquor, they increase the quantity taken, and so
+    make matters much worse. * * * * *
+
+    "There are a great number of diseases caused by alcohol, some of
+    which are known by terms that do not convey to the mind what
+    really has been the cause of the diseases." They are:
+
+(a) Diseases of the brain and nervous system: indicated by such names
+as apoplexy, epilepsy, paralysis, vertigo, softening of the brain,
+delirium tremens, loss of memory and that general failure of the mental
+power called dementia. (b) Diseases of the lungs: one form of
+consumption, congestion and subsequent bronchitis. (c) Diseases of the
+heart: irregular beat, feebleness of the muscular walls, dilation,
+disease of the valves. (d) Diseases of the blood: scurvy, dropsy,
+separation of fibrine. (e) Diseases of the stomach: feebleness of the
+stomach and indigestion, flatulency, irritation and sometimes
+inflammation. (f) Diseases of the bowels: relaxation or purging,
+irritation. (g) Diseases of the liver: congestion, hardening and
+shrinking cirrhosis. (h) Diseases of the kidneys: change of structure
+into fatty or waxy-like condition and other changes leading to dropsy.
+(i) Diseases of the muscles: fatty changes in the muscles, by which
+they lose their power for proper active contraction. (j) Diseases of
+the membranes of the body: thickening and loss of elasticity, by which
+the parts wrapped up in the membrane are impaired for use, and premature
+decay is induced.
+
+But it constantly happens that when deaths from these diseases are
+recorded and alcohol has been the primary cause, some other cause is
+believed to have been at work.
+
+While drinking parents by virtue of a strong constitution sometimes
+escape the penalty of their bibulous habit, it is not uncommon to see
+their children suffering from some disease or nervous weakness such as
+is caused by alcohol, "the sins of the father being visited upon the
+children."
+
+Erasmus Darwin says upon this point:--
+
+    "It is remarkable that all the diseases from drinking spirituous
+    or fermented liquors are liable to become hereditary, even to
+    the third generation, gradually increasing, if the cause be
+    continued, till the family become extinct."
+
+Prof. Christison, of Edinburgh, in answer to inquiries from the
+Massachusetts State Board of Health, says of general diseases due to
+alcohol:--
+
+    "I recognize certain diseases which originate in the vice of
+    drunkenness alone, which are _delirium tremens_, cirrhosis of
+    the liver, many cases of Bright's disease of the kidneys, and
+    dipsomania, or insane drunkenness.
+
+    "Then I recognize many other diseases in regard to which excess
+    in alcoholics acts as a powerful predisposing cause, such as
+    gout, gravel, aneurism, paralysis, apoplexy, epilepsy, cystitis,
+    premature incontinence of urine, erysipelas, spreading cellular
+    inflammation, tendency of wounds and sores to gangrene,
+    inability of the constitution to resist the attacks of
+    epidemics. I have had a fearful amount of experience of
+    continued fever in our infirmary during many epidemics, and in
+    all my experience I have only once known an intemperate man of
+    forty and upwards to recover."
+
+Professor Christison also claims that three-fourths, or even
+four-fifths, of Bright's disease in Scotland is produced by alcohol.
+
+Dr. C. Murchison, in speaking of alcohol as a preventive of disease,
+says:--
+
+    "There is no greater error than to imagine that a liberal
+    allowance of alcoholic liquids fortifies the system against
+    contagious diseases."
+
+In a paper read before the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society, Oct.
+22, 1872, Dr. W. Dickinson gave the following conclusions:--
+
+    "Alcohol causes fatty infiltration and fibrous encroachments; it
+    engenders tubercles; encourages suppuration, and retards
+    healing; it produces untimely atheroma (a form of fatty
+    degeneration of the inner coats of the arteries), invites
+    hemorrhage, and anticipates old age. The most constant fatty
+    changes, replacement by oil of the material of epithelial cells
+    and muscular fibres, though probably nearly universal, is most
+    noticeable in the liver, the heart and the kidneys. _Drink
+    causes tuberculosis_, which is evident not only in the lungs,
+    but in every amenable organ."
+
+Dr. William Hargreaves says:--
+
+    "Brandy is not a prophylactic. To the temperate it is an active,
+    exciting cause. It is well known that a single act of
+    intemperance during the prevalence of cholera, will often
+    produce a fatal attack. The sense of warmth and irritation
+    (called stimulation) produced by alcoholic liquors, has led to
+    the erroneous notion that they may prevent cholera. But the
+    contrary we have seen is the truth, for the effects of
+    alcoholics are to reduce the temperature of the body, and
+    instead of stimulating, they narcotize, and reduce the
+    life-forces, and predispose the system to all kinds of disease."
+
+The following testimonies are culled from the writings of eminent
+physicians:--
+
+    Sir Andrew Clark, M. D., F. R. C. P., London, Physician in
+    Ordinary to the Queen, Senior Physician at the London Hospital:
+    "As I looked at the hospital wards to-day, and saw that seven
+    out of ten owed their diseases to alcohol, I could but lament
+    that the teaching about this question is not more direct, more
+    decisive and more home-thrusting. * * * * * Can I say to you any
+    words stronger than these of the terrible effects of alcohol?
+    When I think of this I am disposed to give up my profession, and
+    go forth upon a holy crusade, preaching to all men--_Beware of
+    this enemy of the race._"
+
+    Sir William Gull, F. R. S. (late Physician to her Majesty): "I
+    should say, from my experience, that alcohol is the most
+    destructive agent that we are aware of in this country. I would
+    like to say that a very large number of people in society are
+    dying day by day, poisoned by alcohol, but not supposed to be
+    poisoned by it."
+
+    Dr. Abernethy: "If people will leave off drinking alcohol, live
+    plainly, and take very little medicine they will find that many
+    disorders will be relieved by this treatment alone."
+
+    Dr. Forel, of the University of Zurich, Switzerland: "Life is
+    considerably shortened by the use of alcohol in large
+    quantities. But a moderate consumption of the same also shortens
+    life by an average of five to six years. This is consistently
+    and unequivocally seen in the statistics kept for thirty years
+    by English insurance companies, with special sections for
+    abstainers. They give a large discount, and still make more
+    profit, as not nearly so many deaths occur as might be expected
+    under the usual calculations. According to federal statistics in
+    the fifteen largest towns of Switzerland, over ten per cent. of
+    the men over twenty years of age die solely, or partly of
+    alcoholism."
+
+    Dr. J. H. Kellogg, Battle Creek, Mich.: "Every organ feels the
+    effect of the abuse through indulgence in alcohol, and no
+    function is left undisturbed. By degrees, disordered function,
+    through long continuance of the disturbance, induces tissue
+    change. The most common form of organic or structural disease
+    due to alcohol is fatty degeneration, which may effect almost
+    every organ in the body. * * * * * No class of persons are so
+    subject to nervous diseases due to degeneration of nerves and
+    nerve-centres as drinkers. Partial or general paralysis,
+    locomotor ataxia, epilepsy and a host of other nervous
+    disorders, are directly traceable to the use of alcohol."
+
+One of the visiting physicians of Bellevue Hospital, New York, states
+that at least two-thirds of all the diseases treated there originated in
+drink.
+
+    Dr. W. A. Hammond: "It is of all causes most prolific in
+    exciting derangements of the brain, the spinal cord, and the
+    nerves."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+TEMPERANCE HOSPITALS.
+
+
+THE LONDON TEMPERANCE HOSPITAL.
+
+In 1865 Dr. S. Nicholls, medical officer of the Longford Poor-law Union,
+published a report of the results of non-alcoholic treatment of disease
+as practiced by him for sixteen years in the institutions under his
+control. The figures for 1865 were:--
+
+                        ADMITTED.     RECOVERED.     DIED.
+
+  Fever,                  142            135           7
+  Scarlatina,              33             30           3
+  Small-pox,               48             47           1
+  Measles,                  8              8           0
+                          ---            ---         ---
+                          231            220          11
+
+_The treatment was altogether without wines, spirits or alcohol in any
+form._
+
+The death-rate reported by Dr. Nicholls was so small that some of the
+more observing and progressive physicians were led by it to begin
+similar experiments in the disuse of alcohol in other hospitals. Among
+these was Dr. James Edmunds, senior physician at the Lying-In Hospital,
+London. The experiments continued a year with a reduced death-rate
+among both mothers and children. But the great brewers of London, who
+contributed largely to the support of this hospital raised such a storm
+of opposition to the discontinuance of alcoholic liquors that the
+experiments had to be abandoned.
+
+The establishment of a temperance hospital was now suggested, and in
+October, 1873, a temporary institution was opened in Gower Street,
+accommodating only seventeen in-patients at one time. Later a fine site
+was secured on Hampstead Road, and in 1881 the east wing and centre were
+opened by the Lord Mayor of London. In 1885 the west wing was finished,
+and the opening ceremonies conducted by the Bishop of London.
+
+At the time of the launching of this enterprise, wine and spirits were
+literally "poured into" sick persons, with frightful results.
+Death-rates were enormous. The success of the Temperance Hospital has no
+doubt had much to do in modifying this abuse. Its death-rate, on an
+average, has been only 6 per cent. throughout the years since its
+beginning. This is lower than that of any other general hospital in
+London, and certainly proves conclusively that alcohol is not necessary
+in the treatment of disease. The physicians connected with it have been
+men of eminence in the profession, such as Dr. James Edmunds, Dr. J. J.
+Ridge and Sir B. W. Richardson.
+
+The visiting staff is not compelled to pledge disuse of alcohol, but is
+required to report if it is used. During all these years it has been
+given only seventeen times, then almost entirely in surgical cases, and
+in nearly all of these a fatal result proved it to be useless. The
+patients who are restored to health leave without having had aroused or
+implanted in them a desire for alcoholic liquors, neither have they been
+taught to regard them as valuable aids to the recovery of health and
+strength. On the contrary, there have been many who have come in,
+suffering from this delusion, who have had it thoroughly dispelled, both
+by their own experience and the experience of their fellow patients.
+
+Sir B. W. Richardson took charge of this hospital from 1892 until his
+death in 1897. In his report in 1893 he said:--
+
+    "I remember quite well when according to custom, I should have
+    prescribed alcohol in all those cases that were not actually
+    inflammatory (speaking of diseases of the alimentary system);
+    but I never remember having seen such quick and sound recoveries
+    as those which have followed the non-alcoholic method."
+
+The following selection showing points of practice in this hospital is
+taken from the same report:
+
+    "For medicinal purposes, we are as free as possible from all
+    complexity. We use glycerine for making what may be called our
+    tinctures, and in my clinique I am introducing a series of
+    'waters'--aqua ferri, aqua chloroformi, aqua opii, aqua quinae,
+    and so on--to form the menstruums of other active drugs when
+    they are called for. I also follow the plan of having the
+    medicines administered with a free quantity of water, and with
+    as accurate a dosage as can be obtained, for I agree with Mr.
+    Spender's original proposition that the administration of
+    medicines in comparatively small and frequent doses is more
+    effective and useful than the more common plan of large doses
+    given at long intervals.
+
+    "I treat many cases by inhalation, and for this end I use oxygen
+    in a new and, I hope, efficient manner. I make oxygen gas a
+    medium for carrying other volatile substances that admit of
+    being inhaled with it. The mode is very simple. * * * * * In the
+    pneumonic and bronchial cases the treatment has been of the
+    simple and sustaining kind. The medicines that have been given
+    during the acute febrile stages have been chiefly liquor ammoniae
+    acetatis and carbonate of ammonia in small and frequently
+    repeated doses. The patients have all been well and carefully
+    fed on the milk and middle diet until convalescence was
+    declared. In some of the more extreme instances, where there was
+    fear of collapse from separation of fibrine in the heart or
+    pulmonary artery, ammonia has been given freely according to the
+    method I have for so many years inculcated. I have also in cases
+    of depression under which fibrinous separation is so easily
+    developed, lighted on a mode of administering ammonia which
+    combines feeding with the medicine. I direct that a three or
+    five-grain tabloid of bicarbonate of ammonia shall be dissolved
+    in a cup of coffee or of coffee with milk, and be taken by the
+    patient in that manner. The coffee can be sweetened with sugar
+    if that is desired by the patient, and the ammonia can be so
+    administered without any objectionable taste to the beverage.
+    After what is called the crisis in acute pneumonia, I administer
+    very little medicine of any kind; I trust rather to careful
+    feeding with an occasional alterative or expectorant, as may be
+    required. * * * * * I am satisfied that no aid I could have
+    derived from alcoholic stimulants, as they are called, could
+    have bettered my results. I feel sure any candid medical brother
+    who will have the steady courage to put aside many old and
+    unproven, though much-practiced, methods, based only on
+    unquestioning and unquestioned experience, and to move into
+    these new fields of observation and experience, will, in the
+    end, find no fault with me for leaving a track which, though it
+    be beaten very firmly and be very wide and smooth to traverse,
+    may not, after all, be the surest and soundest path to the
+    golden gate of cure."
+
+
+THE FRANCES E. WILLARD NATIONAL TEMPERANCE HOSPITAL.
+
+This hospital is situated at 343-349 South Lincoln Street, Chicago, in a
+handsome and well-equipped building. It is connected with a medical
+school. The history of its origin is best told in the words of the woman
+to whom the conception of such an institution first came, Dr. Mary Weeks
+Burnett, for several years the physician in charge:--
+
+    "In the fall of 1883 there came to a few of us the thought that
+    there was a point of weakness in the temperance pledge. It
+    reads, 'We promise to abstain from all liquors--_as a
+    beverage_.' We had found in many instances in reform work that
+    pledging to abstain from liquor 'as a beverage,' and leaving the
+    victim to the unlimited use of it in physicians' prescriptions,
+    was simply a skirmish with the devil's outposts, that the
+    conflict, based upon these grounds, was short, and defeat almost
+    sure; and the great fact remained that the innermost recesses of
+    evil force and power were by this pledge still left unassailed.
+    We found that this power of evil had largely entered the homes
+    of our land through the family physicians, and that willingly or
+    not, the physicians were being used to bring in even our
+    innocent children as recruits to this unrighteous warfare.
+
+    "Now, how could we hope to eliminate those three little words
+    'as a beverage' from our pledge?
+
+    "In some way we must bring about an arrest of thought in the
+    minds of 100,000 men and women physicians whose medical
+    education warranted them in supposing that they knew that of
+    alcohol which justified them in its full and free use in medical
+    practice. Nothing short of a great national object lesson could
+    ever convict and convert this broad constituency through which
+    the power of darkness is doing his deadliest work.
+
+    "In January, 1884, four of us met and organized under the name
+    of the National Temperance Hospital. To have our sick properly
+    cared for in our hospital we found that we should be obliged to
+    train our own nurses. The nurse who has always been accustomed
+    to administering alcohol under the physician's prescription at
+    all times and under all circumstances, and to administering it
+    herself at her own discretion if the physician is not at hand,
+    is a terror to the temperance physician. So we included in our
+    charter a Training School for Nurses. It is now open, and we
+    expect, as the years go by, to send out armed with our training
+    school diplomas, grand, noble women and men thoroughly trained
+    in true temperance methods for relieving the sick.
+
+    "Our organization lived on paper, and was sustained in purpose
+    by prayer and planning for two years. In September, 1885, Mr. R.
+    G. Peters, of Manistee, Michigan, signified to us his intention
+    to give $50,000 toward our buildings whenever we had
+    satisfactorily materialized. About the same time a good old
+    gentleman in Michigan placed in his will for us $2,500. The dear
+    man is still living, and we hope will live many years. Even the
+    money when it comes can never be of greater service to us than
+    was the knowledge at that time that the Lord was our leader and
+    was raising up helpers in the work.
+
+    "In January, 1886, we found, according to the law under which
+    our charter was obtained, that we must commence active
+    operations at once, or obtain a new charter. After a blessed
+    season of prayer and counseling together in the board meeting
+    held January 29, there being present only the members of the
+    board at that time, Mrs. Plumb offered to advance $3,500, if
+    necessary, toward the expenses for the first year. We accepted
+    it with great thankfulness, rented a building the 15th of
+    March, 1886, and formally opened the National Temperance
+    Hospital on the 4th of May, 1886.
+
+    "In April, 1886, we took a firm stand upon the alcohol question,
+    and decided to eliminate it entirely from our list of
+    therapeutics, as we had become convinced that there were better
+    and more reliable remedies as stimulants and tonics.
+
+    "In September, 1886, at our annual meeting, we reaffirmed this
+    decision, and we now have the following as one of the articles
+    of our constitution: 'All medicines used in the hospital must be
+    prepared without alcohol, and all physicians accepting positions
+    on the medical staff of the hospital or dispensary must pledge
+    themselves not to administer alcohol in any form to any patient
+    in hospital or dispensary, nor to call in counsel for such
+    patients any physician who will advise the use of alcohol.
+
+    "Any physician of pure character, and in good standing, who is a
+    total abstainer from liquor and tobacco can, by subscribing to
+    this pledge, become a member of our physicians' association, and
+    if so desired, be placed upon the visiting and consulting staff
+    of the hospital.
+
+    "The cases treated in the hospital include many of the serious
+    medical and surgical maladies. In no case has any particle of
+    alcohol been used, and the usual inflammatory secondary symptoms
+    resulting when alcohol is used have been entirely avoided.
+
+    "Our course of building-up treatment is, we believe, unique in
+    hospital practice. It consists of treatment by massage, heat,
+    rest, passive exercise, etc., together with proper medication
+    and a thoroughly nutritious diet adapted to the individual needs
+    of the patient.
+
+    "To alleviate, and, if possible, cure disease, is the design of
+    all hospital treatment. In our hospital we seek to gain this
+    result by means which the highest science of the day approves,
+    and in addition to this we have especially at heart the
+    advancement of the temperance reform. There are, we believe,
+    thousands of temperance adherents, who do not yet fully
+    apprehend the importance of this hospital to the permanent
+    extension and progress of temperance principles. Although
+    prohibition as a _principle_ has been accepted by many, yet in
+    its _practical application_ in the home in serious illness, it
+    is still feared by the immense majority of even our strongest
+    prohibitionists. We are organized upon the basis _no alcohol in
+    medicine_, and we are preparing to demonstrate fully and
+    scientifically, so he who runs may read, that as in health, so
+    in disease and accident, alcohol in any form works to the
+    hindrance and injury of the vital forces, and prevents the
+    establishment and advancement of health processes in the
+    system."
+
+At the opening of the hospital, May 4, 1886, Miss Frances E. Willard,
+the president of the National W. C. T. U., gave the following address:
+
+    "Nothing is changeless except change. The conservatives of one
+    epoch are the madmen of the next, even as the radicals of to-day
+    would have been the lunatics of yesterday. To prove this, just
+    imagine the founders of this hospital declaring to my
+    great-grandfather that because he had taken a cold was no reason
+    why he should take a toddy; and _per contra_, imagine my
+    great-grandfather's doctor marching into our presence here and
+    now, with saddle-bags on arm, and after treating us each to a
+    glass of grog for our stomach's sake, giving us a scientific
+    disquisition on the sovereign virtues of the blue pill, and
+    informing us that bleeding, cupping and starvation were the
+    surest methods of cure!
+
+    "That the story of Evolution is true I am by no means certain,
+    but that 'We, Us, and Company,' are 'evoluting' with electric
+    speed ourselves it is useless to deny. This very hospital is the
+    latest mile-stone on the highway of progress in the American
+    temperance reform. The conditions that have made its existence
+    possible have developed in this country within about twelve
+    years.
+
+    "Public opinion, that mightiest of magicians, has within that
+    time been educated up to this level and has said in its
+    omnipotence: 'Hospital, be!' and, behold, the hospital _is_.
+
+    "When I joined the ranks of temperance workers in 1874, a
+    thought so adventurous as that alcoholics in relation to
+    medicine were a curse and not a blessing had never lodged within
+    my cranium. But, as in duty bound, I studied the subject from
+    the practical, which is the nineteenth century standpoint.
+
+    "I investigated the cause of inebriety, and found the medical
+    use of alcoholic stimulants a prominent factor in this horrible
+    result; I sought for expert testimony, and found Dr. N. S.
+    Davis, ex-President American Medical Association, saying 'that
+    in his ample clinical practice he had for over thirty years
+    tested the medical uses of alcoholics, and had _found no case of
+    disease and no emergency arising from accident that he could not
+    treat more successfully without any form of fermented or
+    distilled liquors than with_'; found Dr. James R. Nichols, of
+    Boston, so long editor of _The Journal of Chemistry_, declaring
+    as his deliberate scientific opinion that the entire banishment
+    of these liquors 'would not deprive us of a single one of the
+    indispensable agents which modern civilization demands'; found
+    Dr. Green, of Boston, saying before the physicians of that city
+    that it is upon the members of the medical profession and the
+    exceptional laws which it has always demanded, that the whole
+    liquor fraternity depends more than upon anything else to screen
+    it from opprobrium and just punishment for the evils it entails,
+    and that after thirty years of professional experience he felt
+    assured that alcoholic stimulants are not required as medicines,
+    and that many, if not a majority of the best physicians, now
+    believe them _to be worse than useless_. Meanwhile I learned
+    that across the sea such great physicians as Dr. Benjamin Ward
+    Richardson, Sir Andrew Clark, Sir Henry Thompson and Sir William
+    Gull held views which for their latitude were almost equally
+    radical; and Dr. James Edmunds, founder of the London Temperance
+    Hospital had demonstrated publicly and on a grand scale the more
+    excellent way, his hospital having 4-1/2 per cent. fewer deaths
+    than any other in London, taking the same run of cases, and that
+    the Royal Infirmary at Manchester reported the medicinal use of
+    alcohol fallen off 87 per cent. in recent years, with a decrease
+    in its death-rate of over one-third. Besides all this, and
+    independent of any such investigation, the 'intuitions' of our
+    most earnest women were leading them out of the wilderness. As
+    is their custom, they determined to put this matter to the test
+    of that 'experience which one experiences when he experiences
+    his own experience,' and a whole body of divinity upon the
+    advantages of non-alcoholic treatment could be furnished from
+    their evidence. I was not able personally to pursue this method,
+    my own condition of good health having become chronic. Away back
+    in 1875, in executive committee, one of our leading officers was
+    stricken with _angina pectoris_. A physician was promptly
+    summoned. 'Give her brandy,' he said, and insisted so stoutly
+    upon it as vital to her recovery that we should probably have
+    sent for it, but the dear woman gasped out faintly, 'I can die,
+    but I can't touch brandy.' She is alive and flourishing to-day.
+    Another national officer absolutely refused whisky for a violent
+    attack of a very different character, the physician telling her
+    that she could not live through the night without it; but she is
+    still an active worker--a living witness that doctors are not
+    infallible. Instances like these have multiplied by hundreds and
+    thousands in our Woman's Christian Unions and Bands of Hope.
+    'No, mamma I can't touch liquor; I've signed the pledge,' is a
+    protest 'familiar as household words.' Meanwhile, I beg you to
+    contemplate something else that has happened. Behold, our own
+    beloved beverage itself,
+
+        'Sparkling and bright,
+        In its liquid light,'
+
+    has come grandly to our rescue in this crusade against alcohol
+    in the sick room. Water has become a favorite--nay, even a
+    fashionable--medicine! The most conservative physicians freely
+    prescribe it in the very cases where some form of alcohol was
+    the specific so long. To be sure, they give it hot, but we do
+    not object to that, since 'water hot ne'er made a sot,' and it
+    cures dyspepsia and all forms of indigestion as whisky never
+    did, but only made believe to; while its external use as a
+    fomentation is banishing alcohol even for old folks' 'rheumatiz'
+    where, as a remedy, it would be likely to make its final stand.
+
+    "Farewell, thou cloven-foot, Alcohol! Thou canst no longer hide
+    away in the home-like old camphor bottle, paregoric bottle,
+    peppermint bottle or Jamaica-ginger bottle; and a tender
+    good-by, Mrs. Winslow's Soothing Syrup, for be it known to you
+    that the wonderful discovery stumbled over for six thousand
+    years has in our day been made, namely, that hot water will
+    soothe the baby's stomach-aches and the grown people's pains,
+    and drive out a cold when all else fails. _Jubilate!_ Clear out
+    the cupboard and top shelf of the closet now that the sideboard
+    has gone. Let great Nature have a glance to 'mother up' humanity
+    with the medicine, as well as the beverage, brewed in Heaven."
+
+
+THE RED CROSS HOSPITAL.
+
+A philanthropic young woman, Miss Bettina A. Hofker, entered Mount Sinai
+Training School for Nurses in 1891. Her desire was to fit herself as a
+nurse for the poor. After her graduation in 1893, she met Mrs. Charles
+A. Raymond, a benevolent lady, who offered her pecuniary assistance in
+her work. Miss Hofker suggested that she would like to institute a Red
+Cross Hospital and Training School for Nurses. Mrs. Raymond succeeded in
+interesting others in the proposition. The name of Red Cross however
+could not be used without permission of the officers of the society
+bearing that name, but after consultation with Miss Barton, permission
+was granted. Several years previous to this, Dr. A. Monae Lesser, Dr.
+Thomas McNicholl and Dr. Gottlieb Steger had opened a small hospital
+under the name of St. John's Institute. This was now amalgamated with
+the Red Cross, and Dr. George F. Shrady and Dr. T. Gaillard Thomas, two
+of New York's leading physicians, were requested to act as consulting
+physicians.
+
+The hospital does not confine itself to service in its building alone,
+but sends its workers wherever called, to mansion or tenement. The
+"Sisters" are trained for field service or for any national calamity
+such as floods, earthquakes, forest fires, epidemics, etc. When neither
+war nor calamities require their presence, they devote themselves to the
+service of the needy poor, or wait upon the rich, if called. The heroic
+service rendered by the surgeons and nurses from this hospital in the
+Cuban War, brought their work into great prominence.
+
+At the suggestion of Miss Barton, the medical department of the hospital
+was commissioned to treat diseases without the use of alcoholic liquids.
+
+Dr. Lesser, the executive surgeon, is a German, and of German education,
+having received his medical education in the Universities of Berlin and
+Leipsic. In a conversation with a press representative, Dr. Lesser said
+some time ago:--
+
+    "We have been convinced that the use of alcohol can be entirely
+    eliminated from our medical practice, and this has been
+    practically accomplished at the Red Cross Hospital. We find that
+    where stimulants are required, such remedies as caffeine,
+    nitro-glycerine and kolafra take the place of alcohol, and are
+    even more satisfactory. The main use of alcohol is to stimulate
+    the action of the heart in various ailments. The blood is thus
+    forced to the remote parts of the system, and poisonous
+    substances carried away. But, besides serving this good purpose,
+    the drug tears down and ultimately destroys the cellular tissues
+    of the body. A relapse is certain to follow the application. The
+    drugs that I have mentioned serve exactly the same purpose
+    without the disastrous results. We are proving this every day at
+    the Red Cross Hospital.
+
+    "Only a few days ago a boy was brought in, apparently at the
+    point of death. He was put into bed and watched by the nurse.
+    After a little ammonia had been given to him as a stimulant, he
+    unconsciously expressed himself to the effect that it was not
+    the same as they gave him in another place, and gradually when
+    it dawned upon him that no alcohol was administered by the Red
+    Cross, he said, 'Gin has allers made me better.' The doctor in
+    charge, who already suspected that the boy was pretending
+    illness for the sake of the drink, was not surprised an hour or
+    two afterwards to learn that he had demanded his clothes,
+    dressed himself, and left the hospital most ungratefully, but
+    apparently quite well."
+
+Dr. George F. Shrady, one of the consulting physicians, is famous as
+having been in attendance upon both President Garfield and President
+Grant. He is the editor of the _Medical Record_, one of the most
+important medical journals published in America. While not a
+non-alcoholic physician, he says of the medical use of intoxicants:--
+
+    "There is altogether too much looseness among physicians in
+    prescribing alcohol. It is a dangerous drug. There is much more
+    alcohol used by physicians than is necessary, and it does great
+    harm. Whisky is not a preventive; it prevents no disease
+    whatever, contrary to a current notion. Another thing, we
+    physicians get blamed wrongfully in many cases. People who want
+    to drink, and do drink, often lay it on to the physician who
+    prescribed it. * * * * * I think that in most cases where
+    alcohol is now used, other drugs with which we are familiar
+    could be used with far better effect, and with no harmful
+    results."
+
+Dr. Steger, another physician of the staff, says:--
+
+    "I don't use alcohol at all in my practice. I used to use it,
+    but my observation has been that other drugs do the same work
+    without the harmful results. Alcohol over-stimulates the heart,
+    and tears down the cellular tissues of the system, besides
+    causing other deleterious effects. The use of alcohol is simply
+    a superstition among physicians. They have used it so long that
+    they think they always must. I am not a total abstainer, but
+    that only shows that I take better care of my patients than I do
+    of myself. It is not good for a healthy man to drink, but
+    sometimes folks like myself do things which had better be left
+    undone. I have seen patients in hospitals made absolutely drunk
+    by their physicians."
+
+The following interesting items in regard to practice in this hospital
+are culled from the report of 1897:--
+
+    "Temperature was never reduced by active drugs known as
+    antipyretics.
+
+    "Water was allowed freely after all kinds of surgical operations
+    and in fevers.
+
+    "Alcohol was never used as an internal medicine.
+
+    "The free use of water in saline solutions directly injected
+    into the tissues was found of great service. Quarts have been
+    injected that way with most satisfactory results.
+
+    "Antipyretics were altogether discarded as it is well known that
+    their action diminishes the tone of the heart. Artificial
+    reduction of temperature only deludes one into the belief that
+    the drug has improved the condition of the patient, while in
+    reality, it has no beneficial influence on the disease, and has
+    reduced the vital resistance of the patient. In no case has high
+    temperature harmed a patient and there was every evidence that
+    in some instances a high temperature was preferable to a low
+    one.
+
+    "Special attention has been given to the use of alcohol in
+    disease, not with any desire to approve or disapprove it, but
+    solely for the purpose of discovering the truth, for nothing
+    seems of greater public interest from a medical standpoint than
+    the truth regarding a subject for which so many virtues are
+    claimed on the one hand, and so many destructive elements proven
+    on the other. * * * * *
+
+    "We criticise the treatment of no institution, antagonize no
+    school of medicine, claim no unusual or peculiar scientific
+    virtue, but what we do maintain and insist upon is this: that
+    the human body may be ever so afflicted, ever so reduced, the
+    heart ever so feeble, and the spark of life ever so dim, the
+    conscientious student of medicine can secure as good results
+    without as with administration of antipyretics, sparkling wines,
+    beers or liquors.
+
+    "Experience teaches that true science does not antagonize
+    nature. In surgical cases, in septicaemia, in pneumonia, or in
+    any of the fevers, water freely administered has proven to be a
+    real source of comfort, and an aid to recovery. It is amazing
+    how favorably diseases terminate under this beneficent beverage.
+    The withholding of food does not retard, but rather hastens
+    convalescence.
+
+    "In the conduct of our Red Cross patients, irrespective of their
+    condition when admitted, it can be truly said that after
+    treatment began, delirium has not been witnessed in a single
+    instance, and as our hospital reports indicate, our mortality
+    has been unusually small.
+
+    "Alcohol has not figured as a life-saver in our institution.
+    Cases of extreme collapse following major operations, cases of
+    pneumonia, where the pulse ranged from 160 to 220, patients
+    suffering from pernicious anaemia, septicaemia, pyaemia, cholera
+    infantum and typhoid fever, some of whom when first seen were in
+    the worst stages of delirium and collapse have without alcohol
+    regained consciousness, overcome delirium and made excellent
+    recoveries.
+
+    "The following cases very forcibly illustrate the results of
+    non-alcoholic treatment:--
+
+    "Case No. 1. A child, aged nine months, under treatment for six
+    days for pneumonia, came under our notice on the seventh day.
+    The temperature was 106 5-10; pulse was 220; respirations 90.
+    Whisky, which had been given previously to the extent of two
+    ounces daily, was stopped. Carbonate of ammonia, caffeine
+    salicylate, nitro-glycerine and 1-10 of a drop of aconite were
+    given internally; camphorated lard applied externally; with the
+    result that on the ninth day temperature stood 99; pulse 100;
+    respiration 20. The child made a complete recovery.
+
+    "Case No. 2. L. was a child aged eight months, suffering from a
+    very violent attack of entero-colitis. For three weeks previous
+    to coming under our notice the patient received brandy,
+    stimulating foods and alkaline mixtures. Fearfully emaciated,
+    temperature 106, feeble pulse 182, frequent bloody discharges
+    from the bowels, numbering as much as thirty in a day and
+    constant vomiting, the child was considered beyond hope. Under
+    these circumstances, and at this time we first saw her. Brandy
+    and all foods were stopped; bowel flushings were given, 1-12 of
+    a drop of tincture of aconite was administered every half hour
+    and salicylate of caffeine every two hours. In twenty-four hours
+    the temperature was 105 and the pulse 160. In two days,
+    temperature was 102 and the pulse 140. In one week, temperature
+    was 99 5-10, pulse 110. In three weeks, the patient was
+    discharged cured.
+
+    "Case No. 3. Mrs. C., aged forty-three, who had been under
+    treatment for seven weeks for metrorrhagia, nietortes and
+    peritonitis came under our notice. Brandy which had been
+    previously given in large quantities had proved of no avail and
+    the patient was considered beyond recovery. We found her
+    completely prostrated, temperature 102, pulse 170, and
+    unconscious. The heart very weak and irregular. The brandy was
+    discontinued, salicylate of caffeine and nitrate of strychnia
+    were given with the result that in a short time the patient was
+    convalescent and finally recovered.
+
+    "Each case in our hospital is an additional proof that whether
+    found in wines, spirits or beers, alcohol can claim no right as
+    an indispensable medicine."
+
+Dr. Lesser, who was Surgeon-General of the American Red Cross in the
+Cuban War said after his return from his first visit to Cuba that four
+out of six of his patients, to whom he allowed liquor to be given as a
+concession to the popular idea that it was necessary, died; while
+subsequently in treating absolutely without alcohol sixty-three similar
+cases, only one died, and he upon the day on which he was received at
+the hospital.
+
+
+ALCOHOL IN OTHER HOSPITALS.
+
+In the spring of 1909 a circular letter was sent to some of the best
+known hospitals throughout the country asking if the use of alcoholic
+liquors had decreased in those institutions during the past ten years.
+From the replies received the following statements are taken:
+
+Cook County Hospital, Chicago, sent figures for two years only, 1907,
+and 1908. With 28,932 patients treated in 1907, the bill for wines and
+liquors amounted to only $719.40. In 1908 with 31,202 patients the bill
+for liquors amounted to $970.65. This makes a _per capita_ expenditure
+for liquors for 1907 of .024 cents, and for 1908 a _per capita_
+expenditure of .031 cents. The _per capita_ expenditure for liquors
+during the same years in Bellevue and Allied Hospitals of New York city,
+with from 30,000 to 40,000 patients treated was .0246 and .029. Two or
+three cents as the yearly _per capita_ expenditure for alcoholic liquors
+in the two largest hospitals in America is striking evidence that the
+physicians practicing there have not large faith in whisky, or other
+alcoholic liquors as remedial agents.
+
+Long Island, N. Y., State Hospital:--"We are not using more than half
+the amount of alcohol we used ten years ago."
+
+Manhattan State Hospital, Ward's Island, New York City:--"Our patient
+population has averaged nearly 4,500 the last four years, and we have
+had about 750 employees, many of whom are prescribed for by institution
+physicians. The _per capita_ cost of distilled liquors for the last
+fiscal year was .0273 at this hospital."
+
+Milwaukee City Hospital:--"No alcoholic liquors are used to any extent
+in this hospital, or prescribed by the staff. I know of no move against
+such use of liquors, but venture the assertion that the physicians
+believe they have more reliable agents at their command for most cases."
+
+Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia:--"We are now using about one-third
+the amount of liquor that was used in the Pennsylvania Hospital ten
+years ago."
+
+The Presbyterian Hospital of Philadelphia sent figures for the years
+from 1900 to 1908. Those for 1900 show the cost of liquors to be $774.20
+and for 1908 only $331.48. The number of patients was not given.
+
+Grady Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia:--"That less liquor is now used than
+formerly is a fact well known to all connected with the institution."
+
+Garfield Memorial, Washington, D. C., sent figures for ten years. For
+1899 the cost of liquors was $490.08, with a steady decrease to 1908
+when the cost was $274.58. Number of patients in 1899 was 1,171; in
+1908, 1,898 patients. The _per capita_ for 1908 was .144 cents.
+
+University Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan:--"Very little alcohol is
+prescribed in this hospital."
+
+Maine General Hospital, Portland:--"Comparatively speaking, we use but
+little alcohol for the reason that we now have many remedies which,
+especially for continued use, are superior to alcohol, which twenty
+years ago we did not have. For the conditions or emergencies in which we
+think alcohol has a value it is used when required or deemed best."
+
+Buffalo, New York, State Hospital sent figures for six years which
+include cost of alcohol used in the manufacture of pharmaceutical
+preparations, which, of course, makes a very decided difference. _Per
+capita_ for 1903 was 22 cents; for 1908 it was 18 cents.
+
+Buffalo, New York, General Hospital:--"The use of alcohol as a drug in
+this hospital has diminished about one-third in the past ten years, but
+I wish to add in this connection that the use of all drugs has
+diminished in this hospital, and to the best of my knowledge in other
+institutions of a like character. The use of the microscope, and other
+studies have advanced the science of medicine the same as all other
+branches of learning, and other methods are coming to be used beside the
+use of drugs."
+
+Mount Sinai, New York City:--"The use of alcoholic beverages here for
+medical purposes is the exception rather than the rule. The majority of
+our cases are surgical cases, and in these alcoholic liquors are rarely
+prescribed for any purpose whatsoever."
+
+Massachusetts Homeopathic Hospital, Boston, sent figures for five years.
+For 1904 the cost of alcoholic liquors was $197.69 with 3,720 patients;
+for 1908, the cost was $69.82 with 4,543 patients. The _per capita_ cost
+for the five years is as follows: 1904, cost .0531 cents; 1905, cost
+.0474; 1906, cost .034; 1907, cost .0171; 1908, cost .0153.
+
+In the _Boston Medical and Surgical Journal_ of April 15, 1909, Dr.
+Richard C. Cabot gave a table showing the decrease in the use of
+alcoholic liquors, and of other drugs in Massachusetts General Hospital,
+Boston.
+
+The following is his table:
+
+                                  1898       1899       1900      1901
+
+ Ale and Beer                    $759.00    $793.90  $1,062.00   $723.00
+ Wines and liquors,             1,563.00   2,209.00   1,348.00  1,063.00
+                               ---------  ---------  --------- ---------
+ Total for alcoholic drinks,   $2,321.00  $3,002.00  $2,410.00 $1,786.00
+
+ Total for other medicines,    $8,424.00 $10,013.00 $10,132.00 $9,168.00
+
+ Number of patients,               5,005      5,203      5,012     5,495
+ Cost of alcohol per patient,      $0.46      $0.57      $0.48     $0.32
+ Cost of medicine per patient,      1.68       1.92       2.02      1.66
+
+
+                                  1902       1903       1904      1905
+
+ Ale and beer,                   $605.00    $338.00    $431.00   $301.00
+ Wines and liquors,               799.00     688.00     904.00    144.00
+                               ---------  ---------  ---------   -------
+ Total for alcoholic drinks,   $1,404.00  $1,026.00  $1,335.00   $445.00
+
+ Total for other medicines,    $9,772.00  $7,815.00  $9,162.00 $7,018.00
+
+ Number of patients,               5,342      5,429      5,709     5,531
+ Cost of alcohol per patient,      $0.26      $0.19      $0.23     $0.09
+ Cost of medicine per patient,      1.88       1.43       1.60      1.26
+
+
+                                  1906       1907
+
+ Ale and beer,                   $192.00    $203.00
+ Wines and liquors,               546.00     610.00
+                               ---------  ---------
+ Total for alcoholic drinks,     $738.00    $813.00
+
+ Total for other medicines,    $5,981.00  $5,492.00
+
+ Number of patients,               5,513      5,966
+ Cost of alcohol per patient,      $0.13      $0.13
+ Cost of medicine per patient,      1.00       0.92
+
+Dr. Cabot says:--
+
+    "Since there has been no fall in the price of stimulants or
+    medicine, the diminished expenditure corresponds to a diminution
+    in the number of doses of medicine and stimulants, and indicates
+    a rapid and striking change of view among the members of the
+    staff of the hospital, especially in the past five years, when
+    it has become generally known that alcohol is not a stimulant
+    but a narcotic and that drugs can cure only about half a dozen
+    of the diseases against which we are contending.
+
+    "There has been during this period no increase in the proportion
+    of surgical cases among the whole number treated, so that the
+    decreased use of medicines and alcoholic beverages has not
+    resulted from an increased resort to surgical remedies. On the
+    other hand, there has been a great increase in the utilization
+    of baths (hydrotherapeutics), of massage, of mechanical
+    treatment and of psychical treatment, all of which accounts no
+    doubt for part of the falling off in the use of alcohol and
+    drugs."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL UPON THE HUMAN BODY.
+
+
+The body is made up mainly of cells, fibres and fluids. The cell is the
+most important structure in the living body. Life resides in the cell,
+and every animal may be considered a mass of cells, each of which is
+alive, and each of which has its own work to accomplish in the building
+up of the body.
+
+The matter which forms the mass of a cell is called protoplasm, or
+bioplasm. It resembles somewhat the white of a raw egg, which is almost
+pure albumen. Cells make up the body, and do its work. Some are employed
+to construct the skeleton, others are used to form the organs which move
+the body; liver-cells secrete bile, and the cells in the kidneys
+separate poisonous matters from the blood in order that they may be
+expelled from the system.
+
+These cells, composing the mass of the body, being very delicate, are
+easily acted upon by substances coming into contact with them. If
+substances other than natural foods or drinks are introduced into the
+body, the cells are injuriously affected. Alcohol is especially
+injurious to cells, "retarding the changes in their interior, hindering
+their appropriation of food, and elimination of waste matters, and
+therefore preventing their proper development and growth."
+
+    "Bioplasm is living matter; it is structureless, semi-fluid,
+    transparent and colorless. It is the only matter that can grow,
+    move, divide itself and multiply, the only matter that can take
+    up pabulum (food) and convert it into its own substance; and is
+    the only matter that can be nourished. The bioplasm in the cell
+    gets its nourishment by drawing in of the pabulum through the
+    cell wall, and in that way building up the formed material while
+    it is being disintegrated on the outer surface. This process is
+    continually being carried on, and is what is meant by nutrition.
+    Disintegration of the formed material is as essential as the
+    building up of it. All organic structure is the result of change
+    taking place in bioplasm. These small cell-like bioplasts are
+    the workmen of the organism. All wounds are repaired by them,
+    all fractures are united, and all diseased tissues brought back
+    to their normal and healthy condition, unless there is not
+    vitality enough to overcome disease, or they have been injured
+    or killed by poisonous material. The body is kept in repair by
+    this living matter, and all the functions of the body are but
+    the result of its action. We may examine, watch and study
+    bioplasm under the microscope; we see it take up pabulum and
+    convert that which is adapted to itself into its own substance,
+    while all other substances are rejected. We take a solution of
+    what we call a stimulant and immerse the bioplasm in it, and we
+    find that it increases its activity, moves faster, takes up more
+    pabulum, and divides more rapidly than in the unstimulated
+    condition. We next add an astringent, and it begins to move more
+    slowly, and soon contracts into a spherical shape and remains
+    contracted, or may move slowly to a limited extent, depending on
+    the strength of the solution. We next take a relaxant, and
+    gradually the living matter begins to spread in all directions,
+    in a laxy-like manner, and becomes so thin as to be almost
+    undiscernible, and takes up very little, if any, pabulum. If
+    sufficiently relaxed or astringed, the movements may entirely
+    cease so as to appear lifeless, but when a stimulant is again
+    added the same result is obtained as before--it begins to move,
+    and acts as vigorous as ever, which shows that it was not
+    injured in the least by the agents used. Alcohol is called a
+    stimulant. We take a weak solution of alcohol and try it in the
+    same way; but we find that almost instantly the living matter
+    contracts into a ball-like mass. Now, we may through ignorance
+    suppose that alcohol acts as an astringent, and so we try to
+    stimulate it with the same harmless agent before used, but no
+    impression is made on it; it does not move; it is dead matter.
+    These are demonstrable facts, and lie at the foundation of
+    physiology, pathology and the practice of medicine. Alcohol
+    destroys the very life force that alone keeps the body in
+    repair. For a more simple experiment as to the action of
+    alcohol, take the white of an egg (which consists of albumen,
+    and is very similar to bioplasm), put it into alcohol, and
+    notice it turn white, coagulate and harden. The same experiment
+    can be made with blood with the same result--killing the blood
+    bioplasts. Raw meat will turn white and harden in alcohol.
+    Alcohol acts the same on food in the stomach as it does on the
+    same substances before introduced into the stomach, and acts
+    just the same on blood and all the living tissues in the system
+    as out of it; and this alone is enough to condemn its use as a
+    medicine." From _Alcohol, Is It a Medicine?_ by W. F. Pechuman,
+    M. D., of Detroit, Michigan.
+
+
+ALCOHOL AND STOMACH DIGESTION.
+
+The nitrogenous portions of the food are the only ones digested in the
+stomach. The oily and fatty, as well as the starchy portions, are
+digested in the small intestines.
+
+Very little was known about digestion until 1833, when Dr. Beaumont
+published the results of his investigations upon the stomach of Alexis
+St. Martin. St. Martin received a severe wound in the left side from a
+shot-gun. The wound in healing left an opening into the stomach about
+4/5 of an inch in diameter, closed on the inside by a flap of mucous
+membrane. Through this opening the interior of the stomach could be
+thoroughly examined. Dr. Beaumont made hundreds of observations upon
+this young man, who was in his home several years. He says:--
+
+    "In a feverish condition, from whatever cause, obstructed
+    perspiration, _excitement by alcoholic liquors_, overloading the
+    stomach with food, fear, anger or whatever depresses or disturbs
+    the nervous system, the lining of the stomach becomes somewhat
+    red and dry, at other times pale and moist, and loses its smooth
+    and healthy appearance, the secretions become vitiated, greatly
+    diminished or entirely suppressed."
+
+One day after giving St. Martin a good wholesome dinner, digestion of
+which was going on in regular order, Dr. Beaumont gave him a glass of
+gin. The digestive process was at once arrested, and did not begin again
+until after the absorption of the spirit, after which it was slowly
+renewed, and tardily finished.
+
+Gluzinski made some conclusive experiments with a syphon. He drew off
+the contents of the stomach at various times with and without liquor. He
+concluded that alcohol entirely suspends the transformation of food
+while it remains in the stomach.
+
+Dr. Figg, of Edinburgh, fed two dogs with roast mutton; to one of them
+he gave 1-1/2 ounces of spirit. Three hours later he killed both dogs.
+The dog without liquor had digested the mutton; the other had not
+digested his at all. Similar experiments have been made repeatedly with
+like result.
+
+The elements of our food which the stomach can digest depend upon the
+pepsin of the gastric juice for their transformation. Alcohol diminishes
+the secretions of the gastric juice, unless given in very minute
+quantities, and kills and precipitates its pepsin. It also coagulates
+both albumen and fibrine, converting them into a solid substance, thus
+rendering them unfit for the action of the solvent principles of the
+gastric juice. Hence, any considerable quantity of alcohol taken into
+the stomach must for the time retard the function of digestion.
+
+Many experiments have been made with gastric juice in vials, one, having
+alcohol added, the other, not having alcohol. The meat in the vials
+without alcohol, in time dissolved till it bore the appearance of soup;
+in the vials to which alcohol was added the meat remained practically
+unchanged. In the latter a deposit of pepsin was found at the bottom,
+the alcohol having precipitated it. Dr. Henry Munroe, of England, one of
+the experimenters in this line of research, says:--
+
+    "Alcohol, even in a diluted form, has the peculiar power of
+    interfering with the ordinary process of digestion.
+
+    "As long as alcohol remains in the stomach in any degree of
+    concentration, the process of digestion is arrested, and is not
+    continued until enough gastric juice is thrown out to overcome
+    its effects."--_Tracy's Physiology_, page 90.
+
+In _The Human Body_, Dr. Newell Martin says:--
+
+    "A vast number of persons suffer from alcoholic dyspepsia
+    without knowing its cause; people who were never drunk in their
+    lives and consider themselves very temperate. Abstinence from
+    alcohol, the cause of the trouble, is the true remedy."
+
+Sir B. W. Richardson:--
+
+    "The common idea that alcohol acts as an aid to digestion is
+    without foundation. Experiments on the artificial digestion of
+    food, in which the natural process is closely imitated, show
+    that the presence of alcohol in the solvents employed interferes
+    with and weakens the efficacy of the solvents. It is also one of
+    the most definite of facts that persons who indulge even in what
+    is called the moderate use of alcohol suffer often from
+    dyspepsia from this cause alone. In fact, it leads to the
+    symptoms which, under the varied names of biliousness,
+    nervousness, lassitude and indigestion, are so well and
+    extensively known.
+
+    "From the paralysis of the minute blood-vessels which is induced
+    by alcohol, there occurs, when alcohol is introduced into the
+    stomach, injection of the vessels and redness of the mucous
+    lining of the stomach. This is attended by the subjective
+    feeling of a warmth or glow within the body, and according to
+    some, with an increased secretion of the gastric fluids. It is
+    urged by the advocates of alcohol that this action of alcohol on
+    the stomach is a reason for its employment as an aid to
+    digestion, especially when the digestive powers are feeble. At
+    best this argument suggests only an artificial aid, which it
+    cannot be sound practice to make permanent in place of the
+    natural process of digestion. In truth, the artificial
+    stimulation, if it be resorted to even moderately, is in time
+    deleterious. It excites a morbid habitual craving, and in the
+    end leads to weakened contractile power of the vessels of the
+    stomach, to consequent deficiency of control of those vessels
+    over the current of blood, to organic impairment of function,
+    and to confirmed indigestion. Lastly, it is a matter of
+    experience with me, that in nine cases out of ten, the sense of
+    the necessity, on which so much is urged, is removed in the
+    readiest manner, by the simple plan of total abstinence, without
+    any other remedy or method."
+
+In _Medicinal Drinking_, by John Kirk, M. D., this passage occurs:--
+
+    "Especially in the matter of support, it is essential to our
+    inquiry to examine fully into alcoholic influence on the change
+    by which food introduced into the stomach becomes capable of
+    passing into the circulation and constituent elements of the
+    living frame. It may be best to suppose a case for illustration.
+    Here, then, is a child of, say, six or seven years of age. This
+    child is of the slenderer sex and has been brought into a state
+    of extreme weakness as the consequence of fever. The fury of the
+    disease is expended, but it has, as nearly as may be,
+    extinguished life. The medical man's one hope for saving this
+    child is now concentrated in what he fancies to be 'support.'
+    Beef-tea, arrowroot and _port wine_ are prescribed. Let it be
+    kept in mind that the pure wine of the grape is discarded in
+    favor of alcoholic wine. Our question is, What effect will the
+    alcohol in this wine have on that process by which the food is
+    to prove really nourishing, and so to be that support which is
+    the only hope for this child? Will it help her? or will it so
+    hinder the necessary change in the food as to kill her, unless
+    she has sufficient strength left to get above its influence?
+    These are surely important questions. Neither of them can be set
+    at rest by the fact that she recovers; for she _may_ have
+    strength enough, as many have had, to survive even a serious
+    error in her treatment.
+
+    "What light, then, does true science throw on these important
+    questions? All who know anything on the subject are aware that
+    alcohol, instead of dissolving _food_, or aiding in its
+    dissolution, is one of the most powerful agents in preventing
+    that dissolution. On what principle, then, is it possible that
+    its being mixed with the materials of food, in this case, can
+    aid in their dissolution, so that they may more easily be
+    changed into the fresh blood required to sustain and recover
+    life in this child?"
+
+He then refers to the experiments with gastric juice in vials, and
+proceeds:--
+
+    "Here, then, is indisputable evidence that alcohol effectually
+    _prevents_ that process which is known as digestion, and which
+    is essential to food's being of any use to support life in man.
+    On what principle can the physician explain his introduction of
+    it into the stomach of a child whose thread of life is
+    attenuated to the slenderest hair?
+
+    "We urge the chemical truth that the alcohol, given to promote
+    support, is of such a nature as to prevent that which would
+    nourish, from effecting the end so much to be desired, and for
+    which true food is adapted."
+
+The pure, unfermented juice of the grape, free from chemical
+preservatives, is now used by many physicians where the miserable
+concoction of drugs and alcohol, known as port wine, was once considered
+essential. Unfermented grape juice contains all the nutriment of the
+grape, without any of the poison, alcohol. After being opened it should
+be kept in a cool place, or it will ferment and produce alcohol. Fruit
+juices are very grateful to a fever patient, and should not be withheld
+as they are in so many cases. Dr. J. H. Kellogg, and other
+non-alcoholic physicians, recommend them highly. They are better than
+milk, as milk frequently produces "feverishness," while fruit juices
+allay it.
+
+For those who think beer or ale an incentive to appetite, Dr. N. S.
+Davis, and others, recommend an infusion of hops, made fresh each day.
+It is the bitter which promotes appetite, not the alcohol. For the sake
+of the little bitter in beer, it is not wise to vitiate the tone of the
+stomach with the alcohol it contains, and which is its active principle.
+Many mothers have become drunkards, secret drunkards, possibly, through
+the use of beer as a fancied aid to digestion. Multitudes of men suffer
+untold horrors from dyspepsia, caused by the beer which they mistakenly
+suppose to be a friend to their stomach.
+
+
+EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL UPON THE BLOOD.
+
+"The blood is a thick, opaque fluid, varying in color in different parts
+of the body from a bright scarlet to a dark purple, or even almost
+black." If a drop of blood be placed under a microscope, immense numbers
+of small bodies will be seen. These are called blood-globules, or
+corpuscles, or discs. There are both red, and white or colorless,
+corpuscles. Each red corpuscle is soft and jelly-like. Its chief
+constituent, besides water, is a substance called hemoglobin, which has
+the power of combining with oxygen when in a place where that gas is
+plentiful, and of giving it off again in a region where oxygen is
+absent, or present only in small quantity. Hence, as the blood flows
+through the lungs, which are constantly supplied with fresh air, its
+corpuscles take up oxygen, which, as it flows on, is carried by them to
+distant parts of the body where oxygen is deficient, and there given up
+to the tissues. This oxygen-carrying is the function of the red
+corpuscles.
+
+Hemoglobin, as the coloring-matter of the blood is called, is dark
+purplish-red in color; combined with oxygen it is bright "scarlet red."
+Accordingly, the blood which flows to the lungs after giving up its
+oxygen is dark red in color, its dark color being due to the impurities
+it contains; and that which, having received a fresh supply of oxygen,
+flows away from the lungs is bright scarlet--having been cleansed of its
+impurities. The bright red blood is called _arterial_, and the dark red
+_venous_.
+
+The work assigned to the blood in the economy of the human system is:
+first, to pick up nutriment in its course through the walls of the
+alimentary canal, and oxygen, as it flows through the lungs, and convey
+these to all other parts of the body. Second, to act as a sort of sewage
+stream that drains off waste matter, and to carry this to the organs of
+excretion by which waste is expelled from the body.
+
+    "The blood is the great circulating market of the body, in which
+    all the things that are wanted by all parts, by the muscles, the
+    brain, the skin, the lungs, liver and kidneys, are bought and
+    sold. What the muscles want they buy from the blood; what they
+    have done with, they sell back to the blood; and so with every
+    other organ and part. As long as life lasts this buying and
+    selling is forever going on, and this is why the blood is
+    forever on the move, sweeping restlessly from place to place,
+    bringing to each part the thing it wants, and carrying away
+    those with which it has done. When the blood ceases to move, the
+    market is blocked, the buying and selling cease, and all the
+    organs die, starved for lack of the things they want, choked by
+    the abundance of things for which they have no longer any
+    need."--FOSTER.
+
+This is one way of saying that the processes of repair and waste are
+constantly going on in the body. Every action of the body, every impulse
+of the mind uses up some cell-matter, which must then be passed from the
+body as waste. This is called tissue disintegration. New cells to repair
+tissue waste are built up from the nutriment which the blood carries
+from the alimentary canal after the process of food digestion is
+accomplished. This is called tissue construction, or the process of
+assimilation. Technically, these are the metabolic, or destructive and
+constructive processes. Both are essential to health and life. Any
+substance taken into the body, which will interfere with these processes
+of nutrition and waste is inimical to health, and in time of disease,
+dangerous to life.
+
+_Alcohol is such a substance._
+
+The cells and tissues of the body which are touched by alcohol are more
+or less hardened and injured by it, hence are less perfectly nourished
+than they are when alcohol is not present in the blood. Even a
+teaspoonful of alcohol to a 1/2 gallon of water hinders natural growth.
+If liquor is given to puppies it keeps them small. Young growing-cells
+are most affected by it, because they are most tender. There are
+growing-cells in adults as well as in children, for people are growing
+and changing all through their lives.
+
+Hence, when alcohol is administered in sickness the cells are hindered
+in the full performance of their function of taking up food for the
+building up of tissue, and as a consequence, the patient's body is
+really robbed of nutriment by the agent which is supposed to be "keeping
+up his strength." Truly, "Wine is a _mocker_, strong drink is raging,
+and whosoever is _deceived_ thereby is not wise."
+
+That alcohol interferes with the passage of waste matter from the body
+is generally conceded. Indeed this is claimed by the advocates of its
+medicinal use as one of its virtues: the fact that less waste passes
+from the body being urged as evidence that there is less waste, that in
+some way alcohol preserves tissue from being used up in the natural way.
+Those who speak thus seem to think that they know better than the
+Creator how the body should be treated. He made the body so that in
+health, work, waste and repair should be equal to one another.
+
+Dr. Ezra M. Hunt says in _Alcohol as a Food and as a Medicine_:--
+
+    "We believe that any one who will candidly review the claims put
+    forth for alcohol, in that it delays in any of these
+    hypothetical ways, tissue-change, will conclude that it has no
+    such power _in a salutary sense_, and that it is unwarrantably
+    assumed that to retard tissue metamorphosis (change) is
+    equivalent to tissue nutrition."
+
+Dr. N. S. Davis says:--
+
+    "It seems hardly possible that men of eminent attainments in the
+    profession should so far forget one of the most fundamental and
+    universally recognized laws of organic life as to promulgate the
+    fallacy here stated. The fundamental law to which we refer is,
+    that all vital phenomena are accompanied by, and dependent upon,
+    molecular or atomic changes; and whatever retards these retards
+    the phenomena of life; whatever suspends these suspends life.
+    Hence, to say that an agent which retards tissue metamorphosis
+    is in any sense a food, is simply to pervert and misapply
+    terms."
+
+Non-alcoholic physicians unite in declaring that the retention of waste
+matter in the system, caused by alcohol, invites disease, and tends to
+inflammatory action; and in illness retards, and frequently prevents,
+recovery, for the germs of disease remain longer in the body than they
+would were it not for the delay in the passage of effete matter.
+
+_Alcohol not only hinders the blood in its work of tissue nutrition; it
+also prevents the full oxidation of the blood in the lungs._
+
+    "In order that a steam engine may work and keep warm it is not
+    merely necessary that it have plenty of coal, but it must also
+    have a draft of air through its furnace. Chemistry teaches us
+    that the burning in this case consists in the combination of a
+    gas called oxygen, taken from the air, with other things in the
+    coals; when this combination takes place a great deal of heat
+    is given off. The same thing is true of our bodies; in order
+    that food matters may be burnt in them and enable us to work and
+    keep warm, they must be supplied with oxygen; this they get from
+    the air by breathing. We all know that if his supply of air be
+    cut off a man will die in a few minutes. His food is no use to
+    him unless he gets oxygen from the air to combine with it; while
+    he usually has stored up in his body an excess of food matters
+    which will keep him alive for some time if he gets a supply of
+    oxygen, he has not stored up in him any reserve, or, if any, but
+    a very small one, of oxygen, and so he dies very rapidly if his
+    breathing be prevented. In ordinary language we do not call
+    oxygen a food, but restrict that name to the solids and liquids
+    which we swallow; but inasmuch as it is a material which we must
+    take from the external universe into our bodies in order to keep
+    us alive, oxygen is really a food as much as any of the other
+    substances which we take into our bodies from outside, in order
+    to keep them alive and at work. _Suffocation_, as death from
+    deficient air supply is named, is really death from
+    oxygen-starvation."--Martin's _Human Body_.
+
+Much of the food taken into the body is burned to supply energy and
+heat. This burning is called oxidation. When food is burned, or
+oxidized, either in the body, or out of it, three things are produced,
+carbon dioxide (_carbonic acid gas_), water and ashes. These are waste
+matters, and must be expelled from the body, or they will clog up the
+various organs, as the ashes and smoke of an engine would soon put its
+fire out if they were allowed to accumulate in the furnace. It is the
+duty of the lungs to pass the carbon dioxide out to the air. With every
+breath exhaled, this poison gas, generated in the body through the
+oxidation of food, passes from the system. With every breath inhaled
+the life-giving oxygen is taken into the body; providing that the person
+is not in a close room from which the fresh air is excluded.
+
+Any substance taken into the body which interferes with the reception of
+oxygen into the blood, and with the giving off of carbon dioxide from
+the same is a dangerous substance.
+
+_Alcohol is such a substance._
+
+It has already been stated that it is the duty of the little red
+corpuscles in the blood to take up oxygen in the lungs, and carry it to
+every part of the body, and upon the return passage to the lungs to
+convey the _debris_, or used-up material, from the tissues, called
+carbon dioxide gas. A little vapor and ammonia accompany this gas. The
+action of alcohol upon these little corpuscles, or carriers of the
+blood, is to somewhat harden and shrivel them, so that they are unable
+to take up and carry as much oxygen as they can when no injurious
+substance is present in the blood. In consequence of this, the blood can
+never be so pure when alcohol is present, as it may be in the absence of
+this agent.
+
+The following is taken from _The Temperance Lesson Book_, by B. W.
+Richardson, M. D.:--
+
+    "When the blood in the veins is floating toward the right side
+    of the heart, which communicates with the lungs, it carries with
+    it the carbonic acid (_carbon dioxide_), and, as I have found by
+    experiment, a great part of this gas is condensed in these
+    little bodies, the corpuscles. Arrived at the lungs, the blood
+    comes into such contact with the air we breathe, that the
+    oxygen gas in the air is freely absorbed by the little
+    corpuscles, while the carbonic acid is given up into the
+    air-passages of the lungs, and is thrown off with every breath
+    we throw out. In this process the blood changes in color. It
+    comes into the lungs of a dark color; it goes out of them a
+    bright red. * * * * * The parts of the blood on which alcohol
+    acts injuriously are the corpuscles and the fibrine. The red
+    corpuscles are most distinctly affected. They undergo a peculiar
+    process of shrinking from extraction of water from them. They
+    also lose some of their power to absorb oxygen from the air. In
+    confirmed spirit-drinkers the face and hands are often seen of
+    dark mottled color, and in very bad specimens of the kind, the
+    face is sometimes seen to be quite dark. This is because the
+    blood cannot take up the vital air in the natural degree. * * * * *
+
+    "If anything whatever interferes with the proper reception of
+    oxygen by the blood, the blood is not properly oxidized, the
+    animal warmth is not sufficiently maintained, and life is
+    reduced in activity. If for a brief interval of time the process
+    of breathing is stopped in a living person, we see quickly
+    developed the signs of difficulty, and we say the person is
+    being suffocated. We observe that the face becomes dark, the
+    lips blue, the surface cold. Should the process of arrest or
+    stoppage of the breathing be long continued the person will
+    become unconscious, will stagger and fall, and should relief not
+    be at hand, he will in a very few minutes die.
+
+    "I found by experiment that in presence of alcohol in blood the
+    process of absorption of oxygen was directly checked, and that
+    even so minute a quantity as one part of alcohol in five hundred
+    of blood proved an obstacle to the perfect reception of oxygen
+    by the blood. The corpuscles are reduced in size, when large
+    quantities of alcohol are taken, and become irregular in shape."
+
+Dr. J. J. Ridge says in _Addresses on the Physiological Action of
+Alcohol_:--
+
+    "It has been found by experiment that, when alcohol is taken,
+    less carbonic acid comes away in the breath than when it is not.
+    This is partly because the blood-corpuscles cannot carry so
+    much, and partly because so much is not produced, because there
+    is less oxygen to join with the food and produce it. Just as
+    burning paper smokes when it does not get enough oxygen, so
+    other things are formed and get into the blood when there is not
+    enough oxygen to make carbonic acid. These things make the blood
+    impure, and cause extra work and trouble to get rid of them.
+    This is why persons who drink alcohol are more liable to have
+    gout and other diseases, than total abstainers."
+
+Dr. Alfred Carpenter, formerly president of the Council of the British
+Medical Association, says in _Alcoholic Drinks_:--
+
+    "A blood corpuscle cannot come into direct contact with an atom
+    of alcohol, without the function of the former being spoiled,
+    and not only is it spoiled, but the effete matter which it has
+    within its capsule cannot be exchanged for the necessary oxygen.
+    The breath of the drunken man does not give out the quantity of
+    carbonic acid which that of the healthy man does, and the
+    ammoniacal compounds are in a great measure absent. Some of the
+    carbon and effete nitrogenous matter is kept back. The retention
+    of these poisonous matters within the body is highly injurious.
+    Let the drinker suffer from any wound or injury and this effete
+    matter in his blood is ready at a moment's notice to prepare and
+    set up actions called inflammatory or erysipelatous, or some
+    other kind; by means of which too often the drinker is hurried
+    into eternity, although, perhaps, he may have been regarded as a
+    perfectly sober man, and have never been drunk in his life."
+
+In the light of these scientific facts, what can appear more utterly
+foolish than the swallowing of alcoholic patent medicines which are
+widely advertised as "Blood Purifiers"? That they will render the blood
+impure is only too evident in the light of scientific truth.
+
+Dr. Nathan S. Davis has written much in disapproval of the use of
+alcohol in fevers, pneumonia and diphtheria, putting stress upon the
+fact that these diseases, of themselves, interfere with the reception of
+oxygen into the blood, and hence the use of all remedies that notably
+diminish the internal distribution of oxygen, or impair the corpuscles
+of the blood, should be avoided. Not only is alcohol of such a nature,
+but all the coal-tar series of antipyretics also. Since the internal
+distribution of oxygen, and the processes of tissue change are essential
+to the repair of the body, and alcohol hinders the blood in the full
+performance of its duties in these respects, it certainly seems clear
+that those physicians, who are extremely cautious in the use of this
+drug, or who do not use it at all, are more likely to be successful in
+saving their patients than are those who use it freely. Death-rates,
+with and without alcohol, show conclusively the superiority of the
+latter treatment.
+
+
+ALCOHOL AND THE HEART.
+
+The organs of circulation are the heart and the blood-vessels. The
+blood-vessels are of three kinds, arteries, capillaries and veins. The
+arteries carry blood from the heart to the capillaries; the veins
+collect it from the capillaries and return it to the heart. There are
+two distinct sets of blood-vessels in the body, both connected with the
+heart; one set carries blood to, through and from the lungs, the other
+guides its flow through all the remaining organs; the former are known
+as the _pulmonary_, the latter as the _systemic_ blood-vessels.
+
+The smallest arteries pass into the _capillaries_, which have very thin
+walls, and form very close networks in nearly all parts of the body;
+their immense number compensating for their small size. It is while
+flowing in these delicate tubes that the blood does its nutritive work,
+the arteries being merely supply-tubes for the capillaries, through
+whose delicate walls liquid containing nourishment exudes from the blood
+to bathe the various tissues.
+
+The quantity of blood in any part of the body at any given time is
+dependent upon certain relations which exist between the blood-vessels
+and the nervous system. The walls of the arteries are abundantly
+supplied with involuntary muscular fibres, which have the power of
+contraction and relaxation. This power of contraction and relaxation is
+controlled by certain nerves called _vasomotor_ nerves, because they
+cause or control motion in the vessels to which they are attached. When
+arteries supplying blood to any particular part of the body contract,
+the supply of blood to that part will be diminished in proportion to the
+amount of contraction. If the nervous control be altogether withdrawn,
+the arterial walls will completely relax, and the amount of blood in
+the part affected will be increased correspondingly.
+
+Alcohol, even in moderate doses, paralyzes the _vasomotor_ nerves which
+control the minute blood-vessels, thus allowing these vessels to become
+dilated with the flowing blood.
+
+    "With the disturbance of power in the extreme vessels, more
+    disturbance is set up in other organs, and the first organ that
+    shares in it is the heart. With each beat of the heart a certain
+    degree of resistance is offered by the vessels when their
+    nervous supply is perfect, and the stroke of the heart is
+    moderate in respect both to tension and to time. But when the
+    vessels are rendered relaxed, the resistance is removed, the
+    heart begins to run quicker like a clock from which the pendulum
+    has been removed, and the heart-stroke is greatly increased in
+    frequency. It is easy to account in this manner for the
+    quickened heart and pulse which accompany the first stage of
+    deranged action from alcohol."--RICHARDSON.
+
+Dr. Parkes of England, assisted by Count Wollowicz, conducted inquiries
+upon the effects of alcohol upon the heart, with a young and healthy
+man. At first they made accurate count of the heart beats during periods
+when the young man drank water only; then of the beats during successive
+periods in which alcohol was taken in increasing quantities. Thus step
+by step they measured the precise action of alcohol on the heart, and
+thereby the precise primary influence induced by alcohol. Their results
+are stated by themselves as follows:--
+
+    "The average number of beats of the heart in 24 hours (as
+    calculated from eight observations made in 14 hours), during
+    the first, or water period, was 106,000; in the earlier
+    alcoholic period it was 127,000, or about 21,000 more; and in
+    the later period it was 131,000, or 25,000 more.
+
+    "The highest of the daily means of the pulse observed during the
+    first, or water period, was 77.5; but on this day two
+    observations are deficient. The next highest daily mean was 77
+    beats.
+
+    "If, instead of the mean of the eight days, or 73.57, we compare
+    the mean of this one day; viz. 77 beats per minute, with the
+    alcoholic days, so as to be sure not to over-estimate the action
+    of the alcohol, we find:--
+
+    "On the 9th day, with one fluid ounce of alcohol, the heart beat
+    4,300 times more.
+
+    On the 10th day, with two fluid ounces, 8,172 times more.
+
+    On the 11th day, with four fluid ounces, 12,960 times more.
+
+    On the 12th day, with six fluid ounces, 20,672 times more.
+
+    On the 13th day, with eight fluid ounces, 23,904 times more.
+
+    On the 14th day, with eight fluid ounces, 25,488 times more.
+
+    But as there was ephemeral fever on the 12th day, it is right to
+    make a deduction, and to estimate the number of beats in that
+    day as midway between the 11th and 13th days, or 18,432.
+    Adopting this, the mean daily excess of beats during the
+    alcoholic days was 14,492, or an increase of rather more than 13
+    per cent.
+
+    The first day of alcohol gave an excess of 4 per cent., and the
+    last of 23 per cent.; and the mean of these two gives almost the
+    same percentage of excess as the mean of the six days.
+
+    Admitting that each beat of the heart was as strong during the
+    alcoholic period as in the water period (and it was really more
+    powerful), the heart on the last two days of alcohol was doing
+    one-fifth more work.
+
+    "Adopting the lowest estimate which has been given of the daily
+    work of the heart; viz. as equal to 12.2 tons lifted one foot,
+    the heart during the alcoholic period, did daily work excess
+    equal to lifting 15.8 tons one foot, and in the last two days
+    did extra work to the amount of 24 tons lifted as far.
+
+    "The period of rest for the heart was shortened, though,
+    perhaps, not to such an extent as would be inferred from the
+    number of beats, for each contraction was sooner over. The
+    heart, on the fifth and sixth days after alcohol was left off,
+    and, apparently at the time when the last traces of alcohol were
+    eliminated, showed in the sphygmographic tracing signs of
+    unusual feebleness; and, perhaps, in consequence of this, when
+    the brandy quickened the heart again, the tracings showed a more
+    rapid contraction of the ventricles, but less power than in the
+    alcoholic period. The brandy acted, in fact, on a heart whose
+    nutrition had not been perfectly restored."
+
+Richardson quotes these experiments of Parkes and Wollowicz as if he
+agrees with them that increased heart-beat must of necessity mean
+increased work done by the heart. Dr. Nathan S. Davis, Dr. Newell
+Martin, Dr. A. B. Palmer, and some other investigators, show
+conclusively that mere increased frequency of beat above the natural
+standard is no evidence of increased force or efficiency in the
+circulation.
+
+    "The more frequent beats under the influence of alcohol
+    constitute no exception to the general rule, for while the heart
+    beats more frequently, its influence on the vasomotor nerves
+    causes dilatation of the peripheral and systemic blood-vessels,
+    as proved by the pulse-line written by the sphygmograph, which
+    more than counterbalances the supposed increased action of the
+    heart. The truth is, that under the influence of alcohol in the
+    blood the systolic action of the heart loses in sustained force
+    in direct proportion to its increase in frequency, until, by
+    simply increasing the proportion of alcohol, the heart stops in
+    diastole, as perfectly paralyzed as are the coats of the smaller
+    vessels throughout the system. This was clearly demonstrated by
+    the experiments of Professor Martin of Johns Hopkins University,
+    to determine the effects of different proportions of alcohol on
+    the action of the heart of the dog; and those of Drs. Sidney
+    Ringer and H. Sainsbury, to determine the relative strength of
+    different alcohols as indicated by their influence on the heart
+    of the frog. Professor Martin states that blood containing 1/4
+    per cent. by volume of absolute alcohol, almost invariably
+    diminishes, within a minute, the work done by the heart."
+
+(This estimate would equal in an adult man an amount equal to the
+absolute alcohol in two or three ounces of whisky or brandy.)
+
+    "These investigations of Professor Martin, being directly
+    corroborated by those of Drs. Ringer and Sainsbury, complete the
+    series of demonstrations needed to show the actual effects of
+    alcohol on the cardiac, as well as on the vasomotor, and also on
+    the direct contractability of the muscular structure, when
+    supplied with blood containing all gradations in the relative
+    proportion of alcohol, leaving no longer any basis for the idea,
+    popular both in and out of the profession, that alcohol in any
+    of its forms is capable of increasing, even temporarily the
+    force or efficiency of the heart's action."--Dr. N. S. Davis in
+    _Influence of Alcohol On the Human System_.
+
+The following letter will be of great interest to all students of the
+physiological effects of alcohol:--
+
+
+                                   "CHICAGO, ILL., March 3, 1899.
+
+    "To MRS. MARTHA M. ALLEN,
+      "Syracuse, N. Y.,
+
+    "MADAM: Your letter asking my attention to the apparent
+    contradiction of authorities concerning the _work_ done by the
+    heart when influenced by alcohol was received yesterday.
+
+    "The explanation is not difficult. It depends entirely on the
+    different views of what constitutes the _work_ of the heart.
+
+    "One class of investigators, led by the original and valuable
+    experiments of Parkes and Wollowicz base their estimate of the
+    heart's work entirely on the _number of times it contracts or
+    beats per minute_. Thus Dr. Parkes, finding that moderate doses
+    of alcohol increased the number of contractions of the heart
+    from three to six beats per minute more than natural, readily
+    estimated the number of additional contractions that would occur
+    in twenty-four hours, and thereby demonstrated a large amount of
+    increased work done by the heart under the influence of alcohol.
+    All writers who speak of 'stimulating' or increasing the action
+    of the heart by alcohol follow this method of measuring the
+    amount of _work_ done. They generally add that it is like
+    applying 'the whip to a tired horse.'
+
+    "The other class of investigators who claim that _alcohol_
+    diminishes the actual _work_ done by the heart base their
+    estimates on the amount _of blood the heart passes through its
+    cavities into the arteries in a given time_. This is the
+    physiological function of the heart; i.e. to aid in circulating
+    the blood. Professor Martin's experiments were admirably
+    contrived to determine, not how frequently the heart beat, but
+    the amount of blood it delivered per minute under the influence
+    of alcohol and without alcohol.
+
+    "He, and all others who take this basis of work, found that
+    alcohol in any dose diminished the efficiency of the heart in
+    circulating the blood in direct ratio to the quantity taken.
+
+    "My own original experiments, made fifty years ago, uniformly
+    showed that alcohol quickly increased the number of heart beats
+    per minute, but at the same time diminished the efficiency of
+    the circulation generally. Every experienced practitioner knows
+    that the weaker the _heart_ becomes, the _faster_ it beats.
+    Consequently, the number of times the heart contracts per minute
+    is no measure of the efficiency of its work in circulating the
+    blood. Indeed the mechanism of the heart is such that there must
+    be sufficient time between each of its contractions for its
+    _cavities_ to _fill_, or it is made to contract on an
+    insufficient supply, and the efficiency of the circulation is
+    diminished.
+
+      "Yours respectfully,
+        "N. S. DAVIS."
+
+
+The International Medical Congress of 1876 adopted as its reply to the
+Memorial of the National Temperance Society, and of the National Woman's
+Christian Temperance Union respecting "Alcohol as a Food and as a
+Medicine," the paper by Dr. Ezra M. Hunt, one conclusion of which was,
+"Its use as a medicine is chiefly that of a cardiac stimulant."
+
+As experiments conducted since that time show that it is not a cardiac
+stimulant, but a direct cardiac paralyzant, what excuse is there for
+using it as a medicine now?
+
+    "Whenever the heart is compelled to more rapid contraction than
+    is natural, it has less time to rest. Although it seems to be
+    constantly at work, it really rests more than half the time, so
+    that, although the periods of relaxation are very short, they
+    are so numerous that the aggregate amount of rest in a day is
+    very great. Now, if the rapidity of the contractions is
+    increased materially and continuously, although the aggregate
+    amount of time for rest may be the same as before, yet the waste
+    caused by the contractions is greater, while the time for rest
+    after each one is shorter. This lack of rest produces exhaustion
+    of the heart-muscle, ending in partial change of the muscular
+    tissue into fat. The heart then becomes flabby and weak and its
+    walls become thinner, a condition known to physicians as a
+    'fatty heart,' often resulting in sudden death."--_Tracy's
+    Physiology_, page 158.
+
+Dr. T. D. Crothers, of Hartford, Conn., has made many observations with
+the sphygmograph to learn the effects of alcohol upon the heart. He
+says:--
+
+    "On general principles, and clinically, the increased activity
+    and subsequent diminution of the heart's action brings no
+    medicinal aid or strength to combat disease. This is simply a
+    reckless waste of force for which there is no compensation.
+    Without any question or doubt the increased heart's action,
+    extending over a long period, is dangerous.
+
+    "The medicinal damage done by alcohol does not fall exclusively
+    upon the heart, although this organ may show it more permanently
+    than others."--_Transactions of Second Annual Meeting of A. M.
+    T. A._
+
+Dr. I. N. Quimby, of Jersey City, N. J., in an address before the
+American Medical Temperance Association, after describing two clinical
+cases which ended in death, made the following statement:
+
+    "There was nothing so strange about the death of these two
+    patients, although they both died unexpectedly to the physician
+    and their friends, but the declaration I am about to make may be
+    somewhat new and startling, namely: That neither of these
+    patients, in my candid judgment, died from the effect of
+    disease, but rather from vasomotor paralysis of the heart,
+    _superinduced by the administration of the alcohol_, which
+    brought on a sudden and unexpected collapse and death."
+
+Alcohol causes fatty degeneration of the heart and other muscular
+structures. Old age also causes these degenerations, hence alcohol is
+said to produce premature aging of the body.
+
+    "In fatty degeneration the cells and fibres of the body become
+    more or less changed into fat. If a muscular fibre undergoes
+    fatty degeneration, the particles of which it is made disappear
+    one by one, and particles of oil or fatty matter take their
+    place, so that the degree or amount of degeneration varies
+    according to the extent to which this change has gone on. When
+    the fibres of which a muscle is composed have become thus
+    altered by fatty degeneration they become softer according to
+    the amount of it; they are more easily torn and may even tear
+    across when the muscle is being used during life. The more a
+    muscle is thus degenerated the weaker it is, because it contains
+    less muscular substance and more fat. Not only do the heart and
+    other voluntary muscles thus degenerate, but those of the
+    arteries also.
+
+    "Fatty degeneration is promoted by alcohol because alcohol
+    prevents the proper removal of fat, which has been seen to
+    accumulate in the blood; alcohol prevents the proper oxidation
+    or burning up of waste matters; growing cells which are affected
+    by the chemical influence of alcohol are not quite natural or
+    healthy, so are more liable to degeneration; alcohol hinders the
+    proper removal of waste matter from individual cells and
+    tissues."--DR. J. J. RIDGE, London.
+
+Dr. Newell Martin says in _The Human Body_:--
+
+    "Although fatty degeneration of the heart may occur from other
+    causes, alcoholic indulgence is the most frequent one. Fatty
+    liver or fatty heart is rarely if ever curable; either will
+    ultimately cause death."
+
+Dr. Ridge says these degenerations occur in the tissues of thin people
+as well as in those of stout persons. In thin people they are usually in
+the fibres only, not between them.
+
+It is because of this degeneration of the heart and other muscles caused
+by alcohol that athletes in training need to be so very careful to
+avoid the use of beer and other intoxicating drinks.
+
+Diseases such as fevers, diphtheria, and pneumonia which interfere with
+the reception, and internal distribution of oxygen, favor granular and
+fatty degeneration of the heart and other structures of the body. Hence
+non-alcoholic physicians urge that alcohol and such other drugs, as have
+like action in hindering full oxidation of the blood, and causing fatty
+degenerations should be studiously avoided. These physicians attribute
+many of the deaths from heart-failure in such diseases to the combined
+action of the disease and the alcohol in exhausting the heart, and
+weakening its structure.
+
+_Comparative death-rates with and without alcohol show conclusively the
+superiority of the latter treatment._
+
+
+EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL UPON THE LIVER.
+
+The liver is a very large organ, the largest and heaviest in the body,
+weighing in a healthy adult from three to four pounds. It secretes the
+bile. Its cells also store up, "in the form of a kind of animal starch
+called glycogen," excess of starchy or sugary food absorbed from the
+intestine during the digestion of a meal. This it gradually doles out to
+the blood for general use by the organs of the body until the next meal
+is eaten.
+
+Dr. William Hargreaves says:--
+
+    "The office of the liver is to take up new substances having
+    not yet become blood, as well as the portions of integrated
+    matter that can be worked over, and brought again into use. It
+    is in fact the economist of the system. It excretes bile, and
+    liver-sugar, and _renews_ the _blood_. When the liver is
+    disordered the whole body is more or less deranged and the
+    proper nutrition of its parts arrested."
+
+Dr. Alfred Carpenter says:--
+
+    "The liver has to do several things; a considerable part of its
+    duty is to purify the blood from _debris_ (waste matter), to
+    filter out some things, to break up and alter others, and to
+    expel them from the body in the form of bile. There are certain
+    diseases in which the liver suddenly declines to do any more
+    work. Acute atrophy of the liver is the name of this condition,
+    and when it arises death rapidly results from suppression of the
+    secretion of bile. It brings about a state of things called
+    _acholia_; the patient is actually poisoned by the non-removal
+    of those ingredients from the blood which it is the duty of the
+    liver to remove. This corresponds in effect to the condition
+    which alcohol can bring about by slow degrees."
+
+The liver is the first important organ, next to the stomach and bowels,
+to receive the poisonous influence of alcohol.
+
+    "If alcohol is used habitually, though only in small quantities
+    at a time, the liver may become the seat of serious changes.
+    There may be a great increase of fat deposited in the cells,
+    producing what is called 'fatty liver,' or it may lead to a
+    great increase of connective tissue (membrane) between the
+    cells, and surrounding the blood-vessels. This newly-developed
+    connective tissue gradually contracts, and in so doing crushes
+    the cells and obstructs the blood-vessels, making the organ much
+    smaller than natural, and causing the surface to be covered with
+    little projecting knobs, consisting of portions of liver-tissue
+    that have been less compressed than the part that separates
+    them. The pressure upon the liver-cells and the destruction of
+    many of them, prevents the proper formation of bile and
+    liver-sugar. The contraction of the newly-developed tissue, by
+    obstructing the blood-vessels, interferes with the circulation.
+    Malt liquors seem to produce fatty degeneration, while the
+    stronger liquors cause the development of connective
+    tissue."--_Tracy's Physiology._
+
+Speaking of diseases of the liver, Dr. Trotter said in his _Essay on
+Drunkenness_:--
+
+    "The chronic species is not a painful disease; it is slow in its
+    progress, and frequently gives no alarm, till some incurable
+    affection is the consequence. Hence, the fallacy and danger of
+    judging merely by the feelings of the beneficial effects of the
+    use of intoxicating drinks; for the liver and stomach may be
+    seriously diseased, while a man imagines himself in moderate
+    health."
+
+Hardening of the liver, or "hob-nailed" liver, is said to be the result,
+largely, of taking liquor upon an empty stomach. Dr. E. Chenery, of
+Boston, in his excellent book, _Facts for the Millions_, tells of a
+patient of his who was well up to the evening before, when he went out
+and drank with some companions, taking the liquor on an empty stomach.
+That night, vomiting and pain in the right side came on, with high
+fever. Headache began and increased, followed by delirium and a general
+jaundiced condition. He died as a result. The disease was acute
+inflammation of the liver, brought on by the one broadside of alcohol
+poured "point blank" into the organ.
+
+Dr. Chenery says further on in the same book:--
+
+    "There is another disorder of a very serious nature which
+    science is now laying at the doors of the liver--_diabetes
+    mellitus_, or sugar in the urine. Till quite recently, this
+    formidable affection has been regarded as having its seat in the
+    kidneys; and it is so classified in medical writings. Later
+    researches, however, show that the sugar has been formed in the
+    economy before it reaches the kidneys, and that these organs act
+    only as strainers with respect to it, removing it from the blood
+    as they remove salt and various other substances. In seeking for
+    the fountain-head of diabetic sugar, it is found that the liver
+    is the great glycogenic, or sugar-originating factory of the
+    body. In an ordinary state of health this substance is produced
+    in just the proper amount for the uses for which it is intended,
+    so that it is all disposed of in the organism, and does not pass
+    off by the kidneys. If any cause interrupts the processes by
+    which the sugar is consumed, while its manufacture goes on
+    normally, there will come to be an over-supply of sugar in the
+    blood, which, when it reaches 3 parts to 1,000 of the blood,
+    will begin to pass off by the kidneys and appear in the urine.
