diff options
| -rw-r--r-- | .gitattributes | 3 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 26570-0.txt | 1088 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 26570-0.zip | bin | 0 -> 24928 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 26570-8.txt | 1083 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 26570-8.zip | bin | 0 -> 24465 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 26570-h.zip | bin | 0 -> 65662 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 26570-h/26570-h.htm | 1200 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 26570-h/images/caius43.png | bin | 0 -> 38379 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | LICENSE.txt | 11 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | README.md | 2 |
10 files changed, 3387 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/26570-0.txt b/26570-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..28962f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/26570-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1088 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of De Pronunciatione Graecae & Latinae Linguae, by +John Caius + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: De Pronunciatione Graecae & Latinae Linguae + De Pronuntiatione Graecae et Latinae Linguae + +Author: John Caius + +Editor: E. S. Roberts + +Release Date: September 11, 2008 [EBook #26570] + +Language: Latin + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DE PRONUNCIATIONE GRAECAE *** + + + + +Produced by Louise Hope + + + + +[Transcriber’s Note: + +This text uses UTF-8 (unicode) file encoding, including a few words of +accented Greek: + + λοιμός, λιμός + +If any of these characters do not display properly, or if the +apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, +make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set +to Unicode (UTF-8). You may also need to change the default font. As a +last resort, use the Latin-1 version of the file instead. + +The text is taken from the 1912 Cambridge edition of Caius’s _Complete +Works_. The editor’s general introduction says: + + In this volume no attempt has been made to produce a facsimile + reprint. Even if such a design had been entertained, the great + variety of form in which the original editions were issued would + have made it impossible to carry out the re-issue with any + uniformity. Obvious misprints have been corrected, but where a + difference in spelling in the same work or on the same page--_e.g._ + _baccalarius_, _baccalaureus_--is clearly due to the varying + practice of the writer and not to the printer, the words have been + left as they stood in the original. On the other hand the accents + in the very numerous Greek quotations have been corrected. + +Numbers in parentheses were printed in the gutter; they probably +represent pages or leaves of the 1574 original. Sidenotes are shown +in brackets.] + + + * * * * * + * * * * + * * * * * + + + IOANNIS CAII + ANGLI, + + De + + Pronunciatione Græcæ & Latinæ + linguæ cum scriptione nova + libellus. + + +[Lege lector & iudica.] Scripturus de noua Græcæ & Latinæ +linguæ pronunciatione (3) & scriptione noua, spero me sine +offensione cuiusquam id facturum. Libera enim regio hæc +semper fuit, & liberos in ea oportet esse homines. Nequè +enim quæ soluto animo familiariter scribi consuerunt, +temporibus istis excluduntur: etsi plena grauitatis omnia +sunt. Non enim ad graues aut exercitatos, sed leues & +inexercitatos scribo: & eos ratione & usu doceo, quos nec +usus nec longa vita instituit. Cum essem in Italia graues +viros grauiter & cum decoro pronunciantes audiebam. Cum in +Britanniam veneram, nouos viros, nouo quodam pronunciationis +genere omnia personare offendebam. Hîc itaquè sic cogitabam +apud me. Cum nec Romæ, nec in uniuersa Italia, imò verò cum +nequè in Germania, Gallia, neque Belgia, nec alibi gentium, +quàm in nostra Britannia ullum unquam verbum de +pronunciatione illa noua, ullauè mentio aut significatio tum +fuit, nouam pronunciationem alibi in usu non fuisse quàm in +Britannia certò scire licet. Nequè ea tamen uniuersa, sed +certo quodam loco, in quo per ea tempora oratores noui +imperabant. Sic tamen hæc refero, ut eos propter literas +aliasque virtutes vehementer amem & suspiciam: propter hæc +verò laudem minimè. Cuius rei alioqui certè me cepisset +admiratio, cum & Plautus scribat in Casina, vetera nouis +esse meliora, ideoque sapientiores esse qui utuntur vino +veteri, quàm qui nouo: qui veteres spectent fabulas, quàm +qui nouas: qui vetera opera atquè verba, quàm qui noua: qui +usitata, quam qui insueta: (4) qui veteres comœdias, quàm +qui nouas: qui veteri denique nummo, quàm nuper nato. Thus +quoque vetus nouo odoratius esse, prouerbio celebratur, +usque adeò ut idem, rem malam, sed notam & usitatam, optimam +esse dicat in Trinummo. Nam quæ noua sunt, etsi optima, +tamen propter insolentiam videntur pessima, & fieri potest +ut usu experiaris talia cum periculo, cum declinare non sit +futurum integrum. Etenim sæpè viatorem noua non vetus orbita +fallit. Quare vetustatem suo loco conseruandam, nouitates, +etsi spem meliorum afferant, repudiandas esse Plautus +consulit: nec nouitates nos magis ad inquirendas causas +excitare, quàm magnitudines rerum debere: eosque errores +quos rerum nouitates attulerunt, naturæ ratione depellere +oportere M. Tullius existimat. Sed nostrorum hominum est, +semper nouum cribrum, nouo paxillo primos suspendere, et +nouas inducere sectas nouis paradoxis. Quod tamen, ut non +reprehenderim ingenij exercendi causa in tenebris, ita non +laudem certè usus causa in luce: quòd præter consuetudinem +patriæ, præsentis temporis atque hominum sunt. In rebus +ciuilibus dico. Nam aliò non pertinebit oratio mea. Curo +enim ut mea omnia nullam habeant publicam offensionem, sed +communem omnibus utilitatem. Quod si gaudeas excogitasse +quod prosit, certè hic non est gaudendum tibi, obest enim +magis quàm prodest, ut mox ostendam. Sed omnes obstrepunt. +Quid solus ergo contendis? Si irrident quid pergis delirare? +Quid solus sapis? Sed author es eius rei. O gloriosam rem, +inuentorem esse inanium rerum? tranquillitatis literariæ +perturbatorem esse? quem nec Galli, nec Itali, nec ipsi +Græci commendant: nec alius quisquam præter imperitum rerum +iuuenem aut temerarium adolescentem, cui istam persuasionem +in principio per fraudem instillaueris alioqui non +probaturo, imponens imperitæ turbæ (5) adolescentum, cui vix +literæ sunt, & multò minus iudicium. De qua re tamen multum +forsan gloriaberis tanquam in re prudenter gesta. Iam verò +si magna res non sit utro modo pronuncies, cur interturbas +omnia? cur non intermittis quod leue est, potius quàm +castigari grauiter? Si sonus (res inanis) huius aut illius +literæ mulctam indictam habet grandem, cur non inanitatem +potius contemnis, quàm in mulctam incidas? Leuissimis rebus +grauissimas indicere pœnas æquum est, non propter +magnitudinem rei quæ leuis est, sed propter violatum +in repub. ordinem receptum iam & confirmatum, propter +contemptum, propter nouitatis exemplum, & propter temerarium +in ea ausum. Nequè hic tanta pretia subesse cernimus, +quamobrem tantas difficultates lubenter subiremus, etsi in +alijs difficilia quæ pulchra. Licèt enim optima quæque & +inuentu & conseruatu difficilia obseruentur, non tamen quæ +non facilè inueniuntur & conseruantur statim optima +reputantur, in quo genere ista tua est (si dijs placet) +pronunciatio. Sed antiquitatem obijcis. Antiquata esse +fatebor certè, antiqua videri non fatebor. Nam Aulus Gellius +author grauis, antiquata & desita omnia, à multis sæculis in +usum reuocata etsi vetusta sunt, videri tamen noua sapienter +censuit. Etsi antiqua videantur, per hominum errorem id +quidem contigit, ignorantium cuiusquam rei proprietatem. +Sallustius præsentium rerum retinentissimus semper +consuetudini cessit. Ælius Gallus atque Cicero noua perpetuò +fugiebant, adeò ut nouissimus & nouissimè haud libenter usi +sunt. Gellius reprehendit eos qui obsoleta in usum reuocant. +Phauorinus Philosophus nouitatis hostis, adolescentem +inusitatorum studiosum, acriter corripuit, dicens: Curius +& Fabritius (6) dilucidè cum suis fabulati sunt, neque +Auruncorum, Sicanorum aut Pelasgorum (qui primi Italiam +incoluisse leguntur) sed ætatis suæ verbis locuti sunt: tu +verò perindè quasi cum matre Euandri nunc loquaris verbis +iam olim desitis uteris. Quod si intelligi non vis quæ +loqueris, non hoc abundè consequeris tacens? quasi satius +esset non loqui quàm non intelligi. Demonax quoque +philosophus idem faciebat. Quum enim à quopiam quæsiuisset +aliquid, atque ille verbis obsoletis atquè priscis +responderet. Ego (inquit) amice te nunc percontor: at tu +perinde respondes quasi regnaret Agamemnon. Sorbona etiam +(quam Robertus Sorbona, non Caroli imperatoris frater +Theologis Lutetiæ instituerat) aliquot Raimundi Lullij opera +reiecit, quòd vetustis vocabulis iamdiu receptis & usitatis +reiectis, noua infulserit. Crassus Sulpitium arguebat, quòd +tollendo .i. literam de diphthongo ei, non antiques +oratores, sed rusticos messores videretur imitari, ut est +apud M. Tullium 3. de oratore. Catullus Arcij hinsidias +atque chommoda deridebat: quid facturus si Quinctilianos +atquè Quinctios, ut nunc loquuntur atque scribunt, +Chicherones atque Quinctos, Kikerones & Kicherones, pecuniam +& peguniam, coilum chœlum & cœlum, cernos & chernos, +discipulos & dischipulos iam audiret: quibus multi hodiè +utuntur loquendo & scribendo, sermonis atque scriptionis +vitia imitati, non virtutes consecuti. Ad hæc Lacedæmonij +quòd simplicia atque consueta placuerunt, Terpandrum +præstantissimum Citharædum mulctasse dicuntur, quòd unam +solam chordam præter necessitatem intendisset. Ad extremum +Romani, rhetores Latinos & philosophos edicto urbe Roma +pepulerunt, quòd nouum genus disciplinæ instituerunt. Noua +enim Romanis, viris certè in omni re sapientibus quæ præter +consuetudinem & morem maiorum (7) suorum illata sunt, neque +placuerunt, neque recta videbantur. Eam ob rem M. Cicero +in oratione contra Catelinam refert, Seruilium Halam, +Sp. Melium nouis rebus studentem sua manu occidisse. Nihil +enim periculosius in usu vitæ esse rebantur, quàm veteribus +relictis ad noua deuolare. Nam inconstantia magnam ipsa +in se leuitatem habet, subitaque consuetudinis, & usus +commutatio, plena maximarum rerum Cic. de offensione est. +[Cic. de senect.] Quamobrem sapienter M. Cato, qui Appium +senect. cæcum laudat, quòd vigebat in eius domo patrius +mos & disciplina. Sapienter veteres, qui legibus antiquis, +opsonijs verò recentibus utendum censuerunt. Sapienter & +Iurisconsulti, qui nihil temerè innouandum nisi euidens +ratio postulauerit, præcipiunt. Hinc factum existimem, ut +scholæ iuris nostri publici nullo modo adduci possunt, ut +relinquant suum _octabis_: nec scholæ quædam Academicæ ut +deficiant à suis sotulis, cum artium magisterio initiandi +sunt: aut ocreis, cum SS. Theologiæ Doctoratus gradu +insigniendi sunt: aut ouis vario modo præparatis cum in +determinationibus Bacchalaurei nouitij, seniores sui gradus +conuiuijs excipiant: nec in disputationibus, sedentibus +disputatoribus, ut auditores humi non procumbant, fusi per +densum substratum iuncum: nec ut caputium patientiamque quam +vocant stamineam (peculiare gestamen collegis Hispanorum +Collegij apud Bononienses) deponant Hispani Bononiensis +Academiæ. Quos omnes laudo equidem, quod leuibus momentis +non impellantur huc atque illuc inconstanter, nec a veteri +sua consuetudine auellantur desciscantque facilè: ut +nonnullæ solent Academiæ in quibus leuitas iuuenilis magna +paruis, quadrata rotundis, & formas formis mutat imprudenter +admodum, nullo seruato ordine, nulla (8) consuetudine aut +grauitate. Certè mihi videntur illi planè cuculi atque oues, +qui eos, qui ut homines pronunciare iamdiu usi sunt, +abolitis cuculorum atque ouium vocibus, eodem reuocare +velint, atque ex obscuris ænigmatibus & antiquis cum +difficultate discere studeant, quæ viua vox, certus +præsensque usus cum facilitate clarè possunt docere. +Synesius Cyrenensis in laudatione Caluicij, & Lacedæmonij in +legibus, grauiora suadent in eos qui præter consuetudinem +patriæ aliquid intulerunt: puta cicutam, & suspendium. +Etenim Synesius eos qui præter consuetudinem patriæ aliquid +innouarant cicuta dignos existimat, quod rudes & indocti +absurdarum opinionum fautores esse consuerunt, existimans +cum prouerbio: Superiorum temporum omnia meliora, quòd & usu +confirmata sunt, & pace tranquilla, cuius & vox dulcis et +res ipsa salutaris est. Lacedæmonij verò usque adeò +formidabant rerum nouitates, atque etiam ad earum +recordationem tantopere inhorrescebant, ut lege lata +sanciuerint, ne quis innouare quicquam auderet, qui chorda +è collo suspensa prius non prodiret, ut si de nouitate +consilium parum placeret, audaciæ suæ pœnas daret. Etenim +euentus varios res noua semper habet, ut Cornelius Gallus +scribit, & magna ex parte periculosos: sic ut siue vi +imperare velis hanc pronunciationem nouam, siue stultitiæ +blandimentis iuuentuti instillare, importunum hac ætate +facis, mouere quæ stabilita sunt, cum præsertim omnium rerum +mutationes cædem, fugam, aliaque hostilia (ut Sallustius +ait) portendant. [In bello Iugurth. fol. 35.] Usque in +ciuilibus consisto, omnia enim secundum materiam subiectam +intelligo. Ex quibus scire licet nequè antiquata in usum +esse reuocanda, neque noua esse amplectenda, neque extra +publicam viam esse deflectendum, sed cum (9) pronunciationis +antiquitas euanuerit (si aliter olim pronunciarunt quàm +hodiè nos proferimus) usum scientiamque præstare nos debere +eius, qua præsentes utimur: uti docti viri solent, qui +scientiam sibi reseruant, usum autem loquendi populo +concedunt, qui loquendum ut multi, sentiendum ut pauci +sapienter præcipiunt, nec immutandum quicquam inconstanter +censent: nec mouenda esse rerum nouitatibus quæ bene +constituta et confirmata sunt existimant, etsi vetustatis +speciem sibi induant. Etenim non est quamobrem in hac benè +confirmata repub. literaria quis velit iam dicere, ore sanè +agresti atque rudi, _queis_ pro _quibus_, nec _veias_ pro +_vias_, nec _olli_ pro _illi_, _mareito_ pro _marito_, nec +_maxumè_ pro _maximè_, nec _sueuerat_ pro _consueuerat_, +nec _deico_, _eidus_, _pulchrai_, _veitæ_, _ubei_, _quei_, +_heic_, _fœminai_, _suom_, _deilexit_, _horunc_, _abei_, +_erodita_, _pictai_, _aulai_, _nepai_, quæ iam obsoleuerunt, +& repetita molesta sunt, & interturbant omnia, pro _dico_, +_idus_, _pulchræ_, _vitæ_, _ubi_, _qui_, _hic_, _fœminæ_, +_suum_, _dilexit_, _hunc_, _abi_, _erudita_, _pictæ_, +_aulæ_, _nepæ_, ut nec multa alia propter carminis +necessitatem, aut alijs propter affectationem, non propter +meliorem scribendi aut pronunciandi rationem usitata. Nequè +enim propter insolentiam aures eruditorum hæc ferre possent, +nisi quod Poetis libero hominum generi propter eorum ligatam +orationem semper fuit potestas quidlibet audendi. Exit in +immensum facunda licentia vatum: inquit Ouidius: Obligat +historica nec sua verba fide. Hinc apud eos, Tmolus habet +aures, saltant quercus, aues loquuntur, et saxa fiunt +homines. Utuntur tamen hodiè haud dissimili pronunciandi +genere, quod Borealismum seu Scotismum nominamus +(quemadmodum Alcibiades Labdacismo) quia Borealibus Anglis +(quos Calidonios Britannos Lucanus vocat) atquè Scotis (10) +vicinis est in usu, dum _saibai_, _taibai_, _vaita_, _aita_ +dicant, cum _sibi_, _tibi_, _vita_, _ita_, pronunciandum +sit. Mordicus tamen retinent non ratione sed pertinacia, & +petulantia: etsi australibus Anglis ita vulgo contemnitur +hoc pronunciationis genus, ut Phaliscis seu Thuscis +Bergomense apud Italos. Est enim rudis & inconditi vulgi, +quibus ut est decorum patrio more loqui: ita australibus +Anglis valdè indecorum alio uti quàm suo. Licet