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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of De Pronunciatione Graecae & Latinae Linguae, by 
+John Caius
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: De Pronunciatione Graecae & Latinae Linguae
+       De Pronuntiatione Graecae et Latinae Linguae
+
+Author: John Caius
+
+Editor: E. S. Roberts
+
+Release Date: September 11, 2008 [EBook #26570]
+
+Language: Latin
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DE PRONUNCIATIONE GRAECAE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Louise Hope
+
+
+
+
+[Transcriber’s Note:
+
+This text uses UTF-8 (unicode) file encoding, including a few words of
+accented Greek:
+
+  λοιμός, λιμός
+
+If any of these characters do not display properly, or if the
+apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage,
+make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set
+to Unicode (UTF-8). You may also need to change the default font. As a
+last resort, use the Latin-1 version of the file instead.
+
+The text is taken from the 1912 Cambridge edition of Caius’s _Complete
+Works_. The editor’s general introduction says:
+
+  In this volume no attempt has been made to produce a facsimile
+  reprint. Even if such a design had been entertained, the great
+  variety of form in which the original editions were issued would
+  have made it impossible to carry out the re-issue with any
+  uniformity. Obvious misprints have been corrected, but where a
+  difference in spelling in the same work or on the same page--_e.g._
+  _baccalarius_, _baccalaureus_--is clearly due to the varying
+  practice of the writer and not to the printer, the words have been
+  left as they stood in the original. On the other hand the accents
+  in the very numerous Greek quotations have been corrected.
+
+Numbers in parentheses were printed in the gutter; they probably
+represent pages or leaves of the 1574 original. Sidenotes are shown
+in brackets.]
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+           *       *       *       *
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+  IOANNIS CAII
+  ANGLI,
+
+  De
+
+  Pronunciatione Græcæ & Latinæ
+  linguæ cum scriptione nova
+  libellus.
+
+
+[Lege lector & iudica.] Scripturus de noua Græcæ & Latinæ
+linguæ pronunciatione (3) & scriptione noua, spero me sine
+offensione cuiusquam id facturum. Libera enim regio hæc
+semper fuit, & liberos in ea oportet esse homines. Nequè
+enim quæ soluto animo familiariter scribi consuerunt,
+temporibus istis excluduntur: etsi plena grauitatis omnia
+sunt. Non enim ad graues aut exercitatos, sed leues &
+inexercitatos scribo: & eos ratione & usu doceo, quos nec
+usus nec longa vita instituit. Cum essem in Italia graues
+viros grauiter & cum decoro pronunciantes audiebam. Cum in
+Britanniam veneram, nouos viros, nouo quodam pronunciationis
+genere omnia personare offendebam. Hîc itaquè sic cogitabam
+apud me. Cum nec Romæ, nec in uniuersa Italia, imò verò cum
+nequè in Germania, Gallia, neque Belgia, nec alibi gentium,
+quàm in nostra Britannia ullum unquam verbum de
+pronunciatione illa noua, ullauè mentio aut significatio tum
+fuit, nouam pronunciationem alibi in usu non fuisse quàm in
+Britannia certò scire licet. Nequè ea tamen uniuersa, sed
+certo quodam loco, in quo per ea tempora oratores noui
+imperabant. Sic tamen hæc refero, ut eos propter literas
+aliasque virtutes vehementer amem & suspiciam: propter hæc
+verò laudem minimè. Cuius rei alioqui certè me cepisset
+admiratio, cum & Plautus scribat in Casina, vetera nouis
+esse meliora, ideoque sapientiores esse qui utuntur vino
+veteri, quàm qui nouo: qui veteres spectent fabulas, quàm
+qui nouas: qui vetera opera atquè verba, quàm qui noua: qui
+usitata, quam qui insueta: (4) qui veteres comœdias, quàm
+qui nouas: qui veteri denique nummo, quàm nuper nato. Thus
+quoque vetus nouo odoratius esse, prouerbio celebratur,
+usque adeò ut idem, rem malam, sed notam & usitatam, optimam
+esse dicat in Trinummo. Nam quæ noua sunt, etsi optima,
+tamen propter insolentiam videntur pessima, & fieri potest
+ut usu experiaris talia cum periculo, cum declinare non sit
+futurum integrum. Etenim sæpè viatorem noua non vetus orbita
+fallit. Quare vetustatem suo loco conseruandam, nouitates,
+etsi spem meliorum afferant, repudiandas esse Plautus
+consulit: nec nouitates nos magis ad inquirendas causas
+excitare, quàm magnitudines rerum debere: eosque errores
+quos rerum nouitates attulerunt, naturæ ratione depellere
+oportere M. Tullius existimat. Sed nostrorum hominum est,
+semper nouum cribrum, nouo paxillo primos suspendere, et
+nouas inducere sectas nouis paradoxis. Quod tamen, ut non
+reprehenderim ingenij exercendi causa in tenebris, ita non
+laudem certè usus causa in luce: quòd præter consuetudinem
+patriæ, præsentis temporis atque hominum sunt. In rebus
+ciuilibus dico. Nam aliò non pertinebit oratio mea. Curo
+enim ut mea omnia nullam habeant publicam offensionem, sed
+communem omnibus utilitatem. Quod si gaudeas excogitasse
+quod prosit, certè hic non est gaudendum tibi, obest enim
+magis quàm prodest, ut mox ostendam. Sed omnes obstrepunt.
+Quid solus ergo contendis? Si irrident quid pergis delirare?
+Quid solus sapis? Sed author es eius rei. O gloriosam rem,
+inuentorem esse inanium rerum? tranquillitatis literariæ
+perturbatorem esse? quem nec Galli, nec Itali, nec ipsi
+Græci commendant: nec alius quisquam præter imperitum rerum
+iuuenem aut temerarium adolescentem, cui istam persuasionem
+in principio per fraudem instillaueris alioqui non
+probaturo, imponens imperitæ turbæ (5) adolescentum, cui vix
+literæ sunt, & multò minus iudicium. De qua re tamen multum
+forsan gloriaberis tanquam in re prudenter gesta. Iam verò
+si magna res non sit utro modo pronuncies, cur interturbas
+omnia? cur non intermittis quod leue est, potius quàm
+castigari grauiter? Si sonus (res inanis) huius aut illius
+literæ mulctam indictam habet grandem, cur non inanitatem
+potius contemnis, quàm in mulctam incidas? Leuissimis rebus
+grauissimas indicere pœnas æquum est, non propter
+magnitudinem rei quæ leuis est, sed propter violatum
+in repub. ordinem receptum iam & confirmatum, propter
+contemptum, propter nouitatis exemplum, & propter temerarium
+in ea ausum. Nequè hic tanta pretia subesse cernimus,
+quamobrem tantas difficultates lubenter subiremus, etsi in
+alijs difficilia quæ pulchra. Licèt enim optima quæque &
+inuentu & conseruatu difficilia obseruentur, non tamen quæ
+non facilè inueniuntur & conseruantur statim optima
+reputantur, in quo genere ista tua est (si dijs placet)
+pronunciatio. Sed antiquitatem obijcis. Antiquata esse
+fatebor certè, antiqua videri non fatebor. Nam Aulus Gellius
+author grauis, antiquata & desita omnia, à multis sæculis in
+usum reuocata etsi vetusta sunt, videri tamen noua sapienter
+censuit. Etsi antiqua videantur, per hominum errorem id
+quidem contigit, ignorantium cuiusquam rei proprietatem.
+Sallustius præsentium rerum retinentissimus semper
+consuetudini cessit. Ælius Gallus atque Cicero noua perpetuò
+fugiebant, adeò ut nouissimus & nouissimè haud libenter usi
+sunt. Gellius reprehendit eos qui obsoleta in usum reuocant.
+Phauorinus Philosophus nouitatis hostis, adolescentem
+inusitatorum studiosum, acriter corripuit, dicens: Curius
+& Fabritius (6) dilucidè cum suis fabulati sunt, neque
+Auruncorum, Sicanorum aut Pelasgorum (qui primi Italiam
+incoluisse leguntur) sed ætatis suæ verbis locuti sunt: tu
+verò perindè quasi cum matre Euandri nunc loquaris verbis
+iam olim desitis uteris. Quod si intelligi non vis quæ
+loqueris, non hoc abundè consequeris tacens? quasi satius
+esset non loqui quàm non intelligi. Demonax quoque
+philosophus idem faciebat. Quum enim à quopiam quæsiuisset
+aliquid, atque ille verbis obsoletis atquè priscis
+responderet. Ego (inquit) amice te nunc percontor: at tu
+perinde respondes quasi regnaret Agamemnon. Sorbona etiam
+(quam Robertus Sorbona, non Caroli imperatoris frater
+Theologis Lutetiæ instituerat) aliquot Raimundi Lullij opera
+reiecit, quòd vetustis vocabulis iamdiu receptis & usitatis
+reiectis, noua infulserit. Crassus Sulpitium arguebat, quòd
+tollendo .i. literam de diphthongo ei, non antiques
+oratores, sed rusticos messores videretur imitari, ut est
+apud M. Tullium 3. de oratore. Catullus Arcij hinsidias
+atque chommoda deridebat: quid facturus si Quinctilianos
+atquè Quinctios, ut nunc loquuntur atque scribunt,
+Chicherones atque Quinctos, Kikerones & Kicherones, pecuniam
+& peguniam, coilum chœlum & cœlum, cernos & chernos,
+discipulos & dischipulos iam audiret: quibus multi hodiè
+utuntur loquendo & scribendo, sermonis atque scriptionis
+vitia imitati, non virtutes consecuti. Ad hæc Lacedæmonij
+quòd simplicia atque consueta placuerunt, Terpandrum
+præstantissimum Citharædum mulctasse dicuntur, quòd unam
+solam chordam præter necessitatem intendisset. Ad extremum
+Romani, rhetores Latinos & philosophos edicto urbe Roma
+pepulerunt, quòd nouum genus disciplinæ instituerunt. Noua
+enim Romanis, viris certè in omni re sapientibus quæ præter
+consuetudinem & morem maiorum (7) suorum illata sunt, neque
+placuerunt, neque recta videbantur. Eam ob rem M. Cicero
+in oratione contra Catelinam refert, Seruilium Halam,
+Sp. Melium nouis rebus studentem sua manu occidisse. Nihil
+enim periculosius in usu vitæ esse rebantur, quàm veteribus
+relictis ad noua deuolare. Nam inconstantia magnam ipsa
+in se leuitatem habet, subitaque consuetudinis, & usus
+commutatio, plena maximarum rerum Cic. de offensione est.