+    On the other hand, if an undue amount of it is formed, the
+    consumption remaining normal, it will also accumulate in the
+    circulation, and be eliminated by the kidneys. In either case we
+    have diabetes, the sugar irritating and diseasing the kidneys as
+    it passes."
+
+Dr. Harley, of the Royal Society of London, has made the subject of
+alcohol and diabetes matter for considerable study. He says a small
+quantity only of alcohol injected into the portal (liver) circulation of
+healthy animals will cause diabetic urine.
+
+    "If any one doubt the truth of the assertion that alcohol causes
+    diabetes, let him select a case of that form of the disease
+    arising from excessive formation, and after having carefully
+    estimated the daily amount of sugar eliminated by the patient,
+    allow him to drink a few glasses of wine, and watch the result.
+    He will soon find the ingestion of the liquor is followed by an
+    increase of sugar. If alcoholics increase the amount of
+    saccharine matter in the urine of the diabetic, we can easily
+    understand how their excessive use may induce the disease in
+    individuals _predisposed_ to it."--DR. HARLEY.
+
+Some physicians claim that in jaundice and certain other bilious
+disorders even medicines prepared in alcohol are decidedly prejudicial
+and aggravating.
+
+Dr. J. H. Kellogg, and other writers draw attention to the effects of
+alcohol in hindering the liver in its duty of destroying the toxic
+substances generated within the system of a sick person by the specific
+microbes to which the disease owes its origin, saying that the activity
+of the liver in destroying these poisons is one of the physiologic
+processes which stand between the patient and death.
+
+The more this question is studied the more apparent is it that, other
+things being equal, the sick person who is cared for by a non-alcoholic
+physician has a much better chance of recovery than the one dosed by "a
+brandy doctor."
+
+
+EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL UPON THE KIDNEYS.
+
+    "The kidneys, being the chief organs for the excretion of
+    nitrogen waste, are among the most important organs of the body.
+    Any defect in their healthy activity leads to serious
+    interference with the working of many organs, due to the
+    accumulation in the body of nitrogenous waste products. If both
+    kidneys be cut out of an animal, it dies in a few hours from
+    blood-poisoning, due to the accumulation of waste poisonous
+    substances which the kidneys should have got rid of. Serious
+    kidney-disease amounts to pretty much the same thing as cutting
+    out the organs, since they are of little use if not healthy. It
+    is always fatal if not checked, and often kills in a short time.
+    The things which most frequently cause kidney disease are undue
+    exposure to cold, and indulgence in alcoholic drinks."--Martin's
+    _Human Body_.
+
+
+    "The kidneys are supplied with arterial blood, which, having
+    given up water, urea, salt, and certain other substances, either
+    secreted or simply strained from it, returns to the kidneys
+    nearly as bright and fresh as when it entered them. While the
+    lungs are concerned in removing carbonic acid--the ashes of the
+    furnace--it is the peculiar province of the kidneys to remove
+    the products of the wear and tear of the bodily machinery--the
+    wasted nerve and muscle--in the form of urea, or other
+    crystallizable substances, the presence of which in the economy
+    for any considerable time is attended with disastrous results.
+
+    "Now, nature has put these organs, charged with so important
+    work, as far away as possible from any source of irritation.
+    Could alcohol get as direct access to them as to the liver,
+    there is no doubt that their function would be destroyed almost
+    at once, since the change in arterial blood by alcohol is much
+    more extensive and damaging than that wrought in such venous
+    blood as the liver receives from the portal veins. Thus while
+    the liver takes the alcohol immediately from the alimentary
+    canal, the kidneys receive it only after it has passed through
+    the liver, the heart, the lungs, and the heart again; by which
+    time much of it has escaped, while the remainder has been
+    greatly diluted by the blood of the general circulation; yet
+    coming to the kidneys even so considerably diluted, it has power
+    to congest, irritate, and excite them to the excretion of an
+    unusual amount of the watery elements of the urine, as if to
+    wash the irritant away.
+
+    "But it is only the watery element that is increased, not the
+    urea, which is the substance representing the waste of vital
+    action, and is a poison to the system; this it is the special
+    office of the kidneys to remove. Not only does alcohol not
+    increase its elimination, but actually lessens the discharge.
+    And should the irritation of the spirit continue, or be
+    augmented in force, inflammation would follow, and the excretion
+    of urea nearly or entirely cease and life be in the greatest
+    jeopardy. Relief or death then must speedily follow."--Dr. E.
+    Chenery, of Boston, in _Alcohol Inside Out_.
+
+
+    "Alcohol causes kidney-disease in several ways. In the first
+    place it unduly excites the activity of the organs. Next, by
+    impeding oxidation it interferes with the proper preparation of
+    nitrogen wastes: they are brought to the kidneys in an unfit
+    state for removal, and injure those organs. Third, when more
+    than a small quantity of alcohol is taken, some of it is passed
+    out of the body unchanged, through the kidneys, and injures
+    their substance. The kidney-disease most commonly produced by
+    alcohol is one kind of "Bright's disease," so called from the
+    physician who first described it. The connective tissue of the
+    organ grows in excess, and the true excreting kidney-substance
+    dwindles away. At last the organ becomes quite unable to do its
+    work, and death results.
+
+    "The three most common causes of Bright's disease are an acute
+    illness, as scarlet fever, of which it is a frequent result;
+    sudden exposure to cold when warm (this often drives blood in
+    excessive quantity from the skin to internal organs, and leads
+    to kidney-disease); and the habitual drinking of alcoholic
+    liquids."--Dr. Newell Martin in _The Human Body_.
+
+
+    "Every physician knows or should know, that the quantity and
+    quality of the effete, or waste, material separated from the
+    blood by the kidneys and voided in the urine, is such as to
+    render a knowledge of the action of any remedy or drink on the
+    function of these organs, of the greatest importance in the
+    treatment of all diseases, and especially those of an acute
+    febrile character. As was long since demonstrated by clinical
+    observation, and more recently by patient and accurate
+    experiments by Bouchard and others, the amount of toxic, or
+    poisonous, material naturally separated from the blood by the
+    kidneys and passed out in the urine is so great that if wholly
+    retained by failure of the kidneys to act for two or three days,
+    speedy death ensues. Equally familiar to every observing
+    physician is the fact that in all the acute febrile and
+    inflammatory diseases, not only is the quantity of the urine
+    secreted generally diminished, but its quality or constituency
+    is also changed to a greater degree than even its quantity.
+    Thus, some of the more important constituents are increased,
+    others diminished, and often new or foreign elements are found
+    present, all resulting from the disordered metabolic processes
+    taking place throughout the system during the progress of these
+    diseases.
+
+    "It is, therefore, hardly necessary to remind the physician that
+    it is of the greatest importance to know as correctly as
+    possible both the direct and the indirect influence of every
+    medicine or drink on the action of the kidneys and all other
+    eliminating organs and structures, lest he unwittingly allow the
+    use of such as may not only retard the elimination of the
+    specific causes of disease, but also favor auto-intoxication by
+    retarding the elimination of the natural elements of excretion.
+
+    "That the presence of alcohol in the living system positively
+    lessens the reception and internal distribution of oxygen, and
+    consequently retards the oxidation processes of disassimilation
+    by which the various products for excretion are perfected and
+    their elimination facilitated, is so fully demonstrated, both by
+    observation and experiment, as no longer to admit of doubt.
+
+    "As nearly all the toxic elements of urine are the results of
+    these oxidation processes, the presence of alcohol in the system
+    could hardly fail to interfere with them in a notable degree.
+
+    "The direct and somewhat extensive series of experiments
+    instituted by Glazer, as published in the _Deut. Med.
+    Wochensch._, Leipsic, Oct. 22, 1891, demonstrated this, as shown
+    by the following conclusions:--'Alcohol, in even relatively
+    moderate quantities, irritates the kidneys, so that the
+    exudation of leucocytes and the formation of cylindrical casts
+    may occur. It also produces an unusual amount of uric acid
+    crystals and oxalates, due to the modified tissue changes
+    produced by the alcohol. The effect of a single act of
+    over-indulgence in alcohol does not last more than thirty-six
+    hours, but it is cumulative under continued use.'
+
+    "Dr. Chittenden kept several dogs under the influence of alcohol
+    eight or ten days, and found it to increase the amount of uric
+    acid in their urine more than 100 per cent. above the normal
+    proportion.
+
+    "Mohilansky, house-physician to Manassein's clinic, in the
+    conclusions drawn from his interesting experiments on fifteen
+    young men to determine the effects of alcohol on the metabolic
+    processes generally, stated that 'it does not possess any
+    diuretic action: but rather tends to inhibit the elimination of
+    water by the kidneys.' It is further stated that this result is
+    owing to the coincident effect of diminished systemic oxidation
+    and of blood pressure.
+
+    "On the other hand, several observers have reported that the
+    flow of urine was increased by the use of alcohol. From as full
+    an examination of the subject as I have been able to make, it
+    appears that the diverse results obtained have depended upon the
+    previous habits of those experimented on, and the widely varying
+    quantities of water drank with the alcohol. When the alcohol is
+    taken with large quantities of water, as is usual with those who
+    use beer and fermented drinks generally, the total amount of
+    urine passed is usually increased, but not more than is found to
+    result from taking the same quantity of water without any
+    alcohol. When alcoholic drinks are taken by those already
+    habituated to its use, it has less marked effect on the quantity
+    and quality of the urine than when taken by those who had
+    previously been total abstainers. This was illustrated by the
+    experiments of Mohilansky on the fifteen men, some of whom were
+    habitual drinkers, some occasional drinkers, and others total
+    abstainers. When all were subjected to the same diet and drinks,
+    with alcohol, in two the daily amount of urine voided remained
+    unaltered, in five it was increased seven per cent., and in
+    eight it decreased twelve per cent. But whatever may be the
+    variations in the mere quantity of urine voided under the
+    influence of alcohol, the alterations in quality pretty
+    uniformly show an increase in the products of imperfect internal
+    metamorphosis or oxidation, such as uric acid, oxalates, casts,
+    leucocytes, albumen and potassium, with less of the normal
+    products, as urea and salts of sodium.
+
+    "During the past year I have met with three cases in which the
+    regular daily use of alcoholic drinks for several months, in
+    quantities not sufficient to produce intoxication, had so
+    altered the blood, and the renal function, that the urine
+    contained both casts and albumen, and some degree of oedema
+    was observable in the face and extremities. These changes were
+    so marked as to justify a diagnosis of incipient nephritis, or
+    Bright's disease. Yet after totally abstaining from the use of
+    alcoholic drinks and remedies, and taking such vasomotor tonics
+    as strychnine and digitalis, with a regulated diet and fresh
+    air, they completely recovered.
+
+    "When it is remembered that in diphtheria, pneumonia and typhoid
+    fever, the acute diseases in which a large part of the
+    profession administer most freely alcoholic remedies, the
+    function of the kidney is altered in almost the same direction
+    as are found to take place under the influence of alcohol, it
+    should certainly cause every practitioner to pause and
+    critically review the pathological basis on which he has been
+    prescribing. An anaesthetic, like alcohol, may certainly render a
+    patient with diphtheria, pneumonia or typhoid fever more quiet,
+    and cause him to say he feels better, but if it at the same time
+    diminishes the internal distribution of oxygen, retards the
+    oxidation and elimination of waste and toxic products through
+    the kidneys and lungs, and lessens vasomotor force, it cannot
+    fail to protract the duration of disease, and increase the
+    ratio of mortality."--Dr. N. S. Davis, _A. M. T. A. Quarterly_,
+    April, 1894.
+
+Dr. J. H. Kellogg, by a series of carefully executed experiments,
+conclusively demonstrated that alcohol hinders the elimination of
+poisonous matter by the kidneys. This property of alcohol is one of the
+objections which he sees to its use as a medicine. He says:--
+
+    "Water applied externally stimulates elimination by the pores of
+    the skin, and employed freely internally by water drinking, and
+    enemas to be retained for absorption, aids liver and kidney
+    activity. If the patient dies it is because his liver and
+    kidneys have failed to destroy and eliminate the poisons
+    generated with sufficient rapidity to prevent their producing
+    fatal mischief in the body."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+ALCOHOL AS A MEDICINE.
+
+
+Although nearly all of the foremost scientific investigators of the
+effects of alcohol upon the body have lost faith in the old views of the
+usefulness of alcoholic liquors as remedial agencies a considerable
+proportion of the medical profession do not seem yet to have learned how
+to treat disease without recourse to the alcohol therapy. This is
+largely due to the fact that the new thought has not yet crystallized to
+any large extent in the medical text-books, and also to the widely
+variant views held by professors of medicine.
+
+The medical use of alcohol has been, and still is, the great bulwark of
+the liquor traffic. The user of alcoholics as beverages always excuses
+himself, if hard pressed by abstainers, upon the ground that they must
+be of service or doctors would not recommend them so frequently. In all
+prohibitory amendment, and no-license campaigns, the cry of "Useful as
+Medicine" has been the hardest for temperance workers to meet, for they
+have felt that they had to admit the statement as true, knowing nothing
+to the contrary. Indeed, thousands of those who advocate the prohibition
+of the sale of liquor as a beverage, use alcohol in some form quite
+freely as medicine, and are as determined and earnest in defence of
+their favorite "tipple" as any old toper could well be. Many use it in
+the guise of cordials, tonics, bitters, restoratives and the thousand
+and one nostrums guaranteed to cure all ills to which human flesh is
+heir.
+
+The wide-spread belief in the necessity and efficacy of alcoholics as
+remedies is the greatest hindrance to the success of the temperance
+cause. It is impossible to convince the mass of the people that what is
+life-giving as medicine can be death-dealing as beverage. The two stand,
+or fall, together. Hence there is no more important question before the
+medical profession, and the people generally, than that of the action of
+alcohol in disease, and, as a goodly number of the most distinguished
+and successful physicians of Europe and America declare it to be harmful
+rather than helpful, it behooves thoughtful people to carefully study
+the reasons they assign for holding such an opinion. Certainly it is
+true that if physicians and people would all adopt the views of the
+advocates of non-alcoholic medication the temperance problem would be
+solved, and the greatest source of disease, crime, pauperism, insanity
+and misery would be driven from the face of the earth.
+
+To understand the arguments advanced in favor of non-alcoholic
+medication it is needful to make some study of the effects of alcohol
+upon the body, and of the purposes for which alcoholics are prescribed
+medically.
+
+_Alcohol is used in sickness as a food, when solid foods cannot be
+assimilated, "to support" or sustain, the vitality; it is used as a
+stimulant, a tonic, a sedative or narcotic, an anti-spasmodic, an
+antiseptic and antipyretic; it is used in combination with other drugs,
+in tinctures and in pharmacy._ It is not wonderful that the people
+esteem it above all other drugs, for none other is so variously and so
+generally employed. Those who discard it as a remedy teach that only in
+human delusions is it a food or a stimulant, and for the other uses to
+which it is put, outside of pharmacy, there are different agents which
+may be more satisfactorily employed.
+
+
+IS ALCOHOL FOOD?
+
+So well agreed are all the scientific investigators that alcohol has no
+appreciable food value that it would seem foolish to spend time upon a
+discussion of alcohol as food were it not that the idea of its
+"supporting the vitality" in disease, in some mysterious way is deeply
+rooted in the professional, as well as the popular mind.
+
+_Foods are substances which, when taken into the body, undergo change by
+the process of digestion; they give strength and heat and force; they
+build up the tissues of the body, and make blood; and they induce
+healthy, normal action of all the bodily functions._
+
+Alcohol does none of these. It undergoes no change in the stomach, but
+is rapidly absorbed and mixed with the blood, and has been discovered
+hours after its ingestion in the brain, blood and tissues, unchanged
+alcohol. In many of the experiments made with it upon animals,
+considerable quantities of the amount swallowed were recovered from the
+excretions of the body, without any change having taken place in its
+composition. This, of itself, is sufficient evidence to show that it is
+a substance which the body does not recognize as a food.
+
+_Foods build up the tissues of the body._ All physiologists are agreed
+that since alcohol contains no nitrogen it cannot be a tissue-forming
+food; there is no difference of opinion here. Dr. Lionel Beale, the
+eminent physiologist, says that alcohol is not a food and does not
+nourish the tissues.
+
+    "There is nothing in alcohol with which any part of the body can
+    be nourished."--Cameron's _Manual of Hygiene_.
+
+    "Alcohol contains no nitrogen; it has none of the qualities of
+    the structure-building foods; it is incapable of being
+    transformed into any of them; it does not supply caseine,
+    albumen, fibrine or any other of those substances which go to
+    build up the muscles, nerves and other active organs."--SIR B.
+    W. RICHARDSON.
+
+    "It is not demonstrable that alcohol undergoes conversion into
+    tissue."--DR. W. A. HAMMOND.
+
+If it is a food why do all writers and experimenters exclude it from the
+diet of children, and why is the caution always given people to not
+take it upon an empty stomach? Foods are supposed to be particularly
+suited to an empty stomach.
+
+_Foods induce healthy, normal action of all the bodily functions._
+
+The chapter upon "Diseases Produced by Alcohol" is evidence that by this
+test alcohol shows up in its true nature as a poison, and not a food.
+Alcohol destroys healthy normal action of all the bodily functions, and
+builds up impure fat, fatty degeneration, instead of strong, firm
+muscle. Dr. Parkes, one of the most famous of English students of
+alcohol, says:--
+
+    "These alcoholic degenerations are certainly not confined to the
+    notoriously intemperate. I have seen them in women accustomed to
+    take wine in quantities not excessive, and who would have been
+    shocked at the imputation that they were taking too much,
+    although the result proved that for them it was excess."
+
+Dr. Ezra M. Hunt, late secretary of New Jersey State Board of Health,
+remarks:--
+
+    "The question of excess occurs in sickness as well as in health,
+    and all the more because its determination is so difficult and
+    the evil effects so indisputable. The dividing line in medicine,
+    even between use and abuse, is so zigzag and invisible that
+    common mortals, in groping for it, generally stumble beyond it,
+    and the delicate perception of medical art too often fails in
+    the recognition."
+
+All non-alcoholic writers assert that the continuous use of alcohol as a
+medicine is equally injurious to all the bodily functions as the
+employment of it as a beverage. Calling it medicine does not change its
+deadly nature, nor does the medical attendant possess any magical power
+by which a destructive poison may be converted into a restorative agent.
+
+Dr. Noble, writing recently to the _London Times_, said:--
+
+    "The internal use of alcohol in disease is as injurious as in
+    health."
+
+Since foods induce healthy, normal action of all the bodily functions,
+and alcohol injures every organ of the body in direct proportion to the
+amount consumed, by this test it is proved to not be a food.
+
+_Foods give strength._ Alcohol weakens the body. This has been
+determined again and again by experiments upon gangs of workmen and
+regiments of soldiers. These experiments always resulted in showing that
+upon the days when the men were supplied with liquor they could neither
+use their muscles so powerfully, nor for so long a time, as on the days
+when they received no alcoholic drink. Of the results of such tests Sir
+Andrew Clark, late Physician to Queen Victoria, said:--
+
+    "It is capable of proof beyond all possibility of question that
+    alcohol not only does not help work but is a serious hinderer of
+    work."
+
+So satisfied are generals in the British army of the weakening effect of
+alcohol that its use is now forbidden to soldiers when any considerable
+call is to be made upon their strength. The latest example of this was
+in the recent Soudan campaign under Sir Herbert Kitchener. An order was
+issued by the War Department that not a drop of intoxicating liquor was
+to be allowed in camp save for hospital use. The army made phenomenal
+forced marches through the desert, under a burning sun and in a climate
+famous for its power to kill the unacclimated. It is said that never
+before was there a British campaign occasioning so little sickness and
+showing so much endurance. Some Greek merchants ran a large consignment
+of liquors through by the Berber-Suakim route, but Sir Herbert had them
+emptied upon the sand of the desert. A reporter telegraphed to
+England:--
+
+    "The men are in magnificent condition and in great spirits. They
+    are as hard as nails, and in a recent desert march of fifteen
+    miles, with manoeuvring instead of halts, the whole lasting
+    for five continuous hours, not a single man fell out!"
+
+This was in decided contrast to the march in the African war some years
+before when, as they passed through a malarial district, and a dram was
+served, men fell out by dozens. Dr. Parkes, one of the medical officers,
+prevailed upon the commander-in-chief to not allow any more alcoholic
+drams while the troops were marching to Kumassi.
+
+Experiments in lifting weights have also been tried upon men by careful
+investigators. In every case it was found that even beer, and very
+dilute solutions of alcohol, would diminish the height to which the
+lifted weight could be raised. As an illustration of the deceptive power
+of alcohol upon people under its influence, it is said that persons
+experimented upon were under the impression, after the drink, that they
+could do more work, and do it more easily, although the testing-machine
+showed exactly the contrary to be true.
+
+Athletes and their trainers have learned by experience that alcohol does
+not give strength, but is, in reality, a destroyer of muscular power. No
+careful trainer will allow a candidate for athletic honors to drink even
+beer, not to speak of stronger liquors. When Sullivan, the once famous
+pugilist, was defeated by Corbett, he said in lamenting his lost
+championship, "It was the _booze_ did it"; meaning that he had violated
+training rules, and used liquor. University teams and crews have proved
+substantially that drinking men are absolutely no good in sports, or
+upon the water. Football and baseball teams, anxious to excel, are
+beginning to have a cast-iron temperance pledge for their members. So
+practical experience of those competing in tests of strength and
+endurance teach eloquently that alcohol does not give strength, but
+rather weakens the body, by rendering the muscles flabby.
+
+Sandow, the modern Samson, wrote his methods of training in one of the
+magazines a few years ago, and stated that he used no alcoholic
+beverages. The ancient Samson was not allowed to taste even wine from
+birth.
+
+A question worthy of serious consideration is: how are the sick to be
+strengthened and "supported" by drinks which athletes are warned to
+specially shun as weakening to the body? Either the sick are mistakenly
+advised, or the athletes are in error. Which seems the more likely?
+
+Dr. Richardson says in _Lectures on Alcohol_:--
+
+    "I would earnestly impress that the systematic administration of
+    alcohol for the purpose of giving and sustaining strength is an
+    entire delusion."
+
+In another place he says:--
+
+    "Never let this be forgotten in thinking of strong drink: that
+    the drink is strong only to destroy; that it never by any
+    possibility adds strength to those who drink it."
+
+Sir William Gull, late physician to the Prince of Wales, said before a
+Select Committee of the House of Lords on Intemperance:--
+
+    "There is a great feeling in society that strong wine and other
+    strong drinks give strength. A large number of people have
+    fallen into that error, and fall into it every day."
+
+Any unprejudiced person can readily see that experience and experiment
+unite in testifying that alcohol does not give strength, hence differs
+radically from most substances commonly classed as foods. Yet millions
+of dollars are spent annually by deluded people upon supposedly
+strength-giving drinks, and thousands of the sick are ignorantly, or
+carelessly, advised to take beer or wine to make them strong and to
+_support_ them when solid food cannot be assimilated. Truly, "My people
+is destroyed for lack of knowledge."
+
+_Foods give force to the body._
+
+Dr. Richardson says:--
+
+    "We learn in respect to alcohol that the temporary excitement is
+    produced at the expense of the animal matter and animal force,
+    and that the ideas of the necessity of resorting to it as a
+    food, to build up the body or to lift up the forces of the body,
+    are ideas as solemnly false as they are widely disseminated."
+
+Dr. Benjamin Brodie says in _Physiological Inquiries_:--
+
+    "Stimulants do not create nerve power: they merely enable you,
+    as it were, to use up that which is left."
+
+Dr. E. Smith:--
+
+    "There is no evidence that it increases nervous influence, while
+    there is much evidence that it lessens nervous power."
+
+Dr. Wm. Hargreaves, of Philadelphia:--
+
+    "It is sometimes said by the advocates and defenders of alcohol,
+    that by its use force is generated more abundantly. This it
+    certainly cannot do, as it does not furnish anything to feed the
+    blood or to store up nourishment to replenish the expenditure.
+    For by their own theory, the increase of action must cause an
+    increase of wear and tear; hence alcohol instead of sustaining
+    life or vitality, must cause a direct waste or expenditure of
+    _vital force_."
+
+Dr. Auguste Forel, of Switzerland:--
+
+    "All alcoholic liquors are poisons, and especially
+    brain-poisons, and their use shortens life. They cannot
+    therefore be regarded as sources of nourishment or force. They
+    should be resisted as much as opium, morphia, cocaine, hashish
+    and the like."
+
+Dr. W. F. Pechuman, of Detroit, in his valuable little treatise,
+_Alcohol--Is it a Medicine?_ says clearly:--
+
+    "When alcohol or any other irritant poison is put into the
+    system, the conservative vital force, recognizing it as an
+    enemy, at once makes an effort through the living matter to rid
+    the system of the offender;--the heart increases in action and
+    new strength seems to appear. Now, right here is where the great
+    mass of people and a large number of physicians are deluded.
+    They mistake the extra effort of the vital force to preserve the
+    body against harmful agencies for an actual increase in strength
+    as the result of the agent given; we wonder that they can be so
+    blind as not to see the reaction which invariably occurs soon
+    after the administration of their so-called stimulant."
+
+Dr. F. R. Lees, of England:--
+
+    "All poisons lessen vitality and deteriorate the ultimate tissue
+    in which force is reposited. Alcohol is an agent, the sole,
+    perpetual and inevitable effects of which are to avert blood
+    development, to retain waste matter, to irritate mucous and
+    other tissues, to thicken normal juices, to impede digestion, to
+    deaden nervous sensibility, to lower animal heat, to kill
+    molecular life, _and to waste, through the excitement it creates
+    in heart and head, the grand controlling forces of the nerves
+    and brain_."
+
+If alcohol is a destroyer of bodily force, as any ordinary observer of
+drinking men can readily see, it is a problem beyond solving, how it is
+going to give force to, or sustain vitality in, the patient hovering
+between life and death. Too often has it been the means of hastening
+into eternity those who, but for its mistaken use, might have recovered
+from the illness affecting them.
+
+_Food gives heat to the body._
+
+Alcohol does not, but really robs the body of its natural warmth. This
+finding of science was received with the utmost incredulity when first
+presented to the medical world, but the invention of the clinical
+thermometer settled it beyond controversy. It is now believed by all but
+a very few of those who have knowledge of the physiological effects of
+alcohol. While Dr. N. S. Davis, of Chicago, was the first to demonstrate
+this fact, it was Dr. B. W. Richardson, of England, who succeeded in
+putting it prominently before the attention of physicians.
+
+The normal temperature of the human body is a little over 98 degrees by
+Fahrenheit's thermometer. If the temperature is found to be much above
+or below 98 degrees the person is considered out of health; indeed by
+this condition alone physicians are able to detect serious forms of
+disease. By the use of the clinical thermometer, placed under the
+tongue, it is easy to determine what agents acting upon the body will
+cause the temperature to vary from the natural standard. When alcohol is
+swallowed there is at first a decided feeling of warmth induced; if the
+temperature be taken now it will be found that in a person unaccustomed
+to alcohol the warmth may be raised half a degree; in one accustomed to
+alcohol the warmth may be raised a full degree, or even a degree and a
+half beyond the natural standard. But this warmth is only temporary, and
+is soon succeeded by chilliness.
+
+Dr. Richardson says in his _Temperance Lesson Book_:--
+
+    "The sense of warmth occurs in the following way: When the
+    alcohol enters the body, and by the blood-vessels is conveyed to
+    all parts of the body, it reduces the nervous power of the small
+    blood-vessels which are spread out through the whole of the
+    surface of the skin. In their weakened state these vessels are
+    unable duly to resist the course of blood which is coming into
+    them from the heart under its stroke. The result is that an
+    excess of warm blood fresh from the heart is thrown into these
+    fine vessels, which causes the skin to become flushed and red as
+    it is seen to be after wine or other strong drink has been
+    swallowed and sent through the body. So, as there is now more
+    warm blood in the skin than is natural to it, a sense of
+    increased warmth is felt. The skin of the body is the most
+    sensitive of substances and the sense of warmth through, or over
+    the whole surface of the skin is conveyed from it to the brain
+    and nervous centres of the body, by which we are enabled to
+    feel.
+
+    "The warmth of surface which seems to be imparted by alcohol,
+    only _seems_ to be imparted. Positively the warmth is not
+    imparted by the alcohol, but is set free by it.
+
+    "In a short time the sense of warmth is succeeded by a feeling
+    of slight chilliness. Unless the person is in a very warm room,
+    or has recently partaken of food, the thermometer will now show
+    a decided decrease in temperature, reaching often to a degree.
+    Should the person go out into a cold air, and especially should
+    he go into a cold air while badly supplied with food, the fall
+    of temperature may reach to two degrees below the natural
+    standard of bodily heat. In this state he easily takes cold, and
+    in frosty weather readily contracts congestion of the lungs, and
+    that disease which is known as bronchitis. If the person drinks
+    to drunkenness his temperature will be found to be from two and
+    a half to three degrees below the natural standard. It takes
+    from two to three days, under the most favorable circumstances,
+    for the animal warmth to become steadily re-established after a
+    drunken spree.
+
+    "The excitement of the mind in the early stages of drunkenness
+    is not natural; it is exhaustive of the bodily powers, and
+    exhaustive for no useful purpose whatever. * * * * *
+
+    "As nothing has been supplied by the alcohol to keep up the
+    supply of heat the vital energy is rapidly exhausted, and if the
+    person is exposed to cold, the exhaustion becomes extreme,
+    sometimes fatal. All great consumers of alcohol are chillier
+    during winter than are abstainers, and as they labor under the
+    delusion that they must take wine or ale or spirits to keep them
+    warm, they keep on making matters worse by constantly resorting
+    to their enemy for relief."
+
+Dr. Newell Martin makes this very clear in his physiology, _The Human
+Body_.
+
+    "Our feeling of being warm depends on the nerves of the skin. We
+    have no nerves which tell us whether heart or muscles or brain,
+    are warmer or cooler. These inside parts are always hotter than
+    the skin, and if blood which has been made hot in them flows in
+    large quantity to the skin, we feel warmer because the skin is
+    heated. As alcoholic drinks make more blood flow through the
+    skin, they often make a man feel warmer. But their actual effect
+    upon the temperature of the whole body is to lower it. The more
+    blood that flows through the skin, the more heat is given off
+    from the body to the air, and the more blood, so cooled, is sent
+    back to the internal organs. The consequence is that alcohol, in
+    proportion to the amount taken, cools the body as a whole,
+    though it may for a time heat the skin."
+
+If other evidence that alcohol is not heat-producing in the body were
+necessary it could be found in the fact that the products of combustion
+are decreased when it is present in the body. The quantity of carbonic
+acid exhaled by the breath is proportionately diminished with the
+decline of animal heat.
+
+Arctic explorers learned by experience what science discovered by
+experiment. Dr. Hayes, the explorer, says:--
+
+    "While fresh animal food, and especially fat, is absolutely
+    essential to the inhabitants and travelers in Arctic countries,
+    alcohol, in almost any shape, is not only completely useless,
+    but positively injurious."
+
+Lieutenant Johnson, who accompanied Nansen upon his northern expedition,
+said, when interviewed by a reporter of the London _Daily News_:--
+
+    "The common opinion that alcohol becomes in some way a necessity
+    in cold countries is entirely a mistaken one. This has been
+    conclusively proved by the expedition. In making up his list of
+    the _Fram's_ equipments, Nansen did not include any spirits,
+    with the exception of some spirits of wine for lamps and
+    stoves."
+
+In the list of stores taken upon the long sledging expedition after
+leaving the _Fram_ no liquors are mentioned. See _Farthest North_, by
+Nansen. The omission of spirits was not because of any "temperance
+fanaticism," but because the experience of former Arctic expeditions had
+shown clearly that men freeze more readily after partaking of alcohol
+than when they totally abstain from it.
+
+That wine is not a fuel-food was shown conclusively in the
+Franco-Prussian war during the siege of Paris. Food was scarce in the
+French Army, and wine was liberally supplied. The men complained
+bitterly of the extreme chilliness which affected them. Dr. Klein, a
+French staff surgeon, was reported in the _Medical Temperance Journal_
+of England, October 1873, as saying of this:--
+
+    "We found most decidedly that alcohol was no substitute for
+    bread and meat. We also found that it was no substitute for
+    coals. We of the army had to sleep outside Paris on the frozen
+    ground. We had plenty of alcohol, but it did not make us warm.
+    Let me tell you there is nothing that will make you feel the
+    cold more, nothing which will make you feel the dreadful sense
+    of hunger more, than alcohol."
+
+There is no evidence against alcohol stronger than that which shows it
+to be not heat-producing, as commonly believed, but a reducer of heat in
+the body. Indeed, this question of bodily temperature is used in recent
+times to decide whether a man who has fallen upon the street is troubled
+by apoplexy, or influenced by alcoholism. If the clinical thermometer
+shows the temperature to be above normal, it is apoplexy; if below
+normal, it is alcoholism.
+
+    "Alcohol is clearly proved to be not a fuel-food, for if it were
+    it would enable the body to resist cold, instead of making it
+    colder; and in the extreme degrees of cold it would go on
+    burning like other fuel-foods, and would maintain, instead of
+    helping to destroy, life."--Richardson's _Lesson Book_.
+
+Yet because it creates a glow of warmth in the skin immediately after
+drinking it, thousands of people will discredit all evidence that it is
+a reducer of bodily heat. Clinical thermometers, and after-sensations of
+chilliness, are unheeded, for "Wine is a mocker," and multitudes are
+willing to be deceived by it.
+
+So, also, with the conclusions against it as a strengthening agent;
+because it dulls the sense of hunger and of fatigue, those who crave it
+will declare in the face of all scientific testimony that it strengthens
+them, and takes the place of food. They will cite, too, the cases of
+people who "lived upon whisky" during an illness of greater or less
+duration. Of the sustaining of life upon alcohol only, Dr. N. S. Davis
+has said:--
+
+    "The falsity of all such stories is made apparent by the fact
+    that nineteen-twentieths of all the alcoholic drinks given to
+    the sick are given in connection with sugar, milk, eggs or
+    meat-broths, which furnish the nutriment, and would support the
+    patients better if given with the same perseverance without the
+    alcohol than with it. While we have quite a number of examples
+    of men living on nothing but water forty or fifty days, I have
+    never seen or learned of a well-authenticated case of a man's
+    taking or receiving into his system nothing but alcohol for half
+    of that length of time, without becoming sick with either
+    gastro-duodenitis, nephritis, or delirium tremens."
+
+_Some of the defenders of the medicinal use of alcohol claim that since
+it has been shown to reduce tissue waste it should be classed as an
+indirect food, a conserver of tissue._ Of this claim, Dr. N. S. Davis
+says in the _Bulletin of the A. M. T. A._, November, 1895:--
+
+    "A careful study of the conditions and processes necessary for
+    both tissue building or nutrition, and tissue waste or
+    disintegration, in all the higher order of animals, will show
+    that neither process can be materially retarded without
+    retarding or preventing the other. Both processes take place
+    only in bioplasm or vitalized matter, supplied with oxygen,
+    water and heat. Neither the assimilation of new material food,
+    nor its use in tissue building can be effected without the
+    presence of free oxygen and nuclein, or corpuscular elements of
+    the blood. And without the presence of the same elements we can
+    have no natural tissue disintegration and removal of the waste.
+    The processes of tissue building and tissue disintegration, are
+    therefore, so intimately related, and dependent upon the same
+    materials and forces, that neither can be hastened or retarded
+    from day to day without influencing the other. When alcohol or
+    any other substance, introduced into the blood, retards the
+    tissue waste, as shown by the diminished amount of excretory
+    products, it must do so by either diminishing the amount of free
+    oxygen in the blood, by impairing the vasomotor and trophic
+    nerve functions or by direct impairment of the properties of the
+    nuclein or protogen elements of the blood and tissues. The
+    popular idea, both in and out of the profession is, that the
+    alcohol, by further oxidation in the blood, lessens the amount
+    of oxygen to act on the tissues, and generates heat or 'some
+    kind of force.' Those who advocate this theory of saving the
+    tissues by combining the oxygen with alcohol seem to forget that
+    in doing so they are diverting and using up the only agent,
+    oxygen, capable of combining with, and promoting the elimination
+    of, all natural waste products as well as the various toxic
+    elements causing disease.
+
+    "But the theory that alcohol directly combines with the oxygen
+    of the blood by which it would be converted into carbonic acid
+    and water with evolution of heat is completely refuted by the
+    well-known fact that its presence in the blood diminishes both
+    temperature and elimination of carbonic acid as already stated.
+    Physiologists of the present day very generally agree that the
+    capacity of the blood to receive oxygen from the lungs, and
+    convey it to the systemic capillaries and various tissues,
+    depends chiefly on its hemoglobin (red coloring matter),
+    protein, or albuminous and saline elements.
+
+    "Both experimental and clinical facts in abundance show that
+    alcohol at all ordinary temperatures displays a much stronger
+    affinity for these elements of the blood and tissues, than it
+    does for oxygen. And when present in the blood, it rapidly
+    attracts both water and hemoglobin from the corpuscular and
+    albuminoid elements of that fluid, and thereby diminishes its
+    reception and distribution of oxygen. We are thus enabled to see
+    clearly how the alcohol diminishes the oxygenation and
+    decarbonization of the blood, and retards all tissue changes
+    both of nutrition and waste without itself undergoing oxidation
+    with evolution of heat. Consequently, instead of acting as a
+    shield or conservator of the tissues by simply combining with
+    the oxygen, the alcohol directly impairs the properties and
+    functions of the most highly vitalized elements of the blood
+    itself, and thereby not only retards tissue waste but also
+    equally retards the highest grades of nutrition, and favors only
+    sclerotic, fatty and molecular degenerations, as we see
+    everywhere resulting from its continued use. Can an agent
+    displaying such properties and effects be called a _food_,
+    either direct or indirect, without a total disregard for the
+    proper meaning of words?"
+
+In another place he says:--
+
+    "This lessening of the elimination of tissue waste is simply an
+    evidence of the accumulation of poisonous substances within the
+    body, through the lessened activity of liver and kidneys and the
+    impairment of the blood."
+
+Dr. Ezra M. Hunt says in _Alcohol as Food and as Medicine_, page 37:--
+
+    "It sounds conservative of health to say of a substance that it
+    delays the breaking down of tissue, but the physiologist does
+    not allow a substance which occasions such delay, to possess,
+    because of that, either dietetic or remedial value. To increase
+    weight by prolonged constipation is not a physiological
+    process."
+
+Dalton says:--
+
+    "The importance of tissue change to the maintenance of life is
+    readily shown by the injurious effects which follow upon its
+    disturbance. If the discharge of the excrementitious substances
+    be in any way impeded or suspended, these substances accumulate
+    either in the blood or tissues, or both. In consequence of this
+    retention and accumulation they become poisonous, and rapidly
+    produce a derangement of the vital functions. Their influence is
+    principally exerted upon the nervous system, through which they
+    produce most frequent irritability, disturbance of the special
+    senses, delirium, insensibility, coma, and finally, death."
+
+The power to retard the passage of waste matter from the system is one
+of the gravest objections to the use of alcohol in sickness, as the
+germs of disease are thereby caused to remain longer in the body than
+they would, were no alcohol or drug of similar action, used. Thus
+recovery is delayed, if not effectually hindered.
+
+The preponderance of scientific evidence is all against alcohol as
+possessing food qualities. It contains no elements capable of entering
+into the composition of any part of the body, hence cannot give
+strength; it is not a fuel-food as it does not supply heat to the body,
+but decreases temperature; and its classification as indirect food
+because it retards the passage of waste matter is shown to be utterly
+unscientific, as any agent which interferes with the natural processes
+of assimilation and disintegration is a dangerous agent, a poison rather
+than a food.
+
+The question naturally arises:--
+
+If these drinks are not liquid food, as we have been taught to believe,
+how is it, since they are made from food, as barley, corn, grapes,
+potatoes, etc?
+
+These drinks are not food, although made from food, because in the
+process of manufacturing them the food principle is destroyed. The grain
+is malted to change starch into sugar--loss of food principle begins
+here--then the malted grain is soaked in water to extract the saccharine
+matter. When the sugar is all in the water the grain goes to feed cattle
+or hogs, and the sweetened water is fermented. The fermentation changes
+the sugar into alcohol.
+
+Analyses of beer by eminent chemists show an average of 90 per cent.
+water, 4 per cent. alcohol, and 6 per cent. malt extract. The malt
+extract consists of gum, sugar, various acids, salts and hop extract.
+Starch and sugar are all of these capable of digestion, and the amount
+of them would be equal to 39 ounces to the barrel of beer. Liebig, the
+great German chemist, said:--
+
+    "If a man drinks daily 8 or 10 quarts of the best Bavarian
+    beer, in a year he will have taken into his system the
+    nutritive constituents contained in a 5 pound loaf of bread."
+
+Eight quarts a day for a year would be 2,920 quarts, or a little more
+than 23 barrels. If sold to the consumer at the low rate of five cents a
+pint, it would cost him $292; a high price for as much nourishment as in
+a 5 pound loaf!
+
+Analyses of wine by reliable chemists show that the consumer must pay
+$500 for the equivalent in nourishment of a 5 pound loaf of bread, wine
+being higher priced than beer. Wines average 80 per cent. water, about
+15 per cent. alcohol, and 5 per cent. residue. This residue is composed
+of sugar, tartaric, acetic and carbonic acids, salts of potassium and
+sodium, tannic acid, and traces of an ethereal substance which gives the
+peculiar or distinguishing flavor. The only one of these ingredients
+possessing food value is sugar; this exists chiefly in what are called
+sweet wines. Yet how many thousands of people spend money they can ill
+afford for wines and beers to build up the failing strength of some
+loved one! A costly delusion, and too often a fatal one!
+
+    "Distilled liquors, if unadulterated, contain literally nothing
+    but water and alcohol, except traces of juniper in gin, and the
+    flavor of the fermented material from which they have been
+    distilled."--_Influence of Alcohol_, by N. S. Davis, M. D.
+
+It is the solemn duty of those to whom the people look for instruction
+in matters of health to undeceive the toiling masses as to the
+food-value of alcoholic liquids. Some of the medical profession are
+faithful in this regard, but too many others are themselves deceived, or
+care not for the destruction of the people.
+
+
+IS ALCOHOL A STIMULANT?
+
+A lady asked her family physician several years ago what he thought of
+the views of those medical writers who class alcohol as a narcotic, and
+not a stimulant. He answered with some heat, "Any one who says alcohol
+is not a stimulant is either a fool or a knave!" He could not have been
+aware that some of the most distinguished professors in American medical
+colleges teach that alcohol is not, properly speaking, a stimulant, but
+a narcotic.
+
+The accepted definition of a stimulant in medical literature is some
+agent capable of exciting or increasing _vital activity_ as a whole, or
+the natural activity of some one structure or organ.
+
+Dr. N. S. Davis has said repeatedly that both clinical and experimental
+observations show that alcohol directly diminishes the functional
+activity of all nerve structures, pre-eminently those of respiration and
+circulation, thus decreasing the internal distribution of oxygen, which
+is nature's own special exciter of all vital action.
+
+    "Consequently it is antagonistic to all true stimulants or
+    remedies capable of increasing vital activity. Instead,
+    therefore, of meriting the name of _stimulant_, alcohol should
+    be designated and used only as an anaesthetic and sedative, or
+    depressor of vital activity."
+
+The following is taken from an editorial article in the _American
+Medical Temperance Quarterly_ for January, 1894:--
+
+    "Drs. Sidney Ringer and H. Sainsbury in a carefully executed
+    series of experiments on the isolated heart of the frog, found
+    that all the alcohol when mixed with the blood circulating
+    through the heart, uniformly diminished the action of that organ
+    in direct proportion to the quantity of alcohol used, until
+    complete paralysis was induced. In closing their report in
+    regard to the action of different alcohols, they say that 'by
+    their direct action on the cardiac tissue these drugs are
+    clearly _paralyzant_, and that this appears to be the case from
+    the outset, _no stage of increased force of contraction
+    preceding_.'
+
+    "Professor Martin, while in connection with the Johns Hopkins
+    University, performed an equally careful series of experiments
+    in regard to the action of ethylic, or ordinary alcohol,
+    directly on the cardiac structures of the dog, and with the same
+    results. He makes the following explicit statement of the
+    results obtained by him. 'Blood containing one-fourth per cent.
+    by volume, that is two and a half parts per 1000 of absolute
+    alcohol, almost invariably diminishes, within a minute, the work
+    done by the heart; blood containing one-half per cent. always
+    diminishes it, and may even bring the amount pumped out by the
+    left ventricle to so small a quantity that it is not sufficient
+    to supply the coronary arteries.'
+
+    "In 1883, R. Dubois, by direct experimenting upon animals, found
+    that the presence of alcohol in the blood much intensified the
+    action of chloroform and thereby rendered a much less dose
+    fatal.
+
+    "Prof. H. C. Wood of the University of Pennsylvania, in an
+    address upon Anaesthesia to the Tenth International Medical
+    Congress, of Berlin, in 1890, said: 'In my own experiments with
+    alcohol, an eighty per cent. fluid was used largely diluted with
+    water. The amount injected into the jugular vein varied in the
+    different experiments from 5 to 20 c. c.; and in no case have I
+    been able to detect any increase in the size of the pulse or in
+    the arterial pressure produced by alcohol, when the heart was
+    failing during advanced chloroform anaesthesia. On the other
+    hand, on several occasions, the larger amounts of alcohol
+    apparently greatly increased the rapidity of the fall of
+    arterial pressure, and aided materially in extinguishing the
+    pulse.
+
+    "Sir Henry Thompson says: 'That alcohol is an anaesthetic and
+    paralyzant is a fact too well established to be questioned or
+    contradicted.'
+
+    "Dr. J. J. Ridge, of London, has published elaborate tables,
+    showing that even small doses of alcohol, averaging one
+    tablespoonful of spirits--not quite half a wineglass of claret
+    or champagne, and not quite a quarter of a pint of ale--impair
+    vision, feeling, and sensibility to weight, without the
+    subject's being conscious of any alteration. Dr. Scougal, of New
+    York, has repeated and confirmed these experiments, and also
+    demonstrated that the hearing was similarly affected.
+
+    "Drs. Nichol and Mossop, of Edinburgh, conducted a series of
+    experiments on each other, examining the eye by means of the
+    ophthalmoscope while the system was under the influence of
+    various drugs. They found that the nerves controlling the
+    delicate blood-vessels of the retina were paralyzed by a dose of
+    about a tablespoonful of brandy.
+
+    "Dr. T. D. Crothers, of Hartford, Conn., has deduced some
+    valuable facts from his experiments with the sphygmograph, upon
+    the action of the heart. He has found by repeated experiments
+    that while alcohol apparently increases the force and volume of
+    the heart's action, the irregular tracings of the sphygmograph
+    show that the real vital force is diminished, and hence its
+    apparent stimulating power is deceptive."--Extract from the
+    Annual Address before the Medical Temperance Association at San
+    Francisco, Cal., June 8, 1894, by Dr. I. N. Quimby, of Jersey
+    City, N. J.
+
+Dr. J. H. Kellogg, of Battle Creek, Mich., has made extensive
+experiments as to the effects of alcohol. In summing up the results of
+these he says:--
+
+    "It would seem that no further evidence could be required that
+    alcohol is a narcotic and an anaesthetic, rather than a
+    stimulant, and that its use as a supporting and tonic remedy is
+    a practice without foundation in either scientific theory or
+    natural clinical experience."
+
+Sir B. W. Richardson at a medical breakfast in London in 1895, stated
+that though alcohol produced an increase in the motion of the heart it
+was ultimately weaker in its action, so he resolved to give up using
+such an agent.
+
+Dr. A. B. Palmer of the University of Michigan prepared a "Report" upon
+alcohol in 1885 for the Michigan State Medical Society in which he cited
+experiments showing that the opinion that alcohol stimulates the heart
+by an increase of real force, is an error. It creates a flutter, but
+decreases power.
+
+    "Increased frequency of pulsation is often the strongest
+    evidence of diminished power--as the fluttering pulse of extreme
+    weakness."
+
+He classes alcohol with chloroform.
+
+    "If chloroform is a narcotic, alcohol is a narcotic. If
+    chloroform is an anaesthetic, alcohol is an anaesthetic. If one is
+    essentially a depressing agent, so is the other. Their strong
+    resemblance no one can question. The chief difference is that
+    the alcoholic narcosis is longer continued, and its secondary
+    effects are more severe."
+
+In closing his summary of the changes in scientific knowledge of this
+drug he says:--
+
+    "We said it was a direct heart exciter. We now know it is a
+    direct heart depressor. We said, and nearly all the text-books
+    still say, it is a direct cardiac stimulant. We know from most
+    conclusive experiments it is a direct _cardiac paralyzant_."
+
+The following is taken from one of the many excellent papers upon
+alcohol written by that Nestor among physicians, Dr. N. S. Davis:--
+
+    "Alcoholics are very generally prescribed in that weakness of
+    the heart sometimes met with in low forms of fever and in the
+    advanced stage of other acute diseases. It is claimed that these
+    agents are capable of strengthening and sustaining the action of
+    the heart under the circumstances just named, and also under the
+    first depressing influence of severe shock.
+
+    "There is nothing in the ascertained physiological action of
+    alcohol on the human system, as developed by a wide range of
+    experimental investigation, to sustain this claim. I have used
+    the sphygmograph and every other available means for testing
+    experimentally the effects of alcohol upon the action of the
+    heart and blood-vessels generally, but have failed in every
+    instance to get proof of any increased force of cardiac action.
+
+    "The first and very transient effect is generally increased
+    frequency of beat, followed immediately by dilatation of the
+    peripheral vessels from impaired vasomotor sensibility, and the
+    same unsteady or wavy sphygmographic tracing as is given in
+    typhoid fever, and which is usually regarded as evidence of
+    cardiac debility. Turning from the field of experimentation to
+    the sick-room, my search for evidences of the power of alcohol
+    to sustain the force of the heart, or in any way to strengthen
+    the patient has been equally unsuccessful. I was educated and
+    entered upon the practice of medicine at a time when alcoholic
+    drinks were universally regarded as stimulating and
+    beat-producing, and commenced their use without prejudice or
+    preconceived notions. But the first ten years of direct clinical
+    or practical observation satisfied me fully of the incorrectness
+    of those views, and very nearly banished the use of these agents
+    from my list of remedies. While it is true that during the last
+    thirty years I have not prescribed for internal use the
+    aggregate amount of one quart of any kind of fermented or
+    distilled drinks, either in private or hospital practice, yet I
+    have continued to have abundant opportunity for observing the
+    effects of these agents as given by others with whom I have been
+    in council; and simple truth compels me to say that I have never
+    yet seen a case in which the use of alcoholic drinks either
+    increased the force of the heart's action or strengthened the
+    patient beyond the first thirty minutes after it was swallowed.
+    * * * * *
+
+    "Nothing is easier than self-deception in this matter. A patient
+    is suddenly taken with syncope, or nervous weakness, from which
+    abundant experience has shown that a speedy recovery would take
+    place by simple rest and fresh air. But in the alarm of patient
+    and friends something must be done. A little wine or brandy is
+    given, and, as it is not sufficient to positively prevent, the
+    patient in due time revives just as would have been the case if
+    neither wine nor brandy had been used."
+
+In the _Medical Pioneer_ of November, 1895, Prof. E. MacDowel Cosgrave,
+Professor of Biology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, says:--
+
+    "The result of all recent investigation is to show that the use
+    of alcohol when a stimulant effect is desired, is an error; and
+    that, from first to last alcohol acts as a narcotic."
+
+Dr. Edmunds, of London, said in an address given in Manchester:--
+
+    "By giving alcohol as a stimulant in exhausting diseases, I
+    believe we always do as we should in giving a dose of opium and
+    brandy and water to comfort a half suffocated patient; i. e.,
+    increase his danger. If that be so, we reduce alcohol not only
+    from the position of food medicine, but we reduce it from the
+    position of a goad; and we say that the supposititious
+    stimulating or goading influence of alcohol is a mere delusion;
+    that in fact alcohol always lessens the power of the patients,
+    and always damages their chance of recovery, when it is a
+    question of their getting through exhausting diseases."
+
+Many more such quotations might be adduced. Enough are given to show
+that the popular use of alcohol, when a stimulant is required, is
+considered a grave error by those who have most thoroughly studied the
+effects of this drug.
+
+
+ALCOHOL AS A TONIC.
+
+Dr. J. J. Ridge, of London, says:--
+
+    "The action of alcohol in relaxing unstriped muscular fibre,
+    which entitles it to be called an anti-spasmodic, robs it of all
+    claim to give tone. The sense of exhilaration which follows
+    small doses of alcohol has been mistaken for real strength and
+    increase of vitality. It is well known that relaxation of the
+    blood-vessels throughout the body is one of the first effects of
+    alcohol. The arteries of the retina have been observed to dilate
+    after very small doses of alcohol. The diminution of tone is
+    well seen in the tracings of the pulse under the influence of
+    alcohol. If one needs a tonic, therefore, alcohol is one of the
+    things to be shunned altogether.
+
+    "But alcoholic beverages contain other things beside alcohol.
+    Beer contains infusion of hops, or other bitter stomachics. Some
+    wines contain tannin. These ingredients, by creating or
+    stimulating the appetite, increase the strength and vital power
+    in certain cases. But we have a large number of drugs which
+    will do the same without the disadvantages arising from the
+    presence of alcohol, and, if the flavor be objected to, many of
+    them can be taken in the form of coated pills.
+
+    "The external use of cold, either by a dripping sheet, cold
+    sponging, or a shower-bath, according to the power of reaction,
+    is a valuable means of giving real tone.
+
+    "Wine is frequently prescribed for those young persons who are
+    growing rapidly, and whose strength does not seem to keep pace
+    with their growth. It is important to know that alcohol is not
+    desirable in such circumstances. There is often found in such
+    cases a defective appetite, perhaps even sub-acute gastric
+    catarrh, which may be due to imperfect mastication through bad
+    teeth, or aggravated by it. There are other causes, such as late
+    hours, bad habits, improper food or irregular meals. In such
+    cases those means must be resorted to which are so effectual in
+    improving the condition and strengthening the heart of athletes.
+    Regular and regulated meals, exercise in the fresh air, a good
+    amount of rest and sleep--these will do more than anything else
+    to invigorate the bodily health."
+
+Dr. N. S. Davis says:--
+
+    "Although I was taught, like all others, to use alcohol as a
+    tonic when patients were sick, to hasten their recovery and
+    promote their strength, yet it did not take me very long to find
+    out that here and there was one already a teetotaler who would
+    not take wine long, nor any kind of alcoholic drink unless
+    prescribed, just as castor-oil, dose by dose, but who, when he
+    got beyond the necessity of having it as a medicine, took no
+    more. What was the comparison? My patients who refused, or did
+    not take alcohol, got strong quicker and had less tendency to
+    relapse than those who continued its use. Here was the first
+    step in progress, and consequently I came soon to cease the
+    recommending it merely to hasten recovery of strength. As a
+    tonic, I found it of no value."
+
+Dr. James Miller, of Edinburgh, says in _Alcohol, Its Place and Power_,
+written many years ago:--
+
+    "It may be well here to correct an important error, yet very
+    current, in regard to the medicinal use of alcohol. People
+    regard it as a simple and common tonic; and are ready to accept
+    its supposed help as such in every form of weakness and general
+    disorder of health. But it is ordinarily, no true tonic."
+
+Dr. Ernest Hart, editor of the _British Medical Journal_, stated some
+years ago at a meeting of the British Medical Temperance Association
+that "the medical profession were nearly all agreed that alcohol is
+neither a food nor a tonic."
+
+Many drunkards have been made, especially among women, by the delusion
+that alcohol has tonic effect. As a sample of these sad cases the
+following is given, taken from a recent number of _The National
+Advocate_:--
+
+    "There is in the jail at Elizabeth, N. J., a woman who was
+    arrested while participating in wild drunken orgies with a gang
+    of tramps in the woods near the town. She appears nothing but a
+    besotted hag, but was only a short time ago a dutiful wife of a
+    respectable man, and the mother of three beautiful children. Her
+    father, who is said to be living in a village in New York State,
+    is a highly respected minister of the Methodist Episcopal
+    Church. Her children are in an asylum, and her husband is a
+    wanderer in the West. The cause of her ruin was beer, prescribed
+    for her by the family physician as a tonic. At first she refused
+    to take it, having always been a teetotaler, but persuaded to
+    obey the physician, she soon acquired a taste for the drink that
+    speedily developed into the overmastering appetite, which has
+    brought her and hers to this sad condition."
+
+
+ALCOHOL AS A SEDATIVE.
+
+Dr. J. J. Ridge says in the _Medical Pioneer_, April, 1893:--
+
+    "Alcohol, chiefly in the form of spirits, is often given to
+    procure sleep and to relieve pain, such as that of neuralgia,
+    dyspepsia, colic and diarrhoea. It is as a sedative that
+    alcohol is so insidious and seductive in cases of chronic
+    disease, as, if frequently resorted to, the drink craving is
+    almost certainly developed. Hence the importance in many cases
+    of rather bearing the ills we have than of flying to others that
+    we know not of. It is clear that other narcotics, such as opium,
+    morphia, chorodyne, chloral, are open to the same objection, and
+    the victims of these drugs are terribly numerous. * * * * * In
+    many instances some form of dyspepsia is the cause of the
+    sleeplessness, palpitation or other uneasy feeling for which a
+    sedative is desired, and when this is cured the symptoms
+    vanish."
+
+A prominent minister in a large American city was afflicted with
+insomnia a few years ago, and, after trying various remedies, was
+advised by a physician to try whisky "night-caps." He became a hopeless
+drunkard. A young medical student in New York appealed to one of his
+professors for aid in overcoming aggravated insomnia. The professor
+advised whisky and morphine! The advice led to the ruin of the young
+man.
+
+
+ALCOHOL AS AN ANTIPYRETIC.
+
+    "By the power of alcohol to retard the evolution of heat in
+    retarding molecular changes in the tissues, the liquids
+    containing it may be used as antipyretics when the temperature
+    is too high, and to retard the processes of waste when these are
+    too rapid. But the antipyretic influence of alcohol is so feeble
+    in comparison with the proper application of water to the
+    surface, or with the internal administration of sulphate of
+    quinia, salicylic acid, digitalis, etc. that no one thinks of
+    using it for antipyretic purposes."--Dr. N. S. Davis in
+    _Principles and Practice of Medicine_.
+
+
+PROFESSOR ATWATER'S CONCLUSIONS UPON ALCOHOL AS A FUEL-FOOD.
+
+In 1899 a decided sensation was caused by the announcement that Prof.
+Atwater, of Middletown, Conn., had proved that alcohol is a fuel-food
+equal in value to carbohydrates and fats. The study later of Prof.
+Atwater's report of his investigations led to prolonged discussions
+among medical men interested in the alcohol question, and his theory
+that alcohol is a food because it is oxidized in the body was vigorously
+opposed by many scientists of high standing. Professor Abel, of Johns
+Hopkins University, Baltimore, an investigator of alcohol who worked
+with the Committee of Fifty, said on this point:--
+
+    "Oxidizability cannot be made the measure of usefulness in
+    regard to this substance."
+
+Professor Gruber, president of the Royal Institute of Hygiene, Munich,
+said:--
+
+    "Does alcohol truly deserve to be called a food substance?
+    Obviously, only such substances can be called food material, or
+    be employed for food, as, like albumen, fat, and sugar, exert
+    non-poisonous influence in the amounts in which they reach the
+    blood and must circulate in it in order to nourish * * * *
+    Although alcohol contributes energy it diminishes working
+    ability. We are not able to find that its energy is turned to
+    account for nerve and muscle work. Very small amounts, whose
+    food value is insignificant, show an injurious effect upon the
+    nervous system."
+
+Sir Victor Horsley, the well-known London surgeon, said:--
+
+    "We know that alcohol lowers the temperature of the body. It can
+    only do that by diminishing the activity of the vital processes.
+    It also diminishes very greatly the power of the muscles, and it
+    diminishes the intellectual power of the nervous system. To call
+    an agent that causes such diminution of activity throughout the
+    whole body a food is ridiculous."
+
+An editorial in the _Journal of the American Medical Association_ said:
+
+    "The fallacy of the reasoning which would place alcohol among
+    the foods is very apparent when we put it in the form of a
+    syllogism: All foods are oxidized in the body; alcohol is
+    oxidized in the body; therefore alcohol is food. As logically we
+    might say: 'All birds are bilaterally symmetrical; the earthworm
+    is bilaterally symmetrical; therefore the earthworm is a bird.'
+    Oxidation within the body is simply one of several important
+    properties of food, as bilateral symmetry is one of several
+    important characteristics of a bird."
+
+Schafer's Physiology says:--
+
+    "It cannot be doubted that any small production of energy
+    resulting from the oxidation of alcohol is more than
+    counterbalanced by its deleterious influences as a drug upon the
+    tissue elements, and especially upon those of the nervous
+    system."
+
+The _Bulletin_ of the A. M. T. A. for July, 1899, contained an article
+upon Prof. Atwater by Dr. J. H. Kellogg, from which the following is
+taken:--
+
+    "Starch, sugar and fats become foods or fuels only through their
+    assimilation. Abundant physiological evidence attests that no
+    substance can act as a food, or as a true source of energy,
+    unless it has first entered into the composition of the body. It
+    must be assimilated. The forces manifested by the body, the
+    muscular forces, or nervous energy, are the result of the
+    breaking down of organized structure into simpler forms. For
+    example, in the case of nervous energy, material from which
+    nerve energy is derived is stored up in the nerve cell, and can
+    be seen with the microscope in the form of minute granules,
+    which disappear as the cell energy is expended, leaving the cell
+    blank and shriveled when in a state of extreme fatigue from
+    overwork. The same is essentially true of the muscle cell. The
+    source of muscular energy is glycogen, an organized substance
+    which becomes a part of the muscle tissue in a well-nourished
+    muscle in a state of rest.
+
+    "Experiments have clearly shown that fat, sugar and starch must
+    all alike be converted into the form of glycogen and enter into
+    the muscle structure before they can become a source of energy.
+
+    "Professor Atwater tells us that alcohol can not form tissue,
+    hence the query is pertinent, How can it be a source of vital
+    energy? The body does not burn food as a stove does fuel. Food
+    can be called fuel only in a highly figurative sense. The
+    oxidation of food in the body does not take place directly. Food
+    is assimilated, becoming a part of the tissue. Oxygen is also
+    assimilated, entering into the composition of the tissue along
+    with the food elements under the action of special organic
+    ferments brought into play by nervous impulses received from the
+    central ganglia.
+
+    "The molecules of these residual tissues which form the
+    storehouse of energy in the body are rearranged in simpler
+    forms, thereby giving up a portion of the energy which holds
+    them together in the state in which they exist in the tissues,
+    and this energy thus set free appears as muscle force, mental
+    activity, glandular work and various other forms of functional
+    activity."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+ALCOHOL IN PHARMACY.
+
+
+In the _Journal of the American Medical Association_ for November 13,
+1897, Dr. T. D. Crothers, editor of the _Journal of Inebriety_, says in
+a paper upon "Concealed Alcohol in Drugs":--
+
+    "A very important question has been repeatedly raised, and
+    answered differently by persons who claim to have some expert
+    knowledge. The question is, can strong tinctures of common drugs
+    be given in all cases with safety; tinctures of the various
+    bitters which contain from 10 to 40 per cent. of alcohol, and
+    are used very freely by neurotic and debilitated persons? It is
+    asserted with the most positive convictions that such tinctures
+    are more sought for the narcotic effect of the alcohol than for
+    the drugs themselves.
+
+    "In my experience a large number of inebriates who are restored,
+    relapse from the use of these tinctures given for their
+    medicinal effects. * * * * *
+
+    "The question is asked, how much alcohol can be used as a
+    solvent in drugs without adding a new force more potent than
+    that which is brought out by the alcohol? Opinions of experts
+    differ. One writer thinks 10 per cent. of alcohol in any drug
+    will, if given any length of time, develop the physiologic
+    effect of alcohol in addition to that of the drug. An English
+    writer says that in some cases a 5 per cent. tincture is
+    dangerous from the alcohol which it contains.
+
+    "There is some doubt expressed by many authorities as to the
+    potency of a drug which is covered up in a strong tincture. It
+    is clear that the value of a drug is not enhanced, and it is
+    certain that a new force-producing, or exploding agency, has
+    been added to the body.
+
+    "In experience, any drug which contains alcohol can not be given
+    to persons who have previously used it without rousing up the
+    old desire for drink, or at least producing a degree of
+    irritation and excitement that clearly comes from this source.
+    It is also the experience of persons who are very susceptible to
+    alcohol, that any strong tincture is followed by headache and
+    other symptoms that refer to disturbed nerve centres.
+
+    "In many studies I have been surprised at the increased action
+    of drugs when given in other forms than the tincture. Gum and
+    powdered opium, have far more pronounced narcotic action than
+    the tincture. Yet the tincture is followed by a more rapid
+    narcotism, but of shorter duration, and attended with more nerve
+    disturbance at the onset.
+
+    "I am convinced that a more exact knowledge of the physiologic
+    action of alcohol on the organism will show that its use in
+    drugs as tinctures is dangerous and will be abandoned.
+
+    "There are many reasons for believing that its use in
+    proprietary drugs will be punished in the future under what is
+    called the poison act."
+
+Dr. J. J. Ridge published in May, 1893, in the _Medical Pioneer_, the
+following statement of the pharmacy of the London Temperance Hospital:--
+
+    "When the Temperance Hospital was first opened, it became a
+    question of practical importance, what should be done with
+    regard to the alcohol so largely employed as a vehicle and drug
+    excipient. Not that the principle of the treatment of disease
+    without the ordinary administration of alcoholic beverages
+    precludes the employment of alcoholic tinctures, but it was felt
+    that in such a test case as this it was important to obviate the
+    objection that while withholding alcohol as a beverage, it was
+    given in the medicine. As a matter of fact, it is surprising,
+    when one looks into it, how much alcohol is often given merely
+    as a vehicle for other drugs, and without the special action of
+    alcohol being required or desired. In prescriptions which are to
+    be seen in many text-books, it is not uncommon to find from one
+    to two or three, or even four drachms of rectified spirit in the
+    form of tinctures or spirits. This is very undesirable. If
+    alcohol is needed it should be given in proper measured dose.
+    But if it is not indicated, then it is not well to administer it
+    in this indirect manner.
+
+    "Experiments were therefore made, partly at the hospital and
+    specially by Messrs. Southall Bros. & Barclay, of Birmingham,
+    with the result that new non-alcoholic tinctures were made
+    replacing the following alcoholic tinctures and wines:--
+
+      Tinct. Aloes.
+        "    Arnicae.
+        "    Aurantii.
+        "    Belladonnae.
+        "    Buchu.
+        "    Calumbae.
+        "    Camph. Co.
+        "    Capsici.
+        "    Cascarillae.
+        "    Catechu.
+        "    Chiratae.
+        "    Cinchonae Co.
+        "        "    Flav.
+        "    Cinnamomae.
+        "    Colchici Sem.
+        "    Conii.
+        "    Digitalis.
+        "    Ferri Acet.
+        "    Ferri Perchlor.
+        "    Gentiani Co.
+        "    Hyosciami.
+        "    Kino.
+        "    Krameriae.
+        "    Limonis.
+        "    Lobeliae.
+        "    Nucis Vomicae.
+        "    Opii.
+        "    Quassiae.
+        "    Rhei.
+        "    Scillae.
+        "    Serpentariae.
+        "    Stramonii.
+        "    Valerianae.
+        "       "       Ammon.
+       Vin.  Aloes.
+        "    Colchici Rad.
+        "       "     Sim.
+        "    Ipecac.
+        "    Opii.
+        "    Rhei.
+
+    "These were made by extracting the principles of the drugs in
+    the usual way except that instead of alcohol a mixture of
+    glycerine and water was used in the proportion of one-fourth to
+    one-third part of glycerine, and about five per cent. of acetic
+    acid. These made very elegant preparations, and in the majority
+    of cases appeared to have just the same, and just as great
+    physiological action. Subsequently the ordinary tinctures were
+    distilled, and the extracts thus obtained dissolved in the above
+    menstruum, as far as was possible, in most cases the residuum
+    being found to be inert.
+
+    "Gum resins and essential oils were found to be insoluble in
+    this menstruum, and hence such drugs have been given in the form
+    of pill, powder or mixture. Such tinctures are those of
+    assafoetida, benzoin, cannabis indica, cantharides, castor,
+    cubebs, lavender, myrrh, pyrethrum, sumbul, tolu and ginger. Out
+    of 62 tinctures it was found that 46 made good preparations, and
+    16 did not.
+
+    "These were employed for several years. But for some time past,
+    somewhat more reliable preparations have been made for us which
+    contain _all_ the constituents of the alcoholic tinctures
+    without the alcohol. They are for the most part made by taking
+    standardized tinctures, mixing with them sugar of milk, and
+    distilling off the alcohol. The alcoholic extract remains behind
+    in a finely divided condition mingled with sugar of milk. This
+    is broken up, pulverized and compressed into tabloids of a
+    definite dose, which can be taken either in that form or rubbed
+    up and dissolved or suspended in gum water.
+
+    "The following have been made up in this form: aconite,
+    belladonna, camph. co., cannabis indica, capsicum, cinchon. co.,
+    and cinchon. simpl., digitalis, gelseminum, hyosciamus, nux
+    vomica, opium, strophanthus, ginger and Warburg. Other tinctures
+    will be gradually added to this list.
+
+    "As external liniments those commonly used are the linimentum
+    terebinthinae and the linimentum terebinthinae aceticum, which do
+    not contain alcohol. A strong solution of iodine is made with
+    iodide of potassium.
+
+    "The spiritus ammoniae aromaticus is made without the spirit, the
+    aromatic oils being emulsionized by means of rubbing up with
+    fine sand, but most of these subsequently rise to the surface.
+    The spiritus etheris nitrosi is impossible without alcohol, but
+    nitrite of amyl, and nitrites of potash or soda can be
+    substituted. The spiritus chloroformi is replaced by aqua
+    chloroformi, or as a sweetening agent by solution of saccharin.
+    Thus a favorite expectorant mixture contains carbonate of
+    ammonia five grains, acetum ipecac, ten minims, and solution of
+    saccharin in each dose.
+
+    "As a special stimulant a subcutaneous injection of a drachm of
+    pure ether has been given in a few cases; in others digitalis,
+    or caffeine or ammonia in some form, such as the carbonate
+    dissolved in a cup of hot coffee; or hot solution of Liebig's
+    extract, or rectal injections of hot water."
+
+It may be objected by some that glycerine belongs to the family of
+alcohols, hence hospitals using glycerine tinctures are not, strictly
+speaking, non-alcoholic. To this the answer is, that while glycerine
+certainly is classed in the family of alcohols, it is of a very
+different nature from ethyl alcohol, which is used for beverage
+purposes. Ethyl alcohol, the alcohol in all intoxicating beverages in
+common use, and the alcohol generally used in medicine, creates a fatal
+craving for itself, and is injurious to the body. Glycerine does not
+create any craving for itself, and has not been demonstrated to have
+injurious properties, and is not used for beverage purposes.
+
+At the annual meeting of the New York State Medical Society, held in
+New York City, in October, 1898, a discussion was held upon the use of
+alcohol as medicine. Dr. E. R. Squibb, a leading pharmacist of Brooklyn,
+stated that during the last two or three years much had been
+accomplished in retiring alcohol as a menstruum for exhausting drugs. Of
+the other menstrua experimented with up to the present time, that which
+had given the best results was acetic acid, in various strengths. It had
+been discovered that a ten per cent. solution of acetic acid was almost
+universal in its exhausting powers. There were now in use in veterinary
+practice, and in some hospitals, extracts made with acetic acid. They
+were made according to the requirements of the pharmacopoeia, except
+that acetic acid was substituted for alcohol. Acetic acid, when used
+with alkaloids gives the physician some advantages in prescribing, owing
+to there being fewer incompatibles. In small doses, the percentage of
+acetic acid in the extract is so small as to be hardly appreciable, and
+when larger doses are required, the acetic acid can be neutralized by
+the addition of potash or soda.
+
+Dr. Noble said, in article to _London Times_ before referred to:--
+
+    "Modern science has shown that those drugs which are soluble in
+    alcohol only, are, in all probability, more hurtful than
+    useful."
+
+The following from Dr. Jas. R. Nichols, editor Boston _Journal of
+Chemistry_, is too good to be omitted, although it should be familiar
+to temperance students:--
+
+    "The facetious Dr. Holmes has said, that if the contents of our
+    drug-stores were taken out upon the ocean and thrown overboard,
+    it would be better for the human race, but worse for the fishes.
+    This statement may be a little sweeping; but it is true that all
+    the showy bottles in drug-stores which contain alcoholic
+    decoctions and tinctures might be submerged in the ocean, and
+    invalids would suffer no detriment. Since the active alkaloidal
+    and resinoidal principles of roots, barks and gums have been
+    isolated and put in better and more convenient forms, there is
+    no longer need of alcoholic tinctures and elixirs. Laudanum,
+    which is a tincture of opium, might be banished from the shelves
+    of every apothecary, as it is not needed. It is now known that
+    the valuable narcotic and hypnotic principles of opium are
+    contained in certain crystalline bodies, which can be isolated,
+    and used in minute and convenient forms, and that they can be
+    held in aqueous solutions. Alcohol is no longer needed to hold
+    the active principles of opium, Peruvian bark or other
+    indispensable drugs. As regards the vegetable tonics so called,
+    the best among them is the columbo (Radix columbo) and this
+    readily yields its bitter principle to water, as does quassia,
+    gentian, senna, rhubarb and most other valuable substances. A
+    careful survey of the contents of a well-appointed modern
+    pharmacy leads to the conclusion that there is no one
+    indispensable medicinal preparation which requires alcohol as a
+    free constituent.
+
+    "The catalogue of modern remedies is almost endless, and many of
+    them hold alcohol in some form; but every intelligent physician
+    knows that 90 per cent. of these alleged remedies have little or
+    no intrinsic value. The nostrums of the quack, the bitters,
+    elixirs, cordials, extracts, etc. nearly all contain alcohol,
+    and this is the ingredient which aids their sale. The whole
+    unclean list might, with advantage to mankind, be thrown to the
+    fishes.
+
+    "The chemist, more particularly the pharmaceutical chemist, may
+    inquire how he is to conduct his processes without alcohol. It
+    is from the pharmaceutical laboratory we derive some of the most
+    important substances used in medicines and the arts. Among them
+    may be named ether, chloroform and chloral hydrate, three of the
+    most indispensable agents known to science, and the employment
+    of alcohol is essential to their production. Alcohol is a
+    laboratory product; it is a chemical agent which belongs to the
+    laboratory; it is the handmaid of the chemist, and, so long as
+    it exists, should be retained within the walls of the
+    laboratory. In the manufacture of most of the important products
+    in which alcohol is either directly or indirectly used, its
+    production may be made simultaneous with the production of the
+    agent desired. In the manufacture of ether and chloroform, the
+    apparatus for alcohol may be made a part of the devices from
+    which the ultimate agents, ether and chloroform, result.
+    Fermentation and distillation may be conducted at one end, and
+    the anaesthetics received at the other. It is true that in a
+    chemical laboratory alcohol is an agent very convenient in a
+    thousand ways. But, if it were banished utterly, what would
+    result? There are other methods of fabricating the useful
+    products named, and many others, without the use of alcohol, but
+    the processes would be rather inconvenient and more costly. The
+    banishment of alcohol would not deprive us of a single one of
+    the indispensable agents which modern civilization demands, and
+    neither would chemical science be retarded by its loss."
+
+    "It must be remembered that modern science has given us
+    glycerine, naptha, bisulphide of carbon, pyroligneous products,
+    carbolic acid and a hundred other agents which are capable of
+    taking the place of alcohol in a very large number of appliances
+    and processes."
+
+The sale of liquor in drug-stores is beginning to be deplored by the
+more respectable pharmacists. At the annual meeting of the Massachusetts
+State Pharmacists' Association in 1895 the president said in his
+address:--
+
+    "One thing that every pharmacist, who has the best interests of
+    his calling at heart, must bear in mind is that the liquor part
+    of their business is being, and must be, slowly crowded out.
+    Public sentiment has changed greatly in the last few years, and
+    instead of all being classed alike, the line has been sharply
+    drawn, and the stores that sell the least amount of liquor that
+    they possibly can are gaining the confidence and esteem of the
+    public, and consequently their business is growing from year to
+    year, while the others are losing ground and dropping lower and
+    lower."
+
+The _Evening Record_ of Boston contained the following in its issue of
+March 7, 1896:--
+
+    "The number of flagrant offences on the part of druggists in
+    certain no-license towns--offences not only against the liquor
+    laws, but also against the laws of decency and humanity--brought
+    before the board of pharmacy, would appall the public if they
+    were known. The Looker-On has seen the record of several of
+    these druggists as transcribed from the police courts and they
+    are very black records. One druggist after selling liquor over
+    and over again to one customer, and several times getting him
+    completely intoxicated, finally deposited him one night in a
+    snowbank, in a state of frozen stupor, where he would have
+    frozen to death had not the wife of the druggist's clerk
+    threatened to complain to the police unless he was rescued.
+
+    "The story is told of one of the druggists of a neighboring
+    no-license town. A man came in and asked for a pint of whisky.
+    He was asked what he wanted it for. His reply was that he wanted
+    it to soak some roots in. He got it, and as he went out he dryly
+    remarked, 'I should have told you that it was the roots of me
+    tongue that I want to soak.'"
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+DISEASES, AND THEIR TREATMENT WITHOUT ALCOHOL.
+
+
+The question, "What shall I take instead of wine, beer or brandy?" is
+frequently asked by those who have been trained to think some form of
+alcohol really necessary to the cure of disease, but, who, from
+principle would prefer other agents, if they knew of any equal in
+effect. This chapter deals somewhat with the answer to that question.
+
+ALCOHOLIC CRAVING:--The craving for alcohol may be present for a time
+after a person has commenced to abstain from all beverages containing
+it. Or, it may occur periodically, as a sort of irresistible impulse.
+For the periodical craving Dr. Higginbotham, of England, recommends that
+a half drachm of ipecacuanha be taken so as to produce full vomiting. He
+says the desire for intoxicating drinks will be immediately removed. The
+craving is caused by vitiated secretions of the stomach; the vomiting
+removes these. Dr. Higginbotham says:--
+
+    "If a patient can be persuaded to follow the emetic plan for a
+    few times when the periodical attacks come on, he will be
+    effectually cured."
+
+Some men in trying to abstain have found the use of fresh fruit,
+especially apples, very helpful. Nourishing and digestible food should
+be taken somewhat frequently. A cup of hot milk or hot coffee taken at
+the right moment has saved some.
+
+ANAEMIA:--In this complaint there is a deficiency of the red corpuscles
+of the blood. It may be the result of some fever or exhausting illness;
+it may accompany dyspepsia, and is then due to imperfect digestion and
+assimilation of the food. The poverty of the blood produces shortness of
+breath, and often palpitation of the heart also, especially on a little
+exertion. There is generally more or less weariness, languor and
+debility, sometimes also giddiness, sickness, fainting and neuralgia.
+
+    "In the treatment of anaemia, port wine and other alcoholic
+    liquors are worse than useless."--DR. J. J. RIDGE, London.
+
+
+    "The common prescription of wine or some form of spirits for
+    states of general exhaustion and anaemia, is a serious mistake.
+    It assumes that the temporary increase in the action of the
+    heart is renewed vigor, and that some power is added to the
+    failing energies. This theory rests solely on the statement of
+    the patient that he feels better. In reality the exhaustion is
+    intensified, though covered up."--_Medical Pioneer._
+
+
+    "Deficiency of nutrition, of light and of pure air may be
+    mentioned as common causes of anaemia. * * * * * It is evident
+    that the first step in the treatment of this disease is to
+    remove the cause. If the cause is dyspepsia, this must receive
+    attention; if intestinal parasites, they must be dislodged; if
+    prolonged nursing, nursing must be interdicted; if too little
+    food, a larger quantity of nourishing, wholesome food must be
+    employed. Such simple and easily digested foods as eggs, poached
+    or boiled, boiled milk, kumyzoon, good buttermilk, puree of
+    peas, beans or lentils, boiled rice, well-cooked gruels and
+    other preparations of grains are suitable. Beef tea and extracts
+    are worthless. * * * * *
+
+    "A careful course of physical training is essential to securing
+    perfect recovery in cases of chronic anaemia due to indigestion,
+    or any other serious disturbance of the nutritive
+    processes."--DR. J. H. KELLOGG.
+
+APPETITE, LOSS OF:--"There is often disinclination for food
+    because _it is not required_. Many cannot eat much breakfast,
+    because they have had a hearty supper. Or having had both a
+    hearty breakfast and luncheon, they feel but little desire for a
+    dinner of four or five courses. Generally the stomach is right
+    and the habits wrong. What is to be done then, for such lack of
+    appetite? Simply go without food until appetite comes.
+
+    "When ale or beer is taken regularly with meals the stomach
+    learns to expect them, and the food is not relished without
+    them. The appetizing power of beer and bitter ales is chiefly
+    due to the hop or other bitter ingredients which they contain.
+    When it seems necessary to assist the appetite temporarily, a
+    small quantity of simple infusion of hops may be taken.
+
+    "Sometimes appetite fails because of exhaustion of body and
+    mind. This may be nature's warning against overwork, and cannot
+    be neglected with impunity. Life will inevitably be shortened if
+    it is found necessary to rely upon the aid of alcohol in any
+    form in order to do a day's work.
+
+    "Bouillon, or beef soup, at the beginning of a meal are
+    incentives to appetite. Change of scene, and life in the open
+    air are the very best aids to appetite, when aids are really
+    required."
+
+APOPLEXY:--"There is a popular idea that whenever a person is
+    taken ill with giddiness, fainting or insensibility, brandy
+    should be at once procured and poured down his throat. Nothing
+    can be more dangerous in apoplexy. This disease is due to the
+    bursting of some blood-vessel in the head, and the poured-out
+    blood presses on the brain and leads to more or less
+    insensibility. If fainting occurs, it may possibly save the
+    patient's life, because then the blood-vessels contract, and the
+    flow of blood ceases immediately; time is thus given for the
+    ruptured blood-vessel to became sealed up by a clot, which will
+    prevent further loss of blood. If brandy is given, there is,
+    first, great risk of choking the patient; if that danger is
+    escaped and the brandy is swallowed and absorbed, the vessels
+    become relaxed and the heart recovers its force; hence the
+    ruptured vessel, if not sufficiently sealed by clot, may be
+    started again, and fatal hemorrhage result.
+
+    "The only _treatment_ which unskilled hands can adopt is to lay
+    the patient on his back on the floor or sofa with the head and
+    shoulders somewhat raised; to loosen all the dress round the
+    neck and body; to apply cold to the head and hot flannels or a
+    hot bottle to the feet and hands, or to soak them in hot mustard
+    and water, and to gently rub the arms and legs."--DR. J. J.
+    RIDGE.
+
+Dr. Alfred Smee, surgeon to the Bank of England, says:--
+
+    "Give nothing by the mouth. Apply a stream of cold water to the
+    head. If the feet are cold apply warm cloths. If relief is not
+    soon obtained, apply hot fomentations to the abdomen, keeping
+    the head erect."
+
+BED-SORES:--Some object to using alcohol even as an outward application.
+Dr. Ridge recommends that when a patient is confined to bed the parts
+pressed on be well washed every day with strong salt and water or alum
+water, and carefully dried. _Glycerine of Tannin_ may then be applied.
+If any redness appears, especially if any dusky patch is formed,
+_collodion_ may be applied with a brush, and all pressure should be
+taken off the part by a circular air-pillow or by a cushion; or small
+bran or sand-bags may be made and carefully arranged. If the skin is
+broken, _zinc_ or _resin ointment_ may be applied.
+
+Some recommend finely powdered iodoform sprinkled over the surface of
+the sore.
+
+BOILS AND CARBUNCLE:--"In many cases these troubles result from
+    an overloaded condition of the system, which is the result of
+    taking too much food, or some error in diet. The boils are an
+    effort of nature to be rid of offending matter. In some cases
+    they are due to the use of impure water, or the presence of
+    sewer gas in the house. In others, overwork, or other
+    debilitating causes, may have produced the state of the
+    digestive organs which usually causes the boils. Carbuncle is,
+    essentially, an extensive boil.
+
+    "Apply iodine early or a piece of belladonna plaster. The diet
+    should be plain and unstimulating, condiments being avoided and
+    plenty of fresh vegetables taken, if possible. Fresh-air,
+    exercise and proper rest should be obtained, and late hours
+    avoided.
+
+    "Medical advice is requisite in carbuncle. The popular notion
+    that port wine is absolutely necessary is both erroneous and
+    mischievous."--RIDGE.
+
+CATARRH:--Among the causes are repeated colds; errors in diet,
+especially excess in the use of fats and sugar, and an inactive state of
+the liver.
+
+Cut off from your bill of fare all salted foods, avoid fats and
+condiments; drink freely of pure water; live in the open-air and
+sunshine as much as possible, taking much out-door exercise. Take a
+cold sponge or towel bath every morning, beginning at the face and
+finishing by plunging the feet into a foot-tub. Follow with vigorous
+rubbing with a crash or Turkish towel. Those subject to sore throat
+should hold the head over a basin of cold water and lave the neck with
+the water for about two minutes. The writer was formerly subject to
+frequent sore throats, but has had none for over two years, as she
+believes, because of the adoption of this measure, together with the
+towel bath every morning, summer and winter.