tamen hic +contemplari iudicium iuuentutis, quæ vitia pro virtutibus +amplectitur, ut solet vulgus Aulicorum, qui camisias +crispatas, & cothurnos coriaceos inducunt ornamenti causa, +qui principio causa contegendi crura, & colla morbida, ad +quotidianum usum sunt inuenta. Nam olim & nostra memoria +cum sana essent omnia, nec cothurnis utebantur, & denudata +virorum colla erant ad pectus, & pectora expapillata (ut +Plauti verbo utar) atquè ad papillam denudata, etiam brumali +tempore. Sed hæc obiter de Borealismo. Ad diphthongos iam +paucis venio. De quibus etiam Iurisconsulti aliter sentiunt, +quàm noui isti pronunciationis authores. Theophilus enim +Antecessor cum vellet uti aliena lingua, non πραϊτωρ dixit +diuisa diphthongo, sed πραιτωρ & prætores, unita. Cuius rei +non alium magistrum, quàm eius temporis usum reor: qui & ad +nostrum usque promanarit, & per omnem orbem disseminatus +& receptus est. Quod si non lubenter ferant, quin +diphthongorum omnes literas suis sonis ipsi exprimant, +contra quàm vult receptus usus, quod voluntatis & petulantiæ +error est, non necessitatis, at saltem alijs permittant ut +in sua etiam sit voluntate sine reprehensione, veteri & +recepto more pronunciare, maximè quod multi errores +reperiantur apud authores (ut aiunt) ex diphthongis +resolutis in simplices (11) literas. Noui tamen isti homines +nescio quam commoditatem puerilem in docendo, pueris manare +ex hac sua pronunciatione dicunt. Quasi verò Græcorum pueri, +& qui hodiè utuntur veteri pronunciatione, linguam Græcam +discere, sonare, & intelligere veteri illa nequiuissent, +aut si quiuissent, non ita tamen commodè. Scilicet. Equidem +puerile magis existimo quàm virile, puerileque esse +argumentum puto. Nam si commodior ratio sit, (ut ita dem) +non tamen vetustior est, quæ res in controuersia est, +minusque arguit veteres sic pronunciasse, nec esse puerorum +causa immutanda omnia aut subuertenda censeo. Id enim +experimento didici, varietatem pronunciandi mutuum +commercium & societatem hominum rerumque intellectum +summouere: discordémque hanc pronunciationem sermonis +commercio nunquam contracturam ad colloquia. Nequè enim +Græcus Patriarcha cum istic regnante Edwardo sexto Londini +esset, Checum, nec Checus Patriarcham intellexit: hic nouo, +ille ueteri pronunciandi modo usus: quo omnes Græci adhuc +utebantur cum ego essem Venetijs, tum è Cathedra Græcas +literas profitendo, tum in templis sacra celebrando. +Audiebam enim data opera sæpius. At si ego tacerem norit +Oxoniensis schola, quemadmodum ipsa Græcia pronunciarit, ex +Matthæo Calphurnio Græco, quem ex Græcia Oxonium Græcarum +literarum gratia produxerat Thomas Wolsæus, de bonis literis +optimè meritus Cardinalis, cum non alia ratione pronunciarit +ille, quàm qua nos iam profitemur. Id si ita sit, nos +Britanni docebimus ipsos Græcos in ipsa Græcia oriundos sua +verba sonare? suas voces atque literas pronunciare? & plus +in aliena lingua sapiens [[sapiemus?]] quàm ipsa gens atquè +natio, cui lingua Græca familiaris atque etiam vulgaris est, +& successione temporum continuata, tanquam per manus esset +tradita? (12) Nemo qui Gallicè velit discere, ex Anglo +petet, si sapiat, nec contra: nec qui Italicè, ex Germano, +sed ex sua quæque gente sunt discenda. At si pueris +instituendis prodesse posset, uti aiunt, usu publico posset, +ut cum alijs usu conueniant in sermone ad intellectum. +Nam si doceas quod usui publico esse non possit, quorsum +doctrinam? Cogetur qui didicit dedidicisse, & eum +pronunciandi modum discere qui in usu est, ut eo utatur cum +in publicum prodierit, cum inter homines versatus fuerit, & +cum in theatrum doctorum venerit: nisi velit haberi ineptus +et ridiculum caput omnibus. Et qui docebit quoque ad istum +modum, duplicabit operam & mercedem, uti Fabius Quintilianus +scribit, tum ut prioris obliuisci instituat, tum ut +insequentis pronunciationis rationem ostendat, discentis +incommodo & labore graui, & temporis & compendij iactura +grauiori, quæ rectius in principio potuissent collocari in +meliores usus. At ad usum publicum profuerit minimè. Nam +priuata hæc pronunciatio paucorum tantum hominum in +Britannia est, & eorum iuuenum, alibi minimè recepta +gentium. Sed hij pauci sic pronunciant, ut se mutuò +intelligant, dices. At orbis uniuersus non est ista +paucitas. Nec paucis priuato loco atque usui doctrina +constituitur, sed publico & uniuerso, ut inter homines +cuiusque regionis cum laude linguæ, & ingenij gloria +verseris. Quamobrem ne docendo quidem, ullo modo ad usum +publicum conducet ista noua pronunciatio. Hactenus ergo +vetus illa pronunciatio nihil prohibuit, quin & rectè +loquerentur homines, & per orbem uniuersum intelligerentur, +sic ut non sit opus noua. Sed ita pronunciandum sentis ut +discernas inter voces, inter vocales & diphthongos. Quasi +verò usu, doctrina, sensu, (13) accentu, genere, quantitate, +numero & casu nihil comprehendi, nihil discerni possit, +nisi demittamus nos, descendamusque ad puerilem legendi +simplicitatem, ac plenis buccis proferamus satis rusticè, +Φοϊβος, _toutois_, _cai_, _lobois_, _mousais_, _basilews_, +_epeiros_, _tuptomai_, _chreia_, _chresimos_, _apophugen_, +_husteron_, _kibdes_, _cuclops_, _korakeion_, _lewcon_, +_hippewein_, _wyos_, _pais_, & hoc genus alia: pro _phœbus_, +_toutis_, (veteri more) _cha_, _louis_, _musæs_, _vasileus_, +_epirus_, _typtomæ_, _chria_, _chrisimos_, _apophygen_, +_ysteron_, _cibdis_, _cyclops_, _coracion_, _leucon_, +_yppewin_, _yios_, _pæs_, unde pædotriba, non paidotriba: +aut quasi nihil aliud esset quo dijudicaremus inter +parere pro parturire, & parêre pro obedire in isto versu. +Fœmina vult parere, sed non parêre lubenter, nisi crassa +pronunciatio: eadem penè nota qua λοιμός & λιμός in +pronunciatione, non tamen in scriptione. Nam inter λοιμος & +λιμος in scribendo manifesta est differentia. Apollo tamen +videtur limos dixisse & pronunciasse veteri Græcorum more, +alioqui nulla fuisset dubitatio in oraculo. Certè antiqui +_Achilles_, _Tydes_, _Theses_, & _Ulisses_ dicebant, non +_Achillews_, _Tudeus_, _Thesews_, et _Ulussews_ quemadmodum +recentes: uti ex eorum & interpretum libris ea adhuc +referentibus scire licet. Quod si olim Græci eo quo recentes +isti modo crassius, durius, & asperius pronunciarunt, (quod +acerrimè isti defendunt, cum dicunt Græcos) etiam tum Græci +erant Barbari, cum ex omnibus gentibus soli non habebantur +Barbari. Barbari enim ab initio dicti sunt (ut inquit +Strabo) qui crassè, difficulter, asperè atque duriter +loquebantur: in quorum genere fuerunt omnes gentes præter +Græcos: à quibus postea (corrupta Græcia) barbara ea +appellatio ad omnes præter (14) Latinos translata est, quòd +mitiorem linguam & isti habebant et magis cultam. Si quis +tamen ex Latinis esset qui non rectè verba proferebat, +barbarè loqui etiam ille dicebatur. Sed pergo. An sapientem +Hebræum putares, si puerorum causa renunciata omnino +perfecta illa & absoluta sine punctis legendi ratione, ad +punctorum rationem et simplicitatem in uniuersum deficiat? +An non omnes tanquam infantem & ineptum dicerent? Nisi velit +primùm suos Tyrones per punctos ad lectionem introducere, +ac tum ad absolutam illam legendi rationem sine punctis +traducere: quod laboriosum esset geminique operis. Rursus +an sapientem Gallum qui rudiorum causa velit rudius +pronunciare, & aliter quàm vulgus Gallorum solet, & eas +literas in voces inserere, quas usus excludit. Doctos enim +docta decent, indoctos formare possunt docti pro arbitrio, +seorsim, sine uniuersitatis dissolutione, & ita instituere +prout optimum cuique videbitur, modò non deficiant à +consuetis, nec in dicendo & scribendo nouas turbas excitent, +noua dogmata non introducant cum reipub. literariæ +inquietudine, & personarum offensione. Ut si quis vellet +docere priuatim legendum _homo_ non _omo_, & _hupsilon_ non +_ypsilon_, vel ἱpsilon ferendum fuit, modò doceat admonendi +non utendi causa (ut prudentes solent qui (ut dixi) +scientiam sibi seruant, usu autem ut populus loquuntur) +quod h. non sit litera, sic ut faciat vocem ut vocalis, aut +liquescat ut liquida, aut consonet ut consonans, aut mutet +ut muta, sed aspiret tantùm ut spiritus, ac ventus leuis +sine voce. Eam ob causam apud scriptores veteres, leges +_ydropisis_, _termæ_, _Batonia_ & _Iuernia_, pro +_hydropisis_, _thermæ_, _Bathonia_ & _Hybernia_, uti in +libro nostro de thermis Britannicis, et Symphonia vocum +Britannicarum annotauimus. Istas tamen (15) ineptias Deus +bone, quàm mordicus retinent noui isti et defendunt (ut sibi +quidem videntur) pertinaciter, cum nullo tamen modo iustis +rationibus possint. Iuuenes si hîc ineptirent solùm duce +iuuene, ferendum fuit. Iam verò cum audiam senes delirare +hijs ineptijs, quid intollerabilius? Nam hos iudicium, +ratio, & experientia doceret. Præterea in senecta ætate +ludere par impar, equitare in arundine longa, quouis vento +agitari, nihilquè constantis hominis habere indecorum est. +Cicero in Bruto notat ætatem quæ ante se fuit, in qua +Ennius, Liuius, & L. Sisenna erant, quorum stilus erat (ut +ille ait) horridior, nec dum perfectè loquebantur. Sua autem +ætate unctior & splendidior consuetudo loquendi fuit. Et +quamuis (inquit) L. Sisenna facilè omnes vincat superiores, +indicat tamen quantùm absit a summo. Nam usus est aliquando +veteribus verbis, & ab usu perfecto, & auribus eruditis +remotis. Rectè enim loqui putabant esse, inusitatè loqui. +Idem eodem in Bruto nimiam vetustatem explodendam monet. +Sed nimia (inquit) vetustas nec habet eam quam quærimus +summitatem, nec est sanè tolerabilis. Ego igitur hortator +essem, ut a suscepta hac nuper (si omnino suscepta fuit) +desitáque olim pronunciatione desistant, qui utuntur: si non +propter has quas ante retuli causas, at certè propter hæc +quod eadem pronunciatione honestissima verba turpissimè +sonent, ut _ascitum_ & _asciscunt_ apud nostros. Etenim +in harum vocum prima, si c. proferas ut ch. & in secunda +utrumque c. ut k. more nouo, utrumque vocabulum tanta +turpitudine proferetur, quanta non sinit verecundia mea +explicare. Quamobrem malui rem tacita cogitatione præterire, +quàm dilucidius patefacere: cupio enim rebus adesse nomina, +sed non nominibus pudorem. Sed (16) superciliosorum +Grammaticorum maximè culpa hæc pronunciatio Latina +introducta est, cùm nescio qua æmulatione alter alterum +nouitate aliqua studeat superare. Id quod exemplo cuiusdam +amici adhuc viuentis, qui in schola Paulina atquè item +Antonina Londini educatus iam olim est, didici. Etenim cum +in ludo literario diui Pauli erat, docebatur sonare docheo +pro doceo: cum in scholam S. Anthonij idem venerat, iussum +est proferre dokeo pro doceo: nullo planè discentium +commodo, sed ne docentium quidem: tantùm inseruitum est +istorum libidini quorum præceptum id erat, pronunciationis +vitio, & pubertatis incommodo. Itaque imponendus modus est, +alioqui nullus futurus finis est, hoc isto, illo alio modo +verba proferente atquè scribente. Nam & in scriptione quoque +noua ratio hodie proponitur. Sed nemo (quod sciam) usquè +adeò desipuit hactenus ut sequi vellet, ne author quidem +eius. Neque enim cæcum ducem, nequè amentem consultorem. +Quod si quis vellet, at constituenda illi schola noua +scribendi & legendi fuit, dediscendáque quæ didicit omnia, +& innouanda omnia omni populo, euersis quibus hactenus +usi sumus omnibus: usquè adeò mobilia sunt hodiè hominum +ingenia in istis nugis, ut nihil fixum, nihil in perpetuum +constitutum habeant. Nec unum nugandi genus est in +scribendo, sed diuersum, hic uno, ille altero usus modo: +hic nouam literarum formam & pronunciationem commentus, ille +alteram: & eas ineptas sanè et insulsas, etiam simplicibus +mulierculis. Non est tamen tam stupidus quisquam, aut +impudens & insulsus rei alicuius nouæ author, qui non sit +habiturus suæ stultitiæ fautores et sectatores, vel homines +adolescentes, vel stultam plebeculam: at grauem virum cui +sit iudicium, ne unum quidem. Nisi si fortè (17) ingenij +sui ostentandi causa hoc fecerint, ut Isocrates laudando +Busyrim, Libanius Thersitem, Lucianus Muscam, Quartanam +Fauorinus, Caluiciem Synesius Cyrenensis, Comam Dion +Chrysostomus, & nostri sæculi Cornelius Agrippa scribendo +de vanitate scientiarum libellum: Copernicus de motu terræ +& statione cœli volumen: et Erasmus Rhoterodamus de febre & +Phalarismo libellos. Nam rhetores subinde animi causa solent +tractare materias ἀδόξους, & exercendi gratia argumentum +infame declarare. Ita si de pronunciatione noua & scriptione +noua sensissent noui isti authores, & cum præfatione sensus +sui hoc esse suum commentum dicerent, non ad usum atque +professionem, sed ad ingenij gloriam & exercitium, æquior +essem, amplectererque certè lubens. Alioqui videant illi, +quàm nihil aliud quàm suam traducant infantiam, nec esse +consecuturos aliquando ut grauia ingenia flectant ad suas +nænias. Reliqua si sequacia fuerint, quæ gloria erit? Mallem +unum grauem virum consentientem mihi mille iuuenibus: ut +quibus nec dum per ætatem confirmatus animus est, nec +maturum iudicium, nec usu experimentum, etsi grauissimè de +se sentiant: cum tamen vestitu, gestu, & oratione longè se +ostendant alios, ut in lib. 1 de Antiquitate Cant. Academiæ +plenius diximus. Nam ut in vijs peregrinus, sic in rebus +imperitus. Certè istis nouitatibus, istis modis, nihil aliud +quàm sterilis labor, sterilísque difficultas sequitur in +promendo cum multorum risu: quòd ea rustica sit et simplex, +parum condita et delicata, affectatione quadam ineptè +acquisita, nec erudite ore digna: denique quòd doctas +aures vehementer offendit, ingrata planè & odiosa omnibus, +præterquam nouitatis studiosis. Nam suauitatis in sermone +politiores scriptores semper fuerunt obseruantissimi. +Siquidem maior ratio apud eos euphoniæ fuit, quàm disciplina +(18) regulæ. Hinc Græci angelos phormingos, & papæ proferre, +præcepto usuque imperarunt, cum ἄγγελος, φόρμιγγος, & Βαβαὶ +rudius proferendum alioqui fuit: et Romani _dingnum_ cum +_dignum_, _pungnum_ cum _pugnum_, & _mangnum_ cum _magnum_ +sit dicendum: ut mitigetur pronunciationis difficultas, & +euitetur soni vitium, quod Græci κακοφωνίαν dicunt. Quin & +Itali Romanorum soboles eadem de causa id pronunciandi genus +adhuc obseruant, qui ne magnum dicant duriter, maignum +sonant molliter: et dingnum, ne dignum. Britanni quoque +atquè Galli Romanorum æmuli, ne magnum dicant, main +proferunt, ut _Charles le main_, Carolus magnus: _le main +see_, magnum mare: et in alearum usu, _the main chaunce_, +sors magna: ac pro _est_, et, elisa .s. litera. Eadem +suauitatis ratione ijdem omnes B. per v. in Græcis & Latinis +dictionibus efferunt: et pro βικίου (id est ἀφακῆς) vitia, +et pro Bienna Vienna, & pro βίκτορα victorem: & pro Abellana +Auellana, non è contra dicunt. Et in vetustioribus Græcorum +codicibus manuscriptis rarò videbis b. literam, sed eius +loco characterem v. latinæ literæ similem. Latini quoque +vetustiores, Vetonica pro Betonica dicunt, inter quos est +Apuleius: et _Iuernia_ pro _Hibernia_, et _lauoro_ pro +_laboro_, et _terra de Lauoro_, pro Laboriæ, (quo verbo +Plinius utitur) quæ pars est Italiæ. Hos si damnes, utere +licentia pro me, & in usum quoque reuocato si libet, +_appludam_ et _floces vini_, pro furfuraceo pane, et fæcibus +vini: Dubenum pro Domino, Bubsequam, Bouinatorem, et +manticulatorem quoque, pro Bubulco, conuiciatore, et +clanculario fure, seu versuto: ut habet Festus Pompeius, +Pacuuius, et Aulus Gellius: et hoc genus obsoleta et +inusitata omnia, quod nemo sanæ mentis faciet. Sin probes, +à nouo illo pronunciationis genere vel horum exemplo +desiste. Illud in (19) uniuersum te scire expedit, +pronunciationis rationem dicendi rationi esse simillimam, +quæ in medio posita (ut ait Cicero de Oratore) communi +quodam in usu atquè in hominum more et sermone versatur. +Nam ut in cæteris artibus id maximè excellit