+[Cic. de senect.] Quamobrem sapienter M. Cato, qui Appium
+senect. cæcum laudat, quòd vigebat in eius domo patrius
+mos & disciplina. Sapienter veteres, qui legibus antiquis,
+opsonijs verò recentibus utendum censuerunt. Sapienter &
+Iurisconsulti, qui nihil temerè innouandum nisi euidens
+ratio postulauerit, præcipiunt. Hinc factum existimem, ut
+scholæ iuris nostri publici nullo modo adduci possunt, ut
+relinquant suum _octabis_: nec scholæ quædam Academicæ ut
+deficiant à suis sotulis, cum artium magisterio initiandi
+sunt: aut ocreis, cum SS. Theologiæ Doctoratus gradu
+insigniendi sunt: aut ouis vario modo præparatis cum in
+determinationibus Bacchalaurei nouitij, seniores sui gradus
+conuiuijs excipiant: nec in disputationibus, sedentibus
+disputatoribus, ut auditores humi non procumbant, fusi per
+densum substratum iuncum: nec ut caputium patientiamque quam
+vocant stamineam (peculiare gestamen collegis Hispanorum
+Collegij apud Bononienses) deponant Hispani Bononiensis
+Academiæ. Quos omnes laudo equidem, quod leuibus momentis
+non impellantur huc atque illuc inconstanter, nec a veteri
+sua consuetudine auellantur desciscantque facilè: ut
+nonnullæ solent Academiæ in quibus leuitas iuuenilis magna
+paruis, quadrata rotundis, & formas formis mutat imprudenter
+admodum, nullo seruato ordine, nulla (8) consuetudine aut
+grauitate. Certè mihi videntur illi planè cuculi atque oues,
+qui eos, qui ut homines pronunciare iamdiu usi sunt,
+abolitis cuculorum atque ouium vocibus, eodem reuocare
+velint, atque ex obscuris ænigmatibus & antiquis cum
+difficultate discere studeant, quæ viua vox, certus
+præsensque usus cum facilitate clarè possunt docere.
+Synesius Cyrenensis in laudatione Caluicij, & Lacedæmonij in
+legibus, grauiora suadent in eos qui præter consuetudinem
+patriæ aliquid intulerunt: puta cicutam, & suspendium.
+Etenim Synesius eos qui præter consuetudinem patriæ aliquid
+innouarant cicuta dignos existimat, quod rudes & indocti
+absurdarum opinionum fautores esse consuerunt, existimans
+cum prouerbio: Superiorum temporum omnia meliora, quòd & usu
+confirmata sunt, & pace tranquilla, cuius & vox dulcis et
+res ipsa salutaris est. Lacedæmonij verò usque adeò
+formidabant rerum nouitates, atque etiam ad earum
+recordationem tantopere inhorrescebant, ut lege lata
+sanciuerint, ne quis innouare quicquam auderet, qui chorda
+è collo suspensa prius non prodiret, ut si de nouitate
+consilium parum placeret, audaciæ suæ pœnas daret. Etenim
+euentus varios res noua semper habet, ut Cornelius Gallus
+scribit, & magna ex parte periculosos: sic ut siue vi
+imperare velis hanc pronunciationem nouam, siue stultitiæ
+blandimentis iuuentuti instillare, importunum hac ætate
+facis, mouere quæ stabilita sunt, cum præsertim omnium rerum
+mutationes cædem, fugam, aliaque hostilia (ut Sallustius
+ait) portendant. [In bello Iugurth. fol. 35.] Usque in
+ciuilibus consisto, omnia enim secundum materiam subiectam
+intelligo. Ex quibus scire licet nequè antiquata in usum
+esse reuocanda, neque noua esse amplectenda, neque extra
+publicam viam esse deflectendum, sed cum (9) pronunciationis
+antiquitas euanuerit (si aliter olim pronunciarunt quàm
+hodiè nos proferimus) usum scientiamque præstare nos debere
+eius, qua præsentes utimur: uti docti viri solent, qui
+scientiam sibi reseruant, usum autem loquendi populo
+concedunt, qui loquendum ut multi, sentiendum ut pauci
+sapienter præcipiunt, nec immutandum quicquam inconstanter
+censent: nec mouenda esse rerum nouitatibus quæ bene
+constituta et confirmata sunt existimant, etsi vetustatis
+speciem sibi induant. Etenim non est quamobrem in hac benè
+confirmata repub. literaria quis velit iam dicere, ore sanè
+agresti atque rudi, _queis_ pro _quibus_, nec _veias_ pro
+_vias_, nec _olli_ pro _illi_, _mareito_ pro _marito_, nec
+_maxumè_ pro _maximè_, nec _sueuerat_ pro _consueuerat_,
+nec _deico_, _eidus_, _pulchrai_, _veitæ_, _ubei_, _quei_,
+_heic_, _fœminai_, _suom_, _deilexit_, _horunc_, _abei_,
+_erodita_, _pictai_, _aulai_, _nepai_, quæ iam obsoleuerunt,
+& repetita molesta sunt, & interturbant omnia, pro _dico_,
+_idus_, _pulchræ_, _vitæ_, _ubi_, _qui_, _hic_, _fœminæ_,
+_suum_, _dilexit_, _hunc_, _abi_, _erudita_, _pictæ_,
+_aulæ_, _nepæ_, ut nec multa alia propter carminis
+necessitatem, aut alijs propter affectationem, non propter
+meliorem scribendi aut pronunciandi rationem usitata. Nequè
+enim propter insolentiam aures eruditorum hæc ferre possent,
+nisi quod Poetis libero hominum generi propter eorum ligatam
+orationem semper fuit potestas quidlibet audendi. Exit in
+immensum facunda licentia vatum: inquit Ouidius: Obligat
+historica nec sua verba fide. Hinc apud eos, Tmolus habet
+aures, saltant quercus, aues loquuntur, et saxa fiunt
+homines. Utuntur tamen hodiè haud dissimili pronunciandi
+genere, quod Borealismum seu Scotismum nominamus
+(quemadmodum Alcibiades Labdacismo) quia Borealibus Anglis
+(quos Calidonios Britannos Lucanus vocat) atquè Scotis (10)
+vicinis est in usu, dum _saibai_, _taibai_, _vaita_, _aita_
+dicant, cum _sibi_, _tibi_, _vita_, _ita_, pronunciandum
+sit. Mordicus tamen retinent non ratione sed pertinacia, &
+petulantia: etsi australibus Anglis ita vulgo contemnitur
+hoc pronunciationis genus, ut Phaliscis seu Thuscis
+Bergomense apud Italos. Est enim rudis & inconditi vulgi,
+quibus ut est decorum patrio more loqui: ita australibus
+Anglis valdè indecorum alio uti quàm suo. Licet tamen hic
+contemplari iudicium iuuentutis, quæ vitia pro virtutibus
+amplectitur, ut solet vulgus Aulicorum, qui camisias
+crispatas, & cothurnos coriaceos inducunt ornamenti causa,
+qui principio causa contegendi crura, & colla morbida, ad
+quotidianum usum sunt inuenta. Nam olim & nostra memoria
+cum sana essent omnia, nec cothurnis utebantur, & denudata
+virorum colla erant ad pectus, & pectora expapillata (ut
+Plauti verbo utar) atquè ad papillam denudata, etiam brumali
+tempore. Sed hæc obiter de Borealismo. Ad diphthongos iam
+paucis venio. De quibus etiam Iurisconsulti aliter sentiunt,
+quàm noui isti pronunciationis authores. Theophilus enim
+Antecessor cum vellet uti aliena lingua, non πραϊτωρ dixit
+diuisa diphthongo, sed πραιτωρ & prætores, unita. Cuius rei
+non alium magistrum, quàm eius temporis usum reor: qui & ad
+nostrum usque promanarit, & per omnem orbem disseminatus
+& receptus est. Quod si non lubenter ferant, quin
+diphthongorum omnes literas suis sonis ipsi exprimant,
+contra quàm vult receptus usus, quod voluntatis & petulantiæ
+error est, non necessitatis, at saltem alijs permittant ut
+in sua etiam sit voluntate sine reprehensione, veteri &
+recepto more pronunciare, maximè quod multi errores
+reperiantur apud authores (ut aiunt) ex diphthongis
+resolutis in simplices (11) literas. Noui tamen isti homines
+nescio quam commoditatem puerilem in docendo, pueris manare
+ex hac sua pronunciatione dicunt. Quasi verò Græcorum pueri,
+& qui hodiè utuntur veteri pronunciatione, linguam Græcam
+discere, sonare, & intelligere veteri illa nequiuissent,
+aut si quiuissent, non ita tamen commodè. Scilicet. Equidem
+puerile magis existimo quàm virile, puerileque esse
+argumentum puto. Nam si commodior ratio sit, (ut ita dem)
+non tamen vetustior est, quæ res in controuersia est,
+minusque arguit veteres sic pronunciasse, nec esse puerorum
+causa immutanda omnia aut subuertenda censeo. Id enim
+experimento didici, varietatem pronunciandi mutuum
+commercium & societatem hominum rerumque intellectum
+summouere: discordémque hanc pronunciationem sermonis
+commercio nunquam contracturam ad colloquia. Nequè enim
+Græcus Patriarcha cum istic regnante Edwardo sexto Londini
+esset, Checum, nec Checus Patriarcham intellexit: hic nouo,
+ille ueteri pronunciandi modo usus: quo omnes Græci adhuc
+utebantur cum ego essem Venetijs, tum è Cathedra Græcas
+literas profitendo, tum in templis sacra celebrando.
+Audiebam enim data opera sæpius. At si ego tacerem norit
+Oxoniensis schola, quemadmodum ipsa Græcia pronunciarit, ex
+Matthæo Calphurnio Græco, quem ex Græcia Oxonium Græcarum
+literarum gratia produxerat Thomas Wolsæus, de bonis literis
+optimè meritus Cardinalis, cum non alia ratione pronunciarit
+ille, quàm qua nos iam profitemur. Id si ita sit, nos
+Britanni docebimus ipsos Græcos in ipsa Græcia oriundos sua
+verba sonare? suas voces atque literas pronunciare? & plus
+in aliena lingua sapiens [[sapiemus?]] quàm ipsa gens atquè
+natio, cui lingua Græca familiaris atque etiam vulgaris est,
+& successione temporum continuata, tanquam per manus esset
+tradita? (12) Nemo qui Gallicè velit discere, ex Anglo
+petet, si sapiat, nec contra: nec qui Italicè, ex Germano,
+sed ex sua quæque gente sunt discenda. At si pueris
+instituendis prodesse posset, uti aiunt, usu publico posset,
+ut cum alijs usu conueniant in sermone ad intellectum.