+
+Care should be taken to avoid exposure to draughts, or any other means
+which will produce liability to cold. Care in diet, good ventilation and
+the morning cold bath are essential if a radical cure is desired. Local
+measures, while giving relief, will not remove the predisposing causes.
+Dr. Kellogg recommends saline solutions in the form of the nasal douche,
+a teaspoonful of salt to a pint of soft water, adding twenty to thirty
+drops of carbolic acid, if there is offensive odor, as a relief measure.
+
+Sleeping in a poorly ventilated room is said to be one cause of catarrh.
+
+_Hay Fever_ is a form of catarrh. The vapor bath is recommended as very
+helpful in this trouble. _Nature Cure_ says that two vapor baths and a
+two or three days' fast will cure any case of hay fever. The use of pork
+and other clogging foods should be avoided by those afflicted with this
+trouble. The bowels should be kept in good condition. If constipated,
+the use of prunes, figs, grapes, apples and other such fruits will be
+very beneficial; walking, and massage of the bowels, being added if the
+fruits are not sufficient. No one able to walk should depend upon drugs
+to relieve a constipated condition.
+
+COLDS:--"If the bowels are constipated, the skin over-burdened
+    and clogged with bilious matter, and the lungs weak, it is as
+    easy to take cold as to roll off a log. If, on the contrary, the
+    lungs are well developed, and the respiratory power large,
+    providing abundant oxygen to keep bright the internal fires, the
+    colon clean, the skin daily washed, and the system hardened by
+    the cold bath, taking cold is next to impossible.
+
+    "The first remedial agent for a cold should be a copious enema.
+    Then open the pores of the skin by a hot bath; take a glass of
+    hot lemonade and go to bed."--_The New Hygiene._
+
+CHILLS:--For chill, take a hot foot and hand bath, with mustard in the
+water, 1/4 pound to a gallon; then go to bed in a well ventilated room.
+Drink freely of hot lemonade or hot water. Catarrh, colds and hay fever
+may all be effectually relieved by hot baths. Relief may be gained also
+from inhaling the vapor from pine needles or hemlock leaves. Put them in
+a bowl, pour boiling water over them, hold the face down over the bowl,
+the head being covered, and inhale the vapor well up into the nostrils
+and head. A few drops of hemlock oil in the hot water will do as well.
+
+COUGHS AND HOARSENESS:--Boil flaxseed in 1 pint water, strain, add two
+teaspoons honey, 1 ounce rock candy, and juice 3 lemons. Drink hot.
+Also; roast a lemon till hot, cut, and squeeze on 3 ounces powdered
+sugar.
+
+COLIC:--This may arise from cold, or from error in diet. If the latter
+it is desirable to induce vomiting. For the pain, apply hot flannels or
+fomentations; drink hot water. In severe cases, sprinkle a little
+turpentine on flannel, wrung from hot water, and apply to abdomen. Colic
+resulting from the accumulation of fecal matter should be treated with
+hot enemas until relieved. A hot hip-bath is sometimes necessary to
+relief.
+
+The colic of children and infants should never be treated with
+alcoholics. In infants it generally arises from excessive or improper
+feeding; care should be taken that the milk provided them is not sour.
+
+In severe cases the babe should be immersed in warm water, keeping the
+head above water, of course. This is also the best remedy in
+convulsions. The hot bath, with a copious enema of warm water, has saved
+the lives of many babes.
+
+For adults, hot water, with a pinch of red pepper added, will do all
+that brandy can do, and more.
+
+CHOLERA:--Brandy has been considered by many a really necessary medicine
+in cholera. The following is a discussion upon Alcohol in Cholera which
+was held at the annual meeting of the British Medical Temperance
+Association, in May, 1893, and is taken from the _Medical Pioneer_ of
+June, 1893:--
+
+    "Dr. Richardson opened a discussion on Cholera in relation to
+    Alcohol. He said he would bring forward five points on the
+    subject.
+
+    1. The negligence among the people at large produced by alcohol
+    in the presence of a cholera epidemic. There was no doubt on the
+    part of any who had seen an epidemic of cholera as to the
+    mischief done by alcohol, apart from its action as a remedy.
+    People rush to the public houses and take it to ward off the
+    danger, or to relieve them when they begin to feel ill, and the
+    result is very bad morally. He had seen this in different
+    epidemics. Or people got in spirits to face the danger, and many
+    became intoxicated and less able to resist.
+
+    2. Its misuse by those affected. It was often given to cheer
+    them up and remove their fear and nervousness. In his opinion it
+    invariably produced mischief.
+
+    3. He was unable to find any physiological reason for giving it.
+    There was a constant drain of fluid, causing spasms and cramp,
+    both of the muscles and blood-vessels, and difficult circulation
+    through the lungs. Spasm may be relaxed by alcohol, but, on the
+    other hand, alcohol is exceedingly greedy of water, and so
+    increases the flux. But it also reduces animal temperature,
+    which is a strong feature of cholera, so much so that he could
+    almost diagnose cholera blindfold in the stage of collapse, by
+    the icy coldness.
+
+    4. Its uselessness as a remedy during the acute stage. He had
+    seen a great deal of cholera and never saw alcohol do any good
+    whatever. There was a temporary glow which passed away in a few
+    minutes, and then the evil it does in other ways was brought
+    out. Water was far better, even if cold. The College of
+    Physicians had given some instructions and ordered great care in
+    the administration of alcohol; this was not far enough, but good
+    as far as it went. The recoveries were best where the treatment
+    was simplest, such as external warmth with plenty of diluents.
+    He had given creasote largely.
+
+    5. Its injuriousness during the stage of reaction. The reactive
+    fever following collapse caused a great number of deaths. In
+    this stage alcohol was absolutely poisonous. He could recall
+    many such cases in which he had given alcohol through ignorance,
+    and always with disaster.
+
+    "Brigade-Surgeon Pringle said that when he went out to India he
+    thought alcohol was something to stand by, but he had soon found
+    out his mistake; he had himself suffered from it. He could
+    confirm what Dr. Richardson had said as to the demoralization
+    produced by alcohol to which men resort to keep up their
+    spirits, and men seized under these circumstances were in the
+    greatest danger. Nature effects a cure in many cases without
+    assistance, and often with wonderful rapidity. People apparently
+    dead and about to be buried, he had known to get up and recover.
+    When alcohol is given during collapse there is often no
+    absorption until reaction occurs, and then the quantity
+    accumulated speedily produces intoxication. It was the same with
+    opium: he had found pills unchanged in the stomach for hours. He
+    recommended hot drinks; he had tried every kind of medicine and
+    had little faith in it. The nursing was very important, and it
+    was important that the nurses should abstain.
+
+    "Dr. Morton said it was easy to see that on physiological
+    grounds alone, alcohol, with its strong affinity for water and
+    its tendency to lower temperature, could not be a useful drug in
+    the treatment of cholera collapse, and with its powers of
+    paralyzing vascular inhibition and checking elimination of
+    effete matter, could not be otherwise than harmful in the stage
+    of reaction. As these conclusions were corroborated by practical
+    experience he did not think members would hesitate to banish it
+    from their equipment against cholera.
+
+    "Dr. Ridge said it should be remembered that Doyen had made
+    experiments on guinea-pigs and had found they were proof against
+    cholera, unless they had previously had a dose of alcohol. This
+    explained why drunkards and hard drinkers were so much more
+    liable to have cholera, and have it badly as all observers
+    declared to be the case. Another reason might be that small
+    quantities of alcohol, such as would be found circulating in the
+    blood, favored the growth and multiplication of bacteria,
+    certainly those of decomposition, and probably those of cholera.
+    Hence, other things being equal, the abstainer had a great
+    advantage.
+
+    "Dr. Norman Kerr said that he had observed both in America and
+    Glasgow that not only notorious drunkards but free drinkers
+    suffered; abstainers were less liable unless they took
+    contaminated water, and the less liquid taken the less chance of
+    taking cholera; beer-drinkers often took more than abstainers.
+    The alcohol-drinker uses up more water from his blood and so has
+    less to flush out the system. Alcohol, given to a patient,
+    disguised his condition so that he might seem better though
+    really worse. Hence it is better and safer not to give any. The
+    doctors and nurses ought to be abstainers. A doctor after dinner
+    was more likely to take a roseate view of a case, looking at it
+    through an alcoholic pair of spectacles. Alcohol was not really
+    a stimulant, but a depressant, and this is a very depressing
+    disease; it was important to have our vital resisting power as
+    vigorous as possible. Hot water both relaxes and stimulates, and
+    the whole cry of the sufferer is for water. Many persons who
+    died in cholera did not die of the disease, but of the drugs
+    such as alcohol and opium. Acid drinks should be given, as the
+    bacilli could not live in acid mixtures. Cholera might come, but
+    he believed we were better prepared to meet it and to treat it.
+
+    "Surgeon-General Francis sent a communication which was read by
+    the Honorable Secretary. He said: 'Having had many opportunities
+    of treating cholera in various parts of India and amongst all
+    classes, I have no hesitation in affirming that alcohol in any
+    shape is one of the very worst remedies. Life is, so to speak,
+    paralyzed, and we give a remedy which, apparently stimulating,
+    is in reality, a paralyzer and therefore mischievous; the
+    death-rate might be considerably reduced provided alcohol were
+    rigidly excluded.'"
+
+Dr. Norman Kerr in a valuable paper upon Cholera says:--
+
+    "The first thing is to get rid of the poison. How? By assisting
+    it out; but alcohol keeps it in by blocking the doors, just as
+    the doors were blocked in the terrible calamity at Sunderland
+    not long ago. The alcohol makes the heart and circulation labor
+    more. Alcohol not only retains the cholera poison, but retards
+    the action of the heart. Brandy and opium used to be employed,
+    but the records show that if the object had been to make cholera
+    as fatal as possible, that object was achieved by the
+    indiscriminate administration of brandy and opium. Better leave
+    the victim alone, and his chances of recovery will be greater
+    than if he have a thousand doctors, and as many nurses,
+    administering to him brandy and opium. Alcohol is especially
+    dangerous in the third stage, that of reactive fever, because it
+    adds to the fever. Then, alcohol is not only unsafe in the three
+    stages of genuine cholera, but especially unsafe in the
+    premonitory diarrhoea stage, which gives nearly every one
+    warning before they are attacked by genuine cholera. Brandy is
+    taken simply because it puts away the pain. If there are only
+    the pain and slight diarrhoea, speaking medically, it is all
+    right, but if there is anything behind the pain, it is all
+    wrong. After the alcohol, the mischief is going on, only the
+    patient does not know it, and valuable time is lost. All the
+    alcohol does is to deaden sensation. * * * * * Here I can
+    thoroughly recommend ice and iced water. I have always treated
+    cholera patients with these. Let them drink iced water to their
+    hearts' content; they can never drink too much; and this opinion
+    is fortified by that of Professor Maclean, of Netley. There is
+    no need of a substitute for brandy in cholera, because in
+    ordinary circumstances in that disease the action of a stimulant
+    is bad. Flushing of the blood is required, and water will do
+    it. Milk will not do it, because it is too thick--nothing but
+    pure, cold water, all the better if iced."
+
+In 1893 Dr. Ernest Hart, editor of the _British Medical Journal_, read
+an able paper upon Cholera before the American Medical Association. His
+argument was that the introduction of such a substance as alcohol,
+itself being a product of germ action, into a system already suffering
+from the toxic influence of a ptomaine, could not be otherwise than
+pernicious.
+
+CHOLERA MORBUS:--Dr. Kellogg says: "The stomach should be washed
+    by means of the stomach-tube when possible. A large hot enema
+    should be given after each evacuation of the bowels. The
+    addition of tannin, one drachm to a quart of water, is
+    serviceable. When the vomited matter no longer shows signs of
+    food, efforts should be made to stop the vomiting. Give the
+    patient bits of ice the size of a bean to swallow every few
+    minutes. At the same time apply hot fomentations over the
+    stomach and bowels. If the patient suffer much from cramp, put
+    him into a warm bath. The first food taken should be
+    farinaceous. Oatmeal gruel, well boiled and strained, is
+    useful."
+
+CHOLERA INFANTUM:--"Iced water may be given in very small
+    quantities every few minutes. Give the stomach entire rest for
+    at least twenty-four hours. There will be no suffering for want
+    of food as long as the stomach is in such a condition. Withhold
+    milk until nature has had time to rid the alimentary canal of
+    the poison-producing germs. White of egg dissolved in water is
+    an excellent preparation in these cases. Egg enemata may also be
+    advantageously used.
+
+    "Warm baths, the hot blanket pack when the surface is cold, and
+    the hot enema are all useful. Keep the child wrapped warmly.
+
+    "Great care should be taken in returning to the milk diet. The
+    milk should be thoroughly sterilized by boiling for half an
+    hour, and should be mixed with some barley water so as to avoid
+    the formation of large curds in the stomach. Cream, diluted with
+    water, may be used instead of milk."
+
+
+CONSUMPTION.
+
+Dr. Koch, the celebrated German microscopist, pronounces consumption
+contagious, because during its progress a very minute bacterium is
+developed which may be transmitted from one person to another.
+
+It is said that a person with healthy lungs might daily breathe millions
+of tubercle bacilli without any danger, and that the best preventive of
+this disease is to live much in the open air, or if this is impossible
+to spend ten or fifteen minutes a day in deep breathing exercises in the
+open air. "Fresh-air and disease-germs are antagonistic."
+
+Alcohol, chiefly in the form of whisky, was for many years considered of
+great value in the treatment of consumption of the lungs. Indeed, it was
+looked upon not only as a curative, but also as a prophylactic, or
+preventive, of great service to those predisposed to this disease by
+reason of narrow chest and weak lungs.
+
+Sir Benjamin Ward Richardson was the first medical scientist who showed
+plainly that alcohol, instead of being a preventive of consumption, is
+really the sole cause of one type of this disease, the type now classed
+under the head of "alcoholic phthisis." For this kind of phthisis there
+is no hope of cure.
+
+French physicians some years ago came to the conclusion that alcohol was
+a prolific cause of tuberculosis and that the administration of
+alcoholic liquors in tubercular troubles was a great error, and in the
+International Anti-Tuberculosis Congress held in Paris in 1905, about
+2000 medical scientists being present, they presented the following
+resolution, which was adopted: "In view of the close connection between
+alcoholism and tuberculosis, this Congress strongly emphasizes the
+importance of combining the fight against tuberculosis with the struggle
+against alcoholism."
+
+Since that time a great crusade against tuberculosis has been carried on
+by means of exhibits and lectures, and in connection with these, almost
+invariably the people are warned against intemperance. For example, a
+pamphlet sent out by the Boston Association for the Relief and Control
+of Tuberculosis says: "Do not spend money for beer or other liquors, or
+for quack medicines or 'cures.' Self-indulgence and intemperance are
+very bad. Vice which weakens the strong kills the weak." The New York
+State Charities Aid Association, working with the State Board of Health,
+says in a pamphlet: "Patent medicines do not cure consumption. They are
+usually alcoholic drinks in disguise, and the use of alcoholic drinks is
+dangerous to the consumptive." At the great exhibit in Washington in
+September, 1908, in connection with the International Anti-Tuberculosis
+Congress different warnings against alcohol were upon the walls. Among
+these was a large poster of white cloth on which was printed the
+opinions on alcohol, in brief, of some of the best-known authorities on
+consumption. The opinions as given on that poster are given here, with
+others, in order to show the great change of sentiment regarding alcohol
+and consumption which has come about within a few years:--
+
+    "Alcohol has never cured and never will cure tuberculosis. It
+    will either prevent or retard recovery. It is like a two-edged
+    weapon; on one side it poisons the system, and on the other it
+    ruins the stomach and thus prevents this organ from properly
+    digesting the necessary food."--S. A. KNOPF, M. D., New York,
+    Honorary Vice-President of the British Congress on Tuberculosis.
+
+
+    Dr. Knopf in his prize essay on "Tuberculosis and How to Combat
+    It," says in several places: "Avoid all alcoholic beverages." He
+    says also, "Alcohol should never be given to children even in
+    the smallest quantities."
+
+
+    "It is a recognized fact in the medical profession that the
+    habitual use of alcoholic drinks predisposes to tubercular
+    infection. It is also recognized, I think, by most physicians
+    that alcohol as a medicine is harmful to the tubercular
+    invalid."--FRANK BILLINGS, M. D., Chicago, Ill., Former
+    President American Medical Association.
+
+
+    "Alcoholic liquors are of damage to consumptives because they
+    tend to impair nutrition, disturb the action of the stomach, and
+    give a false strength to the invalid on which he is sure to
+    presume. Besides, we know that in countries where drinking
+    prevails most, the ravages of tuberculosis are most
+    marked."--EDWARD L. TRUDEAU, M. D., Adirondacks Sanitarium for
+    Consumptives, Saranac Lake, N. Y.
+
+
+    "In my judgment whisky should not be used by people who have
+    consumption, and in my practice I prohibit its use absolutely.
+    At the White Haven Sanitarium and Henry Phipps Institute we do
+    not use alcohol in any form in the treatment of our
+    patients."--LAWRENCE F. FLICK, M. D., Vice-President of the
+    National Association for the Study and Prevention of
+    Tuberculosis, Philadelphia, Pa.
+
+
+    "I do not feel that I can emphasize strongly enough the harm
+    that can be done by the use of alcohol in tuberculosis, and the
+    indiscriminate use of it certainly borders on the criminal. I do
+    not believe that any legitimate reason can be given for the
+    routine employment of alcohol in the treatment of tuberculosis.
+    I furthermore know of no emergency in which it is indispensable.
+    My experience with patients who have been accustomed to the use
+    of alcohol, especially moderately, is very unsatisfactory. They
+    seem to show an abnormally low resisting power to the tubercle
+    bacillus. The fact has been established that alcoholism is a
+    very potent factor in the causation of tuberculosis. I find it
+    not only unnecessary in treatment but believe it to be
+    contraindicated."--F. M. POTTENGER, M. D., Superintendent the
+    Pottenger Sanitarium for Diseases of the Lungs and Throat,
+    Monrovia, California.
+
+
+    "I have met with a small class of consumptive patients who could
+    take alcoholic liquors freely for a length of time, without
+    deranging either the stomach or the brain, and with a decided
+    amelioration of the pulmonary symptoms, and an arrest of the
+    emaciation. Some of these have actually increased in
+    _embonpoint_, and for three to six months were highly elated
+    with the hope that they were recovering. But truth compels me to
+    say that I have never seen a case in which this apparent
+    improvement under the influence of alcoholic drink was
+    permanent. On the contrary, even in those cases in which the
+    emaciation seems at first arrested, and the general symptoms
+    ameliorated, the physical signs do not undergo a corresponding
+    improvement; and after a few months the digestive function
+    becomes impaired; the emaciation begins to increase rapidly; and
+    in a short time the patient is fatally prostrated."--DR. NATHAN
+    S. DAVIS, SR., of Chicago.
+
+
+    "The use of whisky in this disease positively interferes with
+    digestion which must under all circumstances be kept as perfect
+    as possible in order that the patient may assimilate the food
+    which is so necessary to the upbuilding of the system and to
+    gain strength to fight the onslaught of the disease.
+
+    "Its constant use would not only interfere with digestion but
+    would have a tendency to create disease in other organs of the
+    body so that we therefore consider the use of whisky in
+    tuberculosis positively contraindicated.
+
+    "Wishing you success in your laudable campaign."--DR. M.
+    COLLINS, Superintendent National Jewish Hospital for
+    Consumptives, Denver, Colorado.
+
+
+    "It is difficult for many people to adapt themselves to a
+    methodical plan of life long enough to establish a permanent
+    cure in consumption. I have known many a young fellow with only
+    a slight trouble in his lungs to die in the Adirondacks more
+    from the effects of whisky than from the disease itself."--DR.
+    HENRY P. LOOMIS, of New York City, in a Lecture on Consumption.
+    (See page 232, of Handbook, on the Prevention of Tuberculosis.)
+
+
+    "The majority of our patients receive no medication whatsoever.
+    The stomach is rarely in condition to bear excessive medication,
+    and the promiscuous use of creosote and similar preparations is
+    to be condemned. Milk and raw eggs are the best articles of diet
+    in addition to a regular diet of simple food."--JAMES ALEXANDER
+    MILLER, M. D., of the Vanderbilt Clinic, New York. (From Medical
+    Record.)
+
+
+    "In my specialty, the treatment of pulmonary diseases, I rarely
+    prescribe alcohol in any form, and in the sanitaria with which I
+    have been connected it is the exception where alcohol in any
+    form is prescribed. I have advised against its use where such
+    has been the custom, believing that as a rule alcoholic liquors
+    do more harm than good in the treatment of this disease."--PROF.
+    VINCENT Y. BOWDITCH, M. D., Harvard Medical School, Boston.
+
+
+    "From personal experience in handling pulmonary tuberculosis,
+    not only at the Nordrach Ranch Sanitorium, for the past five
+    years, but in an active practice of thirteen years, I am more
+    than convinced that whisky and liquor, in any form, are
+    absolutely poisonous to the consumptive.
+
+    "Whenever we admit a patient to the Nordrach Ranch Sanitorium,
+    we ascertain whether the individual is an alcoholic or not; and
+    we invariably find that such an individual is lacking in
+    vitality enough to combat the disease. They may look fat and
+    strong, pulmonary tuberculosis usually makes quick work of them.
+
+    "It is also a noticeable fact, proven by various statistics,
+    that a very large percentage of alcoholics become tubercular;
+    and if we ever stamp out tuberculosis, we will also have to
+    stamp out intemperance.
+
+    "Trying to cure consumption with whisky is like trying to put
+    out a fire with kerosene. This is very easy to understand when
+    we stop to consider the nature of this disease. In the first
+    place, we have a very rapid heart's action, dating from the very
+    earliest manifestations of the disease. The pulse is often in
+    excess of 100, even in incipient cases, and if the stimulation
+    of alcohol is added, we have what might be called a 'runaway
+    heart'; and if there is one thing needed in the long combat
+    against tuberculosis, it is a good heart."--JOHN E. WHITE, M.
+    D., Medical Director Nordrach Ranch Sanitorium, Colorado
+    Springs, Colorado.
+
+
+    "You ask me my opinion as to the use of whisky in the treatment
+    of consumption. In reply permit me to say that I regard its use
+    in this disease as most universally pernicious."--PROF. CHARLES
+    G. STOCKTON, M. D., Buffalo Medical College, Buffalo, N. Y.
+
+
+    "It was formerly thought that alcohol was in some way
+    antagonistic to tuberculous disease, but the observations of
+    late years indicate clearly that the reverse is the case, and
+    that chronic drinkers are more liable to both acute and
+    pulmonary tuberculosis. It is probably altogether a question of
+    altered tissue soil, the alcohol lowering the vitality and
+    enabling the bacilli more readily to develop and grow."--DR.
+    OSLER, formerly Professor of Medicine in Johns Hopkins
+    University, Baltimore, Md., now of Oxford University, England.
+
+
+    "Upon investigation I found 38 per cent. of our male tubercular
+    patients were excessive users of alcohol, 56 per cent. moderate
+    users. From my study of the cases I am led to believe that in a
+    vast majority of these cases drink has been a large factor in
+    producing the disease, by exposure, lowering of vitality, etc. I
+    believe that alcohol has no place in the treatment of
+    tuberculosis. Many patients are deceived by the false strength
+    it gives them."--O. C. WILLHITE, M. D., Superintendent of Cook
+    County Hospital for Consumptives, Dunning, Ill.
+
+
+    "In tuberculosis there is a state of over-stimulation of the
+    circulatory system due to the toxins. The use of alcoholics
+    simply makes the condition worse. It reduces resistance and
+    makes the person more susceptible to the disease."--H. J.
+    BLANKMEYER, M. D., Sanatorium Gabriels, in the Adirondacks,
+    N. Y.
+
+
+    "The practice of taking alcoholics of any sort, and in any
+    quantity, over a considerable length of time, is certain to
+    produce more or less injury to a tubercular patient, and their
+    use by tubercular people cannot be too strongly condemned."--H.
+    S. GOODALL, M. D., Lake Kushaqua, N. Y.
+
+Most of these opinions were written for the author of this book in
+response to letters of inquiry. Are they not indicative of a day when
+the medical profession will lay aside alcoholic liquors in the treatment
+of all diseases? It is acknowledged that the past usage of giving whisky
+and cod-liver oil to consumptives was an error; some day, it may be not
+far distant, a larger acknowledgment may be made, and the medical use of
+alcoholic liquors will be entirely a thing of the past.
+
+Rev. J. M. Buckley, D.D., editor of _The Christian Advocate_, was in
+early manhood considered an incurable consumptive. Being a man of great
+will power and indomitable perseverance, he resolved to try the open-air
+cure, together with the use of an inspirator. The result was perfect
+restoration to health, so that, as is well known, he can be easily heard
+by audiences of thousands at Chautauqua and other places where he is
+greatly in request for lectures. He has written a pamphlet giving a full
+history of his case. It can be obtained from Eaton & Mains, 150 Fifth
+Avenue, New York, for fifty cents, and should be read by all
+consumptives who have any "grit" in their composition.
+
+Dr. Forrest, a hygienic physician, says:--
+
+    "What is to be done if the germs have already obtained lodgement
+    in the lungs? Increase the general nutrition of the body in
+    every way, and then the lungs can resist the inroads of the
+    disease. The first thing necessary to improve the nutrition of
+    the body is to stimulate the digestive and absorbent functions
+    of the stomach and intestines. Naturally then, you must throw
+    the so-called cough medicines out of the window. The drugs used
+    to stop a cough are sedatives. Now, no sedative or nauseant is
+    known that does not lock up the natural secretions and thus
+    lessen the digestive powers. The cough is nature's method of
+    expelling offending matter from the lungs and bronchial tubes.
+    It is infinitely better to have this stuff thrown out of the
+    lungs than retained there."
+
+Keep the bowels clean is this physician's next recommendation.
+
+Sweet cream is preferable to cod-liver oil as it is not so likely to
+derange the stomach. Easily digested food is necessary, as the organs
+of digestion are in weakened condition.
+
+Again Dr. Forrest says:--
+
+    "The consumptive should live as much as possible in the open
+    air.
+
+    "Dr. Trudeau inoculated twelve rabbits with tubercle or
+    consumptive germs. Six of these he turned loose on an island
+    where they ran wild. The other six were kept confined in hutches
+    such as rabbits are usually kept in. Results--All the six
+    rabbits in the open air recovered from the inoculation and
+    remained well. Five of the confined rabbits died of tubercles in
+    the lungs and different parts of the body. The sixth was still
+    lingering, badly diseased, when the experiment was brought to a
+    close. Fresh air and exercise enabled the first six to overcome
+    the disease germs. Confinement gave full play to the disease in
+    the others.
+
+    "Now, you house lovers, sleepers in close bedrooms, people
+    afraid of cold air, you are the rabbits in the hutches. Beware,
+    lest the verdict be in your case, 'Died of tubercles in the
+    lungs.' If you are not able to leave your home, live with open
+    windows, day and night, summer and winter.
+
+    "Exercise systematically, especially those exercises,
+    accompanied by deep breathing, that open and strengthen the
+    lungs--exercises without fatigue.
+
+    "If you are hoping that some wonderful, mysterious drug has been
+    or will be discovered, a drug that will cure consumption without
+    your help, you are hoping against hope. Improved nutrition is
+    your salvation, and that must come through exercise, diet and
+    fresh air."
+
+Dr. J. H. Kellogg, in his _Home Hand-Book of Hygiene and Medicine_,
+recommends a salt sponge bath upon retiring, to arrest night sweats, or
+sponging with hot water. He adds:--
+
+    "It is important that patients should know that the sweats are
+    greatly aggravated by opium in any form, and hence are increased
+    by cough mixtures of any sort which contain this drug. Very
+    simple remedies are often effective to relieve the most
+    distressing cough, such as gargling of water in the throat,
+    holding bits of ice in the mouth, taking occasional sips of
+    strong lemonade, and similar remedies. As a general rule,
+    patients run down and the disease progresses much more rapidly,
+    after beginning the use of opium in any form. Sometimes it is
+    best that the cough should be encouraged instead of being
+    repressed. When the patient expectorates very freely, the cough
+    is a necessary means of relieving the chest of matters which
+    would seriously interfere with the functions of the lungs if
+    retained, by filling up the bronchial tubes and air-cells. The
+    kind of cough needing relief is an irritable, ineffective cough,
+    unaccompanied by any considerable degree of expectoration. Loaf
+    sugar, honey or a mixture of honey and lemon juice, and other
+    simple, familiar remedies are often effective in relieving such
+    a cough. * * * * *
+
+    "It is perhaps needless to add that the numerous quack remedies
+    for consumption advertised in the newspapers are wholly without
+    merit. There is no known drug which will cure this disease, or
+    in any certain degree influence its progress. Numerous remedies
+    have been recommended as curative, but not one has thus far
+    stood the test of experience."
+
+DISPLACEMENTS OF THE UTERUS:--These conditions are not among those for
+which alcoholic liquors are likely to be advised by a physician, but
+women frequently resort to Lydia Pinkham's Compound and other alcoholic
+preparations in the vain hope of finding the relief so positively
+promised in the nostrum advertisements. Women are sometimes seriously
+injured by using the nostrums specially advised for uterine weaknesses,
+for this reason: a drug which may be of service in an anaemic condition
+of the womb may do much damage in an inflamed or engorged condition, yet
+the nostrum vendors advise their preparations for all alike, without a
+word of warning as to possible dangers.
+
+Ordinary displacements may be recovered from by cleanliness of the parts
+and by exercises which strengthen the muscles in the pelvic region. The
+writer has known a considerable number of women who have been restored
+to health by exercises after months, in some cases, and several years in
+others, of weakness and misery. One of these women was a close relative
+of a celebrated specialist in women's diseases. He said he could not do
+any more for her, and gave permission for her to try the exercises,
+which were given her by a well-equipped teacher of physical training.
+
+There are three kinds of displacements: anteversion, retroversion, and
+prolapsus. The causes of these troubles are various; lack of proper care
+in child-bearing, miscarriages, heavy lifting, a hard fall, jumping out
+of a carriage, straining, too violent exercise in gymnasium work, and
+tight-lacing, also gradual weakening of the ligaments which sustain the
+uterus in position.
+
+An abdominal supporter should be worn constantly during the day for a
+year or so, then left off gradually an hour or two at a time. It should
+be worn during the second year whenever any extra work is to be done.
+
+There is a supporter sold by the Battle Creek Sanitarium which is highly
+recommended, but any physician can get one for a patient.
+
+Perfect cleanliness is necessary. For this purpose a hot vaginal douche
+should be taken two or three times a day. This douche should be made
+astringent by adding to a pint of water a quarter ounce of alum or
+tannin. The hot astringent injections tone up the lower supports of the
+uterus, and cleanse the passage. The patient should remain in a
+recumbent position for some hours after the douche if possible.
+Considerable rest hastens a cure. Take the rest in the fresh air when
+weather permits. Persistent use of sitz baths will be found helpful.
+
+For prolapsus the simplest form of internal supporter is a small roll of
+cotton. After the organ is carefully put into position this supporter
+should be pressed up against the mouth of the womb, the patient
+meanwhile lying upon her back. The ball of absorbent cotton should be
+large enough to be retained in position, and should be saturated with a
+weak solution of glycerine and alum or glycerine and tannin before being
+applied. A piece of white cord should be tied firmly around the centre
+of this tampon by which it may be removed. Remove before taking the
+douche.
+
+Persons who feel unable to purchase an elastic or other abdominal
+supporter can make a substitute (not so good, but of considerable
+service) from unbleached muslin made in the shape of the letter T, and
+having the cloth double. It should go up to the waist and be made to
+fit over the hips, then should be fastened firmly in front with
+safety-pins, and the cross-piece be drawn up from the back and fastened
+securely in front.
+
+The daily exercises are the most important part of the treatment. They
+must be begun gradually, and taken at greater length as strength is
+gained. Those for prolapsus will be given first:--
+
+The patient should lie upon a rug, or on a firm long sofa or couch. The
+feet should be drawn up as close to the body as possible. Now lift the
+lower part of the body so that the hips and lower portion of the trunk
+will have no support but what comes from the feet and shoulders. Hold
+this position for a minute or two (longer when able without much
+fatigue). After a few minutes' rest repeat. This exercise may be
+continued from twenty to thirty minutes, according to patient's
+strength. The elevation of the hips in this exercise aids in the
+restoration of the organ to its natural position. This exercise should
+be continued daily, the number of times being increased as strength
+increases.
+
+A second exercise which is very helpful in prolapsus is to support the
+body on the toes and elbows with the face downward, and the hips raised
+as high as possible. Another exercise may be taken with an assistant;
+the patient should lie face downward, supporting the body by the chest,
+and keeping the limbs rigid while the assistant lifts the feet as high
+as possible without hurting. These movements strengthen the abdominal
+muscles and draw fresh blood to the weakened parts, and cause quickened
+circulation in addition to restoring the displaced organ to natural
+position. They should be taken at night just before retiring after a hot
+douche. The bowels should be kept open by the free use of fruit. The
+patient should sleep with the hips elevated as much as can be endured
+without real discomfort and sit with the feet on a stool. When strength
+sufficient is acquired the exercises for anteversion will be found
+useful, and any other exercises which strengthen the abdominal muscles,
+such as bending backward and forward, and sideways. Kneading and
+percussing the abdomen by an osteopath or masseur strengthens, and also
+relieves constipation. Rest during the day should be taken with the feet
+higher than the head.
+
+Prolapsus due to laceration in child-birth may require a surgical
+operation.
+
+In case of antiflexions the first exercise given for prolapsus should be
+taken daily. (The advice for the prolapsus treatment and the exercises
+are taken from the writings of Dr. J. H. Kellogg, superintendent of the
+Battle Creek Sanitarium.).
+
+ANTEVERSION:--Persons suffering from anteversion or retroversion should
+sleep without pillows under the head, and lie flat upon the back; they
+should sit with the feet as high as convenient and avoid high seats
+which hinder the feet from touching the floor. They should discard
+corsets and tight stocking supporters which push or hold down the organs
+which need to be replaced. Stocking supporters should be fastened over
+the hips and comfort waists can be bought in place of corsets.
+
+It is well to have an attendant to prepare weak patients for first
+exercises in all uterine troubles by the use of towels wrung from hot
+water applied to the back and abdomen for a few minutes to relax the
+muscles, or a hot water bottle, or hot salt bag may be used. Then, with
+the patient lying with head low, the attendant should give the abdomen
+and small of the back a thorough rubbing or kneading for ten minutes or
+less according to strength of patient. Olive oil can be used on the hand
+in the rubbing.
+
+FIRST EXERCISE FOR ANTEVERSION:--Lie on bed or rug; fold arms on chest;
+hold trunk of body still; stretch legs, and hold the position about half
+a minute, then relax at the knee and ankle. Then point the toes down and
+stretch upper leg muscles; relax; then stretch under leg muscles by
+stretching heel out. The patient will feel the exercise as far as the
+shoulders, and should be careful not to lift the body from the floor at
+first. When patient can hold stretching exercise for a minute then lift
+first the right, then the left leg, and take same exercise until the
+person can give a quick little kick for, say, twelve times, as the leg
+is straightened.
+
+SECOND EXERCISE:--Lying on the back, stretch to full length; move the
+left leg out at the side, then up and back to position, forming a
+semi-circle, keeping muscles tense throughout. Then move right leg out
+at the side--left--stretch toes long--relax--stretch heel--, lift a
+little higher and bring back to place in a circle and rest. Same with
+left leg and then both together. Few people can do this easily at first,
+the weight of the legs is too much for the weak muscles at the back; but
+some one can hold the foot at first. When the patient can do this easily
+without bringing on any pain or ache, she may sit in a low chair and
+take arm lifting exercises.
+
+Raise both arms out at the sides, then slowly raise them up close to the
+head and consciously lift all the organs of the body up, relax, and
+lower arms down front and repeat slowly, six or ten times at first,
+until for five minutes the patient can do this sitting. Then take it
+standing for ten minutes or more. Stand with feet wide apart. Dr.
+Anderson says, "A woman who will do this twenty times each day can never
+have anteversion, if she dresses properly, for it lifts the organs in
+place each time." It lifts the chest and abdomen up, and brings a
+feeling of exhilaration if done in the open air.
+
+After the patient has taken exercises for five or six weeks she may lie
+flat on the back, fold arms and raise body up to sitting position
+without unfolding arms. Then turn on right side and do the same, then on
+left side and do the same. This is fine for back and abdomen muscles.
+
+Anteversion needs the Rest Cure, and resting with the body in a position
+in which nature can right things is an important thing to remember. Rest
+always after exercise, either with a pillow under the knees or with the
+legs hanging over a low foot-board, or lying on a couch with the feet
+higher than the head. Exercise will relax the muscles and call for
+blood which will revitalize and stimulate the weakened conditions. A
+woman with this trouble should be careful about bending quickly over, or
+climbing stairs, until she gains strength.
+
+RETROVERSION:--Place the patient with face downward on bed or mat and
+with a small pillow under the lower part of the abdomen. Relax the
+muscles by applying a hot towel, hot salt bag or hot water-bottle just
+below the small of the back, and lower part of the abdomen for ten or
+fifteen minutes. (Hot salt bags are most effective and are easy to
+handle.) Then rub the back briskly with a circular movement; if tender
+in front, do not rub the abdomen. The circulation will gradually carry
+away any inflammation as soon as the muscles reach a normal condition,
+though kneading of back and abdomen, using sweet oil on the hand, is
+helpful if the patient can bear it.
+
+The patient must remember that these conditions have been months in
+coming and only painstaking work and time can restore the weakened
+organs. The manner of dress is very important; loose, comfortable
+clothing must be worn. Sleep with the face down as much as possible;
+nature will correct itself, if allowed, many times.
+
+FIRST EXERCISE:--Fold arms under forehead and draw right knee up close
+to body and hold two minutes (unless painful) and slowly straighten, and
+stretch very slowly. Do the same with the left leg until the patient can
+repeat the exercise twelve times with each leg and hold five minutes
+instead of two, with the knee close to the body. It will probably take
+two weeks to gain strength for this. After that time raise the body up
+on hands, and move legs just as a baby does when creeping, except that
+the patient only follows the movement and does not move along.
+
+SECOND EXERCISE:--Patient take sitting position on floor and clasp hands
+under knees, and bring knees up, so that chin and knees meet and hold.
+Then straighten legs, slide hands toward the heels as far as hands can
+reach, (stretch hands toward heels); make a continuous movement of this.
+
+THIRD EXERCISE:--Sit on floor. Place the hands on floor at sides, legs
+straight out in front, lift the body from the floor with the arms, up
+and down. This is a fine exercise for raising up the misplaced organs.
+
+FOURTH EXERCISE:--Place the patient flat on back and push the body up to
+sitting position with hands quite far back and palms down, recline
+again, up and down until arms and back are very tired. Then sit up, legs
+straight in front, raise the body from the floor, (an inch) and move
+backward, resting weight on hands, then move over on knees as at first
+exercise and creep, then sit up and move backward again. These will take
+a month to perfect. Begin by exercising five minutes and gradually work
+up to half an hour, rest between, always. The patient must have the
+right mental attitude, must think that she is trying to replace the
+uterus by lifting it to its natural position. The exercises must not be
+lazily done.
+
+Sitting in a tub of hot water is most helpful where there is much
+tenderness, or inflammation. Witch-hazel in hot water douches or a weak
+solution of hot salt water is a wonderful tonic in some cases.
+
+EXERCISE FOR REPLACING UTERUS TO BE TAKEN JUST BEFORE RETIRING:--Kneel
+on the bed; bend forward until the chest is touching the bed and the
+hips are elevated as high as possible. The inlet of the vagina should
+then be opened so as to admit air. As soon as the air enters the womb
+falls into position. Lie down at once and give nature a chance to regain
+strength while you sleep.
+
+The tampon soaked in glycerine and alum, and the douches of hot water,
+in which a little alum is dissolved, are both of great service in
+controlling the flooding which so frequently accompanies change of life
+and miscarriages. (Exercises for anteversion and retroversion supplied
+by a successful teacher of such work.)
+
+The writer of this book asked a well-known medical writer why physicians
+do not advise exercises for the cure of displacements instead of
+operations. He said it is because women are not willing to do anything
+to help themselves. They expect the physician to cure them, and the only
+way a physician can "cure" is to operate. Sensible women, however, will
+be glad to practice helpful exercises.
+
+DEBILITY:--"The debility of convalescence requires fresh air,
+    easily digested food, the avoidance of over-exertion, with a
+    gradually increasing amount of exercise. Such debility is only
+    aggravated by alcohol, though it may for a time be partially
+    masked thereby. Milk, eggs, fresh fruit and farinaceous
+    articles are the best foods. General debility without obvious
+    cause, may be treated by cold or tepid bathing. Salt added to
+    the bath is helpful. Change of air is a good tonic. Port wine
+    and other alcoholics while giving a false sensation of increased
+    vigor, really _reduce the tone of the pulse_, and therefore tend
+    to enfeeble the system. Alcohol is a relaxant, _not a tonic_."
+
+DEPRESSION OF SPIRITS:--"Learn the Delsarte exercise for the
+    'blues,' and practice them daily. Hot air baths. Avoid rich
+    food. Take out-door exercise."
+
+DIARRHOEA:--"This is a symptom of the presence of an irritant
+    of which the stomach is trying to be rid. Do not arrest it
+    prematurely, but assist it. If it persists, arrowroot, or corn
+    starch, or flour, mixed with cold water to the consistency of
+    cream may be taken, a tablespoonful at a time. 2. Bread charcoal
+    with cold milk. 3. A tablespoonful of cinnamon water with a
+    teaspoonful of lime water, mixed, every one, two or three hours.
+    Smaller dose for a child. Diet should be confined to toast, milk
+    toast, milk, cold or boiled. Tea, broth, meat, etc., are sure to
+    renew the trouble. Diarrhoea in infants is generally due to
+    errors in feeding, either over-feeding or the use of improper
+    kinds of food. Boiled milk thickened with flour is a simple
+    remedy in light cases. Alcoholics are utterly unnecessary in
+    diarrhoea, and to order them for young children is quite
+    wrong. A full enema of water, as hot as can be borne, will
+    remove offending substances from the bowels.
+
+    "Beware of diarrhoea medicines containing opium in any form.
+    They are unnecessary and dangerous, particularly for young
+    children."
+
+DYSENTERY:--"At the beginning of the disease the stomach should
+    be relieved by the use of a large warm-water emetic. The
+    quantity of food should be restricted to the smallest amount
+    compatible with comfort. Ripe fruits, especially grapes, and
+    most stewed fruits, may be used in abundance to keep the bowels
+    regular. Salads, spices and other condiments, fats and fried
+    foods should be strictly avoided, together with tea, coffee,
+    alcoholics and all other narcotics.
+
+    "The diet should consist chiefly of simple soups, well boiled
+    oatmeal gruel, egg beaten with water or milk, and similar foods.
+    In many cases regulation of the diet is sufficient. Either the
+    hot or the cold enema may be employed.
+
+    "The use of opium, which is exceedingly common in this disease,
+    is not advisable, as it produces a feverish condition of the
+    system, decidedly prejudicial to recovery. Herroner, an eminent
+    German physician, very strongly discourages the use of opium in
+    this disease."--DR. J. H. KELLOGG.
+
+DYSPEPSIA:--"It is commonly supposed that a little good whisky
+    or brandy aids digestion, while on the contrary it has been
+    proved conclusively by observing the processes of digestion upon
+    persons who have fistula of the stomach, or by evacuating the
+    contents of the stomach by means of a stomach-pump about an hour
+    after taking a meal--in one instance after taking an ounce of
+    alcohol, and in another where no alcohol was taken--that alcohol
+    coagulates the albuminoids, throws down the pepsin, decreases
+    the acidity (the combined chlorin and free hydrochloric acid),
+    and increases the fixed chlorids. Any one can make the
+    observation upon himself, that a meal taken without alcohol is
+    more quickly followed by hunger than one with it.
+
+    "Blumenau says: 'On the whole, alcohol manifests a decidedly
+    unfavorable influence on the course of normal digestion even
+    when ingested in relatively small quantities, and impairs the
+    normal digestive functions.'
+
+    "Dr. Chittenden, professor of physiologic chemistry in Yale
+    College, as a result of some investigations made by himself and
+    Dr. Mendel, states in the _American Journal of Medical
+    Sciences_, that he finds that as small a quantity as three per
+    cent. of sherry, porter, or beer lessens the activity of the
+    digestive powers."--_Bulletin of A. M. T. A._
+
+    "It should be observed that doses of alcohol which have no
+    appreciable effect in delaying digestion, are so small as to be
+    practically useless for any beneficial action."--_Medical
+    Pioneer._
+
+One doctor writes:--
+
+    "What makes dyspepsia so hard to cure? This very alcohol taking.
+    The best cure is to refuse all alcoholic drinks, at meals and
+    all other times, and drink nothing but water."
+
+The causes of dyspepsia are various; errors of diet being the most
+common. Others are mental worry, care and anxiety, and the use of drugs.
+An eminent writer upon this disease says:
+
+    "My main object in the treatment is to prevent the sufferers
+    from resorting to drugs, which in such cases, not only produce
+    their own morbid conditions, but also confirm those already
+    existing.
+
+    "The extensive and often habitual use of alkalies for acidity,
+    of purgatives for constipation, nervines and opiates for
+    sleeplessness, and after-dinner pills to goad into action the
+    lagging stomach, has been a potent factor in the production of a
+    large class of most inveterate dyspepsias."
+
+Underdone bread, cake, and pie, are unfit for any stomach, yet are seen
+upon many tables. "Breakfast foods," cooked for ten or twenty minutes,
+are also dyspepsia producers. All breads, cakes, pies and cereals,
+require thorough cooking to fit them for digestion. Most cereals are
+better for supper than for breakfast, as they should be cooked in a
+double boiler for several hours. A young man, troubled with dyspepsia,
+learned to his amazement that the oatmeal, which he supposed was his
+best food, had much to do with the giddiness which often overcame him.
+He was advised to use dry foods, such as toast, zwieback and shredded
+wheat. This diet, together with the abandonment of nostrums, led to a
+cure. Zwieback is bread sliced, and dried in a moderate oven until light
+brown. Whole wheat bread is best. It is very delicious and is quite
+easily digested. In the case of the young man, it is probable that the
+difficulty with the oatmeal was the lack of sufficient cooking. Oatmeal
+made into gruel, well cooked, and diluted with a large quantity of
+scalded milk is easy of digestion.
+
+Eating between meals, and excess in eating, lead to stomach derangement.
+
+    "The best remedy for acidity of the stomach is hot-water
+    drinking. Two or three glasses should be taken as hot as can be
+    sipped, one hour before each meal, and half an hour before going
+    to bed. The effect of the hot water is to wash out the stomach,
+    and so remove any fermenting remains of the previous meal.
+    Heartburn may be treated the same as acidity."
+
+Persons troubled with slow digestion are better to eat only two meals a
+day. The writer has personal knowledge of a goodly number of women who
+have been benefited wonderfully by adopting the two meal a day plan.
+
+Some persons, much troubled with dyspepsia, have adopted the plan of
+prolonged fasting advocated by Dr. Dewey, and testify to a cure by this
+method. While heroic, it is certainly more rational than drug treatment.
+For acute dyspepsia a fast is requisite.
+
+All that alcoholics can do for dyspepsia is to allay the uneasy
+sensations for a time, while adding to the trouble. It has been
+abundantly proved that alcohol must pass from the stomach before
+digestion can begin.
+
+Dr. Ridge says:--
+
+    "Many cases which seem to be relieved by the use of beer are
+    really benefited by the hop, or other bitter, which the ale or
+    beer contains. _Hop tea_ is a useful stomachic, and a quarter of
+    a pint, or half that quantity, may be taken cold. It is made in
+    the same way as tea, using a handful of hops to a pint of
+    boiling water. Make fresh every day."
+
+Dr. Kellogg says:--
+
+    "In cases of chronic dyspepsia the use of alcohol seems to be
+    particularly deleterious, although not infrequently prescribed,
+    if not in the form of alcohol or ordinary alcoholic liquors, in
+    the form of some so-called 'bitters,' 'elixir' or 'cordial.'
+    Nothing could be further removed from the truth than the popular
+    notion that alcohol, at least in the form of certain wines, is
+    helpful to digestion. Roberts showed, years ago, that alcohol
+    even in small doses, diminishes the activity of the stomach in
+    the digestion of proteids. Gluzinski showed, ten years ago, that
+    alcohol causes an arrest in the secretion of pepsin, and also of
+    its action upon food. Wolff showed that the habitual use of
+    alcohol produces disorder of the stomach to such a degree as to
+    render it incapable of responding to the normal excitation of
+    the food. Hugounencq found that all wines, without exception,
+    prevent the action of pepsin upon proteids. The most harmful are
+    those which contain large quantities of alcohol, cream of tartar
+    or coloring matter. Wines often contain coloring matters which
+    at once completely arrest digestion, such as methylin blue and
+    fuchsin.
+
+    "A few years ago I made a series of experiments in which I
+    administered alcohol in various forms with a test meal, noting
+    the effect upon the stomach fluid as determined by the accurate
+    chemic examination of the method of Hayem and Winter. The result
+    of these experiments I reported at the 1893 meeting of the
+    American Medical Temperance Association. The subject of
+    experiment was a healthy young man whose stomach was doing a
+    slight excess of work, the amount of combined chlorin being
+    nearly fifty per cent. above normal, although the amount of free
+    hydrochloric acid was normal in quantity. Four ounces of claret
+    with the ordinary test meal reduced the free hydrochloric acid
+    from 28 milligrams per 100 c. c. of stomach fluid to zero, and
+    the combined chlorin from .270 to .125. In the same case the
+    administration of two ounces of brandy with the ordinary test
+    meal reduced the combined chlorin to .035, scarcely more than
+    one eighth of the original amount, the free hydrochloric acid
+    remaining at zero. Thus it appears that four ounces of claret
+    produced marked hypopepsia in a case of moderate hyperpepsia,
+    whereas two ounces of brandy produced practically apepsia."
+
+FAINTING OR SYNCOPE:--The following letter from the late Sir B. W.
+Richardson was addressed to a lady who had sought the great physician's
+advice on the subject:--
+
+
+                            "25 Manchester Square, W., July 18, 1896.
+
+    "DEAR MADAM: There is no substance which acts as a substitute
+    for alcohol, nor is anything like it wanted. The human body is a
+    water engine, as I have often described it, and alcohol plays no
+    part in its natural motion. The idea that when it begins to
+    fail, a stimulant has to be called for, springs merely from
+    habit, and if, whenever any of the symptoms of fainting you
+    speak of occur, the person merely lies down on the side or back
+    and drinks a glass of hot water, or hot milk and water, all that
+    can be done is done. In the London Temperance Hospital I have
+    been treating the sick for diseases of all kinds and during all
+    stages, and have never administered a minim of alcohol, or any
+    substitute for it, and we have got on better than when
+    I--feeling it at all times at command--made use of it in the
+    ordinary way.
+
+      "I am, dear Madam, faithfully yours,
+        "B. W. RICHARDSON."
+
+
+    TREATMENT:--"Lay the patient down in a current of air with the
+    feet raised higher than the head, preferably on one side in case
+    of sickness occurring, or bend the head down to the knees, to
+    restore the flow of blood to the brain. Loosen all clothing. Rub
+    the limbs, chest and over the heart with the hand or a rough
+    towel. Sprinkle cold water on the head and face. Smell ammonia,
+    strong vinegar, smelling salts or any pungent odor. Put hot
+    bottles to the feet, and in severe cases a mustard plaster over
+    the heart. Sip hot milk, hot water, hot tea, hot black coffee,
+    beef tea or a meat essence. Crowding round the patient and all
+    excitement should be avoided. In 999 cases out of 1,000, no
+    medicine is necessary.
+
+    "Faintness often proceeds from indigestion, flatulence inducing
+    pressure on the heart."
+
+FAINTNESS, WEAKNESS, EXHAUSTION, FATIGUE:--"The truth is that
+    for simple weakness, faintness, exhaustion, fatigue, cold or
+    wet, the best remedies are simple fresh air, pure water,
+    digestible food and rest. These are nature's restoratives, and
+    the sooner both physicians and people learn to rely upon them
+    instead of upon drugs the better it will be for all parties. And
+    as the effect of alcoholic liquors are directly depressing to
+    the strength and activity of all the natural functions and
+    processes of life, as shown by the most varied and scientific
+    investigations, it is important that this fact be taught to both
+    doctors and people everywhere."--DR. N. S. DAVIS.
+
+FITS:--"Whether the fit be apoplexy or epilepsy all alcoholics
+    are extremely bad, both at the time and afterwards. Alcohol, the
+    'genius of degeneration,' is the chief cause of apoplexy, and
+    also a cause of epilepsy, especially when taken in the form of
+    beer. It diminishes the tone of the arteries and blood-vessels,
+    and thus tends to cause, aggravate and maintain a congested
+    state of the capillaries throughout the whole body. In the
+    treatment of epilepsy, therefore, neither alcohol nor any
+    so-called substitute should be given. * * * * *
+
+    "In the convulsions of children alcohol is equally
+    injurious."--DR. RIDGE.
+
+FLATULENCE:--"Many uneasy sensations or pains, even in distant
+    parts of the body, are due to wind in the bowels, resulting from
+    indigestion. Asthma, cramps, depression of spirits, faintness,
+    giddiness, hiccough, prostration, sinking sensations and
+    sleeplessness, are all frequently due to the same cause. The
+    diet needs careful attention where there is much flatulence; tea
+    is often a cause. Charcoal biscuits are useful in some cases;
+    lemon juice in others. Fluid Magnesia may be taken. Watch for
+    the cause and remove it."
+
+HEADACHE:--_The New Hygiene_ says: "This is the manifestation of
+    a deeper-seated trouble, usually in the stomach. The use of
+    stimulants is a sure promoter of headache. All users of
+    alcoholic liquors are, I believe, subject to headache, and it is
+    also a sure result of overindulgence in tea and coffee.
+
+    "To prevent the attacks, live regularly, avoid late hours and
+    excessive brain work; avoid tea, coffee and alcoholic beverages,
+    also sweets of all kinds, including sauces and pastries, and
+    anything fried in fat. Eat plenty of good, plain food, including
+    fruit, especially oranges. Eat none late at night. Exercise
+    regularly in such a way as to bring all the muscles into play,
+    at least once a day.
+
+    "To relieve an attack flush the colon.
+
+    "Headaches, which so largely result from the retention of impure
+    matter in the body, will be cured if a good quantity, say two or
+    three glasses, of hot water be drank in the morning or at night,
+    and then the next regular meal omitted, so that an interval of
+    house-cleaning can be had before other material is moved
+    in."--_Life and Health._
+
+    "Avoid pills and powders. Persons suffering from headache need
+    to be warned against taking remedies that contain opium and
+    alcohol, and also against the use of a recent popular remedy,
+    usually called a 'white powder' or 'white tablet.' They take the
+    latter readily because the druggist or physician says it
+    contains no opium. This is true, but it is one of the lately
+    discovered coal tar preparations (anti-febrine, acetanilid,
+    etc.) and is very depressing to the human system. Headache is
+    usually a symptom of trouble somewhere else, often in the
+    alimentary canal, an overloaded stomach, constipation, or tight
+    clothing. Learn the cause and remove that, and the headache will
+    disappear."--DR. H. J. HALL, Franklin, Ind.
+
+    "Gentle massage is helpful and the use of cold compresses. Lack
+    of sufficient sleep will cause headache. Women often bring on
+    nervous headache by overwork and worry."
+
+HEMORRHAGE:--"Never give alcohol in a case of profuse
+    hemorrhage. The faint feeling, or irresistible inclination to
+    lie down is nature's own method of circumventing the danger, by
+    quieting the circulation and lessening the expulsive force of
+    the heart, thus favoring the formation of clot at the site of
+    the injury."--_Clinique._
+
+    "For uterine hemorrhage an emetic to induce vomiting is the best
+    cure."--Dr. Higginbotham in _British Medical Journal_.
+
+    "If the faint is dispelled too quickly, and the blood-vessels
+    are relaxed by alcohol, or the heart aroused to energetic action
+    by any remedy, the hemorrhage may recommence, and may prove
+    fatal. Quiet, the application of cold, pressure, the elevation
+    of the wound where possible, and the absence of stimulants, are
+    the cardinal points of treatment in most cases."--DR. RIDGE.
+
+    "If then, it seems absolutely necessary to rouse a person out of
+    a dead faint, what can be done? Swallowing is out of the
+    question, lest the patient choke. The head must be laid low,
+    and the face and chest flapped with a cold wet cloth, or
+    alternately with hot wet cloths; smelling salts (not too strong)
+    may be applied to the nose.
+
+    "When the faint has been recovered from, but the hemorrhage
+    continues so much that it is feared another faint may occur,
+    and, perhaps, be fatal, it may be warded off by drinking any hot
+    liquid; if Liebig's extract of meat, or strong beef tea, is at
+    hand and can be given hot, there is nothing better."
+
+HEART DISEASE:--Dr. Ridge says: "I trench here on a delicate
+    subject, because, when there is real disease of the heart,
+    medical advice will of course have been obtained, and very
+    probably a doctor may have said that some alcoholic liquor is
+    essential. There are, also, several different forms of heart
+    disease which require altogether different treatment, and only a
+    physician can tell the difference, or appreciate the necessity
+    for the particular treatment required. But it may be pointed out
+    that alcohol is utterly unable to 'strengthen' the heart, or
+    give tone to the blood-vessels, or to the system at large.
+
+    "The alteration in the pulse due to alcohol is chiefly owing to
+    its paralyzing action on the blood-vessels, and when they are
+    too contracted, and thereby cause the weakened heart to labor
+    too much, the alcohol will give relief for the time. But we have
+    in nitrite of amyl, a fluid which will act more quickly and more
+    powerfully; but this must not be employed without medical
+    direction. It is very useful in cases of _angina pectoris_, or
+    _breast pang_, but is rarely required in the majority of cases
+    in which the valves of the heart are diseased. The paralyzing
+    action of alcohol is not generally produced by less than half a
+    wine-glassful of brandy or whisky, or twice that quantity of
+    wine, and often much more is required. The relief to uneasy
+    sensations which much smaller quantities sometimes produce is
+    due to their anaesthetic or benumbing action, by which the nerves
+    of the patient are rendered less sensible, although the danger
+    is by no means diminished. * * * *
+
+    "The only sensible way to avert the evil consequences of heart
+    disease is to strengthen the heart, and that is to be done by
+    strengthening the body generally. The amount of exercise, the
+    kind of baths, etc., which should be taken, have to be modified
+    in accordance with the nature of the case. If these natural
+    health-giving measures cannot be employed nothing is an
+    effectual substitute.
+
+    "_Weak_ or _feeble heart_ is a common complaint, and is as
+    ordinary an excuse for resorting to alcoholic liquors as
+    'Timothy's stomach.' If there is no organic disease; if the
+    valves of the heart are healthy and act properly, all anxiety on
+    this point may be entirely banished. The slow pulse, the feeble
+    pulse, the cold feet, the want of energy, these are not to be
+    got rid of by such a mere temporary agent as alcohol, even if
+    relief can be thus obtained from day to day. The constant
+    application of alcohol to the tissues of the body alters them
+    gradually by its chemical action. In addition to this, the
+    balance of the nervous system is altered, an unnatural condition
+    is produced, and the unhappy patient becomes more liable to
+    disease and more easily succumbs when attacked.
+
+    "Many of these 'feeble hearts' mean too little exercise, very
+    often also, too much or improper food and drink.
+
+    "The best remedies are cold sponging (according to the season);
+    avoidance of coddling; plain, wholesome food; abstinence from
+    tea, hot drinks and condiments; regular out-of-doors exercise
+    and all similar true _tonic_ measures."
+
+Dr. Kellogg says:--
+
+    "Persons subject to attacks of _angina pectoris_ should carry
+    with them a small bottle containing a sponge saturated with
+    nitrite of amyl, and place it to the nose when necessary.
+
+    "Sympathetic palpitation may be relieved by bending the head
+    downward, allowing the arms to hang down. The effect of this
+    measure is increased by holding the breath a few seconds while
+    bending over. Another ready means of relief is to press strongly
+    upon the large arteries on either side of the neck.
+
+    "Palpitation of the heart is often mistaken for real organic
+    disease of the organ. * * * * * A careful regulation of the diet
+    is in most cases all that is necessary to effect a cure."
+
+Dr. Edmunds, of London, was asked during a medical discussion what he
+thought of the use of alcohol in heart disease. His answer is embodied
+in the following:--
+
+    "With regard to the use of brandy in cases of heart disease, he
+    was convinced it was a mistake to use it in such cases. There
+    were many forms of heart disease, but the most common kind arose
+    from the heart being too fat. Excess of fat debilitated the
+    heart and injured its working, just as a piece of wax attached
+    to a tuning fork would impair its usefulness. In such cases he
+    dieted his patients in order to reduce their weight. Every dose
+    of brandy taken for heart disease increased the evil. The moment
+    brandy was taken for heart disease, or any other chronic
+    complaint of a similar kind, the disease was increased. If
+    doctors recommended alcohol to their patients, he had been asked
+    what abstainers should do. In such cases, as had been suggested,
+    he thought the patients might ask what the alcohol was to do for
+    them, and if the reply was not satisfactory, they should get
+    another doctor."
+
+Dr. T. D. Crothers, of Hartford, Conn., has deduced some valuable facts
+from his experiments with the sphygmograph, upon the action of the
+heart. He has found by repeated experiments that while alcohol
+apparently increases the force and volume of the heart's action, the
+irregular tracings of the sphygmograph show that the real vital force
+is diminished, and hence its apparent stimulating power is deceptive.
+
+Dr. C. W. Chapman, of the National Hospital for Diseases of the Heart,
+wrote in the _Lancet_:--
+
+    "The very thing (alcohol) which they supposed had kept their
+    heart going was responsible for many of its difficulties."
+
+Of cases of palpitation and irregularity caused by business anxieties or
+indigestion, he said:--
+
+    "To give alcohol is only to add fuel to the fire."
+
+HEART FAILURE:--"In cases of cardiac weakness, the thing needed
+    is not simply an increased rate of movement of the heart, or an
+    increased volume of the pulse, but an increased movement of the
+    blood current throughout the entire system. In the application
+    of any agent for the purpose of affording relief in a condition
+    of this kind, the peripheral heart as well as the central organ
+    must be taken into consideration. In fact, the whole circulatory
+    system must be regarded as one. The heart and the arteries are
+    composed of essentially the same kind of tissue, and have
+    practically the same functions. The arteries as well as the
+    heart are capable of contracting.
+
+    "Both the heart and the arteries are controlled by excitory and
+    inhibitory nerves. These two classes of nerves are kindred in
+    structure and in origin, the vagus and the vasodilators being
+    medullated, while the accelerators of the heart and the
+    vasoconstrictors of the arteries are non-medullated and pass
+    through the sympathetic ganglia on the way to their
+    distribution.
+
+    "Winternitz and other therapeutists have frequently called
+    attention to the value of cold as a cardiac stimulant or tonic.
+    The tonic effect of this agent is greater than that of any
+    medicinal agent which can be administered. The cold compress
+    applied over the cardiac area of the chest may well replace
+    alcohol as a heart tonic. The thing necessary to encourage the
+    heart's action is not merely relaxation of the peripheral
+    vessels, but, as Winternitz has shown, increased activity of the
+    peripheral circulation in the skin, muscles and elsewhere.
+    Alcohol paralyzes the vasoconstrictors, and so dilates the small
+    vessels and lessens the resistance of the heart action; but at
+    the same time it lessens the activity of the nerve centres which
+    control the heart, diminishes the power of the heart muscle, and
+    lessens that rhythmical activity of the small vessels whereby
+    the circulation is so efficiently aided at that portion of the
+    blood circuit most remote from the heart. A continuous cold
+    application applied to that portion of the chest overlying the
+    heart stimulates the nerves controlling the walls of the
+    vessels, and at the same time energizes the corresponding
+    cardiac nerves. It is wise to remember that the vasoconstrictor
+    nerves are one in kind with the excitor nerves of the heart,
+    while the vasodilators are in like manner associated with the
+    vagus. With this in mind, it is clear that while alcohol
+    paralyzes the vasoconstrictors, it at the same time weakens the
+    nerves which initiate and maintain the activity of the heart;
+    while, on the other hand, cold excites to activity those nerves
+    which produce the opposite effect.
+
+    "The apparent increase of strength which follows the
+    administration of alcohol in cases of cardiac weakness is
+    delusive. There is increased volume of the pulse for the reason
+    that the small arteries and capillaries are dilated, but this
+    apparent improvement in cardiac action is very evanescent. This
+    is a natural result of the fact that while the heart is relieved
+    momentarily by sudden dilation of the peripheral vessels, the
+    accumulation of the blood in the venous system, through the loss
+    of the normal activity of the peripheral heart, gradually raises
+    the resistance by increasing the amount of blood which has to be
+    pushed along in the venous system. This loss of the action of
+    the peripheral heart more than counterbalances the temporary
+    relief secured by the paralysis of the vasoconstrictors.
+
+    "Thermic applications, general and local, may safely be affirmed
+    to be the true physiological heart tonic. In the employment of
+    the cold pericardial compress as a heart tonic, the application
+    should generally be continued not more than half an hour at a
+    time, and its use may be alternated with general cold
+    applications to the surface. A cold towel rub, or the cold trunk
+    pack is the best form for application if the patient is very
+    feeble.
+
+    "The cold towel rub is applied thus: wring a towel as dry as
+    possible out of very cold water, and spread it quickly and
+    evenly over the surface; rub vigorously outside until the skin
+    begins to feel warm; then remove, dry the moistened surface, rub
+    until it glows, and make the same application to another part;
+    and so on until the whole surface of the body has been gone
+    over. The procedure should be rapid and vigorous.
+
+    "If the cold trunk pack is employed, a sheet of not more than
+    one thickness should be wrung as dry as possible out of very
+    cold water, and wrapped quickly about the body, after first
+    dipping the hands in water, and rubbing the trunk vigorously. In
+    cases of extreme cardiac weakness, very cold and very hot
+    applications may be alternately applied over the region of the
+    heart. The duration of the hot and cold applications should be
+    about fifteen seconds each.
+
+    "Any one who has ever witnessed the marvelous effects of
+    applications of this sort in reviving a flagging heart will
+    never doubt their efficacy, and will have no occasion to resort
+    to alcohol, or any other intoxicant, to stimulate a flagging
+    heart. The writer has employed these measures for stimulating
+    the heart for more than twenty years, and might cite hundreds of
+    instances in which their efficiency has been demonstrated. They
+    are applicable not only to the cardiac depression encountered in
+    the adynamic stage of typhoid and other fevers, but in cases of
+    heart failure from hemorrhage, of surgical shock, collapse under
+    chloroform or ether, opium poisoning, coal gas asphyxia,
+    drowning, etc."--Dr. J. H. Kellogg, in _Bulletin of the A. M. T.
+    A._, Jan., 1899.
+
+Dr. N. S. Davis tells of a case of threatened collapse where he was
+called in consultation. Patient was in a small, unventilated room.
+
+    "It was easy to see that what she needed was fresh air in her
+    lungs. Instead of giving alcohol in any form she was moved into
+    a large, well-ventilated room. All symptoms of 'heart failure'
+    disappeared. Had she begun to take whisky or brandy, physician
+    and friends would have attributed her recovery to that, when in
+    fact it would have retarded recovery by hindering oxygenation of
+    the blood."
+
+    "It would also be a very great mistake to suppose that when
+    reaction follows collapse, in cases in which alcohol has been
+    given, this result is always due to the alcohol. I have seen so
+    many cases of severe collapse recover without alcohol that I
+    cannot but be skeptical as to its necessity, and even as to its
+    value. I was much struck many years ago by a case of post partum
+    hemorrhage which was so severe that convulsions set in. I should
+    then have given brandy if there had been any to give, but there
+    was none in the house and none to be got. I administered
+    teaspoonfuls of hot water and the patient revived and recovered;
+    next day, except for anaemia, she was as well as ever, with no
+    reactionary fever or other disturbance, as would almost
+    certainly have been the case if brandy had been given.
+
+    "In collapse from hemorrhage, we have learned the value of
+    injections of warm saline water, either into the veins, the skin
+    or the rectum, and the same treatment is available in other
+    cases of collapse with contracted vessels.
+
+    "Another measure which has proved most efficacious is the
+    _inhalation of oxygen_ gas. This is especially useful in cases
+    in which alcohol is decidedly injurious, namely, those in which
+    there is increasing congestion of the lungs, which the heart,
+    though doing its utmost, is unable to overcome. Alcohol only
+    increases the congestion, and the heart is already over-exerted
+    and nearly exhausted. The effect of the oxygen is apparent in a
+    few seconds, and cases have been rescued in which death appeared
+    to be inevitable and imminent."--DR. RIDGE.
+
+HEART STIMULANTS:--"The advantage of beef extract over alcohol
+    as a stimulant was demonstrated on a large scale in the Ashantee
+    war."--DR. RIDGE, London.
+
+For those who must have a drug: aqua ammonia, 8 drops to 1/2 cup of hot
+water, or 20 grains carbonate ammonia to 1/2 cup water. Hot water alone
+is a useful stimulant; also water, hot or cold, with a few grains of
+Cayenne pepper added. The latter is good, not only to start the heart's
+action in collapse, but also to relieve violent pain. Hot milk is a most
+valuable stimulant. Many persons to whom hot milk has been given during
+the extreme weakness of acute disease have testified afterward to its
+good effects in comparison with the wine formerly administered. The wine
+caused an after-feeling of chilliness and weakness, while the milk gave
+warmth and added strength.
+
+INSOMNIA OR SLEEPLESSNESS:--"A person who suffers from
+    sleeplessness should avoid the use of tea and coffee, tobacco,
+    alcoholic liquors and all other disturbers of the nervous
+    system. Eating immediately before retiring has been recommended,
+    but the ultimate result may be an aggravation of the difficulty
+    instead of relief. If a person suffers from 'all gone feelings'
+    so that he cannot sleep, he should take a few sips of cold water
+    or a glass of lemonade. As complete relief will generally be
+    obtained as from eating, and the stomach will be saved work when
+    it should be resting. A warm bath just before retiring, a
+    wet-hand rub, a cool sponge bath, gentle rubbing of the body
+    with the dry hand, a moist bandage worn about the abdomen during
+    the night, are all useful measures. When the feet are cold, they
+    should be thoroughly warmed by a hot foot or leg bath, and
+    thorough rubbing. When the head is congested, these measures
+    should be supplemented by the application of cold to the head,
+    as the cold compress or the ice-cap."
+
+A walk in the evening, or gentle calisthenics, may help those of
+sedentary habits. Bicycle riding and horse-back riding in the evening
+have helped many.
+
+The practice of long deep breathing will often put persons to sleep when
+all other devices fail. The lungs should be filled to their utmost
+capacity, and then emptied with equal slowness, repeating the
+respiration about ten times a minute, instead of eighteen or twenty, the
+natural rate. Those who fall asleep upon first going to bed, and after a
+few hours awake, and are unable to sleep again, may find relief by
+getting out of bed, and rubbing the surface of the body with the dry
+hand. Or walk about the room a few minutes, exposing the skin to the
+air, go back to bed and try the deep breathing.
+
+    "The use of drugs for the purpose of inducing sleep should be
+    avoided as much as possible. Opium is especially harmful. Sleep
+    obtained by the use of opiates is not a substitute for natural
+    sleep. The condition is one of insensibility, but not of natural
+    refreshing recuperation. Three or four hours of natural sleep
+    will be more than equivalent to double that amount of sleep
+    obtained by the use of narcotics. When a person once becomes
+    dependent upon drugs of any kind for producing sleep, it is
+    almost impossible for him to dispense with them. It is often
+    dangerous to resort to their temporary use, on account of the
+    great tendency to the formation of the habit of continuous use.
+    The use of opiates for securing sleep is one of the most
+    prolific means by which the great army of opium-eaters is
+    annually recruited. Chloral, bromide of potash, whisky and other
+    drugs are to be condemned almost as strongly as opium."--DR.
+    KELLOGG.
+
+Dr. Furer, of Heidelberg, Germany, in a paper before the International
+Congress against alcohol, held in Basle, Switzerland, in Sept., 1895,
+said:--
+
+    "The sleep from alcohol does not act as a mental tonic, but
+    leaves the mind weaker next day."
+
+Some noble specimens of manhood have become wrecks through accepting the
+advice to try "whisky night-caps." Edison recommends manual labor,
+instead of going to rest, for aggravated insomnia. He says sleep will
+soon come naturally.
+
+LA GRIPPE:--"Alcohol has no place in the treatment of _la
+    grippe_; on the contrary it is because of the too frequent use
+    of this, and other narcotics, that epidemics make such fearful
+    headway in our land, and such must be the rule until the people
+    study the laws of health and obey them. Profuse sweating,
+    followed by a careful bathing of the body in tepid water,
+    gradually cooling it to a normal temperature, and avoiding
+    unnecessary exposure, will relieve. The patient should sleep in
+    pure air and eat as little as possible, and that only when
+    hungry. * * * * * Quinine is essentially a nerve poison, and
+    capable of producing a profound disturbance of the nervous
+    centres. A drug of such potency for evil should be employed with
+    the greatest care, and never when a milder agency will secure
+    the result. Exceedingly pernicious is the habit of dosing
+    children with this drug."--DR. CHARLES H. SHEPARD, Brooklyn, N.
+    Y.
+
+    "A late surgeon of the gold coast of Africa wrote the following
+    to the London _Lancet_ of Jan. 2, 1890: 'Some of the worst cases
+    of this disease, the grippe, remind me of an epidemic I saw
+    among the natives of the swamps of the Niger. * * * * *
+    Irrespective of disinfectants and inhalations there is a simple,
+    effective and ready remedy, the juice of oranges in large
+    quantities, not of two or three, but of dozens. The first
+    unpleasant symptoms disappear, and the acid citrate of potash of
+    the juice, by a simple chemic action decreases the amount of
+    fibrine in the blood to an extent which prevents the development
+    of pneumonia.'"
+
+The Syracuse (N. Y.) _Post-Standard_ contained the following during the
+epidemic of 1899:--
+
+    "Dr. George D. Whedon declared to a _Post-Standard_ reporter
+    yesterday that there is practically no subsiding of the grippe
+    in this city. Dr. Whedon said that the weather conditions have
+    little, if anything, to do with the disease, and that it is
+    impossible to define the conditions which produce it. It is some
+    morbific agency, the influence of which, Dr. Whedon said, is
+    exerted upon the pneumogastric nerve.
+
+    "_Dr. Whedon was emphatic in denouncing treatment by means of
+    alcoholic stimulants, and coal tar derivatives._ In discussing
+    the subject at some length he said:--
+
+    'I find that infants and young children are practically exempt
+    from the disease, and the liability increases with age. In my
+    own experience, which has since 1889 amounted to an aggregate of
+    3,000 cases, alcoholic stimulants have appeared to be usually of
+    little or no value; their usual stimulating effect does not seem
+    to be realized in this condition. Unless malarial complications
+    exist quinine appears of no benefit, and then should not be used
+    in larger than two grain doses. Large doses depress the weakened
+    heart, and in all cases increase the terrible confusion and
+    headache constantly present in severe cases.
+
+    'From the views I entertain of its pathology, and from the
+    terrible fatality which has attended the extensive use of the
+    coal tar derivatives in treatment of _la grippe_, I argue that
+    the manner in which they have been prescribed in the beginning
+    of the disease, to reduce fever, and relieve the often intense
+    suffering, lowers the heart's action, which is already
+    sufficiently incapacitated by the toxic agent producing the
+    disease.
+
+    'The intention is usually to stimulate later, but later is in
+    many cases unfortunately too late. The heart being overwhelmed
+    by the poison, and by the added depression of all coal tar
+    preparations, cannot keep up the pulmonary circulation. The
+    swelling of the lungs increases, and the result is fatal.
+
+    'I am aware of the weight of authority for their administration
+    and of the relief they afford, but am just as well assured that
+    were their use discontinued, the greatly increased death-rate
+    from _la grippe_ would cease to appear.
+
+    'These coal tar remedies are being used everywhere, and the
+    medical journals recommend them despite the fatal results. They
+    are being used every hour in the day in Syracuse, and, as a
+    result, are knocking out good people. Among the most popular
+    coal tar derivatives I might mention anti-kamnia,
+    salol-phenacetine, anti-pyrine and salicylate of soda.
+
+    'Prognosis is favorable at all ages. Patients should be kept
+    warm, and perfectly quiet in bed, and supplied with such
+    nutritious and easily digested food, at frequent intervals, as
+    the partially paralyzed stomach can take care of. All
+    nourishment must be fluid and warm rather than cold.'"
+
+The _Journal of Inebriety_ for April, 1889, says:--
+
+    "The present epidemic of influenza has proved to be very fatal
+    in cases of moderate and excessive alcoholic drinkers.
+
+    "Pneumonia is the most common sequel, breaking out suddenly, and
+    terminating fatally in a few days. Heart failure and profound
+    exhaustion, is another fatal termination. One case was reported
+    to me of an inebriate, who, after a full outbreak of all the
+    usual symptoms, drank freely of whisky and became stupid and
+    died. It was uncertain whether cerebral hemorrhage had taken
+    place, or the narcotism of the alcohol had combined with the
+    disease and caused death.
+
+    "A physician appeared to have unusual fatality in the cases of
+    this class under his care.
+
+    "It was found that he gave some form of alcohol freely, on the
+    old theory of stimulation. Another physician gave all drinking
+    cases with this disease alcohol, on the same theory, and had
+    equally fatal results. It has been asserted that alcohol, as an
+    antiseptic, was useful in these bacterial epidemics, but its use
+    has been followed by greater depression, and many new and
+    complex symptoms. The frequent half domestic and professional
+    remedy, hot rum and whisky, has been followed by more serious
+    symptoms, and a protracted convalescence. Many facts have been
+    reported showing the danger of alcohol as a remedy, also the
+    fatality in cases of inebriates who were affected with this
+    disease.
+
+    "The first most common symptom seems to be heart exhaustion and
+    feebleness, then from the catarrhal and bronchial irritation,
+    pneumonia often follows."
+
+The vapor or Turkish bath is the best means of "breaking up" this
+disease, together with hot lemonade and rest in bed for a day or two.
+The inhalation of hot steam should be tried when there is much bronchial
+irritation.
+
+LIFE-SAVING STATIONS, THE USE OF ALCOHOL IN:--"There is no
+    possible useful place for alcoholic liquors in connection with a
+    life-saving station. Applied externally the rapid evaporation of
+    alcohol reduces the temperature; taken internally it diminishes
+    the efficiency of both respiration and circulation, and by
+    increasing congestion of the kidneys it directly increases the
+    danger of secondary bad effects from exposures of any kind. To
+    restore warmth and circulation to the surface, light, rapid
+    friction and the wrapping with dry flannel is the safest,
+    cheapest and most efficient, while free breathing of fresh air,
+    and frequent small doses of milk, beef-tea, ordinary tea or
+    coffee, or even simple water, will afford the greatest amount of
+    strength and endurance, and leave the least secondary bad
+    consequences. It is just as easy to keep at hand a jug or flask
+    of any one of the articles named as it is to keep a flask of
+    whisky or brandy. There is no need of keeping them hot, as they
+    act well at any temperature at which they can be drunk."--DR. N.
+    S. DAVIS, Chicago.
+
+MEASLES:--"In mild cases, very little treatment is required,
+    except such as is necessary to make the patient comfortable.
+    Good nursing is much more important than medical attendance. If
+    the eruption is slow in making its appearance, or is repelled
+    after having appeared, the patient should be given a warm
+    blanket pack.
+
+    "The old-fashioned plan of keeping the patient smothered beneath
+    heavy blankets, and constantly in a state of perspiration is
+    wholly unnecessary. The irritation of the skin, as well as the
+    sensitiveness to cold, may be relieved by rubbing the skin
+    gently two or three times a day with vaseline or sweet oil.
+    There is no danger from the application of cold water to the
+    surface except in the last stages of the disease, after the
+    eruption has disappeared.
+
+    "The patient should be allowed cooling drinks as much as
+    desired. During the disease a simple but nutritious diet should
+    be allowed, but _stimulants of all kinds should be prohibited_."
+
+    "It is wholly unnecessary, and dangerous as well, to give whisky
+    to bring out the eruption."--DR. I. N. QUIMBY, Jersey City.
+
+    "Any hot drink, such as ginger tea or hot lemonade, may be used
+    to hasten the eruption, if delayed."
+
+MALARIA:--Observers of this disease in such regions as the gold coast of
+Africa have noted the fact that malarial attacks are generally preceded
+by impaired digestion. The disease is said to be due to animal
+parasites. These parasites are supposed to generate in the soil of
+certain regions, and thence, through the drinking water, or otherwise,
+find entrance to the human body.
+
+    "A healthy stomach is able to destroy germs of all sorts, hence
+    the best protection from malaria is the boiling of all drinking
+    water, and the maintenance of sound digestion and purity of
+    blood by an aseptic dietary."
+
+Dr. J. H. Kellogg says in _The Voice_:--
+
+    "It must be understood, however, that fruit in malarial regions,
+    especially watermelons, may be thickly covered with malarial
+    parasites and the parasites may sometimes find entrance to the
+    fruit when it becomes over-ripe, so that the skin is broken. It
+    is evident, then, that care must be taken to disinfect such
+    fruit by thorough washing, or by dipping in hot water, which is
+    the safer plan. The same remark applies to cucumbers, lettuce,
+    celery, cabbage and other green vegetables which are commonly
+    served without cooking. Not only malarial parasites but small
+    insects of various kinds are often found clinging to such food
+    substances, their development being encouraged by the free use
+    of top dressing on the soil, a process common with market
+    gardeners.
+
+    "The treatment of malarial disease is too large and intricate a
+    subject for proper treatment in these columns. We will say
+    briefly, however, at the risk of being considered very
+    unorthodox, that the majority of cases of malarial poisoning can
+    be cured without the use of drugs of any sort. In fact, in the
+    most obstinate cases of chronic malarial poisoning, drugs are of
+    almost no use whatever. Quinine, however, is certainly of value
+    as a curative agent in these cases, either in destroying the
+    parasites, or in preventing their development; but as it does
+    not remove the cause, its curative effect is likely to be very
+    transient. The practice of habitually taking quinine as a
+    preventive of malarial disease is a most injurious one, as
+    quinine is itself a non-usable substance in the system, and
+    therefore must be looked upon as a mild poison, to be dealt with
+    by the liver and kidneys the same as other poisons. By habitual
+    use it may itself become a cause of disease. One or two
+    periodical doses of quinine often prove of great service in
+    interrupting the paroxysms of an intermittent fever, but other
+    treatment must also be employed to develop the bodily
+    resistance, and fortify the system against disease. The morning
+    cold bath, followed by vigorous rubbing, is a most excellent
+    measure for this purpose, but the old-fashioned German wet-sheet
+    pack is one of the best remedies known. The paroxysm itself can
+    generally be avoided by means of the dry pack, begun before the
+    chill makes its appearance; but this requires the services of an
+    expert nurse. In not a few cases it is wise for a person who
+    suffers frequently from malarial disease to seek a change of
+    climate to some non-malarial region.
+
+    "Col. T. W. Higginson of the First South Carolina Volunteers, in
+    1862, said of Dr. Seth Rogers, an eminent Southern physician,
+    who was surgeon of the regiment: 'Fortunately for us, he was one
+    of that minority of army surgeons who did not believe in whisky,
+    so that we never had it issued in the regiment while he was with
+    us, and got on better, in a highly malarial district, than those
+    regiments which used it.'"
+
+MATERNITY:--Dr. Ridge says:--"It is one of the greatest mistakes
+    to make use of alcoholic beverages to 'keep up the strength'
+    during labor. It is, of course, impossible to predict at the
+    commencement how long the labor will last; if then brandy, or
+    other similar drink, is resorted to early, it acts most
+    injuriously. The desire for food is often entirely removed; the
+    demand of the system being therefore unperceived, and so not
+    supplied, a state of weakness and prostration is in time
+    produced, if the labor should be protracted, which may be really
+    serious. The nervous system becomes exhausted by the repeated
+    action of the alcohol. If a fatal result is not occasioned, yet
+    the prostration of body and mind after delivery is aggravated,
+    and convalescence thereby retarded. Alcoholic drinks produce
+    paralysis and congestion of the blood-vessels, and in this way
+    largely increase the liability to flooding after the labor is
+    over. Alcohol also increases the liability to a feverish
+    condition.
+
+    "It is necessary to take small quantities of plain, nourishing
+    food at regular intervals, and nothing is of greater value than
+    well-cooked oatmeal: other farinaceous food may be substituted,
+    if preferred. If there is much prostration, meat extracts or
+    beef tea are of great value. Tea tends to produce flatulence and
+    to prevent sleep.
+
+    "After the labor is over, the best restorative is a cup of hot
+    beef tea or an egg beaten up in warm milk or a cup of warm
+    gruel. Rest, and absence of excitement and worry are essential
+    and alcohol is specially injurious."
+
+MENSTRUATION, PAINFUL:--Young girls often resort to the use of brandy
+during the monthly period, and parents ask anxiously, "What can they use
+instead of the brandy?"
+
+The very best thing that can be done is to go to bed, wrapped in
+flannels, with a hot-water bottle or other hot application to the
+abdomen, and to the feet. Take hot ginger tea, or pepper tea.
+
+A warm hip-bath taken at the beginning may give relief, or a large hot
+enema retained for half an hour or so. Rest is necessary.
+
+For those who must go to work, Dr. Ridge recommends five drops of oil of
+juniper, to be taken on sugar.
+
+NEURALGIA:--"The principal cause of neuralgia is defective
+    nutrition of the nerves. Disorders of digestion are very often
+    accompanied by neuralgia in various parts of the body. It may
+    also result from taking cold, from loss of sleep, from
+    dissipation, and also from the use of tobacco, alcohol, tea and
+    coffee.