quod longissimè +sit ab imperitorum intelligentia sensuquè seiunctum, ita in +dicendo vitium est vel maximum à vulgari genere orationis, +atquè à consuetudine communis sensus abhorrere. [De laude +Caluicij.] Etenim qui ad populum scribit vel loquitur (ut +inquit Synesius) necesse est illum in opinione popularium +esse, et ea fingere, et de hijs disserere quæ populo grata +sunt. Atquè ut histrioni actio, saltatori motus non quiuis +sed certus quidam et laudabilis: sic in pronunciandi et +scribendi genere, certum quoddam et communi usu receptum, +non quoduis à consuetudine alienum et remotum habetur +consentaneum. Non enim ea ratio esse debet apud nos in +literis quæ in vestibus, quæ omnibus horis aliæ penè fiunt +et diuersæ, aut materia, aut forma, aut colore, aut omnibus +hijs. Unus enim vultus apud nos odiosus est. Cuius rei gnari +non insolentes Grammatici, quotquot hactenus mihi vidisse +contigit, omnes cum de literarum potestate tractant ita +proferendas esse præcipiunt, ut usus doctorum per omnem +reliquum orbem iam olim receperit. Inter quos Petrus +Antesignanus est, homo doctus atque elegans, et Nicholai +Clenardi scholiastes. Is de noua ista pronunciatione ita +censet, ut eius authores curiosos magis existimet, quàm +veteris pronunciationis intelligentes: et eorum rationes +vaniores, quàm ut eis adhibenda fides sit: ob idquè +pronunciandum veteri et recepto hactenus usu, existimans eum +qui ex errore imperitæ iuuentutis pendeat, in magnis viris +non esse habendum. Eius verba hæc sunt. Quarta columna, (20) +&c. elementorum potestatem complectitur, quo pacto scilicet +debeant enunciari, de qua re variæ sunt hodiè & multiplices +Grammaticorum opiniones, dum quidam curiosè nimis ad +antiquam pronunciandi rationem omnia volunt reuocare, cum +tamen ipsi prorsus incerti sunt, quo pacto prisci illi hæc +pronunciarunt, & coniecturæ sunt admodum ieiunæ. Illis +itaque non est fides adhibenda, nisi prius priscorum aliquem +ab inferis excitarint. Hæc ille. Et paucis interpositis, +ista subiungit. Qui verò illis (professoribus) destituuntur, +& proprio marte linguam Græcam discere coguntur, pronuncient +elementa Græca more Latinorum Græcis in hac tabula +respondentium. Quæ certè pronunciandi ratio vetus est, & +recepta usu. Huius opinionis quoque olim per iuuentutem +(quod ipse noui) erant isti præceptores noui. Verùm loco +stare nesciuerunt, sed gressus glomerare superbos voluerunt. +In ea quoque erat et Thomas Morus, Linacrus, Lupsetus, +& Erasmus, qui in prouerbio, Stultior Morycho, μορύξαι +transfert Moryxæ, non moruxai, etsi de pronunciatione multa +disputauerat, quæ gloriæ studio potius, quam usus gratia +se scripsisse, ex hijs & alijs locis scire licet diligenter +obseruanti. Paræmium quoque dixit, non paroimium, et +Hippoclidem non Hippocludem in prouerbio: non est curæ +Hippoclidi: & gymnasium non gumnasium, & Sybaritica, Smyrnæ +ac Syracusæ, non Subaritica, Smurne & Suracusai. Longum +esset omnes istas vanitates percensere, vix dies, aut etiam +annus sufficeret. Sed quid de recentibus loquar, cum vetusti +Græci & Latini consueta religiosissimè obseruarunt. Galenus +enim homo Græcus, & summi iudicij ac doctrinæ vir, ut si +quis alius sui aut insequentis temporis, lib. 1. operis sui +de Compositione medicamentorum qua parte de modo lauandi +lithargyron & alia metalla scribit, τῇ κρατούσῃ (21) +συνηθείᾳ utendum censet. Etenim cum medici sui temporis +recentiores dicebant, ἔμπλαστρον, κέντριον, καὶ μηλώτριδα +cum ῥ. in ultima, is eam scribendi & pronunciandi rationem +sequi maluit propter consuetudinem iam tum receptam & +usitatam, quàm ἔμπλαστον, κέντιον, & μηλωτιδα dicere sine ῥ. +litera, etsi ab ἐμπλάττειν, κέντειν, μηλής τε καὶ ὠτὸς +oriantur, in quibus ῥ. litera non est. Tanti erat apud illum +consuetudo. Docet etiam eo in libro, quem contra eos +scripsit qui reprehendant solæcismum facientes in sermone, +ipsos quoque Atticos secutos esse eam quæ in loquendo +præualuit consuetudinem. Tradiderunt item qui ante Galenum +fuerunt, docti viri (ut ipse refert) Atticam linguam varijs +modis corruptam atque à proprietate sua viciatam, secutos +tamen esse eam quæ suo tempore inoleuit consuetudinem omnes, +qui apud Græcos ullum præcellentis doctrinæ nomen consecuti +sunt, idem refert. Cum ergo (inquit) in omnibus libris +medicinalibus, ἔμπλαστρον cum ῥ. scriptum inuenimus, & nos +quoque quòd inualuit consuetudine, in loquendo & scribendo +utendum censuimus. Hæc hactenus Galenus. Eretriensibus +quoquè consuetum est ῥ. pro σ. proferre, ut σκληρότηρ pro +σκληρότης, (unde prouerbium Eretriensium ῥω). Atheniensibus +contra, ut θαρσείν pro θαῤῥεῖν, utrobique si euertas usum, +notaberis, et derideberis. Nec Græci solùm (ut dixi) sed +Latini quoquè hanc secuti sunt consuetudinem. Nam Ciceronis +ætate inualuit stator, pro apparitore seu tabellario, ut ex +epistola eius ad Caninium atque Celsum scire licet: ex +Planci quoque ad Ciceronem. At Ulpiani & Iustiniani +temporibus, strator inoleuit in eadem significatione, addita +r. litera in prima syllaba. Secuti tamen sunt eorum temporum +morem qui insecuti sunt Spartiatus in Caracalla, & qui de +iure scripserunt præcipui. Itaque quemadmodum in vocibus +atque literis si (22) quid innouaueris, reprehenderis, nisi +consuetudo uniuersalis patietur, ita in pronunciatione. +Prætereo quemadmodum hodiè quantitates syllabarum, longas in +breues, & breues in longas mutent, faciantque in muliere +secundam longam, et tertiam breuem, cum tamen Ouidius Naso +in hoc versu. Eminet & non est in muliere fides, secundam +fecit breuem & tertiam longam. Et Vergilius: Nux, asinus, +mulier simili sunt lege ligati, hæc tria nil rectè faciunt +si verbera cessent. Miror quo tandem erumpet hæc audacia, +ne dicam temeritas. Si quis tamen dissentit & suo more loqui +et pronunciare cupiat, contemptis doctioribus et uniuersali +scriptorum consensu, sua cuique stet voluntas et sententia +per me, suum cuique pulchrum sit. Ego quidem nec ulterius, +nec cum quoquam acrius hac de re contendere studeo, nec +bellum Grammaticale contra quenquam instruo et suscipio +(quod tam inane iudico quàm est ipsa res inanis) sed quid +conueniat tantùm consulo, quidque exteræ nationes in +constantia et grauitate sua permanentes de pronunciatione +Græcæ et Latinæ linguæ sentiant, bona fide explico. Non enim +quæsitum hoc est, sed oblatum ex occasione peregrinationis +nostræ per Italian et Germaniam, ut in lib. nostro de libris +proprijs exposuimus. Cum igitur neque seria res sit hæc +inepta pronunciatio, neque ulla causæ magnitudo, nulla +necessitas, nulla commoditas rei atque gloriæ eò nos +adegerit, neque plausibilis existat doctis atquè grauibus, +nec recepta Græcis, quid attinet obsoletam eam reuocare in +usum, si modò in usu prius fuit, de quo nondum constat inter +Grammaticos. Adhæc cum pronunciatio hæc noua sit planè +rustica, ut ex Adolpho Mercherio Brugensi scire licet, aut +affectata nimium, quod nostris sensibus certè patet, nec +tamen uniuersalem consensum virorum grauium et doctorum +admiserit, id (23) non arguit omnes sic pronunciasse sed +aliquos: & cum ex hac occasione magna in re literaria +sequatur perturbatio omnibus omnia pro voluntate et arbitrio +præter consuetudinem commouentibus, quod in bene constituta +rep. ferendum non fuit, malum præterea exemplum æditur ad +alia grauiora. Alioqui non magni referret utro modo +pronunciaretur, cum discrimen nullum est vitæ atquè +sanguinis, nulla iactura virtutis et rei, sed inanis +spiritus et anhelitus quæ res est nihili. In istis +spiritibus non est cur quis velit seriò spiritum suum +consumere, tam est res exilis atquè vana. Optandum igitur +ut cum quieta iam sint omnia, et consensu hominum uniuersali +paucis tantùm exceptis confirmata vetus pronunciatio, +persequamur eam, curemusque ne perturbetur. Nam ut innouemus +nulla facit rei magnitudo ut dixi. Omnes enim vident quam +sit leuis et ridicula, nequè ut tantos motus excitemus ulla +fecit necessitas, sed hominum quorundam vanitas, dum quiuis +studeat nouæ rei nouus author haberi. + + * * * * * + * * * * + +Errors and Anomalies noted by transcriber: + + _pulchræ_, _vitæ_ [comma missing] + plus in aliena lingua sapiens [[sapiemus?]] quàm ipsa gens + [_sidenote printed as shown, with brackets and question mark: + added by 1912 editor?_] + vel ἱpsilon ferendum fuit [_printed as shown, with initial iota_] + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of De Pronunciatione Graecae & Latinae +Linguae, by John Caius + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DE PRONUNCIATIONE GRAECAE *** + +***** This file should be named 26570-0.txt or 26570-0.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/6/5/7/26570/ + +Produced by Louise Hope + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/26570-0.zip b/26570-0.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..a67deff --- /dev/null +++ b/26570-0.zip diff --git a/26570-8.txt b/26570-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ee00d26 --- /dev/null +++ b/26570-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1083 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of De Pronunciatione Graecae & Latinae Linguae, by +John Caius + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: De Pronunciatione Graecae & Latinae Linguae + De Pronuntiatione Graecae et Latinae Linguae + +Author: John Caius + +Editor: E. S. Roberts + +Release Date: September 11, 2008 [EBook #26570] + +Language: Latin + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DE PRONUNCIATIONE GRAECAE *** + + + + +Produced by Louise Hope + + + + +[Transcriber's Note: + +This text is intended for users whose text readers cannot use the "real" +(unicode/UTF-8) version of the file. The "oe" ligature has been unpacked +into the separate letters o and e. Greek words have been transliterated +and shown between +marks+. Words shown with _lines_ were italicized in +the original. + +The text is taken from the 1912 Cambridge edition of Caius's _Complete +Works_. The editor's general introduction says: + + In this volume no attempt has been made to produce a facsimile + reprint. Even if such a design had been entertained, the great + variety of form in which the original editions were issued would + have made it impossible to carry out the re-issue with any + uniformity. Obvious misprints have been corrected, but where a + difference in spelling in the same work or on the same page--_e.g._ + _baccalarius_, _baccalaureus_--is clearly due to the varying + practice of the writer and not to the printer, the words have been + left as they stood in the original. On the other hand the accents + in the very numerous Greek quotations have been corrected. + +Numbers in parentheses were printed in the gutter; they probably +represent pages or leaves of the 1574 original. Sidenotes are shown +in brackets.] + + + * * * * * + * * * * + * * * * * + + + IOANNIS CAII + ANGLI, + + De + + Pronunciatione Grc & Latin + lingu cum scriptione nova + libellus. + + +[Lege lector & iudica.] Scripturus de noua Grc & Latin +lingu pronunciatione (3) & scriptione noua, spero me sine +offensione cuiusquam id facturum. Libera enim regio hc +semper fuit, & liberos in ea oportet esse homines. Nequ +enim qu soluto animo familiariter scribi consuerunt, +temporibus istis excluduntur: etsi plena grauitatis omnia +sunt. Non enim ad graues aut exercitatos, sed leues & +inexercitatos scribo: & eos ratione & usu doceo, quos nec +usus nec longa vita instituit. Cum essem in Italia graues +viros grauiter & cum decoro pronunciantes audiebam. Cum in +Britanniam veneram, nouos viros, nouo quodam pronunciationis +genere omnia personare offendebam. Hc itaqu sic cogitabam +apud me. Cum nec Rom, nec in uniuersa Italia, im ver cum +nequ in Germania, Gallia, neque Belgia, nec alibi gentium, +qum in nostra Britannia ullum unquam verbum de +pronunciatione illa noua, ullau mentio aut significatio tum +fuit, nouam pronunciationem alibi in usu non fuisse qum in +Britannia cert scire licet. Nequ ea tamen uniuersa, sed +certo quodam loco, in quo per ea tempora oratores noui +imperabant. Sic tamen hc refero, ut eos propter literas +aliasque virtutes vehementer amem & suspiciam: propter hc +ver laudem minim. Cuius rei alioqui cert me cepisset +admiratio, cum & Plautus scribat in Casina, vetera nouis +esse meliora, ideoque sapientiores esse qui utuntur vino +veteri, qum qui nouo: qui veteres spectent fabulas, qum +qui nouas: qui vetera opera atqu verba, qum qui noua: qui +usitata, quam qui insueta: (4) qui veteres comoedias, qum +qui nouas: qui veteri denique nummo, qum nuper nato. Thus +quoque vetus nouo odoratius esse, prouerbio celebratur, +usque ade ut idem, rem malam, sed notam & usitatam, optimam +esse dicat in Trinummo. Nam qu noua sunt, etsi optima, +tamen propter insolentiam videntur pessima, & fieri potest +ut usu experiaris talia cum periculo, cum declinare non sit +futurum integrum. Etenim sp viatorem noua non vetus orbita +fallit. Quare vetustatem suo loco conseruandam, nouitates, +etsi spem meliorum afferant, repudiandas esse Plautus +consulit: nec nouitates nos magis ad inquirendas causas +excitare, qum magnitudines rerum debere: eosque errores +quos rerum nouitates attulerunt, natur ratione depellere +oportere M.Tullius existimat. Sed nostrorum hominum est, +semper nouum cribrum, nouo paxillo primos suspendere, et +nouas inducere sectas nouis paradoxis. Quod tamen, ut non +reprehenderim ingenij exercendi causa in tenebris, ita non +laudem cert usus causa in luce: qud prter consuetudinem +patri, prsentis temporis atque hominum sunt. In rebus +ciuilibus dico. Nam ali non pertinebit oratio mea. Curo +enim ut mea omnia nullam habeant publicam offensionem, sed +communem omnibus utilitatem. Quod si gaudeas excogitasse +quod prosit, cert hic non est gaudendum tibi, obest enim +magis qum prodest, ut mox ostendam. Sed omnes obstrepunt. +Quid solus ergo contendis? Si irrident quid pergis delirare? +Quid solus sapis? Sed author es eius rei. Ogloriosam rem, +inuentorem esse inanium rerum? tranquillitatis literari +perturbatorem esse? quem nec Galli, nec Itali, nec ipsi +Grci commendant: nec alius quisquam prter imperitum rerum +iuuenem aut temerarium adolescentem, cui istam persuasionem +in principio per fraudem instillaueris alioqui non +probaturo, imponens imperit turb(5) adolescentum, cui vix +liter sunt, & mult minus iudicium. De qua re tamen multum +forsan gloriaberis tanquam in re prudenter gesta. Iam ver +si magna res non sit utro modo pronuncies, cur interturbas +omnia? cur non intermittis quod leue est, potius qum +castigari grauiter? Si sonus (res inanis) huius aut illius +liter mulctam indictam habet grandem, cur non inanitatem +potius contemnis, qum in mulctam incidas? Leuissimis rebus +grauissimas indicere poenas quum est, non propter +magnitudinem rei qu leuis est, sed propter violatum +in repub. ordinem receptum iam & confirmatum, propter +contemptum, propter nouitatis exemplum, & propter temerarium +in ea ausum. Nequ hic tanta pretia subesse cernimus, +quamobrem tantas difficultates lubenter subiremus, etsi in +alijs difficilia qu pulchra. Lict enim optima quque & +inuentu & conseruatu difficilia obseruentur, non tamen qu +non facil inueniuntur & conseruantur statim optima +reputantur, in quo genere ista tua est (si dijs placet) +pronunciatio. Sed antiquitatem obijcis. Antiquata esse +fatebor cert, antiqua videri non fatebor. Nam Aulus Gellius +author grauis, antiquata & desita omnia, multis sculis in +usum reuocata etsi vetusta sunt, videri tamen noua sapienter +censuit. Etsi antiqua videantur, per hominum errorem id +quidem contigit, ignorantium cuiusquam rei proprietatem. +Sallustius prsentium rerum retinentissimus semper +consuetudini cessit. lius Gallus atque Cicero noua perpetu +fugiebant, ade ut nouissimus & nouissim haud libenter usi +sunt. Gellius reprehendit eos qui obsoleta in usum reuocant. +Phauorinus