+Nam si doceas quod usui publico esse non possit, quorsum
+doctrinam? Cogetur qui didicit dedidicisse, & eum
+pronunciandi modum discere qui in usu est, ut eo utatur cum
+in publicum prodierit, cum inter homines versatus fuerit, &
+cum in theatrum doctorum venerit: nisi velit haberi ineptus
+et ridiculum caput omnibus. Et qui docebit quoque ad istum
+modum, duplicabit operam & mercedem, uti Fabius Quintilianus
+scribit, tum ut prioris obliuisci instituat, tum ut
+insequentis pronunciationis rationem ostendat, discentis
+incommodo & labore graui, & temporis & compendij iactura
+grauiori, quæ rectius in principio potuissent collocari in
+meliores usus. At ad usum publicum profuerit minimè. Nam
+priuata hæc pronunciatio paucorum tantum hominum in
+Britannia est, & eorum iuuenum, alibi minimè recepta
+gentium. Sed hij pauci sic pronunciant, ut se mutuò
+intelligant, dices. At orbis uniuersus non est ista
+paucitas. Nec paucis priuato loco atque usui doctrina
+constituitur, sed publico & uniuerso, ut inter homines
+cuiusque regionis cum laude linguæ, & ingenij gloria
+verseris. Quamobrem ne docendo quidem, ullo modo ad usum
+publicum conducet ista noua pronunciatio. Hactenus ergo
+vetus illa pronunciatio nihil prohibuit, quin & rectè
+loquerentur homines, & per orbem uniuersum intelligerentur,
+sic ut non sit opus noua. Sed ita pronunciandum sentis ut
+discernas inter voces, inter vocales & diphthongos. Quasi
+verò usu, doctrina, sensu, (13) accentu, genere, quantitate,
+numero & casu nihil comprehendi, nihil discerni possit,
+nisi demittamus nos, descendamusque ad puerilem legendi
+simplicitatem, ac plenis buccis proferamus satis rusticè,
+Φοϊβος, _toutois_, _cai_, _lobois_, _mousais_, _basilews_,
+_epeiros_, _tuptomai_, _chreia_, _chresimos_, _apophugen_,
+_husteron_, _kibdes_, _cuclops_, _korakeion_, _lewcon_,
+_hippewein_, _wyos_, _pais_, & hoc genus alia: pro _phœbus_,
+_toutis_, (veteri more) _cha_, _louis_, _musæs_, _vasileus_,
+_epirus_, _typtomæ_, _chria_, _chrisimos_, _apophygen_,
+_ysteron_, _cibdis_, _cyclops_, _coracion_, _leucon_,
+_yppewin_, _yios_, _pæs_, unde pædotriba, non paidotriba:
+aut quasi nihil aliud esset quo dijudicaremus inter
+parere pro parturire, & parêre pro obedire in isto versu.
+Fœmina vult parere, sed non parêre lubenter, nisi crassa
+pronunciatio: eadem penè nota qua λοιμός & λιμός in
+pronunciatione, non tamen in scriptione. Nam inter λοιμος &
+λιμος in scribendo manifesta est differentia. Apollo tamen
+videtur limos dixisse & pronunciasse veteri Græcorum more,
+alioqui nulla fuisset dubitatio in oraculo. Certè antiqui
+_Achilles_, _Tydes_, _Theses_, & _Ulisses_ dicebant, non
+_Achillews_, _Tudeus_, _Thesews_, et _Ulussews_ quemadmodum
+recentes: uti ex eorum & interpretum libris ea adhuc
+referentibus scire licet. Quod si olim Græci eo quo recentes
+isti modo crassius, durius, & asperius pronunciarunt, (quod
+acerrimè isti defendunt, cum dicunt Græcos) etiam tum Græci
+erant Barbari, cum ex omnibus gentibus soli non habebantur
+Barbari. Barbari enim ab initio dicti sunt (ut inquit
+Strabo) qui crassè, difficulter, asperè atque duriter
+loquebantur: in quorum genere fuerunt omnes gentes præter
+Græcos: à quibus postea (corrupta Græcia) barbara ea
+appellatio ad omnes præter (14) Latinos translata est, quòd
+mitiorem linguam & isti habebant et magis cultam. Si quis
+tamen ex Latinis esset qui non rectè verba proferebat,
+barbarè loqui etiam ille dicebatur. Sed pergo. An sapientem
+Hebræum putares, si puerorum causa renunciata omnino
+perfecta illa & absoluta sine punctis legendi ratione, ad
+punctorum rationem et simplicitatem in uniuersum deficiat?
+An non omnes tanquam infantem & ineptum dicerent? Nisi velit
+primùm suos Tyrones per punctos ad lectionem introducere,
+ac tum ad absolutam illam legendi rationem sine punctis
+traducere: quod laboriosum esset geminique operis. Rursus
+an sapientem Gallum qui rudiorum causa velit rudius
+pronunciare, & aliter quàm vulgus Gallorum solet, & eas
+literas in voces inserere, quas usus excludit. Doctos enim
+docta decent, indoctos formare possunt docti pro arbitrio,
+seorsim, sine uniuersitatis dissolutione, & ita instituere
+prout optimum cuique videbitur, modò non deficiant à
+consuetis, nec in dicendo & scribendo nouas turbas excitent,
+noua dogmata non introducant cum reipub. literariæ
+inquietudine, & personarum offensione. Ut si quis vellet
+docere priuatim legendum _homo_ non _omo_, & _hupsilon_ non
+_ypsilon_, vel ἱpsilon ferendum fuit, modò doceat admonendi
+non utendi causa (ut prudentes solent qui (ut dixi)
+scientiam sibi seruant, usu autem ut populus loquuntur)
+quod h. non sit litera, sic ut faciat vocem ut vocalis, aut
+liquescat ut liquida, aut consonet ut consonans, aut mutet
+ut muta, sed aspiret tantùm ut spiritus, ac ventus leuis
+sine voce. Eam ob causam apud scriptores veteres, leges
+_ydropisis_, _termæ_, _Batonia_ & _Iuernia_, pro
+_hydropisis_, _thermæ_, _Bathonia_ & _Hybernia_, uti in
+libro nostro de thermis Britannicis, et Symphonia vocum
+Britannicarum annotauimus. Istas tamen (15) ineptias Deus
+bone, quàm mordicus retinent noui isti et defendunt (ut sibi
+quidem videntur) pertinaciter, cum nullo tamen modo iustis
+rationibus possint. Iuuenes si hîc ineptirent solùm duce
+iuuene, ferendum fuit. Iam verò cum audiam senes delirare
+hijs ineptijs, quid intollerabilius? Nam hos iudicium,
+ratio, & experientia doceret. Præterea in senecta ætate
+ludere par impar, equitare in arundine longa, quouis vento
+agitari, nihilquè constantis hominis habere indecorum est.
+Cicero in Bruto notat ætatem quæ ante se fuit, in qua
+Ennius, Liuius, & L. Sisenna erant, quorum stilus erat (ut
+ille ait) horridior, nec dum perfectè loquebantur. Sua autem
+ætate unctior & splendidior consuetudo loquendi fuit. Et
+quamuis (inquit) L. Sisenna facilè omnes vincat superiores,
+indicat tamen quantùm absit a summo. Nam usus est aliquando
+veteribus verbis, & ab usu perfecto, & auribus eruditis
+remotis. Rectè enim loqui putabant esse, inusitatè loqui.
+Idem eodem in Bruto nimiam vetustatem explodendam monet.
+Sed nimia (inquit) vetustas nec habet eam quam quærimus
+summitatem, nec est sanè tolerabilis. Ego igitur hortator
+essem, ut a suscepta hac nuper (si omnino suscepta fuit)
+desitáque olim pronunciatione desistant, qui utuntur: si non
+propter has quas ante retuli causas, at certè propter hæc
+quod eadem pronunciatione honestissima verba turpissimè
+sonent, ut _ascitum_ & _asciscunt_ apud nostros. Etenim
+in harum vocum prima, si c. proferas ut ch. & in secunda
+utrumque c. ut k. more nouo, utrumque vocabulum tanta
+turpitudine proferetur, quanta non sinit verecundia mea
+explicare. Quamobrem malui rem tacita cogitatione præterire,
+quàm dilucidius patefacere: cupio enim rebus adesse nomina,
+sed non nominibus pudorem. Sed (16) superciliosorum
+Grammaticorum maximè culpa hæc pronunciatio Latina
+introducta est, cùm nescio qua æmulatione alter alterum
+nouitate aliqua studeat superare. Id quod exemplo cuiusdam
+amici adhuc viuentis, qui in schola Paulina atquè item
+Antonina Londini educatus iam olim est, didici. Etenim cum
+in ludo literario diui Pauli erat, docebatur sonare docheo
+pro doceo: cum in scholam S. Anthonij idem venerat, iussum
+est proferre dokeo pro doceo: nullo planè discentium
+commodo, sed ne docentium quidem: tantùm inseruitum est
+istorum libidini quorum præceptum id erat, pronunciationis
+vitio, & pubertatis incommodo. Itaque imponendus modus est,
+alioqui nullus futurus finis est, hoc isto, illo alio modo
+verba proferente atquè scribente. Nam & in scriptione quoque
+noua ratio hodie proponitur. Sed nemo (quod sciam) usquè
+adeò desipuit hactenus ut sequi vellet, ne author quidem
+eius. Neque enim cæcum ducem, nequè amentem consultorem.