+
+    "The patient's general health must be improved by a wholesome,
+    simple diet, and the employment of tonic baths, as a daily
+    sponge bath, and massage in feeble cases. Sun-baths and exercise
+    in the open air are of first importance. Ordinary neuralgia may
+    almost always be relieved by either moist or dry heat. In some
+    cases, cold applications give more relief than hot. As a rule,
+    abnormal heat requires cold, and unnatural cold requires hot
+    applications. In many cases it is necessary to give the patient
+    a warm bath of some kind. Electricity often succeeds when all
+    other remedies fail.
+
+    "For facial neuralgia apply hot fomentations, together with the
+    use of sitz baths, or hot foot baths. The head may be steamed by
+    holding it over hot water, adding pieces of hot brick
+    occasionally to keep water steaming, head being covered.
+
+    "There is no complaint, perhaps, in the treatment of which the
+    use of port wine will be more strongly urged by kind friends,
+    with the assurance that it is impossible to get well without it.
+    This is quite untrue, as thousands can testify."--DR. RIDGE.
+
+    "Avoid opiates of all sorts. 'It is better to bear the ills we
+    have than fly to others that we know not of.' The pangs of
+    neuralgia are as nothing to endure compared with the sufferings
+    of an opium wreck. Build up the general health, and the
+    neuralgia will disappear."
+
+NAUSEA.--"A feeling of sickness is not uncommonly due to
+    indigestion. If it is caused by rich food take a pinch of
+    bicarbonate of soda in a little water, or a teaspoonful of fluid
+    magnesia. The acidity of the food will thus be neutralized, and
+    this course is far preferable to benumbing the stomach with
+    brandy. If indigestion is the cause, it is often salutary to
+    miss one or two meals, so as to allow the stomach to recover.
+
+    "When due to pregnancy, a little aerated water, or soda water is
+    useful; sometimes a small wafer or a crust, eaten before rising
+    in the morning, will check it. An early morning walk, if the
+    weather is pleasant, is helpful.
+
+    "The moist abdominal bandage is a very excellent means of
+    relieving nausea during pregnancy. It should be worn constantly
+    for a week or two, and then omitted during the night. Daily sitz
+    baths are also of great advantage. In many cases electricity
+    relieves this symptom very promptly. In very urgent cases in
+    which the vomiting cannot be repressed, and the life of the
+    patient is threatened, the stomach should be given entire rest,
+    the patient being nourished by nutritive injections.
+    Fomentations over the stomach, and swallowing small bits of ice,
+    are sometimes effective when other measures fail."--DR. J. H.
+    KELLOGG.
+
+OUTGROWING THE STRENGTH:--"There is sometimes debility or
+    weakness in rapidly growing boys and girls which is attributed
+    to this cause. It is popularly supposed that port wine or beer,
+    is the great remedy; but nothing can be worse. It is true that
+    gin given continuously to puppies will keep them small, but no
+    one would advocate the amount of spirit required in proportion
+    by a lad or girl to produce the same effect. If the growth could
+    be checked by chemicals it would be most injurious to do so.
+
+    "In the treatment of such cases fresh air by day and night is
+    essential; cold sponging, followed by friction with a rough
+    towel, and exercise are desirable."
+
+
+PNEUMONIA.
+
+Dr. Julius Poheman says in _Medical News_:--
+
+    "The effect of alcohol upon nearly all the organs of the body
+    has been carefully investigated. But, strange to say, literature
+    contains only a few straggling hints upon the action of alcohol
+    on the pulmonary tissue. It has long been known that the abuse
+    of alcohol is a predisposing cause of death when the drinker is
+    attacked with pneumonia. No experimental evidence has been
+    published of the action of alcohol in producing pathological
+    conditions in the lungs. In order to determine this action, a
+    series of experiments was made upon dogs in the winters of
+    1890-1891 and 1892-1893. The dogs were a mixed lot of mongrels
+    gathered in by the city dog catchers. They varied in weight from
+    fifteen to twenty-five pounds, and were apparently in good
+    health. In all, thirty animals were experimented on.
+
+    "The experiments were performed as follows:--A carefully
+    etherized animal had injected into his trachea just below the
+    larynx a quantity of commercial alcohol varying from one dram to
+    one ounce in amount. The effects of equal amounts of alcohol
+    upon animals of the same weight varies greatly. Two dogs,
+    weighing twenty-five pounds each, were injected with two drams
+    of alcohol. One died in one hour, and the other in six hours
+    after the injection. Four other dogs, two weighing twenty-four
+    pounds each, another eighteen pounds, and the fourth fifteen
+    pounds, were all injected with the same amount, two drams. All
+    four survived, and were as well as usual in four weeks. Another
+    dog of eighteen pounds died five minutes after an injection of
+    two drams, while another of fifteen pounds took one ounce and
+    recovered.
+
+    "The symptoms in the dogs were all alike, dyspnea, increasing as
+    the inflammation increased, until the accessory muscles of
+    respiration were called into play. The stethoscope showed that
+    air had great difficulty in entering the bronchi and air
+    vesicles, and showed also the tumultuous beating of the heart
+    in pumping blood through the lung. It was impossible to take the
+    temperatures. Post-mortem examinations showed the lungs dark,
+    congested and solid in some places. The air passages were filled
+    with frothy, bloody mucus, even in the dog that died in five
+    minutes. On section, the lungs were dark, congested, and full of
+    bloody mucus. This shows how acutely sensitive the respiratory
+    passages are to the action of alcohol. On microscopic
+    examination of the lungs, the air tubes and vesicles were found
+    filled with immense numbers of red and white corpuscles and much
+    mucus. The same picture was presented as in a slide from the
+    lungs of a broncho-pneumonic child.
+
+    "The striking similarity between the two is enough to prove that
+    the pathological condition is the same, and that alcohol has
+    produced a lesion very closely resembling, if not absolutely
+    like, that of broncho-pneumonia in the human subject. This to
+    some extent explains why drunkards attacked by pneumonia succumb
+    more readily than the temperate. The sensitive lung tissue is
+    enveloped in alcohol--flowing through the capillaries of the
+    lung on one side, and exhaled, filling the air vesicles and
+    tubes on the other. The condition must create a state of
+    semi-engorgement or of mild inflammation, similar to the
+    drunkard's red nose, or his engorged gastric mucous membrane.
+    Such a state will reduce the vitality of the pulmonary tissue,
+    and its power of resistance to external influences. Add to this
+    an inflammation such as a pneumonia, and the lungs find
+    themselves unable to stand the pressure."
+
+As previous chapters contain much showing the reasons why alcohol is
+dangerous in pneumonia, space need not be taken here to do more than
+indicate briefly some points of non-alcoholic treatment.
+
+Pneumonia is generally supposed to result from a cold; it is ushered in
+by the symptoms of a chill, followed by fever, headache, shortness of
+breath, pain in chest, etc. It sometimes occurs as a complication of
+typhoid fever and other acute diseases.
+
+    "It is not a very fatal disease in young and healthy subjects,
+    but in weak children, old persons and habitual drinkers, it is a
+    very fatal malady."
+
+_Nature Cure_ recommends a vapor bath immediately upon the appearance of
+the first symptoms, together with copious drinking of hot lemonade, and
+a good supply of pure fresh air in the room, together with the
+application of alternating hot and cold compresses, _and no drugs_.
+
+Dr. Kellogg says:--
+
+    "Cool compresses or ice-bags, alternated every three hours by
+    hot fomentations for ten minutes, should be applied to the
+    chest, particularly to the affected side, the seat of pain. The
+    hot fomentations relieve the pain, and the cold compresses check
+    the diseased process. The compresses should be wrung out of cold
+    water, and changed every five to eight minutes, or as often as
+    they become warm. Although the cool compresses are not usually
+    liked by the patient, they will soon give relief if their use is
+    continued, and they do much towards shortening the course of the
+    disease. Care should be taken to keep the patient's body from
+    being wet except where the treatment is applied. The cold
+    compress is much used in the large hospitals of Germany. When
+    the pulse becomes as rapid as 95 to 110 or more, cool sponging,
+    the wet-sheet pack, the cool full bath or the cool enema should
+    be employed. When much chilliness is produced by the contact of
+    water with the skin, the cold enema is a most admirably useful
+    measure. The amount of water required is from half a pint to a
+    pint. The temperature may be 40 to 60 degrees. The apartment
+    should be kept as cool as possible without discomfort, and an
+    abundance of fresh air should be continually supplied.
+
+    "The diet of the patient should consist of milk, oatmeal gruel,
+    ripe fruit, and similar easily digested food. No meat, eggs or
+    other stimulating food should be allowed.
+
+    "Discontinue the cold treatment after the first twenty-four to
+    forty-eight hours. If the surface is cold, apply hot sponging or
+    a hot pack. Avoid causing chilliness."
+
+PRE-NATAL INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL:--"The use of beer as a medicine
+    during pregnancy is without doubt perilous to the health and
+    vigor of the offspring. Children born under such conditions are
+    sickly and feeble, and suffer from disease more severely than
+    others, or die early. Alcoholic prescriptions to pregnant women
+    are, from all present knowledge of the facts, both dangerous and
+    reprehensible in the highest degree."--DR. T. D. CROTHERS,
+    Hartford, Conn.
+
+    "M. Fere, an eminent French physician, recently reported to the
+    Biological Society of Paris the results of experiments which he
+    had been conducting for the purpose of throwing light upon this
+    question. These experiments demonstrate that the exposure of
+    hen's eggs to the influence of the vapor of alcohol, previous to
+    incubation, retards the development of the embryo, and favors
+    the production of malformations. It is evident from these
+    experiments that alcohol may act directly upon the embryo when
+    there is no marked influence of alcoholism in the parent."
+
+PAIN AFTER FOOD:--"This may occur in acute or chronic gastric
+    catarrh, or in a neuralgic or oversensitive condition of the
+    stomach, or in ulcer or cancer of that organ. In all these it
+    comes on soon after food has been swallowed; but, if occurring a
+    long time after a meal, it is probably due to atonic dyspepsia.
+    Alcohol will undoubtedly sometimes relieve this kind of pain by
+    deadening the nerves of the stomach so that the pain is not
+    felt so much; but this effect soon passes off, and if the cause
+    of the malady is not removed by other means, increasing
+    quantities of alcohol will be required to give relief. Many
+    cases of drink-craving have originated in this way. Medical aid
+    will generally be required. A small mustard poultice over the
+    pit of the stomach is often useful, especially in inflammatory
+    cases, or any other outward application of heat. Food should be
+    fluid, or semi-fluid, and digestible. Ginger tea, or peppermint
+    water, may serve to disperse gas."
+
+
+POISON, ANIMAL.
+
+The following by Dr. Chas. H. Shepard, of Brooklyn, who introduced the
+Turkish bath into America, is taken from the _Journal of the A. M. A._,
+for Nov. 13, 1897:--
+
+    "Animal poison is by no means uncommon, and so quick and
+    mysterious is its action that a prompt remedy is a vital
+    necessity. There is good reason to believe that the numerous
+    remedies that have been recommended from earliest times as
+    antidotes for animal poison are worthless, as they have not the
+    properties commonly ascribed to them. The paucity of remedies is
+    so great that alcohol is the one which comes most quickly to the
+    mind of those who have been taught in the traditions of the
+    past, and who are not fully aware of its action on the human
+    system. We shall endeavor to show that the action of alcohol is
+    not helpful, but on the contrary is really detrimental; and also
+    that there is a better way out of the difficulty.
+
+    "If we get a splinter in the body, vital energy is aroused to
+    get rid of the offending substance, inflammation is set up, and
+    sloughing goes on until the splinter is voided. If the splinter
+    is covered with acrid material, the same process is intensified,
+    and nature endeavors to eliminate the offending substance
+    through the natural excretions. Upon the peculiarity of the
+    material depends the direction of this elimination.
+
+    "It is well known that some poisons are thrown off by the
+    kidneys, some by the lungs, while others again are attacked by
+    all the emunctories. The difference in the power of the system
+    to absorb different substances, appropriate whatever can be
+    utilized, and throw off whatever can not be used, is sometimes
+    called idiosyncrasy, but more properly it may be called vital
+    resistance, and upon the integrity of this power rests the
+    ability to combat disease in all its forms, whether it be the
+    absorption of any animal virus or the poison resulting from
+    undigested food. This ability is in proportion to the integrity
+    and soundness of every tissue and organ of the body. This may be
+    illustrated by the fact that with a person suffering from kidney
+    disease, which necessarily impedes elimination, the ordinary
+    effects of a poison are intensified; therefore whatever aids in
+    the promotion of good health, or in other words, the normal
+    action of all the functions, will contribute to the safety of
+    the individual in any and every emergency.
+
+    "When a person dies from the effect of poisoning, it is simply
+    because the system was unable to eliminate the offending
+    substance and was exhausted in the effort. There is a tolerance
+    of some substances which frequently results in chronic disease,
+    and again it is shown in what is called the cumulative effect or
+    acute disease.
+
+    "Those who would hold that a substance is at one time a
+    medicament, and at another time a poison, have much trouble in
+    drawing the line between the beneficial and the poisonous
+    effect. The idea that poisonous substances act on the system is
+    responsible for many grave mistakes, whereas always, and under
+    all circumstances, it is the system that does all the action.
+
+    "There might be some excuse for the idea that disease is an
+    entity, from the facts that have been brought to light by the
+    germ theory, but this theory is of recent date, while the entity
+    theory is as old as superstition.
+
+    "Snake poison, which may be cited as a type of other animal
+    poisons, takes effect through the circulation, and acts by
+    paralyzing the nerve centres, and by altering the condition of
+    the blood. In ordinary cases death seems to take place by arrest
+    of respiration, from paralysis of the nerves of motion. The
+    poison also acts septically, producing at a later period
+    sloughing and hemorrhage.
+
+    "Dr. Calmette, a noted French scientist, claims that what is
+    poisonous in the snake's bite, is not the venom absorbed into
+    the blood, but a principle which the blood itself has developed
+    out of the poison. This would necessitate very quick action when
+    the poison is inserted in one of the large veins, as that is
+    followed by instant death.
+
+    "The following cases fairly represent some of the tragedies that
+    are occurring in our everyday life.
+
+    "A man 60 years old falls and dislocates his finger, he goes to
+    the hospital, where in a short time he dies from blood
+    poisoning. * * * * * Another man 48 years old, many years a wine
+    merchant, whose great toe was severely crushed by a heavy man
+    stepping on it, was taken with blood-poisoning and in spite of
+    all treatment, even to the amputation of the leg, he soon
+    succumbed to the disease. * * * * * A young woman 24 years old,
+    picks a pimple on her chin and at once her face begins to swell.
+    In vain was all medical treatment, for in a few days she died in
+    terrible agony. * * * * * About a year ago there died in
+    Brooklyn, N. Y., a physician in his 38th year, who six days
+    previously received a slight scratch in his hand while
+    performing a post-mortem examination. All that medical science
+    could suggest was done to no avail. * * * * * In the summer of
+    1896 a young woman 22 years of age was bitten on the leg by an
+    insect. Several physicians were called in but their treatment
+    gave no relief; blood-poisoning set in; it was decided to
+    amputate the leg, but before it could be done she died. * * * *
+    * In July, 1896, a veterinary surgeon 34 years of age, while
+    removing a cancer from a horse pricked his finger with his
+    knife. The wound was so slight that he forgot all about it. A
+    few days later blood-poisoning set in and in a short time his
+    end came. * * * * * Some forty years ago a man named Whitney was
+    teasing a rattlesnake in a Broadway barroom, was bitten by it,
+    and, though whisky was poured down his throat by the quart, he
+    soon died.
+
+    "Such results seem entirely unnecessary were the proper course
+    pursued, and at the same time they are a fearful commentary on
+    the medical resources of the day.
+
+    "The latest researches in regard to alcohol reveal it as a
+    poison to the human system in whatever way it may be diluted or
+    disguised. Its effect is always the same in proportion to the
+    amount taken. It is impossible to habitually use it in any form,
+    even in small quantities, without disease and degeneration
+    resulting therefrom. When taken into the stomach the action is
+    the same as with any other narcotic; the meaning of this word is
+    _to become torpid_. It benumbs the nerves of sensation, and thus
+    the vital resistance to any offending material is reduced, and
+    while the patient _feels_ less of any disturbance the real harm
+    goes on with accumulated force because of the lack of vitality
+    and non-resistance of the nervous system.
+
+    "When the body is in the throes of a vital struggle with a
+    virulent poison it would seem, to any unprejudiced mind, the
+    height of folly to further weaken the vital resistance by the
+    administration of any narcotic, and especially alcohol.
+
+    "The eminent German, Professor Bunge, says: 'All the results
+    which on superficial observation appear to show that alcohol
+    possesses stimulant properties, can be explained on the ground
+    that they were due to paralysis.' * * * * * Professors S. Weir
+    Mitchell and E. T. Reichert, in _Researches on Serpent Poison_,
+    make this notable statement: 'Despite the popular creed, it is
+    now pretty sure that many men have been killed by the alcohol
+    given to relieve them from the effects of snake bite, and it is
+    a matter of record that men dead drunk with whiskey and then
+    bitten, have died of the bite.'
+
+    "As a great contrast to the weakness of the mass of our people
+    who are drug-takers and alcohol-consumers, and who are liable to
+    almost any epidemic that comes along, and quickly succumb to a
+    serious injury, may be mentioned the Turkish soldiers of to-day,
+    who know nothing of drugs as we use them and never use alcohol
+    in any form. During the late controversy with the Greeks, one of
+    them who was reported as having been shot in the stomach,
+    remained in the ranks, and afterward walked ten miles. Another
+    one who was wounded twice in the legs and once in the shoulder,
+    continued attending to his duties for twenty-four hours, until
+    an officer noticed his condition and ordered him to the
+    hospital. The heat was tremendous, but the troops endured it
+    without complaint, and the doctors were astonished at the
+    wonderful vitality of the wounded Turks, who recovered with
+    remarkable rapidity. This, with good reason, is attributed to
+    their abstemious lives.
+
+    "It has been stated that the Moqui Indians handle the
+    rattlesnake with impunity, and are not inconvenienced by its
+    occasional bite.
+
+    "The rational treatment of animal poison is to endeavor to
+    prevent the entry of the virus into the circulation and to
+    neutralize it in the wound before it is absorbed; but when it
+    has entered the system everything should be done for its
+    elimination.
+
+    "The most powerful aid to the human system, and the most perfect
+    eliminator known to man is heat. It is used with much advantage,
+    and great success by means of water, both internally and
+    externally, but above all is its use by hot air, as in the
+    Turkish bath, which works in harmony with every natural
+    function, promoting the action of all the secretions, and more
+    particularly the excretions. By this means will the system
+    unload itself of an accumulation of impurities in an incredibly
+    short space of time, while the heat aids in destroying whatever
+    there may be of virus therein.
+
+    "Calmette, whom we have previously quoted, has shown that
+    whatever be the source of snake venom, its active principle is
+    destroyed by being submitted to a temperature of about 212
+    degrees for a variable length of time.
+
+    "In the not remote future thousands of human beings will owe to
+    the Turkish bath not only an immunity from disease in general,
+    but also an escape from the horrors of a premature death from
+    hydrophobia, the poison of snake bite, or the slower action of
+    infectious disease.
+
+    "The mass of testimony that has been accumulating for over
+    thirty years past is more than sufficient to convince any
+    reasonable mind that is willing to examine the facts.
+
+    "The medical profession has searched the world over and under
+    for the means of controlling disease, while within the human
+    body itself lies the vital power which needs only to be
+    cultivated and exalted to its true function to banish the mass
+    of disease from the land."
+
+Dr. Shepard states in another article that Turkish baths are now used in
+London and Paris for the cure of hydrophobia.
+
+Dr. J. H. Kellogg says:--
+
+    "A great number of remedies have acquired the reputation of
+    being cures for snake bites. The partisans of each one of these
+    have been able to produce a large number of cases, which
+    apparently supported their claims; the uniform testimony of all
+    scientific authorities upon this subject, however, is that all
+    these so-called antidotes are worthless. Prof. W. Watson Cheyne,
+    M. B., F. R. C. S., surgeon of Kings College Hospital, London,
+    England, states, in the _International Encyclopedia of Surgery_,
+    that 'there is no known antidote by which the venom can be
+    neutralized, nor any prophylactic.' This eminent authority also
+    remarks further: 'Hence medication with this view is to be
+    avoided altogether, and the aim of treatment should be to
+    prevent the poison from gaining access to the general
+    circulation, and to avoid its prostrating effects if its
+    entrance has already taken place.' The same writer asserts that
+    the only aim of the constitutional treatment should be 'to
+    sustain the strength until the poison shall have been
+    eliminated.' The idea that the saturation of the body with
+    whisky to the point of intoxication, if possible, is beneficial
+    in these cases, is in the highest degree erroneous. Whisky
+    intoxication, according to Dr. Cheyne, actually 'favors the
+    injurious effect of the poison. What is required is to keep the
+    patient alive until the poison has been eliminated.' Whisky will
+    not do this, but actually aids the poison in its fatal work by
+    lessening the resistance of the patient, and hence lessening his
+    chances for recovery.
+
+    "The reputation of whisky as a remedy in these cases is due to
+    the fact that on an average only one person in eight who is
+    bitten by a rattlesnake is really poisoned; the reasons for this
+    were fully explained in an interesting paper on 'Rattlesnakes,'
+    by the eminent Dr. S. Weir Mitchell, and published in the
+    Smithsonian Contributions to _Knowledge_ for 1860. If the snake
+    strikes several times before inflicting a wound, the sacs
+    containing the venom may be emptied, so that the succeeding bite
+    will introduce only the most minute quantity of poison--not
+    enough to produce serious, or fatal results. If the part bitten
+    is covered by clothing, the poison may be absorbed by the
+    clothing, so that but very little enters the circulation. In
+    various other ways the snake is prevented from inflicting a
+    fatal wound. The popular idea, that every bite of a rattlesnake
+    is necessarily poisonous, is thus shown to be erroneous. It is
+    not at all probable that the administration of whisky has ever
+    in any case contributed to the long life of a person bitten by a
+    rattlesnake.
+
+    "Whisky is often recommended by physicians with the idea that it
+    will sustain the energies of the patient, or will stimulate the
+    heart, etc.; but it has been clearly shown that alcohol in all
+    forms is not only useless for these purposes, but does actual
+    damage, since it lessens the resistance of the patient, weakens
+    the heart, and helps along the prostration which is the
+    characteristic effect of the rattlesnake venom. Alcohol has, for
+    many years, been used as an antidote for collapse under an
+    anaesthetic administered for surgical purposes, but no
+    intelligent physician nowadays thinks of using alcohol for such
+    a purpose; instead, alcohol is given before the anaesthetic for
+    the purpose of facilitating its effect. Errors of this sort
+    which have once become established are very hard to uproot.
+    Probably some physicians will continue to use alcohol for shock,
+    exhaustion, general debility and similar conditions as well as
+    for rattlesnake poisoning for another quarter of a century, but
+    such use of alcohol does not belong to the domain of rational
+    medicine and is not supported by scientific facts."
+
+    "Under the Pasteur method, a man who did not take alcohol was
+    much more likely to recover from the bite of a mad dog than one
+    bitten under the same conditions, who used that drug; while in
+    lock-jaw there was absolute failure to secure immunity if the
+    patient had taken alcohol. In India it used to be given in large
+    quantities for snake bite, but it was found that it had a direct
+    effect in interfering with the processes of repair, and so is
+    being abandoned."--DR. SIMS WOODHEAD, of the Royal College of
+    Physicians and Surgeons, London, Eng.
+
+    "Nothing could be more irrational and dangerous than the popular
+    notion concerning the antagonism of whisky and snake-bites, and
+    Willson reports that several of the fatalities in his series
+    were directly due to alcohol rather than to the
+    bite."--_Editorial, Journal of the American Medical Ass'n._
+
+RHEUMATISM:--"Unquestionably, the most active cause of
+    rheumatism, as well as of migraine, sick-headache, Bright's
+    disease, neurasthenia and a number of other kindred diseases, is
+    the general use of flesh food, tea and coffee, and alcoholic
+    liquors. As regards remedies, there are no medicinal agents
+    which are of any permanent value in the treatment of chronic
+    rheumatism. The disease can be remedied only by regimen,--that
+    is, by diet and training. A simple dietary, consisting of
+    fruits, grains, and nuts, and particularly the free use of
+    fruits, must be placed in the first rank among the radical
+    curative measures. Water, if taken in abundance, is also a means
+    of washing out the accumulated poisons.
+
+    "An individual afflicted with rheumatism in any form should
+    live, so far as possible, an out-of-door life, taking daily a
+    sufficient amount of exercise to induce vigorous perspiration. A
+    cool morning sponge bath, followed by vigorous rubbing, and a
+    moist pack to the joints most seriously affected, at night, are
+    measures which are worthy of a faithful trial. Every person who
+    is suffering from this disease should give the matter immediate
+    attention, as it is a malady which is progressive, and is one of
+    the most potent causes of premature old age, and general
+    physical deterioration. American nervousness is probably more
+    often due to uric acid, or to the poisons which it represents,
+    than to any other one cause."--_Good Health._
+
+    "Alcohol favors the development of rheumatism. It does this by
+    preventing waste matter from leaving the system. Beer and wine,
+    because they contain lime and salts, are said to cause
+    rheumatism, or at least to aid in its development. These salts
+    are absorbed into the system, unite with the uric acid, and form
+    an insoluble urate of lime, which is deposited around the
+    joints, thus causing them to become enlarged and stiff. * * * * *
+
+    "The success of the Turkish bath treatment has been phenomenal.
+    Of over 3,000 cases treated here at least 95 per cent. have been
+    entirely relieved, or greatly helped. Some who were treated over
+    twenty years ago have stated that they have not had a twinge of
+    rheumatism since. Very few have persevered in the use of the
+    bath without experiencing permanent relief."--DR. CHARLES H.
+    SHEPARD, Brooklyn.
+
+    "Those having a bath cabinet can have a good substitute at home
+    for the Turkish bath. Remember that if tobacco and alcohol are
+    indulged in, there can be no permanent relief."
+
+_The New Hygiene_ says:--
+
+    "Under no circumstances take any of the thousand and one
+    nostrums advertised as sure cures for this disease. Pure
+    unadulterated blood is the only remedy. This can only be
+    produced by cleansing the system of impurities, and giving it
+    the right kind of material out of which to make it. Keep out the
+    poisonous physic, clean out the colon, strengthen the lungs, and
+    feed the system with proper food, and this disease will vanish
+    like a fog before the rising sun."
+
+The same book in advocating the use of the Turkish bath for rheumatism,
+says:--
+
+    "The fact, which is well attested, that when a person enters the
+    bath the urine may be strongly acid, but, on leaving the bath,
+    after half an hour, it is markedly alkaline, shows that the bath
+    has a strong effect upon the system."
+
+Dr. Ridge says of _rheumatic fever_:--
+
+    "I would urge most strongly the desirability of avoiding every
+    form of alcoholic liquor, from the very commencement of the
+    disease, as affording the best chance for a speedy and safe
+    recovery. The highest authorities are agreed on this point, but
+    there is a lingering practice which makes reference necessary in
+    order to confirm the wavering."
+
+In Mt. Sinai Hospital, New York, the hot blanket pack is used in acute
+rheumatism, almost to the exclusion of other methods. The pack should be
+continued two to four hours at least, and may be repeated two or three
+times within the twenty-four hours with advantage.
+
+_Nature Cure_ says that thorough massage, and half a dozen cups of hot
+lemonade will cure a severe case of sciatica:--
+
+    "The massage should be commenced moderately, and increased as
+    the patient can bear it. Rubbing and slapping of the muscles
+    with bare hands will hasten a cure, and be agreeable to the
+    patient. One to two hours treatment, if _vigorous_, will effect
+    a cure."
+
+SEA-SICKNESS:--Brandy is a common resort in this trouble, many taking it
+under such circumstances who would under no other. Yet it frequently
+adds to the sickness, instead of relieving it.
+
+    "Be sparing in diet for two or three days before the expected
+    voyage. If very sensitive, take to your berth as soon as you go
+    on board, or lie down on deck; get near the centre of the
+    vessel, and lie with your feet to the stern. Go to sleep if
+    possible. Iced water may be sipped, but nothing solid should be
+    taken at first; after a while a cracker or wafer may be taken."
+
+It is said upon good authority that if two or three apples are eaten
+shortly before going on board, or before rough water is encountered,
+sea-sickness is entirely averted. It will be well to partake of no other
+food for some hours previous to the voyage when trying this.
+
+_Good Health_ says:--
+
+    "If any of our readers have occasion to cross the ocean in the
+    stormy season, we recommend three things; keep horizontal, with
+    the head low; put an ice-bag to the back of the neck, keep the
+    stomach clean, free from greasy foods and meats, and eat nothing
+    till there is an appetite for food. A habitually clean dietary
+    before going on board is doubtless a good preparation for such a
+    voyage, as well as for any other nerve strain, or test of
+    endurance. It pays to be good--to your stomach, as well as in
+    other ways."
+
+The following is guaranteed by a Russian physician to be an effective
+cure and a means of avoiding sea-sickness when the symptoms first make
+their appearance. Take long and deep inspirations. About twenty breaths
+should be taken every minute, and they should be as deep as possible.
+After thirty or forty inspirations the symptoms will be found to abate.
+This is recommended for dyspepsia also.
+
+SORE NIPPLES:--"Alum water, or tannin, used for several months
+    in advance will harden as effectually as brandy. If there is
+    soreness on commencing to nurse, put a pinch of alum into milk,
+    and apply the curd to the nipple."
+
+SPASMS:--"These are caused by flatulence, as a result of
+    indigestion. A little hot ginger tea, or capsicum tea, may do
+    all that is required. If these are not at hand, loosen every
+    tight band, rub well the region of the heart and stomach, slap
+    the face with the corner of a wet towel, and give sips of cold
+    water."
+
+SHOCK:--"In shock, or collapse, the state is similar in some
+    respects to that which is present in fainting. Every function is
+    almost at a standstill; absorption from the stomach and
+    elsewhere is at its lowest point, because the circulation of the
+    blood is so much interfered with. Hence much of the brandy which
+    is so often given, and to such a wonderful amount, with very
+    little apparent effect of intoxication, is really not absorbed
+    at all, and is very often rejected from the stomach by vomiting,
+    when reaction does occur, if not before.
+
+    "The patient should be wrapped up warmly, and put to bed as soon
+    as possible. The limbs may be rubbed with hot flannels, and hot
+    water bottles put to hands and feet. In some cases, also, towels
+    wrung out of hot water may be wrapped around the head. Hot milk
+    and water, hot water slightly sweetened, or with a little
+    peppermint water in it, should be given as soon as the patient
+    can swallow. Hot beverages will warm the skin more rapidly and
+    powerfully than any alcoholic liquor.
+
+    "If the patient cannot swallow, an enema of hot water, or hot,
+    thin gruel, should be administered, and may be of use in
+    addition to hot drinks. Beef extract may be added to the hot
+    water with advantage.
+
+    "In the vast majority of cases there need be no anxiety so far
+    as the shock is concerned; reaction will occur in due time if
+    ordinary care be taken, and will be more natural and steady if
+    the system is not embarrassed by the presence of the narcotic
+    alcohol. In the state of collapse the voluntary nervous system
+    is depressed; alcohol diminishes the power and activity of the
+    nervous centres of the brain, hence its action is undesirable in
+    shock or collapse."--DR. J. J. RIDGE, London.
+
+    "No procedure could be more senseless than the administering
+    alcohol in shock. A stimulant of some kind is necessary in such
+    cases, and alcohol, instead of being a stimulant is a narcotic.
+    * * * * * Alcohol causes a decrease of temperature, the very
+    thing to be avoided in cases of shock."--DR. J. H. KELLOGG.
+
+    "I am perfectly sure that a large dose of alcohol in shock puts
+    a nail in the coffin of the patient."--DR. H. C. WOOD of the
+    University of Pennsylvania.
+
+SINKING SENSATIONS:--Many women have a feeling of weakness or "goneness"
+at about eleven o'clock in the morning, and are led by it to the
+injurious practice of eating between meals. It is often due to
+indigestion, or to the use of beer or wine. A few sips of hot milk, of
+fruit juice, or even of cold water will often relieve it, especially if
+total abstinence is persevered in.
+
+SUDDEN ILLNESS:--"Those taken suddenly ill are likely to fare
+    best if placed in a recumbent position, with head slightly
+    elevated, all tightness of garments about the neck or waist
+    relieved, and a little cold water given in case of ability to
+    swallow. A mustard plaster on the back of the neck, or over the
+    stomach, and hot water or hot bottles to the feet, are never out
+    of place, while vinegar, or smelling salts, or dilute ammonia to
+    the nostrils is reviving."--EZRA M. HUNT, M. D., late secretary
+    of New Jersey State Board of Health.
+
+    "Both the popular and professional beliefs in the efficacy of
+    alcoholic liquids for relieving exhaustion, faintness, shock,
+    etc. are equally fallacious. All these conditions are temporary,
+    and rapidly recovered from by simply the recumbent position, and
+    free access to fresh air. Ninety-nine out of every hundred of
+    such cases pass the crisis before the attendants have time to
+    apply any remedies, and when they do, the sprinkling of cold
+    water on the face, and the vapor of camphor or carbonate of
+    ammonia to the nostrils, are the most efficacious remedies, and
+    leave none of the secondary evil effects of brandy, whisky or
+    wine."--DR. N. S. DAVIS.
+
+SUNSTROKE:--"There has lately been a correspondence in the
+    _Morning Post_ on the subject of 'Sunstroke and Alcohol.' We
+    quite agree with the statement that 'nothing predisposes people
+    to sunstroke so much as this pernicious habit of taking
+    stimulants (so-called) during the hot weather.' As far as this
+    country is concerned, nearly every case of sunstroke might be
+    more appropriately designated 'beerstroke.' One effect of
+    alcohol is to paralyze the heat-regulating mechanism; the blood
+    becomes overloaded with waste material, and the narcotism, and
+    vasomotor paralysis, produced by the alcohol, is added to that
+    produced by the heat. Abstainers, other things being equal, can
+    always endure extremes of temperature better than consumers of
+    alcohol."--_Medical Pioneer_, England.
+
+    "During the month of January, 1896, there occurred over three
+    hundred deaths from sunstroke in Australia. When called upon to
+    offer suggestions relative to its prevention, the medical board
+    promptly informed the Colonial government that, of all the
+    predisposing causes, none were so potent as indulgence in
+    intoxicating liquors, and in its treatment nothing seemed to
+    have a more disastrous effect than the administration of
+    alcoholic stimulants."--_Medical News._
+
+The _Bulletin of the A. M. T. A._ for August, 1896, contained the
+following:--
+
+    "Recently a leading medical man, a teacher in a college, warned
+    his student audience against the anti-alcoholic theories urged
+    by extremists and persons whose zeal was greater than their
+    intelligence. He affirmed positively that the value of alcohol
+    was well known in medicine, and established by long years of
+    experience.
+
+    "Not long afterward a man was brought into his office in a state
+    of collapse from sunstroke, and this physician and teacher
+    ordered large quantities of brandy to be administered; the
+    patient died soon after."
+
+Dr. T. D. Crothers tells of a case where alcohol was administered to a
+child for partial sunstroke, and says, "there were many reasons for
+believing that the profound poisoning from alcohol gave a permanent bias
+and tendency that developed into inebriety later."
+
+    "When a person falls with sunstroke (or heatstroke) he should at
+    once be carried to a cool, shady place. His clothing should be
+    removed, and cold applications made to the head, and over the
+    whole body. Pieces of ice may be packed around the head, or cold
+    water may be poured upon the body. Cold enema may also be
+    employed. In case the face is pale, hot applications should be
+    made to the head and over the heart and the body should be
+    rubbed vigorously."--DR. J. H. KELLOGG.
+
+
+TYPHOID FEVER.
+
+As many lives are lost by this disease, its treatment must ever be one
+of intense interest, not only to physicians, but also to all humanity.
+Since non-alcoholic treatment has reduced the death-rate in typhoid to
+five per cent., the views regarding such treatment expressed by leading
+practitioners will doubtless be read with eagerness.
+
+The following is a paper by Dr. N. S. Davis taken from the _Medical
+Temperance Quarterly_.
+
+    "ALLEGED INDICATIONS FOR THE USE OF ALCOHOL IN THE TREATMENT OF
+    TYPHOID FEVER:--On the first page of the first number of a new
+    medical journal bearing date July, 1895, may be found the
+    following statement: 'The question of administering alcohol
+    comes up in every case of typhoid fever. In mild cases,
+    especially when the patient is young, healthy and temperate,
+    stimulants are not needed so long as the disease follows the
+    typical course. Here, as elsewhere, alcohol should be avoided
+    when not absolutely demanded. There is, however, generally such
+    a dangerous tendency toward nervous exhaustion, that in a
+    majority of cases more or less alcohol is required. The
+    indication which calls for its use is an inability to administer
+    enough food. * * * * * Again, the existence of high temperature
+    nearly always makes it necessary to stimulate the patient, as
+    does threatened nervous exhaustion and heart failure, for
+    immediate effect; likewise a weak, small, compressible, rapid
+    pulse, with impaired cardiac impulse and systolic sound, is a
+    frequent indication; other remedies may be required, but alcohol
+    cannot be dispensed with.' The next paragraph continues: 'It is
+    necessary to give alcohol in serious complications of typhoid
+    fever, such as pneumonia, pleurisy, hemorrhage and severe
+    bronchitis or diarrhoea. It is best to begin giving it early
+    and in small quantities: two to six ounces is a moderate amount,
+    eight to twelve ounces daily is not too much for adynamic or
+    complicated cases.'
+
+    "The foregoing quotations purport to have been condensed from
+    one of our recent authoritative works on practical medicine, and
+    doubtless fairly represent the prevailing opinions concerning
+    the use of alcohol in the treatment of typhoid and other fevers,
+    both in and out of the profession. A careful reading will show
+    that the whole is founded on the following four assumptions:
+
+    "1. That alcohol when taken into the living body acts as a
+    general stimulant, and especially so to the cardiac and
+    vasomotor functions. 2. That in mild, uncomplicated cases of
+    typhoid fever in young and previously healthy subjects,
+    stimulants are not required and no alcohol should be given. 3.
+    That in a 'majority of cases' the tendency toward dangerous
+    'nervous exhaustion' and 'heart failure' is so great that the
+    giving of 'more or less alcohol is required.' 4. The amount
+    required may vary from two to twelve or more ounces per day.
+
+    "In the two preceding numbers of this journal, I have endeavored
+    to show that the chief causes of nervous exhaustion and heart
+    failure, in typhoid and other fevers were impairment of the
+    hemoglobin and corpuscular elements of the blood, deficient
+    reception and internal distribution of oxygen, and molecular
+    degeneration of the muscular structures of the heart itself.
+    These important pathological conditions are doubtless caused by
+    the specific toxic agent or agents giving rise to the fever.
+    Consequently the rational objects of treatment are to stop the
+    further action of the specific cause, either by neutralization,
+    or elimination, or both; to stop the further impairment of the
+    hemoglobin and other elements of the blood; and to increase the
+    reception and internal distribution of oxygen, by which we will
+    most effectually prevent further fatty or granular degeneration
+    of cardiac and other structures. The language of the paragraphs
+    I have quoted, fairly assumes that alcohol is a _stimulant_
+    capable of relieving nervous exhaustion and cardiac failures,
+    regardless of the causes producing those pathological
+    conditions, and consequently its use is necessary in the
+    'majority of cases' of typhoid fever.
+
+    "Can such an assumption be sustained by either established
+    facts, or correct reasoning? Can nervous and cardiac exhaustion,
+    induced by the presence of toxic agents in the blood, with
+    deficiency of both hemoglobin and oxygen, be relieved by a
+    simple _stimulant_, that neither neutralizes nor eliminates the
+    toxic agents, nor increases either the hemoglobin or oxygen?
+    That alcohol does not neutralize or destroy toxic ptomaines, or
+    tox-albumins, is proved by abundant clinical experience, and
+    also by the fact that chemists use it freely in the processes
+    for separating these substances from other organic matters for
+    experimental purposes. That its presence in the living body
+    retards metabolic changes generally, and thereby aids in
+    retaining instead of eliminating toxic agents of all kinds, has
+    been so fully shown in the pages of preceding numbers of the
+    _Medical Temperance Quarterly_, that the leading facts need not
+    be repeated here. That its presence does not increase the
+    hemoglobin, or favor oxy-hemoglobin or increased internal
+    distribution of oxygen, but decidedly the reverse, has been
+    equally well demonstrated by numerous and reliable experimental
+    researches in this and other countries.
+
+    "Then it must be conceded that alcohol is not capable of
+    fulfilling either of the important indications presented in the
+    treatment of typhoid fever as stated above. Nevertheless, the
+    advocates of its use apparently recognize but two ideas or
+    factors in these cases, namely, the popularly inherited
+    assumption that alcohol is a _stimulant_, and as the patient is
+    in danger from nervous and cardiac weakness, therefore the
+    alcohol must be given, _pro re nata_ without the slightest
+    regard to the existing causes of the weakness, or the _modus
+    operandi_ of the so-called stimulant.
+
+    "This is proved by the fact that they group together as
+    stimulants, and give to the same patient in alternate doses,
+    remedies of directly antagonistic action, as alcohol and
+    strychnine, or digitalis, etc.
+
+    "The accepted definition of a stimulant in medical literature,
+    is some agent capable of exciting or increasing _vital activity_
+    as a whole, or the natural activity of some one structure or
+    organ.
+
+    "For instance, both clinical and experimental observations show
+    that strychnine directly increases the functional activity of
+    the respiratory, cardiac and vasomotor nervous systems, and
+    thereby increases the internal distribution of oxygen, which is
+    nature's own special exciter of all vital action. Therefore it
+    is properly a direct respiratory, cardiac and vasomotor
+    stimulant and indirectly a stimulator of all vital processes.
+    But the same kind of clinical and experimental observations show
+    that alcohol directly diminishes the functional activity of all
+    nerve structures, pre-eminently those of respiration and
+    circulation, and also of all metabolic processes, whether
+    respirative, disintegrative or secretory. Consequently it not
+    only acts as directly antagonistic to strychnine, but equally so
+    to all true stimulants or remedies capable of increasing vital
+    activity. Instead, therefore, of meriting the name of
+    _stimulant_, alcohol should be designated and used only as an
+    anaesthetic and sedative, or depressor of vital activity.
+
+    "And a thorough and impartial investigation will show that its
+    use in the treatment of typhoid and other fevers, while
+    deceiving both physician and patient, by its anaesthetic effect
+    in diminishing restlessness, both prolongs the duration and
+    increases the ratio of mortality of the disease, by its
+    impairment of vital activity in the organizable elements of both
+    blood and tissues."
+
+Equally interesting is the following outline of treatment pursued by
+Dr. W. H. Riley, of the Battle Creek Sanitarium.
+
+    "The purpose of the present paper is to give briefly an outline
+    of the method of treatment of typhoid fever as used by the
+    writer in a considerable number of cases.
+
+    "A consideration of the pathology of this disease does not
+    properly come under this head, but we wish simply to call
+    attention to the well-known fact that typhoid fever is a germ
+    disease. The germ which causes this fever has generally been
+    supposed to be the bacillus of Eberth. More recent
+    bacteriological studies rather indicate that the bacillus coli
+    may also cause the disease. These germs are usually carried into
+    the body in food or drink, and, lodging in the small intestines,
+    begin to grow and multiply, and by their life produce poisonous
+    ptomaines which are absorbed and carried by the circulation to
+    all the organs and tissues of the body.
+
+    "It is these ptomaines, thus carried to all parts of the body,
+    that are largely the immediate cause of the pyrexia and
+    attending symptoms. The organisms which produce these poisons
+    for the most part remain in the intestines, although they have
+    been found in the spleen.
+
+    "The indications for treatment are:--
+
+    "1. To remove or destroy the cause (to eliminate the germs and
+    ptomaines from the body).
+
+    "2. To sustain the vital and resisting powers of the patient.
+
+    "If the patient is seen early in the disease, it has been my
+    practice to immediately put him to bed and give a free dose of
+    magnesium sulphate. This is preferably given in the morning or
+    forenoon, and may be repeated once or twice on successive days.
+    Besides this the patient should have a large enema of water at a
+    temperature of from 75 deg. to 80 deg. F.; and this may be repeated
+    daily or even oftener, for some time, if necessary, to keep the
+    bowels empty of the poisonous substances.
+
+    "The salines and enemas thus used carry out bodily a large
+    number of germs and ptomaines that are present in the
+    intestines; and further, the salines, by producing an increased
+    secretion of the mucous membrane of the intestines, tend to
+    disentangle and set free many of the germs that have found a
+    lodging place in the walls of the intestines.
+
+    "For the elimination of the ptomaines which have been absorbed
+    into the circulation and carried to the tissues, nothing is
+    better than the internal use of water. From three to five pints
+    should be drunk during every twenty-four hours. It should be
+    taken in small quantities--six to eight ounces every hour or two
+    during waking hours, except when food is taken. I will refer to
+    this point more in detail later.
+
+    "A consideration of the general care of the patient properly
+    comes under the second head of the indications for treatment as
+    given above. The patient should be put to bed in a large, light,
+    well-ventilated room. At least two sides of the room should
+    communicate directly by windows with out-of-doors, in order that
+    the room may be properly ventilated.
+
+    "All unnecessary articles of furniture, such as carpets,
+    couches, upholstered chairs, pictures, etc. should be removed.
+
+    "The room should be thoroughly cleaned before the patient is put
+    into it.
+
+    "There should be two beds in the room for the use of the
+    patient. These should be, preferably, narrow and so placed in
+    the room that there is a free approach to both sides of the bed,
+    for the convenience of the nurse in giving treatment. Iron
+    bedsteads are preferable to wooden. The bedding should be firm,
+    yet soft and smoothly drawn. There should be just sufficient
+    covering to protect the body. The patient should be changed from
+    one bed to the other daily. This may be done by placing the two
+    beds side by side and carefully moving the patient from one to
+    the other. The sheets on the bed from which the patient has been
+    taken should be washed and disinfected at each change of the
+    beds, and all other bedding should be thoroughly aired and
+    exposed to the sunlight daily.
+
+    "The patient should have the care of a thoroughly educated,
+    careful and competent nurse, one who understands perfectly the
+    various methods of using water in the treatment of fevers.
+
+    "There is no other single remedy that I consider so valuable in
+    the treatment of fever as the internal use of water. As above
+    stated, the patient should drink six or eight ounces every hour
+    during the waking hours, except for about two hours after food
+    is taken. The water should be thoroughly sterilized, and as a
+    rule may be taken either cool or hot. Ice water is
+    objectionable. Hot water is often preferable. This is a simple
+    remedy, but nevertheless is efficacious. It should be given to
+    the patient whether he calls for it or not, and it should be
+    considered an important part of his treatment. When water is
+    taken into the stomach and absorbed into the circulation, it
+    throws into solution the ptomaines which have been absorbed from
+    the intestines and are present in the circulation and tissues,
+    and thereby puts them in a favorable condition for elimination.
+    It increases the activity of the kidneys, and thus hastens and
+    increases the elimination of the poisons in the system.
+
+    "In the early stage of the fever, when the pulse is full, and
+    the action of the heart increased, it is best to give the
+    patient cool water. Later in the disease, when the action of the
+    heart is weak, and the patient feeble, it is best to give the
+    water hot.
+
+    "Winternitz, many years ago, demonstrated that hot water taken
+    into the stomach acts as a cardiac stimulant, and the increased
+    heart's action is immediate, or at least before the water has
+    time to absorb, which indicates that the water in the stomach
+    acts reflexly as a cardiac stimulant. The water after absorption
+    also increases the circulation by filling the blood-vessels, and
+    increasing arterial pressure. The writer has frequently noticed
+    a decided increase in the fullness, and rapidity of the pulse,
+    after a patient has drunk a glassful of hot water.
+
+    "The external use of water also forms an important part of the
+    treatment. The patient should be sponged off with tepid water
+    every hour or two when the temperature is 103 deg., or above. When
+    the temperature is less than this, it is not necessary to sponge
+    the body so frequently. Sometimes a hot sponge bath is more
+    efficacious in reducing the temperature than the tepid or cool
+    bath. The sponge bath reduces the temperature, relieves many of
+    the distressing nervous symptoms, is refreshing to the patient,
+    and promotes sleep. The temperature of the body may also be
+    reduced by the use of cool compresses placed over the abdomen,
+    and changed frequently.
+
+    "The matter of diet is an important factor in the treatment of
+    typhoid fever. The diet should be aseptic, easily digested, and
+    should contain the necessary food elements. Probably no one
+    article of diet meets all these requirements as well as
+    sterilized milk. The patient should take from two to three pints
+    daily. The milk is best taken four times during the day at
+    intervals of four hours, taking eight to ten ounces at a time.
+    Should the patient become tired of the milk, gluten gruel may be
+    substituted for the milk.
+
+    "The diarrhoea and bowel symptoms, when present, may be
+    relieved by the application of hot fomentations to the abdomen,
+    warm or hot enemas and twenty grains of subnitrate of bismuth
+    given every four hours.
+
+    "The patient should be kept as quiet as possible, and should be
+    turned in bed at intervals, to prevent hypostatic congestion and
+    the formation of bed-sores. The bony prominences which are apt
+    to become eroded should be sponged frequently with a solution of
+    tannic acid in equal parts of alcohol and water; a dram of the
+    tannic acid to a pint of alcohol and water, is about the proper
+    strength to use.
+
+    "By the methods briefly outlined above--that is by the free use
+    of water internally and externally, by keeping the intestines
+    thoroughly emptied of poisonous material by the free and
+    frequent use of enemas, by proper feeding and the careful
+    attention of a good nurse to the patient and his
+    surroundings--the duration of the fever may be shortened and the
+    severity of the disease lessened; heart failure, and other
+    complications will seldom occur, and the patient will in nearly
+    every instance make a good recovery. The best method to pursue
+    to prevent heart failure is to keep the poisons which are
+    generated in the bowels and absorbed into the body, and which
+    are the direct cause of the heart failure, eliminated from the
+    body. Should the heart become weak, it may be effectually
+    stimulated by giving hot water to drink, applying heat to the
+    heart in the form of a fomentation, and the application of
+    fomentations to the upper spine.
+
+    "In the treatment of a large number of cases of typhoid fever,
+    extending over several years' practice, the writer has never
+    made use of alcohol internally to support the action of the
+    heart, or for any other purpose.
+
+    "The number of cases of death from typhoid fever coming under
+    the writer's observation, where the method of treatment pursued
+    has been similar to that briefly indicated above, have been very
+    few, a much smaller per cent. than in practice where alcohol has
+    been used as a 'cardiac stimulant.' I believe that the use of
+    alcohol in the treatment of typhoid fever is not only useless,
+    but absolutely harmful."
+
+Dr. Kate Lindsay, of Battle Creek Sanitarium and Hospital, contributed
+an article upon Typhoid Fever to the _Bulletin of the A. M. T. A._ for
+January, 1896, from which a few notes are here taken:--
+
+    "The chief toxic centre is evidently the intestinal tract,
+    especially the termination of the ileum. The ulcerations,
+    necroses, perforations and hemorrhages are most frequently found
+    in the last twelve inches of the small intestine, and may extend
+    into the large intestine. The ulcerated surface and open vessels
+    increase the facility with which the poison finds entrance into
+    the circulation. The microbes, blood clots, necrosed tissue and
+    pus, furnish abundant supplies of toxic matter, which,
+    saturating the system, over-power and stop the activity of the
+    functions of all the organs of the body, causing degeneration of
+    tissues. Death is said to take place from heart, lung or brain
+    failure, but the failure involves every other organ as well.
+
+    "Regarding the intestinal tract as any other abscess at this
+    time, the physician should seek for methods of treatment or
+    remedies which will remove the morbid matters, and destroy, or
+    at least inhibit their action, thus decreasing the fever and
+    stimulating the circulation. Secondary toxic centres often
+    develop in the course of this disease, notably in the glands,
+    lungs and dependent organs, the hypostatic congestion resulting
+    from lying in one position, causing stasis of blood, death and
+    necrosis of tissue, both of the external and internal organs.
+    All vessels connected with the dying tissues carry toxins to
+    other parts of the body. Suppurating glands, and phlebitis of
+    the femoral veins are examples of this secondary infection, and
+    are accountable for the heart failure and collapse so often
+    fatal during the second, third and fourth weeks of typhoid
+    fever. * * * * *
+
+    "The old idea that in peristaltic action lay the great danger of
+    increase of the hemorrhage and perforation of the bowels, is
+    giving way to the more rational view that gaseous distention and
+    septic absorption, are what bring about fatal results from these
+    complications, and that the moderate peristalsis of the
+    intestinal walls lessens these dangers by closing the gaping
+    ends of the injured vessels, and expelling the septic matter and
+    foul gases. To meet these indications I have found lavage of the
+    bowels, even during hemorrhage, with water of 105 deg. to 110 deg. F. or
+    even hotter, given in moderate quantity of from one pint to
+    three, to give great relief by freeing the large intestines of
+    blood clots, fecal matter and other morbid matter. It also
+    increases peristaltic action in the small intestines, thus
+    favoring the expulsion of gas. The heat stimulates the
+    circulation in the peripheral vessels of the intestines, and
+    overcomes the tendency to blood stasis.
+
+    "In the cases cited, ice-bags, alternated with fomentations,
+    were used over the abdomen externally, and heat, or hot and
+    cold, to spine. The extremities were kept warm. From ten to
+    thirty minims of turpentine, in an ounce of gum acacia or starch
+    water, increased the efficiency of the enemata, and aided in
+    expelling the gas and checking hemorrhage.
+
+    "The tendency to hypostatic congestion and bed-sores, was
+    prevented by frequent change of position, and the use of hot and
+    cold to the spine by fomentations and compresses, or better
+    still, hot fine spraying, or the alternate hot and cold spray.
+    In one grave case, spraying was kept up for about twelve hours,
+    with only short intermissions. The heart was stimulated by heat
+    applied over it, whenever depression and collapse threatened,
+    and by hot and cold sponging of the spine."
+
+Dr. Noble said some time ago in the _London Times_:--
+
+    "Although it is true that alcohol is an antipyretic, yet its
+    exhibition neither shortens nor modifies (favorably) the
+    diseases of which the fever is but a symptom. The paralysis of
+    the brain which is so frequent a cause of death in typhoid
+    fever, is more often brought about by alcohol than any other
+    cause, and more than one woman suffering from puerperal fever
+    has been done to death by the administration of this substance,
+    which, not being _convenienter naturae, is contra naturam_."
+
+J. S. Cain, M. D., in an able paper, read at the Nashville Academy of
+Medicine, on "Rational Suggestions in the Treatment of Typhoid Fever,"
+dissents from the practice, which still obtains largely in the medical
+profession, of administering alcoholic liquors, in the belief that they
+are "stimulants, conservators of force and even nutrients," and says:--
+
+    "After a careful and thoughtful study of this subject, I have
+    reluctantly, and against firm early convictions, been forced to
+    the conclusion that these theories with regard to the beneficial
+    effects of alcohol in disease are wholly fallacious. The only
+    rational conclusion at which I can arrive is that the agent is
+    ever, and under all circumstances, a depressor of temperature;
+    that it arrests the physiological interchange of carbonic acid
+    gas and oxygen in the tissues, as well as in the air vesicles of
+    the lungs; that it impedes the elimination of tissue waste, and
+    causes the accumulation of this refuse in the system; that it is
+    lethal anaesthetic in all quantities; that it is not stimulant in
+    the true sense, and never exerts that influence; and that it
+    supplies no element to the diseased and vitiated system
+    calculated to antagonize disease, repair waste, or invigorate
+    lowered vital forces, and therefore for these purposes is not
+    called for in the rational treatment of typhoid fever."
+
+At the annual meeting of the American Medical Association held in
+Atlanta, Georgia, in 1896, Dr. G. B. Garber, of Dunkirk, Ind., read a
+paper upon "Alcohol in Typhoid Fever" from which a few points are here
+taken:--
+
+    "The fact that the mortality from typhoid fever seems to be
+    gradually lowering is no doubt due in great measure to the
+    non-use of alcohol in the treatment of the disease. Hardly a
+    week passes that some of our journals do not report a series of
+    cases treated without the aid of alcohol in any form. I used
+    alcohol in the treatment of the disease until two years ago,
+    when I became alarmed at the mortality; so I changed my plan,
+    and in 1894 I treated thirty-seven well marked cases of varying
+    degrees of intensity. I had two fatal cases, and in both of them
+    I had used alcohol. In 1895 I treated thirty cases of about the
+    same type, with no death. I only used alcohol in one of them,
+    and it caused me more trouble than any of the others. As this
+    case was in the family of a saloon-keeper, I could not control
+    the matter, as they would give it during my absence. On my
+    return I would find the face flushed, the temperature high, the
+    pulse rapid and the patient nervous. By close inquiry I would
+    find that some of the family had given 'just a little good
+    whisky' which had been in the house for twenty years.
+
+    "In closing, I wish to state that I am well convinced that in
+    the treatment of typhoid fever our patients will do better and
+    stand a greater chance of recovery, if we abstain entirely from
+    the use of alcohol in the treatment of the disease."
+
+Prof. J. Burney Yeo, of London, in a paper read before the International
+Medical Congress held at Rome, Italy, said:--
+
+    "In order to maintain the intestinal antisepsis which forms an
+    essential part of this method of treatment, I insist on the
+    necessity of scrupulous attention and caution in feeding
+    patients suffering from enteric fever, great danger arising from
+    a failure to note the extremely limited digestive and absorptive
+    capacity exhibited by such patients.
+
+    "In conclusion, the use of alcoholic stimulants, and the common
+    employment of depressing antipyretic agents, must be condemned."
+
+In a report of the treatment of typhoid fever by seventy-two physicians
+of Connecticut, thirty-eight declared that they did not use alcohol in
+any stage of this disease. The remainder used it sparingly in the last
+stages, and only two considered it valuable from the beginning of the
+disease.
+
+In a discussion of typhoid fever by a medical society meeting in
+Rochester, N. Y., recently, sixty physicians being present, only three
+spoke in favor of using alcohol in this disease.
+
+Hygienic physicians all insist upon a rigid fast as long as the high
+temperature continues, or until the patient is sufficiently hungry to
+eat a piece of plain, stale, graham bread, "dry upon the tongue." Dr.
+Charles E. Page of Boston says there would be very few relapses if this
+plan were carefully carried out. He contends that the whisky and milk
+diet, together with the not over-fresh air of the average sick room is
+enough to produce fever in a healthy person, hence is not likely to be
+conducive to recovery in one already infected with the disease.
+
+In an article in the _Arena_ of September, 1892, Dr. Page says:--
+
+    "In my fever practice I have frequently observed the effect of
+    fasts of six, eight, ten and twelve days to be in the highest
+    degree productive of the health and comfort of patients, as, on
+    the other hand I have, during the past twenty years observed the
+    deplorable effects of the almost universal plan of constant
+    feeding. In some of the most distressing cases that have
+    happened to be thrown in my way, when all hope in the minds of
+    friends had been abandoned, I have found that withdrawal of
+    food, drugs and stimulants, and the substitution of simple,
+    fresh, soft water, has produced results that seemed almost
+    miraculous."
+
+Fruit juices are now permitted by many physicians in fever, a few drops
+of lemon or orange juice, being a grateful addition to the water. Grape
+juice, unfermented, is highly recommended by some.
+
+A young minister of great promise died recently of typhoid fever. His
+young wife, only one year married, is in settled melancholy, because she
+cannot understand why "God took her husband." Inquiry developed the fact
+that the physician in attendance was a believer in alcohol as a remedy,
+and used it in this case. In view of the better chances of recovery
+under non-alcoholic treatment shown by comparative death-rates, may it
+not be that the alcohol was responsible for the young man's death,
+instead of its being "God's will to take him?" The Author of all good
+has too frequently been held responsible for the errors of physicians,
+and the carelessness of nurses.
+
+VOMITING:--"If the vomiting is due to undigested food, and the
+    sickness can be traced to excess, or to improper diet, draughts
+    of hot water should be taken in order to be rid of offending
+    matter in the stomach. After the stomach is empty bits of ice
+    may be sucked, or cold water sipped. A quarter of a Seidlitz
+    powder may be taken. A flannel, folded to four thicknesses,
+    dipped in hot water, and wrung dry in a towel, may be applied to
+    the pit of the stomach. Cover the flannel with a hot plate,
+    being careful to have the flannel large enough to prevent the
+    plate's burning the skin. Pin a dry towel over all, around the
+    body. This may be renewed every half-hour or hour, as required.
+    Sometimes a cold wet compress on the pit of the stomach, covered
+    with a dry towel is more efficacious, heat developing by
+    reaction. Fluid magnesia is often helpful."--DR. RIDGE.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+ALCOHOL AND NURSING MOTHERS.
+
+
+It frequently happens that the nursing mother is unable by reason of
+defective digestive apparatus, or imperfect assimilative powers, to
+supply sufficient nourishment for her babe. In such case she is often
+advised to drink ale or beer. It is true that these liquors will excite
+the secretions of the mammary gland, but it is increase in quantity, not
+in quality, for the milk is impoverished by the added water and alcohol,
+taken in the beer. Milkmen sometimes salt cows heavily so that they will
+drink largely of water, and thus give more milk, but one quart of good,
+rich milk is worth three quarts of the poor, thin stuff resulting from
+such method. It is proper feeding, and care, that ensure good milk.
+
+When women complain that they are unable to nurse their babies the cause
+is often an error in diet. Too great reliance is put upon meat as
+strength-giving. While meat, used in moderation, may be valuable to many
+persons, the nursing mother should not depend upon it to any great
+extent. She will find farinaceous foods, with plenty of warm milk, what
+she most requires. At bedtime she should have a bowl of well-cooked
+oatmeal gruel, diluted with rich milk, and sweetened, if she prefer it
+so. The milk should be added to the gruel while it is boiling, as it
+digests more readily if scalded. People who cannot, or think they
+cannot, take milk of itself, often find it easy to digest it, after it
+is scalded in the gruel. Anything that a mother can do in the way of
+nourishing her babe will be done upon such a diet, that is, farinaceous
+foods and milk. Sweet fruits are of course valuable also, as tending to
+keep the system in good order.
+
+It is well to bear in mind that it is not the quantity of food eaten,
+but that which is digested, and assimilated, that goes to build up the
+tissues of the body. So the habit of eating between meals is pernicious,
+as it disturbs the digestive processes, and robs the stomach of
+much-needed rest. This habit is the cause, in many cases, of the falling
+off in the milk after the first month or two.
+
+As nourishment for both mother and babe can come from food only, good
+appetite, and good digestion are essential to health and strength. The
+very best help towards gaining a good appetite is exercise in the open
+air. All mothers recognize the need of keeping their little ones out of
+doors a while every day, but all do not see the necessity of the same
+mode of life for themselves. Dr. Nathan S. Davis has said: "I have
+persuaded thousands of mothers to try fresh air, instead of wine or
+beer, with gratifying results." The mother who takes her babe out,
+herself, for its daily airing, is laying up stores of health and
+vitality, to aid her in providing for the needs of the little one,
+dependent upon her.
+
+Good digestion is as essential as good appetite. Alcohol, whether in
+beer, wine, whisky, or any other form, is injurious to the stomach, and
+a hinderer of digestion, hence must do harm, rather than good, to the
+mother in search of added nourishment for her babe.
+
+Dr. Condi says:--
+
+    "The only drink of the nurse should be water or milk. All
+    fermented and distilled liquors, as well as strong tea and
+    coffee, she should strictly abstain from. Never was there a more
+    absurd or pernicious notion than that wine, ale or porter is
+    necessary to a nursing mother in order to keep up her strength,
+    or to increase the quantity, and improve the properties of her
+    milk. So far from producing these effects, such drinks, when
+    taken in any quantity, invariably disturb more or less the
+    health of the stomach, and tend to impair the quality, and
+    diminish the quantity, of nourishment furnished by her to her
+    infant."
+
+Dr. William Hargreaves says:--
+
+    "Every farmer knows that all a healthy cow requires to give good
+    milk and butter is, to give her good feed, and pure water; and
+    he also knows that the way to make a cow give poor watery milk,
+    which they might churn until doomsday without obtaining butter,
+    is to feed her on distillery slops, or grains from the brewery.
+    It is also well known that cheese cannot be made from such milk,
+    it being deficient in curd, or casein.
+
+    "Alcohol is not only useless but injurious; for children whose
+    mothers try to keep themselves upon beer, etc., very frequently
+    suffer from vomiting and diarrhoea, and often from
+    convulsions. Sometimes a single glass of whisky, taken by the
+    mother, will produce sickness and indigestion in the child, for
+    twenty-four hours after.
+
+    "In the milk of a healthy woman the water ranges from 879 to 905
+    parts in 1,000. The oily substance ranges from 25 to 42; casein
+    from 15 to 39; sugar of milk from 31 to 45, and the salts from 1
+    to 4 parts in 1,000.
+
+    "Alcoholic drinks materially alter these proportions, for, on
+    the analysis of the milk of the same woman, a few hours before
+    and after the use of a pint of beer, it was found that the
+    alcohol increases the proportion of the water, and diminishes
+    that of casein; and that alcohol is very perceptible in it."
+
+    "The only rational way to be adopted by mothers to increase the
+    supply of nutrition for their infants, is to secure plenty of
+    suitable nutritious food, prepared in the way that will most fit
+    it for digestion, while they at the same time, avoid as far as
+    possible all fatigue, and mental excitement. It is impossible
+    that alcoholic beverages can add anything to the nutrition of
+    either the infant or mother."--Dr. Bussey, in _Stimulants for
+    Nursing Mothers_.
+
+Dr. E. G. Figg, in _The Physiological Operation of Alcohol_, gives the
+analyses of the milk of a temperate woman in good health, and of a
+drinking woman as follows:--
+
+
+  Milk of temperate mother.     Milk of drinking mother.
+
+  Salts,  "  "    8.50          Salts,   "  "   5.50
+  Casein, "  "    3.0           Casein,  "  "   2.0
+  Oil,    "  "    7.50          Oil,     "  "   6.5
+  Water,  "  "   81.0           Water,   "  "  84.0
+                                Alcohol, "  "   2.0
+                ------                        ------
+                100.00                        100.00
+
+
+Dr. Edward Smith says in his _Practical Dietary_:--
+
+    "Alcoholics are largely used by many women in the belief that
+    they support the system, and maintain the supply of milk for the
+    infant; but I am convinced that this is a serious error, and is
+    not an infrequent cause of fits and emaciation in the child."
+
+Dr. James Edmunds, of the Lying-In Hospital, London, Eng., says in _Diet
+for Nursing Mothers_:--
+
+    "The nursing mother is peculiarly placed, in that she has to
+    provide a supply of nutriment for the child which is dependent
+    upon her, as well as for the ordinary requirements of her own
+    system. The nutrition of the child is to be provided for upon
+    the same principles, and by the same food-elements, as is the
+    nutrition of the mother, the only difference being that the
+    young child is possessed of less perfect masticatory and
+    digestive powers, and therefore requires food to be presented to
+    it in a state more simple, uniform, and readily assimilable than
+    the adult, who is furnished with strong teeth, and possessed of
+    a fully-grown stomach. The mastication, digestion, and primary
+    assimilation of the nursing infant's food is thrown upon the
+    mother's organs; but the tissues of the child are nourished
+    precisely as are the tissues of the mother, and a nursing mother
+    requires simply to digest a larger supply of wholesome, and
+    appropriate food. As a matter of course mothers with imperfect
+    teeth, or weak stomachs, cannot perform the digestion of extra
+    food for the infant so well as those mothers who have an
+    abundance of reserve power in their digestive apparatus; and
+    with such patients, the question arises, how are they to make up
+    for the deficiency which they soon experience in the supply of
+    milk? Such mothers appeal to their medical advisers to prescribe
+    some stimulant which will enable them to overcome the difficulty
+    which they experience, and often are greatly dissatisfied if
+    informed that there is no drug in the _materia medica_ which
+    will make up for structural weakness in the organs which
+    masticate, digest or assimilate the food. The proper course for
+    such women to adopt is a simple and rational one. They should
+    assist their digestive apparatus as much as possible by securing
+    an abundance of suitable and nutritious food, prepared in the
+    best way, and as is most digestible, while they should lessen
+    the demands of their own system by the avoidance of bodily
+    fatigue, and mental excitement. These means, aided by that
+    philosophical hygiene which is at all times essential to the
+    preservation of pure and perfect health, will enable them to
+    supply a maximum quantity of pure and wholesome milk; and
+    further calls by the child require proper artificial food.
+    Unfortunately such advice fails to satisfy many anxious mothers
+    who refuse to admit, or believe, that they are less robust, or
+    less capable, than other ladies of their acquaintance, and such
+    mothers fall easy victims to circulars vaunting the nourishing
+    properties of 'Hoare's Stout,' 'Tanqueray's Gin,' or Gilbey's
+    'strengthening Port,' circulars which are always backed up by
+    the example, and advice, of lady friends, who themselves have
+    acquired the habit of using these liquors, and who view as a
+    reproach to themselves the practice of any other lady who may
+    not keep them in countenance, as the perfection of all moral and
+    physical propriety. Unfortunately the pressure of such lady
+    friends is often so persistent as to paralyse the influence of a
+    conscientious and thoughtful medical adviser, while the
+    appetites and beliefs of such friends often throw them into
+    active antagonism to any medical adviser, who may not endorse
+    the habits in which, as they believe, and no doubt
+    conscientiously, duty to their child requires them to indulge.
+    The only course that a medical practitioner, whose family is
+    dependent upon his practice, can safely take with veteran
+    mothers on this question, is to let them have their own way
+    without reiterated admonition. When once they have acquired the
+    habit of depending upon large quantities of beer for nursing
+    their children, they become perfectly infatuated, and are
+    practically incapable of passing through the probationary
+    fortnight which takes place before the digestive apparatus can
+    work under its natural, but to them strange, conditions, while
+    the temporary longing for beer, and the sudden lessening of the
+    quantity of milk afforded by their strained and impoverished
+    systems, are at once set down as clear proofs that their medical
+    adviser is a crochetty, and dangerous person, who must be
+    superseded at the first convenient opportunity. Facts and
+    arguments have no more influence on such mothers than they have
+    upon opium-eaters, drunkards, or inveterate consumers of
+    tobacco; while the extreme propriety of conduct which these
+    ladies manifest, and the encouragement they receive from other
+    medical men, make the convictions based upon their own personal
+    sensations incontrovertible, and their position practically
+    unassailable. I think I might fairly say that among the
+    comfortable middle classes of society the views at present held
+    on this question are so deplorable that a large proportion of
+    children are never sober from the first moment of their
+    existence until they have been weaned; while often after a few
+    years the use of alcohol is again introduced to the children as
+    a 'medical comfort,' as a part of their regular diet, or as an
+    invariable accompaniment of all their juvenile visitation, and
+    company-keeping. Under such circumstances, it is not surprising
+    that temperance reformers appeal in vain on this question, and
+    that their facts and arguments are viewed with plausible
+    indifference, or insidious opposition, by persons whose
+    appetites and instincts have been undergoing debasement, and
+    perversion from the very dawn of their lives. My own deliberate
+    conviction is that nothing but harm comes to nursing mothers,
+    and to the infants who are dependent upon them, by the ordinary
+    use of alcoholic beverages of any kind.
+
+    "Infants nursed by mothers who drink much beer also become
+    fatter than usual, and to an untrained eye sometimes appear as
+    'magnificent children.' But the fatness of such children is not
+    a recommendation to the more knowing observer; they are
+    extremely prone to die of inflammation of the chest (bronchitis)
+    after a few days' illness from an ordinary cold. They die, very
+    much more frequently than other children, of convulsions and
+    diarrhoea, while cutting their teeth, and they are very liable
+    to die of scrofulous inflammation of the membranes of the brain,
+    commonly called 'water on the brain,' while their childhood
+    often presents a painful contrast--in the way of crooked legs,
+    and stunted or ill-shapen figure--to the 'magnificent,' and
+    promising appearance of their infancy.
+
+    "Those ladies who adopt the general views I have thus expressed
+    in relation to the nursing of their children, will want to know
+    what is the 'proper artificial food' with which to supplement
+    their milk when it is deficient in quantity. With some patients
+    the milk will fall off in quantity at the end of two or three
+    months. With others, although the quantity may not fall off, the
+    child seems unsatisfied; and there is a third class with whom a
+    profusion of milk is supplied, and the child thrives
+    exceedingly, but the mother gets flabby, weak, nervous, pale and
+    exhausted. In the last case, the mother is simply goaded on by
+    susceptibility of her nervous system, or by inordinate activity
+    of the breasts to yield an amount of milk which her digestive
+    powers are not equal to providing for. The treatment of such
+    cases should be simply repressive. The mother should separate
+    herself somewhat more from the child, and make a rule of only
+    nursing it from five to eight times in the twenty-four hours,
+    while the neck of the mother should be kept cool in regard to
+    dress, and cold sponging may be practiced carefully night and
+    morning. Her attention should be diverted by outdoor exercise on
+    foot, and additionally in a carriage if necessary. When the
+    mother's milk, though apparently not deficient in quantity,
+    proves unsatisfying to the child, great attention should be paid
+    to varying the diet of the mother, while such staple foods
+    should be taken as are most easily and thoroughly assimilated
+    into milk. The unsatisfying quality of the milk will generally
+    be remedied by taking a more varied diet, together with three or
+    four half pints of milk in the course of the day, accompanied
+    with farinaceous matter, as in the shape of well-made milk
+    gruel; and in case these measures fail, the only alternative is
+    to supplement the mother's milk by obtaining a wet-nurse to
+    suckle the child three or four times a day alternately with the
+    mother, or by feeding the child with proper artificial food. The
+    same measures may be resorted to where the milk, though
+    satisfying in character, is deficient in quantity; and in
+    preparing artificial food for the child it must always be
+    remembered that the food requires to be adapted to the stage of
+    development which is manifested by a young infant's digestive
+    organs. The infant's digestive apparatus is, in fact, designed
+    to digest milk, and to digest nothing else, but when the teeth
+    are cut farinaceous matter of a more or less solid character
+    should be gradually mixed with the milk. Almost all the
+    illnesses of infants under twelve months of age are caused by
+    some gross impropriety of diet, or otherwise, on the part of the
+    mother, for which the child suffers through the medium of the
+    milk, or they are caused by feeding the child with improper
+    artificial food. Thick sop, and many other articles often given
+    as food are as indigestible to an infant of three months old as
+    beefsteaks would be to a horse; and, until the child has cut its
+    teeth, it should have nothing but food resembling the mother's
+    milk as closely as possible.
+
+    "The proper way to feed an infant of three months old, whose
+    mother is only able to partially support it, is as follows: When
+    the child wakes in the morning it should not go to the mother,
+    but should be taken away by the nurse, and immediately fed from
+    the bottle, sucking its milk through a suitable teat. After the
+    mother has breakfasted the child may go to the breast, and
+    during the day it should be alternately fed from the bottle, and
+    nursed by the mother. At six o'clock the baby should invariably
+    be placed in its crib, by the side of the mother's bed, and fed
+    just before going to sleep, and the habit of going to bed at six
+    o'clock should be strictly and invariably enforced. If once the
+    child be allowed to come down to the family circle after dark,
+    the habit of going to sleep will be broken, and the child will
+    continuously cry to come down. In the course of the evening the
+    mother may nurse the child once, and at ten or eleven o'clock,
+    when the mother goes to bed, the child should be again fed from
+    the bottle, and the mother should have a basin of well-made
+    milk-gruel; and by her bedside should be placed, at the last
+    moment, as much gruel as she is likely to drink with relish
+    during the night. Whenever the child is restless it should be
+    taken out of its crib, gently, by the mother, and nursed, say
+    two or three times during the night, and put back again into its
+    crib, the child never being allowed to sleep with the mother.
+    When the night is fairly over, and the child awakens, it should
+    be fetched by the nurse, and have its first morning meal from
+    the bottle. This plan of feeding should be persisted in
+    continuously until the child has cut its teeth; and it is only
+    when every means have been taken to ensure the sweetness,
+    freshness and niceness, not only of the milk and water, but of
+    the bottle and of the teat, and the child still fails to get on,
+    that, in rare cases, I advise the admixture of a little
+    farinaceous matter, in the way of food containing one part milk,
+    and two parts of properly sweetened barley-water. As the milk
+    teeth come through, other farinaceous matter may be gradually
+    blended with the milk, and there is nothing better than to begin
+    at about eight months with a teaspoonful of baked flour, well
+    boiled in a pint of milk and water, or in the water, to be
+    afterwards cooled with milk. Oftentimes a little salt, as well
+    as sugar, will materially help its digestion. The child will do
+    well on that food--the quantity being duly increased--until it
+    has cut almost all its milk teeth, when it may eat bread and
+    butter, rice, and egg puddings, and occasionally eat a boiled
+    egg once a day. I believe that it is a great mistake to give red
+    flesh meat to children in their early years, unless there be
+    some very special reason for it, and then it should only be
+    temporarily used; but nice potatoes, flavored with fresh gravy
+    from a joint, may be given at dinner, as the child becomes able
+    to feed itself. * * * * *
+
+    "Bear in mind that when you take wine, beer or brandy, you are
+    distilling that wine, beer or brandy into your child's body.
+    Probably nothing could be worse than to have the very fabric of
+    the child's tissues laid down from alcoholized blood."
+
+Another English physician deplores "the pernicious habit of drinking
+large quantities of ale or stout by nursing mothers, under the idea that
+they thereby increase and improve the secretion of milk, whereas they
+are in reality deteriorating the quality of that upon which the infant
+must depend for health and life."
+
+Dr. Edis says:--
+
+    "Infant mortality is mainly due to two causes, the substitution
+    of farinaceous food for milk, and the delusion that ale or beer
+    is necessary as an article of diet for nursing mothers. * * * *
+    * Countless disorders among infants are due simply and solely to
+    the popular fallacy, that the nursing mother cannot properly
+    fulfil her duties, unless she resorts to the aid of alcoholics."
+
+Dr. N. S. Davis says:--
+
+    "The opinion prevails quite extensively among certain classes of
+    people, and with some physicians, that a liberal use of beer is
+    beneficial to women while nursing their children. They drink it
+    under the impression that it will both strengthen them and make
+    their milk more abundant. But I have never seen a case in which
+    it had been used regularly for any considerable period of time,
+    where it did not result in more or less indigestion from gastric
+    irritation and disordered secretions, and an early failure in
+    the secretion of milk. It probably never increases the flow of
+    milk any more than would the drinking of the same quantity of
+    pure water; while the alcohol it contains, by daily repetition,
+    induces congestion of the gastric mucous membrane, with
+    disordered gastric and hepatic secretions.
+
+    "A case strikingly illustrating these results was examined by me
+    to-day. The patient was a young married woman who was nursing
+    her first child, now nine months old. At the time of her
+    confinement she was in fair health, rather nervous temperament,
+    weight 120 pounds. During the first few days her milk did not
+    flow very freely, and she says her physician advised her to
+    drink beer. Consequently she commenced to drink a glass of beer
+    at each mealtime, and a bottle during the night. During the
+    first six months she had sufficient milk for her baby; but
+    before the end of that time she had begun to suffer from
+    flatulency, constipation, gaseous and acid eructations, what she
+    calls 'heart-burn,' and sometimes vomiting. During the last
+    three months she has suffered, in addition to the preceding
+    symptoms, one or two attacks each week of extreme pain, from the
+    lower point of the sternum to the back between the scapula,
+    accompanied by retching, or severe efforts to vomit. To relieve
+    these attacks she has taken liberal doses of gin, in addition to
+    her regular supply of beer. Now at the end of nine months, her
+    milk has nearly ceased to flow, her bowels are costive, her
+    stomach tolerates only small quantities of the simplest
+    nourishment, her flesh and strength are very much reduced, her
+    weight being only 96 pounds; and yet she thinks both the beer
+    and gin make her feel better every time she takes them. Such is
+    the delusive power of the anaesthetic effect of alcohol. A
+    persistence in the same management would probably terminate
+    fatally in from six to twelve months more, from chronic
+    gastritis, and inanition. But if she will rigidly abstain from
+    all alcoholic remedies, and take only the most bland,
+    unirritating nourishment, aided by mildly soothing and
+    antiseptic remedies, and fresh air, she will slowly recover."
+
+In a clinical lecture delivered before the Senior Class in the
+Northwestern University Medical School, Dr. Davis told of a case similar
+to the preceding:--
+
+    "The flow of milk in her breasts has also diminished to such a
+    degree that she does not have half enough for her baby. Yet she
+    says the _beer_ makes her feel better after each drink, and that
+    the _gin_ helps to relieve the severe attacks of pain, and
+    consequently she thinks she could not do without them. It is
+    undoubtedly true that the patient feels temporary relief from
+    the anaesthetic effect of the alcohol in her beer and gin, just
+    as she would from any anaesthetic or narcotic. And it is equally
+    true that so long as the alcohol is present in her blood it so
+    modifies the hemoglobin and albuminous constituents, as to
+    diminish the reception and internal distribution of oxygen, and
+    thereby retards metabolic changes. But the combined influence of
+    the alcohol in retarding the internal distribution of oxygen and
+    the drain upon the nutritive elements of her blood, in
+    furnishing milk for her baby, led to rapid impoverishment of the
+    blood and tissues, and the early establishment of a sufficient
+    grade of gastritis to cause indigestion, frequent vomiting, and,
+    later, paroxysms of severe gastralgia, with general emaciation,
+    and loss of strength.
+
+    "In accordance with the present popular ideas, both in and out
+    of the profession, this patient tells me she has tried a great
+    variety of foods, peptonized, sterilized, and predigested, but
+    all to no purpose. And why?--Simply because her troubles are not
+    in the kind of food she takes, but in the morbid condition of
+    her blood, and of the mucous membrane and nerves of her stomach.
+    Consequently the rational indications for treatment are: (_a_)
+    to get her stomach and blood free from the alcohol of beer and
+    gin; (_b_) to encourage the reception and internal distribution
+    of oxygen by plenty of fresh air; (_c_) to give her the most
+    bland, or unirritating food in small, and frequently repeated
+    doses, of which good milk with lime-water, and milk and
+    wheat-flour gruel are the best; (_d_) such medicines as possess
+    sufficient antiseptic, and anodyne properties to allay the
+    irritability of the gastric mucous membrane, and lessen
+    fermentation."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+COMPARATIVE DEATH-RATES WITH AND WITHOUT THE USE OF ALCOHOL AS A REMEDY.
+
+
+A study of statistics relating to the difference in results of the
+treatment of disease with and without the use of alcohol, cannot but be
+of great interest to all students of the alcohol question. The appended
+statistics are culled mainly from the _Medical Pioneer_ of England, now,
+_Medical Temperance Review_, the journal of the British Medical
+Temperance Association, and from the _Bulletin of the American Medical
+Temperance Association_.
+
+A paragraph in the _British Medical Journal_, for Dec. 2, 1893, says:--
+
+    "An interesting fact has been noted by Dr. Claye Shaw, at the
+    London County Asylum, Banstead, for the Insane. Since the
+    withdrawal of _beer_ from the dietary, the rate of recovery has
+    gone up. During the past year, for example, the recoveries
+    reached 46.97 per cent. Nearly one half of the patients had thus
+    recovered during the period stated. The inmates take their food
+    better without the liquor, and they are thus taught that
+    intoxicants are not a necessity of ordinary health."
+
+In the _Medical Pioneer_ for January, 1894, Dr. John Mois, medical
+superintendent of West Haven Infectious Diseases Hospital, states that
+prior to 1885 he had treated 2,148 cases of smallpox "in the usual
+routine method, with the use of alcohol when the heart's action seemed
+to indicate it;" resulting in a mortality of 17 per cent. But since 1885
+he has treated 700 additional cases under similar circumstances except
+that the use of alcoholic preparations was entirely omitted, and the
+resulting mortality was only 11 per cent.
+
+In the same journal, Dr. J. J. Ridge states that he had treated the 200
+cases of scarlet fever admitted into the Enfield Isolation Hospital
+during the years 1892 and 1893, without alcohol in any form, with a
+mortality of only 2.5 per cent.; while the mortality in the hospitals
+under the Metropolitan Asylums Board in 1893, in which alcohol was used
+in accordance with the usual practice in scarlet fever, was 6.3 per
+cent.
+
+Dr. J. J. Ridge says later:--
+
+    "In January, 1894, I published the result of the treatment of
+    the first 200 cases of scarlatina admitted into the temporary
+    wards of the Enfield Isolation Hospital during 1892 and 1893. I
+    stated that there had been five fatal cases, but that one was
+    dying when admitted and only lived a few hours. The mortality
+    was 2 per cent., or 2.5 if the later case is included.
+
+    "Since then 300 more cases have been admitted and discharged and
+    among these there have been 7 fatal. Hence there have been 14
+    deaths in 500 consecutive cases extending over a period of a
+    little more than four years. One of these ought to be excluded,
+    no time having been given for treatment. Hence the mortality
+    has been just 2.6 per cent. This, I think it will be admitted,
+    is a low mortality, although it is possible it may be even lower
+    when the cases are treated in a permanent hospital about to be
+    erected.
+
+    "It may be interesting to state that 4 of the cases died on the
+    third day after admission; 1 on the fourth; 1 on the sixth; 1 on
+    the tenth, with pneumonia; 1 on the thirteenth; 1 on the
+    fifteenth; 1 on the sixteenth; 1 on the eighteenth; 1 on the
+    thirty-sixth, with nephritis and pleuropneumonia; and 1 on the
+    forty-sixth, with otitis and meningitis.
+
+    "All the cases have been treated without alcohol either as food
+    or drug, although many have been of great severity with various
+    complications. It is certain that the absence of alcohol has not
+    been detrimental, since the mortality is less than three-fourths
+    of that of the mortality among all notified cases in England and
+    Wales. I am bound to say that it is my firm conviction that had
+    alcohol been given in the usual fashion, the death-rate would
+    have been higher. Cases have been admitted to which alcohol has
+    been given previous to admission, apparently with harm, as they
+    have improved without it. One case was particularly noticeable
+    in this respect. A child, aged 6, had had a good deal of whisky,
+    and was supposed to be dying when admitted on the fourth day of
+    the disease, so that the doctor who had seen it was surprised,
+    when he called the following day to inquire, to find it was
+    still alive. Without a drop of alcohol it began to improve and
+    made a good recovery. I may say that delirium is very rare, even
+    in the worst cases treated non-alcoholically."