Philosophus nouitatis hostis, adolescentem +inusitatorum studiosum, acriter corripuit, dicens: Curius +& Fabritius (6) dilucid cum suis fabulati sunt, neque +Auruncorum, Sicanorum aut Pelasgorum (qui primi Italiam +incoluisse leguntur) sed tatis su verbis locuti sunt: tu +ver perind quasi cum matre Euandri nunc loquaris verbis +iam olim desitis uteris. Quod si intelligi non vis qu +loqueris, non hoc abund consequeris tacens? quasi satius +esset non loqui qum non intelligi. Demonax quoque +philosophus idem faciebat. Quum enim quopiam qusiuisset +aliquid, atque ille verbis obsoletis atqu priscis +responderet. Ego (inquit) amice te nunc percontor: at tu +perinde respondes quasi regnaret Agamemnon. Sorbona etiam +(quam Robertus Sorbona, non Caroli imperatoris frater +Theologis Luteti instituerat) aliquot Raimundi Lullij opera +reiecit, qud vetustis vocabulis iamdiu receptis & usitatis +reiectis, noua infulserit. Crassus Sulpitium arguebat, qud +tollendo .i. literam de diphthongo ei, non antiques +oratores, sed rusticos messores videretur imitari, ut est +apud M.Tullium 3. de oratore. Catullus Arcij hinsidias +atque chommoda deridebat: quid facturus si Quinctilianos +atqu Quinctios, ut nunc loquuntur atque scribunt, +Chicherones atque Quinctos, Kikerones & Kicherones, pecuniam +& peguniam, coilum choelum & coelum, cernos & chernos, +discipulos & dischipulos iam audiret: quibus multi hodi +utuntur loquendo & scribendo, sermonis atque scriptionis +vitia imitati, non virtutes consecuti. Ad hc Lacedmonij +qud simplicia atque consueta placuerunt, Terpandrum +prstantissimum Cithardum mulctasse dicuntur, qud unam +solam chordam prter necessitatem intendisset. Ad extremum +Romani, rhetores Latinos & philosophos edicto urbe Roma +pepulerunt, qud nouum genus disciplin instituerunt. Noua +enim Romanis, viris cert in omni re sapientibus qu prter +consuetudinem & morem maiorum (7) suorum illata sunt, neque +placuerunt, neque recta videbantur. Eam ob rem M.Cicero +in oratione contra Catelinam refert, Seruilium Halam, +Sp.Melium nouis rebus studentem sua manu occidisse. Nihil +enim periculosius in usu vit esse rebantur, qum veteribus +relictis ad noua deuolare. Nam inconstantia magnam ipsa +in se leuitatem habet, subitaque consuetudinis, & usus +commutatio, plena maximarum rerum Cic. de offensione est. +[Cic. de senect.] Quamobrem sapienter M.Cato, qui Appium +senect. ccum laudat, qud vigebat in eius domo patrius +mos & disciplina. Sapienter veteres, qui legibus antiquis, +opsonijs ver recentibus utendum censuerunt. Sapienter & +Iurisconsulti, qui nihil temer innouandum nisi euidens +ratio postulauerit, prcipiunt. Hinc factum existimem, ut +schol iuris nostri publici nullo modo adduci possunt, ut +relinquant suum _octabis_: nec schol qudam Academic ut +deficiant suis sotulis, cum artium magisterio initiandi +sunt: aut ocreis, cum SS. Theologi Doctoratus gradu +insigniendi sunt: aut ouis vario modo prparatis cum in +determinationibus Bacchalaurei nouitij, seniores sui gradus +conuiuijs excipiant: nec in disputationibus, sedentibus +disputatoribus, ut auditores humi non procumbant, fusi per +densum substratum iuncum: nec ut caputium patientiamque quam +vocant stamineam (peculiare gestamen collegis Hispanorum +Collegij apud Bononienses) deponant Hispani Bononiensis +Academi. Quos omnes laudo equidem, quod leuibus momentis +non impellantur huc atque illuc inconstanter, nec a veteri +sua consuetudine auellantur desciscantque facil: ut +nonnull solent Academi in quibus leuitas iuuenilis magna +paruis, quadrata rotundis, & formas formis mutat imprudenter +admodum, nullo seruato ordine, nulla (8) consuetudine aut +grauitate. Cert mihi videntur illi plan cuculi atque oues, +qui eos, qui ut homines pronunciare iamdiu usi sunt, +abolitis cuculorum atque ouium vocibus, eodem reuocare +velint, atque ex obscuris nigmatibus & antiquis cum +difficultate discere studeant, qu viua vox, certus +prsensque usus cum facilitate clar possunt docere. +Synesius Cyrenensis in laudatione Caluicij, & Lacedmonij in +legibus, grauiora suadent in eos qui prter consuetudinem +patri aliquid intulerunt: puta cicutam, & suspendium. +Etenim Synesius eos qui prter consuetudinem patri aliquid +innouarant cicuta dignos existimat, quod rudes & indocti +absurdarum opinionum fautores esse consuerunt, existimans +cum prouerbio: Superiorum temporum omnia meliora, qud & usu +confirmata sunt, & pace tranquilla, cuius & vox dulcis et +res ipsa salutaris est. Lacedmonij ver usque ade +formidabant rerum nouitates, atque etiam ad earum +recordationem tantopere inhorrescebant, ut lege lata +sanciuerint, ne quis innouare quicquam auderet, qui chorda + collo suspensa prius non prodiret, ut si de nouitate +consilium parum placeret, audaci su poenas daret. Etenim +euentus varios res noua semper habet, ut Cornelius Gallus +scribit, & magna ex parte periculosos: sic ut siue vi +imperare velis hanc pronunciationem nouam, siue stultiti +blandimentis iuuentuti instillare, importunum hac tate +facis, mouere qu stabilita sunt, cum prsertim omnium rerum +mutationes cdem, fugam, aliaque hostilia (ut Sallustius +ait) portendant. [In bello Iugurth. fol. 35.] Usque in +ciuilibus consisto, omnia enim secundum materiam subiectam +intelligo. Ex quibus scire licet nequ antiquata in usum +esse reuocanda, neque noua esse amplectenda, neque extra +publicam viam esse deflectendum, sed cum (9) pronunciationis +antiquitas euanuerit (si aliter olim pronunciarunt qum +hodi nos proferimus) usum scientiamque prstare nos debere +eius, qua prsentes utimur: uti docti viri solent, qui +scientiam sibi reseruant, usum autem loquendi populo +concedunt, qui loquendum ut multi, sentiendum ut pauci +sapienter prcipiunt, nec immutandum quicquam inconstanter +censent: nec mouenda esse rerum nouitatibus qu bene +constituta et confirmata sunt existimant, etsi vetustatis +speciem sibi induant. Etenim non est quamobrem in hac ben +confirmata repub. literaria quis velit iam dicere, ore san +agresti atque rudi, _queis_ pro _quibus_, nec _veias_ pro +_vias_, nec _olli_ pro _illi_, _mareito_ pro _marito_, nec +_maxum_ pro _maxim_, nec _sueuerat_ pro _consueuerat_, +nec _deico_, _eidus_, _pulchrai_, _veit_, _ubei_, _quei_, +_heic_, _foeminai_, _suom_, _deilexit_, _horunc_, _abei_, +_erodita_, _pictai_, _aulai_, _nepai_, qu iam obsoleuerunt, +& repetita molesta sunt, & interturbant omnia, pro _dico_, +_idus_, _pulchr_, _vit_, _ubi_, _qui_, _hic_, _foemin_, +_suum_, _dilexit_, _hunc_, _abi_, _erudita_, _pict_, +_aul_, _nep_, ut nec multa alia propter carminis +necessitatem, aut alijs propter affectationem, non propter +meliorem scribendi aut pronunciandi rationem usitata. Nequ +enim propter insolentiam aures eruditorum hc ferre possent, +nisi quod Poetis libero hominum generi propter eorum ligatam +orationem semper fuit potestas quidlibet audendi. Exit in +immensum facunda licentia vatum: inquit Ouidius: Obligat +historica nec sua verba fide. Hinc apud eos, Tmolus habet +aures, saltant quercus, aues loquuntur, et saxa fiunt +homines. Utuntur tamen hodi haud dissimili pronunciandi +genere, quod Borealismum seu Scotismum nominamus +(quemadmodum Alcibiades Labdacismo) quia Borealibus Anglis +(quos Calidonios Britannos Lucanus vocat) atqu Scotis(10) +vicinis est in usu, dum _saibai_, _taibai_, _vaita_, _aita_ +dicant, cum _sibi_, _tibi_, _vita_, _ita_, pronunciandum +sit. Mordicus tamen retinent non ratione sed pertinacia, & +petulantia: etsi australibus Anglis ita vulgo contemnitur +hoc pronunciationis genus, ut Phaliscis seu Thuscis +Bergomense apud Italos. Est enim rudis & inconditi vulgi, +quibus ut est decorum patrio more loqui: ita australibus +Anglis vald indecorum alio uti qum suo. Licet tamen hic +contemplari iudicium iuuentutis, qu vitia pro virtutibus +amplectitur, ut solet vulgus Aulicorum, qui camisias +crispatas, & cothurnos coriaceos inducunt ornamenti causa, +qui principio causa contegendi crura, & colla morbida, ad +quotidianum usum sunt inuenta. Nam olim & nostra memoria +cum sana essent omnia, nec cothurnis utebantur, & denudata +virorum colla erant ad pectus, & pectora expapillata (ut +Plauti verbo utar) atqu ad papillam denudata, etiam brumali +tempore. Sed hc obiter de Borealismo. Ad diphthongos iam +paucis venio. De quibus etiam Iurisconsulti aliter sentiunt, +qum noui isti pronunciationis authores. Theophilus enim +Antecessor cum vellet uti aliena lingua, non +pratr+ dixit +diuisa diphthongo, sed +praitr+ & prtores, unita. Cuius rei +non alium magistrum, qum eius temporis usum reor: qui & ad +nostrum usque promanarit, & per omnem orbem disseminatus +& receptus est. Quod si non lubenter ferant, quin +diphthongorum omnes literas suis sonis ipsi exprimant, +contra qum vult receptus usus, quod voluntatis & petulanti +error est, non necessitatis, at saltem alijs permittant ut +in sua etiam sit voluntate sine reprehensione, veteri & +recepto more pronunciare, maxim quod multi errores +reperiantur apud authores (ut aiunt) ex diphthongis +resolutis in simplices (11) literas. Noui tamen isti homines +nescio quam commoditatem puerilem in docendo, pueris manare +ex hac sua pronunciatione dicunt. Quasi ver Grcorum pueri, +& qui hodi utuntur veteri pronunciatione, linguam Grcam +discere, sonare, & intelligere veteri illa nequiuissent, +aut si quiuissent, non ita tamen commod. Scilicet. Equidem +puerile magis existimo qum virile, puerileque esse +argumentum puto. Nam si commodior ratio sit, (ut ita dem) +non tamen vetustior est, qu res in controuersia est, +minusque arguit veteres sic pronunciasse, nec esse puerorum +causa immutanda omnia aut subuertenda censeo. Id enim +experimento didici, varietatem pronunciandi mutuum +commercium & societatem hominum rerumque intellectum +summouere: discordmque hanc pronunciationem sermonis +commercio nunquam contracturam ad colloquia. Nequ enim +Grcus Patriarcha cum istic regnante Edwardo sexto Londini +esset, Checum, nec Checus Patriarcham intellexit: hic nouo, +ille ueteri pronunciandi modo usus: quo omnes Grci adhuc +utebantur cum ego essem Venetijs, tum Cathedra Grcas +literas profitendo, tum in templis sacra celebrando. +Audiebam enim data opera spius. At si ego tacerem norit +Oxoniensis schola, quemadmodum ipsa Grcia pronunciarit, ex +Mattho Calphurnio Grco, quem ex Grcia Oxonium Grcarum +literarum gratia produxerat Thomas Wolsus, de bonis literis +optim meritus Cardinalis, cum non alia ratione pronunciarit +ille, qum qua nos iam profitemur. Id si ita sit, nos +Britanni docebimus ipsos Grcos in ipsa Grcia oriundos sua +verba sonare? suas voces atque literas pronunciare? & plus +in aliena lingua sapiens [[sapiemus?]] qum ipsa gens atqu +natio, cui lingua Grca familiaris atque etiam vulgaris est, +& successione temporum continuata, tanquam per manus esset +tradita? (12) Nemo qui Gallic velit discere, ex Anglo +petet, si sapiat, nec contra: nec qui Italic, ex Germano, +sed ex sua quque gente sunt discenda. At si pueris +instituendis prodesse posset, uti aiunt, usu publico posset, +ut cum alijs usu conueniant in sermone ad intellectum. +Nam si doceas quod usui publico esse non possit, quorsum +doctrinam? Cogetur qui didicit dedidicisse, & eum +pronunciandi modum discere qui in usu est, ut eo utatur cum +in publicum prodierit, cum inter homines versatus fuerit, & +cum in theatrum doctorum venerit: nisi velit haberi ineptus +et ridiculum caput omnibus. Et qui docebit quoque ad istum +modum, duplicabit operam & mercedem, uti Fabius Quintilianus +scribit, tum ut prioris obliuisci instituat, tum ut +insequentis pronunciationis rationem ostendat, discentis +incommodo & labore graui, & temporis & compendij iactura +grauiori, qu rectius in principio potuissent collocari in +meliores usus. At ad usum publicum profuerit minim. Nam +priuata hc pronunciatio paucorum tantum hominum in +Britannia est, & eorum iuuenum, alibi minim recepta +gentium. Sed hij pauci sic pronunciant, ut se mutu +intelligant, dices. At orbis uniuersus non est ista +paucitas. Nec paucis priuato loco atque usui doctrina +constituitur, sed publico & uniuerso, ut inter homines +cuiusque regionis cum laude lingu, & ingenij gloria +verseris. Quamobrem ne docendo quidem, ullo modo ad usum +publicum conducet ista noua pronunciatio. Hactenus ergo +vetus illa pronunciatio nihil prohibuit, quin & rect +loquerentur homines, & per orbem uniuersum intelligerentur, +sic ut non sit opus noua. Sed ita pronunciandum sentis ut +discernas inter voces, inter vocales & diphthongos. Quasi +ver usu, doctrina, sensu, (13) accentu, genere, quantitate, +numero & casu nihil comprehendi, nihil discerni possit, +nisi demittamus nos, descendamusque ad puerilem legendi +simplicitatem, ac plenis buccis proferamus satis rustic, ++Phobos+, _toutois_, _cai_, _lobois_, _mousais_, _basilews_, +_epeiros_, _tuptomai_, _chreia_, _chresimos_, _apophugen_, +_husteron_, _kibdes_, _cuclops_, _korakeion_, _lewcon_, +_hippewein_, _wyos_, _pais_, & hoc genus alia: pro _phoebus_, +_toutis_, (veteri more) _cha_, _louis_, _muss_, _vasileus_, +_epirus_, _typtom_, _chria_, _chrisimos_, _apophygen_, +_ysteron_, _cibdis_, _cyclops_, _coracion_, _leucon_, +_yppewin_, _yios_, _ps_, unde pdotriba, non paidotriba: +aut quasi nihil aliud esset quo dijudicaremus inter +parere pro parturire, & parre pro obedire in isto versu. +Foemina vult parere, sed non parre lubenter, nisi crassa +pronunciatio: eadem pen nota qua +loimos+ & +limos+ in +pronunciatione, non tamen in scriptione. Nam inter +loimos+ & ++limos+ in scribendo manifesta est differentia. Apollo tamen +videtur limos dixisse & pronunciasse veteri Grcorum more, +alioqui nulla fuisset dubitatio in oraculo. Cert antiqui +_Achilles_, _Tydes_, _Theses_, & _Ulisses_ dicebant, non +_Achillews_, _Tudeus_, _Thesews_, et _Ulussews_ quemadmodum +recentes: uti ex eorum & interpretum libris ea adhuc +referentibus scire licet. Quod si olim Grci eo quo recentes +isti modo crassius, durius, & asperius pronunciarunt, (quod +acerrim isti defendunt, cum dicunt Grcos) etiam tum Grci +erant Barbari, cumex omnibus gentibus soli non habebantur +Barbari. Barbari enim ab initio dicti sunt (ut inquit +Strabo) qui crass, difficulter, asper atque duriter +loquebantur: in quorum genere fuerunt omnes gentes prter +Grcos: quibus postea (corrupta Grcia) barbara ea +appellatio ad omnes prter (14) Latinos translata est, qud +mitiorem linguam & isti habebant et magis cultam. Si quis +tamen ex Latinis esset qui non rect verba proferebat, +barbar loqui etiam ille dicebatur. Sed pergo. An sapientem +Hebrum putares, si puerorum causa renunciata omnino +perfecta illa & absoluta sine punctis legendi ratione, ad +punctorum rationem et simplicitatem in uniuersum deficiat? +An non omnes tanquam infantem & ineptum dicerent? Nisi velit +primm suos Tyrones per punctos ad lectionem introducere, +ac tum ad absolutam illam legendi rationem sine punctis +traducere: quod laboriosum esset geminique operis. Rursus +an sapientem Gallum qui rudiorum causa velit rudius +pronunciare, & aliter qum vulgus Gallorum solet, & eas +literas in voces inserere, quas usus excludit. Doctos enim +docta decent, indoctos formare possunt docti pro arbitrio, +seorsim, sine uniuersitatis dissolutione, & ita instituere +prout optimum cuique videbitur, mod non deficiant +consuetis, nec in dicendo & scribendo nouas turbas excitent, +noua dogmata non introducant cum reipub. literari +inquietudine, & personarum offensione. Ut si quis vellet +docere priuatim legendum _homo_ non _omo_, & _hupsilon_ non +_ypsilon_, vel +i+psilon ferendum fuit, mod doceat admonendi +non utendi causa (ut prudentes solent qui (ut dixi) +scientiam sibi seruant, usu autem ut populus loquuntur) +quod h. non sit litera, sic ut faciat vocem ut vocalis, aut +liquescat ut liquida, aut consonet ut consonans, aut mutet +ut muta, sed aspiret tantm ut spiritus, ac ventus leuis +sine voce. Eam ob causam apud