+Quod si quis vellet, at constituenda illi schola noua
+scribendi & legendi fuit, dediscendáque quæ didicit omnia,
+& innouanda omnia omni populo, euersis quibus hactenus
+usi sumus omnibus: usquè adeò mobilia sunt hodiè hominum
+ingenia in istis nugis, ut nihil fixum, nihil in perpetuum
+constitutum habeant. Nec unum nugandi genus est in
+scribendo, sed diuersum, hic uno, ille altero usus modo:
+hic nouam literarum formam & pronunciationem commentus, ille
+alteram: & eas ineptas sanè et insulsas, etiam simplicibus
+mulierculis. Non est tamen tam stupidus quisquam, aut
+impudens & insulsus rei alicuius nouæ author, qui non sit
+habiturus suæ stultitiæ fautores et sectatores, vel homines
+adolescentes, vel stultam plebeculam: at grauem virum cui
+sit iudicium, ne unum quidem. Nisi si fortè (17) ingenij
+sui ostentandi causa hoc fecerint, ut Isocrates laudando
+Busyrim, Libanius Thersitem, Lucianus Muscam, Quartanam
+Fauorinus, Caluiciem Synesius Cyrenensis, Comam Dion
+Chrysostomus, & nostri sæculi Cornelius Agrippa scribendo
+de vanitate scientiarum libellum: Copernicus de motu terræ
+& statione cœli volumen: et Erasmus Rhoterodamus de febre &
+Phalarismo libellos. Nam rhetores subinde animi causa solent
+tractare materias ἀδόξους, & exercendi gratia argumentum
+infame declarare. Ita si de pronunciatione noua & scriptione
+noua sensissent noui isti authores, & cum præfatione sensus
+sui hoc esse suum commentum dicerent, non ad usum atque
+professionem, sed ad ingenij gloriam & exercitium, æquior
+essem, amplectererque certè lubens. Alioqui videant illi,
+quàm nihil aliud quàm suam traducant infantiam, nec esse
+consecuturos aliquando ut grauia ingenia flectant ad suas
+nænias. Reliqua si sequacia fuerint, quæ gloria erit? Mallem
+unum grauem virum consentientem mihi mille iuuenibus: ut
+quibus nec dum per ætatem confirmatus animus est, nec
+maturum iudicium, nec usu experimentum, etsi grauissimè de
+se sentiant: cum tamen vestitu, gestu, & oratione longè se
+ostendant alios, ut in lib. 1 de Antiquitate Cant. Academiæ
+plenius diximus. Nam ut in vijs peregrinus, sic in rebus
+imperitus. Certè istis nouitatibus, istis modis, nihil aliud
+quàm sterilis labor, sterilísque difficultas sequitur in
+promendo cum multorum risu: quòd ea rustica sit et simplex,
+parum condita et delicata, affectatione quadam ineptè
+acquisita, nec erudite ore digna: denique quòd doctas
+aures vehementer offendit, ingrata planè & odiosa omnibus,
+præterquam nouitatis studiosis. Nam suauitatis in sermone
+politiores scriptores semper fuerunt obseruantissimi.
+Siquidem maior ratio apud eos euphoniæ fuit, quàm disciplina
+(18) regulæ. Hinc Græci angelos phormingos, & papæ proferre,
+præcepto usuque imperarunt, cum ἄγγελος, φόρμιγγος, & Βαβαὶ
+rudius proferendum alioqui fuit: et Romani _dingnum_ cum
+_dignum_, _pungnum_ cum _pugnum_, & _mangnum_ cum _magnum_
+sit dicendum: ut mitigetur pronunciationis difficultas, &
+euitetur soni vitium, quod Græci κακοφωνίαν dicunt. Quin &
+Itali Romanorum soboles eadem de causa id pronunciandi genus
+adhuc obseruant, qui ne magnum dicant duriter, maignum
+sonant molliter: et dingnum, ne dignum. Britanni quoque
+atquè Galli Romanorum æmuli, ne magnum dicant, main
+proferunt, ut _Charles le main_, Carolus magnus: _le main
+see_, magnum mare: et in alearum usu, _the main chaunce_,
+sors magna: ac pro _est_, et, elisa .s. litera. Eadem
+suauitatis ratione ijdem omnes B. per v. in Græcis & Latinis
+dictionibus efferunt: et pro βικίου (id est ἀφακῆς) vitia,
+et pro Bienna Vienna, & pro βίκτορα victorem: & pro Abellana
+Auellana, non è contra dicunt. Et in vetustioribus Græcorum
+codicibus manuscriptis rarò videbis b. literam, sed eius
+loco characterem v. latinæ literæ similem. Latini quoque
+vetustiores, Vetonica pro Betonica dicunt, inter quos est
+Apuleius: et _Iuernia_ pro _Hibernia_, et _lauoro_ pro
+_laboro_, et _terra de Lauoro_, pro Laboriæ, (quo verbo
+Plinius utitur) quæ pars est Italiæ. Hos si damnes, utere
+licentia pro me, & in usum quoque reuocato si libet,
+_appludam_ et _floces vini_, pro furfuraceo pane, et fæcibus
+vini: Dubenum pro Domino, Bubsequam, Bouinatorem, et
+manticulatorem quoque, pro Bubulco, conuiciatore, et
+clanculario fure, seu versuto: ut habet Festus Pompeius,
+Pacuuius, et Aulus Gellius: et hoc genus obsoleta et
+inusitata omnia, quod nemo sanæ mentis faciet. Sin probes,
+à nouo illo pronunciationis genere vel horum exemplo
+desiste. Illud in (19) uniuersum te scire expedit,
+pronunciationis rationem dicendi rationi esse simillimam,
+quæ in medio posita (ut ait Cicero de Oratore) communi
+quodam in usu atquè in hominum more et sermone versatur.
+Nam ut in cæteris artibus id maximè excellit quod longissimè
+sit ab imperitorum intelligentia sensuquè seiunctum, ita in
+dicendo vitium est vel maximum à vulgari genere orationis,
+atquè à consuetudine communis sensus abhorrere. [De laude
+Caluicij.] Etenim qui ad populum scribit vel loquitur (ut
+inquit Synesius) necesse est illum in opinione popularium
+esse, et ea fingere, et de hijs disserere quæ populo grata
+sunt. Atquè ut histrioni actio, saltatori motus non quiuis
+sed certus quidam et laudabilis: sic in pronunciandi et
+scribendi genere, certum quoddam et communi usu receptum,
+non quoduis à consuetudine alienum et remotum habetur
+consentaneum. Non enim ea ratio esse debet apud nos in
+literis quæ in vestibus, quæ omnibus horis aliæ penè fiunt
+et diuersæ, aut materia, aut forma, aut colore, aut omnibus
+hijs. Unus enim vultus apud nos odiosus est. Cuius rei gnari
+non insolentes Grammatici, quotquot hactenus mihi vidisse
+contigit, omnes cum de literarum potestate tractant ita
+proferendas esse præcipiunt, ut usus doctorum per omnem
+reliquum orbem iam olim receperit. Inter quos Petrus
+Antesignanus est, homo doctus atque elegans, et Nicholai
+Clenardi scholiastes. Is de noua ista pronunciatione ita
+censet, ut eius authores curiosos magis existimet, quàm
+veteris pronunciationis intelligentes: et eorum rationes
+vaniores, quàm ut eis adhibenda fides sit: ob idquè
+pronunciandum veteri et recepto hactenus usu, existimans eum
+qui ex errore imperitæ iuuentutis pendeat, in magnis viris
+non esse habendum. Eius verba hæc sunt. Quarta columna, (20)
+&c. elementorum potestatem complectitur, quo pacto scilicet
+debeant enunciari, de qua re variæ sunt hodiè & multiplices
+Grammaticorum opiniones, dum quidam curiosè nimis ad
+antiquam pronunciandi rationem omnia volunt reuocare, cum
+tamen ipsi prorsus incerti sunt, quo pacto prisci illi hæc
+pronunciarunt, & coniecturæ sunt admodum ieiunæ. Illis
+itaque non est fides adhibenda, nisi prius priscorum aliquem
+ab inferis excitarint. Hæc ille. Et paucis interpositis,
+ista subiungit. Qui verò illis (professoribus) destituuntur,
+& proprio marte linguam Græcam discere coguntur, pronuncient
+elementa Græca more Latinorum Græcis in hac tabula
+respondentium. Quæ certè pronunciandi ratio vetus est, &
+recepta usu. Huius opinionis quoque olim per iuuentutem
+(quod ipse noui) erant isti præceptores noui. Verùm loco
+stare nesciuerunt, sed gressus glomerare superbos voluerunt.
+In ea quoque erat et Thomas Morus, Linacrus, Lupsetus,
+& Erasmus, qui in prouerbio, Stultior Morycho, μορύξαι
+transfert Moryxæ, non moruxai, etsi de pronunciatione multa
+disputauerat, quæ gloriæ studio potius, quam usus gratia
+se scripsisse, ex hijs & alijs locis scire licet diligenter
+obseruanti. Paræmium quoque dixit, non paroimium, et
+Hippoclidem non Hippocludem in prouerbio: non est curæ
+Hippoclidi: & gymnasium non gumnasium, & Sybaritica, Smyrnæ
+ac Syracusæ, non Subaritica, Smurne & Suracusai. Longum
+esset omnes istas vanitates percensere, vix dies, aut etiam
+annus sufficeret. Sed quid de recentibus loquar, cum vetusti
+Græci & Latini consueta religiosissimè obseruarunt. Galenus
+enim homo Græcus, & summi iudicij ac doctrinæ vir, ut si
+quis alius sui aut insequentis temporis, lib. 1. operis sui
+de Compositione medicamentorum qua parte de modo lauandi
+lithargyron & alia metalla scribit, τῇ κρατούσῃ (21)
+συνηθείᾳ utendum censet. Etenim cum medici sui temporis
+recentiores dicebant, ἔμπλαστρον, κέντριον, καὶ μηλώτριδα
+cum ῥ. in ultima, is eam scribendi & pronunciandi rationem
+sequi maluit propter consuetudinem iam tum receptam &
+usitatam, quàm ἔμπλαστον, κέντιον, & μηλωτιδα dicere sine ῥ.