+
+Dr. Norman Kerr says:--
+
+    "In my paper on 'The Medical Administration of Alcohol,' read to
+    the section of medicine at the Sheffield meeting in 1876, I
+    cited several medical testimonies in favor of non-alcoholic
+    treatment of fevers, notably that of my friend, the late Dr.
+    Simon Nicolls, who had a mortality of less than 5 per cent. in
+    230 cases.
+
+    "The record of the results of a greatly lessened administration
+    of alcohol in the treatment of smallpox in the London hospital
+    ships, is of deep interest. Having been requested to inquire
+    into the effects of this diminished alcoholic stimulation on
+    mortality and convalescence, Dr. Birdwood stated that though the
+    gravity of the cases had increased, with a mortality of 15 per
+    100 in the metropolis, the ship's death-rate had remained at
+    less than 7 per 100. Convalescence had been more rapid, and
+    there had been fewer and less serious complications from
+    abscesses and inflammatory boils. Other causes had contributed
+    to this improvement, but the medical officers attributed a
+    considerable share in the amelioration to a greatly diminished
+    prescription of alcohol."
+
+The _Medical Pioneer_ says:--
+
+    "In 1872 there appeared in the _Saturday Review_ an article in
+    which the medical practitioners of this country were accused of
+    inciting their patients to free drinking, and in the discussion
+    which this article called forth, Dr. Gairdner, of Glasgow, said
+    that fever patients in that city, when treated with milk and
+    without alcohol, did much better than those reported as having
+    been treated by Dr. Todd with large doses of alcohol; the latter
+    resulting in a mortality of about 25 per cent., while those
+    treated by Dr. Gairdner with milk had had a death-rate of only
+    12 per cent. About this time the British Medical Temperance
+    Association was founded, owing to the exertions of Dr. Ridge, of
+    Enfield, and in 1876 it was enrolled, under the presidency of
+    Sir B. W. Richardson. It now contains 269 members in England and
+    Wales, 53 in Scotland and 80 in Ireland, or more than 400
+    altogether, all professional men and women. This, I think, is
+    but a sign of the change of opinion on the use of alcoholic
+    fluids in medical practice, for all who remember what medical
+    practice was in London thirty years ago know that the use of
+    wine and brandy in hospital practice was so common that it was
+    quite a rarity in some hospitals to find a patient who was not
+    ordered, by some of the staff, from three to four ounces of
+    brandy or six to eight fluid ounces of wine. The expense caused
+    to the hospitals by this practice was, of course, great, and
+    increased notably between 1852 and 1872, owing to the prevalence
+    of the views of Liebig and his follower, Dr. Todd. The writings
+    of Parkes, Gairdner, Dr. Norman Kerr and of Sir B. Ward
+    Richardson, Dr. Morton and others, gradually lessened this
+    predilection for treating diseases by alcohol, and accordingly
+    between 1872 and 1882 a great change came over the practice of
+    London hospitals. Thus the sum paid for milk in 1852 in Saint
+    Bartholomew's Hospital was L684, and in 1882 it was L2,012;
+    whilst alcohol in that hospital cost in 1852, L406; in 1862,
+    L1,446; in 1872, L1,446; and in 1882 only L653. Westminster
+    Hospital in 1882 spent L137 on alcohol and L500 on milk. One
+    hospital, St. George's, long continued to use large quantities
+    of alcohol. That hospital in 1872 had the high mortality among
+    its typhoid fever patients of 24 per cent., which was twice as
+    high as that noted by Dr. Gairdner as occurring in Glasgow, when
+    alcohol was abandoned and milk used instead. Dr. Meyer, who
+    reported these cases of typhoid treated in Saint George's
+    Hospital at that time, mentioned that alcohol in large doses was
+    given to 87 per cent. of the patients. Three-fifths of these
+    patients took daily eight ounces of brandy when there was danger
+    of sinking from failure of the heart's action. One-fourth of the
+    number took sixteen fluid ounces of brandy in the 24 hours."
+
+    "In 230 typhoid cases in St. Mary's Hospital, Dr. Chambers
+    reduced the ratio of deaths from 1 in 5 with alcohol to 1 in 40
+    without it. Dr. Perry, of Glasgow, found that of 534 cases
+    treated with alcohol, 138 died, while of 491 treated without
+    alcohol, only 9 died."
+
+In a recent text-book on medicine occurs the following:--
+
+    "English physicians use spirits in fevers, and all experience
+    sustains the conviction that no substitute has been found for
+    them."
+
+In a late number of the _Temperance Record_, Dr. Smith gives a different
+view of the experience of English physicians:--
+
+    "When Bentley Todd was at King's College, and leading his
+    profession, brandy was the rule in febrile cases. Then the
+    mortality varied from twenty-five to thirty-five per cent. That
+    the treatment was as fatal as the disease, experience
+    demonstrates:--
+
+    "1. Professor W. T. Gairdner, of Glasgow, writing to the Lancet
+    (1864), gave his experience as follows:--
+
+        Fever cases           Average of
+          treated.        wine and spirits.       Mortality.
+
+          1,829              34 oz. to each     17.69 per cent.
+            595           2-1/2 oz. to each     11.93 per cent.
+            212                none              1 death only.
+      (young lives)
+
+    "These were mostly typhus cases, but the rationale, so far as
+    alcohol is concerned, is the same as in typhoid.
+
+    "2. At the British Medical Association in 1879, Professor H.
+    MacNaughton Jones gave particulars of 340 cases of typhus,
+    typhoid and simple fever. I append a summary:--
+
+                        Cases.  Deaths.   Mortality
+                                          per cent.
+
+        Given brandy        58      19        32.7
+        Given claret        51       2         3.8
+        Given no alcohol   231       4         1.7
+
+    "3. Dr. J. C. Pearson writes to the _Lancet_ (Dec. 5 and 26,
+    1891), giving his experience of typhoid. He had treated several
+    hundreds of cases without a single death, and never prescribed
+    stimulants in any shape or form in the disease.
+
+    "4. Dr. Knox Bond writes to the _Lancet_ (Nov. 25, 1893), giving
+    his experience of typhoid at the Liverpool Fever Hospital. He
+    says: 'As a resident for some years in the fever hospitals, my
+    views of the value of alcohol in fever underwent, solely as a
+    result of the experience there gained, entire modification. The
+    conviction became forced upon my mind that in no case in which
+    it was used did benefit to the patient ensue; that in a
+    proportion of cases its use was distinctly hurtful; and that in
+    a small but appreciable number of cases the resultant harm was
+    sufficient to tilt the balance as against the recovery of the
+    patient.'
+
+    "In plain terms, alcohol tended to the destruction of the
+    patients. Dr. Bond's figures are:--
+
+                 No. of cases.   No. of deaths.
+
+        Given alcohol       71               18
+        Given no alcohol   309               15
+                           ---              ---
+                           380               33
+
+
+
+
+In May, 1890, Dr. Nathan S. Davis, read a paper before the American
+Medical Association upon the use of certain drugs in disease. Among the
+drugs mentioned was alcohol, and comparative death-rates were given in
+typhoid fever and pneumonia, between Mercy Hospital, Chicago, during a
+term of years when no alcohol was used in the medical wards, Dr. Davis
+being in charge of them, and some of the large metropolitan hospitals
+using alcohol. In Mercy Hospital without alcohol, the death-rate in
+typhoid fever was only five per cent.; in pneumonia only twelve per
+cent.
+
+    "Of 161 cases of typhoid fever treated in Cook County Hospital
+    during 1889, 27 died, or one in six--nearly 17 per cent.
+
+    "According to the annual report of the Cincinnati Hospital for
+    1886, 47 cases of typhoid fever were treated during that year,
+    with seven deaths, a mortality rate of 16 per cent.
+
+    "The Garfield Memorial Hospital, at Washington, reported for the
+    year 1889, 22 cases of typhoid fever, with 5 deaths--or 22 per
+    cent.
+
+    "In the Pennsylvania Hospital the mortality rate in pneumonia
+    for the years 1884-1886, was 34 per cent.
+
+    "The mortality of pneumonia in the Massachusetts General
+    Hospital, between the years 1822 and 1889, comprising 1,000
+    cases, was 25 per cent.; but a gradual increase in mortality had
+    been noted from 10 per cent. in the first decade of the seventy
+    years represented by this report, to 28 per cent. in the last
+    decade.
+
+    "According to the report of the Supervising Surgeon General of
+    the U.S. Marine Hospital Service for 1888, the number of cases
+    of pneumonia treated between 1880 and 1887 was 1,649, with 311
+    deaths--nearly 19 per cent.
+
+    "The Cincinnati Hospital reported for 1886 a mortality rate in
+    pneumonia of 38 per cent.
+
+    "The mortality rate in the Cook County Hospital, Chicago, for
+    1889, according to Dr. Heltoin, relating to 80 cases of
+    pneumonia, was 36 per cent."
+
+Only a five per cent. death-rate in typhoid fever without alcohol, and
+from sixteen to twenty-two per cent. with alcohol; only a twelve per
+cent. death-rate in pneumonia without alcohol, and from 19 to as high as
+38 per cent. with alcohol. Such are the comparative death-rates given by
+Dr. Davis. They should be committed to memory by every opposer of the
+use of alcohol, as they show clearly that people have many more chances
+for recovery, other things being equal, in the diseases mentioned, if
+alcohol is not used than if it is.
+
+It is worthy of mention in this connection that Cook County Hospital
+contains in its report for 1897 the following items: Number of patients
+19,536; cost of liquors $80.00; per cent. of deaths from all causes,
+5.7. The cost of liquors is only .004 for each patient. This shows a
+decided advance in the disuse of alcohol, when so very little is used in
+a great hospital, with so large a number of patients.
+
+Dr. A. L. Loomis, in the treatment of 600 typhus fever cases on
+Blackwell's Island in 1864, excluded alcoholics, with the result of
+reducing the mortality rate to only six per cent. whereas it had
+previously been twenty-two per cent., in Bellevue Hospital from which
+the patients had been removed.
+
+In Battle Creek Sanitarium no alcohol is used in any disease, simply
+because the management believe better results are obtained by the use of
+other agencies. In the October, (1893) number of the _American Medical
+Temperance Quarterly_ now _Bulletin of the A. M. T. A._, Dr. J. H.
+Kellogg gives statistics of deaths from various diseases in the Battle
+Creek Sanitarium. The total of these statistics is as follows: la
+grippe, 827 cases, 4 deaths--or two per cent.; scarlet fever, 83 cases,
+2 deaths--less than three per cent.; 333 cases of typhoid fever, 9
+deaths--or 2.7 per cent.; 82 cases of pneumonia, 4 deaths--or 4.9 per
+cent. These exceptional results are not attributed solely to the non-use
+of alcohol. The nursing and surroundings were of the best. But these
+results certainly show that the use of alcohol as a remedy in acute
+diseases is not necessary, and that patients have a much better chance
+for life, other things being equal, where alcohol is not used than where
+it is.
+
+Dr. Kellogg says of the surgical cases:--
+
+    "In a hospital of 100 beds, connected with the institution, more
+    than 3,000 surgical cases have been treated, to whom alcohol has
+    never been administered except in connection with chloroform
+    anaesthesia; my uniform custom being to administer an ounce of
+    brandy or whisky five minutes before beginning the
+    administration of the anaesthetic, when chloroform is used.
+
+    "The surgical cases include more than 300 cases of ovariotomy,
+    and over 300 other cases involving the peritoneal cavity, such
+    as operations for strangulated hernia, the radical cure of
+    hernia, etc. The statistics of death and recoveries are
+    certainly as good as can be produced by any hospital in the
+    world, dealing with the same class of cases. The total mortality
+    from the operation of ovariotomy, including nearly 300 cases, is
+    less than three per cent., and for the last few years, in which
+    the antiseptic measures have been perfected, the record is still
+    better, showing a succession of 172 cases of laparotomy for the
+    removal of ovarian tumors, or diseased uterus and ovaries,
+    without a death. These cases include a number of hysterectomies,
+    and many cases so desperate that those who trust in alcohol as a
+    heart stimulant, and as a means of supporting the vital
+    energies, would certainly have considered it necessary to resort
+    to the use of this drug. Nevertheless, it was not administered
+    in a single case, and I have seen no reason to regret its
+    non-use in a single instance."
+
+Dr. T. D. Crothers, of Hartford, Conn., tells the following:--
+
+    "In a large hospital a study of the mortality of pneumonia
+    indicated a greater fatality at intervals of six months. There
+    were five per cent. more deaths during periods of two months at
+    a time, twice during the year. This extended back for two years,
+    and was finally narrowed down to the service of an eminent
+    physician who gave spirits freely in all cases of pneumonia from
+    their entrance to the hospital. The other visiting physicians
+    gave very little spirits, and only in the later stages. The
+    physician was skeptical of these statistics, but finally
+    consented to test them by giving up spirits practically in all
+    cases of pneumonia. This was continued for a year, and the
+    mortality went back to the average statistics. That physician
+    has abandoned alcohol as a food and a medicine, only in very
+    limited degree. He writes, 'My stupidity in accepting theories
+    and statements of others, concerning spirits, which I could have
+    tested personally, is a source of deep sorrow, and I do not know
+    but it could be called criminal. I certainly feel that
+    punishment would be just.'"
+
+Brandy has been considered the great necessity in cholera, yet the use
+of it and other alcoholics are known to expose people to greater danger
+when this disease prevails.
+
+The _Bulletin of the A. M. T. A._ is authority for the following:--
+
+    "During the epidemic of 1832, Dr. Bronson said: 'In Montreal
+    1,000 persons have died of cholera, only two of whom were
+    teetotalers.' A Montreal paper said: 'Not a drunkard who has
+    been attacked has recovered from the disease, and almost all the
+    victims have been at least moderate drinkers.'
+
+    "In Albany, N. Y., the same year, cholera carried off 366
+    persons above sixteen years of age, all but four of whom
+    belonged to the drinking classes. Packer, Prentice & Co., large
+    furriers in Albany, employed 400 persons, none of whom used
+    ardent spirits, and there were only two cases of cholera among
+    them. Mr. Delevan, a contractor, said: 'I was engaged at the
+    time in erecting a large block of buildings. The laborers were
+    much alarmed, and were on the point of abandoning the work. They
+    were advised to stay and give up strong drink. They all
+    remained, and all quit the use of strong drink except one, and
+    he fell a victim to the disease.' He says also: 'I had a gang of
+    diggers in a clay bank, to whom the same proposition was made;
+    they all agreed to it, and not one died. On the opposite side of
+    the same clay bank were other diggers who continued their
+    regular rations of whisky, and one third of them died.'
+
+    "In New York City there were 204 cases in the park, only six of
+    whom were temperate, and these recovered, while 122 of the
+    others died. In many parts of the city the saloon keepers saw
+    and acknowledged the terrible connection between their business
+    and the spread of the disease, and, becoming alarmed for their
+    own safety, shut up their saloons and fled, saying: 'The way
+    from the saloon to hell is too short.'
+
+    "In Washington the Board of Health was so impressed with the
+    terrible facts that they declared the grog shops nuisances,
+    ordered them closed, and they remained closed for three months.
+
+    "A prominent physician of Glasgow reported: 'Only nineteen per
+    cent. of the temperate perished, while ninety-one and two-tenths
+    per cent. of the intemperate died.' One extensive liquor dealer
+    of Glasgow, said, 'Cholera has carried off half of my
+    customers.'
+
+    "In Warsaw ninety per cent. of those who died from cholera were
+    wine drinkers.
+
+    "At Tifels, Prussia, a town of 20,000 inhabitants, every
+    drunkard died of cholera."
+
+The _St. Paul Medical Journal_, of September, 1899, gives the following
+report of a railway surgeon, Dr. Kane:--
+
+    "From June 1, 1898, to June 1, 1899, the author performed a few
+    more than four hundred operations. Forty-nine abdominal
+    sections, fifty odd more operations of a graver sort, one
+    hundred miscellaneous of less gravity than above, over one
+    hundred operations upon female perineum and uterus. Of the four
+    hundred, more than three hundred demanded anaesthesia. There were
+    but three deaths, making the mortality a little less than one
+    per cent.
+
+    "The author does not claim a phenomenally low mortality, nor
+    does he claim specially brilliant results. He has to contend
+    with unreasoning fear on the part of the patients for hospital
+    surgeons, and also most of his cases had been in the hands of
+    quacks, and had subjected themselves to remedies prescribed by
+    old women. Many cases came after the family physician had
+    exhausted his resources. He thinks his results are considerably
+    better than the average in hospitals and in country districts.
+    Alcohol medication was dispensed with entirely after the
+    patients came under his care, and to this he attributes much of
+    his success. He does not believe that alcohol is a stimulant, or
+    a tonic. On the contrary, he believes that it retards digestion,
+    arrests secretion, and hinders excretion. The courage and
+    fortitude of his patients were lessened instead of increased by
+    the use of alcoholic medication.
+
+    "Pain is better borne, endured longer and more patiently when
+    alcohol is not used.
+
+    "He urges the practical surgeon to carefully weigh the subject
+    of alcohol, and verify for himself the expediency of its use."
+
+Dr. B. W. Richardson in the report of his practice for 1895 in the
+London Temperance Hospital refers to non-alcoholic treatment of
+rheumatism. He said:--
+
+    "Out of seventy-one cases of acute or subacute rheumatism--the
+    large majority acute, and attended with temperatures moving up
+    to 104 deg. F.--sixty-nine recovered, and two, although they were
+    discharged without being put on the recovery list, were so far
+    relieved that a few days' change in country air seemed all that
+    was required to induce full restoration. Comparing the
+    experience of the treatment of acute rheumatic disease without
+    alcohol with that which I have previously observed with alcohol,
+    I can have no hesitation in declaring that it is of the greatest
+    advantage to follow total abstinence absolutely in this disease.
+    The pain and swelling of joints is more quickly relieved under
+    abstinence, the fever falls more rapidly, there is less frequent
+    relapse, and there is quicker recovery. In brief, the experience
+    of treatment of rheumatic fever minus alcohol, presents to me as
+    much novelty as it does pleasure, and I am convinced that if any
+    candid member of the profession could have witnessed what I have
+    witnessed in this matter, he would agree with me that alcohol in
+    rheumatic fever, however acute, is altogether out of place. I am
+    also under the conviction, though I express it with great
+    reserve, that in acute rheumatism, treated without alcohol, the
+    cardiac complications, endocardial and pericardial, are much
+    less frequently developed than where alcohol is supplied."
+
+Dr. Pechuman in _Alcohol--Is It a Medicine_, published in 1891, says:--
+
+    "There is no disputing that many deaths occur each day as the
+    result of the administration of alcohol in acute diseases, to
+    say nothing of the deaths caused by its habitual use; and those
+    who give it ignore the very fundamental principles of physiology
+    and the many published statistics. The Boston Hospital report
+    tells a sad story in this connection; it shows that out of 1,042
+    cases treated with alcoholics 386 died, while out of the same
+    number treated without alcohol only 81 died. Using plain English
+    305 were actually killed by it."
+
+Dr. T. D. Crothers, in the January, 1899, _Bulletin of the American
+Medical Temperance Association_, gave the following Hospital Statistics,
+showing a decline in the use of spirits in hospitals:--
+
+    "Evidently a great change is going on in the use of alcohol as a
+    remedy in large hospitals. The annual reports of ten hospitals
+    in the New England and the Middle States show the following
+    widely varying figures. The spirits used include beers, wines,
+    whiskies and brandies, and vary from eleven to sixty-one cents a
+    person for all the cases treated. These hospitals treat from
+    eighty to seven hundred cases a year, both surgical and medical,
+    and the medical staff are the leading physicians of the towns
+    and cities where they are located. The hospital where the
+    largest amount of spirits was used is not different from others,
+    nor is the one where the lowest amount is reported. The
+    conclusion is that this difference is due entirely to the
+    judgment of the medical men. The lowest rate (eleven cents each)
+    was in a hospital where one hundred and twenty-one cases had
+    been under treatment. The highest rate (sixty-one cents) was in
+    a hospital of five hundred and forty cases. The mortality from
+    typhoid fever and pneumonia was eight per cent. higher in this
+    hospital than in the one where only eleven cents a head had been
+    expended for spirits. The general mortality did not vary greatly
+    in any of these hospitals, and the records of one year could not
+    be expected to show this. In the remaining hospitals the
+    mortality of the fever and the septic cases was about the same.
+    The free use of spirits did not show any improvement, but rather
+    an increase of the death-rate, while the same amount of spirits
+    used showed but little change, and that in the line of
+    improvement of death-rate. These are only the figures of one
+    year, but they indicate a change of practice, and show the
+    passing of alcohol as a remedy."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+REASONS WHY ALCOHOL IS DANGEROUS AS MEDICINE.
+
+
+In the chapter upon "The Effects of Alcohol upon the Human Body" are
+cited some of the reasons assigned by scientific investigators for their
+disuse of alcohol as a remedy in disease. In this chapter the same may
+be briefly hinted at, while others, some the results of quite recent
+research, will be added.
+
+In the _Bulletin of the A. M. T. A._, for January 1898, Dr. N. S. Davis
+says:--
+
+    "The supposed effects of alcohol as a medicine were originally
+    based solely on the sensations and actions of the patients
+    taking it. The first appreciable effect of the alcohol after
+    entering the blood is that of an anaesthetic; that is, it
+    diminishes the sensibility of the brain and nerve structures, in
+    the same direction as ether and chloroform. And, as the brain is
+    the material seat of man's consciousness, the alcohol renders
+    him less conscious of cold or heat, of weariness or pain, and
+    less conscious of his own weight or of any external resistance.
+    Consequently, when under the influence of small doses, he feels
+    lighter and less conscious of any external impressions, and
+    thinks he could do more than without it. It was these effects
+    that led both the patient and his physician to regard the
+    alcohol as a general stimulant or tonic, notwithstanding the
+    fact that by simply increasing the doses of alcohol the
+    sensibility soon became entirely suspended, and the patient
+    helpless and altogether unconscious. * * * * *
+
+    "Simple increased frequency of the heart action is no evidence
+    of either increased force or efficiency in promoting the
+    circulation of the blood. Indeed, it may be stated as a
+    physiological law, that the more frequent the heart action above
+    the normal standard, the less efficiently does it promote the
+    circulation and strength of the living system. But the effect of
+    a moderate dose of alcohol in increasing the frequency of the
+    heart-beat and of blood pressure is so temporary that the doses
+    must be repeated so often that the alcohol accumulates in the
+    blood and tissues, and extends its paralyzing effects to all the
+    vasomotor, cardiac and respiratory nerves. Indeed, all the
+    investigators agree that alcohol in any dose capable of
+    producing an appreciable effect, diminishes the function of the
+    lungs in direct proportion to the quantity taken; and as the
+    lungs are the only channel through which free oxygen reaches the
+    blood, and such oxygen is the natural exciter of all vital
+    activities in the living body, it is not possible to explain how
+    alcohol, or any other drug that diminishes the function of the
+    lungs can, at the same time, act as a cardiac, or any other kind
+    of tonic.
+
+    "The truth is that all intelligent physicians and writers on
+    therapeutics of the present day agree in stating that alcohol in
+    large doses directly diminishes all the vital processes in the
+    living body, and in still larger doses suspends the life of the
+    individual by paralyzing the cerebral, vasomotor, respiratory
+    and cardiac functions, generally in the order named. If large
+    doses produce such effects, we must logically claim that small
+    doses act in the same direction, but in less degree. In other
+    words, alcohol is as truly and exclusively an anaesthetic as is
+    ether or chloroform, and, like them, is to be used as a medicine
+    only temporarily to relieve pain, or suspend nerve sensibility.
+    But as for these purposes it is less efficient than either ether
+    or chloroform, and other narcotics, there is no necessity for
+    using it as a remedy in the treatment of disease. And in health
+    its use in any dose can be productive of nothing but injury. The
+    only legitimate fields for the uses of alcohol are in chemistry,
+    pharmacy and the arts."
+
+In another issue of the same magazine, Dr. Davis writes of the
+investigations pursued by M. Robin of France in regard to the chemistry
+of respiration. These investigations, he says, afford conclusive proof
+that the acts of oxidation are defensive processes of the organism in
+its struggle with bacteria, and therefore that the physician should
+favor in every possible way the absorption of oxygen in every infection,
+especially when there are typhoid complications.
+
+He then speaks of the researches of other scientists in the same line,
+concluding thus:--
+
+    "If we add to the foregoing investigations the results obtained
+    by Dr. A. C. Abbott, demonstrating that the presence of alcohol
+    directly diminished the vital resistance to infections, we
+    cannot fail to see that the administration of alcohol in
+    diphtheria, typhoid fever, pneumonia and other infectious
+    diseases, is directly contraindicated. If, as shown by M. Robin,
+    'the acts of oxidation are defensive processes' against
+    bacterial infections, then certainly the administration of
+    alcohol to patients with such infections is in the highest
+    degree illogical and injurious. The oxygen being obtained for
+    oxidation purposes in the blood and tissues, through the
+    respiratory process, it would be equally absurd to administer
+    alcohol in all cases in which it is desirable to increase the
+    processes of oxidation, as a long series of experiments has
+    shown that the presence of alcohol diminishes the efficiency of
+    the respiratory process in direct proportion to the quantity
+    used.
+
+    "How much longer will practical writers continue to recommend
+    for the same patient on the same day, fresh air, sponge baths,
+    and vasomotor and respiratory tonics to increase the absorption
+    of oxygen and oxidation processes, and alcohol in the form of
+    wine, whisky and brandy to directly diminish the respiratory
+    function and all the oxidations of the living system?"
+
+In his address before the Medical Congress for the Study of Alcohol,
+held at Prohibition Park, Staten Island, July 15, 1891, Dr. Davis
+said:--
+
+    "If the foregoing views regarding the effects of alcoholic
+    liquids on the human system in health, are correct, what can we
+    say concerning their value as remedies for the treatment of
+    disease? If it be true that the alcohol they contain acts
+    directly upon the corpuscular elements of the blood, and so far
+    diminishes the metabolic processes of nutrition and
+    disintegration as to lessen nerve sensibility and heat
+    production, and favor tissue degenerations, their rational
+    application in the treatment of any form of disease must be very
+    limited. And yet the same errors and delusions concerning their
+    use in the treatment of diseases and accidents are entertained
+    and daily acted upon by a large majority of medical men as are
+    entertained by the non-professional part of the public.
+    Throughout the greater part of our medical literature they are
+    represented as stimulating and restorative, capable of
+    increasing the force and efficiency of the circulation, and of
+    conserving the normal living tissues by diminishing their waste;
+    and hence they are the first to be resorted to in all cases of
+    sudden exhaustion, faintness or shock; the last to be given to
+    the dying; and the most constant remedies through the most
+    important and protracted acute general diseases. Indeed, it is
+    this position and practice of the profession that constitutes,
+    at the present time, the strongest influence in support of all
+    the popular though erroneous and destructive drinking customs of
+    the people.
+
+    "The same anaesthetic properties of the alcohol that render the
+    laboring man less _conscious_ of the cold or heat or weariness,
+    also render the sick man less conscious of suffering, either
+    mental or physical, and thereby deceive both him and his
+    physician by the appearance, temporarily, of more comfort. But
+    if administered during the progress of fevers or acute general
+    disease, while it thus quiets the patient's restlessness and
+    lessens his consciousness of suffering, it also directly
+    diminishes the vasomotor and excito-motor nerve forces with
+    slight reduction of temperature, and steadily diminishes both
+    the tissue metabolism and the excretory products, thereby
+    favoring the retention in the system of both the specific causes
+    of disease and the natural excretory materials which should have
+    been eliminated through the skin, lungs, kidneys and other
+    glandular organs. Although the immediate effect of the remedy is
+    thus to give the patient an appearance of more comfort, the
+    continued dulling or anaesthetic effect on the nervous centres,
+    the diminished oxygenation of the blood, and the continued
+    retention of morbitic and excretory products, all serve to
+    protract the disease, increase molecular degeneration, and add
+    to the number of fatal results.
+
+    "I am well aware that the foregoing views, founded on the
+    results of numerous and varied experimental researches and
+    well-known physiological laws, and corroborated by a wide
+    clinical experience, are in direct conflict with the very
+    generally accepted doctrine that alcohol is a cardiac tonic,
+    capable of increasing the force and efficiency of the
+    circulation, and therefore of great value in the treatment of
+    the lower grades of general fevers. But there have been many
+    generally accepted doctrines in the history of medicine that
+    have been proved fallacious. And the more recent experiments of
+    Professors Martin, Sidney Ringer, and Sainsbury, Reichert, H. C.
+    Wood and others, have clearly demonstrated that the presence of
+    alcohol in the blood as certainly diminishes the sensibility of
+    the vasomotor and cardiac nerves in proportion to its quantity
+    until the heart stops, paralyzed, as that two and two make
+    four.
+
+    "After an ample clinical field of observation in both hospital
+    and private practice for more than fifty years, and a continuous
+    study of our medical literature, I am prepared to maintain the
+    position that the ratio of mortality from all the acute general
+    diseases has increased in direct proportion to the quantity of
+    alcoholic remedies administered during their treatment. How can
+    we reasonably expect any other result from the use of an agent
+    that so directly and uniformly diminishes the cerebral
+    respiratory, cardiac and metabolic functions of the living human
+    body?"
+
+The _Medical Pioneer_ of January, 1896, contained a very interesting
+article by Dr. J. H. Kellogg upon "The Influence of Alcohol upon Urinary
+Toxicity, and its Relation to the Medical Use of Alcohol." He gives the
+results of many of his own experiments to determine the effects of
+alcohol in hindering the elimination of poisonous matter by the kidneys.
+The subject of one experiment was a healthy man of 30 years, weighing 66
+kilos. For fifty days prior to the experiment he had taken a carefully
+regulated diet, and the urotoxic coefficient had remained very nearly
+uniform. The urine carefully collected for the first eight hours after
+the administration of 8 ounces of brandy diluted with water, showed an
+enormous diminution in the urotoxic coefficient, which was, in fact,
+scarcely more than half the normal coefficient for the individual in
+question. The urine collected for the second period of eight hours
+showed an increase of toxicity, and that for the third period of eight
+hours showed still further increase of toxicity, the coefficient having
+nearly returned to its normal standard.
+
+Of this Dr. Kellogg says:--
+
+    "The bearing of this experiment upon the use of alcohol in
+    pneumonia, typhoid fever, erysipelas, cholera and other
+    infectious diseases, will be clearly seen. In all the maladies
+    named, and in nearly all other infectious diseases, which
+    include the greater number of acute maladies, the symptoms which
+    give the patient the greatest inconvenience, and those which
+    have a fatal termination, when such is the result, are directly
+    attributable to the influence of the toxic substances generated
+    within the system of the patient as the result of the specific
+    microbes to which the disease owes its origin. The activity of
+    the liver in destroying these poisons, and of the kidneys in
+    eliminating them, are the physiologic processes which stand
+    between the patient and death. In a very grave case of
+    infectious disease, without this destructive and eliminative
+    activity the accumulation of poison within the system would
+    quickly reach a fatal point. The symptoms of the patient vary
+    for better or worse in relation to the augmentation or
+    diminution of the quantity of toxic substances within the body.
+
+    "In view of these facts, is it not a pertinent question to ask
+    how alcohol can be of service in the treatment of such disorders
+    as pneumonia, typhoid fever, cholera, erysipelas and other
+    infections, since it acts in such a decided and powerful manner
+    in diminishing urinary toxicity--in other words, in lessening
+    the ability of the kidney to eliminate toxic substances? In
+    infectious diseases of every sort, the body is struggling under
+    the influence of toxic agents, the result of the action of
+    microbes. Alcohol is another toxic agent of precisely the same
+    origin. Like other toxins resulting from like processes of
+    bacterial growth, its influence upon the human organism is
+    unfriendly; it disturbs the vital processes; it disturbs every
+    vital function, and, as we have shown, in a most marked degree
+    diminishes the efficiency of the kidneys in the removal of the
+    toxins which constitute the most active factor in the diseases
+    named, and in others of analogous character. If a patient is
+    struggling under the influence of the pneumococcus, Eberth's
+    bacillus, Koch's cholera microbe or the pus-producing germs
+    which give rise to erysipelatous inflammation, his kidneys
+    laboring to undo, so far as possible, the mischief done by the
+    invading parasites, by eliminating the poisons formed by them,
+    what good could possibly be accomplished by the administration
+    of a drug, one of the characteristic effects of which is to
+    diminish renal activity, thereby diminishing also the quantity
+    of poisons eliminated through this channel? Is not such a course
+    in the highest degree calculated to add fuel to the flame? Is it
+    not placing obstacles in the way of the vital forces which are
+    already hampered in their work by the powerfully toxic agents to
+    the influence of which they are subjected?
+
+    "In his address before the American Medical Association at
+    Milwaukee, Dr. Ernest Hart, editor of the _British Medical
+    Journal_, very aptly suggested in relation to the treatment of
+    cholera, the inutility of alcohol, basing his suggestion upon
+    the fact that in a case of cholera, the system of the patient is
+    combating the specific poison which is the product of the
+    microbe of this disease, and hence is not likely to be aided by
+    the introduction of a poison produced by another microbe;
+    namely, alcohol. This logic seems very sound, and the facts in
+    relation to the influence of alcohol upon urinary toxicity or
+    renal activity, which are elucidated by our experiment, fully
+    sustain this observation of Mr. Hart.
+
+    "In a recent number of the _British Medical Journal_, Dr. Lauder
+    Brunton, the eminent English physiologist and neurologist, in
+    mentioning the fact that death from chloroform anaesthesia rarely
+    occurs in India, but is not infrequent in England, attributed
+    the fact to the meat-eating habits of the English people, the
+    natives of India being almost strictly vegetarian in diet,
+    partly from force of circumstances doubtless, but largely also,
+    no doubt, as the result of their religious belief, the larger
+    proportion of the population being more or less strict adherents
+    to the doctrines of Buddha, which strictly prohibit the use of
+    flesh foods.
+
+    "The theory advanced by Dr. Lauder Brunton in relation to death
+    from chloroform poisoning, is that the patient does not die
+    directly from the influence of chloroform upon the nerve
+    centres, but that death is due to the influence of chloroform
+    upon the kidneys, whereby the elimination of the ptomaines and
+    leucomaines naturally produced within the body, ceases, their
+    destruction by the liver also ceasing, so that the system is
+    suddenly overwhelmed by a great quantity of poison, and succumbs
+    to its influence, its power of resistance being lessened by the
+    inhalation of the chloroform.
+
+    "The affinity between alcohol and chloroform is very great. Both
+    are anaesthetics. Both chloroform and alcohol are simply
+    different compounds of the same radical, and the results of our
+    experiment certainly suggest the same thought as that expressed
+    by Dr. Brunton. How absurd, then, is the administration of
+    alcohol in conditions in which the highest degree of kidney
+    activity is required for the elimination of toxic agents!
+
+    "In a certain proportion of chronic cases there is a tendency to
+    tissue degeneration. Modern investigations have given good
+    ground for the belief that these degenerations are the result of
+    the influence of ptomaines, leucomaines and other poisons
+    produced within the body, upon the tissues. It is well known
+    that many of these toxic agents, even in very small quantity
+    give rise to degenerations of the kidney. It is this fact which
+    explains the occurrence of nephritis in connection with
+    diphtheria, scarlet fever and other infectious maladies. Dana
+    has called attention to the probable role played by ptomaines
+    produced in the alimentary canal in the development of organic
+    disease of the central nervous system.
+
+    "It is thus apparent that the integrity of the renal functions
+    is a matter of as great importance in chronic as in acute
+    disease, hence any agent which diminishes the efficiency of
+    these organs in ridding the system of poisons, either those
+    normally and regularly produced, or those of an accidental or
+    unusual character, must be pernicious and dangerous in use."
+
+Among the more recent findings of science in regard to the effects of
+alcohol are the action of this drug upon the leucocytes or "guardian
+cells" of the body. Leucocytes are defined to be "minute, nucleated,
+colorless masses of protoplasm, capable of ameboid movements, found
+swimming freely in blood and lymph, in the reticulum of lymphatic
+glands, and in bone-marrow and other connective tissue." The white
+corpuscles of the blood are leucocytes. "The work of these cells is to
+prey upon and take into their substance bacteria and other
+micro-organisms within the blood and tissues. This destruction of
+bacteria, and other noxious organisms, has the biological name of
+phagocytosis."
+
+Dr. Alonzo Brown in _Physician and Surgeon_ says of phagocytosis:--
+
+    "Recently a brilliant theory has been projected into the
+    histological world. It is the principle of phagocytosis. The
+    beauty of it is so great that we are attracted by it, and its
+    reasonings have riveted general attention. It is said that
+    certain cells have the power to absorb and so destroy other
+    cells. This is phagocytosis. It is said that 'the cells which
+    are known to possess phagocytocic properties are the leucocytes,
+    mucous corpuscles, connective tissue cells, endothelia of blood
+    vessels and lymphatic vessels, alveolar eypithelium of the
+    lungs, and the cells of the spleen, bone, marrow and lymphatic
+    glands.' (Senn). This is a very significant array of colloid
+    matter; and it has been repeatedly affirmed by the highest
+    authorities that alcohol is poisonous to the colloid element.
+
+    "Now, among the most important of the phagocytes just enumerated
+    are the leucocytes. They embrace and enfold the pathogenic germs
+    with which they come in contact by what is known as an ameboid
+    force. They enclose, disintegrate and absorb the enemy. It is
+    well known that the moment the leucocytes are submitted to an
+    alcoholic solution, their ameboid movements cease, and their
+    function is arrested. It is plain that their phagocytocic power
+    is immediately destroyed. It is possible, also, that the fixed
+    tissue-cells are likewise impaired or killed by alcoholic
+    imbibition. How deleterious, and even deadly, must the internal
+    administration of alcoholic liquors then be in the treatment of
+    diphtheria, and of other diseases having a germinal origin? It
+    therefore follows, to my mind, that all the diseases which are
+    the result of germinal infection, are most badly treated when
+    alcohol is used in their therapy.
+
+    "With extreme brevity I advert to another view in the field. It
+    is that of adynamic disease. It has been conclusively proven
+    that alcohol decreases the muscular power. It decreases (from
+    the minimum dose to the maximum) the power of the heart as well
+    as that of all other muscles. I say this has been absolutely
+    demonstrated by Richardson and others. In death from adynamia it
+    is through failure of muscle, that is, of the heart, of the
+    scaleni and intercostals, of the diaphragm, and of the laryngeal
+    muscles, et cetera. All of the muscles may gradually fail,
+    become wearied unto death. How pernicious then must alcohol be
+    in adding its influence to bring about the tragic end!
+
+    "It is my belief that it is in diphtheria that the most dire
+    results are to be observed. In that disease the vast majority of
+    cases die by asthenia, or else by sudden failure of the heart.
+    To what is this sudden cardiac paralysis due? The elucidation is
+    as follows. In the grave cases there is almost invariably a
+    subnormal temperature, together with great muscular
+    prostration. Also it is a physiological fact that a decrease of
+    the temperature slows nervous conduction. As the system is made
+    colder, the nervous force flows slower and slower. In diphtheria
+    the heart muscle is very weak, the temperature falls, the
+    lessened nervous energy but feebly animates the muscular fibres,
+    and so actual paralysis ensues, death closing the scene almost
+    instantaneously. Now, in such a state of imminent danger,
+    brought about by such causes, what could be worse than to
+    administer an agent which notably reduces temperature, and at
+    the same time enfeebles muscular power? May I add, what could be
+    the remedy in such a condition? and I answer, _External heat
+    freely applied to the whole surface of the body_. This will
+    prevent the cardiac paralysis whenever it is preventable."
+
+The _Medical Pioneer_ of Dec., 1892, contained an editorial article upon
+"The Toxine Alcohol," which deals with leucocytes and their functions.
+The following is the article:--
+
+    "Dr. Broadbent's introductory address at the opening of the
+    session at Owen's College, Manchester, deserves more attention
+    than most of these formal deliveries. He dwelt on the
+    intellectual interest which attaches to the study of medical
+    science, and illustrated it, among other ways, by the interest
+    excited by recent observations on the action of bacilli and the
+    combat which goes on between these invading hosts and the
+    guardian cells or leucocytes of the living body. Inflammation
+    surrounding a wound is regarded as caused by the influx and
+    multiplication of leucocytes to engulf and destroy septic
+    bacilli which have gained entrance from the air, a 'local war'
+    of defence. The issue of this pitched battle will depend on the
+    relative number and activity of the respective hosts.
+    Inflammation round a poisoned wound is an evidence of vital
+    power and a means of protecting the system at large from
+    invasion and devastation. If this first line of defence is
+    broken through, the bacilli pass through the lymphatic spaces
+    and ducts to the glands, and another battle ensues which
+    produces glandular swelling and inflammation and possibly
+    abscess. This second line of defence may be insufficient and
+    then we get general septicaemia. It is now well proven that the
+    injury is done, not by the bacilli themselves but by the toxines
+    which they secrete or excrete. Dr. Broadbent very properly
+    points out that the action of the bacilli of fever in the body
+    is strictly comparable to the action of yeast in a fermentable
+    liquid. The yeast cells grow and multiply at the expense of the
+    sugar, in destroying which they produce alcohol, carbonic
+    dioxide and other substances. When the alcohol amounts to some
+    17 per cent. of the liquid the process is stopped by the
+    poisonous action of the alcohol on the yeast cells. In just the
+    same way the toxines produced by the bacilli at length stop
+    their further multiplication and put an end to the disease.
+    Alcohol is in fact, the toxine produced by yeast, and, like many
+    other toxines, it is not only poisonous to cells which produce
+    it, but to any animal into whose veins it may happen to get.
+
+    "There can be little doubt that the state of immunity which one
+    attack of certain fevers confers against future attacks depends
+    partly upon what is called the phagocytic action of leucocytes.
+    These have been actually observed to draw into their interior
+    and destroy bacilli which would otherwise have multiplied and
+    produced their special effects. There can be little doubt,
+    either, that we are continually taking into our systems bacilli
+    of all sorts, and that, again, disease is averted by the
+    activity of the germ-devouring leucocytes. Dr. Broadbent
+    describes an experiment which proves that power of resisting
+    disease is largely dependent on the activity of these cells. A
+    rabbit, having had a certain quantity of bacilli injected under
+    its skin, suffers from inflammation at the spot, and perhaps
+    abscess, but recovers. At the same time, another rabbit is
+    treated in precisely the same way, but, simultaneously, a dose
+    of chloral is injected into another part of the body. The
+    chloral, circulating in the blood, is known to paralyze
+    leucocytes, and, as a result of this, they do not collect and
+    wage war on the bacilli injected under the skin; there is very
+    little local reaction, the bacilli get free course into the
+    lymph and blood, and the animal dies. But, in the words of Dr.
+    Broadbent, 'alcohol in excess has a similar action on the
+    leucocytes, and this, as well as the deteriorating influence of
+    chronic alcoholism on the tissues, predisposes to septic
+    infection. A single debauch, therefore, may open the door to
+    fever or erysipelas.' A similar experiment of Doyen confirms
+    this. He found that guinea pigs can be killed by the cholera
+    microbe, when introduced by the mouth, if a dose of alcohol has
+    been previously administered. It has been the general testimony
+    of observers in cholera epidemics that those addicted to much
+    alcohol are far more liable to fatal attacks. But while large
+    doses of alcohol are, of course, more obviously injurious, it
+    would be absurd to imagine that lesser quantities are entirely
+    without influence in the same direction. It has, indeed, been
+    shown by Dr. Ridge, that even infinitesimal quantities of
+    alcohol, such as one part in 5,000, cause a more rapid
+    multiplication of the _bacillus subtilis_ and other bacilli of
+    decomposition, while, by the same quantities, the growth of both
+    animal and vegetable protoplasm is retarded. Hence there can be
+    no longer any question that alcohol renders the body more liable
+    to conquest by invading microbes, less able to resist and
+    destroy them. Alcohol, a toxine injurious to living cells, is
+    destroyed or removed from the body as fast as nature can effect
+    it, but while it remains, and while able to affect the cells at
+    all, its action is detrimental to healthy growth and healthy
+    life, and the less we take of such an agent the better for us.
+    This is a dictum which it becomes the profession to enunciate
+    far and wide. 'The less, the better' is a watchword which all
+    may use, and the wise will interpret it in a way which will
+    infallibly preserve them altogether from all possible danger
+    from such a source."
+
+On the sixteenth of December, 1897, Dr. Sims Woodhead, president of the
+British Medical Temperance Association, gave a masterly address in
+London upon "Recent Researches on the Action of Alcohol." The lecture
+was illustrated by lantern slides. From the report given in _The Medical
+Temperance Review_ of Jan., 1898, the following is culled:--
+
+    "In a series of drawings of kidney you will notice first that
+    there is a condition known as cloudy swelling; this is one of
+    the first changes that can be observed. Notice the
+    characteristic features of this cloudy swelling in the cells of
+    all these specimens. The large swollen cells are granular, and
+    very frequently there is a granular mass in the lumen of the
+    tubule. In some cases the cells are so much swollen that the
+    lumen of the tubule is represented merely by a 'star-shaped'
+    radiating chink. The nucleus is usually somewhat obscured, that
+    this alcoholic cloudy swelling (similar to that met with as the
+    result of the administration of certain poisons) is the first
+    change observed in the parenchymatous cells of the organs of
+    animals that have died of acute alcoholic poisoning. This
+    condition, unless the cause is removed, goes on to a condition
+    of fatty-degeneration, as shown in the next specimen in which we
+    have, in addition to the granular appearance of the protoplasm
+    of the cell, a deposition of masses of fat in and at the expense
+    of this protoplasm.
+
+    "There is another series of changes to which I wish to draw your
+    attention. In the tubules of the kidney we have, in addition to
+    the granular appearance of the protoplasm of the cells, an
+    increase in the number of leucocytes, and connective tissue
+    cells between the tubules around the glomeruli and along the
+    course of the blood-vessels. This condition of small cell
+    infiltration, we know, is constantly associated with
+    inflammatory conditions of the kidney as in other organs. Here
+    then are the changes in the epithelium plus increase in the
+    number of leucocytes.
+
+    "I show you too a specimen of heart muscle, in which the
+    granular degeneration, or cloudy swelling is well marked whilst
+    here and there the process is going on to fatty degeneration,
+    similar to that seen in the kidney. Here again, then, the active
+    elements of the organ are becoming broken down, or, at any rate,
+    losing their normal structure and affording evidence of
+    fundamental changes in these cells. Such changes are set up, not
+    by any one poison alone, or by any single disease toxin, but by
+    members of many groups of poisons, by alcohols, ethers, etc.
+    indeed by very various poisons--animal, vegetable and mineral.
+
+    "Now, it is a peculiar fact, as shown by Massart, Bordet and
+    others, in researches on chemiotaxis, that nearly all these
+    poisons have the power of repelling leucocytes, and of seriously
+    interfering with them in the performance of their functions, and
+    this power assumes a special significance in connection with our
+    subject this afternoon.
+
+    "Now, two of the great functions of leucocytes under ordinary
+    conditions are those of policing and scavenging. Massart and
+    Bordet showed, under the action of certain substances, alcohol
+    amongst others, these functions are lost, but following up
+    Metchnikoff and others they observed that after a time these
+    same leucocytes became accustomed to the presence of these
+    poisons, gradually becoming 'acclimatized' as it were. At first
+    paralyzed or repelled, they after a time pluck up courage to
+    attack the invading substances and carry on or renew their
+    accustomed work of scavenging; they try to get rid of both
+    poisons and poison-producers, and even acquire the power of
+    forming substances (anti-toxins) which can neutralize the poison
+    and allow the cells to devote their energy to doing their own
+    proper work.
+
+    "Here are drawings of minute abscesses that have formed in the
+    wall of the heart. We see at once the part that the leucocytes
+    play in attacking micro-organisms, and of localizing their
+    action. Look at the blood-vessel in the wall of the heart with
+    its plug of micro-organism (staphylococci) in the centre of a
+    clear space; here the leucocytes are not numerous, indeed they
+    are very sparsely scattered, and appear to have been driven back
+    by the organisms or their toxics. Then a little distance away
+    from the toxin and toxin-forming organisms, the leucocytes are
+    coming up in large numbers, forming a sort of protecting army,
+    as it were. This is known as leucocytosis. In the small patent
+    vessels around this commencing abscess numerous leucocytes, far
+    in excess of the usual proportion, may be seen--the nearer the
+    abscess, the more numerous they become. Thus the leucocytes make
+    their way to what is to become the wall of the abscess, and form
+    a layer around a mass of micro-organisms, localizing, or
+    attempting to localize, such mass. So long as the leucocytes can
+    make their way to this mass, and shut it off from the
+    surrounding tissue, so long we shall have no extension of the
+    abscess.
+
+    "Now, if you add something--alcohol in the case we are
+    considering--which not only exerts a negative chemiotaxic
+    action--i. e., which drives the leucocyte away--but which, as we
+    have seen, also causes degeneration of nerve, muscle and
+    epithelial cells, shall we not injure the infected patient both
+    directly and indirectly by interfering with the return of the
+    leucocytes driven away, by diminishing or altering the
+    functional activity of these cells, and indirectly by
+    interfering with the excretion of the poisons (owing, as we have
+    seen, to a degenerated condition of the secretory epithelium)?
+    Have we not, in fact, a cumulative action of two substances,
+    either of which alone would do damage, but not in the same
+    proportion as do the two when acting together.
+
+    "Now let us see what we may learn from a series of experiments
+    carried out by Dr. Abbott, working in the Laboratory of Hygiene
+    of the University of Pennsylvania, under the auspices of the
+    committee of fifty, to investigate the Alcohol Question.
+
+    "These are his conclusions:--
+
+    1. "That the normal vital resistance of rabbits to infection by
+    streptococcus pyogenes is markedly diminished through the
+    influence of alcohol when given daily to the stage of acute
+    intoxication. 2. That a similar, though by no means so
+    conspicuous, diminution of resistance to infection and
+    intoxication by the bacillus coli communis also occurs in
+    rabbits subjected to the same influences.
+
+    "Throughout these experiments, with few exceptions, it will be
+    seen that the alcoholized animals not only showed the effects of
+    the inoculations earlier than did the non-alcoholized rabbits,
+    but in the case of the streptococcus inoculations, the lesions
+    produced (formation of miliary abscesses) were much more
+    pronounced than are those that usually follow inoculations with
+    this organism.
+
+    "With regard to the predisposing influence of the alcohol, one
+    is constrained to believe that it is in most cases the result of
+    structural alterations consequent upon its direct action on the
+    tissues, though in a number of animals no such alterations could
+    be made out by microscopic examinations. I am inclined, however,
+    to the belief, in the light of the work of Berkley and
+    Friedenwald, done under the direction of Professor Welch, in the
+    pathological laboratory of the Johns Hopkins University, that a
+    closer study of the tissues of these animals would have revealed
+    in all of them structural changes of such a nature as to
+    indicate disturbances of important vital functions of sufficient
+    gravity fully to account for the loss of normal resistance.
+
+    "Following up Dr. Abbott's experiments, Dr. Delearde, working in
+    Calmette's laboratory in the _Institut Pasteur_ at Lille, made a
+    series of observations which are, from many points of view, of
+    very great interest and importance as he attacks it from an
+    entirely new standpoint, one that will, I hope, ere long, be
+    taken up by those working in this country. It has already been
+    demonstrated that 'alcoholics' suffer far more seriously from
+    microbic affections than do those of sober life, and it is now
+    accepted that amongst them the mortality from this class of
+    disease is higher than amongst those who are not accustomed to
+    take alcohol regularly or to excess.
+
+    "It is pointed out, as most of us have from time to time had the
+    opportunity of observing, that, taking pneumonia as an example
+    of this class of disease, there can be no doubt that the
+    alcoholic patient has not merely an appreciably smaller chance
+    for recovery, but an apparently slight attack becomes one in
+    which the chances of recovery come to be against the patient
+    rather than in his favor. I well remember when I was House
+    Physician in the Royal Infirmary at Edinburgh that Dr. Muirhead,
+    who almost invariably treated his pneumonic patients without
+    alcohol, used to say that an ordinary case of acute pneumonia
+    should always recover under careful treatment, but that cases of
+    pneumonia in 'alcoholics' were always most anxious cases and in
+    every way unsatisfactory. (Slides were shown on screen to
+    illustrate the changes taking place in pneumonia, the conditions
+    of leucocytosis, and the very important part which leucocytes
+    play in the process of 'clearing up' during the course of the
+    patient's recovery). Dr. Delearde in an admirable summary gives
+    the principal features of pneumonia in alcoholics. He describes
+    it as running a comparatively prolonged course, as being often
+    accompanied by a violent delirium, following which is a period
+    of prostration or of coma; even in those who recover, abscesses
+    frequently occur in the liver, or in other organs. He also
+    points out that there may be a similar chain of events in other
+    infective conditions such as erysipelas and typhoid fever, but
+    as he insists that, until Abbott's experiments on the
+    streptococcus,[A] staphylococcus[A] and bacterium coli,[A] in
+    alcoholized and non-alcoholized animals, little attempt has
+    been made to indicate the mechanism, or, at any rate, the
+    process by which alcoholized individuals are rendered more
+    susceptible to the invasion and action of micro-organisms.
+
+        [Footnote A: Microbes or bacteria of different kinds.]
+
+    "As we have already seen, Abbott's experiments prove beyond
+    doubt that attenuated disease-producing organisms, which in
+    healthy animals do not kill immediately, bring about a fatal
+    result when the animal has previously been treated with alcohol.
+    In order to determine which was the most important factor in the
+    destruction or weakening of the resisting agents in the body,
+    Dr. Delearde conceived the idea of experimenting with those
+    diseases in which it has been found possible to produce,
+    artificially, as it were, and under controlled conditions, an
+    immunity or insusceptibility in healthy animals. He carried out
+    a series of experiments on rabbits, immunizing against and
+    infecting with the virus of hydrophobia, tetanus and anthrax.[B]
+    To these rabbits he first administered a quantity of alcohol,
+    from 6 to 8 c.c. at first, and gradually rises to 10 c.c. doses
+    per diem.
+
+        [Footnote B: Carbuncle.]
+
+    "There is in the first instance a slight falling off in weight
+    of the animal, but after a time this ceases, and the animal may
+    again become heavier, until the original weight is reached. He
+    then took a series of animals and vaccinated them against
+    hydrophobia. In one set the animals were afterwards alcoholized
+    and then injected with a considerable quantity of virulent rabic
+    cord. It was here found that immunity against rabies had not
+    been lost.
+
+    "In a second set the vaccination and alcoholization were carried
+    on simultaneously, a fatal dose (as proved by control
+    experiment) of rabic cord was then injected, when it was found
+    that little or no immunity had been acquired. In a third series
+    the alcohol was stopped before the immunizing process was
+    commenced. In this case marked immunity was acquired.
+
+    "As regards rabies, then, acute alcoholism, especially when
+    continued for comparatively short periods, simply has the
+    effect of preventing the acquisition of immunity when alcohol is
+    administered during the period when the immunizing process ought
+    to be going on. This indicates that the action of the alcohol in
+    acute alcoholism is direct, and that although its administration
+    prevents the acquisition of immunity it does not alter the cells
+    so materially that they cannot regain some of their original
+    powers, whilst once the immunity has been gained by the cells,
+    alcohol cannot, immediately, so fundamentally alter them that
+    they lose the immunity they have already acquired. When we come
+    to the consideration of the case of tetanus, however, we are
+    carried a step further. Dr. Delearde repeating his immunizing
+    and alcoholizing experiments, but now working with tetanus virus
+    in place of rabic virus, found--and, perhaps, here it may be as
+    well to give his own words:--
+
+    (1) "'That animals vaccinated against tetanus and afterwards
+    alcoholized lose their immunity against tetanus;
+
+    (2) "'That animals vaccinated against tetanus and at the same
+    time alcoholized do not readily acquire immunity;
+
+    (3) "'That animals first alcoholized and then vaccinated may
+    acquire immunity against tetanus if alcohol is suppressed from
+    the commencement of the process of vaccination.'
+
+    "In the case of anthrax too, as we gather from another series of
+    experiments, it is almost impossible to confer immunity, if the
+    animal is alcoholized during the time that it is being
+    vaccinated, and although the animals, first alcoholized and then
+    vaccinated, may acquire a certain amount of immunity, they
+    rapidly lose condition and are certainly more ill than
+    non-alcoholized animals vaccinated simultaneously.
+
+    "We have already mentioned that Massart and Bordet some years
+    ago pointed out that alcohol, even in very dilute solutions,
+    exerts a very active negative chemiotaxis, i. e., it appears to
+    have properties by which leucocytes are repelled or driven away
+    from its neighborhood and actions. Alcohol thus prevents the
+    cells from attacking invading bodies or of reacting in the
+    presence of the toxins which also, as is well known, exert a
+    more or less marked negative chemiotaxis, i.e., the cells appear
+    to be paralyzed. In all diseases, then, in which the leucocytes
+    help to remove an invading organism or in which they have the
+    power of reacting or of carrying on their functions in the
+    presence of a toxin, we should expect that alcohol would to a
+    certain extent deprive them of this power or interfere with
+    their capacity for acquiring a greater resisting power or of
+    reinforcing the powers of resistance. It appears indeed to
+    reinforce the poison formed by pathogenic organisms. Dr.
+    Delearde maintains moreover that chronic alcoholism increases
+    enormously the difficulty of rendering an animal immune to
+    anthrax, whilst as those who have had any experience of cases of
+    anthrax know full well alcoholics, whether acute or chronic,
+    manifest a remarkable susceptibility both as regards attacks of
+    anthrax and the fatality of the disease when once contracted.
+    Further as clinical proof of the correctness of another of these
+    sets of experiments, Dr. Delearde instances two cases of rabies
+    which have come under observation in the Institut Pasteur--one,
+    a man of 30 years of age, of intemperate habits who after a
+    complete treatment of 18 days after a bite in the hand died of
+    hydrophobia; the other, a child of 13 years who was bitten on
+    the face by the same dog that had attacked the other patient,
+    and on the same day--who underwent the same treatment remained
+    perfectly well. In this case the more severe bite (the face
+    being the most serious position in which a person can be bitten)
+    was received by the child; indeed the intemperate habits of the
+    man, who even took alcohol during treatment, appear to have been
+    the only more serious factor in his case as compared with that
+    of the child.
+
+    "From all this Dr. Delearde draws the practical conclusion that
+    patients who have been bitten by a mad dog should as far as
+    possible abstain from the use of alcohol not only during the
+    process of treatment, but also for some time afterwards, even
+    for a period of eight months, during which period, apparently,
+    increase of immunity may be going on. Beyond this he maintains
+    that doctors often commit a grave error in administering strong
+    doses of alcohol to patients suffering from certain infectious
+    diseases such as pneumonia, or from certain intoxications such
+    as those produced by snake-bite, during which an increase in the
+    number of leucocytes appear to be a necessary part of any
+    process that leads to the cure of the patient. Finally, he
+    points out how necessary it is that we should respect the
+    integrity of the leucocytes in the presence of microbic
+    infections or intoxications. We may accept these statements all
+    the more readily as Dr. Delearde states that 'although we must
+    recognize that small doses of dilute alcoholic beverages are
+    indicated in certain cases where it is necessary to stimulate
+    the nervous system, one must guard oneself against an abuse
+    which may certainly be prejudicial to the putting into operation
+    of the mechanism of defence against the organisms of disease.'
+
+    "In so far as these conclusions rest on a series of exact
+    experiments we are justified in accepting them as being a most
+    valuable contribution to the question; where there is no
+    experimental basis, we must exercise our own judgment. To show
+    the very strong impression that exists that there is some
+    connection between severe cases of pneumonia and alcohol I may
+    mention that the other day I heard a gentleman (not a medical
+    man) say, 'It is well known that most men (of a certain
+    profession) die from alcoholism.' When asked to explain he said,
+    'They all die from cirrhosis or pneumonia, and if those
+    conditions are not due to alcoholism, what is?'
+
+    "There can be no doubt that in addition to its specific action,
+    alcohol has a general action--the mal-nutrition, which is
+    usually associated with the use of alcohol, especially as a
+    result of its action on the mucous membranes of the stomach,
+    etc."
+
+That the "guardian cells" of the body play a part in a considerable
+number of diseases was illustrated by Dr. Woodhead by drawings and
+photographs, shown on the lantern screen. The photographs included cells
+containing anthrax, typhoid and tubercle bacilli, the spirilla of
+relapsing fever, specimens from cases of anthrax. Specimens were shown
+in which the cells were actually ingesting and digesting the specific
+micro-organisms. In a case of typhoid, showing large masses of typhoid
+bacilli in one of Peyer's patches, there were seen certain of the cells
+which contained the typhoid bacilli, some of them undergoing
+degenerative changes, and showing unequal standing.
+
+Of the researches made by Dr. Abbott referred to in the foregoing
+lecture Dr. N. S. Davis says:--
+
+    "Thus we have another and direct positive demonstration of the
+    fact that the presence of alcohol in living bodies not only
+    impairs all the physiological processes, but also impairs their
+    vital resistance to the effects of all other poisons. It was
+    hardly necessary, however, to trouble the rabbits to obtain
+    proof of this; for such evidence may be found in abundance by
+    examining the vital statistics of every civilized country. The
+    late Frank H. Hamilton, in his valuable work on military
+    hygiene, gives an interesting account of an experiment executed,
+    not on a few rabbits, but on whole regiments of human beings,
+    who were being exposed to the inhibition, not of the
+    streptococcus pyogenes, but to the infections of malarial and
+    typho-malaria fever. And, as many were attacked with sickness,
+    it was thought by some of those in authority that if the
+    soldiers were given a specified ration of alcoholic liquor two
+    or three times a day, it might enable them to resist the morbid
+    influences to which they were exposed. The proposed ration was
+    accordingly ordered, and Dr. Hamilton informs us that the
+    soldiers taking the liquor ration succumbed to the morbific
+    influences surrounding them so much more rapidly than before,
+    that in less than sixty days the order was countermanded, and
+    the liquor ration stopped. And that eminent surgeon and
+    sanitarian added, with peculiar emphasis, that he wished never
+    to see the same experiment tried again."
+
+Dr. J. J. Ridge, of London, has learned through his experiments that
+alcohol not only hinders the leucocytes in their war upon disease germs,
+but also tends to the multiplication of germs. Of this he says:--
+
+    "The antagonism of alcohol to the fundamental functions of life
+    is further exhibited by its action on the cellular elements of
+    living tissues and the free cells or leucocytes of the blood.
+    Dr. Lionel Beale long ago pointed out how it affected the
+    protoplasm of cells, and diminished the movements of amoebae,
+    to which leucocytes are apparently analogous.
+
+    "But while alcohol is thus injurious to living protoplasm, or
+    _constructive protoplasm_ as it may be called, that which builds
+    up, and forms all kinds of structures, and living beings of all
+    higher types, I accidentally discovered that in minute
+    quantities, under about one per cent., and even in such almost
+    incredible amounts as 1 part in 100,000, (1/10 millilitre in 10
+    litres) it favors the growth and multiplication of many microbes
+    whose function is antagonistic to the protoplasm of organized
+    beings, and which may therefore be called _destructive
+    protoplasm_. We know that these microbes are kept at bay by the
+    vitality of the tissues; if this vitality is lowered they may
+    prevail: as soon as life departs they set to work, and
+    decomposition is the result. It is, therefore, not very
+    surprising that an agent, like alcohol, which, we have seen,
+    lowers the vitality of constructive protoplasm, should, on the
+    other hand increase the vitality of destructive protoplasm. At
+    any rate such is the fact. In the presence of these minute
+    quantities of alcohol, decomposition goes on more rapidly, and
+    the micrococci and bacilli, thrive and swarm more abundantly.
+    This is easily demonstrable by the more rapid, and thicker,
+    cloudiness of any clear decomposable liquor in the course of a
+    day or two, or in a few days, according to circumstances. But I
+    have demonstrated the more rapid multiplication of some forms by
+    means of plate cultivations, of which I show specimens. It is
+    true of the bacteria of decomposition, of the streptococci, and
+    staphylococci of pus, and of diphtheria. Time alone has been
+    wanting to demonstrate this in other cases, which I hope to do."
+
+The _Medical Week_ some time ago contained this paragraph:--
+
+    "Dr. Viala, in collaboration with Dr. Charrin, says: 'I have
+    carried out a series of researches on the toxicity of various
+    alcoholic beverages in common use, such as wines and brandies of
+    all brands, from those which are reputed the best to those of
+    very inferior quality. All these products have been analyzed
+    with the greatest care. Our experiments were carried out on
+    fifty animals. Intravenous injections confirm Dr. Daremberg's
+    statement that liquors considered as the best are the most
+    toxic, more particularly as regards their immediate effects.'"
+
+Although the foregoing statement directs the reader's attention to the
+comparative effects of different alcoholic liquors, it also plainly
+implies several facts of great importance. The first is, that all
+alcoholic liquors, fermented or distilled, are toxic or poisonous; and
+the more pure alcohol they contain, the more poisonous are they, the
+qualities of liquor differing only in the rapidity of their injurious
+effects.
+
+In the same number of the _Medical Week_, Professor Grehant states that
+after injecting a quantity of alcohol into the venous circulation of a
+dog equal to one twenty-fifth, or four per cent., of the estimated
+weight of the blood of the animal, he found by several analyses at
+different times that it required "a little over twenty-three hours for
+complete elimination of the alcohol from the blood." If we consider
+these results obtained by Viala, Charrin, Daremberg and Grehant, with
+those obtained by Dr. A. C. Abbott, showing the direct effect of alcohol
+in diminishing the normal vital resistance of the living body to
+infection, we see excellent reasons why the liberal use of alcohol in
+the treatment of such infectious diseases as diphtheria, typhoid fever
+and pneumonia, under the supposition that it was a cardiac tonic, has
+resulted in so great a mortality as from thirty to sixty per cent.
+
+Dr. A. Pearce Gould, a London hospital surgeon of the first rank, has
+made special study of the surgery of the blood-vessels, and of the
+chest. He was one of the earliest to practice and advocate the careful
+removal of the axillary glands in all operations for cancer of the
+breast.
+
+He is a strong believer in the value of total abstinence as promoting
+robust health of body and mind. He regards the value of alcohol in
+disease as exceedingly small, and prescribes it only very rarely. He
+thinks that alcohol increases the activity of cancer and other malignant
+growths, an opinion which is of great importance from one with such
+exceptional opportunities for observation in these complaints.
+
+Dr. N. S. Davis in the _American Medical Temperance Quarterly_ of
+January, 1895, gives reports of cases which came under his observation
+as a consulting physician, where the use of alcoholics throughout an
+extended illness favored the continuance of delirium, or mild mental
+disorder, after convalescence was established. In each case the
+withdrawal of the alcohol was followed by a cessation of the mental
+delusion.
+
+One of these cases may be taken as an example:--
+
+    "The third case was that of a woman over sixty years of age, who
+    had suffered from a mild grade of fever and protracted
+    diarrhoea, somewhat resembling a mild grade of enteric typhoid
+    fever.
+
+    "As she became much reduced in strength during the latter part
+    of her diarrhoea, her friends began to give her wine, and
+    sometimes stronger alcoholic drink, under the popular delusion
+    that these could strengthen her. Her mind soon became wandering,
+    and she was troubled with illusions, which were attributed to
+    her weakness, and the so-called stimulants were increased. But
+    the mental disorder increased also, and continued after the
+    fever and diarrhoea had ceased, until the question was raised
+    concerning the propriety of her removal to an asylum for the
+    insane.
+
+    "Being consulted at that time, and listening to an accurate
+    history of the case, I suggested that the anaesthetic effect of
+    the alcohol on the cerebral hemispheres, in connection with its
+    effect on the hemoglobin, and other elements of the blood, in
+    lessening the reception and internal distribution of oxygen,
+    might be the cause of both the perpetuation of her weakness, and
+    her mental disorder. I advised a trial of its entire omission,
+    and the giving of only simple nourishment, and moderate doses of
+    strychnine and digitalis, as nerve tonics. My advice was
+    followed, though not without much hesitation on the part of her
+    friends. The result, however, was entire recovery from the
+    mental disorder, and some improvement in her general health."
+
+Puerperal mania resulted in one case cited, from the use of a moderate
+amount of wine at mealtimes; when the wine was abandoned the mania
+subsided.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+WHY DOCTORS STILL PRESCRIBE ALCOHOLICS.
+
+
+Workers in the department of Medical Temperance of the Woman's Christian
+Temperance Union are told repeatedly by the better class of physicians
+that they would be glad often not to prescribe alcohol if patients and
+their friends would not insist upon its use. There is a deep-rooted
+prejudice in favor of alcohol as a remedy in the minds of the great
+multitude of people, and they are ready to distrust as fanatical, or
+incompetent, any physician who does not use it. Dr. Norman Kerr, a
+well-known physician of England, says, that during a ten years'
+residence in America, he found people unwilling to pay him as much for
+his services as they were willing to pay one who prescribed alcoholics.
+Even those who were abstainers from liquors as beverages distrusted him
+for not using these things as medicines. Indeed, this prejudice goes so
+far with many that they will refuse to employ a non-alcoholic physician,
+if they know him to be such. In consequence of this latter fact, there
+are great numbers of skilful physicians who say nothing about alcohol
+lest they be considered "faddists," and lose practice, but who never
+prescribe it unless it is asked for by the patient or his friends.
+
+Again, consulting physicians will sometimes insist upon the use of
+alcohol, and thus seeds of distrust of the non-alcoholic physician will
+be sown.
+
+Dr. J. J. Ridge says of medical prescriptions:--
+
+    "Hundreds of medical men order alcoholic liquors from habit,
+    from ignorance of their real effect, from fashion, or from a
+    desire to please, or not to offend, their patients. Port-wine is
+    constantly being ordered when persons are recovering from
+    various diseases; day by day they regain their strength, and the
+    port-wine gets all the credit of it, especially since each glass
+    seems to diffuse a comfortable glow over the whole body. They
+    forget that the process of recovery would have gone on without
+    the port, and that hundreds and thousands of people do get well
+    without it. They often ignore the fact that they are taking real
+    tonics in addition. They are misled by the sensations which the
+    alcohol causes; they do not know that it relaxes the
+    blood-vessels instead of improving their tone; that it exhausts
+    the heart by making it beat away more rapidly to no profit.
+    Hence the convalescence is actually more prolonged than it would
+    otherwise be. Gentle exercise, regulated baths, good food, balmy
+    sleep, these are the true restoratives of the exhausted system,
+    and no jugglery with sedatives, such as alcohol, can produce the
+    desired result.
+
+    "It is by its sedative action that alcohol has obtained its
+    position in public opinion. It will render persons insensible to
+    various uneasy sensations, and the majority prefer to continue
+    the bad habits which produce the uneasy sensations, and then to
+    take them away by a dose or two of some alcoholic liquor, or,
+    indeed, to take this before the uneasy sensations come on. In
+    this way they do themselves injury and make themselves
+    unconscious of it. Dr. Beaumont, who had the opportunity of
+    examining the interior of Alexis St. Martin's stomach, and of
+    seeing how digestion went on, was astonished to see how inflamed
+    the mucous membrane could be without any consciousness of it. He
+    observed, as a matter of fact, that alcoholic drinks of all
+    kinds hindered the process of digestion, and produced this
+    morbid condition of the mucous membrane. The relief, therefore,
+    which can be obtained by alcohol is delusive and dangerous.
+
+    "But some persons say they are afraid to abandon the use of
+    alcohol because they have been in the habit of taking it for a
+    long period. This fear is entirely groundless. The alcohol will
+    be missed for a time, just as a person who has been using
+    crutches would miss them if thrown away; but they will do better
+    without both after a little while. There is no kind of
+    constitution which renders a person unable to do without
+    alcohol. The prisoners in all our jails have to leave off their
+    drink at once, and altogether, on entering there, and no harm
+    ever ensues in consequence. But some say that this is because
+    their diet is so carefully arranged, and the hygienic condition
+    of the prison so perfect. Quite so. This shows us clearly that
+    when total abstainers become ill outside the prison, their
+    illness is to be attributed to some error in diet or hygiene, or
+    to some accidental circumstance. It is absurd to think that the
+    infraction of one law of health can be nullified by breaking
+    another; that if you eat too much, or too fast, or too often, or
+    what is not good for you, you can escape the consequences by
+    injuring yourself with alcohol."
+
+Dr. N. S. Davis was for many years openly sneered at by many of his
+professional brethren as "a cold-water fanatic." Since his views are now
+being rapidly adopted by progressive medical men all over the civilized
+world, it may be that soon those physicians who cling to alcohol will
+deserve the soubriquet of "alcohol fanatics." Dr. Davis said:--
+
+    "If I am asked why the profession continues to prescribe these
+    drinks, I answer; simply from the force of habit and traditional
+    education, coupled with a reluctance to risk the experiment of
+    omitting them while the general popular notions sanction their
+    use. Nothing is easier than self-deception in this matter. A
+    patient is suddenly taken with syncope, or nervous weakness,
+    from which abundant experience has shown that a speedy recovery
+    would take place by simple rest and fresh air. But in the alarm
+    of friends something must be done. A little wine or brandy is
+    given, and as it is not sufficient to positively prevent, the
+    patient in due time revives just as would have been the case if
+    neither wine nor brandy had been used.
+
+    "Of course both doctor and friends will regard the so-called
+    stimulant as the cause of the recovery. So, too, when patients
+    are getting weak, in the advanced stage of fever, or some other
+    self-limited disease, an abundance of nourishment is regularly
+    administered, in the greater part of which is mixed some kind of
+    alcoholic drink. The latter will always occupy the chief
+    attention, and if, after a severe run, the fever, or disease,
+    finally disappears, it will be said that the patient was
+    sustained or 'kept alive' for over two or three weeks, as the
+    case may be, 'solely by the stimulants,' when, in fact, if the
+    same nourishment and care had been given without a drop of
+    alcohol, he would have convalesced sooner, and more perfectly,
+    as I have seen demonstrated a thousand times in my experience."
+
+Dr. Casgrau, of Dublin, says that physicians who make personal use of
+alcohol are not able to give an unbiased opinion about its action, as
+one of its most marked effects is that of a narcotic to the mental
+powers; such physicians are not so acute to observe the action of this,
+or any drug.
+
+Sir B. W. Richardson, M. D., in an address upon the reasons why
+physicians still prescribe alcoholics, says that the magnetism of public
+opinion has great weight with professional men.
+
+    "All professions are under that subtle influence. All
+    professions whatever their duties, whatever their learning may
+    be, are sensitive and obedient to that influence. In their pride
+    they think they lead public opinion; it is a mistake, they
+    always follow it on every question in which the people, at
+    large, have a voice. They can assist in influencing the public
+    voice, and sometimes, to quote the words of Abbe Purcelle,
+    spoken in the dawn of the great French Revolution, they may
+    prove that 'respect for sovereign power sometimes consists in
+    transgressing its orders,' but as a general rule not merely the
+    orders but the inclinations are obeyed. We have to wait on, and
+    for, public opinion, and in nothing so much as on the subject of
+    alcohol. The use of alcoholic beverages rests not on argument
+    but on habit, custom. To those whom it affects personally it is
+    an absolute monarch. It makes its own empire. By the very action
+    which it has upon the body of those who receive it into
+    themselves it rules and governs. The joke of the inebriate man
+    that when he had taken his potation he was quite another man and
+    that then he felt it his duty to treat that other man, is
+    literally true, a terse and faithful expression of a natural
+    fact. The man or woman born and bred under the influence of
+    alcohol is of the race of alcohol, and as distinct a person as
+    any racial peculiarity can supply. The reason, the judgment, the
+    temper, the senses are attuned by it. It is loved by its lovers
+    like life. The grape to them is no longer a luscious fruit; it
+    is 'the mother of mighty wine,' and he who is bold enough to
+    disown that motherhood must stand apart. How can a profession
+    however strong, march all at once against such an overwhelming
+    influence? Itself born, perchance, under the influence bred
+    under it, how shall it immediately be transformed? Why disobey
+    the influence? It is in the _interest_ of the doctor to obey, in
+    a worldly sense of view; but more--it is in his _nature_ to
+    obey. The strong bands of nature and interest go hand in hand.
+    Is it wonderful that the genius of a professional man so
+    situated should, according to the quality of his genius, uphold,
+    root and branch, the role of his nativity? On the contrary the
+    wonder is that he has ever done anything else. It is most
+    natural that he should be amongst the last to take up what
+    revolutionizes all the manners, and customs, and faiths, of
+    society. A lady will ask her physician the question, May I take
+    wine, Sir? As much as you like Madam; it is very bad for you and
+    I take none, but that is your business entirely. Henceforth that
+    gentleman is said to be one who prescribes alcohol in any
+    quantity. In fact, he never prescribes it, for although when
+    forbidding is hopeless, there is all the difference in the world
+    between prescribing and permitting, permitting goes down as if
+    it were prescribing. Often a patient will try to compromise. On
+    an ocean of whisky and water, brandy and soda, or other
+    poisonous mixture, he is floating into fatal paralysis. You tell
+    him so faithfully, and he says he knows it and will drop down to
+    claret. If you assent, he tells his friends you have changed his
+    brandy or whisky to wine; if you dissent, he says you have left
+    your duty as a doctor undone, in order to become an advocate for
+    abstaining temperance, about which he is as competent a judge as
+    you are, and he won't pay fees for that advice. He pays to be
+    cured of his disease, not to be dragooned into a system peculiar
+    in its tenets. In an alcoholic world there is a strong argument
+    in this decision. It rolls splendidly, especially down hill."
+
+After speaking of non-alcoholic physicians, and their opinions of the
+harmfulness of alcohol, he adds:--
+
+    "On the other side, there are practitioners who, under the
+    magnetism of public opinion, as earnestly believe the opposite
+    in relation to alcohol, who declare they could not,
+    conscientiously, practice their profession if they were
+    debarred the use of alcohol, and who look on the advance and the
+    growth of scientific abstaining principles--which they cannot
+    avoid recognizing--with positive dread. The extremists on this
+    side are indeed extreme in their fanaticism. They shut their
+    eyes to the most obvious facts, and do not hesitate in their
+    blindness to misrepresent the most obvious truths. They affirm
+    that under the influence of total abstinence and, by inference,
+    because of total abstinence, the yearly decreasing death-rate of
+    the population is accompanied by reduction of vitality; that
+    people who live long are more enfeebled than those who live
+    short lives and merry; that under abstinence from alcohol
+    fearful diseases are being developed; that the total abstainers
+    have less power for resisting disease than the moderate
+    temperate; and that under the current system of advance towards
+    total abstinence, a very small advance yet by the way, diseases
+    of a low type have developed and extended their ravages."
+
+It is only physicians of large conscientiousness, or of great
+independence of character, who will dare to go counter to the prejudices
+of the people.
+
+Consequently, it is necessary to educate _the people_ in the teachings
+of those physicians, whose eminence in the profession has permitted
+them, or whose conscientiousness has driven them, to expose the
+delusions concerning the medical value of alcoholic beverages. When the
+people cease to believe in alcoholic remedies, physicians will no longer
+prescribe them. But while the majority desire the "physicians'
+prescription" as a cover for indulgence, there will be found physicians
+willing to give such prescriptions.
+
+That the prescription of alcohol by physicians is largely a matter of
+routine may be seen from the following two cases, reported to the writer
+by county superintendents of the department of Medical Temperance.
+
+In the first case, the physician said to the nurse, "If the patient's
+heart becomes weak, you might give a little brandy or whisky." Seeing
+reluctance expressed upon the nurse's countenance, he added hastily, "Or
+coffee, strong coffee will do just as well." The nurse in reporting this
+to the writer, said, "Why couldn't he have ordered coffee in the first
+place if he thought it equally good?"
+
+The second case was that of an aged woman whose physician ordered whisky
+as a tonic. Her granddaughter ventured to ask, "Would not whisky have a
+narcotic rather than a tonic effect?" He replied thoughtfully, "Well,
+tell the truth, I suppose it would."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+ALCOHOLIC PROPRIETARY OR 'PATENT' MEDICINES.
+
+
+America has been called the Paradise of Quacks, and with good reason.
+For years patent medicine manufacturers had such complete control of the
+American press, both secular and religious, that it was almost
+impossible to reach the public with information as to the real nature of
+these concoctions. Consequently the people accepted with amazing
+credulity the startling claims to miraculous cures of various pills and
+potions as set forth under glaring headlines in the daily papers. The
+publicity of the last few years has hurt the traffic seriously, but it
+still has a great hold upon the ignorant and credulous part of the
+population, and there is still a very large number of these preparations
+upon the market. Many persons think that the Pure Food Law guarantees
+every drug preparation now sold to be perfectly safe for use. This is a
+great error. The guarantee means simply that the manufacturer guarantees
+that his preparation is as he states upon the label; the government
+guarantees nothing concerning the matter. That the guarantee of the
+manufacturer is not always truthful has been shown by analyses of some
+preparations made by state and national chemists. All the advantage that
+the public has through the Pure Food Law, so far as drug preparations
+are concerned, is that the percentage of alcohol must be printed upon
+the label, and the presence of certain dangerous drugs, such as
+morphine, cocaine, and acetanilid must be indicated. Thus persons
+intelligent as to the nature of these drugs will avoid medicines which
+the label says contains them. The ignorant are not protected. It was
+difficult to secure even this small restriction upon the sale of
+proprietary medicines because of the opposition of a large number of
+newspaper publishers who were sharing the ill-gotten gains of the
+medical fakirs.
+
+A careful compilation of manufacturers' announcements list 1,806
+so-called patent medicines sold in open markets, in which alcohol, opium
+or other toxic drugs form constituent parts. 675 of the preparations are
+known as "bitters," stomachics, or cordials, and alcohol enters into
+their composition in quantities varying from fifteen to fifty per cent.;
+390 are recommended for coughs and colds, nearly all of which contain
+opium. Sixty remedies are sold for the relief of pain, and no other
+purpose. 120 are for nervous troubles, and of this number, sixty-five
+have entering into their composition coca leaves, or kola nut, or both,
+or are represented by their respective active principles, cocaine or
+caffeine. 129 are offered for headaches, and kindred ailments, and
+usually with a guarantee to give immediate relief. In these are
+generally compounded phenacetine, caffeine, antipyrine, acetanilid, or
+morphine, diluted with soda, or sugar of milk. Dysentery, diarrhoea,
+cholera morbus, cramp in bowels, etc., have 185 quick reliefs or
+"cures" to their credit, nearly all of which contain opium, many of them
+in addition, alcohol, ginger, capsicum or myrrh in various combinations,
+and there are numerous cases on record where children and adults have
+been narcotized by their excessive use. Some manufacturers print on the
+labels covering these goods, words of caution limiting the amount to be
+taken. Forty-eight compounds for asthma contain caffeine and morphine.
+Sufferers from toothache have their choice from thirty-eight remedies,
+and thirty-six soothing, or teething, syrups are provided for infants.
+
+Many people have ignorantly and innocently formed an alcohol, morphine,
+or cocaine habit through the use of patent medicines. Many deaths have
+occurred from headache powders of which acetanilid is the chief
+ingredient. Dr. Harvey W. Wiley, chief of the Bureau of Chemistry, says
+of these headache powders:--
+
+    "A woman has a headache and she uses one of these remedies. It
+    relieves the pain. When she has another attack she uses it again
+    and again with the same result. After a while she finds the
+    usual amount of the remedy does not cure the pain. She uses two
+    portions, and so the habit is formed until absolute danger is
+    confronted. For one thing must not be forgotten: these remedies
+    are powerful, for if they were not they would be of no effect.
+    They are in certain doses deadly; they depress the nervous
+    system; they disturb the digestion; they interfere with natural
+    sleep; they require to be used in increasingly larger quantities
+    as the system becomes accustomed to their use; they are almost
+    without exception excreted by the kidneys, thus adding an
+    additional burden to organs already badly overworked. They
+    produce a habit of gaining relief which becomes an obsession and
+    incapable of being resisted."
+
+It may be asked, "How is it if these mixtures are harmful only, that so
+many people profess to have received benefit from them?" There are
+different reasons for this.
+
+1. The nature of such drugs as alcohol, opium and cocaine is to benumb
+sensation, so that pain is stilled, and the pain, or functional
+disturbance forgotten for the time, because the nerves are drugged into
+insensibility. The person _feels_ better while under the influence of
+the drug, so thinks it is benefiting him.
+
+2. There are people who imagine they have diseases which they do not
+have; since trained physicians occasionally err in diagnosis, it is not
+strange if the laity should do likewise. Such persons are always ready
+to aver that a certain medicine "cured" them.
+
+A ludicrous example of this is a woman out West, whose picture graces
+the advertisements of a certain nostrum, accompanied by a testimonial
+that said nostrum cured her of a "polypus"! Upon being written to as to
+how such a preparation could effect such a cure, she answered that,
+after giving the testimonial, she found that she had not had a polypus!
+
+3. Some of the cures attributed to drugs, are doubtless due to Nature.
+It is estimated that from 30 to 90 per cent. of ailments are cured by
+Nature, unassisted, and often in spite of, the drugs swallowed. Many of
+the books advertising these remedies (?) give excellent rules of health,
+which, if followed, would restore persons to vigor more speedily
+without the accompanying medicine, than they can be restored while the
+system has the poisonous drugs to throw off. It may be reasonably
+assumed that a goodly number of recoveries ascribed to drug treatments
+are due, in reality, to the resisting force of a good constitution, or
+to obedience to the laws of health given in the circular.