scriptores veteres, leges +_ydropisis_, _term_, _Batonia_ & _Iuernia_, pro +_hydropisis_, _therm_, _Bathonia_ & _Hybernia_, uti in +libro nostro de thermis Britannicis, et Symphonia vocum +Britannicarum annotauimus. Istas tamen (15) ineptias Deus +bone, qum mordicus retinent noui isti et defendunt (ut sibi +quidem videntur) pertinaciter, cum nullo tamen modo iustis +rationibus possint. Iuuenes si hc ineptirent solm duce +iuuene, ferendum fuit. Iam ver cum audiam senes delirare +hijs ineptijs, quid intollerabilius? Nam hos iudicium, +ratio, & experientia doceret. Prterea in senecta tate +ludere par impar, equitare in arundine longa, quouis vento +agitari, nihilqu constantis hominis habere indecorum est. +Cicero in Bruto notat tatem qu ante se fuit, in qua +Ennius, Liuius, & L.Sisenna erant, quorum stilus erat (ut +ille ait) horridior, nec dum perfect loquebantur. Sua autem +tate unctior & splendidior consuetudo loquendi fuit. Et +quamuis (inquit) L.Sisenna facil omnes vincat superiores, +indicat tamen quantm absit a summo. Nam usus est aliquando +veteribus verbis, & ab usu perfecto, & auribus eruditis +remotis. Rect enim loqui putabant esse, inusitat loqui. +Idem eodem in Bruto nimiam vetustatem explodendam monet. +Sed nimia (inquit) vetustas nec habet eam quam qurimus +summitatem, nec est san tolerabilis. Ego igitur hortator +essem, ut a suscepta hac nuper (si omnino suscepta fuit) +desitque olim pronunciatione desistant, qui utuntur: si non +propter has quas ante retuli causas, at cert propter hc +quod eadem pronunciatione honestissima verba turpissim +sonent, ut _ascitum_ & _asciscunt_ apud nostros. Etenim +in harum vocum prima, si c. proferas ut ch. & in secunda +utrumque c. ut k. more nouo, utrumque vocabulum tanta +turpitudine proferetur, quanta non sinit verecundia mea +explicare. Quamobrem malui rem tacita cogitatione prterire, +qum dilucidius patefacere: cupio enim rebus adesse nomina, +sed non nominibus pudorem. Sed (16) superciliosorum +Grammaticorum maxim culpa hc pronunciatio Latina +introducta est, cm nescio qua mulatione alter alterum +nouitate aliqua studeat superare. Id quod exemplo cuiusdam +amici adhuc viuentis, qui in schola Paulina atqu item +Antonina Londini educatus iam olim est, didici. Etenim cum +in ludo literario diui Pauli erat, docebatur sonare docheo +pro doceo: cum in scholam S.Anthonij idem venerat, iussum +est proferre dokeo pro doceo: nullo plan discentium +commodo, sed ne docentium quidem: tantm inseruitum est +istorum libidini quorum prceptum id erat, pronunciationis +vitio, & pubertatis incommodo. Itaque imponendus modus est, +alioqui nullus futurus finis est, hoc isto, illo alio modo +verba proferente atqu scribente. Nam & in scriptione quoque +noua ratio hodie proponitur. Sed nemo (quod sciam) usqu +ade desipuit hactenus ut sequi vellet, ne author quidem +eius. Neque enim ccum ducem, nequ amentem consultorem. +Quod si quis vellet, at constituenda illi schola noua +scribendi & legendi fuit, dediscendque qu didicit omnia, +& innouanda omnia omni populo, euersis quibus hactenus +usi sumus omnibus: usqu ade mobilia sunt hodi hominum +ingenia in istis nugis, ut nihil fixum, nihil in perpetuum +constitutum habeant. Nec unum nugandi genus est in +scribendo, sed diuersum, hic uno, ille altero usus modo: +hic nouam literarum formam & pronunciationem commentus, ille +alteram: & eas ineptas san et insulsas, etiam simplicibus +mulierculis. Non est tamen tam stupidus quisquam, aut +impudens & insulsus rei alicuius nou author, qui non sit +habiturus su stultiti fautores et sectatores, vel homines +adolescentes, vel stultam plebeculam: at grauem virum cui +sit iudicium, ne unum quidem. Nisi si fort (17) ingenij +sui ostentandi causa hoc fecerint, ut Isocrates laudando +Busyrim, Libanius Thersitem, Lucianus Muscam, Quartanam +Fauorinus, Caluiciem Synesius Cyrenensis, Comam Dion +Chrysostomus, & nostri sculi Cornelius Agrippa scribendo +de vanitate scientiarum libellum: Copernicus de motu terr +& statione coeli volumen: et Erasmus Rhoterodamus de febre & +Phalarismo libellos. Nam rhetores subinde animi causa solent +tractare materias +adoxous+, & exercendi gratia argumentum +infame declarare. Ita si de pronunciatione noua & scriptione +noua sensissent noui isti authores, & cum prfatione sensus +sui hoc esse suum commentum dicerent, non ad usum atque +professionem, sed ad ingenij gloriam & exercitium, quior +essem, amplectererque cert lubens. Alioqui videant illi, +qum nihil aliud qum suam traducant infantiam, nec esse +consecuturos aliquando ut grauia ingenia flectant ad suas +nnias. Reliqua si sequacia fuerint, qu gloria erit? Mallem +unum grauem virum consentientem mihi mille iuuenibus: ut +quibus nec dum per tatem confirmatus animus est, nec +maturum iudicium, nec usu experimentum, etsi grauissim de +se sentiant: cum tamen vestitu, gestu, & oratione long se +ostendant alios, ut in lib.1 de Antiquitate Cant. Academi +plenius diximus. Nam ut in vijs peregrinus, sic in rebus +imperitus. Cert istis nouitatibus, istis modis, nihil aliud +qum sterilis labor, sterilsque difficultas sequitur in +promendo cum multorum risu: qud ea rustica sit et simplex, +parum condita et delicata, affectatione quadam inept +acquisita, nec erudite ore digna: denique qud doctas +aures vehementer offendit, ingrata plan & odiosa omnibus, +prterquam nouitatis studiosis. Nam suauitatis in sermone +politiores scriptores semper fuerunt obseruantissimi. +Siquidem maior ratio apud eos euphoni fuit, qum disciplina +(18) regul. Hinc Grci angelos phormingos, & pap proferre, +prcepto usuque imperarunt, cum +angelos+, +phormingos+, & ++Babai+ rudius proferendum alioqui fuit: et Romani _dingnum_ +cum _dignum_, _pungnum_ cum _pugnum_, & _mangnum_ cum _magnum_ +sit dicendum: ut mitigetur pronunciationis difficultas, & +euitetur soni vitium, quod Grci +kakophnian+ dicunt. Quin & +Itali Romanorum soboles eadem de causa id pronunciandi genus +adhuc obseruant, qui ne magnum dicant duriter, maignum +sonant molliter: et dingnum, ne dignum. Britanni quoque +atqu Galli Romanorum muli, ne magnum dicant, main +proferunt, ut _Charles le main_, Carolus magnus: _le main +see_, magnum mare: et in alearum usu, _the main chaunce_, +sors magna: ac pro _est_, et, elisa .s. litera. Eadem +suauitatis ratione ijdem omnes B. per v. in Grcis & Latinis +dictionibus efferunt: et pro +bikiou+ (id est +aphaks+) vitia, +et pro Bienna Vienna, & pro +biktora+ victorem: & pro Abellana +Auellana, non contra dicunt. Et in vetustioribus Grcorum +codicibus manuscriptis rar videbis b. literam, sed eius +loco characterem v. latin liter similem. Latini quoque +vetustiores, Vetonica pro Betonica dicunt, inter quos est +Apuleius: et _Iuernia_ pro _Hibernia_, et _lauoro_ pro +_laboro_, et _terra de Lauoro_, pro Labori, (quo verbo +Plinius utitur) qu pars est Itali. Hos si damnes, utere +licentia pro me, & in usum quoque reuocato si libet, +_appludam_ et _floces vini_, pro furfuraceo pane, et fcibus +vini: Dubenum pro Domino, Bubsequam, Bouinatorem, et +manticulatorem quoque, pro Bubulco, conuiciatore, et +clanculario fure, seu versuto: ut habet Festus Pompeius, +Pacuuius, et Aulus Gellius: et hoc genus obsoleta et +inusitata omnia, quod nemo san mentis faciet. Sin probes, +nouo illo pronunciationis genere vel horum exemplo +desiste. Illud in (19) uniuersum te scire expedit, +pronunciationis rationem dicendi rationi esse simillimam, +qu in medio posita (ut ait Cicero de Oratore) communi +quodam in usu atqu in hominum more et sermone versatur. +Nam ut in cteris artibus id maxim excellit quod longissim +sit ab imperitorum intelligentia sensuqu seiunctum, ita in +dicendo vitium est vel maximum vulgari genere orationis, +atqu consuetudine communis sensus abhorrere. [De laude +Caluicij.] Etenim qui ad populum scribit vel loquitur (ut +inquit Synesius) necesse est illum in opinione popularium +esse, et ea fingere, et de hijs disserere qu populo grata +sunt. Atqu ut histrioni actio, saltatori motus non quiuis +sed certus quidam et laudabilis: sic in pronunciandi et +scribendi genere, certum quoddam et communi usu receptum, +non quoduis consuetudine alienum et remotum habetur +consentaneum. Non enim ea ratio esse debet apud nos in +literis qu in vestibus, qu omnibus horis ali pen fiunt +et diuers, aut materia, aut forma, aut colore, aut omnibus +hijs. Unus enim vultus apud nos odiosus est. Cuius rei gnari +non insolentes Grammatici, quotquot hactenus mihi vidisse +contigit, omnes cum de literarum potestate tractant ita +proferendas esse prcipiunt, ut usus doctorum per omnem +reliquum orbem iam olim receperit. Inter quos Petrus +Antesignanus est, homo doctus atque elegans, et Nicholai +Clenardi scholiastes. Is de noua ista pronunciatione ita +censet, ut eius authores curiosos magis existimet, qum +veteris pronunciationis intelligentes: et eorum rationes +vaniores, qum ut eis adhibenda fides sit: ob idqu +pronunciandum veteri et recepto hactenus usu, existimans eum +qui ex errore imperit iuuentutis pendeat, in magnis viris +non esse habendum. Eius verba hc sunt. Quarta columna, (20) +&c. elementorum potestatem complectitur, quo pacto scilicet +debeant enunciari, de qua re vari sunt hodi & multiplices +Grammaticorum opiniones, dum quidam curios nimis ad +antiquam pronunciandi rationem omnia volunt reuocare, cum +tamen ipsi prorsus incerti sunt, quo pacto prisci illi hc +pronunciarunt, & coniectur sunt admodum ieiun. Illis +itaque non est fides adhibenda, nisi prius priscorum aliquem +ab inferis excitarint. Hc ille. Et paucis interpositis, +ista subiungit. Qui ver illis (professoribus) destituuntur, +& proprio marte linguam Grcam discere coguntur, pronuncient +elementa Grca more Latinorum Grcis in hac tabula +respondentium. Qu cert pronunciandi ratio vetus est, & +recepta usu. Huius opinionis quoque olim per iuuentutem +(quod ipse noui) erant isti prceptores noui. Verm loco +stare nesciuerunt, sed gressus glomerare superbos voluerunt. +In ea quoque erat et Thomas Morus, Linacrus, Lupsetus, +& Erasmus, qui in prouerbio, Stultior Morycho, +moruxai+ +transfert Moryx, non moruxai, etsi de pronunciatione multa +disputauerat, qu glori studio potius, quam usus gratia +se scripsisse, ex hijs & alijs locis scire licet diligenter +obseruanti. Parmium quoque dixit, non paroimium, et +Hippoclidem non Hippocludem in prouerbio: non est cur +Hippoclidi: & gymnasium non gumnasium, & Sybaritica, Smyrn +ac Syracus, non Subaritica, Smurne & Suracusai. Longum +esset omnes istas vanitates percensere, vix dies, aut etiam +annus sufficeret. Sed quid de recentibus loquar, cum vetusti +Grci & Latini consueta religiosissim obseruarunt. Galenus +enim homo Grcus, & summi iudicij ac doctrin vir, ut si +quis alius sui aut insequentis temporis, lib.1. operis sui +de Compositione medicamentorum qua parte de modo lauandi +lithargyron & alia metalla scribit, +t kratous+ (21) ++suntheia+ utendum censet. Etenim cum medici sui temporis +recentiores dicebant, +emplastron+, +kentrion+, +kai mltrida+ +cum +r.+ in ultima, is eam scribendi & pronunciandi rationem +sequi maluit propter consuetudinem iam tum receptam & +usitatam, qum +emplaston+, +kention+, & +mltida+ dicere +sine +r.+ litera, etsi ab +emplattein+, +kentein+, +mls te kai +tos+ oriantur, in quibus +r.+ litera non est. Tanti erat apud +illum consuetudo. Docet etiam eo in libro, quem contra eos +scripsit qui reprehendant solcismum facientes in sermone, +ipsos quoque Atticos secutos esse eam qu in loquendo +prualuit consuetudinem. Tradiderunt item qui ante Galenum +fuerunt, docti viri (ut ipse refert) Atticam linguam varijs +modis corruptam atque proprietate sua viciatam, secutos +tamen esse eam qu suo tempore inoleuit consuetudinem omnes, +qui apud Grcos ullum prcellentis doctrin nomen consecuti +sunt, idem refert. Cum ergo (inquit) in omnibus libris +medicinalibus, +emplastron+ cum +r.+ scriptum inuenimus, & nos +quoque qud inualuit consuetudine, in loquendo & scribendo +utendum censuimus. Hc hactenus Galenus. Eretriensibus +quoqu consuetum est +r.+ pro +s.+ proferre, ut +sklrotr+ pro ++sklrots+, (unde prouerbium Eretriensium +rh+). Atheniensibus +contra, ut +tharsein+ pro +tharrhein+, utrobique si euertas +usum, notaberis, et derideberis. Nec Grci solm (ut dixi) sed +Latini quoqu hanc secuti sunt consuetudinem. Nam Ciceronis +tate inualuit stator, pro apparitore seu tabellario, ut ex +epistola eius ad Caninium atque Celsum scire licet: ex +Planci quoque ad Ciceronem. At Ulpiani & Iustiniani +temporibus, strator inoleuit in eadem significatione, addita +r. litera in prima syllaba. Secuti tamen sunt eorum temporum +morem qui insecuti sunt Spartiatus in Caracalla, & qui de +iure scripserunt prcipui. Itaque quemadmodum in vocibus +atque literis si (22) quid innouaueris, reprehenderis, nisi +consuetudo uniuersalis patietur, ita in pronunciatione. +Prtereo quemadmodum hodi quantitates syllabarum, longas in +breues, & breues in longas mutent, faciantque in muliere +secundam longam, et tertiam breuem, cum tamen Ouidius Naso +in hoc versu. Eminet & non est in muliere fides, secundam +fecit breuem & tertiam longam. Et Vergilius: Nux, asinus, +mulier simili sunt lege ligati, hc tria nil rect faciunt +si verbera cessent. Miror quo tandem erumpet hc audacia, +ne dicam temeritas. Si quis tamen dissentit & suo more loqui +et pronunciare cupiat, contemptis doctioribus et uniuersali +scriptorum consensu, sua cuique stet voluntas et sententia +per me, suum cuique pulchrum sit. Ego quidem nec ulterius, +nec cum quoquam acrius hac de re contendere studeo, nec +bellum Grammaticale contra quenquam instruo et suscipio +(quod tam inane iudico qum est ipsa res inanis) sed quid +conueniat tantm consulo, quidque exter nationes in +constantia et grauitate sua permanentes de pronunciatione +Grc et Latin lingu sentiant, bona fide explico. Non enim +qusitum hoc est, sed oblatum ex occasione peregrinationis +nostr per Italian et Germaniam, ut in lib. nostro de libris +proprijs exposuimus. Cum igitur neque seria res sit hc +inepta pronunciatio, neque ulla caus magnitudo, nulla +necessitas, nulla commoditas rei atque glori e nos +adegerit, neque plausibilis existat doctis atqu grauibus, +nec recepta Grcis, quid attinet obsoletam eam reuocare in +usum, si mod in usu prius fuit, de quo nondum constat inter +Grammaticos. Adhc cum pronunciatio hc noua sit plan +rustica, ut ex Adolpho Mercherio Brugensi scire licet, aut +affectata nimium, quod nostris sensibus cert patet, nec +tamen uniuersalem consensum virorum grauium et doctorum +admiserit, id (23) non arguit omnes sic pronunciasse sed +aliquos: & cum ex hac occasione magna in re literaria +sequatur perturbatio omnibus omnia pro voluntate et arbitrio +prter consuetudinem commouentibus, quod in bene constituta +rep. ferendum non fuit, malum prterea exemplum ditur ad +alia grauiora. Alioqui non magni referret utro modo +pronunciaretur, cum discrimen nullum est vit atqu +sanguinis, nulla iactura virtutis et rei, sed inanis +spiritus et anhelitus qu res est nihili. In istis +spiritibus non est cur quis velit seri spiritum suum +consumere, tam est res exilis atqu vana. Optandum igitur +ut cum quieta iam sint omnia, et consensu hominum uniuersali +paucis tantm exceptis confirmata vetus pronunciatio, +persequamur eam, curemusque ne perturbetur. Nam ut innouemus +nulla facit rei magnitudo ut dixi. Omnes enim vident quam +sit leuis et ridicula, nequ ut tantos motus excitemus ulla +fecit necessitas, sed hominum quorundam vanitas, dum quiuis +studeat nou rei nouus author haberi. + + * * * * * + * * * * + +Errors and Anomalies noted by transcriber: + + _pulchr_, _vit_ [comma missing] + plus in aliena lingua sapiens [[sapiemus?]] qum ipsa gens + [_sidenote printed as shown, with brackets and question mark: + added by 1912 editor?