+litera, etsi ab ἐμπλάττειν, κέντειν, μηλής τε καὶ ὠτὸς
+oriantur, in quibus ῥ. litera non est. Tanti erat apud illum
+consuetudo. Docet etiam eo in libro, quem contra eos
+scripsit qui reprehendant solæcismum facientes in sermone,
+ipsos quoque Atticos secutos esse eam quæ in loquendo
+præualuit consuetudinem. Tradiderunt item qui ante Galenum
+fuerunt, docti viri (ut ipse refert) Atticam linguam varijs
+modis corruptam atque à proprietate sua viciatam, secutos
+tamen esse eam quæ suo tempore inoleuit consuetudinem omnes,
+qui apud Græcos ullum præcellentis doctrinæ nomen consecuti
+sunt, idem refert. Cum ergo (inquit) in omnibus libris
+medicinalibus, ἔμπλαστρον cum ῥ. scriptum inuenimus, & nos
+quoque quòd inualuit consuetudine, in loquendo & scribendo
+utendum censuimus. Hæc hactenus Galenus. Eretriensibus
+quoquè consuetum est ῥ. pro σ. proferre, ut σκληρότηρ pro
+σκληρότης, (unde prouerbium Eretriensium ῥω). Atheniensibus
+contra, ut θαρσείν pro θαῤῥεῖν, utrobique si euertas usum,
+notaberis, et derideberis. Nec Græci solùm (ut dixi) sed
+Latini quoquè hanc secuti sunt consuetudinem. Nam Ciceronis
+ætate inualuit stator, pro apparitore seu tabellario, ut ex
+epistola eius ad Caninium atque Celsum scire licet: ex
+Planci quoque ad Ciceronem. At Ulpiani & Iustiniani
+temporibus, strator inoleuit in eadem significatione, addita
+r. litera in prima syllaba. Secuti tamen sunt eorum temporum
+morem qui insecuti sunt Spartiatus in Caracalla, & qui de
+iure scripserunt præcipui. Itaque quemadmodum in vocibus
+atque literis si (22) quid innouaueris, reprehenderis, nisi
+consuetudo uniuersalis patietur, ita in pronunciatione.
+Prætereo quemadmodum hodiè quantitates syllabarum, longas in
+breues, & breues in longas mutent, faciantque in muliere
+secundam longam, et tertiam breuem, cum tamen Ouidius Naso
+in hoc versu. Eminet & non est in muliere fides, secundam
+fecit breuem & tertiam longam. Et Vergilius: Nux, asinus,
+mulier simili sunt lege ligati, hæc tria nil rectè faciunt
+si verbera cessent. Miror quo tandem erumpet hæc audacia,
+ne dicam temeritas. Si quis tamen dissentit & suo more loqui
+et pronunciare cupiat, contemptis doctioribus et uniuersali
+scriptorum consensu, sua cuique stet voluntas et sententia
+per me, suum cuique pulchrum sit. Ego quidem nec ulterius,
+nec cum quoquam acrius hac de re contendere studeo, nec
+bellum Grammaticale contra quenquam instruo et suscipio
+(quod tam inane iudico quàm est ipsa res inanis) sed quid
+conueniat tantùm consulo, quidque exteræ nationes in
+constantia et grauitate sua permanentes de pronunciatione
+Græcæ et Latinæ linguæ sentiant, bona fide explico. Non enim
+quæsitum hoc est, sed oblatum ex occasione peregrinationis
+nostræ per Italian et Germaniam, ut in lib. nostro de libris
+proprijs exposuimus. Cum igitur neque seria res sit hæc
+inepta pronunciatio, neque ulla causæ magnitudo, nulla
+necessitas, nulla commoditas rei atque gloriæ eò nos
+adegerit, neque plausibilis existat doctis atquè grauibus,
+nec recepta Græcis, quid attinet obsoletam eam reuocare in
+usum, si modò in usu prius fuit, de quo nondum constat inter
+Grammaticos. Adhæc cum pronunciatio hæc noua sit planè
+rustica, ut ex Adolpho Mercherio Brugensi scire licet, aut
+affectata nimium, quod nostris sensibus certè patet, nec
+tamen uniuersalem consensum virorum grauium et doctorum
+admiserit, id (23) non arguit omnes sic pronunciasse sed
+aliquos: & cum ex hac occasione magna in re literaria
+sequatur perturbatio omnibus omnia pro voluntate et arbitrio
+præter consuetudinem commouentibus, quod in bene constituta
+rep. ferendum non fuit, malum præterea exemplum æditur ad
+alia grauiora. Alioqui non magni referret utro modo
+pronunciaretur, cum discrimen nullum est vitæ atquè
+sanguinis, nulla iactura virtutis et rei, sed inanis
+spiritus et anhelitus quæ res est nihili. In istis
+spiritibus non est cur quis velit seriò spiritum suum
+consumere, tam est res exilis atquè vana. Optandum igitur
+ut cum quieta iam sint omnia, et consensu hominum uniuersali
+paucis tantùm exceptis confirmata vetus pronunciatio,
+persequamur eam, curemusque ne perturbetur. Nam ut innouemus
+nulla facit rei magnitudo ut dixi. Omnes enim vident quam
+sit leuis et ridicula, nequè ut tantos motus excitemus ulla
+fecit necessitas, sed hominum quorundam vanitas, dum quiuis
+studeat nouæ rei nouus author haberi.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+           *       *       *       *
+
+Errors and Anomalies noted by transcriber:
+
+  _pulchræ_, _vitæ_  [comma missing]
+  plus in aliena lingua sapiens [[sapiemus?]] quàm ipsa gens
+    [_sidenote printed as shown, with brackets and question mark:
+    added by 1912 editor?_]
+  vel ἱpsilon ferendum fuit  [_printed as shown, with initial iota_]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of De Pronunciatione Graecae & Latinae
+Linguae, by John Caius
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diff --git a/26570-0.zip b/26570-0.zip
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of De Pronunciatione Graecae & Latinae Linguae, by 
+John Caius
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: De Pronunciatione Graecae & Latinae Linguae
+       De Pronuntiatione Graecae et Latinae Linguae
+
+Author: John Caius
+
+Editor: E. S. Roberts
+
+Release Date: September 11, 2008 [EBook #26570]
+
+Language: Latin
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DE PRONUNCIATIONE GRAECAE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Louise Hope
+
+
+
+
+[Transcriber's Note:
+
+This text is intended for users whose text readers cannot use the "real"
+(unicode/UTF-8) version of the file. The "oe" ligature has been unpacked
+into the separate letters o and e. Greek words have been transliterated
+and shown between +marks+. Words shown with _lines_ were italicized in
+the original.
+
+The text is taken from the 1912 Cambridge edition of Caius's _Complete
+Works_. The editor's general introduction says:
+
+  In this volume no attempt has been made to produce a facsimile
+  reprint. Even if such a design had been entertained, the great
+  variety of form in which the original editions were issued would
+  have made it impossible to carry out the re-issue with any
+  uniformity. Obvious misprints have been corrected, but where a
+  difference in spelling in the same work or on the same page--_e.g._
+  _baccalarius_, _baccalaureus_--is clearly due to the varying
+  practice of the writer and not to the printer, the words have been
+  left as they stood in the original. On the other hand the accents
+  in the very numerous Greek quotations have been corrected.
+
+Numbers in parentheses were printed in the gutter; they probably
+represent pages or leaves of the 1574 original. Sidenotes are shown
+in brackets.]
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+           *       *       *       *
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+  IOANNIS CAII
+  ANGLI,
+
+  De
+
+  Pronunciatione Gr�c� & Latin�
+  lingu� cum scriptione nova
+  libellus.
+
+
+[Lege lector & iudica.] Scripturus de noua Gr�c� & Latin�
+lingu� pronunciatione (3) & scriptione noua, spero me sine
+offensione cuiusquam id facturum. Libera enim regio h�c
+semper fuit, & liberos in ea oportet esse homines. Nequ�
+enim qu� soluto animo familiariter scribi consuerunt,
+temporibus istis excluduntur: etsi plena grauitatis omnia
+sunt. Non enim ad graues aut exercitatos, sed leues &
+inexercitatos scribo: & eos ratione & usu doceo, quos nec
+usus nec longa vita instituit. Cum essem in Italia graues
+viros grauiter & cum decoro pronunciantes audiebam. Cum in
+Britanniam veneram, nouos viros, nouo quodam pronunciationis
+genere omnia personare offendebam. H�c itaqu� sic cogitabam
+apud me. Cum nec Rom�, nec in uniuersa Italia, im� ver� cum
+nequ� in Germania, Gallia, neque Belgia, nec alibi gentium,
+qu�m in nostra Britannia ullum unquam verbum de
+pronunciatione illa noua, ullau� mentio aut significatio tum
+fuit, nouam pronunciationem alibi in usu non fuisse qu�m in
+Britannia cert� scire licet. Nequ� ea tamen uniuersa, sed
+certo quodam loco, in quo per ea tempora oratores noui
+imperabant. Sic tamen h�c refero, ut eos propter literas
+aliasque virtutes vehementer amem & suspiciam: propter h�c
+ver� laudem minim�. Cuius rei alioqui cert� me cepisset
+admiratio, cum & Plautus scribat in Casina, vetera nouis
+esse meliora, ideoque sapientiores esse qui utuntur vino
+veteri, qu�m qui nouo: qui veteres spectent fabulas, qu�m
+qui nouas: qui vetera opera atqu� verba, qu�m qui noua: qui
+usitata, quam qui insueta: (4) qui veteres comoedias, qu�m
+qui nouas: qui veteri denique nummo, qu�m nuper nato. Thus
+quoque vetus nouo odoratius esse, prouerbio celebratur,
+usque ade� ut idem, rem malam, sed notam & usitatam, optimam
+esse dicat in Trinummo. Nam qu� noua sunt, etsi optima,
+tamen propter insolentiam videntur pessima, & fieri potest
+ut usu experiaris talia cum periculo, cum declinare non sit
+futurum integrum. Etenim s�p� viatorem noua non vetus orbita
+fallit. Quare vetustatem suo loco conseruandam, nouitates,
+etsi spem meliorum afferant, repudiandas esse Plautus
+consulit: nec nouitates nos magis ad inquirendas causas
+excitare, qu�m magnitudines rerum debere: eosque errores
+quos rerum nouitates attulerunt, natur� ratione depellere
+oportere M.�Tullius existimat. Sed nostrorum hominum est,
+semper nouum cribrum, nouo paxillo primos suspendere, et
+nouas inducere sectas nouis paradoxis. Quod tamen, ut non
+reprehenderim ingenij exercendi causa in tenebris, ita non
+laudem cert� usus causa in luce: qu�d pr�ter consuetudinem
+patri�, pr�sentis temporis atque hominum sunt. In rebus
+ciuilibus dico. Nam ali� non pertinebit oratio mea. Curo
+enim ut mea omnia nullam habeant publicam offensionem, sed
+communem omnibus utilitatem. Quod si gaudeas excogitasse
+quod prosit, cert� hic non est gaudendum tibi, obest enim
+magis qu�m prodest, ut mox ostendam. Sed omnes obstrepunt.
+Quid solus ergo contendis? Si irrident quid pergis delirare?