+
+4. It is not uncommon for people suffering from certain diseases to have
+temporary remissions in the course of the disease. No doubt, some of the
+cases reported as cures are such spontaneous remissions, which are
+followed, after the testimonials have been written, by relapse. The
+majority of people are ignorant of the natural course of diseases--of
+what happens when no treatment is taken. They do not know that a great
+many affections are characterized by periods of apparent recovery. For
+instance in some varieties of paralysis, as well as in consumption, the
+sufferer may to appearance recover completely for a few months or
+longer; if a remedy was being used at the time, it would naturally get
+the credit of causing the favorable change.
+
+However, all of the glowing testimonials of wonderful benefits accruing
+from patent medicines are not what they seem to be. Dr. J. H. Kellogg
+says in his _Monitor of Health_:--
+
+    "The average manufacturer of patent medicines regularly employs
+    a person of some literary attainment whose duty it is to invent
+    vigorous testimonials of sufferings relieved by Dr. Charlatan's
+    universal panacea. In many instances persons are hired to give
+    testimonials, and answer letters of inquiry in such a way as to
+    encourage business. The shameless dishonesty and ingenious
+    villainy exhibited are beyond description."
+
+Recently an advertisement of one of these nostrums stated in the
+headlines that said nostrum was used in the Frances Willard Temperance
+Hospital, Chicago. The testimonial appended purported to be from a nurse
+in that hospital, _but the testimonial did not state, as did the
+headlines_, that the preparation was ever used in that hospital. The
+president of the hospital board of trustees states that the nurse
+positively denies having given any testimonial to the company thus
+advertising. She did give one to another patent medicine concern, but
+not to this, and never said either was used in the hospital, nor have
+they been. Suit could be brought for damages, but unfortunately the
+patent medicine people have unlimited money, and the hospital has not.
+
+Early in the present year there appeared in many daily papers a large
+advertising picture of a man whose name was appended as a professional
+nurse of a western city.
+
+The following testimonial accompanied the picture:--
+
+    "Mr. ---- of ----, who is a professional nurse of experience,
+    writes,--'My friend is improving, thanks to ----, and you. I am
+    called on to nurse the sick of all classes. I recommend ---- to
+    such an extent that I am nicknamed ---- (giving name of nostrum)
+    by nearly everybody.'"
+
+As the writer of this book was acquainted with a physician residing in
+the small city mentioned in the advertisement, she wrote to him,
+requesting that he investigate this testimonial.
+
+He replied that he found the chief part of the advertisement, namely,
+that Mr. ---- was a professional nurse, false; "First, by his own
+statement as he told me this morning that he never claimed to be a
+professional nurse. And my personal acquaintance with him, as well as
+that of a number of other physicians in our little city, and reliable
+men and women of this community who are acquainted with him, all testify
+to the same thing, namely; that he is not a professional nurse, neither
+is he a nurse, or even a reliable man. He is an innocent, ignorant man,
+very close to the pauper class. He told me when I read the commendation
+to which his name is affixed, that it was all true except the
+professional nurse part, and that was entirely false, as stated above."
+
+As the picture was of a fine-looking, intelligent-appearing man it
+probably was as _genuine_ as the testimonial.
+
+The following was clipped from a copy of _Merck's Report_, April, 1899,
+a druggists' paper published in New York city:--
+
+
+                      MANY DRUGGISTS INDIGNANT.
+
+        A PATENT-MEDICINE ADVERTISEMENT CONTAINS UNAUTHORIZED
+                           ENDORSEMENTS.
+
+    "Fully a score of East-side druggists are up in arms over the
+    unauthorized use of their names in a full-page newspaper
+    advertisement of a widely-known specific. This advertisement
+    appeared recently in certain New York daily papers, and retail
+    druggists who have made it a rule of their business never to
+    recommend any particular proprietary article, found themselves
+    quoted in unqualified laudation of the article so liberally
+    advertised. The names and addresses of the druggists were given
+    in full, and when several of the men quoted conferred together
+    they found that the most barefaced misrepresentation had been
+    resorted to.
+
+    "One of the pharmacists thus misrepresented, happened to be
+    Sidney Faber, the secretary of the Board of Pharmacy. He was not
+    selling this particular specific, and had never said a word for
+    or against it, nevertheless, six or eight lines of endorsement
+    of the article were directly attributed to him. He called on
+    some of his druggist neighbors whose names he saw in the
+    advertisement, and ascertained that they, too, had been falsely
+    and unwarrantably quoted. Mr. Faber promptly wrote to the
+    proprietors of the specific in question, and denounced the
+    published endorsements bearing his name, as a forgery. His
+    indignation was by no means appeased when he received a letter
+    from the proprietary concern, couched in the following language:
+    'We regret to learn that you have been annoyed by any statements
+    that have appeared in New York city papers. We will forward your
+    letter to them.'
+
+    "Within the past few days several of the druggists whose names
+    were used in this advertisement without authority, have been
+    considering the advisability of taking legal proceedings in
+    order to ascertain their rights in the matter. It is contrary to
+    pharmaceutical ethics for a pharmacist to specially endorse any
+    proprietary article, or patent medicine. Some of the offended
+    druggists propose to contribute to a fund for the purpose of
+    publicly, and widely, advertising this unwarranted use of their
+    names."
+
+When patent medicine advertisers would dare to resort to such a
+wholesale fraud as this, what may they be expected to refrain from?
+
+As an illustration of how commendations from notable persons are
+sometimes obtained, the following is cited: In the winter of 1899,
+appeared an advertising picture of the lovely Christian lady from
+Denmark, the Countess Schimmelmann, who was spending some time in
+Chicago. Below her picture were the words:--
+
+    "Adeline, Countess Schimmelmann, whose portrait is here given,
+    in a recent letter to the ---- company, (mentioning proprietors
+    of nostrum) speaks of friends of hers who have been benefited by
+    ---- (mentioning nostrum), and who first advised her to
+    recommend it to her sick friends.
+
+    "The Countess, as is well known, is a prominent member of the
+    Danish court. Her coming to this country has been much talked
+    of. Her real object is one of charity. She is stopping in
+    Chicago, _and from there writes her straightforward endorsement
+    of_ ---- (mentioning nostrum)."
+
+The italics are the writer's. The picture and the testimonial were cut
+from the paper, and sent to the countess, asking if she had so spoken of
+this medicine, and, if so, did she, a strong total abstinence woman,
+know that this mixture contains a large percentage of alcohol.
+
+She responded as follows:--
+
+    "Thank you for asking me about the enclosed. A white-ribbon lady
+    came and asked me if I would do her the great kindness to
+    recommend ---- compound (made up of the juice of celery). I said
+    I could not personally recommend it as I neither use, nor want,
+    medicine. But some very reliable friends of mine (_temperance
+    people_, and _true Christians_) told me I would do a good thing
+    in recommending it as they used it, and found it excellent. Then
+    I wrote the following: 'I myself cannot recommend ---- compound
+    as I do not suffer from any of the ailments it is said to be
+    good for, but reliable friends of mine tell me that it is
+    excellent, and I would do a good thing in recommending it to my
+    friends. Adeline, Countess Schimmelmann.'
+
+    "I will only consent to the publishing of this letter if you
+    publish the _whole_ letter, and no extract from it, as the
+    white-ribbon lady did for the ---- compound."
+
+If a white-ribboner played this mean trick upon this distinguished
+Christian worker she is unworthy of membership in the Woman's Christian
+Temperance Union. It is more than likely that the "white-ribbon lady,"
+was a paid advertising agent of the patent medicine manufacturer, and
+wore a white-ribbon to gain the confidence of the Countess.
+
+Whether patent medicine manufacturers know how to doctor all ills to
+which human flesh is heir may be doubted, but that their advertising
+agents are skilful "doctors" of testimonials is very evident to any one
+acquainted with the facts.
+
+The Department of Public Charities of New York city in a "Report on the
+use of so-called Proprietary Medicines as Therapeutic Agents," says:--
+
+    "In connection with this subject it might be mentioned that, for
+    years past, the name of Bellevue Hospital has been taken in vain
+    by a number of persons and firms, without any authority
+    whatever. It is a common occurrence that samples of proprietary
+    medicines, foods, mineral waters, plasters, etc., etc. are sent
+    to the hospital, or to members of the house-staff for 'trial,'
+    whereupon the subsequent advertisements of the articles in
+    question often assert that the latter are 'used in Bellevue
+    Hospital,' leaving the impression upon the mind of the reader
+    that the article, or articles, have been used with the sanction
+    of some member of the Medical Board. It is probably impossible
+    to find a remedy for this evil, from which many other
+    institutions of repute likewise suffer. To publish a denial of
+    such false assertions would only aggravate the evil. The utmost
+    that can be done appears to be, to caution the medical staff
+    against any entanglements with, or encouragement of, the agents
+    of the interested parties."
+
+This report, which was adopted by the Medical Board of Bellevue
+Hospital, classifies proprietary preparations as "Objectionable" or
+"Unobjectionable" according to the following rules:--
+
+    "Unobjectionable preparations are those, the origin and
+    composition of which is not kept secret, and which are known to
+    serve a useful and legitimate purpose. Malted Milk is an
+    example. Objectionable proprietary preparations, by far the
+    largest group of the whole class, comprise all those which are
+    aimed at under the medical code of ethics under the term 'secret
+    nostrum,' which term may be more closely defined thus:
+
+    "A secret nostrum is a preparation, the origin or composition of
+    which is kept secret, the therapeutic claims for which are
+    unreasonable or unscientific, or which is not intended for a
+    legitimate purpose.
+
+    "Examples: The various 'Soothing Syrups,' 'Female Regulators,'
+    'Blood Purifiers,' and thousands of others."
+
+Dr. A. Emil Hiss, Ph. G., says of the secrecy of these preparations:--
+
+    "A secret compound with a meaningless title is presumptively a
+    fraud. Why a secret if not to permit extravagant, or fraudulent,
+    claims as to therapeutic merit? * * * * * The ruling motive of
+    the secret being essentially false and dishonest, its employment
+    in the interest of any remedy is clearly a sufficient cause for
+    its condemnation and ostracism."
+
+Mothers sometimes wonder why their boys take so readily to cigarettes,
+or their daughters to cocaine, never thinking that the soothing syrup,
+or cough mixture given freely by themselves to their children developed
+a craving for something stronger later on. Mrs. Winslow's Soothing
+Syrup, advertised for years in church as well as secular papers as
+"invaluable for children," is cited in the report for 1888 of the
+Massachusetts State Board of Health as containing opium; also Ayer's
+Cherry Pectoral, Dr. Bull's Cough Syrup, Jayne's Expectorant, Hooker's
+Cough and Croup Syrup, Moore's Essence of Life, Mother Bailey's Quieting
+Syrup, and others too numerous to mention. The report says:--
+
+    "The sale of soothing syrups, and all medicines designed for the
+    use of children, which contain opium and its preparations should
+    be prohibited. Many would be deterred from using a preparation
+    known to contain opium, who would use without question a
+    soothing syrup recommended for teething children."
+
+Again, on page 149 the following is quoted from a prominent physician:--
+
+    "Among infants, and in the early years of life, soothing syrups
+    are the cause of untold misery; for seeds are doubtlessly sown
+    in infancy only to bear the most pernicious fruit in adult life.
+    It is said that one of the best known soothing syrups contains
+    from one to three grains of morphia to the ounce of syrup. I
+    believe that stringent legal measures should immediately be
+    taken to stop the sale of so-called soothing syrups containing
+    opium, morphia or codeine."
+
+The writer has known mothers so ignorant of the nature of these soothing
+syrups as to deliberately put the baby to sleep upon them in order to
+insure relief from care for some hours.
+
+Prof. J. Redding, M. D., says on this point:--
+
+    "While it may be true that an adult, of his own free will, and
+    without incentive, or predisposing causes, does occasionally
+    become a drunkard, I am convinced that nine hundred and
+    ninety-nine out of every one thousand individuals who become
+    drunkards are made so in embryo, infancy, or childhood, by the
+    use of alcoholic decoctions, soothing syrups, opiates, calomel,
+    etc. which are given as medicines to allay pain, obtund nerve
+    sensibility, to cure the little sufferer of his _vital
+    manifestations_, of his _mental discomforts_, but leave the
+    actual disease and its, perhaps, putrid causation to time and
+    debilitated vitality to remove."
+
+Of the danger and harmfulness of patent cough mixtures _The American
+Therapist_ says:--
+
+    "Cough mixtures as a rule, do more harm than good. Nine times
+    out of ten the principal ingredient is opium. It is true that
+    opium may lessen the tendency to cough, but it does great damage
+    by arresting the normal secretions, and the system becomes
+    affected by the poisons from the kidneys, skin, stomach,
+    intestines and the mucous membrane lining the upper air
+    passages. Not only do these mixtures arrest every secretion in
+    the body, but they also show their deteriorating and degrading
+    effect through the stomach. They contain substances which tend
+    to disorder and derange digestion."
+
+Several years ago the Post-Office Department at Washington was led to
+take an interest in the question of fraudulent "patent" medicines, and
+an examination of many of these nostrums was undertaken by government
+chemists. Fraud orders were issued against some of the most flagrant
+offenders, forbidding them the use of the mails. This has not done away
+with the evil, however, for they usually move to another city, and begin
+business again under another name.
+
+The examinations made for the Post Office Department revealed the fact
+that a great many of the so-called medicines on the market were
+intoxicating beverages in disguise. The Internal Revenue Department then
+took up the matter and a long list of these beverage medicines was sent
+out to internal revenue agents with instructions that these must not be
+sold henceforth unless by persons paying a special tax for the sale of
+alcoholic beverages.
+
+Some of the manufacturers of these nostrums availed themselves of
+opportunity given to add a recognized medicinal agent to their flavored
+alcohol and water and such preparations were stricken from the list of
+those requiring a whisky license for their sale. Peruna and Hostetter's
+Bitters were the best-known of these. Peruna had been up to this time
+what government chemists called "a cheap cocktail." The report of the
+pure food commissioner of North Dakota for 1906 gives on page 157 an
+analysis of it as now upon the market: "Alcohol by volume, 21.25 per
+cent.; total solids, 3.846 per cent.; ash, .158 per cent." The report
+says:--
+
+    "The only thing of a medicinal nature that we could find in this
+    preparation appeared to be a small amount of senna combined with
+    a bitters of some kind."
+
+Proprietary "Foods" have not escaped attention from chemists. Dr.
+Charles Harrington, for several years secretary of Massachusetts Board
+of Health, was the first to publish an analysis of these preparations
+showing their alcoholic strength and their small nutritive content. He
+lists "foods" examined by him as follows:--
+
+    "Liquid Peptonoids 23.03 alcohol; maximum amount recommended
+    will yield less than one ounce of nutriment per day, and the
+    equivalent of 3.50 oz. of whisky. Hemapeptone 10.60 alcohol;
+    Hemaboloids 15.81 alcohol; the maximum dose recommended yields
+    about 1/4 oz. of nutriment, and the equivalent of about 1-1/2
+    oz. of whisky daily. Tonic Beef 15.58 alcohol; doses recommended
+    yield about 1/2 oz. nutriment daily, and the equivalent of one
+    ounce of whiskey. Mulford's Predigested Beef 19.72 alcohol;
+    doses recommended yield about 1-1/4 oz. nutriment daily, and the
+    alcoholic equivalent of about 6 oz. of whisky. There were
+    "Foods" for the sick examined which were non-alcoholic, but
+    their nutritive value was about nothing in comparison to their
+    cost."
+
+The Committee on Pharmacy of the American Medical Association reports on
+the following foods thus:--
+
+    Carpanutrine 17.3 alcohol; Liquid Peptones (Lilly & Co.) 22.0;
+    Nutrient Wine of Beef Peptone (Armour) 21.5; Nutritive Liquid
+    Peptone 23.0; Panopepton 18.5; Peptonic Elixir 18.8; Tonic Beef
+    16.1. The report on these says: "There are no fatty substances
+    present in these products; their food value from this point of
+    view is, therefore, _nil_."
+
+A prominent physician of Philadelphia said of these "Foods" in the
+Journal of the A. M. A.:--
+
+    "I have long been convinced that many a patient has suffered
+    severely when preparations such as these were being used, and
+    that not a few of them have died, chiefly of starvation. * * * A
+    very important disadvantage of these foods is their alcoholic
+    content. Even in the small doses customarily used, the quantity
+    of alcohol is often irritating to the stomach, and may be
+    disadvantageous in other ways."
+
+The Committee on Pharmacy also reported on cod-liver oil preparations.
+They said: "A preparation claiming to represent cod-liver oil which does
+not contain oil in some form is fraudulent. Waterbury's Metabolized
+Cod-Liver Oil and Hagee's Cordial of Cod-Liver Oil are cited as
+examples. It is claimed by the manufacturers that the latter represents
+33 per cent. of pure Norwegian cod-liver oil, but in neither of these
+preparations did the tests made by the committee show any oil. Analysis
+revealed sugar, alcohol, and glycerine, none of which is contained in
+cod-liver oil."
+
+Vinol is advertised as Wine of Cod-Liver Oil, but is admittedly without
+oil, and according to analysis contains 18.8 per cent. alcohol.
+Wampole's Tasteless Preparation of Cod-Liver Oil showed 20.05 per cent.
+of alcohol.
+
+Cod-Liver Oil is considerably out of date now as a prescribed remedy
+because physicians have found that it impairs appetite. Cream and fresh
+butter and olive oil are advised instead.
+
+Australia has been such a harvest field for patent medicine
+manufacturers that a government commission was appointed to study the
+subject. This commission presented a voluminous report to the
+parliament of 1907. This report gives an analysis of most of the
+extensively advertised medicines. Doan's Backache Kidney Pills are said
+to be made of oil of juniper 1 drop, hemlock pitch 10 grains, potassium
+nitrate 5 grains, powdered fenugreek (Greek hay) 4 grains, wheat flour 4
+grains, maize starch 2 grains. The report says: "The stuff is the
+cheapest kind of skin-plaster made up into pills." The seeds of
+fenugreek are used mainly for poultices. Doan's Dinner Pills contain two
+drastic purgatives, podophyllin and aloin. Both of these are dangerous
+drugs. Aloin frequently produces hemorrhoids (piles). The _British
+Medical Journal_ says that the material in forty of the Kidney Pills and
+four Dinner Pills would cost one English halfpenny (one cent).
+
+Vitae-Ore is given as consisting of ordinary sulphate of iron (green
+vitriol) to which a little Epsom salts has been added. Munyon's Kidney
+Cure, which claims to cure Bright's disease, gravel, and all urinary
+diseases, is given as composed entirely of sugar. Dr. Williams' Pink
+Pills are said to be an iron pill much the same as the ordinary Blaud's
+Pills which are sold in drug-stores for half, or less than half, the
+price of the proprietary article. (Iron is said by recent investigators
+to be very injurious to the stomach.)
+
+The Committee on Pharmacy of the American Medical Association has
+analyzed many proprietary medicines; from their reports the following
+analyses are taken. "Health Grains," which are claimed to be a remedy
+for "Dyspepsia, Indigestion, Nervousness, etc.," were found to consist
+of 87.50 per cent. of coarse quartz sand, and 12.50 per cent. of rock
+candy and syrup.
+
+    "Hoff's Consumption Cure consists essentially of sodium
+    cinnamate and extract of opium, a mixture at one time suggested
+    for the treatment of tuberculosis, but which has been discarded
+    by physicians. A medicine which depends on opium for whatever
+    therapeutic effect it may have is, when sold indiscriminately to
+    the laity, inherently vicious."
+
+Sartoin Skin Food for "sunburn, and all skin blemishes" was made of
+Epsom salts colored with a pink dye. The government prosecuted the
+company sending out Epsom salts as a "food," and they were fined $20 for
+thus seeking to dupe silly women.
+
+Malt extracts are very extensively used at the present time, under the
+popular notion that they are an aid to starch digestion. That they are a
+product of the brewery has caused them to be looked upon with suspicion
+by cautious people, but the multitude has apparently given no thought,
+or care, as to whether or not they may be alcoholic. Dr. Charles
+Harrington presented the results of an examination of these preparations
+at a meeting of the Boston Society of Medical Sciences, held Nov. 17,
+1896. The following is quoted from the journal of the society for
+November, 1896:--
+
+    "Twenty-one different brands of liquid malt extract were
+    obtained and analyzed. That they were not true malt extracts is
+    shown by the fact that in no one was there the slightest
+    diastatic power; all were alcoholic, some being stronger than
+    beer, ale, or even porter. In a number of specimens a large
+    amount of salicylic acid was detected."
+
+Dr. J. H. Kellogg, in commenting upon this report, said in the Dec.,
+1896, _Bulletin of the A. M. T. A._:--
+
+    "In the light of these facts, it is apparent that ale or lager
+    beer might as well be prescribed for a patient as these
+    so-called malt extracts, which are practically nothing more than
+    concentrated ale or lager."
+
+There are malt extracts, made up like honey, or syrup, in consistency,
+which are valuable.
+
+The following list of malt extracts, with accompanying letter from Prof.
+Sharples, is taken from a paper published by Hon. Henry H. Faxon, of
+Quincy, Mass.:--
+
+
+                                   "Boston, Mass., March 20, 1897.
+
+    "I enclose a list of the malt extracts examined in this office
+    during the past year or two. These samples were all in original
+    packages, obtained by officers in various parts of Eastern
+    Massachusetts. They probably very fairly represent the various
+    malt extracts on the market. I have added two samples of Porter
+    and one of Old Brown Stout for purposes of comparison.
+
+       "Yours respectfully,
+         "S. P. SHARPLES.
+           "State Assayer."
+
+
+ Name.                                                 Solids.  Alcohol.
+
+ 5193 English Malt Extract                                9.70     5.63
+ 5214 Old Grist Mill Malt Extract                        10.57     5.54
+ 5418 Old Grist Mill Malt Extract                         9.98     5.63
+ 5490 Old Grist Mill Malt Extract                        12.28     5.86
+ 5626 Old Grist Mill Malt Extract                         9.63     5.00
+ 5207 Liquid Food, a Malt Extract                        10.47     4.27
+ 5225 Pure Malt, a Liquid Food, a Tonic                   9.71     5.00
+ 5416 Pure Malt, a Liquid Food, a Tonic                  10.76     6.32
+ 5619 King's Pure Malt[C]                                 9.52     6.60
+      [Footnote C: The label on King's Malt states that
+      for a strong, healthy person, with a good appetite,
+      a pint with each meal and another on retiring at
+      night will not be too much.]
+ 5421 A Nutritious Tonic, Pure Malt Extract              10.88     6.24
+ 5226 Noris' Extract of Malt                             11.57     5.94
+ 5258 Noris' Extract of Malt                              9.31     6.55
+ 5397 Noris' Extract of Malt                             10.63     6.24
+ 5485 Noris' Extract of Malt                             10.50     6.63
+ 5620 Noris' Extract of Malt                             12.55     5.90
+ 5229 Pabst Malt Extract, The Best Tonic                 10.43     5.16
+ 5230 Hoff's Malt Extract (Tarrant's)                    11.33     8.88
+ 5489 Hoff's Malt Extract (Tarrant's)                    12.25     7.17
+ 5231 Johann Hoff'sches Malz-Extract, Gesundheit's Beir  11.31     4.34
+ 5491 Johann Hoff'sches Malz-Extract, Gesundheit's Beir  11.02     4.85
+ 5621 Johann Hoff'sches Malz-Extract, Gesundheit's Beir  10.49     4.50
+ 5408 Johann Hoff'sches Malz-Extract, Gesundheit's Beir  11.47     4.78
+ 5340 Haffenreffer & Co. Malt Wine                       11.02     6.65
+ 5423 Haffenreffer & Co. Malt Wine                       11.71     5.63
+      Liquid Bread, A Pure Extract of Malt                6.78     6.63
+ 5395 Durgin's Malt, Liquid Extract of Malt               7.12     5.94
+ 5433 Durgin's Liquid Extract of Malt                     6.49     5.55
+ 5396 Wyeth's Liquid Malt Extract                        14.80     3.35
+ 5488 Wyeth's Liquid Malt Extract                        15.50     2.86
+ 5622 Wyeth's Liquid Malt Extract                        15.73     2.35
+ 5406 Wampole's Concentrated Extract of Malt              9.84     9.86
+ 5407 Anheuser-Busch's Malt Nutrine                      15.98     3.00
+ 5600 Anheuser-Busch's Malt Nutrine                      15.82     2.25
+ 5417 Malt Extract (Sterilized), John L. Gleeson          7.97     4.71
+ 5422 Malt Extract (Sterilized), Charles C. Hearn         8.58     5.00
+ 5436 Burkhart Brewing Co.'s Malt Extract                10.73     7.01
+ 5486 Menzel's Extract of Malt                            5.90     5.24
+ 5625 Menzel's Extract of Malt                            6.75     4.35
+ 5623 King of Malt Tonics, Lion Tonic                    10.95     7.05
+ 5624 Teutonic, "A concentrated Extract
+         of Malt and Hops"                                9.95     7.45
+ 5409 Van Nostrand's Old Stout Porter,
+         "a pure malt extract"                            7.97     6.55
+ 5233 Philadelphia Porter                                 5.34     6.63
+ 5232 Burke's Guiness Stout                               6.66     7.17
+
+    The alcohol in the above table represents the cubic centimeters
+    of alcohol in a 100 cubic centimeters of the liquid. The solids
+    are the number of grams of solid extract in each 100 centimeters
+    of the liquid.
+
+        S. P. SHARPLES.
+
+
+The _British Medical Journal_, and the _British Medical Temperance
+Review_ have been calling attention to the danger in coca wines.
+Intemperance among invalids is said to be greatly on the increase from
+the use of these wines. In every case the basis of these preparations is
+strongly alcoholic wine, ranging from 18 to 20 per cent. The coca added
+is either the leaves, or liquid extract of coca, or hydrochlorate of
+cocaine.
+
+Dr. Frederic Coley says in the _British Medical Journal_:--
+
+    "Coca, and its chief alkaloid, cocaine, are drugs which possess
+    some power of removing the sense of fatigue, just as analgesics
+    remove the consciousness of pain. But they no more remove the
+    physical condition of muscles, and nerve centres, of which the
+    sense of pain gives us warning, than a dose of morphine, which
+    removes the pain of toothache, removes the offending tooth, or
+    even arrests the caries in it. The truth of this will be obvious
+    to any one who remembers enough of physiology to know what
+    fatigue really means. A muscle which is tired out is different
+    chemically from the same muscle in its more normal condition,
+    when it is ready to respond vigorously to ordinary stimuli. It
+    has lost something, and is, besides, overcharged (poisoned, in
+    fact) with the products of its own activity, and it can only be
+    restored by a fresh supply of the material which it requires,
+    and the carrying away of the poisonous waste products. Fatigue
+    of nerve centres is no doubt strictly analogous to fatigue of
+    muscles.
+
+    "It is practically impossible for us, by voluntary exertion, to
+    reach the degree of absolute fatigue, which the physiologist
+    produces by electric stimulation of a nerve-muscle preparation.
+    The sense of fatigue becomes so intense that voluntary effort
+    cannot overcome it. So no man can produce asphyxia by simply
+    holding his breath, because the _besoin de respirer_ becomes
+    irresistible; but it is quite possible for a narcotic to so dull
+    the sensory part of the respiratory reflex mechanism as to
+    permit asphyxia to take place.
+
+    "The sense of fatigue, and the _besoin de respirer_ are both
+    Nature's danger signals. Drugs which hide such signals from us
+    are a more than doubtful benefit. If it were possible for us to
+    suppose that a fraction of a grain of cocaine could afford to
+    exhausted nerve centres, and muscles, the nutriment which they
+    require for their restoration, and at the same time eliminate
+    the poisonous waste products, then it would be reasonable to
+    prescribe the drug for use by all who are overworked, and
+    perhaps suffering from the malnutrition consequent upon,
+    'nervous dyspepsia,' as well as mere want of rest.
+
+    "In this go-ahead century it is no wonder that many are but too
+    ready to experiment with a drug which professes to be able to
+    remove fatigue, and to enable a man to go on working when,
+    without its aid, weariness had become unendurable. Cocaine
+    claims all this; and it is most dangerous just because, for a
+    time, it seems able to keep its promise. That is how victims to
+    cocainism are made. Let us be honest with our overworked
+    patients, who want us to help them with drugs; let us tell them
+    that rest is the only safe remedy for weariness.
+
+    "To combine such a drug as coca, or cocaine, with an alcoholic
+    stimulant, is to multiply the dangers of cocainism by those of
+    alcoholism. It would be impossible to find terms sufficiently
+    severe in which to condemn the recklessness of those who
+    promiscuously recommend such a compound for all who are
+    overworked or debilitated. One firm actually has the assurance
+    to advertise a preparation of this kind as a remedy for
+    dipsomania. Truly this is casting out devils by Beelzebub, with
+    a vengeance. Invoking Beelzebub for such a purpose has never
+    been a success. And I suspect that any form of coca wine will
+    make a great many more dipsomaniacs than it will cure."
+
+Dr. Walter N. Edwards, F. C. S., says of coca wines:--
+
+    "These wines are sold as being useful in an immense variety of
+    ailments. The following are a few of the many that are named
+    upon the bottles or in the circulars accompanying them:--
+
+        "Weakness after illness,
+        "Nervous disorders,
+        "Sleeplessness,
+        "Influenza,
+        "Whooping cough,
+        "Exhaustion of mind and body,
+        "Allays thirst,
+        "Restores digestive function,
+        "Enables great physical toil to be undergone,
+        "Great value in excesses of all kinds,
+        "General debility,
+        "Prevents colds and chills,
+        "Makes pure, rich blood,
+        "Anaemia,
+        "Invaluable after pleurisy, pneumonia, etc.,
+        "Aid to the vocal organs.
+
+    "This is a fairly respectable list of complaints, and the very
+    fact that these preparations of coca wine are put forward as a
+    cure for so wide a range of various complaints is in itself a
+    condemnation of them.
+
+    "When any particular remedy is said to be of universal
+    application for a large number of different complaints it may be
+    looked upon with great suspicion.
+
+    "It must always be remembered that there is the commercial side
+    to this question. The proprietors have no particular regard for
+    the welfare of the people; their business is to make a profit,
+    and many of them gain enormous fortunes. By skilful and lavish
+    advertisements, and by carefully worded testimonials, they
+    appeal to the credulity of the public, and often deceive even
+    those who regard themselves as belonging to the thinking
+    classes.
+
+    "There are two specific dangers in regard to these wines. They
+    are ordinary wines, either port or sherry for the most part, and
+    therefore strongly alcoholic. The user of them is in
+    considerable danger of cultivating a taste for alcohol, and
+    certainly, there is the greatest possible danger to any one
+    having had the appetite, of reviving it.
+
+    "The dose is an elastic one, it can be repeated with
+    considerable frequency three or four times a day.
+
+    "What would be said of growing girls or youths having recourse
+    three or four times a day to the wine bottle? This is exactly
+    what they are doing when coca, and the so-called food wines are
+    placed in their hands as medicine. They like the pleasant taste,
+    there is the call of habit and appetite, and so there arises the
+    greatest possible danger of a general liking for alcoholic
+    liquors being set up. The ailing man or woman of set years is in
+    similar danger, for they are having recourse to alcohol when
+    their powers of mind and body are to some extent exhausted, and
+    they are thus less able to resist the fascination for alcohol
+    that may so quickly be brought into existence.
+
+    "Another element of danger is that the recourse to coca and kola
+    is an attempt to get more out of the body, and the mind, than
+    nature intended. Overwork, overstrain, worry, all produce
+    exhaustion of physical and nervous power. Nature pulls us up by
+    asserting herself, and we feel run down and seedy, and, perhaps,
+    quite unwell. What is wanted is rest, proper diet, and change.
+    These would quickly be restorative, and once again we should be
+    fit for the duties of life.
+
+    "In a busy age there is the strongest possible temptation to
+    seek a restorative by some occult method, rather than to give
+    the rest and refreshment that nature demands. It is upon this
+    that the whole trade in these so-called restoratives depends.
+
+    "There is no food quality in alcohol, cocaine or kola, but there
+    is in them all a narcotizing influence that in its lesser stages
+    is hurtful, and in its greater stages disastrous.
+
+    "The cocaine habit may be cultivated as easily as the alcohol
+    habit, and the two forms of disease, alcoholism and cocainism,
+    are by no means rare. The great factor in each of them is the
+    loss of will power, and when that is accomplished the descent to
+    complete moral and physical ruin is quite easy.
+
+    "A pure and simple life, in accord with the laws of health and
+    hygiene, is the panacea both for the maintenance, and the
+    restoration of health, and that is what we should strive to aim
+    at, rather than having recourse to drugs that are not only
+    ineffective, but positively dangerous."--_United Temperance
+    Gazette._
+
+In Dr. Milner Fothergill's _Practioners' Hand-book of Treatment_, fourth
+edition, the following statement is made:--
+
+    "Coca wine, and other medicated wines are largely sold to people
+    who are considered, and consider themselves, to be total
+    abstainers. It is not uncommon to hear the mother of a family
+    say, 'I never allow my girls to touch stimulants of any kind,
+    but I give them each a glass of coca wine at 11 in the morning,
+    and again at bedtime.' Originally coca wine was made from coca
+    leaves, but it is now commonly a solution of the alkaloid, in a
+    sweet and strongly alcoholic wine. This is really the gist of
+    the whole matter; coca wine is largely consumed by people who
+    fondly believe themselves to be total abstainers, and who are
+    active enough in denouncing those who take a little wine, or a
+    glass of beer at their meals. The sooner their delusion is
+    dispelled the better for themselves, and for the unfortunate
+    children over whom they exercise supervision."
+
+Another physician tells of seeing a distinguished ecclesiastical
+dignitary, a sworn foe of alcohol and its congeners, giving his young
+child a generous daily allowance of one of these wines.
+
+The user of coca wines runs a double risk--an alcohol craving may be
+revived, or created; and, at the same time, cocainism may be set up, and
+nothing but physical, mental and moral ruin follow.
+
+The _British Medical Journal_ of January 23rd, 1897, says:--
+
+    "There can be no doubt that in many parts of the world cocaine
+    inebriety is largely on the increase. The greatest number of
+    victims is to be found among society women, and among women who
+    have adopted literature as a profession; and there is no doubt
+    that a considerable proportion of chronic cocainists have fallen
+    under the dominion of the drug from a desire to stimulate their
+    powers of imagination. Others have acquired that habit quite
+    innocently from taking coca wines. The symptoms experienced by
+    the victims of the cocaine habit are illusions of sight and
+    hearing, neuromuscular irritability, and localized anaesthesia.
+    After a time insomnia supervenes, and the patient displays a
+    curious hesitancy, and an inability to arrive at a decision on
+    even the most trivial subjects."
+
+Dr. F. Coley says later on in the article before referred to:--
+
+    "There is another combination which, though utterly absurd from
+    a therapeutical point of view, is not in itself quite so
+    dangerous as coca wine. It will probably do a larger amount of
+    mischief, however, because more people take it. I refer to the
+    various preparations, so largely advertised, which profess to be
+    compounded of port wine, extract of malt, and extract of meat.
+    To the medically uneducated public this doubtless seems a most
+    promising combination: extract of meat for food, extract of malt
+    to aid digestion, port wine to make blood. Surely the very thing
+    to strengthen all who are weak, and to hasten the restoration of
+    convalescents. Unfortunately what the advertisements say--that
+    this stuff is largely prescribed by medical men--is not wholly
+    untrue.
+
+    "I do not suppose that any physician of anything like front rank
+    would make such a mistake. But busy general practitioners may be
+    excused if they prove to be a bit oblivious of physiology, and
+    so become attracted by a formula which is more plausible than
+    sound. In the first place, we all know that extract of meat is
+    not food at all. From the manner of its production, it cannot
+    contain an appreciable quantity of proteid material. It consists
+    mainly of creatin, and creatinin, and salts. These are, it is
+    needless to say, incapable of acting as food. Extract of meat,
+    and similar preparations, have their uses however; made into
+    'beef-tea,' their meaty flavor often enables patients to take a
+    quantity of bread, which would otherwise be refused; or lentil
+    flour, or some other matter may be added. In this way, though
+    not food itself, it becomes a most useful aid to feeding. It is
+    besides, a harmless stimulant, especially when taken, as it
+    always should be, hot. It should be needless to add that to
+    combine extract of meat with port wine is simply to ignore its
+    real use. The only intelligible basis for such an invention must
+    be the wholly erroneous notion that extract of meat is a food."
+
+The prices asked for "secret nostrums" are said by chemists to be
+ofttimes far beyond the value of the materials. Of one article the _New
+Idea_, a druggists' paper, says:--
+
+    "It retails at $1.50 per bottle. Such an article could be put up
+    for less than fifteen cents, including bottle, leaving by no
+    means a small margin for the profit of its manufacturers."
+
+The same paper says of a cure for catarrh, neuralgia, etc. sold in the
+form of a small ball:--
+
+    "This cure costs $2.50 per ball. A handsome profit could be made
+    upon it at 5 cents a ball."
+
+Some proprietary preparations are not harmful, but are positively inert.
+The Mass. State Board of Health in report of 1896 gives _Kaskine_ as an
+example of these. Although sold at a dollar an ounce it was found to
+consist of nothing but granulated sugar of the fine grade used in
+homeopathic pharmacy, without any medication or flavoring whatever.
+
+Dr. Edward Von Adelung in an article in _Life and Health_, Dec., 1897,
+tells of a well advertised cure for consumption, the analysis of which
+showed it to be composed of water, slightly colored by the addition of a
+very small quantity of red wine, and two mineral acids, muriatic and
+impure sulphuric, in quantities just sufficient to lend it a taste! He
+says:--
+
+    "Fortuitously I had the opportunity of observing the influence
+    of this remedy on a consumptive who took it regularly, and who
+    was so enamored of its favorable action that he gave up his
+    business to conduct an agency for its sale. It was not long
+    after he had entered upon his new vocation that I received word
+    of his death, due to pulmonary hemorrhage."
+
+The "returned missionary" fraud has been exposed by different druggists'
+papers, among them the _New Idea_. The "missionary" would advertise a
+"free cure," if people would send to him. The "cure" would be in the
+form of a prescription. There being no drugs in any drugstore bearing
+the names given in the prescription, the dupe was expected to pay an
+exorbitant price for them to the philanthropic "missionary." In one case
+of this kind the "medicinal plants brought from South America, the only
+place where they grew," were upon examination by chemists of the _New
+Idea_ found to be ordinary drugs, not one of which comes from South
+America.
+
+The same paper tells of another "South American" fraud, 60,000 bottles
+of which were said to be sold in Detroit in a few weeks, by an
+itinerating vendor.
+
+A certain liver, and kidney, and constipation cure, sold in the form of
+herbs, is said by _New Idea_ to be chiefly couch grass, and senna
+leaves. Yet it sells for 25 cents for a small package.
+
+To this paper the public is also indebted for the information that a
+kind of wafer advertised to "cure in a few days all coughs, colds,
+irritation of the uvula and tonsils, influenza, bronchitis, asthma, sore
+throat, consumption, and all diseases of the lungs and chest" was found
+to consist wholly of sugar and corn starch!
+
+_Medical World_ recently told of the investigation of "H----" by Prof.
+John Uri Lloyd of Cincinnati. It was advertised as a plant discovered by
+a doctor traveling in Florida. Its juices were said to be antidotal to
+snake poisoning, and would also cure the opium habit. Prof. Lloyd found
+it to be a liquid consisting of a solution of sulphate of morphine and
+salicylic acid, in alcohol and glycerine, with suitable coloring matter.
+
+Another fraud exposed by _New Idea_ was a "cure" for the peculiar ills
+of women. The cure is put up in the form of little oblong blocks about a
+half inch in length.
+
+    "A circular accompanies them, and is well calculated to produce
+    alarm in the young. It is another sample of the demoralizing
+    documents which unscrupulous quacks are continually circulating
+    among the laity, in order to create alarm, and profit by this
+    alarm."
+
+After giving a description of the diseases peculiar to the sex it is
+stated that all of these are curable by using eight dollars worth of
+this wonderful medicine.
+
+_New Idea_ continues:--
+
+    "The _cure_ consists, according to our examination, of nothing
+    but flour, made into a paste and allowed to harden in the form
+    of small oblong blocks. Evidently the quack relied upon the
+    faith-cure principle, and his auxiliary treatment, as set forth
+    in the rules of living given in the circular."
+
+While these inert preparations are of the nature of frauds, they will
+not injure the health, nor make drunkards, or opium fiends, as the
+disguised preparations of whisky and morphine are likely to do.
+
+That the use of patent medicines has made many drunkards is a fact well
+attested. The American Association for the Study of Inebriety appointed
+a committee several years ago to investigate the various nostrums
+advertised especially for the benefit of alcohol and opium inebriates.
+The report of this committee, prepared by Dr. N. Roe Bradner, late of
+the Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane, in speaking of the marvelous
+cures advertised in connection with the use of these mixtures, calls
+them "volumes of gilded falsehood, designed for an innocent,
+unsuspecting public," and adds:--
+
+    "The use of such nostrums would do more toward confirming than
+    eradicating the habit, if it existed, and would invite and
+    create addiction to an almost hopeless fatality, where the habit
+    had not previously existed. Insanity, palsy, idiocy, and many
+    forms of physical, moral and mental ruin have followed the sale
+    of these nostrums throughout our land."
+
+Dr. E. A. Craighill, President of the Virginia State Pharmaceutical
+Association, is quoted in the July (1897) _Journal of Inebriety_, as
+saying:--
+
+    "In my experience I have known of men filling drunkards' graves
+    who learned to drink taking some advertised bitters as
+    legitimate medicine. It would be hard to estimate the number of
+    young brains ruined, and the maturer opium wrecks from nostrums
+    of this nature. I could write a volume on the mischief that is
+    being done every day to body, mind and soul, all over the land,
+    by the thousands of miserable frauds that are being poured down
+    the throats of not only ignorant people, but, alas, intelligent
+    ones, too."
+
+A lady informed the writer recently that her brother had taken forty
+bottles of one of these preparations, and had become a drunkard through
+it.
+
+Many seem unaware that the ethics of the medical profession restrain
+reputable physicians from advertising themselves or their remedies, so
+that these much-lauded patent medicines are put upon the market by
+quacks, never by physicians of good standing. It is purely a
+money-making enterprise, without consideration of the health or
+destruction of the people. It is popularly supposed that physicians
+decry these things from fear that their sale will injure regular
+practice. This is another error as they increase work for the doctor by
+aggravating existing trouble, as well as causing disease where there was
+only slight disturbance.
+
+Dr. F. E. Stewart, Ph. G., of Detroit, Mich., says in the October, 1897,
+_Life and Health_:--
+
+    "Taking all these facts into consideration, it is apparent that
+    the patent, trade-mark and copyright laws should be so
+    interpreted and administered by the court that they will secure
+    the greatest good to the greatest number, and aid in attaining
+    the end of government, viz., 'moral, intellectual and physical
+    perfection.' It is not the object of these laws to create odious
+    monopolies, to throw a mantle of protection over fraud, to
+    enable quacks and charlatans to encroach on the domain of
+    legitimate medical and pharmacal practice, or to support an
+    advertising business designed to mislead the public in regard to
+    the nature and value of medicines as curative agents. The morals
+    of the community are injured by some of this advertising,
+    intellectual vigor is impaired by the use of many things
+    advertised, and physical, as well as moral, degradation
+    frequently results. Crime is often inculcated--even the crime of
+    murder, that the nostrum manufacturer may profit thereby. Cures
+    for incurable diseases are promised, and guaranteed. Every
+    scheme that human and devilish ingenuity can devise to wring
+    money from its victim is resorted to, which can be employed
+    without actually bringing the advertisers into court. All this
+    wicked quackery parades under the guise of 'patent' medicines,
+    and asks the protection of our courts. It is time for the
+    medical and pharmaceutic professions to unite, and unmask this
+    monster, and show the public its true nature. And this can be
+    accomplished in no better way than through a study of the object
+    of the laws which the secret nostrum manufacturers are now
+    endeavoring to prostitute for their own advantage, and the
+    teaching of the public what these laws were enacted for.
+
+    "The secret nostrum business in some of its phases has
+    assiduously found its way into the medical arts, and physicians,
+    pharmacists, and manufacturing houses, seem to have forgotten,
+    to a certain extent, the obligations which they owe to the
+    public. Medicine, in all its departments, must be practiced in
+    accord with scientific, and professional requirement, or it will
+    sink to the level of a commercial business. _The end of medical
+    practice is service to suffering humanity, not the acquisition
+    of money._ Money making is a necessary part of the practice of
+    medical arts, not, however, its chief object. This fact must be
+    kept in view always. Once lost sight of, and trade competition
+    substituted for competition in serving the interests of the
+    sick, medical and pharmacal practice will become an ignoble
+    scrabble for wealth, in which the sick become victims of
+    avarice and greed. Better set free a pack of ravening wolves in
+    a community than to change the end of medical practice to a
+    commercial one, for physicians and pharmacists would soon
+    degenerate into quacks and charlatans, and take shameful
+    advantage of the community for gain."
+
+Where Dr. Stewart speaks of murder he probably refers to the sale of
+_abortofacients_.
+
+Dr. Roe Bradner, of Philadelphia, in his report upon alleged cures for
+drunkenness before the Society for the Study of Inebriety several years
+ago, said:--
+
+    "There is a certain other class of so-called remedies, prepared
+    sometimes by physicians and pharmacists, that do a great deal of
+    harm. I allude to the 'non-secret proprietaries' that claim to
+    publish their formulas, _but do not_. One in particular has made
+    thousands, and likely tens of thousands, of _chloral drunkards_,
+    dethroned the reason of as many more, besides having killed
+    outright very many. It is impossible for any one to estimate the
+    mischief that is being done by such remedies, and the physicians
+    who recommend them."
+
+Advertising is still the great hindrance in protecting the people from
+medical imposters. Professor E. W. Ladd, Pure Food Commissioner of North
+Dakota, says on this point:--
+
+    "These patent medicines, some of which are of merit, and others
+    are only 'dopes,' or preparations intended to defraud the
+    public, have been altogether too generally advertised and sold
+    to the public. In many ways it seems a deplorable fact that by
+    an unfair method of advertising the American people have come to
+    be consumers to such an extent of a class of medicines, which,
+    at times, are positively detrimental to health. In other
+    instances the continued use of the product is liable to result
+    in the formation of a drug habit which may lead to serious
+    consequences.
+
+    "It should not be understood that this department condemns the
+    use of legitimate proprietary or patent medicines, but it
+    insists that there is a need for wiping out of existence about
+    half of the products now generally sold, and with regard to the
+    others the public have a right to know what is contained in
+    them, and not be misled by false statements, or by statements so
+    cunningly worded as to positively mislead the unwary reader. * *
+    * In view of the fact that about 90 per cent. of the nostrums on
+    the market are sold by newspaper and magazine advertising and
+    not by the customer seeing the package, it would seem advisable
+    to amend the law so as to cover this point."
+
+There is no doubt that it is the advertising which makes the patent
+medicine business so tremendously profitable. One firm boasted, prior to
+the exposure of the fraud nature of their preparation, that they spent
+$5,000 a day in advertising. What must have been made on the nostrum to
+allow such expenditure? It is said on good authority that the cost of
+these nostrums does not exceed fifteen to sixteen cents a bottle, and
+they sell for a dollar a bottle. Such profits make it easy to buy up
+newspapers that are conscienceless as to the robbery of the unfortunate
+sick.
+
+The only effectual way of putting an end to the sale of nostrums is to
+make illegal the advertising of such preparations in the public press.
+Norway has safeguarded her people thus. The difficulty in gaining such a
+law in America will be the opposition of the newspapers, the large
+majority of which still cling to this selfish method of adding to their
+gains. Even the so-called religious press is not all clean yet in this
+respect. Once they could be excused because of lack of knowledge. Now
+there is no excuse.
+
+During the debate in Congress upon the patent-medicine clause of the
+Pure Food Bill, Senator Heyburn said:--
+
+    "I have always been aggressively against the advertisements of
+    nostrums. Some time ago a friend of mine, a very old fellow,
+    that I had taken a special interest in securing a pension for,
+    had reached the age and condition of dependency. I succeeded in
+    getting him a comfortable pension that would pay his bills for
+    household provisions. Once, when I found he was very poor, I
+    said to his wife, 'What are you doing with your pension?' She
+    said, 'Don't you know, Mr. Heyburn, that it takes at least
+    one-half of that pension for patent medicine?' Then she
+    enumerated the patent medicines they were taking. It was being
+    suggested to them through advertisements that they were the
+    victims of ills that they were not troubled with, and that they
+    could find relief through these different medicines.
+
+    "I am in favor of stopping the advertisements of these nostrums
+    in every paper in the country."
+
+It may well be asked, Would any one of these well-to-do newspaper owners
+entrust himself, or any of his family, in time of sickness to the
+cure-all imposters whose nostrums they advertise? If one of their
+children had anaemia would they rely on Pink Pills for a cure? If they
+had a genuine catarrh would they expect it to be cured by Peruna? Never!
+They would seek the very best medical advice obtainable. Yet, for the
+ignorant, credulous, sick and suffering poor they allow traps to be laid
+to rob of both money and such chances of recovery as might come from
+proper medical attendance.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+"DRUGGING."
+
+
+The main reason why so many people use patent medicines is the popular
+supposition that drugs cure disease. This is a great error. _Drugs never
+cure disease._ Nature alone has power to heal. There are agents, which
+in the hands of a trained and painstaking physician may assist nature,
+but the physician needs to understand something of the idiosyncrasies of
+his patient's system, or the use of these agents may do great harm
+instead of good. Those medical men who have made the most diligent study
+of health and disease assert as their deliberate opinion that excessive
+professional drugging has been decidedly destructive of human life.
+
+Dr. Jacob Bigelow, professor in the medical department of Harvard
+University, in a work published a few years ago stated as his belief
+that the unbiased opinion of most medical men of sound judgment, and
+long experience, is that the amount of death and disaster in the world
+would be less, if all diseases were left to themselves, than it now is
+under the multiform, reckless, and contradictory modes of practice, with
+which practitioners of diverse denominations carry on their
+differences, at the expense of the patient.
+
+Sir John Forbes, M. D., F. R. S., said:--
+
+    "Some patients get well with the aid of medicine, more without
+    it, and still more in spite of it."
+
+Dr. Bostwick, author of _The History of Medicine_, said:--
+
+    "Every dose of medicine given is a blind experiment upon the
+    vitality of the patient."
+
+Dr. James Johnson, editor of the _Medico-Chirurgical Review_, says:--
+
+    "I declare as my conscientious conviction founded on long
+    experience and reflection, that if there were not a single
+    physician, surgeon, man-midwife, chemist, apothecary, druggist
+    nor drug on the face of the earth, there would be less sickness
+    and less mortality than now prevail."
+
+Prof. J. W. Carson, of the New York College of Physicians and Surgeons,
+says:--
+
+    "We do not know whether our patients recover because we give
+    them medicine, or because nature cures them. Perhaps bread-pills
+    would cure as many as medicine."
+
+Prof. Alonzo Clark, of the same college, has said:--
+
+    "In their zeal to do good physicians have done much harm; they
+    have hurried many to the grave who would have recovered if left
+    to nature."
+
+Prof. Martin Paine, of the New York University Medical College, said:--
+
+    "Drug medicines do but cure one disease by producing another."
+
+Dr. Marshall Hall, F. R. S.:--
+
+    "Thousands are annually slaughtered in the quiet sick-room."
+
+Dr. Adam Smith:--
+
+    "The chief cause of quackery _outside_ the profession is the
+    _real_ quackery _in_ the profession."
+
+Prof. Gilman:--
+
+    "The things that are administered for the cure of _scarlet
+    fever_ and _measles_ kill far more than those diseases kill."
+
+Prof. Barker, of New York Medical College:--
+
+    "The drugs that are administered for the cure of _scarlet fever_
+    kill far more patients than the disease does."
+
+Prof. Parker:--
+
+    "As we place more confidence in nature, and less in preparations
+    of the apothecary, mortality diminishes."
+
+The examining physician of a large insurance company in New York said to
+a _Mercury_ reporter:--
+
+    "The primary cause of so many cases of _la grippe_ in this and
+    other cities is the almost universal habit of drug taking from
+    the milder tonics to patent medicines. Whenever the average man
+    or woman feels depressed or slightly ill, resort is made at once
+    to medicine, more or less strong. If they would try to find out
+    the cause of the trouble, and seek to obviate it by regulating
+    their mode of living, the general health of the community would
+    be better. The drug habit tends continually to lower the tone of
+    the system. The more it is indulged in the more apparent becomes
+    the necessity of continuing the downhill course. The majority of
+    persons do not look beyond the fact that they seem to feel
+    better after the use of a stimulating drug, or patent medicine.
+    This feeling comes from a benumbing action of the drug, because
+    it has no uplifting action. With the system in such a weakened
+    state, the microbes of the disease find excellent ground to
+    grow."
+
+Dr. J. H. Kellogg says in the April, 1899, _Bulletin of the
+A. M. T. A._:--
+
+    "Every drug capable of producing an artificial exhilaration of
+    spirits, a pleasure which is not the result of the natural play
+    of the vital functions, is necessarily mischievous in its
+    tendencies, and its use is intemperance, whether its name be
+    alcohol, tobacco, opium, cocaine, coca, kola, hashish, Siberian
+    mushroom, caffeine, betel-nuts, mate or any other of the score
+    or more enslaving drugs known to pharmacology. As the result of
+    the depression which follows the unnatural elevation of
+    sensation resulting from the use of one of these drugs, the
+    second application finds the subject on a little lower level
+    than the first, so that an increased dose is necessary to
+    produce the same intensity of pleasure or the same degree of
+    artificial felicity as the first. The larger dose is followed by
+    still greater depression which demands a still larger dose as
+    its antidote, and thus there is started a series of
+    ever-increasing doses, and ever-increasing baneful
+    after-affects, which work the ultimate ruin of the drug victim.
+    All drugs which enslave are alike in this regard, however much
+    they may differ otherwise in their physiological effects.
+    Alcohol is universally recognized as only one member of a large
+    family of intoxicating drugs, each of which is capable of
+    producing specific functional and organic mischief, besides the
+    vital deterioration common to the use of so-called
+    felicity-producing drugs.
+
+    "Is it not evident, then, that in combating the use of alcohol
+    we are attacking only one member of a numerous family of enemies
+    to human life and happiness, every one of which must be
+    exterminated before the evil of intemperance will be up-rooted?"
+
+Among the most popular drugs for self-prescription at the present time
+are the coal-tar products. Of these Dr. N. S. Davis has said:--
+
+    "Only a few years since, the profession were taught to regard
+    the degree of pyrexia, or heat, as the chief element of danger
+    in all the acute general diseases. Consequently, to control the
+    pyrexia became the leading object of treatment; and whatever
+    would do this promptly, and at the same time allay pain and
+    promote rest, found favor at the bedside of the patient.
+
+    "It was soon ascertained that antipyrin, antifebrin, phenacetin
+    and other analogous products, if given in sufficient doses,
+    would reduce the heat, and allay the pains with great certainty
+    and promptness, not only in continued fevers, but also in
+    rheumatism, influenza, or la grippe, etc.; and thus their use
+    soon became popular with both the profession and the public. No
+    one, however, undertook to first ascertain by strictly
+    scientific appliances the actual pathological processes causing
+    the pyrexia in each form of disease, or even to determine
+    whether in any given case the increased heat was the result of
+    increased heat production, or diminished heat dissipation.
+    Neither were any of the remedies subjected to such experimental
+    investigation as to determine their influence on the elements of
+    the blood, the internal distribution of oxygen, the metabolism
+    of the tissues, or on the activity of the eliminations.
+    Consequently their exhibition was wholly empirical, and the one
+    that subdued the pyrexia most promptly was given the preference.
+    Yet we all know that the pyrexia invariably returned as soon as
+    the effects of each dose were exhausted, and in a few years the
+    results showed that while the antipyretics served to keep down
+    the pyrexia, and give each case the appearance of doing well,
+    the average duration of the cases, and their mortality, were
+    both increased.
+
+    "Step by step experimental therapeutic investigations have
+    proved that the whole class of coal-tar antipyretics reduce
+    animal heat by impairing the capacity of the hemoglobin and
+    corpuscular elements of the blood to receive and distribute free
+    oxygen, and thereby reduce temperature by diminishing heat
+    production, nerve sensibility and tissue metabolism. Therefore,
+    while each dose temporarily reduces the fever, it retards the
+    most important physiological processes on which the living
+    system depends for resisting the effects of toxic agents;
+    namely, oxidation and elimination. This not only encourages the
+    retention of toxic agents and natural excretory materials by
+    which specific fevers are protracted, but it greatly increases
+    the number of cases of pneumonia that complicate the epidemic
+    influenza, or la grippe, as it has occurred since 1888-89.
+
+    "The bad work that people make in dosing themselves with patent
+    medicines, without a physician's prescription is not
+    unfrequently punctuated with a sudden death from overdosing with
+    antipyrin, sulphonal, or some other coal-tar preparation."
+
+Dr. C. H. Shepard, Brooklyn, N. Y., says:--
+
+    "Quinine is a most fatal drug. Of course, it is the orthodox
+    treatment for malarial conditions, but quinine never did nor
+    never can cure malaria or any other disease. The action brought
+    about by its use is simply to benumb the nervous activity and
+    interfere with the natural action of the system to throw off the
+    poison, which is expressed by the chill. Because of this
+    interference with the manifestation or symptom of the disease,
+    many imagine that the disease is being cured, but there never
+    was a greater mistake. A drug disease is added to the original
+    disease. This is shown by the invariable depression that follows
+    the administration of the drug, and the length of time required
+    to recuperate, which imperils restoration, and sometimes hastens
+    the final results. This is ordinarily met by the use of what are
+    called stimulants, that is, more drugs, and the last state is
+    worst than the first; the poor patient is thus made the victim
+    of a triple wrong, which only a most vigorous constitution can
+    pass through and live, and even then he is crippled and made
+    more liable to whatever disease may come along ever afterward.
+
+    "Disease is not entity to be killed by a shot from a
+    professional gun, but a condition, an effort of outraged nature
+    to free itself from an incumbrance, and should be aided rather
+    than hindered by the administration of any nerve irritant. There
+    never will come a time when the laws of health can be evaded.
+    Nor is there any vicarious atonement. The full penalty of
+    disobedience will invariably be exacted. The hunt for a panacea
+    is as sure to be disappointing in the future as it has been in
+    the past."
+
+A writer in the _Brooklyn Citizen_ says:--
+
+    "Few people are aware of the extent of a peculiar kind of
+    dissipation known as ginger-drinking. The article used is the
+    essence of ginger, such as is put up in the several proprietary
+    preparations known to the trade, or the alcohol extract
+    ordinarily sold over the druggist's counter. Having once
+    acquired a liking for it, the victim becomes as much a slave to
+    his appetite as the opium eater or the votary of cocaine. In its
+    effect it is much the most injurious of all such practices, for
+    in the course of time it destroys the coating of the stomach,
+    and dooms its victim to a slow and agonizing death.
+
+    "The druggist who told me about the thing says that as ginger
+    essence contains about one hundred per cent. alcohol, and whisky
+    less than fifty per cent., the former is therefore twice as
+    intoxicating. In fact, this is the reason why it is used by
+    hardened old topers whose stomachs are no longer capable of
+    intoxicating stimulation from whisky. They need the more
+    powerful agency of the pure alcohol in the ginger extract. He
+    told me that he had two regular customers, one a woman, who had
+    ginger on several occasions for stomachic pains. The relief it
+    afforded her was so grateful that she took it upon any
+    recurrence of her trouble. She found, too, that the slight
+    exhilaration of the alcohol banished mental depression. In this
+    way she got to using it regularly, and finally to such excess
+    that she was often grossly intoxicated. Large doses produce a
+    quiet stupor; additional doses induce a profound lethargic
+    slumber, which lasts in some cases for twenty-four hours. His
+    other customer was a peddler, who came at a certain hour every
+    morning, bought a four-ounce bottle and drank its contents by
+    noon. The man craved the stuff so ardently that he was unable to
+    go about his business until he set the machinery of his stomach
+    in operation, and started the circulation of the blood by means
+    of the fiery draught. He says that the habit is well known to
+    the drug trade."
+
+    "The morphia habit, the cocaine habit, the chloral habit, and
+    other poison habits which are prevalent in this and other
+    countries, are only different manifestations of a wide-spread
+    and apparently increasing love for drugs which benumb or excite
+    the nerves, which seems to characterize our modern civilization.
+    Indeed, there appears to be, at the present time, almost a mania
+    for the discovery of some new nerve-tickle, or some novel means
+    of fuddling the senses. It is indeed high time that the medical
+    profession raised, with one accord, its voice in solemn protest
+    against the use of all nerve-obtunding and felicity-producing
+    drugs, which are all, without exception, toxic agents, working
+    mischief and only mischief in the human body."--DR. J. H.
+    KELLOGG.
+
+Much discussion upon careless drug-taking has resulted from remarks made
+recently in London by Sir Frederick Treves, the King's surgeon, at the
+opening of a hospital. He said that the time is fast approaching when
+physicians will give very little medicine, but will instead teach the
+people right methods of living so that sickness may be avoided.
+
+Although there are some physicians who appear to enjoy the old routine
+of giving heroic doses of ill-tasting liquids, there are others who
+agree with Sir Frederick, and admit that they would often be glad to
+give no medicine if their patients would be satisfied without it. But
+the great mass of people are unwilling to take a physician's advice as
+to proper clothing, suitable diet, and regular habits of living. They do
+not seek his advice upon those points; what they want is a drug that
+will benumb uneasy sensations while they live as they please.
+
+Not long ago a business man of intelligence was heard to complain
+because he had tried several physicians and all had failed to cure his
+sciatica. He said they all told him he must live differently; several
+said he must quit smoking and lay aside wine and beer or he could not be
+cured. With scorn he said, "What are physicians good for if they don't
+know a drug that will cure as simple a thing as rheumatism?" He could
+not and would not believe that rheumatism might be the result of his
+wrong habits.
+
+Akin to him in thought is a woman, much above the average in
+intelligence, who a few months ago had an operation performed upon her
+stomach. The stomach was enlarged so that the food did not pass through
+the pylorus, the opening into the intestines. The operation consisted in
+making a new opening and connecting it with an intestine. This bright
+woman now complains that the operation was not a success, because she
+still has times of great distress with indigestion. Upon being asked
+what she eats, she laughed and said, "Everything, peanuts, mince-pie,
+sauer-kraut, frankforts; whatever is going. I have a vigorous appetite,
+and keep peanuts and figs in my room, for I often have to eat in the
+night."
+
+Until multitudes of people like that business man, and that bright
+woman, are educated in matters of health, it will not be easy for
+physicians to bring Sir Frederick's prediction to fulfilment.
+
+The popular supposition is that drugs _cure_ disease, and all that the
+medical adviser is for is to choose the drug that will produce the
+desired effect with the greatest speed. Consequently the physician is in
+many cases driven to prescribe drugs that simply allay pain without
+removing the cause of the pain. He cannot remove the cause without the
+patient's co-operation, and as that would require the abandonment of
+wrong habits few are willing to accept health at such a price. What man
+will abandon beer to escape rheumatism, or smoking to save his eyesight
+if he has weakness there? Or, what woman will cease tea-drinking if she
+has neuralgia?
+
+The _Journal of the American Medical Association_ for November 16, 1907,
+contained an editorial article in which, after reference to drugs
+necessary in the practice of a physician or surgeon, this is said:--
+
+    "The remark of Holmes years ago that it would be better for the
+    patients, but worse for the fish, if most of the drugs were
+    thrown into the sea, is probably even more true to-day. The vast
+    majority of these drugs have not the slightest excuse for
+    existence."
+
+Dr. T. D. Crothers, in his valuable book upon Morphinism and other drug
+addictions, reports a case of murder where it was shown that the
+assailant was delirious from large doses of quinine. He says assaults
+are often clearly traced to the drug taking of the assailant. A surgeon
+from a New York hospital, in speaking of drug habits before an audience
+at Chautauqua, New York, said that some of the ovarian difficulties
+which demand operations are the result of over-dosing with quinine.
+
+There are people who keep morphine in the house all the time lest some
+little pain or ache should find them unprepared.
+
+Dr. Crothers, who has perhaps made more of a study of the evil results
+of drug taking than any other man in America, says of this:--
+
+    "Morphine as a common remedy, taken for pains and aches, may
+    suddenly develop into an incurable craze for its continuous use.
+    * * * The early relief which morphine brings to the sufferer is
+    often the beginning of an unknown journey ending in disease and
+    death."
+
+Cases are on record where morphine given to mothers soon after the birth
+of children to allay pain, has resulted in the death of the infant, the
+morphine having poisoned the milk.
+
+Cocaine is possibly the most insidious of all drugs yet known. Few of
+those who become enslaved to it ever are able to lay it aside. It leads
+to hallucinations of sight and hearing. Many persons have become
+enslaved to cocaine unwittingly through its use in catarrh snuffs,
+asthma "cures," and other proprietary preparations, the composition of
+which was secret. Some states now have strict laws regulating the sale
+of this dangerous drug.
+
+It is not only the enslaving drugs which are injurious to the body, but
+even such apparently simple agents as liver pills and pills for the
+relief of constipation may do more harm than good if resorted to
+frequently. Some of the ingredients used in the pills for the relief of
+constipation are said to be injurious to the liver.
+
+Dr. Nathan S. Davis, late dean of the Northwestern University Medical
+School, Chicago, said of the coal-tar remedies, such as phenacetin and
+antipyrin, in the treatment of influenza and _la grippe_:--"While each
+dose temporarily reduces the fever it retards the most important
+physiological processes on which the living system depends for resisting
+the effects of toxic agents, namely, oxidation and elimination. This not
+only encourages the retention of poisonous agents by which fevers are
+protracted, but it greatly increases the number of cases of pneumonia
+that complicate _la grippe_. The bad work that people make in dosing
+themselves with patent medicines is not infrequently punctuated with a
+sudden death from overdosing with antipyrin, sulphonal, or some other
+coal-tar preparation."
+
+Deaths from acetanilid are becoming more and more frequent. The presence
+of acetanilid in headache powders "guaranteed to be harmless" and thrown
+upon the door-steps as samples has led many persons into grave danger,
+and not a few to death. Bromo-Seltzer, Orangeine, Antikamnia, Taylor's
+Headache Powders, and various other preparations have all contained this
+drug.
+
+The use of cocaine is advancing rapidly in this country.[TN: see Errata
+at end of text] The following article is taken from _The Banner of
+Gold_, of Feb., 1899:--
+
+        "Value of cocaine leaves imported at the port
+          of New York in 1894                           $14,284
+        Imported in 1897                                 54,122
+        Indicated value of imports for 1898              75,000
+
+    "In these simple figures are contained the elements of a warning
+    sermon that would startle all America. We seem to be rapidly
+    becoming a nation of cocaine fiends. If the number of those
+    addicted to the use of the dreadful drug continues to increase
+    at the present rate, the importation of what was originally
+    regarded as a blessed alleviation of pain, will have to be
+    classed with opium, and its use prohibited by law, except for
+    medicinal purposes.
+
+    "At present the cocaine fiend can purchase the drug without
+    trouble, and the ease with which it is taken is a fatal
+    recommendation to those who crave a nerve-deadener. No laborious
+    cooking of pills over a lamp, cleaning of implements, or
+    troublesome necessity for secrecy, as with the use of opium.
+    Cocaine can be taken at any time, with scarcely any trouble, and
+    without a soul besides the user being aware of his being in the
+    toils.
+
+    "At first, that is. It will not be long before every intimate
+    friend will observe a change, a gradual and scarcely perceptible
+    change, come over the appearance and general conduct of the
+    cocaine fiend.
+
+    "Begun in many cases in a legitimate way, as an anaesthetic, the
+    surprisingly pleasant effect is sought for again by the one who
+    has had a glimpse at the portals of the elysium. This is the
+    beginning of the terrible habit. The effect is a sense of
+    exhilaration followed by a quiet, dreamy state that causes the
+    worried man to forget his troubles, and the sufferer his pain.
+    Once this freedom from physical and mental sickness has been
+    experienced, the cocaine fiend will rob or kill to get the drug.
+    Enforced non-use of it will not cure the victim. Sentence him to
+    a term of imprisonment, and he will go straight from the jail
+    door to the nearest drug store to secure cocaine before he eats
+    or sleeps.
+
+    "From an occasional use of the drug to insatiable craving is the
+    rational course of the cocaine fiend. From thence to the insane
+    asylum and the grave is a swift and easy descent.
+
+    "In his fall from health to physical and mental disintegration,
+    the cocaine fiend undergoes a terrible experience. When not in
+    the temporary heaven that the drug provides, the victim is in
+    the lowest depths of an _inferno_. He suffers from insomnia,
+    anorexia, and gastralgic pains, dyspepsia, chronic palpitations,
+    and will-paresis. He is a terror both to himself and others. The
+    life of the man is a living death. He knows it, and with this
+    knowledge staring him in the face, he rushes for the drug, and
+    is happy for a brief period under its influence.
+
+    "It is time something was done to keep from this high-strung
+    nation a drug so deadly. Clear-minded medical men have
+    recommended its exclusion from the country, believing that its
+    use medicinally should be foregone rather than that such a
+    cursed temptation should be placed in the way of weak humanity.
+
+    "What the real action of the drug is, and how to counteract its
+    influence, are at present puzzling questions to the medical
+    fraternity. A leading member of the profession to whom these
+    questions were put replied after careful consideration as
+    follows: 'Its physiological action is practically unknown. As an
+    analgesic, it is uniform in its action, and this is due to the
+    suspension of the physiological functions of the sensory cells
+    which it comes in contact with. Beyond this, it is an excitant
+    of the cerebro-spinal axis, later it has a peculiar action on
+    the encephalon, manifest in a wide range of psychical phenomena.
+    Beyond this a great variety of widely variable symptoms appear.
+    In some cases all the intellectual faculties are excited to the
+    highest degree. In others a profound lowering of the senses and
+    functional activities occur. Morphine-takers can use large
+    quantities of cocaine without any bad symptoms. Alcoholics are
+    also able to bear large doses. Not unfrequently the excitement
+    caused by cocaine goes on to convulsions, and death. Sometimes
+    its action is localized to one part of the cerebro-spinal axis,
+    and then to another. In some cases well-marked cerebral anaemia
+    appears, and for a time is alarming, but soon passes away.
+
+    "Small doses frequently given are more readily absorbed than
+    large doses. Habitues always use weak solutions, the effects
+    being more pleasing with less excitation. Morphine and alcoholic
+    inebriates very soon acquire certain tolerance to large doses
+    taken at once. The cocaine user takes large quantities, but in
+    small doses frequently repeated. He becomes frightened at the
+    effects of large doses, and when he cannot get the effects from
+    small (to him safe) doses, he resorts to alcohol, morphine, or
+    chloral. In many cases memories of the delusions and
+    hallucinations are so vivid and distressing that other narcotics
+    are used to prevent their recurrence. In other cases the
+    recollection is very confused and vague, and strong suspicions
+    fill the mind that the real condition is grossly exaggerated by
+    the friends for some deterring effect. In common with opium and
+    alcoholics, there is moral paralysis, untruthfulness, and low
+    cunning in order to conceal and explain the condition by other
+    than the real causes."
+
+Hoffman Drops are used considerably as a heart stimulant. They are much
+more intoxicating than whisky, and, used as a beverage, make the drinker
+crazy while under their influence. According to Dr. F. E. Jones, of
+Mass. Board of Health, they consist of 325 parts ether, 650 parts
+alcohol, and 25 parts ether oil. They are said to have a very bad effect
+upon the kidneys.
+
+_The Banner of Gold_ for Oct., 1898, contained a lengthy article upon
+the dangers of drugging, from which an extract is given here:--
+
+    "Philanthropists, when trying to stay the hand of rum, do not
+    overlook the victims of drugs. If you will go, under the
+    protecting aegis of an officer, to an opium den, such as are to
+    be found in every large city, and as a visitor view for yourself
+    the degradation of hopeless opium users, then train your
+    batteries towards removal of the cause. Do not depend upon
+    preaching, or the writing of essays, or the delivery of an
+    address before some society whose mission ends in telling others
+    what to do, but put on the armor of earnestness, go into the
+    nursery, and demand of the mother to know why, when little lumps
+    of human clay are placed in her keeping for the sacred purpose
+    of moulding them into men and women, she deliberately feeds the
+    prattling babe with soothing syrups, sleeping drops, paregoric,
+    and opiates in various other forms, rather than with the
+    healthful food, and simple remedies, that nature only requires.
+    With such commercial nostrums the thoughtless mother too often
+    paves the way for her offspring to a life of toxic-slavery by
+    creating a systemic condition, which, in maturer years, develops
+    an abnormal craving, or appetite, for narcotics and stimulants.
+    Follow this little victim of nursery malpractice through the
+    imitative age, and you will discover in him the cigarette
+    smoker, the tippler, the self-abased youth, and later, the man
+    whose life is shadowed with the curse of baneful appetite.
+
+    "Ask the druggist, and the saloon keeper, why they dispense
+    deadly poisons so freely to old and young, and they will tell
+    you the law permits it; a sad commentary!
+
+    "Converted men relapse into evil ways through coquetting with
+    sin; and cured inebriates relapse to drink, and drugs, through
+    the use of proprietary medicines, with which the domestic market
+    is flooded. Tonics, compounds, nerve remedies, bitters,
+    vitalizers, appetizers, balsams, pectorals and kindred nostrums
+    contain, with few exceptions, from 7 to 50 per cent. of alcohol,
+    or opium in varying quantities, each preponderating in kind, as
+    the effect is designed to be stimulating, or sedative. The
+    active principle of some of the best known catarrh remedies is
+    cocaine, and a few manufacturers are honest enough to so
+    announce on the labels covering their goods; more do not, and
+    leave the victims to discover the truth after they have paid the
+    penalty of ignorance, and developed the cocaine habit. Wholesale
+    legislation, as well as vigorous education, is needed along
+    these lines, and while considering means of betterment, the
+    reputable citizen, the clergyman, and others of good moral
+    repute, whose names are so generally used to herald the efficacy
+    of so-called remedial inventions, should not be overlooked for
+    ethical attention.
+
+    "For the information of those of our readers, who are not
+    familiar with the nature and use of toxic drugs, we here refer
+    briefly to the prominent characteristics of a few most
+    dangerously potent for evil, and seductive in kind.
+
+    OPIUM AND MORPHINE:--"Gum opium, the dried milky exudate from
+    the green capsules of the white poppy, and its
+    product--morphine--are the most reliable drugs known for the
+    relief of pain. The dose of gum opium in medicine is from 1/4 to
+    1 grain. It contains from 8 to 14 per cent. of morphine, which
+    is its principal alkaloid. Opium is a much more stable, and
+    stronger, sedative than morphine. The cumulative effect of
+    repeated medicinal doses is frequently observed, and is followed
+    by dangerous symptoms. It is both a sedative and hypnotic, and,
+    if given in large doses, quiets the brain, and excites the
+    spinal cord. Small doses have little perceptible effect upon the
+    circulation, but, under the influence of large doses, the pulse
+    is retarded, and the respiration becomes fuller, deeper, and
+    slower. In poisonous doses the pulse may become rapid, and great
+    depression follow, the respiratory centres are paralyzed, thus
+    causing death. If taken in from 2 to 4 grain doses it produces
+    deep comatose sleep, full breathing, full pulse, dry skin, and
+    contracted pupils. If the dose is sufficiently large, the sleep
+    will be more profound, the patient can hardly be roused, and if
+    awakened quickly, he sinks back into slumber. The face may be
+    swollen, and reddened, and the lips deeply tinged with blue. At
+    this stage the breathing may be characterized as puffing.
+    Respiration may be from 8 to 10 per minute, perhaps be reduced
+    to 4, 2 or 1, and as the toxic effect is more marked, it becomes
+    shallow, the pupils are contracted, and the patient is so
+    thoroughly narcotized that nothing will arouse him, the heart
+    ceases to beat, and he dies by respiratory failure, or paralysis
+    of the pneumogastric nerve.
+
+    "Morphine, extracted from gum opium by a slow and expensive
+    process, is used much less in proprietary medicines than is
+    tincture of opium, which is more easily manufactured.
+
+    "A medicinal dose of sulphate of morphine is from 1/8 to 1/4 of
+    a grain. One grain is a dangerous dose, and 2 grains are liable
+    to prove fatal. Morphine is a true narcotic. It is a sedative,
+    lessens tissue change, and weakens every function of the body.
+
+    TINCTURE OF OPIUM, OR LAUDANUM:--"Laudanum, or the tincture of
+    opium, is a mixture of gum opium with alcohol and water, the
+    solution consisting of equal parts of alcohol and water. Each
+    ounce contains 5-1/2 grains of powdered gum opium and half an
+    ounce of alcohol, and is equal in alcoholic strength to one
+    ounce of strong whisky. The ordinary medical dose is from 12 to
+    15 minims, or from 25 to 30 drops. It is much used as a domestic
+    remedy for pain from any cause, such as ear or toothache,
+    indigestion, insomnia, summer complaints with children or
+    adults, and is often used in poultices over painful sores or
+    swellings. It is also used in many medicines for throat and lung
+    troubles, in nearly all medicines for painful chronic diseases,
+    and in many of the well advertised spring tonics, as well as in
+    nearly all the compounds that are offered for sale for blood
+    troubles, or as alteratives. The opium in laudanum acts the same
+    as morphine, or any other of the thirty preparations of opium,
+    officially recognized by the medical profession.
+
+    PAREGORIC:--"Paregoric of standard grade is half alcohol, which
+    is as strong of alcohol as high proof whisky. It contains a
+    little opium, some benzoic acid, oil of anise, and camphor. The
+    dose is from 15 to 60 drops.
+
+    COCAINE:--"Cocaine is an alkaloid of coca leaves, and is used in
+    medicine in the form of hydro-chlorate. It is used locally in
+    powder or solution to relieve pain. It is a strong local
+    anaesthetic. The ordinary dose when used as medicine is from 1/4
+    to 1/2 grain, and is very unstable and treacherous in its
+    effects. Some patients will tolerate large doses while in others
+    small doses produce unpleasant effects. Deaths are recorded from
+    the use of 1-7 to 1 grain.
+
+    CHLOROFORM:--"Chloroform is an anaesthetic, and death is often
+    caused by a few inhalations. The dose internally is from 3 to 20
+    minims. It is not much used in medicine, except to control pain,
+    and produce sleep. It is inhaled to produce mild slumber, or
+    complete insensibility in surgical operations. Death may come
+    suddenly, and without warning, at any time during its
+    administration.
+
+    CHLORAL:--"Chloral, or hydrate of chloral, is an hypnotic. It is
+    of but little value in medicine, except to control nervousness,
+    and produce sleep. The dose is from 15 to 30 grains. It should
+    be administered with caution, and only by the physician. It is
+    made by passing chlorine gas through pure alcohol, and gets its
+    name from the first syllables of the two words, chlorine and
+    alcohol. It produces death by inhibition of the heart's action,
+    and by paralyzing the pneumogastric nerve.
+
+    BROMIDIA:--"Bromidia is the trademark of an hypnotic, the
+    manufacturers of which give out to the public that each fluid
+    drachm contains 15 grains of chloral hydrate, or 1 ounce to
+    every 4 ounces of bromidia.
+
+    SULPHONAL:--"Sulphonal is a coal tar preparation, and is
+    valuable in medicine as an hypnotic only. An ordinary dose to
+    produce sleep is from 10 to 40 grains. If it is given in these
+    doses for several days in succession it produces great
+    weariness, an unsteady gait, and may involve paralysis of the
+    lower limbs, with great disturbance of digestion, and scanty
+    secretion of urine of about the color of port wine. There are a
+    number of cases of death reported as resulting from acute, or
+    chronic poisoning, by sulphonal.
+
+    PHENACETINE:--"Phenacetine is a product of coal tar, and an
+    antipyretic, a drug that lessens the temperature in high fevers,
+    and rapidly disintegrates the blood.
+
+    ANTIFEBRIN:--"Antifebrin, another of the coal tar preparations,
+    is the registered name for acetanelid. Its effects are very
+    similar to the effects of phenacetine, and it is used in fevers
+    for lessening the temperature, and for neuralgic pains. The
+    medicinal dose is from 3 to 10 grains. Unpleasant effects follow
+    its continued use, such as great exhaustion, blueness of the
+    lips, and a slow, labored pulse.
+
+    HEADACHE REMEDIES:--"The indiscriminate use of the many coal tar
+    products and other hypnotics, such as sulphonal, phenacetine,
+    antifebrin, chloral, bromidia, etc., under the guise of headache
+    remedies is productive of much disaster, all being nerve
+    paralyzants."
+
+The public owe a debt of gratitude to those physicians, and chemists,
+who give freely such valuable information as to the real nature and
+effects of dangerous drugs. While it is true that the popular belief in
+drugging is due to professional practice, yet it is also true that what
+the people know of the preservation of health, and of the danger of
+alcohol and other drugs is largely owing to the medical profession.
+There is as much difference among the members of the medical profession
+as there is among the members of any profession; some are careless,
+selfish, unprincipled, unobservant of the effects of various medicines;
+while others are anxious to teach the people how to avoid sickness, and
+gain strength. It is the latter class who warn against the self
+prescription of drugs, especially those of the dangerously seductive,
+narcotic class.
+
+Yet, with all the warnings, few pay heed. Even highly educated,
+intelligent people seem possessed of a blind faith in the power of
+drugs. Every little ache or pain must have its sedative, be the future
+penalty what it may.
+
+Were people to quit drugging themselves, avoid indigestible viands, eat
+at regular hours, chew well, stop eating when they have had enough, take
+a sufficiency of exercise, sleep and fresh air, with a hot bath once a
+week, and a cold "towel bath" each morning, laying aside all alcoholic
+beverages, tea and coffee, and tobacco, there would be very little
+sickness in the world. Over-eating leads to the drug habit for relief
+from uneasy sensations, so does improper food, or poorly cooked food.
+
+It should be remembered that it is not possible to violate the laws
+which relate to the physical well-being, and then escape the natural
+penalty of transgression by swallowing a few doses of medicine. Remedies
+may postpone the results of physical transgression, and may even seem to
+prevent them altogether, but careful observation will show that the
+escape from punishment is only apparent. Sometimes a parent escapes,
+while his child pays the penalty of his transgression, in a weakly
+nervous system, which may lead to insanity, or other trouble.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+TESTIMONIES OF PHYSICIANS AGAINST ALCOHOLIC MEDICATION.
+
+
+    "In abandoning the use of alcohol it should be clearly
+    understood that we abandon an injurious influence, and escape
+    from a source of disease, as we do when we get into a purer
+    atmosphere. _There is not the slightest occasion to do anything,
+    or to take anything to make up for the loss of a strengthening
+    or supporting agent._ No loss has been incurred save the loss of
+    a cause of disease and death."--DR. J. J. RIDGE, of London
+    Temperance Hospital.
+
+Sir. B. W. Richardson, M. D., said of the London Temperance Hospital:--
+
+    "No alcohol is administered, and no substitute for it. Any drug
+    with similar action would be bad; warmth and suitable
+    nourishment are relied on to keep up the system. We know that
+    people who take alcohol often feel better; this is from the
+    narcotic action. The pain may be stilled, and the disease
+    forgotten, but it has not been removed; its symptom has been
+    narcotized."
+
+Another writer says:--
+
+    "I am asked for a substitute for brandy, and frankly and gladly
+    I tell you there is no substitute, for I have no knowledge of
+    any agent equally pleasing to the palate, and yet so destructive
+    of life."
+
+Dr. Norman Kerr, President of the Society for the Study of Inebriety,
+England, says:--
+
+    "My own experience of thirty-four years in the practice of my
+    profession has taught me that in nearly all cases and kinds of
+    disease the medical use of alcohol is unnecessary, and in a
+    large number of instances is prejudicial and even dangerous.
+    Having given an intoxicant, in strictly definite and guarded
+    doses, probably on the whole only about once in 3,000 cases
+    (then usually when nothing else was available in an emergency),
+    and having had most varieties of disease to contend with, my
+    death-rate and duration of illness have been quite as low as my
+    neighbors. The experience of the London Temperance Hospital and
+    other similar institutions, the current reports of that hospital
+    being now reliable scientific records, amply support this
+    experience.
+
+    "The chief peril of narcotic drugs has always appeared to me to
+    lie in their disguising the real state of the patient from
+    himself as well as from his doctor and his friends. If there is
+    any serious ailment, such as cholera or fever, the sufferer may
+    seem to be and may feel better. He is not better. He is actually
+    worse--made worse by the alcohol, and not unseldom, after the
+    evanescent alcoholic disguise and deceptive improvement has
+    faded, it is found that the malady itself has been progressing,
+    unseen and unsuspected from the delusive aspect of the alcohol,
+    steadily toward a fatal termination, which might, in many cases,
+    have been averted but for the true state of the patient having
+    been completely masked.
+
+    "Wherever the blame really has lain, one thing is now clear,
+    that alcoholic intoxicants are very rarely useful as a medicine;
+    are at the best dangerous remedies; and that, other things being
+    equal, the less they are resorted to the better for the chances
+    of the patient's recovery, the better for body and brain, the
+    better for physical, intellectual and moral well-being. Alcohol
+    does not nourish, but pulls down; does not stimulate, but
+    depresses; does not strengthen, but excites and exhausts.
+    Alcohol is the pathological fraud of frauds, degenerating while
+    it claims to be reconstructing, enfeebling while it appears to
+    be invigorating, destroying vitality while it professes to
+    infuse new life."
+
+A medical writer in the Toledo, O., _Blade_ holds up in clear light the
+relation of the _materia medica_ and alcohol, and the opportunity of the
+physician to become a benefactor, and active temperance worker. His
+remarks follow:--
+
+    "One of the signs of the times in the temperance movement is the
+    steady growth among physicians of a sentiment against the
+    administration of liquor of any kind as a medicine. The accepted
+    scientific view of alcohol is that it is a poison, and its
+    administration should be as guarded as that of any other poison
+    used as a medicine. Perhaps the hardest thing a physician finds
+    in his effort to restore his patients to health without the use
+    of liquors is the common, but erroneous, belief that they are
+    'strengthening,' and that the convalescent, by their use,
+    reaches recovery more quickly. The error is in supposing that
+    any alcoholic liquor is nourishing, or strengthening. They are
+    neither. Alcohol does not nourish, but it pulls down; it does
+    not strengthen, but excites and exhausts, for every stimulation
+    is necessarily followed by a period of depression, and this is
+    inevitably unfavorable to the patient.