_] + vel +i+psilon ferendum fuit [_printed as shown, with initial iota_] + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of De Pronunciatione Graecae & Latinae +Linguae, by John Caius + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DE PRONUNCIATIONE GRAECAE *** + +***** This file should be named 26570-8.txt or 26570-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/6/5/7/26570/ + +Produced by Louise Hope + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/26570-8.zip b/26570-8.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..3175ace --- /dev/null +++ b/26570-8.zip diff --git a/26570-h.zip b/26570-h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..328fe64 --- /dev/null +++ b/26570-h.zip diff --git a/26570-h/26570-h.htm b/26570-h/26570-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..df5e687 --- /dev/null +++ b/26570-h/26570-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,1200 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> +<html> +<head> +<title>De Pronunciatione Graecae et Latinae Linguae</title> +<meta http-equiv = "Content-Type" content = "text/html; charset=UTF-8"> + +<style type = "text/css"> + +body {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} +div.maintext {margin: 2.5em 10% 4em 0;} + +hr {width: 80%; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; +text-align: center;} +hr.tiny {width: 20%;} + +h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {text-align: center; font-style: normal; +font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin-top: .5em; +margin-bottom: .5em;} + +h1 {font-size: 250%;} +h1 span.extended {letter-spacing: .6em;} +h2 {font-size: 200%;} +h3 {font-size: 150%;} +h4 {font-size: 120%;} +h4.hanging {text-align: left; margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;} +h5 {font-size: 100%;} +h6 {font-size: 85%;} + +p {text-align: left; margin-top: .5em; margin-bottom: 0em; +line-height: 1.2;} + +p.illustration {text-align: center; margin-top: 3em; +margin-bottom: 3em;} +p.inset {margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em;} + +div.center {text-align: center;} + +table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;} +td {vertical-align: top;} + +/* sidenotes */ + +span.sidenote {float: right; clear: right; margin-right: -20%; +width: 15%; padding-left: 1em; font-size: 88%;} + + +/* text formatting */ + +.extended {letter-spacing: .2em;} + +/* greek translit */ + +span.greek {border-bottom: none;} + +ins.correction {text-decoration: none; border-bottom: thin dotted red;} + +span.pagenum {position: absolute; right: 2%; font-size: 90%; +font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; text-align: right; +text-indent: 0em;} +span.pagenum.orig {left: 2%; text-align: left;} + +div.mynote {background-color: #DDE; color: #000; +font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 90%; margin: 1em 5%; +padding: .5em 1em 1em;} +div.mynote a {text-decoration: none;} + +</style> +</head> + +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of De Pronunciatione Graecae & Latinae Linguae, by +John Caius + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: De Pronunciatione Graecae & Latinae Linguae + De Pronuntiatione Graecae et Latinae Linguae + +Author: John Caius + +Editor: E. S. Roberts + +Release Date: September 11, 2008 [EBook #26570] + +Language: Latin + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DE PRONUNCIATIONE GRAECAE *** + + + + +Produced by Louise Hope + + + + + +</pre> + + +<div class = "mynote"> +<p><a name = "start" id = "start">This text</a> uses UTF-8 (unicode) +file encoding, including a few words of accented Greek:</p> + +<p class = "inset"> +<span class = "greek" title = "limos">λοιμός</span>, +<span class = "greek" title = "limos">λιμός</span> +</p> + +<p>If any of these characters do not display properly, or if the +apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, you +may have an incompatible browser or unavailable fonts. First, make sure +that your browser’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode +(UTF-8). You may also need to change the default font. Transliteration +of all Greek is provided by mouse-hover popups.</p> + +<hr class = "tiny"> + +<p>The text is taken from the 1912 Cambridge edition of Caius’s +<i>Complete Works</i>. The editor’s general introduction says:</p> + +<p class = "inset"> +In this volume no attempt has been made to produce a facsimile reprint. +Even if such a design had been entertained, the great variety of form in +which the original editions were issued would have made it impossible to +carry out the re-issue with any uniformity. Obvious misprints have been +corrected, but where a difference in spelling in the same work or on the +same page—<i>e.g. baccalarius</i>, <i>baccalaureus</i>—is +clearly due to the varying practice of the writer and not to the +printer, the words have been left as they stood in the original. On the +other hand the accents in the very numerous Greek quotations have been +corrected.</p> + +<p>Numbers in the right margin mark the pagination of this 1912 edition. +Numbers in parentheses—here shown in the left margin—were +printed in the gutter; they probably represent pages or leaves in the +1574 original. The illustration is taken from the same volume, though +not the present text.</p> +</div> + + +<div class = "center"> +<table summary = "centered text"> +<tr><td> +<h2 class = "extended">IOANNIS CAII</h2> + +<h1><span class = "extended">ANGL</span>I,</h1> + +<h5 class = "extended">DE</h5> + +<h4 class = "hanging">Pronunciatione Græcæ & Latinæ<br> +linguæ cum scriptione nova li-<br> +bellus.</h4> +</td></tr> +</table> +</div> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/caius43.png" width = "302" height = "338" +alt = "Caius in profile"></p> + +<h2 class = "extended">IOANNIS CAII</h2> + +<h1><span class = "extended">ANGL</span>I,</h1> + +<h5 class = "extended">DE</h5> + +<h3>Pronunciatione Græcæ & Latinæ<br> +linguæ, <i>&c.</i></h3> + +<div class = "maintext"> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +Lege lector & iudica.</span> +Scripturus de noua Græcæ & Latinæ linguæ pronunciatione +<span class = "pagenum orig">(3)</span> +& scriptione noua, spero me sine offensione cuiusquam id facturum. +Libera enim regio hæc semper fuit, & liberos in ea oportet esse +homines. Nequè enim quæ soluto animo familiariter scribi consuerunt, +temporibus istis excluduntur: etsi plena grauitatis omnia sunt. Non enim +ad graues aut exercitatos, sed leues & inexercitatos scribo: & +eos ratione & usu doceo, quos nec usus nec longa vita instituit. Cum +essem in Italia graues viros grauiter & cum decoro pronunciantes +audiebam. Cum in Britanniam veneram, nouos viros, nouo quodam +pronunciationis genere omnia personare offendebam. Hîc itaquè sic +cogitabam apud me. Cum nec Romæ, nec in uniuersa Italia, imò verò cum +nequè in Germania, Gallia, neque Belgia, nec alibi gentium, quàm in +nostra Britannia ullum unquam verbum de pronunciatione illa noua, ullauè +mentio aut significatio tum fuit, nouam pronunciationem alibi in usu non +fuisse quàm in Britannia certò scire licet. Nequè ea tamen uniuersa, sed +certo quodam loco, in quo per ea tempora oratores noui imperabant. Sic +tamen hæc refero, ut eos propter literas aliasque virtutes +<span class = "pagenum">4</span> +vehementer amem & suspiciam: propter hæc verò laudem minimè. Cuius +rei alioqui certè me cepisset admiratio, cum & Plautus scribat in +Casina, vetera nouis esse meliora, ideoque sapientiores esse qui utuntur +vino veteri, quàm qui nouo: qui veteres spectent fabulas, quàm qui +nouas: qui vetera opera atquè verba, quàm qui noua: qui usitata, quam +qui insueta: +<span class = "pagenum orig">(4)</span> +qui veteres comœdias, quàm qui nouas: qui veteri denique nummo, quàm +nuper nato. Thus quoque vetus nouo odoratius esse, prouerbio celebratur, +usque adeò ut idem, rem malam, sed notam & usitatam, optimam esse +dicat in Trinummo. Nam quæ noua sunt, etsi optima, tamen propter +insolentiam videntur pessima, & fieri potest ut usu experiaris talia +cum periculo, cum declinare non sit futurum integrum. Etenim sæpè +viatorem noua non vetus orbita fallit. Quare vetustatem suo loco +conseruandam, nouitates, etsi spem meliorum afferant, repudiandas esse +Plautus consulit: nec nouitates nos magis ad inquirendas causas +excitare, quàm magnitudines rerum debere: eosque errores quos rerum +nouitates attulerunt, naturæ ratione depellere oportere M. Tullius +existimat. Sed nostrorum hominum est, semper nouum cribrum, nouo paxillo +primos suspendere, et nouas inducere sectas nouis paradoxis. Quod tamen, +ut non reprehenderim ingenij exercendi causa in tenebris, ita non laudem +certè usus causa in luce: quòd præter consuetudinem patriæ, præsentis +temporis atque hominum sunt. In rebus ciuilibus dico. Nam aliò non +pertinebit oratio mea. Curo enim ut mea omnia nullam habeant publicam +offensionem, sed communem omnibus utilitatem. Quod si gaudeas +excogitasse quod prosit, certè hic non est gaudendum tibi, obest enim +magis quàm prodest, ut mox ostendam. Sed omnes obstrepunt. Quid solus +ergo contendis? Si irrident quid pergis delirare? Quid solus sapis? Sed +author es eius rei. O gloriosam rem, inuentorem esse inanium rerum? +tranquillitatis literariæ perturbatorem esse? quem nec Galli, nec Itali, +nec ipsi Græci commendant: nec alius quisquam præter imperitum rerum +iuuenem aut temerarium adolescentem, cui istam persuasionem in principio +per fraudem instillaueris alioqui non probaturo, imponens imperitæ turbæ +<span class = "pagenum orig">(5)</span> +<span class = "pagenum">5</span> +adolescentum, cui vix literæ sunt, & multò minus iudicium. De qua re +tamen multum forsan gloriaberis tanquam in re prudenter gesta. Iam verò +si magna res non sit utro modo pronuncies, cur interturbas omnia? cur +non intermittis quod leue est, potius quàm castigari grauiter? Si sonus +(res inanis) huius aut illius literæ mulctam indictam habet grandem, cur +non inanitatem potius contemnis, quàm in mulctam incidas? Leuissimis +rebus grauissimas indicere pœnas æquum est, non propter magnitudinem rei +quæ leuis est, sed propter violatum in repub. ordinem receptum iam & +confirmatum, propter contemptum, propter nouitatis exemplum, & +propter temerarium in ea ausum. Nequè hic tanta pretia subesse cernimus, +quamobrem tantas difficultates lubenter subiremus, etsi in alijs +difficilia quæ pulchra. Licèt enim optima quæque & inuentu & +conseruatu difficilia obseruentur, non tamen quæ non facilè inueniuntur +& conseruantur statim optima reputantur, in quo genere ista tua est +(si dijs placet) pronunciatio. Sed antiquitatem obijcis. Antiquata esse +fatebor certè, antiqua videri non fatebor. Nam Aulus Gellius author +grauis, antiquata & desita omnia, à multis sæculis in usum +reuocata etsi vetusta sunt, videri tamen noua sapienter censuit. Etsi +antiqua videantur, per hominum errorem id quidem contigit, ignorantium +cuiusquam rei proprietatem. Sallustius præsentium rerum retinentissimus +semper consuetudini cessit. Ælius Gallus atque Cicero noua perpetuò +fugiebant, adeò ut nouissimus & nouissimè haud libenter usi sunt. +Gellius reprehendit eos qui obsoleta in usum reuocant. Phauorinus +Philosophus nouitatis hostis, adolescentem inusitatorum studiosum, +acriter corripuit, dicens: Curius & Fabritius +<span class = "pagenum orig">(6)</span> +dilucidè cum suis fabulati sunt, neque Auruncorum, Sicanorum aut +Pelasgorum (qui primi Italiam incoluisse leguntur) sed ætatis suæ verbis +locuti sunt: tu verò perindè quasi cum matre Euandri nunc loquaris +verbis iam olim desitis uteris. Quod si intelligi non vis quæ loqueris, +non hoc abundè consequeris tacens? quasi satius esset non loqui quàm non +intelligi. Demonax quoque philosophus idem faciebat. Quum enim à quopiam +quæsiuisset aliquid, atque +<span class = "pagenum">6</span> +ille verbis obsoletis atquè priscis responderet. Ego (inquit) amice te +nunc percontor: at tu perinde respondes quasi regnaret Agamemnon. +Sorbona etiam (quam Robertus Sorbona, non Caroli imperatoris frater +Theologis Lutetiæ instituerat) aliquot Raimundi Lullij opera reiecit, +quòd vetustis vocabulis iamdiu receptis & usitatis reiectis, noua +infulserit. Crassus Sulpitium arguebat, quòd tollendo .i. literam de +diphthongo ei, non antiques oratores, sed rusticos messores videretur +imitari, ut est apud M. Tullium 3. de oratore. Catullus Arcij +hinsidias atque chommoda deridebat: quid facturus si Quinctilianos atquè +Quinctios, ut nunc loquuntur atque scribunt, Chicherones atque Quinctos, +Kikerones & Kicherones, pecuniam & peguniam, coilum chœlum & +cœlum, cernos & chernos, discipulos & dischipulos iam audiret: +quibus multi hodiè utuntur loquendo & scribendo, sermonis atque +scriptionis vitia imitati, non virtutes consecuti. Ad hæc Lacedæmonij +quòd simplicia atque consueta placuerunt, Terpandrum præstantissimum +Citharædum mulctasse dicuntur, quòd unam solam chordam præter +necessitatem intendisset. Ad extremum Romani, rhetores Latinos & +philosophos edicto urbe Roma pepulerunt, quòd nouum genus disciplinæ +instituerunt. Noua enim Romanis, viris certè in omni re sapientibus quæ +præter consuetudinem & morem maiorum +<span class = "pagenum orig">(7)</span> +suorum illata sunt, neque placuerunt, neque recta videbantur. Eam ob rem +M. Cicero in oratione contra Catelinam refert, Seruilium Halam, +Sp. Melium nouis rebus studentem sua manu occidisse. Nihil enim +periculosius in usu vitæ esse rebantur, quàm veteribus relictis ad noua +deuolare. Nam inconstantia magnam ipsa in se leuitatem habet, subitaque +consuetudinis, & usus commutatio, plena maximarum rerum Cic. de +offensione est. +<span class = "sidenote"> +Cic. de senect.</span> +Quamobrem sapienter M. Cato, qui Appium senect. cæcum laudat, quòd +vigebat in eius domo patrius mos & disciplina. Sapienter veteres, +qui legibus antiquis, opsonijs verò recentibus utendum censuerunt. +Sapienter & Iurisconsulti, qui nihil temerè innouandum nisi euidens +ratio postulauerit, præcipiunt. Hinc factum existimem, ut scholæ iuris +nostri publici nullo modo adduci possunt, ut relinquant +<span class = "pagenum">7</span> +suum <i>octabis</i>: nec scholæ quædam Academicæ ut deficiant à suis +sotulis, cum artium magisterio initiandi sunt: aut ocreis, cum SS. +Theologiæ Doctoratus gradu insigniendi sunt: aut ouis vario modo +præparatis cum in determinationibus Bacchalaurei nouitij, seniores sui +gradus conuiuijs excipiant: nec in disputationibus, sedentibus +disputatoribus, ut auditores humi non procumbant, fusi per densum +substratum iuncum: nec ut caputium patientiamque quam vocant stamineam +(peculiare gestamen collegis Hispanorum Collegij apud Bononienses) +deponant Hispani Bononiensis Academiæ. Quos omnes laudo equidem, quod +leuibus momentis non impellantur huc atque illuc inconstanter, nec a +veteri sua consuetudine auellantur desciscantque facilè: ut nonnullæ +solent Academiæ in quibus leuitas iuuenilis magna paruis, quadrata +rotundis, & formas formis mutat imprudenter admodum, nullo seruato +ordine, nulla +<span class = "pagenum orig">(8)</span> +consuetudine aut grauitate. Certè mihi videntur illi planè cuculi atque +oues, qui eos, qui ut homines pronunciare iamdiu usi sunt, abolitis +cuculorum atque ouium vocibus, eodem reuocare velint, atque ex obscuris +ænigmatibus & antiquis cum difficultate discere studeant, quæ viua +vox, certus præsensque usus cum facilitate clarè possunt docere. +Synesius Cyrenensis in laudatione Caluicij, & Lacedæmonij in +legibus, grauiora suadent in eos qui præter consuetudinem patriæ aliquid +intulerunt: puta cicutam, & suspendium. Etenim Synesius eos qui +præter consuetudinem patriæ aliquid innouarant cicuta dignos existimat, +quod rudes & indocti absurdarum opinionum fautores esse consuerunt, +existimans cum prouerbio: Superiorum temporum omnia meliora, quòd & +usu confirmata sunt, & pace tranquilla, cuius & vox dulcis et +res ipsa salutaris est. Lacedæmonij verò usque adeò formidabant rerum +nouitates, atque etiam ad earum recordationem tantopere inhorrescebant, +ut lege lata sanciuerint, ne quis innouare quicquam auderet, qui chorda +è collo suspensa prius non prodiret, ut si de nouitate consilium parum +placeret, audaciæ suæ pœnas daret. Etenim euentus varios res noua semper +habet, ut Cornelius Gallus scribit, & magna ex parte periculosos: +sic ut siue vi imperare +<span class = "pagenum">8</span> +velis hanc pronunciationem nouam, siue stultitiæ blandimentis iuuentuti +instillare, importunum hac ætate facis, mouere quæ stabilita sunt, cum +præsertim omnium rerum mutationes cædem, fugam, aliaque hostilia (ut +Sallustius ait) portendant. +<span class = "sidenote"> +In bello Iugurth. fol. 35.