+Quid solus sapis? Sed author es eius rei. O�gloriosam rem,
+inuentorem esse inanium rerum? tranquillitatis literari�
+perturbatorem esse? quem nec Galli, nec Itali, nec ipsi
+Gr�ci commendant: nec alius quisquam pr�ter imperitum rerum
+iuuenem aut temerarium adolescentem, cui istam persuasionem
+in principio per fraudem instillaueris alioqui non
+probaturo, imponens imperit� turb�(5) adolescentum, cui vix
+liter� sunt, & mult� minus iudicium. De qua re tamen multum
+forsan gloriaberis tanquam in re prudenter gesta. Iam ver�
+si magna res non sit utro modo pronuncies, cur interturbas
+omnia? cur non intermittis quod leue est, potius qu�m
+castigari grauiter? Si sonus (res inanis) huius aut illius
+liter� mulctam indictam habet grandem, cur non inanitatem
+potius contemnis, qu�m in mulctam incidas? Leuissimis rebus
+grauissimas indicere poenas �quum est, non propter
+magnitudinem rei qu� leuis est, sed propter violatum
+in repub. ordinem receptum iam & confirmatum, propter
+contemptum, propter nouitatis exemplum, & propter temerarium
+in ea ausum. Nequ� hic tanta pretia subesse cernimus,
+quamobrem tantas difficultates lubenter subiremus, etsi in
+alijs difficilia qu� pulchra. Lic�t enim optima qu�que &
+inuentu & conseruatu difficilia obseruentur, non tamen qu�
+non facil� inueniuntur & conseruantur statim optima
+reputantur, in quo genere ista tua est (si dijs placet)
+pronunciatio. Sed antiquitatem obijcis. Antiquata esse
+fatebor cert�, antiqua videri non fatebor. Nam Aulus Gellius
+author grauis, antiquata & desita omnia, �multis s�culis in
+usum reuocata etsi vetusta sunt, videri tamen noua sapienter
+censuit. Etsi antiqua videantur, per hominum errorem id
+quidem contigit, ignorantium cuiusquam rei proprietatem.
+Sallustius pr�sentium rerum retinentissimus semper
+consuetudini cessit. �lius Gallus atque Cicero noua perpetu�
+fugiebant, ade� ut nouissimus & nouissim� haud libenter usi
+sunt. Gellius reprehendit eos qui obsoleta in usum reuocant.
+Phauorinus Philosophus nouitatis hostis, adolescentem
+inusitatorum studiosum, acriter corripuit, dicens: Curius
+& Fabritius (6) dilucid� cum suis fabulati sunt, neque
+Auruncorum, Sicanorum aut Pelasgorum (qui primi Italiam
+incoluisse leguntur) sed �tatis su� verbis locuti sunt: tu
+ver� perind� quasi cum matre Euandri nunc loquaris verbis
+iam olim desitis uteris. Quod si intelligi non vis qu�
+loqueris, non hoc abund� consequeris tacens? quasi satius
+esset non loqui qu�m non intelligi. Demonax quoque
+philosophus idem faciebat. Quum enim � quopiam qu�siuisset
+aliquid, atque ille verbis obsoletis atqu� priscis
+responderet. Ego (inquit) amice te nunc percontor: at tu
+perinde respondes quasi regnaret Agamemnon. Sorbona etiam
+(quam Robertus Sorbona, non Caroli imperatoris frater
+Theologis Luteti� instituerat) aliquot Raimundi Lullij opera
+reiecit, qu�d vetustis vocabulis iamdiu receptis & usitatis
+reiectis, noua infulserit. Crassus Sulpitium arguebat, qu�d
+tollendo .i. literam de diphthongo ei, non antiques
+oratores, sed rusticos messores videretur imitari, ut est
+apud M.�Tullium 3. de oratore. Catullus Arcij hinsidias
+atque chommoda deridebat: quid facturus si Quinctilianos
+atqu� Quinctios, ut nunc loquuntur atque scribunt,
+Chicherones atque Quinctos, Kikerones & Kicherones, pecuniam
+& peguniam, coilum choelum & coelum, cernos & chernos,
+discipulos & dischipulos iam audiret: quibus multi hodi�
+utuntur loquendo & scribendo, sermonis atque scriptionis
+vitia imitati, non virtutes consecuti. Ad h�c Laced�monij
+qu�d simplicia atque consueta placuerunt, Terpandrum
+pr�stantissimum Cithar�dum mulctasse dicuntur, qu�d unam
+solam chordam pr�ter necessitatem intendisset. Ad extremum
+Romani, rhetores Latinos & philosophos edicto urbe Roma
+pepulerunt, qu�d nouum genus disciplin� instituerunt. Noua
+enim Romanis, viris cert� in omni re sapientibus qu� pr�ter
+consuetudinem & morem maiorum (7) suorum illata sunt, neque
+placuerunt, neque recta videbantur. Eam ob rem M.�Cicero
+in oratione contra Catelinam refert, Seruilium Halam,
+Sp.�Melium nouis rebus studentem sua manu occidisse. Nihil
+enim periculosius in usu vit� esse rebantur, qu�m veteribus
+relictis ad noua deuolare. Nam inconstantia magnam ipsa
+in se leuitatem habet, subitaque consuetudinis, & usus
+commutatio, plena maximarum rerum Cic. de offensione est.
+[Cic. de senect.] Quamobrem sapienter M.�Cato, qui Appium
+senect. c�cum laudat, qu�d vigebat in eius domo patrius
+mos & disciplina. Sapienter veteres, qui legibus antiquis,
+opsonijs ver� recentibus utendum censuerunt. Sapienter &
+Iurisconsulti, qui nihil temer� innouandum nisi euidens
+ratio postulauerit, pr�cipiunt. Hinc factum existimem, ut
+schol� iuris nostri publici nullo modo adduci possunt, ut
+relinquant suum _octabis_: nec schol� qu�dam Academic� ut
+deficiant � suis sotulis, cum artium magisterio initiandi
+sunt: aut ocreis, cum SS. Theologi� Doctoratus gradu
+insigniendi sunt: aut ouis vario modo pr�paratis cum in
+determinationibus Bacchalaurei nouitij, seniores sui gradus
+conuiuijs excipiant: nec in disputationibus, sedentibus
+disputatoribus, ut auditores humi non procumbant, fusi per
+densum substratum iuncum: nec ut caputium patientiamque quam
+vocant stamineam (peculiare gestamen collegis Hispanorum
+Collegij apud Bononienses) deponant Hispani Bononiensis
+Academi�. Quos omnes laudo equidem, quod leuibus momentis
+non impellantur huc atque illuc inconstanter, nec a veteri
+sua consuetudine auellantur desciscantque facil�: ut
+nonnull� solent Academi� in quibus leuitas iuuenilis magna
+paruis, quadrata rotundis, & formas formis mutat imprudenter
+admodum, nullo seruato ordine, nulla (8) consuetudine aut
+grauitate. Cert� mihi videntur illi plan� cuculi atque oues,
+qui eos, qui ut homines pronunciare iamdiu usi sunt,
+abolitis cuculorum atque ouium vocibus, eodem reuocare
+velint, atque ex obscuris �nigmatibus & antiquis cum
+difficultate discere studeant, qu� viua vox, certus
+pr�sensque usus cum facilitate clar� possunt docere.
+Synesius Cyrenensis in laudatione Caluicij, & Laced�monij in
+legibus, grauiora suadent in eos qui pr�ter consuetudinem
+patri� aliquid intulerunt: puta cicutam, & suspendium.