+
+    "There is a grave responsibility resting on the physician who
+    prescribes alcoholic liquor. It may arouse in a susceptible
+    patient a dormant, inherited tendency to drink. He may, by
+    authorizing its use during the period of convalescence, fix a
+    habit upon a patient of feeble will, which the latter will never
+    be able to shake off. No physician who realizes this great moral
+    responsibility will be willing to accept it habitually. He
+    certainly knows that the best medical authorities agree that
+    alcoholic intoxicants are rarely useful as a medicine; that at
+    best they are dangerous remedies, and that the less they are
+    resorted to, the better for both brain and body.
+
+    "In point of fact the physician who does his duty to his patient
+    teaches him the error of the prevalent belief in the virtues of
+    liquor in restoring the sick to health. He becomes an active
+    temperance worker in effect. And he can do a noble and useful
+    work in the rescue of those who are under the control of the
+    drink habit. * * * * *
+
+    "Furthermore, every physician owes it to his profession to teach
+    his patients the utter fallacy of the common belief that alcohol
+    is an article of food value. It has no such value. The use of
+    intoxicants in any quantity whatever, or at any time, is
+    entirely useless and unnecessary. The continued use of them
+    gradually induces structural degradations and functional
+    derangements of the great bodily organs, thus leading to the
+    gravest physical disorders."
+
+    "I have demonstrated by actual experience that no form of
+    alcoholic drink is necessary, or desirable, for internal use,
+    either in health, or any of the varied forms of disease; but
+    that health can be better preserved, and disease more
+    successfully treated, without the use of such drinks.* * * * *
+    Simple truth compels me to say that I have never yet seen a case
+    in which the use of alcoholic drinks either increased the force
+    of the heart's action, or strengthened the patient. But I could
+    detail very many cases in which the administration of alcoholics
+    was quieting the patient's restlessness, enfeebling the
+    capillary circulation, and steadily favoring increased
+    engorgement of the lungs and other internal viscera, and thereby
+    hastening a fatal result, where both attending physician and
+    friends thought they were the only agents that were keeping the
+    patient alive.
+
+    "I have found no case of disease and no emergency arising from
+    accident, that I could not treat more successfully without any
+    form of fermented or distilled liquors than with. It is easy to
+    see that the anaesthetic properties of alcohol can be made
+    available by an intelligent and skillful physician to meet a
+    very limited number of indications in the treatment of some
+    cases that will come before him. But the same intelligence and
+    skill will enable him to select other remedies capable of
+    meeting the same indications more perfectly, and, with less
+    tendency to secondary bad effects. I have no hesitation,
+    therefore, in stating that for the attainment of the highest
+    degree of success in the management of all forms of disease,
+    whether acute or chronic, we need no form of fermented, or
+    distilled, alcoholic drinks. And whoever will boldly make the
+    trial, will find that his patients, of every kind, will make
+    better progress, on good air and simple nourishment, without any
+    admixture of alcoholic liquids, than they will with such
+    addition. In other words he will find that the supposed benefits
+    of this class of agents in medicine, are as illusory as they are
+    in general society, and that the words of the wise man are
+    worthy of careful consideration when he says: 'Wine is a mocker
+    and strong drink is raging, and whosoever is _deceived_ thereby
+    is not wise.'"--DR. N. S. DAVIS, Chicago, Ill.
+
+    "Dr. Hirschfeld, a well-known physician of Magdeburg, Germany,
+    was recently arrested on a charge of malpractice. The specific
+    charge was that he had refused to give alcohol to one of his
+    patients who was supposed to need it. The doctor, like the more
+    advanced German physicians, is discarding liquor from his
+    practice, and made such a hot defence to the charge that the
+    court not only discharged the physician, but assessed the cost
+    of the defense against the prosecution."--_Bulletin of A. M. T. A._
+
+Dr. Greene, of Boston, when addressing his brethren and sisters of the
+medical association in that city, upon alcohol, said in closing:--
+
+    "It needs no argument to convince you that it is upon the
+    medical profession, to a very great extent, that the rum-seller
+    depends to maintain the respectability of the traffic. It
+    requires only your own experience, and observations, to convince
+    you that it is upon the medical profession, upon their
+    prescriptions and recommendations for its use upon many
+    occasions, that the habitual dram-drinker depends for the
+    seeming respectability of his drinking habits. It is upon the
+    members of the medical profession, and the exceptional laws
+    which it has always demanded, that the whole liquor fraternity
+    depends, more than upon anything else, to screen it from
+    opprobrium, and just punishment for the evils which the traffic
+    entails upon society; and it is because the rum-seller, and the
+    rum-drinker, hide under this cloak of seeming respectability
+    that they are so difficult to reach either by moral suasion, or
+    by law. Physicians generally have only to overcome the force of
+    habit, and the prevailing fashion in medicine, to find an
+    excellent way, when they will all look back with wonder and
+    surprise, that they, as individuals, and members of an honored
+    profession, should have been so far compromised."
+
+
+    "It will be asked, _Was there no evidence of any good service
+    rendered by the agent in the midst of so much obvious bad
+    service?_ I answer to that question THAT THERE WAS NO SUCH
+    EVIDENCE WHATEVER, AND IS NONE."--SIR B. W. RICHARDSON.
+
+
+    "A prominent general practitioner expressed surprise that any
+    one could do without alcohol in general medicine. He was
+    persuaded to make a trial, by abandoning the internal use of
+    spirits as medicine. A year afterward he wrote that his success
+    in the treatment of disease had been equal to that of any year
+    in the past, and that his cases recovered as well without
+    alcohol as with it. In a recent medical meeting he remarked, 'I
+    thought for many years that I could not do without spirits as
+    medicine. I was mistaken. I am constantly treating cases of all
+    degrees of severity without alcohol, and my success is fully
+    equal to the average.'"--_Quarterly of A. M. T. A._
+
+
+    "Happily, the belief in alcohol is passing away."--DR. C. R.
+    FRANCIS, late Professor of Medicine, Calcutta Medical College.
+
+Dr. Moor, the distinguished editor of the _Pacific Record_, says:--
+
+    "While the use of alcohol is always injudicious and injurious,
+    it is particularly so in summer, when the system is predisposed
+    to disturbances of the gastro-intestinal tract.
+
+    "Alcohol flushes the capillaries of the mucous membranes just as
+    it does the capillaries of the skin, and where there is already
+    a smouldering congestion, it will take but little to light the
+    fire of acute inflammation, which will rage with greatly
+    increased intensity.
+
+    "It is wiser to habitually avoid even the medicinal use of
+    alcohol, as there are plenty of other stimulants which will give
+    the desired results without entailing any disastrous after
+    effects."
+
+    "All the pleasant sensations of increased mental and physical
+    power, which the use of alcohol produces, are deceptive and
+    arise from the paralysis of the judgment and the momentary
+    benumbing of the sense of fatigue which afterwards returns so
+    imperiously with perhaps even greater intensity."--PROF. ADOLF
+    FICK, of Wurzburg.
+
+Dr. Frank Payne, vice-president of the London Pathological Society,
+says:--
+
+    "Alcohol is a functional and tissue poison, and there is no
+    proper or necessary use for it as a medicine."
+
+    "When I first heard that there was going to be a total
+    abstinence hospital, I thought it would be a complete failure.
+    That was because I had been taught as a student to regard
+    alcohol as absolutely necessary in the treatment of disease.
+    Nevertheless I was an abstainer myself. When I was asked to join
+    as physician, I did not consent without a good deal of
+    consideration, and then only on the understanding that if I
+    thought a person needed it, I should be allowed to administer
+    alcohol. I remember the first case of severe typhoid fever I
+    had. He was hovering between life and death, and I was anxiously
+    watching to see whether it would be necessary to give alcohol,
+    but the man made a good recovery without it. After watching many
+    cases to whom I should have given alcohol if I had been treating
+    them elsewhere, I came to the conclusion that I had been
+    completely deluded. I gave it at one time to a woman in the
+    Hospital who was in a dying condition, but it did not save her.
+    I do not think I am likely to administer alcohol again. We have
+    had progress and efficiency in the Hospital. It has been like an
+    experiment for the profession, and our success shows that this
+    giving of alcohol is certainly a matter for re-consideration for
+    the medical profession. I believe that they are mistaken. There
+    is no doubt that the amount of alcohol used in other hospitals
+    has diminished greatly, compared with what was used in the past.
+    To the outside public also this Hospital is an example. I
+    believe that an immense number of the public have been
+    teetotalers some time in their lives, but a great many of them
+    have gone back to the drink in time of illness, because they
+    have been advised to do so. This Hospital is a standing witness
+    that disease and surgical injuries can be treated without
+    alcoholic liquors."--DR. J. J. RIDGE, of London Temperance
+    Hospital.
+
+
+    "I find very little use for alcohol in the practice of medicine.
+    Where there is one element of good in alcohol there are
+    thousands that are bad."--DR. ALFRED MERCER, Syracuse, N. Y.,
+    Professor of Medicine in Syracuse Medical School.
+
+
+    "Alcohol is rarely necessary. Other remedies are much more
+    efficacious. In my department of the University of Buffalo I
+    follow Cushny, who claims that alcohol is a poison, a depressant
+    in direct proportion to the amount ingested, and a so-called
+    false food."--DR. DE WITT H. SHERMAN, Adjunct Professor of
+    Therapeutics, University of Buffalo Medical Department.
+
+
+    "I believe that alcohol is the greatest foe to the human race
+    to-day. I feel that it would not be a serious harm if its use as
+    a medicine were totally discontinued."--DR. WALTER E. FERNALD,
+    Professor in Tufts Medical School, Boston, Mass.
+
+
+    "I rarely or never prescribe alcohol as a medicament or a food,
+    or sanction its use as a beverage. Physiologically I look upon
+    alcohol as a narcotic, with perhaps a primary stimulating
+    effect, but I believe that such desired action as it is capable
+    of producing can be equally well brought about by other agents.
+    As a beverage the use of alcohol, particularly in excess, is
+    attended with definite and well-known dangers."--DR. A. A.
+    ESHNER, Professor of Clinical Medicine, Philadelphia Polyclinic
+    and College for Graduates in Medicine.
+
+
+    "I agree with you altogether in your agitation against the use
+    of alcohol in any form. I believe that wine is a mocker, and
+    belief in wine as a benefit, mockery."--DR. MATTHEW WOODS,
+    Philadelphia, Pa.
+
+
+    "It is extremely seldom that I ever advise the use of alcohol in
+    any form for my patients."--ELLIOTT P. JOSLIN, M. D., Professor
+    in Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
+
+
+    "My belief is that there is very little need of the medical use
+    of alcohol. I almost never use it in my practice, and think that
+    its use by practitioners generally is far less than it was a few
+    years ago."--DR. E. G. CUTLER, Professor in Harvard Medical
+    School, Boston, Mass.
+
+
+    "I believe that the trend of teaching in the Harvard Medical
+    School has been growing less favorable, of late years, to the
+    use of alcohol in the treatment of disease, and in fact it is
+    far less used than it was a generation ago."--DR. JAMES J.
+    PUTNAM, Professor in Harvard Medical School.
+
+
+    "My personal opinion in regard to the use of alcoholic drinks is
+    very decidedly averse to such use. I have long been of the
+    opinion that while the use of alcohol may restrain tissue
+    metamorphosis, it cannot legitimately be considered a
+    food."--DR. WILLIAM O. STILLMAN, Albany Medical College,
+    Albany, N. Y.
+
+
+    "I do not think you will meet with very many physicians who
+    favor alcohol and its use. I believe the trend of the teaching
+    in the Albany Medical College is that alcohol is not a food or
+    stimulant."--DR. A. VANDER VEER, Albany, N. Y., Medical School.
+
+
+    "I think the medical profession could get along perfectly well
+    without the use of alcohol, except as it is needed in the
+    manufacture of drugs. As a therapeutic agent, it has very little
+    value. I do not suppose I have used a pint of alcohol in the
+    last ten years. I think the tendency of the medical profession
+    throughout the country is to give up alcohol in the treatment of
+    disease."--DR. MATTHEW D. MANN, Dean of the Medical Department
+    of the University of Buffalo, N. Y.
+
+
+    "I very seldom prescribe alcohol as a medicine, and think its
+    effects are positively harmful in the vast majority of medical
+    cases."--DR. ALLEN A. JONES, Adjunct Professor of Medicine,
+    Buffalo, N. Y.
+
+
+    "At the Baptist Hospital I have not ordered alcohol for a
+    patient in several years. At the Massachusetts General Hospital,
+    in the out-patient department, I never prescribe it."--DR.
+    RICHARD BADGER, of Harvard Medical School, Boston.
+
+
+    "Alcohol is used much too freely in the treatment of the sick,
+    especially in such conditions as mild typhoid fever,
+    neurasthenia and early tuberculosis. It should be prescribed
+    only when there is definite indication for it, and then in
+    definite dose for a limited period in the same manner as any
+    other powerful and potentially harmful drug."--DR. S. S. COHEN,
+    Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia.
+
+
+    "It is seldom necessary to prescribe alcohol as a
+    medicine."--DR. JAMES B. HERRICK, Professor of Medicine in Rush
+    Medical College, Chicago.
+
+
+    "As I have said but little about the use of medicine in the
+    treatment of typhoid fever, save for one symptom, I may add, for
+    the purpose of definiteness, that I use none except for special
+    symptoms. The rare exceptions are stimulants such as strychnia,
+    in less marked indications coffee. Alcohol as a routine drug I
+    have entirely abandoned, having found that the doses formerly
+    given before or after the bath are altogether unnecessary. Hot
+    milk internally, or hot water bags externally, more than replace
+    spirits according to my experience."--DR. GEORGE DOCK, New
+    Orleans.
+
+
+    "I have no use for alcohol, either personally, or in my
+    practice. Yet I cannot say that I have entirely abolished it.
+    Alcohol is used in compounding most of our tinctures, but in
+    remedies proper my experience has been that other stimulants,
+    such as ammonia, strychnine, caffeine, kolafra, etc., answer the
+    same purpose without alcohol's dangerous effects. In my
+    practice, which is confined to surgery, I find very, very little
+    use for it. During the past year, in extreme cases, I used it in
+    hypodermic injections, and afterwards felt that ether, or
+    ammonia would have answered the same purpose. I think, in
+    general practice, physicians are dispensing with alcohol more
+    and more, but perhaps unconsciously."--D. W. B. DE GARMO,
+    Professor of surgery in Post-Graduate Hospital, New York City.
+
+
+    "Medicine, to-day, would be in a more satisfactory condition if
+    the use of alcohol as a medicine had been interdicted a hundred
+    years ago, and the interdict had remained to the present day.
+    The benefits derived from its use are so small (even when they
+    can be proved, which is much more rarely the case than most
+    people imagine), and the advantages gained are so slight, that
+    they are completely outweighed when we set against them the evil
+    that has been wrought by the abuse of alcohol, and that has
+    arisen out of the loose methods of prescription that have
+    obtained, and even still obtain, in regard to this drug."--DR.
+    G. SIMS WOODHEAD, F. R. C. P., F. R. S., Director of the
+    Research Laboratories of the Royal College of Physicians and
+    Surgeons, London.
+
+
+    "The effect of continually dosing with this drug is too apparent
+    wherever it is used, benumbing the senses, and rendering more
+    difficult every natural function. Alcohol never sustains the
+    powers of life. It sometimes changes the symptoms of disease,
+    but at the expense of the vitality of the body. What is called
+    its supporting action, is a fever induced by the poison, which
+    finally prostrates the patient. The secret of its action is
+    found in the laws of vitality. The man who takes alcohol to
+    help digest his food, must first throw off the alcohol, before
+    his stomach can act healthfully.
+
+    "There is one encouraging fact to be noted in this connection,
+    that the use of alcohol in medicine has very much diminished
+    during the past twenty-five years, and the present tendency is
+    constantly in that direction. Right here is an important point
+    which I wish to make: When the physician ceases to prescribe
+    alcohol as a medicine, the drink problem will have reached the
+    final stage of its solution. Mankind will eventually learn that
+    safety lies not so much in skillful doctors, or in some
+    wonderful 'new remedy,' as in daily obedience to the laws of
+    health. A small amount of prevention is of more worth than all
+    the power of cure."--DR. C. H. SHEPARD, Brooklyn, N. Y.
+
+
+    "My observation has been that there is a decided tendency among
+    educated physicians to give less alcohol than formerly in the
+    treatment of disease. Of late years I have given but very little
+    alcohol in my own practice. The tendency is due, in my opinion,
+    to the study of the physiological action of drugs, and to the
+    better understanding of the causation of disease and
+    pathological processes. Modern investigators now know that we
+    have therapeutic agents that meet the requirements of disease
+    processes with more scientific accuracy than is obtained by the
+    exhibition of alcohol."--DR. DONNELLY, Secretary of Minnesota
+    State Medical Society, St. Paul, Minn.
+
+
+    "Dr. Pearce Gould recently made a speech to the National
+    Temperance League on alcohol and the advantage of doing without
+    it, both in health and in the treatment of disease. It takes a
+    strong man to say the strong things which Mr. Gould said on the
+    subject, especially if he happens to be a medical man. No doubt,
+    as Dr. Gould says, the use of alcohol in medical practice is
+    nothing now compared to what it was twenty years ago, much more
+    forty years ago, when Dr. Todd's influence, and the reaction
+    from the so-called antiphlogistic treatment were at their
+    height. Public opinion has been enlightened by the evidence of
+    leaders in medicine, such as Dr. Parkes, Sir William Gull, Dr.
+    Gairdner, Dr. Sanderson, and others, and medical men have dared
+    to treat disease without alcohol, or with only small quantities
+    of it. There are physicians and surgeons of reputation and
+    success, who are so strong in their convictions that alcohol is
+    of little use in the treatment of disease, that it destroys
+    tissues, lessens the resistance to microbes, deranges functions,
+    spoils temper, and shortens life, that they are ready to testify
+    to this effect in public, in company with redoubtable champions
+    of the temperance cause like the Archbishop of Canterbury, Sir
+    William White (chief constructor of the navy), and the Bishop of
+    Derry, who have as much prejudice to contend against in their
+    spheres as the medical man has in his. We recognize with
+    pleasure the good done by such testimony as Dr. Gould's. Men
+    whose record and authority in the profession are such as his
+    have the courage of their opinions, and their honest testimony
+    will be respected even by those who do not go quite so far in
+    discarding alcohol as an element of diet, or as a
+    medicine."--_The Lancet_, London, May 14, 1898.
+
+
+    "The light of exact investigation has shown that the therapeutic
+    value of alcohol rests on an insecure basis, and it is
+    constantly being made clearer that after all alcohol is a sort
+    of poison to be handled with the same care and circumspection as
+    other agents capable of producing noxious and deadly effect upon
+    the organism. It has been shown by Abbott and others that
+    alcoholic animals are more susceptible to infections than normal
+    animals. And Laitinen, after having studied the influence of
+    alcohol upon infections with anthrax, tubercle and diphtheria
+    bacilli in dogs, rabbits, guinea-pigs and pigeons, reaches the
+    same general results with certainty and directness. Under all
+    circumstances alcohol causes a marked increase in susceptibility
+    no matter whether given before or after infections, no matter
+    whether the doses were few and massive or numerous and small,
+    and no matter whether the infection was acute or chronic. The
+    alcoholic animals either die while the controls remain alive, or
+    in case both die, death is earlier in the alcoholic. The facts
+    brought out by the researches of Abbott and Laitinen and others
+    do not furnish the slightest support for the use of alcohol in
+    the treatment of infectious diseases in man."--_Journal American
+    Medical Association, Editorial, September 8, 1900._
+
+
+    "Step by step the progress of science has nullified every theory
+    on which the physician administers alcohol. Every position taken
+    has been disapproved. Alcohol is not a food and does not
+    nourish, but impairs nutrition. It is not a stimulant in the
+    proper acceptation of the term; on the contrary it is a
+    depressant. Hence its former universal use in cases of shock
+    was, to say the least, a grave mistake. It has been proved by
+    recent experiments that alcohol retards, perverts, and is
+    destructive either in large or small doses to normal cell growth
+    and development."--NATHAN S. DAVIS, SR., M.D., former Dean of
+    Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois.
+    (Deceased.)
+
+
+    "It seems to me that the field of usefulness of alcohol in
+    therapeutics is extremely limited and possibly does not exist at
+    all. Probably every supposed indication for its use can be met
+    better and more safely by other drugs. The recent work on the
+    so-called food value of alcohol is the subject of much
+    misunderstanding. While it is true that under some
+    circumstances, for example, after a person has acquired a
+    certain degree of tolerance to its poisonous effects, alcohol
+    seems to act as a food in the sense that fats and carbohydrates
+    do, I believe this to be at present a matter of little more than
+    theoretical importance."--DR. REID HUNT, Chief of the Department
+    of Pharmacology, Public Health and Marine Hospital Service,
+    Washington, D.C.
+
+
+    "The physician should have blazoned before him, 'If you can do
+    no good, do no harm.' If this rule is adhered to, in ninety-nine
+    cases out of one hundred the physician will give no alcohol. In
+    the medical wards of the Pennsylvania Hospital I have found that
+    in acute as well as chronic disease we can do without alcohol.
+    It does harm rather than good. Alcohol masks the symptoms of
+    disease, so that we cannot know the patient's real
+    condition."--J. H. MUSSER, M. D., Philadelphia, Pa.,
+    Ex-President American Medical Association.
+
+
+    "It is time alcohol was banished from the medical armamentarium;
+    whisky has killed thousands where it cured one."--J. H.
+    MCCORMACK, M. D., Secretary Kentucky Board of Health, and
+    Organizer for the American Medical Association.
+
+
+    "I very rarely use alcohol in my practice. I think that its use
+    is never essential. Physicians are using it less and less in the
+    treatment of disease owing to the recognition that it is a
+    narcotic, not a stimulant, and that other narcotics are usually
+    better when a narcotic is required."--RICHARD C. CABOT, M. D.,
+    Professor of Clinical Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston,
+    Mass.
+
+
+    "My position has been that alcohol should be prescribed with as
+    much care as to indications and circumspection as to dose and
+    method as in the use of any other drug that in health would
+    prove harmful, as morphine, belladonna, aconite, quinine, etc. I
+    believe strongly that in pneumonia, typhoid fever, and
+    tuberculosis especially, the indiscriminate use of alcohol in
+    the past has caused an incalculable amount of distress and
+    needless disaster to suffering humanity."--HOWARD S. ANDERS, M.
+    D., Professor of Physical Diagnosis, Medico-Chirurgical College,
+    Philadelphia, Pa.
+
+
+    "I do not think alcohol of any value in the treatment of
+    disease; formerly it was used a great deal in the hospital
+    wards, and 'liquor slips' were daily signed. Now, I never order
+    liquor in any quantity, and at times for weeks I have not signed
+    a single slip ordering liquor."--HENRY JACKSON, M. D., Professor
+    in Harvard Medical School.
+
+
+    "In the overwhelming majority of cases I am in entire sympathy
+    with the movement to abolish the routine use of alcoholics from
+    medicine, and I rarely advise such in my practice."--EDWARD R.
+    BALDWIN, M. D., Saranac Lake Sanitarium, New York.
+
+    "I seldom prescribe alcohol."--GEORGE BLUMER, M. D., Yale
+    Medical School, New Haven, Conn.
+
+
+    "WHEREAS, The study of alcohol from a scientific standpoint has
+    demonstrated that its action is deceptive, and that it does not
+    have the medical properties that we once claimed for it; now,
+    therefore, be it
+
+    "_Resolved_, By the West Virginia State Medical Association,
+    That we deplore the fact that our profession has been quoted so
+    long as claiming for it virtues which it does not possess, and
+    that we earnestly pledge ourselves to discourage the use of it,
+    both in and out of the sick room."--_Resolution passed at annual
+    meeting May, 1908._
+
+
+    "I have been actively engaged in the practice of medicine for
+    nearly twenty-five years, in the early portion of which I
+    prescribed alcoholics moderately but yet with considerable
+    frequency. For the past ten years I have been finding
+    professionally less place for alcoholics of any sort in my
+    practise, and for perhaps three years I have scarcely ever
+    prescribed them. I am satisfied that my cases of pneumonia and
+    typhoid come through in better condition without anything
+    alcoholic, even wines, and I no longer prescribe these at all in
+    cases of tuberculosis. I have noted also that among my
+    professional associates of the thinking rather than of the
+    automatic type, the medicinal use of alcohol is rapidly
+    lessening."--C. G. HICKEY, M. D., Lecturer on Medicine, Denver
+    and Gross College of Medicine, Denver, Colorado.
+
+
+    "In the thirteen years I have taught in Michigan I have not used
+    alcohol in the treatment of disease in a routine way. Even
+    alcoholic preparations, such as tinctures, have been used in
+    very rare instances. I have occasion to speak on this subject
+    every year to about two hundred students. My reasons for taking
+    this stand are chiefly medical, though I am heartily in sympathy
+    with the ethical and moral phases of the temperance
+    movement."--DR. GEORGE DOCK, formerly Professor of Medicine,
+    University of Michigan Medical College, now of Tulane
+    University, New Orleans.
+
+
+    "Alcohol is distinctly a poison, and the limitation of its use
+    should be as strict as that of any other kind of poison. It is
+    not an appetizer, and even in small quantities it hinders
+    digestion. The use of alcohol is emphatically diminishing in
+    hospital practise."--SIR FREDERICK TREVES, Surgeon to King
+    Edward.
+
+
+    "If during the last quarter of a century I have prescribed
+    almost no alcohol in the treatment of disease, it is because I
+    have found very little reason for its use, and it seemed to me
+    that my patients got on better without it."--SIR JAMES BARR,
+    Dean of the Medical School of Liverpool University.
+
+
+    "With the increase of medical knowledge and with the increase of
+    medical observation, it is shown every year that the value of
+    alcohol as a drug has been enormously overestimated. It is a
+    very poor agent, and only in common use because it is so easily
+    obtained. The medical profession is using it less and less,
+    because they appreciate it now at its true value. Personally I
+    never order it, because I believe patients recover better
+    without it."--SIR VICTOR HORSLEY, Surgeon to London Hospital.
+
+
+    "The same care and discrimination should be given to the
+    prescribing of alcohol as to the most deadly drug with which we
+    have to deal. In looking at the report of Radcliffe Infirmary
+    for the past month I see that in dealing with twenty-five cases
+    I ordered alcohol costing exactly 1-3/4 pence."--DR. WILLIAM
+    COLLIER, President British Medical Association, 1904.
+
+
+    "In England at present the use of large doses of alcohol seems
+    to have greatly gone out of hospital practise, and opinion is
+    certainly growing that not even small doses are required.
+    Diseases of the stomach, liver, heart, and kidneys have appeared
+    to me, in my practise, to be much more satisfactorily treated
+    without beer, wines, or spirits."--DR. C. R. DRYSDALE,
+    Consulting Physician to the Metropolitan Hospital, London.
+
+
+    "Alcohol is a functional and tissue poison, and there is no
+    proper or necessary use for it as medicine."--DR. FRANK PAYNE,
+    Vice-President London Pathological Society.
+
+
+    "Of scarlet fever I have treated some 2,000 cases. I have never
+    seen a case in which, in my opinion, alcohol was necessary; no
+    case in which its administration was beneficial; but I have seen
+    more than one case in which its action was directly injurious. *
+    * * Alcohol in no case averts a fatal issue where such is
+    impending. * * * The facts are dead against alcohol. In
+    hospitals there has been an increase of 300 per cent. in the use
+    of milk, and a decline of 47 per cent. in the use of alcohol.
+    Progress in treatment of disease has gone hand in hand with
+    disuse of alcohol. The use of alcohol formerly was the outcome
+    of ignorance, a confession of weakness and defeat; to-day it is
+    the expression of inability to discard the fetters of an outworn
+    routine."--DR. C. KNOX BOND, in Medical Times.
+
+
+    "For many years I have dispensed almost entirely with alcohol as
+    an aid in surgical treatment. As a student I saw it used, almost
+    as a matter of routine, for every kind of surgical malady except
+    head injuries, and in my early years I naturally followed the
+    practise of my teachers; but as soon as I made trial for myself
+    of the effect of withholding alcohol, I found how entirely
+    overrated its value was, and how gravely mistaken had been the
+    teaching. It is commonly held, I believe, that alcoholic
+    stimulants are of especial value in all forms of septic
+    inflammation, such as erysipelas, pyaemia, septicaemia, and hectic
+    fever. I believe that this belief is founded solely upon
+    tradition unsupported by any trustworthy evidence, and untested
+    by experiment or experience."--DR. A. PEARCE GOULD, F. R. C. S.,
+    Surgeon to the Middlesex Hospital, London.
+
+
+    "I have not prescribed alcohol to my patients for more than ten
+    years, and can affirm positively that they have fared well under
+    this change of treatment. Since I formerly followed the
+    universal practice, I am competent to make comparisons, and
+    these speak unconditionally in favor of treatment without
+    alcohol. As a preventive of waste I use among fever patients
+    nothing but real foods; in addition to milk, particularly
+    sugar, which can be administered to any fever patient in ample
+    quantity in the form of fruit juices, stewed fruit, sweet
+    lemonade, fruit ices, sugared tea, etc., concerning which
+    hundreds of investigations have demonstrated positively that it
+    prevents the waste of both albumen and fat. As a stimulant I
+    employ, besides hydriatic methods, which at the same time
+    abstract heat, almost nothing but camphor, and I can affirm that
+    it is unconditionally preferable to alcohol for its prompt
+    results and the absence of disagreeable after-effects
+    (intoxication, benumbing). Pneumonia, especially, subsides
+    without alcohol to perfect satisfaction, and I rejoice to agree
+    in this respect with Aufrecht, one of the best authorities on
+    this disease, who in his monograph in Nothnagle's manual,
+    acknowledges himself hostile to the use of alcohol in the
+    treatment of pneumonia, and hopes that its use may be speedily
+    abolished. For the reasons previously specified, I should like
+    to see that extended to all use of alcohol in therapeutics.
+    However, that can come to pass only when all thinking physicians
+    clearly appreciate the fact that no substance is able to
+    undertake the double role of a food and a poison, and, also,
+    that for alcohol no nutritive, but only toxic properties can be
+    claimed."--MAX KASSOWITZ, M. D., Professor in the University of
+    Vienna, Austria.
+
+
+    "Besides its deleterious influence on the nervous system and
+    other important parts of our body, alcohol has a harmful action
+    on the phagocytes, the agents of natural defense against
+    infective microbes."--PROF. METCHNIKOFF, Pasteur Institute,
+    Paris, France.
+
+
+    "Alcoholic liquors are, to my mind, not only not valuable, but
+    distinctly disadvantageous, in the treatment of disease, except
+    in rare instances, as for example in the initial chill of some
+    acute infectious disease. However, I have almost given up the
+    use of alcohol in the treatment of disease."--DR. D. L. EDSALL,
+    Professor of Therapeutics in the University of Pennsylvania
+    Medical School.
+
+
+    "As a rule which might well be regarded as universal in the
+    practice of medicine, alcohol in the treatment of disease is an
+    evil. In ordinary doses and in continuous use the sum of its
+    reactions increases exhaustion, which may terminate
+    fatally."--DR. JOHN VAN DUYN, Professor of Medicine in Syracuse,
+    N. Y., University Medical School.
+
+
+    "In sixteen years of active practice I have not used alcoholics
+    at all. I am medical director of the Scranton Sanitarium, and I
+    have considerable trouble in trying to cure those who use
+    alcohol, and to undo some of the work my fellow practitioners
+    have unwittingly made."--D. WEBSTER EVANS, M. D., Scranton, Pa.
+
+
+    "I am opposed to the use of alcoholic liquors as a beverage, and
+    with rare exceptions, to their use in the treatment of
+    diseases."--DR. EUGENE KERR, Physician to Phipps Dispensary,
+    Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Md.
+
+
+    "In my professional work I do not advise or permit the use of
+    alcohol as a beverage or medicine in any form whatever. No
+    alcohol is used medicinally in my hospital wards. Beer or wine
+    is not permitted to convalescents. Children are never given
+    tinctures. Cases of delirium tremens receive no alcohol. The
+    hypodermic use of alcohol is not permitted in cases of shock.
+    There are other much more effective and less depressing
+    diffusable stimulants.
+
+    "Among my colleagues the employment of alcohol as a medicine has
+    diminished at least seventy-five per cent. in the past fifteen
+    years.
+
+    "I have cast it out entirely."--J. P. WARBASSE, M. D., Chief
+    Surgeon German Hospital, Brooklyn, N. Y.
+
+
+    "The habitual use of alcohol in any disease is worse than
+    harmful."--ROBERT B. PREBLE, M. D., Chicago, Ill.
+
+
+    "The last few years I find I have used less and less alcohol in
+    prescribing for my patients until at the present time I use very
+    little. I think my typhoid cases do better without alcohol than
+    with it."--H. H. HEALY, M. D., former Sec'y North Dakota Board
+    of Health.
+
+
+    "Alcohol is a poison. It is claimed by some that alcohol is a
+    food. If so, it is a poisoned food."--FREDERICK PETERSON, M. D.,
+    Professor of Psychiatry, Columbia University, N. Y.
+
+
+    "Few physicians now credit alcohol as a food (that is, as a
+    tissue builder) or as having any valuable medicinal qualities.
+    In fact, it is considered by many to have a destructive rather
+    than a constructive quality. I believe it should never be put
+    into the human body."--EUGENE HUBBELL, M. D., St. Paul, Minn.
+
+
+    "The medical profession is learning that alcohol has been much
+    abused in the treatment of the sick, and is largely discarding
+    it. I hardly find occasion to prescribe it once a year."--W. A.
+    PLECKER, M. D., Sec'y State Board of Health, Hampton, Va.
+
+
+    "The use of alcohol as a beverage or therapeutically, is in
+    either case a habit of the user. The stimulation is but
+    temporary, the reaction leaving the nerve cells of the
+    individual with less resisting power than before the ingestion
+    of alcohol. * * * Never permit a verbal or written prescription
+    of yours to give rise to the use of a habit forming
+    drug."--_From a lecture to students in Omaha Medical College by
+    J. M. Aiken, M. D., Clinical Instructor and Lecturer upon
+    Nervous and Mental Diseases._
+
+
+    "The use of spirits as a stimulant in diseases, except in a very
+    limited circle, is a mere empiricism for which no good reasons
+    can be given. The teachings of medical men are no more to be
+    followed blindly and without question. The tests of alcohol as a
+    tonic, as a food, as a stimulant, as a retarder of waste, are
+    all negative. There is no reliable evidence to support these
+    claims, but a constant accumulation of facts to indicate the
+    danger from the use of spirits. To give alcohol or any other
+    drug without some rational theory in accord with the scientific
+    researches of to-day is unpardonable."--DR. T. D. CROTHERS,
+    Hartford, Conn., Editor of the Journal of Inebriety.
+
+
+    "Many physicians prescribe alcohol only because it is the desire
+    of the patient, and because patients refuse medicine which the
+    physicians would rather use."--EVERETT HOOPER, M. D. Boston,
+    Mass.
+
+
+    "You are right in indicting alcohol for its insidious wrongs to
+    humanity. It is an old and sly offender and very much the
+    'mocker' in medical practise that it has been pronounced in holy
+    writ. It exhausts the latent energy of the organism often when
+    that power is most needed to conserve the failing strength of
+    the body in the battle with disease."--DR. C. H. HUGHES, St.
+    Louis, Missouri.
+
+
+    "The best class of thinkers, men of the best intellectual gauge,
+    are those who are doing away with this miserable, unscientific
+    practise of giving liquor."--DR. BOYNTON, Clifton Springs, N. Y.
+
+
+    "I believe that in the scientific light of the present era
+    alcohol should be classed among the anaesthetics and poisons, and
+    that the human family would be benefited by its entire exclusion
+    from the field of remedial agents."--DR. J. S. CAIN, Dean of the
+    Faculty, Medical Department, University of the South, Sewanee,
+    Tenn.
+
+
+    "Let me cite my experience in surgery for the last three years
+    in proof of the uselessness of alcohol, and the benefit of
+    abstinence from its administration. During that time I have
+    performed more than one thousand operations, a large portion
+    upon cases of railroad injuries, one hundred for appendicitis,
+    and in none of these was alcohol administered in any form,
+    either before, during, or after operations. I defy any one who
+    still adheres to alcohol to show as good results. Equally
+    gratifying results have been obtained with my medical cases, and
+    I fail to understand how any observing and thinking physician
+    can still cling to so prejudicial a drug as alcohol, when he has
+    within his reach a multitude of valuable, exact, and reliable
+    methods for combating, governing, and controlling disease."--DR.
+    EVAN C. KANE, Surgeon Pennsylvania Railroad, Kane, Pa.
+
+
+    "In my neurological practice I emphatically forbid my patients
+    the use of alcohol. This poison has a special predilection for
+    the nervous system which it influences sometimes to an alarming
+    extent."--ALFRED GORDON, M. D., Jefferson Medical College,
+    Philadelphia, Pa.
+
+
+    "Alcohol finds no place in my remedial list. It has been
+    banished, not from sentiment, but from knowledge secured by
+    scientific investigation."--T. ALEXANDER MACNICHOLL, M. D., New
+    York City, one of the founders of the Red Cross Hospital, New
+    York.
+
+
+    "No sound, scientific argument can be offered for the medical
+    use of alcohol, either internally or externally. It is a toxic
+    substance which ought to be retired from the _materia medica_,
+    and placed in the catalog of obsolete drugs along with tobacco,
+    lobelia, and like useless but highly toxic drug
+    substances."--DR. J. H. KELLOGG, Superintendent Battle Creek
+    Sanitarium, Battle Creek, Michigan.
+
+
+    "The majority of medical men, without making any searching
+    investigation into the abundant recent literature upon the
+    subject of alcohol, are disposed to regard it with less and less
+    favor as the years go by, while those who have closely followed
+    the thorough investigations into the physiological action of
+    alcohol recently made by scientists, have repudiated it
+    altogether. * * * It is a lack of information upon this
+    subject--together with the fact that alcohol has been used as a
+    therapeutic agent for hundreds of years, during which it has
+    formed the basis of all tonic or stimulating treatment--that
+    gives alcohol its present hold upon a part of the medical
+    profession."--JOHN MADDEN, M. D., Portland, Oregon, formerly
+    professor in Milwaukee Medical College.
+
+
+    "Alcohol may fill an emergency when better means are not at
+    hand, but, apart from this, I know of no use in the practise of
+    medicine and surgery for which we have not better weapons at our
+    command. There is but one reason for the continued use of
+    alcohol--men use it because they love it." DR. W. F. WAUGH,
+    Chicago, Editor Journal of Clinical Medicine.
+
+
+    "If alcohol had become a candidate for recognition years ago
+    instead of centuries ago it is safe to say that its application
+    in medicine would have been very much more limited than we find
+    it at the present time. Its wide therapeutic use is to be
+    attributed in part to fallacies and misconception regarding its
+    pharmacology, and in part to a disinclination on the part of the
+    average practitioner of medicine to depart from old and
+    well-beaten lines."--WINFIELD S. HALL, M. D., Professor of
+    Physiology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago.
+
+
+    "In its relation to the human system, alcohol is never
+    constructive and always destructive."--PROF. FRANK WOODBURY, M.
+    D., Philadelphia, Pa.
+
+
+    "The clinicians who decide for the deleterious action of alcohol
+    in infectious conditions have what evidence of an experimental
+    nature we possess at the present time to support their
+    impressions. The advocates of the continuous use of the drug
+    have this evidence against them."--HENRY F. HEWES, M. D.,
+    Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
+
+
+    "I am very glad that you are undertaking so important a work as
+    this in connection with the terrible problem of alcoholism.
+    Physicians need awakening in this matter; they need reform. The
+    evil results of alcohol are unfortunately brought to my notice
+    each day of my life as I pursue my vocation and my public duties
+    as Health Officer, and a reform in prescribing so as to
+    eliminate alcohol would undoubtedly have far-reaching beneficent
+    effects."--EDWARD VON ADELUNG, M. D., Health Officer, Oakland, Cal.
+
+
+    "I am forwarding you a report of 303 cases of typhoid fever
+    treated without alcohol, and my reasons for not using it. I
+    believe the results will not suffer by comparison with those
+    obtained in other hospitals where alcohol is used. Wishing you
+    lasting success in your war upon the greatest evil of the
+    times."--J. H. LANDIS, M. D., Cincinnati, O.
+
+
+    "Only precise evidence that it (alcohol) is able to protect
+    albumen from destruction can warrant its employment and
+    establish its value as a food in the sick diet. And this
+    evidence which is of determinative importance must be looked
+    upon as having failed, according to the recent investigations of
+    Stammreich and Miura (who both worked under von Noorden's
+    direction), as well as by Schmidt, Schoeneseiffen and Roseman.
+    The uniform result of all these experiments, arrived at by
+    altogether different methods, is that _alcohol does not possess
+    albumen sparing power_; that it even brings about an undoubted
+    breaking down of albumen, and consequently it is entirely
+    unequal to carbohydrates and fat."--DR. JULIAN MARCUSE, a
+    contributing editor of _Die Heilkunde_, a German medical
+    magazine. See issue of July, 1900.
+
+
+    "Thirty years ago the general principle of practice was
+    stimulation. Alcohol was supposed to rouse up and support vital
+    forces in disease. Twenty-three years ago the first practical
+    denial was put into a permanent position in a public hospital in
+    London, where alcohol was seldom or never used. * * * Doctor
+    Richardson's researches showing the anaesthetic nature of alcohol
+    have had a great influence in changing medical practice in
+    England. * * * On the Continent a number of scientific workers
+    have published researches confirming Doctor Richardson's
+    conclusions, and bringing out other facts as to the action of
+    alcohol on the brain and nervous system. These papers and the
+    discussions which followed have been slowly working their way
+    into the laboratory and hospital, and have been tested and found
+    correct, materially changing current opinions, and creating
+    great doubts of the value of alcohol.
+
+    "In 1896, the prosecution of Doctor Hirschfeld, a Magdeburg
+    physician, in the German courts, for not using alcohol in a case
+    of septicemia, seemed to be the central point for a new
+    demonstration of the danger of the use of alcohol in medicine.
+    Doctor Hirschfeld was acquitted on the testimony of a large
+    number of leading physicians from the large hospitals and
+    universities of Europe. It was proved that alcohol was not a
+    remedy which was specifically required in any disease; also that
+    its value was most seriously questioned as a general remedy by
+    many able men, and its substitution was practical and literal in
+    most cases. Statistics were presented proving that alcohol was
+    dangerous, and never a safe remedy, and laboratory
+    investigations confirming and explaining its action were given.
+    Since then a sharp reaction has been going on in Europe, and
+    alcohol is rapidly declining and passing away as a common
+    remedy.
+
+    "Doctor Frick, an eminent teacher of medicine in Zurich,
+    Switzerland, and Doctor von Speyer, of the University of Berne,
+    have made statistical studies of cases treated with and without
+    alcohol, and have analyzed the effects of spirits as medicinal
+    agents to check and antagonize disease, and assert very
+    positively, that alcohol is a dangerous and exceedingly doubtful
+    remedy. Doctor Meyer, of the University of Gottenburg, Doctor
+    Moebius, of Leipsic, and Doctor Wehberg, of Dusseldorf, are
+    equally prominent physicians who have taken the same position,
+    and are equally emphatic in their denunciations of the current
+    beliefs concerning alcohol in medicine."--_Journal A. M. A._,
+    January 6, 1900.
+
+Dr. H. D. Didama, Dean of the Medical College of Syracuse University,
+Syracuse, N. Y., said in January, 1898, in the _Voice_:--
+
+    "For many years after my graduation at Albany, in 1846, I
+    prescribed alcohol, and for twenty years, while occupying the
+    chair of professor of the science and art of medicine in the
+    College of Medicine of Syracuse University. I followed in my
+    lectures--often reluctantly and usually afar off, but still I
+    followed--the almost unanimous teaching of authors, ancient and
+    modern, and the professors in the medical schools.
+
+    "Convinced that a great number of the diseases I was called to
+    treat owed their existence or aggravation to the use, in alleged
+    moderation, of alcoholic beverages, and that not in a few
+    instances this use was commenced and even continued by the
+    advice of the medical attendants; convinced also by the
+    published experiments of many acute observers at home and
+    abroad, and by my own observations, that almost all diseases
+    could be managed as well if not better by the non-use of
+    alcohol, and satisfied from the communications of some brother
+    practitioners that the fatality in certain specified diseases
+    was not delayed, to say the least, by the employment of
+    increasing and enormous doses of wine, whisky and brandy, and
+    influenced also, I must admit--overwhelmed, indeed--by what I
+    know and what I read daily of the pauperism, domestic
+    wretchedness, crime, insanity and incurable maladies transmitted
+    to innocent offspring, I abandoned entirely, more than three
+    years ago, the use of alcoholic remedies.
+
+    "I have endeavored by personal example and earnest council to
+    dissuade my patients from the use of intoxicating beverages and
+    medicines.
+
+    "The outcome of this practice, medically and morally, has been
+    satisfactory to myself, and, I have reason to believe, to my
+    patients also.
+
+    "Whatever regrets I may feel for my former teaching and
+    practice, I have no apology to offer for my inconsistency except
+    that once given by Gerrit Smith:--'I know more to-day than I did
+    yesterday; the only persons who never change their minds are God
+    and a fool.'
+
+    "Permit me to add that while there may be an honest difference
+    of opinion regarding the efficacy of legislative enactments in
+    overcoming or restraining the drink habit, there should be
+    little doubt that a whole-hearted, persistent,
+    precept-and-example effort of the medical profession exerted as
+    individuals on their patients and the families of their
+    patients, and as associations on the community at large, would
+    do immeasurable good.
+
+    "And the newspapers might aid materially in this beneficent work
+    if, while they continue to spread before our households every
+    day the details of the brawls and fights of drunken men and the
+    horrible murders which they commit, they would discontinue
+    advertising, without warning or dissent, side by side with the
+    atrocities, the 'innocuous beers,' the pure malt whiskies, the
+    genuine brandies, guaranteed to prevent and cure all manner of
+    diseases."
+
+The following testimony from an English physician is significant:--
+
+    "Although I know beforehand that their united testimony must be
+    in favor of the practice of total abstinence from all
+    intoxicating drinks, being most conducive to health and
+    longevity of their patients, but very inimical to the pocket
+    interests of themselves, my own experience is, that my teetotal
+    patients are seldom ill, and that they get well very soon again,
+    if they are attacked by disease. A higher principle than that of
+    gain must influence a medical man's mind, or he will never
+    advocate the doctrine of total abstinence."--J. J. RITCHIE, M.
+    R. C. S., Leek.
+
+    "One of the most dangerous phases of the use of alcohol is the
+    production of a feeling of well being in weakly, dyspeptic,
+    irritable, nervous or anaemic patients. In consequence of the
+    temporary relief so obtained, the patient develops a craving for
+    alcohol, which in many cases can end only in one way, and, as I
+    felt compelled to tell an assembly of ladies a short time ago,
+    the very symptoms for the alleviation of which alcohol is
+    usually taken are those, the presence of which renders it
+    exceedingly desirable that alcohol should not be taken."--DR. G.
+    SIMS WOODHEAD, of London.
+
+In an address upon the London Temperance Hospital delivered shortly
+before his death, Sir B. W. Richardson gave a brief review of the
+influences which led him to abandon the medical use of alcohol. The
+following is taken from that address as reported in the _Medical
+Pioneer_:--
+
+    "I was a member of the Vestry of St. Marylebone, and we had in
+    our parish a very serious outbreak of small-pox, attended with a
+    considerable mortality. In his report to us Dr. Whitmore stated
+    that in his treatment of earlier cases of the confluent and
+    hemorrhagic, and malignant forms of disease, stimulants of wine
+    and brandy were freely administered without any apparent
+    benefit; and, that after consultation with Mr. Cross, the
+    resident surgeon, they resolved to substitute simple
+    nutriments, such as milk, eggs and beef-tea, at frequent
+    intervals, with discontinuance of stimulants altogether. The
+    result of the change was most satisfactory, and many bad cases
+    did well, which under the stimulant plan they believed would
+    have terminated fatally. Again I was struck very much by a
+    report made by Mr. Cadbury, in which that gentleman showed the
+    course that was going on in various hospitals. The amount of
+    alcohol in twelve hospitals in London, taken by the inpatients,
+    varied in ounces from 37,531 in one establishment to 300,094 in
+    another during the year 1878. I also found, from the same
+    author, that the whole cost in St. George's Union Infirmary for
+    the year 1878 was L8. 3s. 6d., amongst 2,496 patients, while the
+    cost of the same number at the average of the twelve hospitals
+    was L124. About this same time I also remarked that in many of
+    the public institutions of England there was a reduction
+    something similar in kind, if not to the same extent, and that
+    the number of persons who suffered seemed to make better
+    recoveries than those who were taking the free amount of
+    stimulant. The effect of these observations chimed in very
+    remarkably with the physiological experiments it had been my
+    duty to carry out, and which tended to show in a most striking
+    manner that the action of alcohol in the body very much differed
+    from the ordinary opinion that had been held upon it, and
+    thereupon, in my own practice, I abandoned the use of alcohol,
+    and began to give instead small quantities of simple,
+    nourishing, dietic food, a course I pursued up to the present
+    time with the most satisfactory results, results I have never
+    felt any occasion to regret. By these steps, learned in the
+    first place from the study of alcohol in its action on man, I
+    was led to become a believer that alcohol is of no more service
+    in disease than it is in health, and a lengthened experience in
+    this matter has really confirmed the correctness of the idea."
+
+In his last report as physician to the Temperance Hospital Dr.
+Richardson made some remarkable statements upon the fallacy of the
+general ideas of stimulation. So interesting are his views that they are
+incorporated here:--
+
+    "Sir B. W. Richardson, M. D., who was unable to be present,
+    communicated (through the secretary) his annual report as
+    physician to the hospital. After twelve months further trial of
+    the treatment of all kinds of disease in this institution
+    without the assistance of alcohol, either as a diet or a
+    medicine, he (Sir B. W. Richardson) was fully sustained in the
+    belief that the plan pursued had been attended with every
+    possible advantage. About 500 cases had come under his
+    observation and treatment as in previous years, and these cases
+    had been of the most varied kind, including all patients who
+    were not directly suffering from contagious disease. In not one
+    instance had alcohol been administered, nor had anything like it
+    been used in the way of a substitute, and there had not been a
+    single case in which he could conceive that it was ever called
+    for, while the success which had attended the treatment
+    generally had been superior to anything he had ever seen
+    following upon the administration of alcoholic stimulants. One
+    great truth which had forced itself upon him had reference to
+    the doctrine of stimulation generally. It had been one of the
+    grand ideas in medicine that there came times when sick people
+    were benefited by being stimulated. It was argued that they were
+    low, and in order that they might be raised and brought nearer
+    to the natural life they required something like alcohol to
+    quicken the circulation, quicken the secretion, and help to
+    preserve the vitality. But the experience which was learned here
+    tended to show in the most distinct manner that that very old
+    and apparently rational idea was fallacious. Such stimulation
+    only tended ultimately to wear out the powers of the body, as
+    well as change the physical conditions under which the body
+    worked. True lowness meant practical over-fatigue, and when the
+    body was spurred on, or stimulated, over-fatigue was simply
+    intensified and increased. What, therefore, was wanted was not
+    stimulation, but repose. The sufferer was placed in the best
+    position to gain entire rest, and all the surroundings or
+    environments were employed which tended to prevent waste. The
+    air was kept at the proper temperature, the body of the patient
+    kept warm, and the simplest and most easily digested foods were
+    used; the patient's condition then swung round to a natural
+    state, and he began to get well. In other cases where the sick
+    were brought under observation suffering already from excitable
+    condition of the senses, with congestions here and there of the
+    circulatory or nervous systems, with imperfect condition of the
+    brain, and with the elements of what was usually denominated
+    inflammatory or febrile state--the stimulant was already present
+    (was, indeed the cause of the symptoms) and did not want in any
+    degree to be enforced further by the acts of treatment. Here,
+    therefore, they were on the safest grounds as regarded methods
+    of administration, for they calmed as well as they possibly
+    could both mind and body and left nature to do the rest, which
+    she did with the best and most tranquilizing effect. On both
+    sides, therefore, in the treatment of disease, they did good,
+    and that was the reason, he believed, why their returns were so
+    satisfactory. It often happened in an institution where some
+    particular plan was carried out that the old ideas in which they
+    had been bred were without intention refined or suppressed. For
+    example, he had been taught, and believed for a number of years,
+    that some medicament of a particular kind was needful for some
+    particular train of symptoms, be the surrounding conditions what
+    they might. There was no doubt that this same feeling had given
+    rise to the persistent use of alcohol; but, greatly to his own
+    surprise, he discovered that when the surroundings were all
+    good, the rule that applied to alcohol constantly applied to
+    other substances that were called remedies, with the result that
+    recovery was often just as good without the particular remedies
+    as with them, so that a revision came quite simply with regard
+    to stimulating agents and their properties, and also with
+    regard to every medicine that might at earlier times have been
+    employed. He had seen many cases in this hospital recover
+    without any other aid than that of the environments, which cases
+    he would have said could not possibly have gone on well, or
+    towards complete recovery, unless some special recipe had been
+    followed. He believed the day would come when others, learning
+    this same truth as he had been obliged to learn it, would act on
+    such simple principles that the books of remedies would have to
+    be vastly curtailed. It would be seen that there was such a
+    tendency of disease to get well of itself, or by virtue of
+    natural processes, of which people had at present but a very
+    poor idea, that the art of physic would pass into directions how
+    to live rather than into dogmatic assertions that particular
+    means must be employed in addition to the common details of life
+    for the process of cure. If therefore they learned in this
+    hospital by their reduced death-rates the true lesson, the
+    institution would have performed a double duty, and become one
+    of the test objects in medicine, and in the field of disease.
+    They made no attempt by selection, or by any side action, to
+    exaggerate their results. The cases were taken indiscriminately,
+    except that they gave admission to the worst cases first; that
+    was to say, they never caused patients to come under their
+    treatment if they saw they were only slightly affected, and were
+    bound to get well."--_Medical Pioneer._
+
+Dr. Landmann, of Boppard-on-the-Rhine, Germany, says:--
+
+    "The members of the Association of Abstaining Physicians, reject
+    the use of spirituous liquors in every form, and particularly
+    declare the use of alcohol at the sick-bed a scientific error of
+    the saddest kind. In order to war against this abuse, they
+    earnestly appeal to the officers having charge of funds for the
+    sick, henceforth, under no circumstances, any longer to permit
+    the prescription of wine, whisky and brandy for sick members;
+    but to resist to the utmost, according to the right given them
+    by the laws insuring the sick, the taking of spirituous
+    liquors, under the false pretext that they have a curative and
+    strengthening effect."
+
+Dr. Bleuler, Rheineau, Switzerland, says:--
+
+    "The treatment of chronic diseases with alcohol is contrary to
+    our knowledge of the physiological effects of alcohol. There is
+    no probability that its use will be beneficial, certainly its
+    benefits have not been established. Often an injurious result is
+    proved.
+
+    "It is not implied that there may not be some benefit in the use
+    of alcohol in cases of sudden weakness with or without fever.
+    But even in such cases the benefit is not demonstrated. At any
+    rate, other remedies can with advantage be substituted for
+    alcohol.
+
+    "The essential thing in the treatment of all alcoholic diseases,
+    delirium tremens included, is total abstinence.
+
+    "The physiological effect of alcohol is that of a poison, whose
+    use is to be limited to the utmost. Even the moderate use as now
+    practiced is injurious.
+
+    "The customary beneficial results unquestionably depend chiefly
+    on suggestion, and by making the patient believe falsely that
+    the momentary subjective better feeling means actual
+    improvement.
+
+    "Physicians share the blame of the present flood of alcoholism.
+    They are, therefore, morally bound to remedy the evil. Only by
+    means of personal abstinence can this be done."
+
+Dr. A. Frick, professor in Zurich, is a careful student and an
+influential writer on alcohol. His statements are weighty. This is his
+testimony:--
+
+    "In larger doses, alcohol is absolutely injurious in the
+    treatment of acute fevers, especially in case of pneumonia,
+    typhus and erysipelas. They first of all injure the general
+    state of the patient, they cause delirium, or increase it if
+    already existing, and, secondly, they injure most seriously the
+    organs of digestion and interfere with proper nourishment; thus
+    they have a weakening effect, instead of preventing weakness,
+    which they are usually supposed to do. In case no alcohol is
+    used, the convalescence is much more rapid. In no case has the
+    benefit of treatment with alcohol been established. According to
+    the view of the most eminent pharmacologists, the stimulating
+    effect of alcohol consists simply in a local irritation of the
+    mucous membrane of the stomach, similar to that produced by a
+    mustard plaster."
+
+The following selection from the excellent address of Dr. Harvey,
+president of the Virginia State Medical Society, at a recent meeting, is
+a most timely caution:--
+
+    "Our prisons, asylums and homes are filled with the victims of
+    the careless and indiscriminate use by the medical profession of
+    those twin demons, alcohol and opium, which, save tuberculosis,
+    are doing more to debase and destroy the human race than all the
+    other diseases together. I most earnestly beseech you, young
+    men, who are just starting out in life, to stay your hand in the
+    use of these agents in your own persons, and in your daily work,
+    and to beware of the seductive needle, and the cup that
+    inebriates. Make it an invariable rule, never to prescribe
+    alcohol, nor one of the solinaceus or narcotic drugs, if you can
+    possibly avoid it. The use of alcohol and opium debases the
+    minds and morals of habitues, predisposes especially to Bright's
+    disease and insanity, and lays the foundation in the offspring
+    for the majority of the neuroses and degenerations of modern
+    civilized life. The physical fatigue of long working hours, loss
+    of sleep, mental strain, worry and hunger, invite the tired
+    physician, especially, to their seductive use. To totally
+    abstain from them is always business, and very often character,
+    and even life itself. I feel free to speak to you on this
+    subject very earnestly, my younger brothers, for, having
+    prescribed alcohol for over thirty years, I am familiar with its
+    tendencies and its dangers."
+
+Dr. T. D. Crothers of Hartford, Conn., in an article upon "The Decline
+of Alcohol as a Medicine," says:--
+
+    "Thoughtful observers recognize that alcohol as a medicine is
+    rapidly becoming a thing of the past. Ten years ago leading
+    medical men and text-books spoke of stimulants as essentials of
+    many diseases, and defended their use with warmth and
+    positiveness. To-day this is changed. Medical men seldom refer
+    to spirits as remedies, and when they do, express great
+    conservatism and caution. The text-books show the same changes,
+    although some dogmatic authors refuse to recognize the change of
+    practice, and still cling to the idea of the food value of
+    spirits.
+
+    "Druggists who supply spirits to the profession recognize a
+    tremendous dropping off in the demand. A distiller who, ten
+    years ago, sold many thousand gallons of choice whiskies, almost
+    exclusively to medical men, has lost his trade altogether, and
+    gone out of business. Wine men, too, recognize this change, and
+    are making every effort to have wine used in the place of
+    spirits in the sick-room. Proprietary medicine dealers are
+    putting all sorts of compounds of wine with iron, bark, etc., on
+    the market with the same idea. It is doubtful if any of these
+    will be able to secure any permanent place in therapeutics.
+
+    "The fact is, alcohol is passing out of practical therapeutics
+    because its real action is becoming known. Facts are
+    accumulating in the laboratory, in the autopsy room, at the
+    bedside, and in the work of experimental psychologists, which
+    show that alcohol is a depressant and a narcotic; that it cannot
+    build up tissue, but always acts as a degenerative power; and
+    that its apparent effects of raising the heart's action and
+    quickening functional activities are misleading and erroneous.
+
+    "French and German specialists have denounced spirits both as a
+    beverage and a medicine, and shown by actual demonstration that
+    alcohol is a poison and a depressant, and that any therapeutic
+    action it is assumed to have is open to question.
+
+    "All this is not the result of agitation and wild condemnation
+    by persons who feel deeply the sad consequences of the abuse of
+    spirits. It is simply the outcome of the gradual accumulation of
+    facts that have been proven within the observation of every
+    thoughtful person. The exact or approximate facts relating to
+    alcohol can now be tested by instruments of precision. We can
+    weigh and measure the effects, and it is not essential to
+    theorize or speculate; we can test and prove with reasonable
+    certainty what was before a matter of doubt.
+
+    "Medical men who doubt the value of spirits are no more
+    considered fanatics or extremists, but as leaders along new and
+    wider lines of research. Alcohol in medicine, except as a
+    narcotic and anaesthetic, is rapidly falling into disfavor, and
+    will soon be put aside and forgotten."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+RECENT RESEARCHES UPON ALCOHOL.
+
+
+In the year 1900 Prof. Taav Laitinen, of the University of Helsingfors,
+Finland, published an account of experiments made upon 342
+animals--dogs, rabbits, guinea pigs, fowls and pigeons--to determine the
+effects of alcohol upon the resistance of the body to infectious
+diseases. He used as infecting agents, anthrax bacilli, tubercle
+bacilli, and diphtheria bacilli. The doses of alcohol given varied with
+the animal. For his "small dose" experiments he used the quantity of
+alcohol given as a food or as a medicine, or both, in a neighboring
+sanitorium. The alcohol employed was, as a rule, a 25 per cent. solution
+of ethyl alcohol in water. It was given either by esophageal catheter,
+or by dropping it into the mouth from a pipette. It was administered in
+several ways, and for varying times; sometimes in single large doses, at
+others in gradually increasing doses for months at a time, in order to
+produce here an acute, and there a chronic poisoning; in fact, he
+produced the conditions consequent upon steady, moderate drinking.
+
+His first conclusion from these experiments, most carefully carried out,
+is that alcohol, however given, induces in the animal body a markedly
+increased susceptibility to infectious diseases; and he maintains that
+his experiments indicate that the use of alcohol, at least in the
+treatment of anthrax, tuberculosis, and diphtheria, is not only useless
+but probably injurious. From a number of other experiments carried out
+with scrupulous care he comes to the same conclusion as Abbott, Welch,
+and others that the predisposing to disease of alcohol must be explained
+by its action in producing abnormal conditions--pathological changes in
+the alimentary canal, liver, kidneys, heart, and nervous system. He
+found that the alkalinity of the blood was slightly diminished, and the
+number of leucocytes somewhat decreased. He also draws attention to the
+fact that his experiments prove that pregnant animals and their
+offspring are markedly affected by the continued use of small doses of
+alcohol. He shows, too, that the temporary lowering of the body
+temperature by alcohol produces the most favorable condition for the
+invasion of disease germs.
+
+Since the publication of these experiments, and of others similar to
+them, the use of alcohol in diphtheria and tuberculosis has very largely
+ceased. Boards of health and charity organizations unite in warning
+against indulgence in alcoholic drinks as conducive to tuberculosis.
+
+At the International Congress on Alcoholism, held in London in July,
+1909, Professor Laitinen delivered two lectures. The first was upon "The
+Influence of Alcohol on Immunity." The following is taken from this
+lecture:--
+
+    "Modern researches have done much to explain the extent and
+    nature of the protective powers by which the organism endeavors
+    to defend itself against the attacks of all kinds of injurious
+    agencies, and especially against invasion by the germs of
+    infective diseases. It is now a well-established fact that
+    alcohol weakens the normal resisting power of the body against
+    the above-named disease-producing influences. In the hope of
+    contributing something to the explanation of the way in which
+    alcohol weakens the organism, I have made a number of
+    experiments bearing upon the question of the influence of
+    alcohol on immunity.
+
+    "Early in this century careful experiments went to show that
+    alcohol certainly had some influence upon immunity. Two
+    Americans, Abbott and Bergey, were the first to discover that
+    this agent produces a diminution of the haemolytic complement in
+    the blood-serum of certain animals which were tested. They
+    showed also that the formation of specific haemolytic receptors
+    (immune bodies) may be retarded by the action of alcohol.
+
+    "The extent of the evil effects upon the human body resulting
+    from the consumption of alcoholic liquors is as yet far from
+    being fully known, and stands in need of scientific
+    verification. Many other injurious influences such as unsanitary
+    dwellings, bad feeding, excessive toil, and toxic agents like
+    nicotine, etc., may produce somewhat similar morbid effects. It
+    is therefore necessary, in the scientific study of the question,
+    to take these possibilities into consideration. In my
+    investigations, the results of which I am now to lay before you,
+    I have endeavored to select as subjects for my experiments both
+    abstainers from alcohol, and those who indulge more or less in
+    its use, in such a way that their conditions of life and their
+    habits in other respects should be as nearly as possible the
+    same. All persons, for instance, suffering from any acute or
+    chronic disease were rejected, and very few of the persons
+    selected were smokers. The subject of this research has been
+    human blood, and especially its two principal components,
+    namely, red blood-corpuscles and blood-serum, both of which up
+    to the present time have been very little studied in relation to
+    the question under discussion. I have gone into these matters
+    chiefly because the modern theoretical study of immunity during
+    the last few years has, in general, attracted greater attention
+    to the blood, and shown the important role which the different
+    parts, properties, and capacities of the blood play in defending
+    the organism against internal and external injurious agencies.
+    Further, the subtle methods employed in the study of immunity
+    (such as organic reactions, and reactions between greatly
+    attenuated organic liquids) would also seem to be available for
+    our purpose, as they allow of the detection of the minutest
+    differences which alcohol may produce in any part of the
+    organism in question.
+
+    "During the course of this research, which has lasted over a
+    period of three years, I sought to investigate the action of
+    alcohol on the resistive power of human red blood-corpuscles. I
+    wished to ascertain whether the resistivity of the red
+    blood-corpuscles in a healthy man could be lowered by the
+    consumption of alcohol. * * *
+
+    "It may be well for me here to explain that in this lecture I
+    mean by the term 'drinker' a person who has taken alcohol in any
+    quantity whatever. Many of these 'drinkers,' therefore, were in
+    fact most moderate consumers of alcohol. By the term 'abstainer'
+    I mean a person who has never taken alcohol in any quantity
+    worth mentioning. In the course of my investigations I have
+    examined blood from two hundred and twenty-three persons. They
+    were of different classes and ages. There were professors of
+    medicine and other physicians, University fellows, students of
+    both sexes, hospital nurses, school-teachers, waiters, and other
+    men and women belonging to the working-classes."
+
+The rest of the lecture as given here is an abstract made by Professor
+Laitinen:--
+
+    "My studies have been directed to an investigation of the
+    following points:
+
+    "1. I sought to ascertain whether the resistance of human red
+    blood-corpuscles against a heterogeneous normal serum, or an
+    immune serum, can be diminished by the use of alcohol.
+
+    "2. I have studied the action of alcohol in drinking and
+    abstaining persons on the haemolytic power of blood-serum over
+    heterogeneous red blood-corpuscles (rabbits). I have studied not
+    only the haemolytic power of the human blood-serum, but also its
+    power of precipitation in the presence of rabbit-serum, with a
+    view to ascertain if the reaction between a known dilution of
+    rabbit-serum and a certain dilution of serum of alcohol-users
+    and non-drinking persons is different or not, and if the
+    reaction is more apparent with the former or with the latter.
+
+    "3. The resisting power of serum obtained both from
+    alcohol-drinking and from non-drinking persons was further
+    tested by human blood, with the object of discovering whether
+    any difference in reaction existed between the same immune serum
+    and the two kinds of human sera above mentioned.
+
+    "4. I have studied the problem as to whether the haemolytic
+    complement in the blood-serum of alcohol-drinking and
+    non-drinking persons is altered in any way by alcohol.
+
+    "5. The bactericidal power of blood-serum from both
+    alcohol-drinking and non-drinking persons was determined by some
+    experiments.
+
+    "The above experiments have given the following results:
+
+    "1. The normal resistance of human red blood-corpuscles appears
+    to be somewhat diminished against a heterogeneous normal serum
+    or an immune serum by the consumption of alcohol, provided that
+    tolerably large equal, or nearly equal, numbers of drinkers and
+    abstainers of both sexes be examined, and the average of
+    resistance be taken on both sides: this last-named precaution
+    being necessary because the resistance of red blood-corpuscles
+    from different human beings varies largely. The difference is
+    often greater when using weaker solutions than when using
+    stronger dilutions of lysin.
+
+    "2. These experiments have shown the normal haemolytic power of
+    human blood-serum to be less in the case of alcohol-drinkers
+    than in that of abstainers.
+
+    "3. The precipitating reaction between a solution of 1 per cent.
+    human blood-serum and different dilutions of immune serum was
+    greater in the case of drinkers than in that of abstainers.
+
+    "4. These experiments have also shown that the bactericidal
+    power of blood-serum against typhoid bacteria was less in the
+    case of drinkers than in that of abstainers.
+
+    "It seems clear, therefore, that alcohol, even in comparatively
+    small doses, exercises a prejudicial effect on the protective
+    mechanism of the human body."
+
+The lecturer made his points clear by a carefully prepared series of
+charts. At its close Sir Victor Horsley, Professor Sims Woodhead, A.
+Pearce Gould, and several other distinguished physicians spoke in high
+terms of the painstaking care exhibited in the experiments.
+
+Professor Laitinen's second lecture was upon "The Influence of Alcohol
+Upon Human Offspring." He sent out 15,000 circulars to his countrymen,
+asking many questions relative to themselves and their infant children,
+and received 5,845 replies relative to 20,008 children. He also studied
+personally a large number of drinking and abstaining families. From
+these studies he shows by careful tables that the drinking of alcohol by
+parents, even in small quantities, has an injurious influence upon human
+offspring. His studies in former years showed the same unfavorable
+influence upon the offspring of animals. One of his tables gives
+percentages of deaths of children in the homes of abstaining parents,
+moderate drinkers, and harder drinkers. Children of abstainers dying in
+the first year, 13.45 per cent.; of moderates, 23.17 per cent.; of
+harder drinkers, 32.02 per cent. Other tables show that abstainers'
+children gain in weight more steadily in the first year than drinkers'
+children, and have their teeth earlier, as a rule.
+
+At the International Medical Congress of 1909, held in Budapest,
+Professor Laitinen lectured again upon his researches, and summarized
+his conclusions thus:--
+
+    "1. The importance of alcohol as an article of food is rendered
+    very questionable by recent researches. 2. These researches
+    prove that alcohol diminishes the natural power of the tissues
+    to resist injury, promotes degeneration, and has a disastrous
+    effect on future generations. 3. The questions of relation of
+    alcoholic liquor to crime and of the manufacture and sale of
+    such beverages deserve the serious consideration of the
+    legislature. 4. It is the duty of medical men to direct more
+    attention than formerly to the alcohol question, and by careful
+    study to decide whether recent researches are justified or not
+    in regarding alcohol and alcoholic beverages as a poison and one
+    of the principal causes of degeneration in the human family;
+    they ought also to consider whether it would not be advisable in
+    medical practice, and especially in hospitals, either to banish
+    it altogether or at least to prescribe it with the same care as
+    other poisonous drugs. In this matter the attitude taken by
+    medical men as representatives of public hygiene was of quite
+    exceptional importance."
+
+Metchnikoff, the illustrious Russian scientist, who has for some years
+been connected with the Pasteur Institute in Paris, was the discoverer
+of the work assigned by nature to the white corpuscles of the blood.
+These blood-cells are the "guardian-cells" of the body, and their duty
+is to destroy disease germs which may gain an entrance. They actually
+devour disease germs. Metchnikoff has been studying the effect of
+alcohol upon these protective cells, and he asserts that alcohol, even
+in small doses, has a harmful action on these agents of defence against
+disease. Alcohol seems to paralyze them more or less so that they are
+unable to do their full duty in destroying the infective microbes. Thus
+disease germs can multiply more rapidly when alcohol is in the blood. In
+his book called "The New Hygiene," Metchnikoff suggests that the
+administration of alcoholic liquors in infectious disease appears to be
+attended with danger to the patient.
+
+The researches of Kraepelin, Ach, Aschaffenberg and other German
+scientists have become so well known through the articles by Henry Smith
+Williams in _McClure's Magazine_ that only brief reference need be made
+to them here. Kraepelin used very small doses of alcohol for some of his
+experiments. He found that after 1/4 to 1/2 ounce of alcohol had been
+taken the time occupied in making response to a signal was slightly
+shortened, but in a few minutes, in most cases, this quickening action
+passed and a slowing process began, and continued until the body was
+free from the influence of the alcohol, which was sometimes four or five
+hours.
+
+The ability to add figures was tested, and this decreased very rapidly
+under minute doses of alcohol. Memory tests showed that only 60 figures
+could be remembered from numbers written in columns after alcohol had
+been taken, while 100 figures could be remembered correctly when the
+mind was free from the alcoholic influence. Type-setters were tested,
+and the average number of errors they made and the amount of work they
+did in a given time was carefully recorded. After a small dose of
+alcohol none of the men could in the same time do as much work, or as
+accurate work. Yet every one of the men experimented upon thought he was
+doing better work after his drink. This proves the narcotic effect of
+alcohol.
+
+The economic loss to a people from beer and wine drinking is worthy of
+serious consideration since a bottle of wine or its equivalent in beer
+could diminish by ten to fifteen per cent. the amount of work done by
+these type-setters experimented upon by Professor Aschaffenberg.
+
+Professor Kraepelin says:--
+
+    "I must admit that my experiments, extending over more than ten
+    years, have made me an opponent of alcohol."
+
+He says again:--
+
+    "The laborer who wins his livelihood by the working power of his
+    arm strikes at the very foundation of his power by the use of
+    alcohol."
+
+Professor Aschaffenberg says of moderate doses:--
+
+    "Any quantity of alcohol must be regarded as considerable which
+    causes a disturbance, even if only transitory, of bodily and
+    mental efficiency."
+
+Dr. Reid Hunt, chief of the Division of Pharmacology, Hygienic
+Laboratory, United States Public Health and Marine Hospital Service,
+made some very interesting experiments to determine the physiological
+changes upon animals which would result from the strictly moderate use
+of alcohol. These are described in Bulletin No. 33 of the Hygienic
+Laboratory, published in 1907. Mice and guinea-pigs were used. The food,
+usually oats, was soaked in diluted alcohol, at first of five per cent.
+strength, then gradually increased to forty or fifty per cent. By
+carefully observing the weight of the mice, and not increasing the
+strength of the alcohol too rapidly, it was possible to keep the animals
+for months on this diet without any material loss of weight. After the
+lapse of weeks, in some cases, and months in other cases, these alcohol
+fed animals were given small doses of a poison known as acetonitrile.
+Other mice to whom no alcohol was fed were given similar doses of this
+poison. In the first series the mice which had received alcohol died
+from about one-half the quantity of acetonitrile required to kill those
+which had not received alcohol. In the second series with a somewhat
+stronger dilution the alcohol mice succumbed to one-half to one-third
+the dose necessary to kill the non-alcoholized animals. In no case was
+enough alcohol given for any symptoms of intoxication to appear, nor was
+there any outward indication of any injury being done by the alcohol. In
+another experiment a mouse was kept for four months on a diet of oats
+soaked in water, then 0.5 milligram of acetonitrile per gram body weight
+was injected. The mouse recovered. It was then fed on oats soaked in an
+alcoholic solution which was gradually increased to 45 per cent. After a
+little more than a month of this diet 0.2 milligram acetonitrile per
+gram body weight proved fatal. The weight of the mouse had remained
+about the same throughout.
+
+Alcohol increased the susceptibility of the guinea pigs also.
+
+Dr. Hunt says on page 33 of the bulletin:--
+
+    "These experiments with alcohol and acetonitrile are of interest
+    in another connection. The greatest advance in recent years in
+    our knowledge of the physiological action of alcohol has been
+    the clear demonstration that alcohol is oxidized in the body,
+    and may replace fats and carbohydrates and to a certain extent,
+    the proteids of an ordinary diet. So clear has been this
+    demonstration that the view that alcohol, in moderate amounts,
+    should be regarded as a food is almost universally accepted by
+    physiologists, and the drift of opinion is certainly toward the
+    view that it is in all respects strictly analogous to sugar and
+    fats, provided always that the amount used does not exceed that
+    easily oxidized by the body. Under these premises it would be
+    expected that alcohol in a diet would have the same effect upon
+    an animal's susceptibility to acetonitrile as has dextrose, for
+    example. This is by no means the case, however; on the contrary,
+    the action of these substances in this regard is entirely
+    different. Mice fed upon oats soaked in a solution of dextrose
+    or upon cakes containing considerable dextrose, or upon rice,
+    show a very distinct increase in their resistance to
+    acetonitrile; such mice may recover from two or three times the
+    dose fatal to controls. (Controls are the animals fed in the
+    ordinary way without alcohol or in this case dextrose.--Ed.)
+    While these facts are not sufficient to justify the conclusion
+    that in many cases alcohol has not a true food value, yet they
+    are sufficient to indicate caution in applying, without further
+    consideration, the brilliant and very exact results on the
+    proteid sparing power of alcohol to practical dietaries."
+
+Various other experiments were made, but there is not room here for a
+record of them.
+
+In the summary Dr. Hunt says:--
+
+    "It is believed that these experiments afford clear experimental
+    evidence for the view that extremely moderate amounts of alcohol
+    may cause distinct changes in certain physiological functions,
+    and that these changes may, under certain circumstances, be
+    injurious to the body. The results also afford further evidence
+    that in some respects the action of alcohol as a food is
+    different from that of carbohydrates, and finally that in all
+    probability certain physiological processes in 'moderate
+    drinkers' are distinctly different from those in abstainers."
+
+Professor Chittenden, of Yale University, has made extensive researches
+upon alcohol and digestion. A full report of these may be found in the
+"Physiological Aspects of the Liquor Problem." In the _Medical News_,
+vol. 86, page 721, Professor Chittenden says of the theory that alcohol
+is a food similar to sugar and fats:--
+
+    "It is, I think, quite plain that while alcohol in moderate
+    amounts can be burned in the body, thus serving as food in the
+    sense that it may be a source of energy, it is quite misleading
+    to attempt a classification or even comparison of alcohol with
+    carbohydrates and fats, since, unlike the latter, alcohol has a
+    most disturbing effect upon the metabolism or oxidation of the
+    purin compounds of our daily food. Alcohol, therefore, presents
+    a dangerous side wholly wanting in carbohydrates and fats. The
+    latter are simply burned up to carbonic acid and water, or are
+    transformed into glycogen and fat, but alcohol, though more
+    easily oxidizable, is at all times liable to obstruct, in some
+    measure at least, the oxidative processes of the liver, and
+    probably of other tissues also, thereby throwing into the
+    circulation bodies such as uric acid, which are inimical to
+    health; a fact which at once tends to draw a distinct line of
+    demarcation between alcohol and the two non-nitrogeneous
+    foods--fat and carbohydrate."
+
+Dr. S. P. Beebe, now of the Cornell Medical College Laboratory, New York
+City, has made some very valuable experiments with alcohol. It is well
+known that impairment of the functions of certain organs results in the
+appearance in the urine of nitrogeneous compounds which do not normally
+occur there. In certain diseases of the liver the same quantity of
+nitrogen may be excreted as in health, but a portion of it is in the
+form of acids never found in the urine during health. Dr. Beebe, with
+this knowledge in mind, sought to discover the effects of alcohol upon
+the excretion of uric acid in man. Most of the experiments were made on
+the same person, a young man in good health, of regular habits,
+unaccustomed to the use of alcohol in any form. Absolute alcohol,
+diluted with water, whisky, ale, and port wine were used at different
+times. Dr. Beebe reported his experiments in the _American Journal of
+Physiology_, vol. 12, No. 1. His conclusions are given as follows:--
+
+    "After a consideration of these experiments, it hardly seems
+    possible to doubt that alcohol, even in what is considered by
+    the most conservative as a moderate amount, causes an increase
+    in the excretion of uric acid, and this effect is seen almost
+    immediately after taking the alcohol. The following points
+    indicate that the effect is due to a toxic effect on the liver,
+    thereby interfering with the oxidation of the uric acid derived
+    from its precursors in the food: Alcohol taken without food
+    causes no increase. The maximum increase occurs at the same time
+    after a meal as it does when purin food but no alcohol is taken.
+    Alcohol is rapidly absorbed and passes at once to the liver, the
+    organ which has most to do with the metabolism of proteid
+    cleavage products.
+
+
+    "There is no evidence that the alcohol has merely hastened the
+    excretion of urates normally present in the blood; the increased
+    excretion means that a larger quantity has been in circulation,
+    and although it is classed by Van Noorden among the substances
+    easily excreted, still most physiologists would consider the
+    presence in the blood of this larger quantity as undesirable.
+    Certainly in pathological conditions it might be harmful.
+
+    "If we accept the origin of the increased quantity of uric acid
+    to be in the impaired oxidative powers of the liver, the results
+    of these experiments will have greater significance than can be
+    attributed to uric acid alone. For the impaired function would
+    affect other processes which are normally accomplished by that
+    organ, and the possibilities for entrance into the general
+    circulation of toxic substances, of intestinal putrefaction, for
+    instance, would be increased. The liver performs a large number
+    of oxidations and syntheses designed to keep toxic substances
+    from reaching the body tissues, and if alcohol, in the moderate
+    quantity which caused the increase in uric acid excretion,
+    impairs its power in this respect, the prevalent ideas regarding
+    the harmlessness of moderate drinking need revision."
+
+Dr. Winfield S. Hall, professor of physiology at the Northwestern
+University Medical School, Chicago, has interpreted these researches of
+Beebe and Hunt in a very striking way. He says that they prove that the
+oxidation of alcohol in the body is a protective oxidation, the same as
+the oxidation of any other poisonous substance by the liver. His views
+have such an important bearing upon the commonly accepted theory that
+alcohol is in some sense a food that they are given here, somewhat
+abbreviated, as a fitting finish to this chapter. Dr. Hall says:--
+
+    "The fact that alcohol is oxidized in the body has been
+    generally misunderstood. The first impression naturally was:
+    'Foods are Oxidized; Alcohol is Oxidized; therefore alcohol is
+    a food.' But many difficulties appeared. A real food promotes
+    muscular, glandular and nerve activity, and its oxidation
+    maintains body temperature. But alcohol disturbs muscular,
+    glandular, and nervous activity, and its oxidation does not
+    maintain body temperature. When one eats a real food it is
+    assimilated largely by muscle tissue and is oxidized for the
+    purpose of liberating the life energy. When one ingests alcohol
+    it is carried by the blood to the tissues, mostly to the liver,
+    where it is oxidized, as any toxine would be, for the purpose of
+    making it harmless. Its oxidation liberates heat energy but this
+    energy cannot be utilized by the body even for the maintenance
+    of body temperature. If a food is defined as a substance which,
+    taken into the body, is assimilated and used either to build or
+    repair body structure, or to be oxidized in the tissues to
+    liberate the energy used by the tissue in its normal activity,
+    then alcohol is not a real food.
+
+    "But, if alcohol is not a real food, what is the significance of
+    its oxidation? It has been long known that the liver produces
+    oxidases and that it is the site of active oxidation of
+    mid-products of katabolism of toxins and of other toxic
+    substances. Alcohol, usually formed as an excretion of the yeast
+    plant, is also found as a mid-product of tissue katabolism. On a
+    priori grounds we should expect alcohol to be oxidized in the
+    liver along with leucin, tyrosin, uric acid, xanthin bodies, and
+    various amido bodies. There have recently appeared two most
+    important papers based upon extended researches upon man and
+    lower animals. These researches practically clear up this knotty
+    question."
+
+Dr. Hall then reviews the work of Dr. Reid Hunt and Dr. S. P. Beebe, and
+continues:--
+
+    "The value of this work can hardly be over-estimated. In the
+    first place the rapid oxidation of the alcohol in the liver is
+    explained. _Alcohol itself being one of the toxic substances
+    which reach the liver from the alimentary canal is at once
+    attacked by the liver, and if the oncoming tide of alcohol is
+    not too great it will practically all be oxidized._
+
+    "But the liver oxidation of other toxic substances is impaired
+    in the meantime so that they get past the liver to the tissues,
+    where they may do injury. Some of these toxins are excreted
+    unoxidized by the kidneys. There are three ways of accounting
+    for this condition: (1.) The oxidation capacity of the liver is
+    limited. The physiological limit of alcohol ingestion is that
+    amount which taxes the oxidation capacity of the liver to its
+    limit. When thus taxed all other toxic substances including uric
+    acid and the xanthin bodies pass through the liver unoxidized to
+    appear in the urine. (2.) The presence of alcohol in the blood,
+    through its toxic action upon the liver cells, impairs the
+    hepatic oxidation capacity and thus permits toxic substances to
+    pass unoxidized. (3.) A combination of these conditions may
+    represent the real situation. It is hardly conceivable that the
+    relation of alcohol to the liver activity is not covered in the
+    hypotheses above formulated.
+
+    "We may therefore accept it as practically demonstrated by the
+    researches of Beebe, Hunt, and others that the oxidation of
+    alcohol in the liver is simply one of the defensive activities
+    of that organ, _i. e._, it is a protective oxidation and belongs
+    strictly in the same category with the oxidation of uric acid,
+    xanthin bodies, leucin, tyrosins, and the amido acids.
+
+    "The next question which arises is, why does the liver select
+    alcohol first and oxidize that substance to the exclusion of
+    other toxic substances up to the oxidation capacity? The answer
+    is probably to be found in the chemical composition of alcohol.
+
+    "It oxidizes very easily, much more so than any of the other
+    toxic substances which gain access to the liver. Its early
+    oxidation may be due to this fact alone, or in part to an actual
+    selection on the part of the liver. Another question of
+    importance: Is the energy liberated in the oxidation of alcohol
+    in the liver available for the use of the muscles, nervous
+    system, or glands?