</span> +Usque in ciuilibus consisto, omnia enim secundum materiam subiectam +intelligo. Ex quibus scire licet nequè antiquata in usum esse reuocanda, +neque noua esse amplectenda, neque extra publicam viam esse +deflectendum, sed cum +<span class = "pagenum orig">(9)</span> +pronunciationis antiquitas euanuerit (si aliter olim pronunciarunt quàm +hodiè nos proferimus) usum scientiamque præstare nos debere eius, qua +præsentes utimur: uti docti viri solent, qui scientiam sibi reseruant, +usum autem loquendi populo concedunt, qui loquendum ut multi, sentiendum +ut pauci sapienter præcipiunt, nec immutandum quicquam inconstanter +censent: nec mouenda esse rerum nouitatibus quæ bene constituta et +confirmata sunt existimant, etsi vetustatis speciem sibi induant. Etenim +non est quamobrem in hac benè confirmata repub. literaria quis velit iam +dicere, ore sanè agresti atque rudi, <i>queis</i> pro <i>quibus</i>, nec +<i>veias</i> pro <i>vias</i>, nec <i>olli</i> pro <i>illi</i>, +<i>mareito</i> pro <i>marito</i>, nec <i>maxumè</i> pro <i>maximè</i>, +nec <i>sueuerat</i> pro <i>consueuerat</i>, nec <i>deico</i>, +<i>eidus</i>, <i>pulchrai</i>, <i>veitæ</i>, <i>ubei</i>, <i>quei</i>, +<i>heic</i>, <i>fœminai</i>, <i>suom</i>, <i>deilexit</i>, +<i>horunc</i>, <i>abei</i>, <i>erodita</i>, <i>pictai</i>, <i>aulai</i>, +<i>nepai</i>, quæ iam obsoleuerunt, & repetita molesta sunt, & +interturbant omnia, pro <i>dico</i>, <i>idus</i>, <i>pulchræ</i><ins +class = "correction" title = "comma missing">, </ins><i>vitæ</i>, +<i>ubi</i>, <i>qui</i>, <i>hic</i>, <i>fœminæ</i>, <i>suum</i>, +<i>dilexit</i>, <i>hunc</i>, <i>abi</i>, <i>erudita</i>, <i>pictæ</i>, +<i>aulæ</i>, <i>nepæ</i>, ut nec multa alia propter carminis +necessitatem, aut alijs propter affectationem, non propter meliorem +scribendi aut pronunciandi rationem usitata. Nequè enim propter +insolentiam aures eruditorum hæc ferre possent, nisi quod Poetis libero +hominum generi propter eorum ligatam orationem semper fuit potestas +quidlibet audendi. Exit in immensum facunda licentia vatum: inquit +Ouidius: Obligat historica nec sua verba fide. Hinc apud eos, Tmolus +habet aures, saltant quercus, aues loquuntur, et saxa fiunt homines. +Utuntur tamen hodiè haud dissimili pronunciandi genere, quod Borealismum +seu Scotismum nominamus (quemadmodum Alcibiades Labdacismo) quia +Borealibus Anglis (quos Calidonios Britannos Lucanus vocat) atquè Scotis +<span class = "pagenum orig">(10)</span> +<span class = "pagenum">9</span> +vicinis est in usu, dum <i>saibai</i>, <i>taibai</i>, <i>vaita</i>, +<i>aita</i> dicant, cum <i>sibi</i>, <i>tibi</i>, <i>vita</i>, +<i>ita</i>, pronunciandum sit. Mordicus tamen retinent non ratione sed +pertinacia, & petulantia: etsi australibus Anglis ita vulgo +contemnitur hoc pronunciationis genus, ut Phaliscis seu Thuscis +Bergomense apud Italos. Est enim rudis & inconditi vulgi, quibus ut +est decorum patrio more loqui: ita australibus Anglis valdè indecorum +alio uti quàm suo. Licet tamen hic contemplari iudicium iuuentutis, quæ +vitia pro virtutibus amplectitur, ut solet vulgus Aulicorum, qui +camisias crispatas, & cothurnos coriaceos inducunt ornamenti causa, +qui principio causa contegendi crura, & colla morbida, ad +quotidianum usum sunt inuenta. Nam olim & nostra memoria cum sana +essent omnia, nec cothurnis utebantur, & denudata virorum colla +erant ad pectus, & pectora expapillata (ut Plauti verbo utar) atquè +ad papillam denudata, etiam brumali tempore. Sed hæc obiter de +Borealismo. Ad diphthongos iam paucis venio. De quibus etiam +Iurisconsulti aliter sentiunt, quàm noui isti pronunciationis authores. +Theophilus enim Antecessor cum vellet uti aliena lingua, non <span class += "greek" title = "praïtôr">πραϊτωρ</span> dixit diuisa diphthongo, sed +<span class = "greek" title = "praitôr">πραιτωρ</span> & prætores, +unita. Cuius rei non alium magistrum, quàm eius temporis usum reor: qui +& ad nostrum usque promanarit, & per omnem orbem disseminatus +& receptus est. Quod si non lubenter ferant, quin diphthongorum +omnes literas suis sonis ipsi exprimant, contra quàm vult receptus usus, +quod voluntatis & petulantiæ error est, non necessitatis, at saltem +alijs permittant ut in sua etiam sit voluntate sine reprehensione, +veteri & recepto more pronunciare, maximè quod multi errores +reperiantur apud authores (ut aiunt) ex diphthongis resolutis in +simplices +<span class = "pagenum orig">(11)</span> +literas. Noui tamen isti homines nescio quam commoditatem puerilem in +docendo, pueris manare ex hac sua pronunciatione dicunt. Quasi verò +Græcorum pueri, & qui hodiè utuntur veteri pronunciatione, linguam +Græcam discere, sonare, & intelligere veteri illa nequiuissent, aut +si quiuissent, non ita tamen commodè. Scilicet. Equidem puerile magis +existimo quàm virile, puerileque esse argumentum puto. Nam si commodior +ratio sit, (ut ita dem) non tamen vetustior +<span class = "pagenum">10</span> +est, quæ res in controuersia est, minusque arguit veteres sic +pronunciasse, nec esse puerorum causa immutanda omnia aut subuertenda +censeo. Id enim experimento didici, varietatem pronunciandi mutuum +commercium & societatem hominum rerumque intellectum summouere: +discordémque hanc pronunciationem sermonis commercio nunquam +contracturam ad colloquia. Nequè enim Græcus Patriarcha cum istic +regnante Edwardo sexto Londini esset, Checum, nec Checus Patriarcham +intellexit: hic nouo, ille ueteri pronunciandi modo usus: quo omnes +Græci adhuc utebantur cum ego essem Venetijs, tum è Cathedra Græcas +literas profitendo, tum in templis sacra celebrando. Audiebam enim data +opera sæpius. At si ego tacerem norit Oxoniensis schola, quemadmodum +ipsa Græcia pronunciarit, ex Matthæo Calphurnio Græco, quem ex Græcia +Oxonium Græcarum literarum gratia produxerat Thomas Wolsæus, de bonis +literis optimè meritus Cardinalis, cum non alia ratione pronunciarit +ille, quàm qua nos iam profitemur. Id si ita sit, nos Britanni docebimus +ipsos Græcos in ipsa Græcia oriundos sua verba sonare? suas voces atque +literas pronunciare? & plus in aliena lingua sapiens +<span class = "sidenote"> +<ins class = "correction" title = "brackets and question mark in original: +sidenote added by 1912 editor?">[sapiemus?]</ins></span> +quàm ipsa gens atquè natio, cui lingua Græca familiaris atque etiam +vulgaris est, & successione temporum continuata, tanquam per manus +esset tradita? +<span class = "pagenum orig">(12)</span> +Nemo qui Gallicè velit discere, ex Anglo petet, si sapiat, nec contra: +nec qui Italicè, ex Germano, sed ex sua quæque gente sunt discenda. At +si pueris instituendis prodesse posset, uti aiunt, usu publico posset, +ut cum alijs usu conueniant in sermone ad intellectum. Nam si doceas +quod usui publico esse non possit, quorsum doctrinam? Cogetur qui +didicit dedidicisse, & eum pronunciandi modum discere qui in usu +est, ut eo utatur cum in publicum prodierit, cum inter homines versatus +fuerit, & cum in theatrum doctorum venerit: nisi velit haberi +ineptus et ridiculum caput omnibus. Et qui docebit quoque ad istum +modum, duplicabit operam & mercedem, uti Fabius Quintilianus +scribit, tum ut prioris obliuisci instituat, tum ut insequentis +pronunciationis rationem ostendat, discentis incommodo & labore +graui, & temporis & compendij iactura grauiori, quæ rectius in +principio potuissent +<span class = "pagenum">11</span> +collocari in meliores usus. At ad usum publicum profuerit minimè. Nam +priuata hæc pronunciatio paucorum tantum hominum in Britannia est, & +eorum iuuenum, alibi minimè recepta gentium. Sed hij pauci sic +pronunciant, ut se mutuò intelligant, dices. At orbis uniuersus non est +ista paucitas. Nec paucis priuato loco atque usui doctrina constituitur, +sed publico & uniuerso, ut inter homines cuiusque regionis cum laude +linguæ, & ingenij gloria verseris. Quamobrem ne docendo quidem, ullo +modo ad usum publicum conducet ista noua pronunciatio. Hactenus ergo +vetus illa pronunciatio nihil prohibuit, quin & rectè loquerentur +homines, & per orbem uniuersum intelligerentur, sic ut non sit opus +noua. Sed ita pronunciandum sentis ut discernas inter voces, inter +vocales & diphthongos. Quasi verò usu, doctrina, sensu, +<span class = "pagenum orig">(13)</span> +accentu, genere, quantitate, numero & casu nihil comprehendi, nihil +discerni possit, nisi demittamus nos, descendamusque ad puerilem legendi +simplicitatem, ac plenis buccis proferamus satis rusticè, <span class = +"greek" title = "Phoïbos">Φοϊβος</span>, <i>toutois</i>, <i>cai</i>, +<i>lobois</i>, <i>mousais</i>, <i>basilews</i>, <i>epeiros</i>, +<i>tuptomai</i>, <i>chreia</i>, <i>chresimos</i>, <i>apophugen</i>, +<i>husteron</i>, <i>kibdes</i>, <i>cuclops</i>, <i>korakeion</i>, +<i>lewcon</i>, <i>hippewein</i>, <i>wyos</i>, <i>pais</i>, & hoc +genus alia: pro <i>phœbus</i>, <i>toutis</i>, (veteri more) <i>cha</i>, +<i>louis</i>, <i>musæs</i>, <i>vasileus</i>, <i>epirus</i>, +<i>typtomæ</i>, <i>chria</i>, <i>chrisimos</i>, <i>apophygen</i>, +<i>ysteron</i>, <i>cibdis</i>, <i>cyclops</i>, <i>coracion</i>, +<i>leucon</i>, <i>yppewin</i>, <i>yios</i>, <i>pæs</i>, unde pædotriba, +non paidotriba: aut quasi nihil aliud esset quo dijudicaremus inter +parere pro parturire, & parêre pro obedire in isto versu. Fœmina +vult parere, sed non parêre lubenter, nisi crassa pronunciatio: eadem +penè nota qua <span class = "greek" title = "loimos">λοιμός</span> & +<span class = "greek" title = "limos">λιμός</span> in pronunciatione, +non tamen in scriptione. Nam inter λοιμος & λιμος in scribendo +manifesta est differentia. Apollo tamen videtur limos dixisse & +pronunciasse veteri Græcorum more, alioqui nulla fuisset dubitatio in +oraculo. Certè antiqui <i>Achilles</i>, <i>Tydes</i>, <i>Theses</i>, +& <i>Ulisses</i> dicebant, non <i>Achillews</i>, <i>Tudeus</i>, +<i>Thesews</i>, et <i>Ulussews</i> quemadmodum recentes: uti ex eorum +& interpretum libris ea adhuc referentibus scire licet. Quod si olim +Græci eo quo recentes isti modo crassius, durius, & asperius +pronunciarunt, (quod acerrimè isti defendunt, cum dicunt Græcos) etiam +tum Græci erant Barbari, cum ex +<span class = "pagenum">12</span> +omnibus gentibus soli non habebantur Barbari. Barbari enim ab initio +dicti sunt (ut inquit Strabo) qui crassè, difficulter, asperè atque +duriter loquebantur: in quorum genere fuerunt omnes gentes præter +Græcos: à quibus postea (corrupta Græcia) barbara ea appellatio ad +omnes præter +<span class = "pagenum orig">(14)</span> +Latinos translata est, quòd mitiorem linguam & isti habebant et +magis cultam. Si quis tamen ex Latinis esset qui non rectè verba +proferebat, barbarè loqui etiam ille dicebatur. Sed pergo. An sapientem +Hebræum putares, si puerorum causa renunciata omnino perfecta illa & +absoluta sine punctis legendi ratione, ad punctorum rationem et +simplicitatem in uniuersum deficiat? An non omnes tanquam infantem & +ineptum dicerent? Nisi velit primùm suos Tyrones per punctos ad +lectionem introducere, ac tum ad absolutam illam legendi rationem sine +punctis traducere: quod laboriosum esset geminique operis. Rursus an +sapientem Gallum qui rudiorum causa velit rudius pronunciare, & +aliter quàm vulgus Gallorum solet, & eas literas in voces inserere, +quas usus excludit. Doctos enim docta decent, indoctos formare possunt +docti pro arbitrio, seorsim, sine uniuersitatis dissolutione, & ita +instituere prout optimum cuique videbitur, modò non deficiant à +consuetis, nec in dicendo & scribendo nouas turbas excitent, noua +dogmata non introducant cum reipub. literariæ inquietudine, & +personarum offensione. Ut si quis vellet docere priuatim legendum +<i>homo</i> non <i>omo</i>, & <i>hupsilon</i> non <i>ypsilon</i>, +vel <ins class = "correction" +title = "printed as shown, with initial iota (i)">ἱpsilon</ins> ferendum +fuit, modò doceat admonendi non utendi causa (ut prudentes solent qui +(ut dixi) scientiam sibi seruant, usu autem ut populus loquuntur) quod +h. non sit litera, sic ut faciat vocem ut vocalis, aut liquescat ut +liquida, aut consonet ut consonans, aut mutet ut muta, sed aspiret +tantùm ut spiritus, ac ventus leuis sine voce. Eam ob causam apud +scriptores veteres, leges <i>ydropisis</i>, <i>termæ</i>, <i>Batonia</i> +& <i>Iuernia</i>, pro <i>hydropisis</i>, <i>thermæ</i>, +<i>Bathonia</i> & <i>Hybernia</i>, uti in libro nostro de thermis +Britannicis, et Symphonia vocum Britannicarum annotauimus. Istas tamen +<span class = "pagenum orig">(15)</span> +ineptias Deus bone, quàm mordicus retinent noui isti et defendunt (ut +sibi quidem videntur) pertinaciter, cum nullo tamen modo iustis +rationibus possint. Iuuenes si hîc +<span class = "pagenum">13</span> +ineptirent solùm duce iuuene, ferendum fuit. Iam verò cum audiam senes +delirare hijs ineptijs, quid intollerabilius? Nam hos iudicium, ratio, +& experientia doceret. Præterea in senecta ætate ludere par impar, +equitare in arundine longa, quouis vento agitari, nihilquè constantis +hominis habere indecorum est. Cicero in Bruto notat ætatem quæ ante se +fuit, in qua Ennius, Liuius, & L. Sisenna erant, quorum stilus +erat (ut ille ait) horridior, nec dum perfectè loquebantur. Sua autem +ætate unctior & splendidior consuetudo loquendi fuit. Et quamuis +(inquit) L. Sisenna facilè omnes vincat superiores, indicat tamen +quantùm absit a summo. Nam usus est aliquando veteribus verbis, & ab +usu perfecto, & auribus eruditis remotis. Rectè enim loqui putabant +esse, inusitatè loqui. Idem eodem in Bruto nimiam vetustatem explodendam +monet. Sed nimia (inquit) vetustas nec habet eam quam quærimus +summitatem, nec est sanè tolerabilis. Ego igitur hortator essem, ut a +suscepta hac nuper (si omnino suscepta fuit) desitáque olim +pronunciatione desistant, qui utuntur: si non propter has quas ante +retuli causas, at certè propter hæc quod eadem pronunciatione +honestissima verba turpissimè sonent, ut <i>ascitum</i> & +<i>asciscunt</i> apud nostros. Etenim in harum vocum prima, si c. +proferas ut ch. & in secunda utrumque c. ut k. more nouo, utrumque +vocabulum tanta turpitudine proferetur, quanta non sinit verecundia mea +explicare. Quamobrem malui rem tacita cogitatione præterire, quàm +dilucidius patefacere: cupio enim rebus adesse nomina, sed non nominibus +pudorem. Sed +<span class = "pagenum orig">(16)</span> +superciliosorum Grammaticorum maximè culpa hæc pronunciatio Latina +introducta est, cùm nescio qua æmulatione alter alterum nouitate aliqua +studeat superare. Id quod exemplo cuiusdam amici adhuc viuentis, qui in +schola Paulina atquè item Antonina Londini educatus iam olim est, +didici. Etenim cum in ludo literario diui Pauli erat, docebatur sonare +docheo pro doceo: cum in scholam S. Anthonij idem venerat, iussum +est proferre dokeo pro doceo: nullo planè discentium commodo, sed ne +docentium quidem: tantùm inseruitum est istorum libidini quorum +præceptum id erat, pronunciationis vitio, & pubertatis incommodo. +Itaque imponendus modus +<span class = "pagenum">14</span> +est, alioqui nullus futurus finis est, hoc isto, illo alio modo verba +proferente atquè scribente. Nam & in scriptione