+Etenim Synesius eos qui pr�ter consuetudinem patri� aliquid
+innouarant cicuta dignos existimat, quod rudes & indocti
+absurdarum opinionum fautores esse consuerunt, existimans
+cum prouerbio: Superiorum temporum omnia meliora, qu�d & usu
+confirmata sunt, & pace tranquilla, cuius & vox dulcis et
+res ipsa salutaris est. Laced�monij ver� usque ade�
+formidabant rerum nouitates, atque etiam ad earum
+recordationem tantopere inhorrescebant, ut lege lata
+sanciuerint, ne quis innouare quicquam auderet, qui chorda
+� collo suspensa prius non prodiret, ut si de nouitate
+consilium parum placeret, audaci� su� poenas daret. Etenim
+euentus varios res noua semper habet, ut Cornelius Gallus
+scribit, & magna ex parte periculosos: sic ut siue vi
+imperare velis hanc pronunciationem nouam, siue stultiti�
+blandimentis iuuentuti instillare, importunum hac �tate
+facis, mouere qu� stabilita sunt, cum pr�sertim omnium rerum
+mutationes c�dem, fugam, aliaque hostilia (ut Sallustius
+ait) portendant. [In bello Iugurth. fol. 35.] Usque in
+ciuilibus consisto, omnia enim secundum materiam subiectam
+intelligo. Ex quibus scire licet nequ� antiquata in usum
+esse reuocanda, neque noua esse amplectenda, neque extra
+publicam viam esse deflectendum, sed cum (9) pronunciationis
+antiquitas euanuerit (si aliter olim pronunciarunt qu�m
+hodi� nos proferimus) usum scientiamque pr�stare nos debere
+eius, qua pr�sentes utimur: uti docti viri solent, qui
+scientiam sibi reseruant, usum autem loquendi populo
+concedunt, qui loquendum ut multi, sentiendum ut pauci
+sapienter pr�cipiunt, nec immutandum quicquam inconstanter
+censent: nec mouenda esse rerum nouitatibus qu� bene
+constituta et confirmata sunt existimant, etsi vetustatis
+speciem sibi induant. Etenim non est quamobrem in hac ben�
+confirmata repub. literaria quis velit iam dicere, ore san�
+agresti atque rudi, _queis_ pro _quibus_, nec _veias_ pro
+_vias_, nec _olli_ pro _illi_, _mareito_ pro _marito_, nec
+_maxum�_ pro _maxim�_, nec _sueuerat_ pro _consueuerat_,
+nec _deico_, _eidus_, _pulchrai_, _veit�_, _ubei_, _quei_,
+_heic_, _foeminai_, _suom_, _deilexit_, _horunc_, _abei_,
+_erodita_, _pictai_, _aulai_, _nepai_, qu� iam obsoleuerunt,
+& repetita molesta sunt, & interturbant omnia, pro _dico_,
+_idus_, _pulchr�_, _vit�_, _ubi_, _qui_, _hic_, _foemin�_,
+_suum_, _dilexit_, _hunc_, _abi_, _erudita_, _pict�_,
+_aul�_, _nep�_, ut nec multa alia propter carminis
+necessitatem, aut alijs propter affectationem, non propter
+meliorem scribendi aut pronunciandi rationem usitata. Nequ�
+enim propter insolentiam aures eruditorum h�c ferre possent,
+nisi quod Poetis libero hominum generi propter eorum ligatam
+orationem semper fuit potestas quidlibet audendi. Exit in
+immensum facunda licentia vatum: inquit Ouidius: Obligat
+historica nec sua verba fide. Hinc apud eos, Tmolus habet
+aures, saltant quercus, aues loquuntur, et saxa fiunt
+homines. Utuntur tamen hodi� haud dissimili pronunciandi
+genere, quod Borealismum seu Scotismum nominamus
+(quemadmodum Alcibiades Labdacismo) quia Borealibus Anglis
+(quos Calidonios Britannos Lucanus vocat) atqu� Scotis�(10)
+vicinis est in usu, dum _saibai_, _taibai_, _vaita_, _aita_
+dicant, cum _sibi_, _tibi_, _vita_, _ita_, pronunciandum
+sit. Mordicus tamen retinent non ratione sed pertinacia, &
+petulantia: etsi australibus Anglis ita vulgo contemnitur
+hoc pronunciationis genus, ut Phaliscis seu Thuscis
+Bergomense apud Italos. Est enim rudis & inconditi vulgi,
+quibus ut est decorum patrio more loqui: ita australibus
+Anglis vald� indecorum alio uti qu�m suo. Licet tamen hic
+contemplari iudicium iuuentutis, qu� vitia pro virtutibus
+amplectitur, ut solet vulgus Aulicorum, qui camisias
+crispatas, & cothurnos coriaceos inducunt ornamenti causa,
+qui principio causa contegendi crura, & colla morbida, ad
+quotidianum usum sunt inuenta. Nam olim & nostra memoria
+cum sana essent omnia, nec cothurnis utebantur, & denudata
+virorum colla erant ad pectus, & pectora expapillata (ut
+Plauti verbo utar) atqu� ad papillam denudata, etiam brumali
+tempore. Sed h�c obiter de Borealismo. Ad diphthongos iam
+paucis venio. De quibus etiam Iurisconsulti aliter sentiunt,
+qu�m noui isti pronunciationis authores. Theophilus enim
+Antecessor cum vellet uti aliena lingua, non +pra�t�r+ dixit
+diuisa diphthongo, sed +prait�r+ & pr�tores, unita. Cuius rei
+non alium magistrum, qu�m eius temporis usum reor: qui & ad
+nostrum usque promanarit, & per omnem orbem disseminatus
+& receptus est. Quod si non lubenter ferant, quin
+diphthongorum omnes literas suis sonis ipsi exprimant,
+contra qu�m vult receptus usus, quod voluntatis & petulanti�
+error est, non necessitatis, at saltem alijs permittant ut
+in sua etiam sit voluntate sine reprehensione, veteri &
+recepto more pronunciare, maxim� quod multi errores
+reperiantur apud authores (ut aiunt) ex diphthongis
+resolutis in simplices (11) literas. Noui tamen isti homines
+nescio quam commoditatem puerilem in docendo, pueris manare
+ex hac sua pronunciatione dicunt. Quasi ver� Gr�corum pueri,
+& qui hodi� utuntur veteri pronunciatione, linguam Gr�cam
+discere, sonare, & intelligere veteri illa nequiuissent,
+aut si quiuissent, non ita tamen commod�. Scilicet. Equidem
+puerile magis existimo qu�m virile, puerileque esse
+argumentum puto. Nam si commodior ratio sit, (ut ita dem)
+non tamen vetustior est, qu� res in controuersia est,
+minusque arguit veteres sic pronunciasse, nec esse puerorum
+causa immutanda omnia aut subuertenda censeo. Id enim
+experimento didici, varietatem pronunciandi mutuum
+commercium & societatem hominum rerumque intellectum
+summouere: discord�mque hanc pronunciationem sermonis
+commercio nunquam contracturam ad colloquia. Nequ� enim
+Gr�cus Patriarcha cum istic regnante Edwardo sexto Londini
+esset, Checum, nec Checus Patriarcham intellexit: hic nouo,
+ille ueteri pronunciandi modo usus: quo omnes Gr�ci adhuc
+utebantur cum ego essem Venetijs, tum � Cathedra Gr�cas
+literas profitendo, tum in templis sacra celebrando.
+Audiebam enim data opera s�pius. At si ego tacerem norit
+Oxoniensis schola, quemadmodum ipsa Gr�cia pronunciarit, ex
+Matth�o Calphurnio Gr�co, quem ex Gr�cia Oxonium Gr�carum
+literarum gratia produxerat Thomas Wols�us, de bonis literis
+optim� meritus Cardinalis, cum non alia ratione pronunciarit
+ille, qu�m qua nos iam profitemur. Id si ita sit, nos
+Britanni docebimus ipsos Gr�cos in ipsa Gr�cia oriundos sua
+verba sonare? suas voces atque literas pronunciare? & plus
+in aliena lingua sapiens [[sapiemus?]] qu�m ipsa gens atqu�
+natio, cui lingua Gr�ca familiaris atque etiam vulgaris est,
+& successione temporum continuata, tanquam per manus esset
+tradita? (12) Nemo qui Gallic� velit discere, ex Anglo
+petet, si sapiat, nec contra: nec qui Italic�, ex Germano,
+sed ex sua qu�que gente sunt discenda. At si pueris
+instituendis prodesse posset, uti aiunt, usu publico posset,
+ut cum alijs usu conueniant in sermone ad intellectum.
+Nam si doceas quod usui publico esse non possit, quorsum
+doctrinam? Cogetur qui didicit dedidicisse, & eum
+pronunciandi modum discere qui in usu est, ut eo utatur cum
+in publicum prodierit, cum inter homines versatus fuerit, &
+cum in theatrum doctorum venerit: nisi velit haberi ineptus
+et ridiculum caput omnibus. Et qui docebit quoque ad istum
+modum, duplicabit operam & mercedem, uti Fabius Quintilianus
+scribit, tum ut prioris obliuisci instituat, tum ut
+insequentis pronunciationis rationem ostendat, discentis
+incommodo & labore graui, & temporis & compendij iactura
+grauiori, qu� rectius in principio potuissent collocari in
+meliores usus. At ad usum publicum profuerit minim�. Nam
+priuata h�c pronunciatio paucorum tantum hominum in
+Britannia est, & eorum iuuenum, alibi minim� recepta
+gentium. Sed hij pauci sic pronunciant, ut se mutu�
+intelligant, dices. At orbis uniuersus non est ista
+paucitas. Nec paucis priuato loco atque usui doctrina
+constituitur, sed publico & uniuerso, ut inter homines
+cuiusque regionis cum laude lingu�, & ingenij gloria
+verseris. Quamobrem ne docendo quidem, ullo modo ad usum
+publicum conducet ista noua pronunciatio. Hactenus ergo
+vetus illa pronunciatio nihil prohibuit, quin & rect�
+loquerentur homines, & per orbem uniuersum intelligerentur,
+sic ut non sit opus noua. Sed ita pronunciandum sentis ut
+discernas inter voces, inter vocales & diphthongos. Quasi
+ver� usu, doctrina, sensu, (13) accentu, genere, quantitate,
+numero & casu nihil comprehendi, nihil discerni possit,
+nisi demittamus nos, descendamusque ad puerilem legendi
+simplicitatem, ac plenis buccis proferamus satis rustic�,
++Pho�bos+, _toutois_, _cai_, _lobois_, _mousais_, _basilews_,
+_epeiros_, _tuptomai_, _chreia_, _chresimos_, _apophugen_,
+_husteron_, _kibdes_, _cuclops_, _korakeion_, _lewcon_,
+_hippewein_, _wyos_, _pais_, & hoc genus alia: pro _phoebus_,
+_toutis_, (veteri more) _cha_, _louis_, _mus�s_, _vasileus_,
+_epirus_, _typtom�_, _chria_, _chrisimos_, _apophygen_,
+_ysteron_, _cibdis_, _cyclops_, _coracion_, _leucon_,
+_yppewin_, _yios_, _p�s_, unde p�dotriba, non paidotriba:
+aut quasi nihil aliud esset quo dijudicaremus inter
+parere pro parturire, & par�re pro obedire in isto versu.
+Foemina vult parere, sed non par�re lubenter, nisi crassa
+pronunciatio: eadem pen� nota qua +loimos+ & +limos+ in
+pronunciatione, non tamen in scriptione. Nam inter +loimos+ &
++limos+ in scribendo manifesta est differentia. Apollo tamen
+videtur limos dixisse & pronunciasse veteri Gr�corum more,
+alioqui nulla fuisset dubitatio in oraculo. Cert� antiqui
+_Achilles_, _Tydes_, _Theses_, & _Ulisses_ dicebant, non
+_Achillews_, _Tudeus_, _Thesews_, et _Ulussews_ quemadmodum
+recentes: uti ex eorum & interpretum libris ea adhuc
+referentibus scire licet. Quod si olim Gr�ci eo quo recentes
+isti modo crassius, durius, & asperius pronunciarunt, (quod
+acerrim� isti defendunt, cum dicunt Gr�cos) etiam tum Gr�ci
+erant Barbari, cum�ex omnibus gentibus soli non habebantur
+Barbari. Barbari enim ab initio dicti sunt (ut inquit
+Strabo) qui crass�, difficulter, asper� atque duriter
+loquebantur: in quorum genere fuerunt omnes gentes pr�ter
+Gr�cos: �quibus postea (corrupta Gr�cia) barbara ea
+appellatio ad omnes pr�ter (14) Latinos translata est, qu�d
+mitiorem linguam & isti habebant et magis cultam. Si quis
+tamen ex Latinis esset qui non rect� verba proferebat,
+barbar� loqui etiam ille dicebatur. Sed pergo. An sapientem
+Hebr�um putares, si puerorum causa renunciata omnino
+perfecta illa & absoluta sine punctis legendi ratione, ad
+punctorum rationem et simplicitatem in uniuersum deficiat?