+
+    "If this question is answered affirmatively, then alcohol is a
+    food. If negatively then alcohol is not a food. Let us reason
+    together. All body oxidations may be classified in two groups:
+    (1.) _Active oxidations_ which take place in the active
+    tissues--muscles, nervous system, or glands--and take place
+    incident to action. It is under the perfect control of the
+    nervous system and is proportional to normal activity. (2.)
+    _Protective oxidations_ which take place in the liver. This
+    class of oxidation processes is wholly independent of the usual
+    tissue activity and is proportional to the ingestion of toxic
+    substances and quite independent of muscle action, brain action,
+    or gland action, other than liver action.
+
+    "If the oxidation of alcohol in the liver belongs to class 1,
+    the following consequences should be found: (1.) The ingestion
+    of alcohol would lead to an increase in muscular power and in
+    the working capacity of the brain or glands. (2.) The ingestion
+    of alcohol would serve to maintain body temperature in the
+    healthy individual subjected to low external temperature. (3.)
+    The accession of muscle, brain, or gland activity would be
+    proportional to the amount of alcohol ingested, but laboratory
+    observations and general experience show that none of these
+    things are true; _i. e._, the ingestion of alcohol decreases
+    muscle, brain, and gland work, and depresses body temperature
+    when external temperature is low.
+
+    "In the nature of the case there can be no proportional
+    relation. The oxidation of alcohol does not therefore belong to
+    class 1. If the oxidation of alcohol in the liver belongs to
+    class 2, the following consequences would be found: (1.) The
+    ingestion of alcohol would be followed by its early oxidation in
+    the organs in question. (2.) If the oxidation capacity of the
+    liver is limited this capacity may be overloaded by exceeding
+    the physiological limit of alcohol. (3.) If the oxidation
+    capacity of the liver is taxed nearly to its limit in the
+    oxidation of uric acid, xanthins, and other toxic substances,
+    the introduction of alcohol may seriously interfere with this
+    protective oxidation by overtaxing the capacity. (4.) If the
+    oxidation capacity is overtaxed, an excess of uric acid,
+    xanthin bodies, and other toxic substances will get by this
+    portal and reach the active tissues or the kidneys. Now all of
+    these things take place, so we are forced to the conclusion that
+    the oxidation of alcohol is a protective oxidation. In the light
+    of this presentation the significance of Dr. Hunt's work becomes
+    very clear. The alcohol given to the animals taxed the oxidation
+    capacity of the liver to the limit and left the organism
+    defenseless against bacterial or other toxic substances."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+MISCELLANEOUS.
+
+
+ALCOHOL BATHS:--The action of alcohol upon the surface of the body is
+that of a refrigerant. Alcohol baths for debility, weakness, and states
+of exhaustion are opposed by non-alcoholic physicians. The old custom of
+bathing a new-born babe with whisky was simply a superstition, and a
+dangerous one, because the infant should not have a refrigerant applied
+to its body so soon after leaving the warm nest where it had been
+sheltered so long. Warm water is the proper liquid for a baby's bath
+until it becomes hardy. There is nothing of strength imparted by an
+alcohol rub; the 'rub' is good, but vinegar, or water, or olive oil can
+be used according to what is desired. Alcohol is not necessary
+internally nor externally. Its proper use is for mechanical purposes and
+to give light and heat.
+
+WILHELMINA LEMONADE:--Take four or five rough-skinned oranges (according
+to size) and two pounds of sugar, in big lumps. After having cleaned the
+oranges, rub the sugar with them, till the oranges are quite white--the
+sugar yellow. Place the sugar in a big earthernware pan or jar, and add
+three pints of _cold_ water. Then cover it up and let it stand two days,
+stirring it occasionally to help the melting. Now take two ounces of
+citric acid, dissolved in a little boiling water, and add it to the
+syrup, stirring the whole. Then strain the whole through a fine sieve,
+covered with muslin, so that it becomes perfectly clear. In well-corked
+bottles it will keep for more than a year. Mix one-third of the lemonade
+with two-thirds water. [Instead of the oranges five or six lemons may be
+used.]
+
+BEVERAGES FOR THE SICK:--Unfermented Grapejuice. Hot milk. Egg cream,
+made as follows: Beat the white and yolk separately, add milk and sugar,
+and stir well, flavor to suit taste. Egg lemonade--beat yolk and sugar
+thoroughly, add lemon and water, shake well, then add white, beaten
+stiff. Barley water, made by boiling pearl barley five or six hours, and
+straining the water from it; add milk or cream if wished. These are used
+in the National Temperance Hospital of Chicago.
+
+BATHS:--"If all people understood the value of water to cool,
+    cleanse, invigorate and sustain life, and how to use it, _and
+    would use it_, one-half of all the afflictions from disease
+    would be removed; and the other half might be banished if all
+    the people understood how and what to eat, how to breathe, and
+    the necessity of daily vigorous exercise. A daily towel bath
+    will do more to counteract disease, and restore the body to its
+    normal health condition, than any other method or remedy yet
+    discovered. After the bath, the body should be thoroughly rubbed
+    with a crash or Turkish towel. Rub until a warm glow is
+    produced. This bath is a fine tonic if taken upon rising in the
+    morning."
+
+HOT WATER AS A MEDICINE:--"One is never," says a physician, "far
+    from a pretty good medicine chest with hot water at hand. It is
+    a most useful assistant to the mother of a family of small
+    children, who is frightened often to find herself confronted by
+    a sudden illness of one of her flock, without her usual
+    dependence--the family doctor. If the baby has croup, fold a
+    strip of flannel or a soft napkin lengthwise, dip into very hot
+    water, and apply to the child's throat. Repeat and continue the
+    application till relief is had, which will be almost at once.
+    For toothache, or colic, or a threatened lung congestion, the
+    hot-water treatment will be found promptly efficacious if
+    resorted to. Nature needs only a little assistance at the first
+    sign of trouble to rally quickly in the average healthy child,
+    and often hot water is all that is wanted."
+
+ALCOHOL INJURIOUS TO THE INSANE:--Dr. Richard Maurice Bucke, whose
+valuable paper on "The Evolution of the Mind" appeared in the December
+number of the _Journal of Hygiene_, in a recent report of the Asylum for
+the Insane in London, Canada, makes the following statement concerning
+the use of alcohol in the institution over which he presides:--
+
+    "As we have given up the use of alcohol, we have needed and used
+    less opium and chloral; and as we have discontinued the use of
+    alcohol, opium and chloral, we have needed and used less
+    seclusion and restraint. I have, during the year just closed,
+    carefully watched the effect of the alcohol given, and the
+    progress of cases where, in former years, it would have been
+    given, and I am morally certain that the alcohol used during the
+    past year did no good. With humiliation I am forced to admit
+    that in the recent past my noble profession has been to an
+    alarming extent, and is still too much so, guilty of producing
+    many drunkards in the land, directly or indirectly, by the
+    reckless and wholesale manner in which so many of its members
+    have prescribed alcoholic stimulants in their daily practice for
+    all the aches and pains, coughs and colds, inflammations and
+    consumptions, fevers and chills, at the hour of birth and at the
+    time of death, and all intermediate points of life, to induce
+    sleep and to promote wakefulness, and for all real or imaginary
+    ills."
+
+TOBACCO AND THE EYESIGHT:--"Prof. Craddock says that tobacco has
+    a bad effect upon the sight, and a distinct disease of the eye
+    is attributed to its immoderate use. Many cases in which
+    complete loss of sight has occurred, and which were formerly
+    regarded as hopeless, are now known to be curable by making the
+    patient abstain from tobacco. These patients almost invariably
+    at first have color blindness, taking red to be brown or black,
+    and green to be light blue or orange. In nearly every case, the
+    pupils are much contracted, in some cases to such an extent that
+    the patient is unable to move about without assistance. One such
+    man admitted that he had usually smoked from twenty to thirty
+    cigars a day. He consented to give up smoking altogether, and
+    his sight was fully restored in three and a half months. It has
+    been found that chewing is much worse than smoking in its
+    effects upon the eyesight, probably for the simple reason that
+    more of the poison is thereby absorbed. The condition found in
+    the eye in the early stages is that of extreme congestion only;
+    but this, unless remedied at once, leads to gradually increasing
+    disease of the optic nerve, and then, of course, blindness is
+    absolute and beyond remedy. It is, therefore, evident that, to
+    be of any value, the treatment of disease of the eye due to
+    excessive smoking must be immediate, or it will probably be
+    useless."--_Journal of Inebriety._
+
+    "Dr. Isaac Fellows was for many years a prominent physician in
+    Los Angeles. A temperance man, he was persuaded by an old
+    physician whom he loved to try for a year substituting alcohol
+    in drop doses in water for such patients as demanded alcoholic
+    stimulants. He was delighted with the result. When his patients
+    found they could not have wine, beer or brandy under the guise
+    of medicine, but must take it in drop doses in water, as they
+    did their other medicines, they speedily learned to do without
+    'a stimulant.'"--_Pacific Ensign._
+
+
+ADVERTISED "CURES" FOR DRUNKENNESS.
+
+    "_Poudre Coza_, an English product, is sold at $3.00 for thirty
+    powders. On analysis these powders were found to contain an
+    impure form of sodium bicarbonate, together with a little
+    aromatic vegetable matter. Gloria Tonic was examined by the
+    Massachusetts Board of Health, and found to consist of sugar of
+    milk and cornstarch, with a small quantity of ground leaves
+    resembling those of senna. White Ribbon Remedy was found to be
+    made of milk sugar and ammonium chloride. Of course such things
+    are clearly frauds, as they can have no power to destroy a
+    craving for liquor. The Infallible Drink Cure was 98 per cent.
+    sugar and 2 per cent. common table salt. Another 'cure' was made
+    of chlorate of potash and sugar. Cases of poisoning by chlorate
+    of potash are on record. Another 'cure' contained tartar emetic,
+    a dangerous poison. Most of the liquid 'cures' for drunkenness
+    sold prior to the passage of the National Pure Food Law
+    contained large quantities of cheap alcohol. It is safe to say
+    that practically all of the secret cures for drunkenness are
+    fraudulent, and some are dangerous.
+
+    "If a man wants to quit drinking, he can be helped by a proper
+    diet, and by frequent use of the Turkish bath, or even of the
+    ordinary hot bath at home, with a quick cold sponge or shower
+    bath each morning as a tonic. The hot bath is to draw out
+    impurities from the system. The diet should consist of plenty of
+    fruit, nuts, grains and vegetables. It is better to eat no meat.
+    It has been fully demonstrated in Lady Henry Somerset's work
+    with women drunkards that a vegetarian diet is a great help in
+    allaying the alcohol crave. The Salvation Army, in England, have
+    also found by experience that a meat-free diet is a great aid in
+    overcoming the drink habit.
+
+    "Dr. T. D. Crothers, who has for years conducted a large
+    sanitarium for the cure of inebriety, at Hartford, Connecticut,
+    says that a valuable remedy to break up the impulsive craze for
+    spirits is a strong infusion of quassia given in two-ounce
+    doses every hour. As desire for liquor abates the quassia can be
+    given less frequently, until it is no longer needed.
+
+    "Dr. Alexander Lambert, of Bellevue Hospital, New York, has been
+    treating drunkards and other drug habitues successfully of late.
+    A description of his treatment may be found in _Success_ for
+    November, 1909."
+
+MEDICAL PUFFS OF WHISKY AND OTHER ALCOHOLICS:--"Every medical
+    man knows how he is pestered with advertising circulars of
+    so-and-so's genuine whisky, and what-do-you-call-em's extra
+    stout, to say nothing of the tempting offers of wines and
+    spirits on sale with special discounts to medical men. Other
+    enterprising firms send samples or offer to send them with the
+    implied understanding that a testimonial is to be given, or that
+    at least the wares in question will be recommended to patients.
+    Even our medical papers have not always been incorruptible. We
+    have little expectation ourselves of being favored with an offer
+    of full-page advertisements of extraordinary wines and spirits.
+    We are not prepared to recommend them except as vermin killers.
+    Nor are we prepared to remain silent as to their alleged
+    virtues. The whole system of testimonials is a huge imposture.
+    Granted that the sample is all that it is described as being,
+    who can guarantee that what is served to the public in the face
+    of severe competition will be up to the sample?
+
+    "But there is another and a sadder view of the case. We cannot
+    believe that all the eulogies of all the medical trumpeters of
+    the wines and the spirits are wilfully false or even
+    exaggerated. It is a lamentable fact that a vast number of
+    doctors have a genuine faith in the value and virtue of these
+    pernicious drinks. It is not simply a question of medicinal use,
+    though even on that we should join issue. These things are
+    vaunted as valuable for the promotion of health in spite of all
+    the accumulating evidence to the contrary. We wish that these
+    doctors would carefully study this evidence. The pity of it is
+    that the very worst offenders are the least likely to study it.
+    We suppose they must die out, and be replaced by men less
+    prejudiced and bound by the chain of alcoholic habit. We can
+    only regret that they should be doing so much harm in fastening
+    the fetters of drink on other people, and hindering their
+    emancipation from the evil customs which play havoc amongst
+    us."--_Medical Pioneer._
+
+ALCOHOL AND CHILDREN:--"Parents often labor under the delusion
+    that alcoholic drinks are good for children and act as tonics.
+    Mothers will put drops of brandy into the milk with which their
+    children are fed, increasing the quantity with the age of the
+    recipient. In the illness of children the same is given to meet
+    disturbances of the stomach or to increase growth and
+    development, without taking the advice of any medical man as to
+    the wisdom of the practice. This is all erroneous. The
+    excitement of the central nervous system under alcohol,
+    excitement which seems to be a relief to weariness and to give
+    strength, is nothing more than temporary at best, and injurious,
+    causing in fact symptoms of alcoholic poisoning, abnormal
+    excitement, ending, in extreme cases, in convulsions succeeded
+    by exhaustion of body and mind, and inducing a kind of
+    paralysis. Many cases of stomach and gastric catarrh in children
+    followed by emaciation and debility are due to the early
+    administration of alcoholic drinks; and impediment of growth
+    from the same cause is thereby produced. The most serious
+    derangement is that of the nervous system, and the development
+    in the young, under the influence of alcohol, of what is known
+    as nervousness, to which is added the moral paralysis with which
+    the habit of alcoholic drinking smites its victims in the very
+    spring-time of life."--PROF. DEMME, of Berne, Switzerland.
+
+    "The action of the New York Board of Health, in recommending to
+    tenement house parents, that on the hottest days of summer a few
+    drops of whisky be added to the water or food of their infants,
+    has received a strong protest and rebuke in a meeting at
+    Prohibition Park, where the opinions of eminent physicians,
+    collected by the _Voice_, were read, condemning such a course. A
+    resolution of protest was also adopted."--_Sel._
+
+    "For nineteen years we lived with a physician whose success may
+    be estimated from this one item: He had between 1,600 and 1,700
+    labor cases, and never once lost the mother, and only twice the
+    child, and what seems still more remarkable never used
+    instruments. When other physicians, as often happened, would
+    come to him to know how he did it, he always answered, 'A woman
+    will do anything if you only encourage her.' Nor was obstetrics
+    his specialty--he had none.
+
+    "In a fifteen years' practice in Chicago and New York, where
+    these diseases are so very fatal, and he was much sought after
+    to treat them, he did not lose a case of scarlet fever,
+    diphtheria or cholera infantum which he managed himself, and
+    saved many a one where he was called in consultation, or after
+    some other physician. Now when such a man after an experience
+    more than fifty years long and as wide as the continent, gives
+    it as his unqualified opinion that wines, beers, liquors of
+    every kind, alcohol itself, are not medicines and should never
+    be used as such, for SCIENTIFIC reasons, not to mention moral,
+    is not his opinion entitled to a hearing? Isn't it probable it
+    weighs more than the doctor's you were just quoting? Is it too
+    great a risk to act upon it?"--_Pacific Ensign._
+
+    "A lady, Mrs. A., tenderly nurtured, refined, cultured, moving
+    in an influential position, belonged to a family in whom the
+    tendency to intemperance existed. Realizing the danger, she, for
+    seven years of her married life, adhered to total abstinence.
+    Illness came, and the doctor ordered wine; and her husband, deaf
+    to her arguments, insisted on her taking it. She fell into
+    habits of intemperance. Her husband died, and for a time she
+    pulled up and trained as a hospital nurse; but temptation
+    prevailed, and she fell from bad to worse. Loving hands received
+    her time after time, and at last placed her in an Inebriate
+    Home. For a short time she did well, but soon became
+    unmanageable. After another desperate period she entered a
+    second home, but after leaving she yielded again, was twice in
+    prison, and fell into the lowest degradation and utter ruin,
+    surely deserving our deepest pity. Her doctor and her husband
+    had persisted in working her fall in spite of her own strongest
+    convictions."--_Selected._
+
+THEY DID NOT DIE.--"Dr. Lord of Pasadena suffered from
+    rheumatism of the heart for more than half of a long lifetime.
+    No doctor ever felt his pulse (which intermitted) without
+    exclaiming, 'Why, doctor, you have no business to be alive with
+    such a pulse,'--or something similar. For nineteen years his
+    wife never retired without having at least one medicine she
+    could put her hand on in the dark, the ammonia bottle within
+    reach, the electric battery ready to start like a fire-engine,
+    and preparations for heating water in less than no time. His
+    acute attacks usually came in the night--an uninterrupted
+    night's sleep was something unknown to either the doctor or his
+    wife in all these years.
+
+    "They lived in sight of an open grave, and seldom a week passed
+    when it did not seem as if death had actually occurred. If ever
+    a case called for alcoholic stimulants this one did. But none
+    were ever administered, none were ever kept in the house. The
+    doctor's standing orders were: 'If all the doctors in the
+    country order you to give me liquor, and say my life depends
+    upon it, don't do it. Tell them I know more about it than they
+    do. It won't save my life; it will only lessen what little
+    chance I have.' All who knew about this case, and hundreds did,
+    were driven to the conclusion that if these two people, one in
+    this condition and the other feeble, could live all alone as
+    they did, miles from a doctor, and neighbors not near, and could
+    get along without alcoholics of any kind, everybody can do the
+    same everywhere. And the doctor finally wore out his heart
+    trouble and died of another disease."--_Pacific Ensign._
+
+An English weekly journal is responsible for the following anecdote:--
+
+    "A Birmingham physician has had an amusing experience. The other
+    day a somewhat distracted mother brought her daughter to see
+    him. The girl was suffering from what is known among people as
+    'general lowness.' There was nothing much the matter with her,
+    but she was pale and listless and did not care about eating or
+    doing anything. The doctor, after due consultation, prescribed
+    for her a glass of claret three times a day with her meals. The
+    mother was somewhat deaf, but apparently heard all he said and
+    bore off her daughter, determined to carry out the prescription
+    to the very letter. In ten days' time they were back again, and
+    the girl looked a different creature. She was rosy-cheeked,
+    smiling and the picture of health. The doctor congratulated
+    himself on his diagnosis of the case. 'I am glad to see that
+    your daughter is so much better,' he said. 'Yes,' exclaimed the
+    excited and grateful mother. 'Thanks to you, doctor! She has had
+    just what you ordered. She has eaten carrots three times a day
+    since we were here, and sometimes oftener--and once or twice
+    uncooked--and now look at her!'"
+
+THE REST CURE:--"After all, the veneer of civilization is quite
+    thin. Scratch most people, and very near the surface you come on
+    the savage. This is specially true when they are sick. They at
+    once want charms and miracles to restore them to health, and
+    come to the doctor or 'medicine man,' as they look upon
+    him--with this demand: 'I want something, doctor, to fix me up.'
+    But he, unhappy man, has not wherewith to satisfy them, unless
+    he is a quack.
+
+    "He knows that in most cases all he can do is to give advice as
+    to how best Nature may be allowed to effect a cure; for Nature
+    is the great physician, and the doctor's main duty is to stand
+    by and see that she gets fair play. Nature's chief cure, in a
+    large number of the diseases to which flesh is heir, is rest.
+    The tired man needs rest. The tired brain, the tired stomach,
+    the tired liver and kidneys, need the same rest.
+
+    "So, when the patient turns up with an overworked and exhausted
+    organ of some sort within him--be it what it may--heart, brain
+    or stomach--the true physician prescribes, first and chiefly,
+    not drugs, but rest.
+
+    "Now, this is generally the advice the patient doesn't want. His
+    desire is for a bottle of something, no matter how nasty it may
+    be, which shall 'fix him up,' and let him go on doing what he
+    has been doing previously. Common-sense is always at a discount,
+    and never more so than in this case. The tired brain-worker
+    doesn't want to stop. Give him something to whip up his brain
+    and his body, something to drive the spurs into them. 'What I
+    want,' he says, 'is a really strong tonic'; though, if he knew
+    that before, what was the use of coming to the doctor? Or he
+    would like to be told to take a glass of whisky-and-water when
+    he is tired, which is the maddest and most disastrous advice
+    that could be given.
+
+    "The man who has been ill-treating his stomach, eating too much
+    or too well, also demands a tonic--something to give him an
+    appetite so that he may eat more. And his poor overwrought
+    stomach is all the time crying out for rest.
+
+    "So it is all along the line. The possessor of an inflamed and
+    swollen knee prays for a liniment to rub into it which will cure
+    it straight away, and is highly disgusted when told that he will
+    have to lie up for a week or two.
+
+    "Again, for the tired stomach the cure is starvation. Let the
+    person live on his own fat, and a little milk-and-water for a
+    few days, and his stomach will take courage again and return to
+    work with renewed zest. But it is the most difficult thing in
+    the world to persuade the patient or his kind relatives of the
+    truth of this. There are many diseases in which, for a short
+    time at least, the less food the sick person has the better. But
+    the relatives are always much wiser than the doctor. They insist
+    'that the strength must be kept up,' and would like to force the
+    patient to eat more than he does when well. 'You will let his
+    strength down, doctor,' is a common complaint, and one of the
+    difficulties hospital authorities have to face is to prevent
+    kind friends from smuggling in food to the inmates, who, in
+    their opinion, are being brutally starved.
+
+    "I myself have cured people by making them rest--lie in bed and
+    starve. But the next time they were sick, _I wasn't the
+    doctor_."--"PHYSICIAN" in _Our Federation_.
+
+    "The blessings of sunlight and fresh air should be more
+    appreciated. The sun is the godfather of us all. The source of
+    all light, heat, electricity and energy, what wonder that it was
+    once worshipped as the Creator. The future will recognize it not
+    only as the best disinfectant, an all powerful preventive of
+    disease, but also as a wonderful healer of disease. The more
+    people can be taught to live in pure air out of doors, and bask
+    in the rays of the sun, the less of disease there will be to
+    prevent."--DR. C. H. SHEPARD, Brooklyn, N. Y.
+
+
+ALCOHOL TESTED.
+
+    "Some years ago Dr. Beddoes, a physician of eminence, was very
+    anxious to put to the test the disputed question as to the power
+    of alcoholic liquors to give strength to the system. He
+    discovered that those who had most calls upon their physical
+    endurance were the smiths who were engaged in forging ship's
+    anchors, for at one moment they would be exposed to a heat so
+    fierce that one marveled that any human organization could
+    endure exposure to it, and then their work would call them away
+    to a temperature that was chilly and cold, added to which all
+    the time their work lasted they were bathed in a profuse
+    perspiration, the demands upon their physical energy were so
+    great. To counteract this perpetual drain upon their system they
+    were in the habit of drinking unlimited quantities of beer,
+    which their masters provided for them as a matter of course, and
+    a _sine qua non_. One day, as they were resting from their work
+    at midday, Dr. Beddoes made his appearance amongst some of these
+    men who were employed in a certain foundry, and submitted a
+    formal proposition to them, to this effect, that twelve of their
+    number, the strongest and stanchest, should be selected for an
+    experiment, and they should work for a week, six of them
+    drinking only water, and the other six taking their beer as
+    usual. His proposition was laughed to scorn. The men would not
+    hear of it. 'Look here, mate,' said their spokesman, 'do you
+    want us to be all dead men; you don't know what our work is, and
+    how it takes all a man's strength to weld an anchor. Why, if we
+    did not have our beer and plenty of it, it would be all up with
+    us in a brace of shakes.'
+
+    "The doctor said: 'I should be very sorry for any harm to come
+    to you. You know I am a doctor, and I will be constantly at hand
+    to see if any of you are going wrong, and I promise that if I
+    see any of you breaking down I will at once stop my experiment.'
+    And then taking out of his pocket ten crisp five-pound notes, he
+    displayed them to the anchor smiths. 'I will put down these
+    notes, L50 in all; six of you shall try water for one week
+    honestly and fairly; if you pull through without giving in, the
+    L50 shall be yours; if not, I'll take the L50 back again. Is it
+    a bargain?'
+
+    "This clenched the matter, and very soon the doctor's offer was
+    accepted, and a gang of six men volunteered to begin their work
+    on the Monday without beer. The beer drinkers did their best to
+    chaff the water drinkers, and aggravated them by taking good
+    care to show them how very nice it was to have recourse to
+    unlimited beer. The water drinkers kept firm, and the first day,
+    to their astonishment, found that they could do just as much
+    work as the rest of their mates. On Tuesday the water drinkers
+    began to crow over the beer drinkers, for they found that, while
+    the latter complained and grumbled at the heat, they were
+    enabled to take the work in a philosophical kind of way.
+    Wednesday, Thursday and Friday wore away, and the teetotal band
+    became more and more triumphant, the laugh was all on their
+    side, for not only did they feel more comfortable than their
+    beer-loving companions, but the L50 came nearer and nearer, and
+    at last, on Saturday, when the time for finishing work came,
+    they threw down their tools and their hammers, and crowded up to
+    the doctor to claim the prize, and to give a faithful record of
+    their experiences; and one and all declared that they had done
+    their hard work with more ease and comfort to themselves than
+    ever it had been done before, and, instead of feeling tired and
+    jaded, as they often did on the Saturday afternoon, they were
+    quite ready to begin work again, and if the doctor had another
+    L50 to dispose of, they would most gladly give him a chance of
+    protracting his experiment for another week. The doctor
+    expressed himself perfectly satisfied with the trial which had
+    already taken place, and left the place amidst three hearty
+    cheers, while the men proceeded to discuss the ins and outs of
+    the matter among themselves."--_National Advocate._
+
+
+BEER-DRINKING INJURES HEALTH.
+
+    "I think there is no doubt that beer-drinking is deleterious to
+    health, and personally I have never seen any case of disease
+    where I thought it useful. I believe it is more deleterious to
+    health than the stronger spirits, and this opinion is derived
+    from the report of the actuaries' investigations for our
+    insurance companies a few years ago."--DR. JOHN M. DODSON, Dean
+    of the Medical Department of the University of Chicago.
+
+
+    "My connection with large medical institutions for many years
+    past has given me, I think, an excellent opportunity to observe
+    the effect of beer-drinking and the use of other alcoholic
+    liquors in many cases. I can say as a result of my own
+    observation that beer-drinking has a very pernicious effect upon
+    nearly every organ of the body. It produces disease of the
+    stomach and digestive tract, of the heart and circulating
+    system, of the kidneys and liver, and of the nervous system. In
+    addition to this it lessens the vigor and vital resistance of
+    the whole body, makes the beer drinker very much more
+    susceptible to infection such as pneumonia, and other acute
+    infections, and also lessens his ability to recover from
+    illnesses of any kind. An untold amount of misery and disease
+    would be avoided if the use of beer and other intoxicating
+    liquors could be wiped off the face of the earth."--DR. W. H.
+    RILEY, Battle Creek Sanitarium, Battle Creek, Mich.
+
+
+    In the report of Bellevue Hospital, New York City, for 1904, Dr.
+    Alexander Lambert, in speaking of delirium tremens, says: "The
+    delirium tremens from beer does not come on so readily as that
+    from whisky, but is slower in clearing up." Page 138 of report.
+
+
+    "Apart from its toxic effect it is seldom realized how harmful
+    beer may be by promoting obesity, and, in susceptible persons,
+    favoring dilatation of the stomach."--DR. E. P. JOSLIN,
+    Professor in Harvard Medical School.
+
+
+    "It is not the concentrated alcoholic liquors alone that cause
+    heart and kidney trouble but pre-eminently the continued
+    immoderate use of beer. Nothing is more false than the belief
+    that the progressive dislodgement of other alcoholic drinks by
+    beer will diminish the destructive influences of alcoholism. * *
+    * It has been conclusively established by thousandfold
+    experiments that soldiers in all climates, in heat, cold and
+    rain, endure best the most fatiguing marches when they are
+    absolutely deprived of alcoholic drinks."--PROF. G. VON BUNGE,
+    M. D., Basle, Switzerland.
+
+
+    "Beer, wine and spirits furnish no element capable of entering
+    into the composition of blood, muscular fibre, or anything which
+    is the seat of vital principle. If a man drinks daily 8 or 10
+    quarts of the best Bavarian beer in a year he will have taken
+    into his system as much nourishment as is contained in a
+    five-pound loaf of bread."--_Liebig, the great German chemist._
+
+
+    "Beer-drinker's heart is a term well-known to the physicians of
+    our large hospitals, and indicates a special condition of
+    unhealthy enlargement of the heart due to dilatation,
+    accompanied by some increase of tissue and of fat. Doctors Bauer
+    and Bollinger found that in Munich one in every sixteen of the
+    hospital patients died from this disorder. It is common in
+    Germany--the land of beer-drinking--and proves incontestably
+    that the habit of drinking even such a mild alcoholic beverage
+    as lager-beer is one that is undesirable and unwise."--_From
+    "Alcohol and the Human Body," by Sir Victor Horsley, M. D.,
+    London._
+
+
+    "Nothing is more erroneous from the physician's standpoint, than
+    to think of diminishing the destructive effects of alcoholism by
+    substituting beer for other alcoholic drinks, or that the
+    victims of drink are found only in those countries where whisky
+    helps the people of a low grade of culture to forget their
+    poverty and misery."--PROF. STRUMPEL, Breslau, Germany.
+
+
+    "The result of extolling beer as the mightiest enemy of whisky
+    and brandy has been that the consumption of the distilled
+    liquors has changed very little, while to these liquors has been
+    added beer, the use of which has led to a great and still
+    increasing beer alcoholism. * * *
+
+    "The beer drinker who is not at all a drunkard in the popular
+    sense, is very frequently the victim of chronic inflammation of
+    the kidneys. * * * An enlarged and fatty condition of the liver,
+    marked by a dull pain in the region of the organ, often follows
+    from the habitual use of beer. The death-rate from liver
+    diseases among brewers of beer in England is more than double
+    that in all other occupations. * * * Beer-drinkers have a marked
+    tendency to enlargement of the stomach, and to chronic
+    diarrhoea. Beer causes also inflammation of the nerves. This is
+    often announced by 'rheumatic' pains in the legs. * * * Beer
+    alcoholism, as well as alcoholism in general, lowers the
+    resistance of the body to all diseases by injuring most of the
+    organs. And herein lies the chief danger in the general
+    wide-spread use of beer. The drinker is especially open to
+    attacks of infectious disease. * * * The brutalizing effect of
+    beer-alcoholism is shown most clearly by the fact that in
+    Germany crimes of personal violence, particularly dangerous
+    bodily injuries, occur most frequently in Bavaria where there
+    is the highest consumption of beer."--DR. HUGO HOPPE, Nerve
+    Specialist, Konigsberg, Germany.
+
+
+    "The life insurance companies make a business of estimating
+    men's lives, and can only make money by making correct estimates
+    of whatever influences life. Now they expect a man otherwise
+    healthy, who is addicted to beer-drinking, will have his life
+    shortened from 40 to 60 per cent. For instance if he is twenty
+    years old and does not drink beer he may reasonably expect to
+    live until he is 61. If he is a beer-drinker he will probably
+    not live to be over 35. If he is 30 years old when he begins to
+    drink beer he will probably drop off somewhere between 40 and 45
+    instead of living to 64 as he should. There is no sentiment,
+    prejudice or assertion about these figures. They are simply
+    cold-blooded business facts, derived from experience, and the
+    companies invest their money on them just the same as a man pays
+    so many dollars for so many feet of ground or bushels of
+    wheat."--DR. S. S. THORN, Toledo, Ohio, in U. S. Senate
+    Document, published in 1901.
+
+
+    "Fatty degeneration of various organs is frequently witnessed in
+    beer-drinkers. Diabetes mellitus is frequently due to
+    beer-drinking, and is made much worse by its continuance. In
+    Germany more than half of the cases in the inebriate asylums
+    enter from beer-drinking. In Bavaria, the women are not able
+    properly to suckle their children because of the universal
+    consumption of their favorite national drink. Indeed, so grave
+    are the evils caused by beer-drinking that the fight against
+    beer should now be conducted as strenuously as that against
+    stronger liquors."--DR. LEGRAIN, Paris, France.
+
+
+DRUG DRINKS.
+
+In the report of the President's Homes Commission, Senate Document 644,
+may be found a list of soft drinks examined by the Bureau of Chemistry.
+The report says:--
+
+    "Attention is directed to the danger of soft drinks containing
+    caffeine, and extract of coca leaf, the active principle of the
+    latter being cocaine. * * * We have seen how the opium habit may
+    be acquired by the use of the various proprietary or secret
+    preparations, and so the cocaine habit may be developed by the
+    use of these much lauded soft drinks. * * * No wonder that
+    insanity and diseases of the nervous system are on the
+    increase."
+
+    The following is a list of drinks examined by the Bureau of
+    Chemistry. Investigation showed that these contained both
+    caffeine and extract of coca leaf:
+
+    Afri Cola, Ala Cola, Cafe Coca, Carre Cola, Celery Cola, Chan
+    Ola, Chera Cola, Coca Beta, Coca Cola, Pilsbury's Coke, Cola
+    Coke, Cream Cola, Dope, Four Kola, Hayo Kola, Heck's Cola, Kaye
+    Ola, Koca Nola, Koke, Kola Ade, Kola Kola, Kola Phos, Koloko,
+    Kos Kola, Lime Cola, Lima Ola, Mellow Nip, Nerv Ola, Revive Ola,
+    Rocola, Rye Ola, Standard Cola, Toka Tona, Tokola, Vim-O, French
+    Wine of Coca, Wise Ola.
+
+    The manufacturers of some of those listed claim that their coca
+    extract is prepared from a decocainized coca leaf, the refuse
+    product discarded in the manufacture of cocaine. The Coca Cola
+    company claims that their coca extract is now without cocaine,
+    and most of the recent analyses show this to be true, yet the
+    Pure Food Commissioner of North Dakota says in his report for
+    1907 that Coca Cola as examined by him, "Gave a reaction for
+    cocaine." It is easy to see that so long as even refuse coca
+    leaves are used some cocaine may at times be in the product.
+
+    As cocaine is the most destructive drug known to humanity its
+    presence in any of the so-called temperance drinks is a
+    frightful evil calling for speedy legislation. It is practically
+    impossible to cure a person of the cocaine habit. This drug
+    causes insomnia, dyspepsia, chronic palpitations, and complete
+    paralysis of will-power, with a tendency to criminal acts. When
+    a person becomes habituated to its use he suffers torments when
+    not under its influence. The real cocaine fiend will rob or kill
+    to get the drug. What can be thought of men, who knowing the
+    deadly nature of this drug, will hide it away in a drink sold as
+    harmless to children and women who would never touch beer or
+    wines? It is placed in the drink to form a craving for that
+    drink and thus create a demand that will enrich the
+    conscienceless manufacturers.
+
+    The following preparations were found to contain caffeine, but
+    there was no evidence to the effect that coca leaf in any form
+    had been used in their manufacture:
+
+    Calcycine, Celery Cocoa, Citro Cola, Deep Rock Ginger Ale,
+    Fosko, Heck's Star Pepsin, Koke, Koke Ola, Kalafra, Kumfort,
+    Lime Juice and Kola, Lon Kola, Meg-O, Mexicola, Pau Pau Cola,
+    Pedro, Pepsi Cola, Speed Ball, To-Ko, Vril.
+
+    The report says that the following list were not examined but
+    from their names, and from the evidence submitted, they contain
+    either caffeine or coca leaf extract, or both: Charcola, Cherry
+    Kola, Cola Soda, Cola Ginger, Field's Coca, Imported French
+    Cola, Jacob's Kola, Koko Ale, Kola Cream, Kola Pepsin Celery
+    Wine Tonic, Kola Vena, Loco Kola, Mintola, Mate, Pikmeup,
+    Ro-Cola, Schelhorn's Coca, Vine Cola, Viz.
+
+    Dr. Harvey W. Wiley, chief of the Bureau of Chemistry, says that
+    the sale of all such drinks should be prohibited.
+
+    Caffeine is a drug much used in headache remedies. It is derived
+    from the kola nut, and from tea and coffee. It is also made
+    artificially from uric acid occurring in the guano or bird
+    manure deposits of South America. This bird manure product is
+    said to be used in some of the drinks while in others caffeine
+    obtained from refuse tea sweepings is used. The sales-manager of
+    the Coca Cola Company says the caffeine in their product is made
+    from tea. It is claimed by the manufacturers of caffeine drinks
+    that they are as harmless as tea or coffee. But physicians
+    advise against the use of tea and coffee for children and for
+    delicate, nervous people, and every intelligent person knows
+    that these drinks should not be indulged in immoderately. The
+    secret caffeine drinks at the soda-fountain are not warned
+    against because few people know of what they are made. So it
+    frequently happens that children whose parents do not permit
+    them to drink tea and coffee are taking caffeine in a much more
+    injurious form at the drug stores.
+
+    Dr. Harvey W. Wiley, Chief of the Bureau of Chemistry, says:
+    "When caffeine is separated from tea and coffee, and used as a
+    separate drug, it exerts a much more specific action upon the
+    system than when in natural combination. Its general effect is
+    to induce that unhappy state described as nervousness, with
+    deranged digestion and impaired health." Dr. H. H. Rusby, Dean
+    of the College of Pharmacy, of Columbia University, New York
+    City, a high authority, says: "Caffeine is a genuine poison,
+    both acute and chronic. Taken in the form of a beverage it tends
+    to the formation of a drug habit, quite as characteristic,
+    though not so effective, as ordinary narcotics. Permanent
+    disorders of the cardiac function, and of the cerebral
+    circulation, result from its continued use."
+
+    The _Druggists Circular_, for May, 1908, contained a query from
+    a druggist as to a good formula for a kola nut soda syrup. The
+    answer was in part as follows: "There are two kinds of
+    druggists. One kind puts any and every kind of stuff into stock,
+    and passes it out to his customers, young and old, ignorant or
+    learned, foolish or wise, his only desire being to get a profit.
+    The other kind of druggist refuses to stock some things at all.
+    Kola drinks owe their vogue to the caffeine which they contain.
+    Caffeine is a poison which is cumulative in its effects, and an
+    excess of which has not infrequently caused death. We believe
+    you would better be on record as discouraging rather than
+    encouraging the growth of the caffeine habit, especially among
+    young people, who constitute a large part of the soda-water
+    trade."
+
+    The _London Lancet_ of January 25, 1908, reports the results of
+    experiments made in Paris with kola given to horses to determine
+    its action in relieving fatigue. It apparently diminished
+    fatigue, but the horses receiving it lost more weight than those
+    to whom it was not given. The experimenter said this showed
+    that kola (caffeine) like alcohol, can give the tissues a lash
+    with a whip, but that such energy, artificially produced, is at
+    the expense of the organism. So, when people see the alluring
+    advertisements of caffeine drinks which "relieve fatigue," let
+    them beware of the relief which carries with it injury to the
+    body.
+
+    Of the most widely advertised of these caffeine drinks the
+    government report says: "The prevalence of the 'Coca Cola fiend'
+    is becoming a matter of great importance and concern." (See
+    volume on Social Betterment of Senate Document 644, page 268.)
+    M. M. A.
+
+
+SPECIAL MEDICAL DIRECTIONS FOR WOMEN.
+
+    "In the treatment of diseases of women, alcohol has been
+    considered a very important remedy. Because it affords relief
+    from pain, many resort to its use during painful menstruation.
+    Each month either whisky, or some medicine containing a liberal
+    supply of alcohol, is considered a necessity.
+
+    "The alcohol habit is not infrequently formed in this way. I
+    have in my mind several cases of inebriety which were traceable
+    to the habit of taking something to relieve pain at these
+    periods. A woman whose husband held a high official position,
+    thus acquired a craving for alcohol and became a confirmed
+    drinker. He was finally compelled to place her in an institution
+    for treatment.
+
+    "Alcohol affords relief, not by lessening the internal
+    congestion which causes the pain, but by paralyzing or benumbing
+    the nervous system. In fact, alcohol, instead of relieving,
+    aggravates the internal congestion. It is a deceiver, for it
+    makes the patient believe she is benefited when in fact the
+    condition is made worse. The uterus has become more congested by
+    its use, and when the paralyzing effect of the alcohol has worn
+    off the pain will be found more severe, and the demand for
+    alcohol increased correspondingly. The only safe and wise plan
+    when suffering from pain due to internal congestion is to remove
+    the cause. If uterine misplacement exists suitable treatment
+    must be taken to correct this. Almost immediate relief from
+    pain due to congestion of the pelvic organs may be obtained by
+    taking a hot full bath. A hot foot or leg bath is also a good
+    treatment since the warming of the extremities quickens the
+    circulation in the limbs and relieves congestion in the pelvic
+    region.
+
+    "There are various forms of dysmenorrhea or painful menstruation
+    and each form has a treatment by itself. The congestive type
+    which is due to taking cold is better relieved by a hot sitz
+    bath before the date expected, the temperature of the water
+    should be 101 deg.-103 deg. with the feet in water a degree or two
+    hotter. If at the time of the period the pain still continues,
+    an enema or vaginal douche will usually give the necessary
+    relief unless the patient should be exposed to cold by allowing
+    the hands, arms, feet or legs to become chilled.
+
+    "Many women do not dress their limbs warmly enough at any time.
+    Just before the menstrual period the tendency is for the pelvic
+    organs to become congested; there is a greater tendency to cold
+    feet then, than at any other time. I would therefore advise
+    warmer clothing on the limbs at such times. The drinking of hot
+    pepper tea, ginger tea, etc., is a pernicious practice, for
+    these irritants inflame the mucous membrane of the stomach and
+    intestines. Hot lemonade or hot water will afford the same
+    relief without leaving an inflamed surface behind to be
+    irritated by the next meal.
+
+    "There are some cases of great constriction of the uterine canal
+    which have reflex irritability in the stomach. Those having the
+    stomach affected cannot take food, the least thing is rejected.
+    It is best for such to remain quiet in bed, applying heat to the
+    stomach and abdomen and to the feet until relief is experienced.
+    Those suffering from headache should also remain quiet in bed.
+    Some resort to anodynes and form the habit of using codeine,
+    morphine. All these are bad and should be avoided. I have never
+    found it necessary to give one dose of either to relieve pain at
+    such times. Hot applications with the enema, vaginal douche, or
+    foot bath, has usually been all that was required.
+
+    "I recall many cases of severe pain where the extremities were
+    cold and clammy and the entire body was in a hysterical
+    contraction that were immediately relieved by a hot vaginal
+    douche. The muscles relaxed, the patient warmed up and recovered
+    nicely.
+
+    "For securing sleep in insomnia, a hot toddy is often used, but
+    a quicker and better effect can be gained by a hot, or neutral
+    bath. The latter given at 99 deg. or 100 deg. for twenty minutes will
+    produce sleep and refreshment, as it equalizes the circulation
+    by bringing the blood to the surface.
+
+    "It is safer under all circumstances to do without alcohol or
+    other dangerous drugs in treatment of these diseases."--DR.
+    LAURETTA E. KRESS, Washington, D. C.
+
+    NOTE--An experienced nurse says that prompt relief in painful
+    menstruation may often be found by sitting upon a toilet
+    water-jar half full or more of hot water. The steam rises and
+    the heat relieves.
+
+
+TOTAL ABSTINENCE AND LIFE INSURANCE.
+
+    Nothing shows more clearly and convincingly that alcoholic
+    liquors have a tendency to shorten life than the figures
+    published by life insurance companies. A most interesting and
+    valuable paper upon this theme was read before the Actuarial
+    Society of America, in 1904, by Mr. Joel G. Van Cise, actuary of
+    the Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States. In it
+    he gives the experience of different life insurance companies
+    which have separate sections for total abstainers and
+    non-abstainers. The Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York,
+    one of the large companies, showed after a few years' experience
+    with the two sections a death-rate 23 per cent. higher among the
+    drinkers than among the abstainers. The Sceptre Life for the
+    years from 1884 to 1903, inclusive, gave the following: Expected
+    deaths of abstainers, 1,440; actual deaths, 792, being 55 per
+    cent. of the expected. Expected deaths of non-abstainers, 2,730;
+    actual deaths, 1,880, or 79 per cent. of the expected. The
+    Scottish Temperance Life from 1883 to 1902 gave the following:
+    Abstainers, expected deaths, 936; actual deaths, 420, or 45 per
+    cent. of the expected. Non-abstainers, expected deaths, 319;
+    actual deaths, 225, or 71 per cent. of the expected.
+
+    Mr. Van Cise goes on to show that the statistics which have been
+    published from time to time, giving the percentages of mortality
+    in the various occupations of life, invariably show a higher
+    death-rate among those engaged in the liquor business than among
+    those engaged in other lines of work, except such as are
+    specially hazardous. He says: 'The higher death-rate among
+    liquor dealers is so universally recognized by life assurance
+    companies that a number of them will not issue policies, even on
+    the lives of the richest brewers, upon any terms, and not one of
+    the companies, to my knowledge, admits liquor dealers upon as
+    advantageous terms as those engaged in other ordinary
+    occupations.' He then quotes from a circular sent to the agency
+    force of a prominent United States company, in which attention
+    is called to a rule which forbids the taking of any risks on
+    bartenders: 'Saloonkeepers, generally, not taken, but best of
+    this class may be accepted on 10 or 15 year endowments only.'
+    Others connected more remotely with the liquor business might be
+    taken with a charge of $5.00 per thousand extra. The circular of
+    instructions adds that the limitations of liquor dealers are
+    made necessary 'by the very excessive rate of mortality found to
+    exist among persons so employed.'
+
+    Mr. Van Cise closed his address before the Actuaries' Society by
+    saying: 'I contend that the facts given in this paper show
+    conclusively that the effect of total abstinence is to lower the
+    death-rate, and increase the average duration of human life.'
+
+    The Equitable Company had a section for total abstainers for a
+    few years which was discontinued on account of the new insurance
+    laws which came into effect in 1907. The actuary writes in
+    response to inquiry: 'We are very careful in our selection of
+    risks, and only those who drink in moderation will be accepted.
+    I think it safe to say that, other things being equal, all
+    American life insurance companies would consider a total
+    abstainer a more desirable risk than a moderate drinker.'
+
+    The United Kingdom Temperance and General Provident Institution,
+    of London, is a large and successful company which was organized
+    in 1840, expressly for total abstainers, because at that time
+    larger premiums were asked from abstainers than from drinkers,
+    the common opinion then being that alcoholic liquors were
+    necessary to health. In 1846, this company added a general
+    section, in which carefully selected moderate drinkers were
+    accepted, but each section was kept entirely separate from the
+    other. This separation has continued to the present time, both
+    classes paying the same premiums, but sharing in profits
+    according to the earnings of the section to which the members
+    belong. From 1866 to 1900, for every 100 deaths in the
+    temperance section there were 137 deaths in the moderate
+    drinking section, based on a corresponding number of lives at
+    risk. The dividends for a recent five years average $20 to the
+    temperance members, and $17 to the drinking members.
+
+    The actuary of this English company, Mr. Roderick Mackenzie
+    Moore, read a paper before the Institute of Actuaries, in 1903,
+    in which he reviewed the work of this company during its history
+    of sixty years' experience with abstainers and over fifty with
+    non-abstainers. He showed that there has been no marked
+    difference in the number of policies in force in the two
+    sections, and the average amount of the policies in each section
+    has been about the same, so that the comparison is as fair as
+    could possibly be made. He gives these figures: 'Non-abstainers,
+    male, expected deaths, 8,911; actual deaths, 8,947; per cent. of
+    actual to expected, 100.4. Abstainers, male, expected deaths,
+    6,899; actual deaths, 5,124; per cent. of actual to expected,
+    74.3.' This shows a difference of 26.1 per cent. between the
+    actual and expected deaths of abstainers and moderate drinkers,
+    and the full figures show the death rate among the drinkers to
+    be 35 per cent. higher than among the abstainers.
+
+    The American Temperance Life Insurance Association was organized
+    in 1887. It gives a lower premium rate to members of the
+    abstainers' section than to those in the general section. The
+    circulars sent out by this company state that the average life
+    of moderate drinkers is thirty-five and a half years; tipplers,
+    fifty-one years; total abstainers, sixty-four and one-fifth
+    years.
+
+    Very interesting is the result of an inquiry made of various
+    insurance companies not long ago as to whether they consider the
+    habitual user of intoxicating beverages as good an insurance
+    risk as the total abstainer; 'if not, why not?' All but two out
+    of forty-one companies answered, 'No.' The two answered,
+    'Depends on quantity used.' In answer to the 'Why not?' the Etna
+    said, 'Drink diseases the system and shortens life'; Hartford
+    Life, 'Moderate use lays foundation for disease'; Knights of the
+    Maccabees, 'Drink tends to destroy life'; Knights Templar and
+    Masons' Life Indemnity, 'Drink lessens ability to overcome
+    disease'; Sun Life, 'Drink injures constitution. Habit apt to
+    grow'; Massachusetts Mutual Life, 'Drink causes organic changes.
+    Reduces expectation of life nearly two-thirds.' The rest of the
+    answers are much the same as these.--_M. M. A._
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+ Abbott, Dr. A. C., 264, 278, 280, 281, 368
+
+ Abdominal bandage, 199
+
+ Abel, Prof. J. J., 128
+
+ Abernethy, Dr., 36
+
+ Acetanilid, 180, 301, 346
+
+ Acetic acid in pharmacy, 134, 136
+
+ Acid drinks kill bacilli, 150
+
+ Adelung, Dr. Edward Von, 326, 379
+
+ Adynamic disease, 272
+
+ Aiken, Dr. J. M., 376
+
+ Alabama law and alcoholic prescriptions, 27
+
+ Albumen, 30, 60, 62, 152, 173
+
+ Alcohol,
+   food claims, 112-114, 128
+   a mocker, 364, 377
+   a narcotic, 121, 123
+   a poison, 28, 29, 100, 105, 358, 371, 388
+   injurious to living cells, 275
+   advance in study of, 380
+   affinity for blood and tissues, 114
+   affinity for water, 148, 149
+   and foods, action contrasted, 406
+   and empty stomach, 100
+   mental work, 400
+   anti-spasmodic, 124
+   apparent benefits; deceptive warmth from evanescent, 108
+   anaesthetic and paralyzant, 120, 181
+   anaesthetic effect deceptive, 222, 262, 266
+   antipyretic, 127
+   as medicine, 96-130
+   as medicine, causes waste of force, 83
+   as medicine, diminished use, 20, 53-57
+   as medicine, need of popular education regarding, 297
+   as medicine, opposition to by W. C. T. U., 21-27
+   causes disease, 28-36
+   as sedative, 127
+   as tonic, 124, 126
+   beginning of scientific study, 11
+   a cause of Bright's disease, 34, 91
+   causes malnutrition, 284
+   craving, 140
+   delusion that it "supports", 294
+   depressant, 150, 178
+   dangerous in pneumonia, 201
+   difference in action from carbohydrates and fats, 403
+   diminishes arterial pressure, 119, 120
+   effect on respiration, 263, 266
+   experiments, 11, 15, 62, 65, 80, 93, 101, 119, 120, 149, 200, 266,
+     267, 268, 275, 279, 288, 392-405, 421
+
+ Alcoholic diseases ascribed to other causes, 33
+   drink, no danger in sudden stopping, 293
+   drinks, stories of life sustained on, 112
+   dyspepsia, 63
+   proprietary medicines, 299-334
+
+ Alcohol, medical use bulwark of liquor-traffic, 96, 97, 360, 361
+   medical use causes death, 260
+   medical use delays recovery, 115
+   medical use evidence against, 336-391
+   medical use result of habit and tradition, 292, 294, 295, 298, 378
+   medical use, Toledo Blade on, 358
+   medical use, mortality increased by, 247-261, 267
+
+ Ammonia, 40, 188
+
+ Anaesthesia, 119, 120
+
+ Anaemia, 141
+
+ Anders, Dr. Howard S., 370
+
+ Angina pectoris, 181, 182
+
+ Animal poison, 206-211
+
+ Anthrax, 281, 282
+
+ Alcoholism, 36, 111
+
+ Ale, 120, 142, 236
+
+ Alkalies for stomach, 174
+
+ Alum, 143, 164, 171, 215
+
+ American Association for Study of Inebriety, 329
+
+ American Druggist and Patent Medicine Agitation, 26
+
+ American Medical Association, declaration on alcohol, 14
+
+ Antikamnia, 192, 346
+
+ Anti-Tuberculosis Congress resolution, 154
+
+ Apoplexy, 31, 32, 111, 142
+
+ Appetite, loss of, 142
+
+ Aschaffenberg, Prof., 400
+
+ Association of Abstaining Physicians, Germany, 387
+
+ Asthma, 179, 345
+
+ Athletes and alcohol, 103
+
+ Atwater, Prof., 128-130
+
+ Australian Government Commission on Patent Medicines, 314
+
+
+ Baldwin, Dr. Edward R., 370
+
+ Barton, Miss Clara, 48
+
+ Baths, 57, 145, 146, 147, 152, 164, 193, 197, 199, 410, 431, 432
+
+ Battle Creek Sanitarium, 223-227, 255, 256
+
+ Bavaria, beer-drinking effects, 425
+
+ Beale, Dr. Lionel, 99, 286
+
+ Beaumont, Dr., 61, 293
+
+ Beddoes, Dr., 13, 421
+
+ Beebe, Dr. S. P., 404, 405
+
+ Beef-tea, 194, 197, 325
+
+ Bacteria, 150
+
+ Badger, Dr. Richard, 365
+
+ Baer, Dr., 19
+
+ Barker, Prof., 337
+
+ Barr, Sir James, 372
+
+ Beer, 31, 66, 116, 117, 124, 126, 142, 179, 239, 244-246, 247, 423-426
+
+ Bellevue Hospital, 36, 54, 309
+
+ Berkley and Friedenwald, 279
+
+ Beverages for the sick, 411
+
+ Bigelow, Dr. Jacob, 335
+
+ Billings, Dr. Frank, 155
+
+ Bitters, 176, 329
+
+ Blankmeyer, Dr. H. J., 159
+
+ Bleuler, Dr., 388
+
+ Blood, 66-75, 76, 86,106, 113, 114, 119, 393
+
+ Blood purifiers, 75
+
+ Blood vessels, 63, 75, 76, 108, 109, 120, 124, 143
+
+ Blumenau, alcohol and digestion, 173
+
+ Boils and carbuncles, 144
+
+ Bond, Dr. Knox, on fevers, 252, 373
+
+ Bostwick, Dr., 336
+
+ Bowditch, Prof. Vincent Y., 157
+
+ Boynton, Dr., 377
+
+ Bradner, Dr. Roe, 329, 332
+
+ Brain, 32, 36
+
+ Brandy, 35, 120, 143, 151, 173, 177, 183, 196, 215, 356
+
+ Brewers, 38, 425
+
+ Bright's disease, 34, 91, 94
+
+ British army, experiences with alcohol, 101, 102
+
+ British Medical Journal, 180, 247, 269, 270, 319, 324
+
+ British Medical Temperance Association, 148-151, 250
+
+ Broadbent, Dr., 274
+
+ Brodie, Dr. Benj., 105
+
+ Bromidia, 353
+
+ Bromo Seltzer, 346
+
+ Brown, Dr. Alonzo, 271-273
+
+ Brunton, Dr. Lauder, 269, 270
+
+ Bucke, Dr. R. M., alcohol and the insane, 412
+
+ Buckley, Rev. J. M., D.D., cured of consumption, 159
+
+ Bunge, Prof. G. Von, 207, 424
+
+ Bureau of Chemistry, 426, 427
+
+ Burnett, Dr. Mary Weeks, 41-44
+
+ Burt, Mrs. Mary T., 24
+
+ Bussey, Dr., 237
+
+ Butter, substitute for cod-liver oil, 314
+
+
+ Cabot, Dr. Richard C., 57, 370
+
+ Caffeine, 49, 135, 300, 428-430
+
+ Cain, Dr. J. S., 229, 377
+
+ Calmette, Dr., snake-bite 206-209
+
+ Camphor, 217, 374
+
+ Cancer and alcohol, 288
+
+ Carbolic acid, 138, 145
+
+ Carbon dioxide, 71-73
+
+ Carbonic acid in wine, 117
+
+ Cardiac paralysis in diphtheria, 272, 273
+
+ Carpanutrine, 313
+
+ Carpenter, Dr. Alfred, 86
+
+ Carson, Prof. J. W., 336
+
+ Casgrau, Dr., doctors who personally use alcohol less observant
+    of its effects, 294
+
+ Catarrh, 144, 145, 345
+
+ Cells, 58-60, 68, 130, 271, 272
+
+ Chapman, Dr. C. W., 184
+
+ Charcoal, 179
+
+ Charrin, Dr., 287
+
+ Cheese, cannot be made from milk of cows fed on distillery slops, 236
+
+ Cheyne, Prof. W. W., snake-poison, 209, 210
+
+ Children, danger of alcohol for, 416
+
+ Children of beer-drinking mothers, 236, 237
+
+ Children, per cent. of deaths of those of abstaining and drinking
+    parents, 397, 398
+
+ Chills, 146
+
+ Chittenden, Prof., 93, 403
+
+ Chloral, 127, 138, 190, 275, 332, 353
+
+ Chlorodyne, 127
+
+ Chloroform, 119, 120, 121, 270, 353
+
+ Cholera, 35, 147-152, 257, 258
+   infantum, 152, 153
+   morbus, 152
+
+ Christian Advocates, The, and patent medicines, 26
+
+ Christison, Prof., 34
+
+ Cincinnati Hospital, 254
+
+ Circulation, 76, 77, 184-186
+
+ Claret, 120, 177, 419
+
+ Clark, Dr. Alonzo, 336
+   Sir Andrew, 35, 101
+
+ Clinique, The, 180
+
+ Coal-tar drugs, 75, 180, 192, 339, 340
+
+ Coca wines, 319-324
+
+ Coca Cola, 427
+
+ Cocaine, 300, 319-325, 345-351, 427
+
+ Cod-liver oil, fraudulent preparations, 314
+
+ Coffee, 40, 141, 194, 236
+
+ Cohen, Dr. S. S., 365
+
+ Cold, as a heart stimulant, 184-186
+   as tonic, 125
+   pack, 186
+   treatment for pneumonia, 202
+
+ Colds, cause and treatment, 146
+
+ Colic, 147
+
+ Collier, Dr. Wm., 372
+
+ Collier's Weekly and nostrums, 26
+
+ Collins, Dr., 157
+
+ Coloring matter in wines arrests digestion, 176
+
+ Coma from waste retention, 115
+
+ Committee of Fifty, 19, 128, 279
+   on Pharmacy, 314, 315, 316
+
+ Condi, Dr., nursing mothers, 236
+
+ Constipation, 146
+
+ Consumption, 153-162, 326
+
+ Convalescence and alcohol, 292, 294
+
+ Convulsions, 147, 179
+
+ Cook County Hospital, 54, 159, 253
+
+ Cordials in dyspepsia, 176
+
+ Cough medicines, 310-312
+   simple remedies, 146, 147, 162
+
+ Cramps, 179
+
+ Cream, substitute for cod-liver oil, 160, 314
+
+ Crothers, Dr. T. D., 120, 131, 183, 218, 345, 390
+
+ Cures for inebriety, 329, 414
+
+
+ Deaths from alcohol, 28, 83, 87
+   from alcoholic diseases ascribed to other causes, 31-34
+
+ Death-rates, comparative, 75, 85, 247-261, 267
+   lowered by non-alcoholic treatment, 37, 46, 219
+
+ Debility, 171, 172
+
+ Davis, Dr. Nathan S., Sr., 11, 12, 29-31, 45, 66, 75, 80-82,
+    91-95, 107, 112, 117, 118, 125, 128, 178, 193, 217, 219,
+    244, 253, 262, 267, 289, 294, 358-360
+
+ De Garmo, Prof., 366
+
+ Delearde, Dr., Pasteur Institute, 279, 284
+
+ Delirium tremens, 388
+
+ Depression of spirits, 172, 179
+
+ Diabetes, 88, 89
+
+ Diarrhoea, 172
+
+ Digestion, 106, 155-157
+
+ Digestive organs, injured, 389
+
+ Digitalis, 128, 135
+
+ Diphtheria, 75, 85, 272
+
+ Diseases of women, 430
+   non-alcohol treatment, 140, 233
+
+ Distilled liquors, composition, 117
+
+ Doan's Pills, 315
+
+ Dodson, Dr. John M., 423
+
+ Dogbite, 211
+
+ Dock, Dr. George, 365, 371
+
+ Douches, 164, 431
+
+ Drowning, 193, 194
+
+ "Drugging", 335-355
+
+ Drug habits formed by patent medicines, 301
+
+ Drugs, medical opinions of, 336-338
+
+ Druggists' resolutions against whiskey drug-stores, 27
+
+ Druggist's Circular, 8, 429
+
+ Druggists, liquor selling by, 139
+
+ Drunkards made in infancy, 311
+
+ Drunkards, 126, 350
+
+ Drysdale, Dr., 372
+
+ Dubois, experiments, 119
+
+ Dysentery, 172, 173
+
+ Dysmenorrhea, 431
+
+ Dyspepsia, 65, 127, 173-177
+
+
+ Edmunds, Dr., 37, 38, 183, 238-243
+
+ Edsall, Dr. David L., 374
+
+ Epilepsy, 32, 36, 178
+
+ Erysipelas, 74, 388
+
+ Eshner, Dr. A. A., 364
+
+ Exhaustion, 178
+
+
+ Fainting and faintness, 177, 178, 180, 181
+
+ Fatigue, 178, 320, 430
+
+ Fatty degeneration, 34-36, 82-85, 114
+
+ Fats digested in small intestines, 60
+
+ Fere, Dr., 203
+
+ Fermentation, 116, 274
+
+ Fevers, 75, 85, 249-255, 388
+
+ Fibrine, 40, 62
+
+ Fits, 238
+
+ Flatulence, 179
+
+ Flick, Dr. Lawrence, 156
+
+ Fomentations, 147, 199, 229
+
+ Food, alcohol as indirect, 112-114, 29, 98-117, 128-130
+
+ Foods, proprietary, 313
+
+ Forel, Dr. A., 36, 105
+
+ Forrest, Dr., 160, 161
+
+ Foster, Dr., 68
+
+ Franco-Prussian War, wine, 110, 111
+
+ Francis, Surgeon Gen'l, cholera, 150
+
+ Frick, Dr. A., 388, 389
+
+ Fruit, 141, 146, 374
+   juice, 65, 232, 374
+
+
+ Gairdner, Dr., fevers, 251, 252
+
+ Garber, Dr., typhoid, 230
+
+ Garfield Memorial Hospital, 55, 254
+
+ Gastric juice, 62, 65
+
+ Gastritis from beer and gin, 246
+
+ Georgia law and alcohol prescriptions, 27
+
+ Germs, 70, 115, 223, 272, 286, 287
+
+ Giddiness, 179
+
+ Gilman, Prof., treatment leads to death, 337
+
+ Gin, 61, 117, 199, 246
+
+ Ginger drinking, 341
+
+ Gloria Tonic, 414
+
+ Gluzinski and digestion, 61, 176
+
+ Glycerine in pharmacy, 134, 135, 138
+
+ Glycogen, 85, 130
+
+ Gordon, Dr. A., 377
+
+ Gould, A. Pearce, 288, 367, 373
+
+ Gout, 31, 74
+
+ Grape juice, 65
+
+ Grehant, 288
+
+ Gruber, Prof., 128, 129
+
+ Guardian cells, see leucocytes
+
+ Gull, Sir Wm., 35, 104
+
+ Gum resins, non-alcoholic preparation, 134
+
+
+ Hagee's Cordial of Cod-Liver Oil, 314
+
+ Hall, Dr. W. S., 379, 405-409
+
+ Hamilton, Dr. Frank H., 285, 286
+
+ Hammond, Dr. W. A., 36, 95
+
+ Hargreaves, Dr. W., 35, 85, 86, 105, 236, 237
+
+ Harley, Dr., alcohol and diabetes, 88, 89
+
+ Harrington. Dr. Chas., 313, 316
+
+ Hart, Dr. Ernest, 126, 152, 269
+
+ Harvey, Dr., counsel to young physicians, 389
+
+ Hay Fever, 145, 146
+
+ Hayes, Dr., arctic work, 110
+
+ Headaches, 179, 180
+
+ Headache remedies, 301, 354
+
+ Health, how to preserve, 355
+
+ Health Grains, 315
+
+ Healy, Dr. H. H., 375
+
+ Heart abscesses, 277, 278
+   and alcohol, 31, 75-85, 263
+   beer-drinkers, 424
+   disease, 181, 182
+   failure,  83, 85, 184, 185-188, 227, 273
+   force diminished, 183
+   stimulants, 188
+   weak, 182
+
+ Hemaboloids, 313
+
+ Hemapeptone, 313
+
+ Hemaglobin, 30, 67, 114, 221
+
+ Hemorrhage, 34, 180, 197
+
+ Heredity of alcoholic diseases, 33
+
+ Herrick, Dr. James B., 365
+
+ Hewes, Dr. Henry F., 379
+
+ Heyburn, Senator, nostrums, 334
+
+ Hiccough, 179
+
+ Higginbotham, 13, 140, 180
+
+ Higginson, Col. T. W., 196
+
+ Hirschfeld, Dr., 360, 380
+
+ Hiss, Dr. A. Emil, 309, 310
+
+ History of study of alcohol, 9-20
+
+ Hob-nailed liver, 87
+
+ Hoffman drops, 349
+
+ Hoff's Consumption Cure, 316
+
+ Holmes, Dr. Oliver W., on drugs, 137, 344
+
+ Hop tea, 66, 142, 176
+
+ Hoppe, Dr. Hugo, beer, 425
+
+ Horsley, Sir Victor, 129, 372, 424, 425
+
+ Hospitals, Temperance, 37-53
+   death-rates, 252-261
+   decreased use of alcoholic liquors, 53-57
+
+ Hugounencq, alcohol and pepsin, 176
+
+ Hunt, Mrs. Mary H., temperance education, 17
+
+ Hunt, Dr. Reid, 369, 402
+
+ Hydrochloric acid, 173, 177
+
+ Hydrophobia, 281-283
+
+
+ Internal Rev, Dep't. and Nostrums, 27, 312
+
+ International Congress on Alcoholism, London, 1909, 9, 393
+   Encyclopedia of Surgery, 209
+   Medical Congress 1876, and National W. C. T. U., 23, 82
+
+ Immunity, influence of alcohol on, 281, 282, 393-395
+
+ Indigestion and alcohol, 32
+
+ Infant feeding, 242, 243
+
+ Infection, liability to increased, 392, 393
+
+ Infectious diseases, 288, 368, 369, 425
+
+ Inflammation in wounds, 74
+
+ Influenza and drinkers, 192, 193
+
+ Iron, injurious to stomach, 315
+
+
+ Jackson, Dr. Henry, 370
+
+ Jaundice, alcohol prejudicial, 89
+
+ Jayne's Expectorant, 310
+
+ Johnson, Lieut., arctic work, 110
+
+ Joslin, Dr. E. P., 364, 424
+
+ Journal Amer. Med. Ass'n., 129, 204-209, 211, 368, 369
+
+ Journal of Inebriety, 131, 192, 329, 413
+
+ Kansas prohibits whiskey drug-stores 27
+
+ Kassowitz, Prof. Max, 373, 374
+
+ Kellogg, Dr. J. H., 36, 89, 95, 121, 129, 141, 152, 166, 176,
+    185, 195, 199, 255, 378
+
+ Kerr, Dr. Norman, 150, 357
+
+ Kidneys, 30, 89-95, 276, 425
+
+ Koch, Dr., consumption, 153
+
+ Knopf, Dr. S. A., 155
+
+ Kola, see caffeine.
+
+ Kraepelin, 399, 400
+
+ Kress, Dr. Lauretta, 430-432
+
+
+ La grippe, 190-193, 337
+
+ Ladd, Prof., 332, 333
+
+ Ladies' Home Journal, 26
+
+ Laitinen, Prof. T., 368, 369, 392-398
+
+ Lambert, Dr. Alex., 415, 424
+
+ Lancet, The London, 191, 184, 252, 368, 429
+
+ Landis, Dr. J. H., and typhoid, 379
+
+ Laudanum, 137, 352
+
+ Laxative pills often harmful, 346
+
+ Lees, Dr. F. R., 106
+
+ Legrain, Dr., 426
+
+ Liebig, 116, 251, 424
+
+ Lemon, 146, 147, 179, 194, 411
+
+ Lesser, Dr. A. Monae, success in treating fevers in Cuban War, 53
+
+ Leucocytes, 271, 272, 274, 275, 278, 282, 283, 284, 285
+
+ Life insurance and total abstinence, 36, 423, 426, 432-435
+
+ Life saving stations and alcohol, 193
+
+ Liniments, non-alcoholic, 134, 135
+
+ Liquid Peptones, 313
+
+ Liver, 31, 33, 85-89, 404-409, 425
+
+ Lloyd, Prof. J. U., 328
+
+ London Temperance Hospital, 37-41, 132-135, 357
+
+ Loomis, Dr. A. L., 255
+   Dr. Henry P., 157
+
+ Lungs, 30, 201
+
+ Lying-in-Hospital, London, 37, 38
+
+
+ Martin, Dr. Newell, 63, 79, 84, 85, 91, 109, 119, 158
+
+ Massage, 166, 180, 213, 214
+
+ Mass. State Board of Health, 34, 310
+
+ Massart and Bordet, leucocytes, 277
+
+ McNicholl, Dr. T. A., 48, 378
+
+ Madden, Dr. John, 378
+
+ Magnesia, 179
+
+ Malaria[D], 195, 196
+
+    [Footnote D: Of late years malaria is attributed to the bite of
+    a certain kind of mosquito. In preparing this edition that item
+    was overlooked.]
+
+ Malt Extracts, 316-319
+
+ Manassein's Clinic, alcohol and kidneys, 93, 94
+
+ Mann, Dr. Matthew D., 365
+
+ Martin, Alexis St., 61, 293
+
+ McCormack, Dr. J. H., 370
+
+ Measles, 194
+
+ Meat extracts, valueless, 325, 326
+
+ Medical temperance department of W. C. T. U., 25-27
+
+ Menstruation, painful, 197
+
+ Mercer, Dr. Alfred, 363
+
+ Metchnikoff, 374, 398
+
+ Milk, 141, 153, 188, 236, 237, 251, 373
+
+ Miller, Dr. James Alex., 157
+
+ Mitchell, Dr. S. Weir, 207, 210
+
+ Miura, investigations, 379
+
+ Morphine, 300, 345, 351, 352
+
+ Mossop, Dr., experiments, 120
+
+ Mother Bailey's Quieting Syrup, 310
+
+ Munyon's Kidney Cure, 315
+
+ Mulford's Predigested Beef, 313
+
+ Muscles and alcohol, 33, 103, 124
+
+ Musser, Dr. John H., 369, 370
+
+ Mussey, Prof. R. D., 12
+
+
+ Nansen and polar expedition, 110
+
+ Narcotic drug dangers, 345, 346, 350-355, 357
+
+ Nausea, 199
+
+ Nerves, 32, 36, 76, 77, 105, 118, 185, 425
+
+ Nervous system affected by retention of waste, 115
+
+ Neuralgia, 198
+
+ New York State Board of Health, 154, 155
+
+ Newspapers and whiskey ads., 382
+   and patent medicine ads, 333
+
+ Nichol, Dr., experiments, 120
+
+ Nichols, Dr. Jas. R., 136, 138
+
+ Nitrite of amyl, 15, 181, 182
+
+ Non-alcoholic treatment, 37, 89, 140-233, 258-260, 360
+
+ Nurses, abstinence in cholera, 149
+
+ Nursing mothers and beer, 234, 426
+
+ Nutrition retarded by alcohol, 114
+
+
+ Oatmeal, 197, 235
+
+ Oils, essential, non-alcoholic preparation, 134
+
+ Opium, 127, 132, 149, 150, 172, 180, 189, 190, 300, 351, 352, 389, 412
+
+ Orangeine, 346
+
+ Osler, Dr., 158
+
+ Oxidations, 408
+
+ Oxidation checked by coal-tar drugs, 339, 340, 346
+   hindered by alcohol, 263
+
+ Oxidative powers of liver effected by alcohol, 404
+
+ Oxygen, 40, 67, 71, 75, 92, 113, 114, 118, 130, 187, 264
+
+
+ Page, Dr. C. E., on typhoid, 232
+
+ Pain after food, 203, 204
+
+ Palmer, Dr. A. B., 79, 121-123
+
+ Pepper, Cayenne, 147, 188
+
+ Pepsin, 62, 64, 173, 176
+
+ Peptonic Elixir, 313
+
+ Peruna, 312
+
+ Peterson, Dr. Frederick, 375
+
+ Phagocytes, 271, 272, 374
+
+ Pharmacy, non-alcoholic, 132-139
+
+ Phenacetine, 300, 339, 340, 346, 354
+
+ Physicians need awakening as to evils of alcohol, 379
+   responsibility for prescribing alcoholic liquor, 358, 359, 388
+   why they prescribe alcoholics, 291-298
+
+ Pneumonia, 40, 75, 85, 192, 200-203, 253, 254, 257, 280,
+    340, 346, 371, 388
+
+ Poheman, Dr. Julius, 200, 201
+
+ Poisons, 29, 204-211, 300, 301
+
+ Port Wine, 64, 65, 144, 172, 292
+
+ Porter, 236
+
+ Pregnancy, danger of alcohol in, 203
+   vomiting in, 199
+
+ Packs, hot 194, 202, 213
+
+ Panopepton, 313
+
+ Paralysis, caused by alcohol, 31, 36
+
+ Paregoric, 352
+
+ Parkes, 77-79, 100, 102
+
+ Patent medicines, 26, 27, 299-334, 350
+
+ Preble, Dr. Robert B., 375
+
+ Proprietary "Foods", 313, 314
+
+ Prostration, 179
+
+ Protoplasm and alcohol, 59, 60, 286, 287
+
+ Psychical treatment, Cabot, 57
+
+ Ptomaine poisoning, 152, 270
+
+ Puerperal fever, 229, 290
+
+ Pulse and alcohol, 79, 181
+
+ Pure Food Law, 299, 300
+
+ Putnam, Dr. J. J., 364
+
+
+ Quackery, cause, 337
+
+ Quinine, 128, 190, 196, 340, 345
+
+
+ Rattlesnakes, bite of, 210
+
+ Recent researches on alcohol, 276-284, 392-409
+
+ Reichert, alcohol and snake-bite, 207
+
+ Retina, blood-vessels and alcohol, 120, 124
+
+ Rheumatism, 211-214, 259, 260, 343
+
+ Richardson, Sir B. W., 15, 17, 31, 39, 63, 72, 105, 111,
+    121, 148, 153, 177, 259, 295-297, 356, 383, 385-387
+
+ Ridge, Dr. J. J., 73, 84, 124, 127, 143, 149, 180, 188, 196,
+    213, 216, 248, 250, 275, 286, 292, 356, 362
+
+ Riley, Dr. W. H., 223-227, 423
+
+ Ringer and Sainsbury, 80, 119
+
+ Ritchie, Dr. J. J., 383
+
+ Roberts, Sir W., 176
+
+ Robin, 264
+
+ Rusby, Dr. H. H., 429
+
+
+ Salicylic acid, 128
+
+ Saline injections, 187
+   solutions, 145
+
+ Sartoin Skin Food, 316
+
+ Scarlet fever, 91, 248, 337, 373
+
+ Schafer's physiology on alcohol, 129
+
+ Scientific temperance education, 17, 18
+
+ Sedatives, dangers of, 127
+
+ Shock, 215, 216
+
+ Sight impaired by alcohol, 120
+
+ Sleeplessness, 179
+
+ Small-pox, 247-250
+
+ Smith. Dr. E., 105, 238
+
+ Snake-bite, 207, 211
+
+ Soft drinks, dangerous, 427
+
+ Soldiers, 101, 102, 285
+
+ Soothing syrups, 310
+
+ Sore nipples, 215
+
+ Sore throat, 145
+
+ Sphygmograph, 79, 120, 122
+
+ Stammreich, investigations, 379
+
+ Starch, 116, 129, 130
+
+ Stimulant, definition, 118, 222
+
+ Stimulants, 105, 177, 179, 186, 188, 190, 194, 237, 338
+
+ Stimulation, fallacy of theory,, 385
+
+ Stockton, Dr. C. G., 158
+
+ Stomach, 32, 60, 63, 87, 293, 425
+
+ Strychnia, 222, 365
+
+ Strumpel, Prof., on beer, 425
+
+ Sudden illness, 217
+
+ Sugar, 86-88, 116, 117, 129, 130, 374
+
+ Sulphonal, 346, 353
+
+ Sunstroke, 217, 218
+
+ Switzerland and alcohol deaths, 36
+
+ Syncope, 177
+
+
+ Tannin, 124, 152, 164
+
+ Taylor's Headache Powders, 346
+
+ Tea, 236
+
+ Temperance hospitals, 37-53
+
+ Tonic Beef, 313
+
+ Toxins, 267-269, 406-409
+
+ Treves, Sir Frederick, 342, 372
+
+ Trudeau, Dr. Edward, 155, 161
+
+ Tuberculosis, 35, 154-158
+
+ Tetanus, 281, 282
+
+ Thompson, Sir Henry, 120
+
+ Tinctures, 131-137
+
+ Tissue changes, 113-115
+   waste retarded, 115
+
+ Tobacco and alcohol, 212, 343, 413
+
+ Todd, Dr. B., 250, 252
+
+ Turkish baths, 193, 208, 212, 213
+
+ Type-setters and alcohol, 400
+
+ Typhoid fever, 219-233, 251, 252, 253, 268, 365, 373, 379
+
+ Typhus, 252, 255, 388
+
+
+ Uric acid, 93, 404, 405
+
+ Urine and alcohol, 89, 92, 93, 267, 268
+
+ Uterine displacements, 163-171
+   hemorrhage, 180
+
+
+ Van Duyn, Dr. John, 374
+
+ Vasomotor nerves, 76, 77, 83
+
+ Vegetarian diet for drink crave, 414
+
+ Vinol, 314
+
+ Vita-Ore, 315
+
+ Vomiting, 140, 233
+
+
+ Water, 30, 95, 112, 128, 135, 143, 145, 150-152, 175, 177,
+    187, 188, 224, 225, 232, 411
+
+ Weakness in growing youth, 125, 178
+
+ W. Va. Medical Society resolutions, 371
+
+ Whisky, 28, 50, 112, 127, 155, 157, 173, 190, 193, 196,
+    210, 265, 370, 390
+
+ Willhite, Dr. O. C., 159
+
+ Wine, 13, 31, 64, 65, 109, 110, 117, 123, 125, 141,
+    176, 236, 325, 417, 424
+
+ Wampole's Cod-Liver Oil, 314
+
+ Warbasse, Dr. J. P., 375
+
+ Waste, retention invites disease, 70
+
+ Welch, Dr. W. H., 393
+
+ White, Dr. John E., 158
+
+ White Haven Sanitarium, 155
+
+ White Ribbon Remedy, 414
+
+ Wiley, Dr. H. W., 301, 428, 429
+
+ Willard, Miss Frances E., 23, 44-47
+
+ Williams, Henry Smith, 399
+   Pink Pills, 315
+
+ Willson, alcohol and snake-bite, 211
+
+ Winternitz, 184, 185, 225
+
+ Wolff, 176
+
+ Wollowicz, 77-79, 81
+
+ Woodhead, Dr. G. Sims, 211, 276-284, 366, 383
+
+ Woods, Dr. Matthew, 364
+
+ Wood, Dr. H. C., 119
+
+
+ Zwieback, 175
+
+
+
+ERRATA
+
+Page 346, third line from bottom omitted:
+
+The use of cocaine is advancing rapidly in this
+
+[Transcriber's Note: The text was emended to include
+the above correction.]
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE:
+
+Every effort has been made to replicate this text as faithfully as
+possible, including obsolete and variant spellings. Obvious
+typographical errors in punctuation (misplaced quotes and the like) have
+been fixed. Note that the index has _not_ been resorted
+alphabetically.Corrections [in brackets] in the text are noted below:
+
+page v: typo corrected
+
+    Sims Woodhead on immunity--Delearde's[Delearde's] experiments
+
+page vi: typo corrected
+
+    Dr. Knox Bond on Scarlet Fever--Metchinkoff[Metchnikoff] on
+    white blood-cells--Kassowitz describes his
+
+page vii: typo corrected
+
+    to quit drinking--Dr. T. D. Crother's[Crothers'] remedy
+
+page 21: typo corrected
+
+    THE WOMAN[']S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNION IN OPPOSITION TO
+    ALCOHOL AS MEDICINE.
+
+page 48: typo corrected
+
+    department of the hospital was commissoned[commissioned] to
+    treat diseases without the use of alcoholic liquids.
+
+page 53: typo corrected
+
+    treatment for seven weeks for metorrhagia[metrorrhagia],
+    nietortes[TN: unsure what this word is] and peritonitis
+
+page 106: typo corrected
+
+    who, but for its mistaken use, might have recovered from the
+    illness affecting then[them].
+
+page 111: typo corrected
+
+    or influenced by alcoholism. If the clinical
+    thermometor[thermometer] shows the temperature to be above
+
+page 129: typo corrected
+
+    An editorial in the Journal of the Amercian[American] Medical
+    Association said:
+
+page 158: typo corrected
+
+    E. White, M. D., Medical Director Nordrach Ranch
+    Sanatorium[Sanitorium], Colorado Springs, Colorado.
+
+page 172: typo corrected
+
+    irritant of which the stomach is trying to be rid. Do not arrest
+    it permaturely[prematurely], but assist it.
+
+page 180
+
+    is usually a symptom of trouble somewhere else, often in the
+    alimentary canal, and[an] overloaded stomach,
+
+page 238: duplicate word removed
+
+    which they soon experience in the [the] supply of milk?
+
+page 255: typo corrected
+
+    Dr. A. L. Loomis, in the treatmemt[treatment] of 600 typhus
+    fever cases on Blackwell's Island in 1864, excluded
+
+page 256: typo corrected
+
+    These cases include a number of hyterectomies[hysterectomies],
+    and many cases so desperate that those who trust in alcohol
+
+page 257: aded missing single quote
+
+    be called criminal. I certainly feel that punishment would be
+    just.[']"
+
+page 260: typo corrected
+
+    there is less frequent relapse, and there is quicker recovery.
+    In brief, the experience of treament[treatment] of rheumatic
+
+page 275: typo corrected
+
+    therefore, may open the door to fever or erysipelas.' A
+    similiar[similar] experiment of Doyen confirms this.
+
+page 301: added missing quote
+
+    a habit of gaining relief which becomes an obsession and
+    incapable of being resisted.["]
+
+page 302: added missing quote
+
+    harmful only, that so many people profess to have received
+    benefit from them?["] There are different
+
+page 313: added missing quote
+
+    no fatty substances present in these products; their food value
+    from this point of view is, therefore, _nil_."]
+
+page 314: added missing quote
+
+    show any oil. Analysis revealed sugar, alcohol, and glycerine,
+    none of which is contained in cod-liver oil.["]
+
+page 316: added missing quote
+
+    ["]Hoff's Consumption Cure consists essentially of sodium
+    cinnamate and extract of opium, a mixture at one time suggested
+
+page 319: typo corrected
+
+    5233 Philadephia[Philadelphia] Porter
+
+page 348: end of quote ambiguous
+
+    questions were put replied after careful consideration as
+    follows: '[could not find ending single quote]Its physiological
+    action is practically unknown.
+
+page 360: typo corrected
+
+    "Dr. Hirschfield[Hirschfeld], a well-known physician of
+    Magdeburg, Germany, was recently arrested on a charge
+
+page 361: typo corrected
+
+    more than upon anything else, to screen it from
+    opprobium[opprobrium], and just punishment for the evils which
+    the traffic entails upon
+
+page 381: added missing quote
+
+    in their denunciations of the current beliefs concerning alcohol
+    in medicine.["]--_Journal A. M. A._, January 6, 1900.
+
+page 392: typo corrected
+
+    RECENT RESEARCHES UPON ALCOLOL.[ALCOHOL]
+
+page 402: typo corrected
+
+    strictly analagous[analogous] to sugar and fats, provided always
+    that the amount used does not exceed that easily oxidized
+
+page 421: added missing quote
+
+    and starve. But the next time they were sick, _I wasn't the
+    doctor_.["]--"Physician" in Our Federation_.
+
+Throughout the index, typos corrected:
+
+    Berkley and Friendenwald[Friedenwald], 279
+
+    Delearde[Delearde], Dr., Pasteur Institute, 279, 284
+
+    Fere[Fere], Dr., 203
+
+    Grehaut[Grehant], 288
+
+    Hirschfield[Hirschfeld], Dr., 360, 380
+
+    International Congress on Alcoholism, London, 1909, 9, 393
+      "  Encyclopaedia[Encyclopedia] of Surgery, 209
+
+    Lesser, Dr. A. Monae[Monae], success in treating fevers in Cuban
+    War, 53
+
+    Massert[Massart] and Bordet, leucocytes, 277
+
+    Panopeptone[Panopepton], 313
+
+    Phenacetin[Phenacetine], 300, 339, 340, 346, 354
+
+    Rushy[Rusby], Dr. H. H., 429
+
+    Stamreich[Stammreich], investigations, 379
+
+    Whiskey[Whisky], 28, 50, 112, 127, 155, 157, 173, 190, 193, 196,
+    210, 265, 370, 390
+
+    Zweiback[Zwieback], 175
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Alcohol: A Dangerous and Unnecessary
+Medicine, How and Why, by Martha M. Allen
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ALCOHOL ***
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