quoque noua ratio +hodie proponitur. Sed nemo (quod sciam) usquè adeò desipuit hactenus ut +sequi vellet, ne author quidem eius. Neque enim cæcum ducem, nequè +amentem consultorem. Quod si quis vellet, at constituenda illi schola +noua scribendi & legendi fuit, dediscendáque quæ didicit omnia, +& innouanda omnia omni populo, euersis quibus hactenus usi sumus +omnibus: usquè adeò mobilia sunt hodiè hominum ingenia in istis nugis, +ut nihil fixum, nihil in perpetuum constitutum habeant. Nec unum nugandi +genus est in scribendo, sed diuersum, hic uno, ille altero usus modo: +hic nouam literarum formam & pronunciationem commentus, ille +alteram: & eas ineptas sanè et insulsas, etiam simplicibus +mulierculis. Non est tamen tam stupidus quisquam, aut impudens & +insulsus rei alicuius nouæ author, qui non sit habiturus suæ stultitiæ +fautores et sectatores, vel homines adolescentes, vel stultam +plebeculam: at grauem virum cui sit iudicium, ne unum quidem. Nisi si +fortè +<span class = "pagenum orig">(17)</span> +ingenij sui ostentandi causa hoc fecerint, ut Isocrates laudando +Busyrim, Libanius Thersitem, Lucianus Muscam, Quartanam Fauorinus, +Caluiciem Synesius Cyrenensis, Comam Dion Chrysostomus, & nostri +sæculi Cornelius Agrippa scribendo de vanitate scientiarum libellum: +Copernicus de motu terræ & statione cœli volumen: et Erasmus +Rhoterodamus de febre & Phalarismo libellos. Nam rhetores subinde +animi causa solent tractare materias <span class = "greek" title = +"adoxous">ἀδόξους</span>, & exercendi gratia argumentum infame +declarare. Ita si de pronunciatione noua & scriptione noua +sensissent noui isti authores, & cum præfatione sensus sui hoc esse +suum commentum dicerent, non ad usum atque professionem, sed ad ingenij +gloriam & exercitium, æquior essem, amplectererque certè lubens. +Alioqui videant illi, quàm nihil aliud quàm suam traducant infantiam, +nec esse consecuturos aliquando ut grauia ingenia flectant ad suas +nænias. Reliqua si sequacia fuerint, quæ gloria erit? Mallem unum grauem +virum consentientem mihi mille iuuenibus: ut quibus nec dum per ætatem +confirmatus animus est, nec maturum +<span class = "pagenum">15</span> +iudicium, nec usu experimentum, etsi grauissimè de se sentiant: cum +tamen vestitu, gestu, & oratione longè se ostendant alios, ut in +lib. 1 de Antiquitate Cant. Academiæ plenius diximus. Nam ut in +vijs peregrinus, sic in rebus imperitus. Certè istis nouitatibus, istis +modis, nihil aliud quàm sterilis labor, sterilísque difficultas sequitur +in promendo cum multorum risu: quòd ea rustica sit et simplex, parum +condita et delicata, affectatione quadam ineptè acquisita, nec erudite +ore digna: denique quòd doctas aures vehementer offendit, ingrata planè +& odiosa omnibus, præterquam nouitatis studiosis. Nam suauitatis in +sermone politiores scriptores semper fuerunt obseruantissimi. Siquidem +maior ratio apud eos euphoniæ fuit, quàm disciplina +<span class = "pagenum orig">(18)</span> +regulæ. Hinc Græci angelos phormingos, & papæ proferre, præcepto +usuque imperarunt, cum <span class = "greek" title = +"angelos">ἄγγελος</span>, <span class = "greek" title = +"phormingos">φόρμιγγος</span>, & <span class = "greek" title = +"Babai">Βαβαὶ</span> rudius proferendum alioqui fuit: et Romani +<i>dingnum</i> cum <i>dignum</i>, <i>pungnum</i> cum <i>pugnum</i>, +& <i>mangnum</i> cum <i>magnum</i> sit dicendum: ut mitigetur +pronunciationis difficultas, & euitetur soni vitium, quod Græci +<span class = "greek" title = "kakophônian">κακοφωνίαν</span> dicunt. +Quin & Itali Romanorum soboles eadem de causa id pronunciandi genus +adhuc obseruant, qui ne magnum dicant duriter, maignum sonant molliter: +et dingnum, ne dignum. Britanni quoque atquè Galli Romanorum æmuli, ne +magnum dicant, main proferunt, ut <i>Charles le main</i>, Carolus +magnus: <i>le main see</i>, magnum mare: et in alearum usu, <i>the main +chaunce</i>, sors magna: ac pro <i>est</i>, et, elisa .s. litera. Eadem +suauitatis ratione ijdem omnes B. per v. in Græcis & Latinis +dictionibus efferunt: et pro <span class = "greek" title = +"bikiou">βικίου</span> (id est <span class = "greek" title = +"aphakês">ἀφακῆς</span>) vitia, et pro Bienna Vienna, & pro <span +class = "greek" title = "biktora">βίκτορα</span> victorem: & pro +Abellana Auellana, non è contra dicunt. Et in vetustioribus Græcorum +codicibus manuscriptis rarò videbis b. literam, sed eius loco +characterem v. latinæ literæ similem. Latini quoque vetustiores, +Vetonica pro Betonica dicunt, inter quos est Apuleius: et <i>Iuernia</i> +pro <i>Hibernia</i>, et <i>lauoro</i> pro <i>laboro</i>, et <i>terra de +Lauoro</i>, pro Laboriæ, (quo verbo Plinius utitur) quæ pars est Italiæ. +Hos si damnes, utere licentia pro me, & in usum quoque reuocato si +libet, <i>appludam</i> et <i>floces vini</i>, pro furfuraceo pane, et +fæcibus vini: +<span class = "pagenum">16</span> +Dubenum pro Domino, Bubsequam, Bouinatorem, et manticulatorem quoque, +pro Bubulco, conuiciatore, et clanculario fure, seu versuto: ut habet +Festus Pompeius, Pacuuius, et Aulus Gellius: et hoc genus obsoleta et +inusitata omnia, quod nemo sanæ mentis faciet. Sin probes, à nouo +illo pronunciationis genere vel horum exemplo desiste. Illud in +<span class = "pagenum orig">(19)</span> +uniuersum te scire expedit, pronunciationis rationem dicendi rationi +esse simillimam, quæ in medio posita (ut ait Cicero de Oratore) communi +quodam in usu atquè in hominum more et sermone versatur. Nam ut in +cæteris artibus id maximè excellit quod longissimè sit ab imperitorum +intelligentia sensuquè seiunctum, ita in dicendo vitium est vel maximum +à vulgari genere orationis, atquè à consuetudine communis sensus +abhorrere. +<span class = "sidenote"> +De laude Caluicij.</span> +Etenim qui ad populum scribit vel loquitur (ut inquit Synesius) necesse +est illum in opinione popularium esse, et ea fingere, et de hijs +disserere quæ populo grata sunt. Atquè ut histrioni actio, saltatori +motus non quiuis sed certus quidam et laudabilis: sic in pronunciandi et +scribendi genere, certum quoddam et communi usu receptum, non quoduis à +consuetudine alienum et remotum habetur consentaneum. Non enim ea ratio +esse debet apud nos in literis quæ in vestibus, quæ omnibus horis aliæ +penè fiunt et diuersæ, aut materia, aut forma, aut colore, aut omnibus +hijs. Unus enim vultus apud nos odiosus est. Cuius rei gnari non +insolentes Grammatici, quotquot hactenus mihi vidisse contigit, omnes +cum de literarum potestate tractant ita proferendas esse præcipiunt, ut +usus doctorum per omnem reliquum orbem iam olim receperit. Inter quos +Petrus Antesignanus est, homo doctus atque elegans, et Nicholai Clenardi +scholiastes. Is de noua ista pronunciatione ita censet, ut eius authores +curiosos magis existimet, quàm veteris pronunciationis intelligentes: et +eorum rationes vaniores, quàm ut eis adhibenda fides sit: ob idquè +pronunciandum veteri et recepto hactenus usu, existimans eum qui ex +errore imperitæ iuuentutis pendeat, in magnis viris non esse habendum. +Eius verba hæc sunt. Quarta columna, +<span class = "pagenum orig">(20)</span> +&c. elementorum potestatem complectitur, quo pacto scilicet debeant +enunciari, de qua re variæ sunt hodiè & multiplices +<span class = "pagenum">17</span> +Grammaticorum opiniones, dum quidam curiosè nimis ad antiquam +pronunciandi rationem omnia volunt reuocare, cum tamen ipsi prorsus +incerti sunt, quo pacto prisci illi hæc pronunciarunt, & coniecturæ +sunt admodum ieiunæ. Illis itaque non est fides adhibenda, nisi prius +priscorum aliquem ab inferis excitarint. Hæc ille. Et paucis +interpositis, ista subiungit. Qui verò illis (professoribus) +destituuntur, & proprio marte linguam Græcam discere coguntur, +pronuncient elementa Græca more Latinorum Græcis in hac tabula +respondentium. Quæ certè pronunciandi ratio vetus est, & recepta +usu. Huius opinionis quoque olim per iuuentutem (quod ipse noui) erant +isti præceptores noui. Verùm loco stare nesciuerunt, sed gressus +glomerare superbos voluerunt. In ea quoque erat et Thomas Morus, +Linacrus, Lupsetus, & Erasmus, qui in prouerbio, Stultior Morycho, +<span class = "greek" title = "moruxai">μορύξαι</span> transfert Moryxæ, +non moruxai, etsi de pronunciatione multa disputauerat, quæ gloriæ +studio potius, quam usus gratia se scripsisse, ex hijs & alijs locis +scire licet diligenter obseruanti. Paræmium quoque dixit, non paroimium, +et Hippoclidem non Hippocludem in prouerbio: non est curæ Hippoclidi: +& gymnasium non gumnasium, & Sybaritica, Smyrnæ ac Syracusæ, non +Subaritica, Smurne & Suracusai. Longum esset omnes istas vanitates +percensere, vix dies, aut etiam annus sufficeret. Sed quid de recentibus +loquar, cum vetusti Græci & Latini consueta religiosissimè +obseruarunt. Galenus enim homo Græcus, & summi iudicij ac doctrinæ +vir, ut si quis alius sui aut insequentis temporis, lib. 1. operis +sui de Compositione medicamentorum qua parte de modo lauandi lithargyron +& alia metalla scribit, <span class = "greek" title = "tê kratousê +sunêtheia">τῇ κρατούσῃ</span> +<span class = "pagenum orig">(21)</span> +<span class = "greek" title = "tê kratousê sunêtheia">συνηθείᾳ</span> +utendum censet. Etenim cum medici sui temporis recentiores dicebant, +<span class = "greek" title = "emplastron">ἔμπλαστρον</span>, <span +class = "greek" title = "kentrion">κέντριον</span>, <span class = +"greek" title = "kai mêlôtrida">καὶ μηλώτριδα</span> cum <span class = +"greek" title = "rho [letter]">ῥ.</span> in ultima, is eam scribendi +& pronunciandi rationem sequi maluit propter consuetudinem iam tum +receptam & usitatam, quàm <span class = "greek" title = +"emplaston">ἔμπλαστον</span>, <span class = "greek" title = +"kention">κέντιον</span>, & <span class = "greek" title = +"mêlôtida">μηλωτιδα</span> dicere sine <span class = "greek" title = +"rho">ῥ.</span> litera, etsi ab <span class = "greek" title = +"emplattein">ἐμπλάττειν</span>, <span class = "greek" title = +"kentein">κέντειν</span>, <span class = "greek" title = "mêlês te kai +ôtos [both ‘mêlês’ and ‘ôtos’]">μηλής τε καὶ ὠτὸς</span> oriantur, in +quibus <span class = "greek" title = "rho [letter]">ῥ.</span> litera non +est. Tanti erat apud illum consuetudo. Docet etiam eo in libro, quem +contra eos scripsit qui reprehendant solæcismum facientes in sermone, +ipsos quoque Atticos +<span class = "pagenum">18</span> +secutos esse eam quæ in loquendo præualuit consuetudinem. Tradiderunt +item qui ante Galenum fuerunt, docti viri (ut ipse refert) Atticam +linguam varijs modis corruptam atque à proprietate sua viciatam, secutos +tamen esse eam quæ suo tempore inoleuit consuetudinem omnes, qui apud +Græcos ullum præcellentis doctrinæ nomen consecuti sunt, idem refert. +Cum ergo (inquit) in omnibus libris medicinalibus, <span class = "greek" +title = "emplastron">ἔμπλαστρον</span> cum <span class = "greek" title = +"rho">ῥ.</span> scriptum inuenimus, & nos quoque quòd inualuit +consuetudine, in loquendo & scribendo utendum censuimus. Hæc +hactenus Galenus. Eretriensibus quoquè consuetum est <span class = +"greek" title = "rho [letter]">ῥ.</span> pro <span class = "greek" title += "sigma [letter]">σ.</span> proferre, ut <span class = "greek" title = +"sklêrotêr">σκληρότηρ</span> pro <span class = "greek" title = +"sklêrotês">σκληρότης</span>, (unde prouerbium Eretriensium <span class += "greek" title = "rhô">ῥω</span>). Atheniensibus contra, ut <span class += "greek" title = "tharsein">θαρσείν</span> pro <span class = "greek" +title = "tharrhein">θαῤῥεῖν</span>, utrobique si euertas usum, +notaberis, et derideberis. Nec Græci solùm (ut dixi) sed Latini quoquè +hanc secuti sunt consuetudinem. Nam Ciceronis ætate inualuit stator, pro +apparitore seu tabellario, ut ex epistola eius ad Caninium atque Celsum +scire licet: ex Planci quoque ad Ciceronem. At Ulpiani & Iustiniani +temporibus, strator inoleuit in eadem significatione, addita r. litera +in prima syllaba. Secuti tamen sunt eorum temporum morem qui insecuti +sunt Spartiatus in Caracalla, & qui de iure scripserunt præcipui. +Itaque quemadmodum in vocibus atque literis si +<span class = "pagenum orig">(22)</span> +quid innouaueris, reprehenderis, nisi consuetudo uniuersalis patietur, +ita in pronunciatione. Prætereo quemadmodum hodiè quantitates +syllabarum, longas in breues, & breues in longas mutent, faciantque +in muliere secundam longam, et tertiam breuem, cum tamen Ouidius Naso in +hoc versu. Eminet & non est in muliere fides, secundam fecit breuem +& tertiam longam. Et Vergilius: Nux, asinus, mulier simili sunt lege +ligati, hæc tria nil rectè faciunt si verbera cessent. Miror quo tandem +erumpet hæc audacia, ne dicam temeritas. Si quis tamen dissentit & +suo more loqui et pronunciare cupiat, contemptis doctioribus et +uniuersali scriptorum consensu, sua cuique stet voluntas et sententia +per me, suum cuique pulchrum sit. Ego quidem nec ulterius, nec cum +quoquam acrius hac de re contendere studeo, nec bellum Grammaticale +contra quenquam instruo et suscipio (quod tam inane iudico quàm est ipsa +res inanis) sed quid conueniat +<span class = "pagenum">19</span> +tantùm consulo, quidque exteræ nationes in constantia et grauitate sua +permanentes de pronunciatione Græcæ et Latinæ linguæ sentiant, bona fide +explico. Non enim quæsitum hoc est, sed oblatum ex occasione +peregrinationis nostræ per Italian et Germaniam, ut in lib. nostro de +libris proprijs exposuimus. Cum igitur neque seria res sit hæc inepta +pronunciatio, neque ulla causæ magnitudo, nulla necessitas, nulla +commoditas rei atque gloriæ eò nos adegerit, neque plausibilis existat +doctis atquè grauibus, nec recepta Græcis, quid attinet obsoletam eam +reuocare in usum, si modò in usu prius fuit, de quo nondum constat inter +Grammaticos. Adhæc cum pronunciatio hæc noua sit planè rustica, ut ex +Adolpho Mercherio Brugensi scire licet, aut affectata nimium, quod +nostris sensibus certè patet, nec tamen uniuersalem consensum virorum +grauium et doctorum admiserit, id +<span class = "pagenum orig">(23)</span> +non arguit omnes sic pronunciasse sed aliquos: & cum ex hac +occasione magna in re literaria sequatur perturbatio omnibus omnia pro +voluntate et arbitrio præter consuetudinem commouentibus, quod in bene +constituta rep. ferendum non fuit, malum præterea exemplum æditur ad +alia grauiora. Alioqui non magni referret utro modo pronunciaretur, cum +discrimen nullum est vitæ atquè sanguinis, nulla iactura virtutis et +rei, sed inanis spiritus et anhelitus quæ res est nihili. In istis +spiritibus non est cur quis velit seriò spiritum suum consumere, tam est +res exilis atquè vana. Optandum igitur ut cum quieta iam sint omnia, et +consensu hominum uniuersali paucis tantùm exceptis confirmata vetus +pronunciatio, persequamur eam, curemusque ne perturbetur. Nam ut +innouemus nulla facit rei magnitudo ut dixi. Omnes enim vident quam sit +leuis et ridicula, nequè ut tantos motus excitemus ulla fecit +necessitas, sed hominum quorundam vanitas, dum quiuis studeat nouæ rei +nouus author haberi.</p> +</div> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of De Pronunciatione Graecae & Latinae +Linguae, by John Caius + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DE PRONUNCIATIONE GRAECAE *** + +***** This file should be named 26570-h.htm or 26570-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/6/5/7/26570/ + +Produced by Louise Hope + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + + +</pre> + +</body> +</html> diff --git a/26570-h/images/caius43.png b/26570-h/images/caius43.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..8f71653 --- /dev/null +++ b/26570-h/images/caius43.png diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..179a240 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #26570 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/26570) |