+An non omnes tanquam infantem & ineptum dicerent? Nisi velit
+prim�m suos Tyrones per punctos ad lectionem introducere,
+ac tum ad absolutam illam legendi rationem sine punctis
+traducere: quod laboriosum esset geminique operis. Rursus
+an sapientem Gallum qui rudiorum causa velit rudius
+pronunciare, & aliter qu�m vulgus Gallorum solet, & eas
+literas in voces inserere, quas usus excludit. Doctos enim
+docta decent, indoctos formare possunt docti pro arbitrio,
+seorsim, sine uniuersitatis dissolutione, & ita instituere
+prout optimum cuique videbitur, mod� non deficiant �
+consuetis, nec in dicendo & scribendo nouas turbas excitent,
+noua dogmata non introducant cum reipub. literari�
+inquietudine, & personarum offensione. Ut si quis vellet
+docere priuatim legendum _homo_ non _omo_, & _hupsilon_ non
+_ypsilon_, vel +i+psilon ferendum fuit, mod� doceat admonendi
+non utendi causa (ut prudentes solent qui (ut dixi)
+scientiam sibi seruant, usu autem ut populus loquuntur)
+quod h. non sit litera, sic ut faciat vocem ut vocalis, aut
+liquescat ut liquida, aut consonet ut consonans, aut mutet
+ut muta, sed aspiret tant�m ut spiritus, ac ventus leuis
+sine voce. Eam ob causam apud scriptores veteres, leges
+_ydropisis_, _term�_, _Batonia_ & _Iuernia_, pro
+_hydropisis_, _therm�_, _Bathonia_ & _Hybernia_, uti in
+libro nostro de thermis Britannicis, et Symphonia vocum
+Britannicarum annotauimus. Istas tamen (15) ineptias Deus
+bone, qu�m mordicus retinent noui isti et defendunt (ut sibi
+quidem videntur) pertinaciter, cum nullo tamen modo iustis
+rationibus possint. Iuuenes si h�c ineptirent sol�m duce
+iuuene, ferendum fuit. Iam ver� cum audiam senes delirare
+hijs ineptijs, quid intollerabilius? Nam hos iudicium,
+ratio, & experientia doceret. Pr�terea in senecta �tate
+ludere par impar, equitare in arundine longa, quouis vento
+agitari, nihilqu� constantis hominis habere indecorum est.
+Cicero in Bruto notat �tatem qu� ante se fuit, in qua
+Ennius, Liuius, & L.�Sisenna erant, quorum stilus erat (ut
+ille ait) horridior, nec dum perfect� loquebantur. Sua autem
+�tate unctior & splendidior consuetudo loquendi fuit. Et
+quamuis (inquit) L.�Sisenna facil� omnes vincat superiores,
+indicat tamen quant�m absit a summo. Nam usus est aliquando
+veteribus verbis, & ab usu perfecto, & auribus eruditis
+remotis. Rect� enim loqui putabant esse, inusitat� loqui.
+Idem eodem in Bruto nimiam vetustatem explodendam monet.
+Sed nimia (inquit) vetustas nec habet eam quam qu�rimus
+summitatem, nec est san� tolerabilis. Ego igitur hortator
+essem, ut a suscepta hac nuper (si omnino suscepta fuit)
+desit�que olim pronunciatione desistant, qui utuntur: si non
+propter has quas ante retuli causas, at cert� propter h�c
+quod eadem pronunciatione honestissima verba turpissim�
+sonent, ut _ascitum_ & _asciscunt_ apud nostros. Etenim
+in harum vocum prima, si c. proferas ut ch. & in secunda
+utrumque c. ut k. more nouo, utrumque vocabulum tanta
+turpitudine proferetur, quanta non sinit verecundia mea
+explicare. Quamobrem malui rem tacita cogitatione pr�terire,
+qu�m dilucidius patefacere: cupio enim rebus adesse nomina,
+sed non nominibus pudorem. Sed (16) superciliosorum
+Grammaticorum maxim� culpa h�c pronunciatio Latina
+introducta est, c�m nescio qua �mulatione alter alterum
+nouitate aliqua studeat superare. Id quod exemplo cuiusdam
+amici adhuc viuentis, qui in schola Paulina atqu� item
+Antonina Londini educatus iam olim est, didici. Etenim cum
+in ludo literario diui Pauli erat, docebatur sonare docheo
+pro doceo: cum in scholam S.�Anthonij idem venerat, iussum
+est proferre dokeo pro doceo: nullo plan� discentium
+commodo, sed ne docentium quidem: tant�m inseruitum est
+istorum libidini quorum pr�ceptum id erat, pronunciationis
+vitio, & pubertatis incommodo. Itaque imponendus modus est,
+alioqui nullus futurus finis est, hoc isto, illo alio modo
+verba proferente atqu� scribente. Nam & in scriptione quoque
+noua ratio hodie proponitur. Sed nemo (quod sciam) usqu�
+ade� desipuit hactenus ut sequi vellet, ne author quidem
+eius. Neque enim c�cum ducem, nequ� amentem consultorem.
+Quod si quis vellet, at constituenda illi schola noua
+scribendi & legendi fuit, dediscend�que qu� didicit omnia,
+& innouanda omnia omni populo, euersis quibus hactenus
+usi sumus omnibus: usqu� ade� mobilia sunt hodi� hominum
+ingenia in istis nugis, ut nihil fixum, nihil in perpetuum
+constitutum habeant. Nec unum nugandi genus est in
+scribendo, sed diuersum, hic uno, ille altero usus modo:
+hic nouam literarum formam & pronunciationem commentus, ille
+alteram: & eas ineptas san� et insulsas, etiam simplicibus
+mulierculis. Non est tamen tam stupidus quisquam, aut
+impudens & insulsus rei alicuius nou� author, qui non sit
+habiturus su� stultiti� fautores et sectatores, vel homines
+adolescentes, vel stultam plebeculam: at grauem virum cui
+sit iudicium, ne unum quidem. Nisi si fort� (17) ingenij
+sui ostentandi causa hoc fecerint, ut Isocrates laudando
+Busyrim, Libanius Thersitem, Lucianus Muscam, Quartanam
+Fauorinus, Caluiciem Synesius Cyrenensis, Comam Dion
+Chrysostomus, & nostri s�culi Cornelius Agrippa scribendo
+de vanitate scientiarum libellum: Copernicus de motu terr�
+& statione coeli volumen: et Erasmus Rhoterodamus de febre &
+Phalarismo libellos. Nam rhetores subinde animi causa solent
+tractare materias +adoxous+, & exercendi gratia argumentum
+infame declarare. Ita si de pronunciatione noua & scriptione
+noua sensissent noui isti authores, & cum pr�fatione sensus
+sui hoc esse suum commentum dicerent, non ad usum atque
+professionem, sed ad ingenij gloriam & exercitium, �quior
+essem, amplectererque cert� lubens. Alioqui videant illi,
+qu�m nihil aliud qu�m suam traducant infantiam, nec esse
+consecuturos aliquando ut grauia ingenia flectant ad suas
+n�nias. Reliqua si sequacia fuerint, qu� gloria erit? Mallem
+unum grauem virum consentientem mihi mille iuuenibus: ut
+quibus nec dum per �tatem confirmatus animus est, nec
+maturum iudicium, nec usu experimentum, etsi grauissim� de
+se sentiant: cum tamen vestitu, gestu, & oratione long� se
+ostendant alios, ut in lib.�1 de Antiquitate Cant. Academi�
+plenius diximus. Nam ut in vijs peregrinus, sic in rebus
+imperitus. Cert� istis nouitatibus, istis modis, nihil aliud
+qu�m sterilis labor, steril�sque difficultas sequitur in
+promendo cum multorum risu: qu�d ea rustica sit et simplex,
+parum condita et delicata, affectatione quadam inept�
+acquisita, nec erudite ore digna: denique qu�d doctas
+aures vehementer offendit, ingrata plan� & odiosa omnibus,
+pr�terquam nouitatis studiosis. Nam suauitatis in sermone
+politiores scriptores semper fuerunt obseruantissimi.
+Siquidem maior ratio apud eos euphoni� fuit, qu�m disciplina
+(18) regul�. Hinc Gr�ci angelos phormingos, & pap� proferre,
+pr�cepto usuque imperarunt, cum +angelos+, +phormingos+, &
++Babai+ rudius proferendum alioqui fuit: et Romani _dingnum_
+cum _dignum_, _pungnum_ cum _pugnum_, & _mangnum_ cum _magnum_
+sit dicendum: ut mitigetur pronunciationis difficultas, &
+euitetur soni vitium, quod Gr�ci +kakoph�nian+ dicunt. Quin &
+Itali Romanorum soboles eadem de causa id pronunciandi genus
+adhuc obseruant, qui ne magnum dicant duriter, maignum
+sonant molliter: et dingnum, ne dignum. Britanni quoque
+atqu� Galli Romanorum �muli, ne magnum dicant, main
+proferunt, ut _Charles le main_, Carolus magnus: _le main
+see_, magnum mare: et in alearum usu, _the main chaunce_,
+sors magna: ac pro _est_, et, elisa .s. litera. Eadem
+suauitatis ratione ijdem omnes B. per v. in Gr�cis & Latinis
+dictionibus efferunt: et pro +bikiou+ (id est +aphak�s+) vitia,
+et pro Bienna Vienna, & pro +biktora+ victorem: & pro Abellana
+Auellana, non � contra dicunt. Et in vetustioribus Gr�corum
+codicibus manuscriptis rar� videbis b. literam, sed eius
+loco characterem v. latin� liter� similem. Latini quoque
+vetustiores, Vetonica pro Betonica dicunt, inter quos est
+Apuleius: et _Iuernia_ pro _Hibernia_, et _lauoro_ pro
+_laboro_, et _terra de Lauoro_, pro Labori�, (quo verbo
+Plinius utitur) qu� pars est Itali�. Hos si damnes, utere
+licentia pro me, & in usum quoque reuocato si libet,
+_appludam_ et _floces vini_, pro furfuraceo pane, et f�cibus
+vini: Dubenum pro Domino, Bubsequam, Bouinatorem, et
+manticulatorem quoque, pro Bubulco, conuiciatore, et
+clanculario fure, seu versuto: ut habet Festus Pompeius,
+Pacuuius, et Aulus Gellius: et hoc genus obsoleta et
+inusitata omnia, quod nemo san� mentis faciet. Sin probes,
+�nouo illo pronunciationis genere vel horum exemplo
+desiste. Illud in (19) uniuersum te scire expedit,
+pronunciationis rationem dicendi rationi esse simillimam,
+qu� in medio posita (ut ait Cicero de Oratore) communi
+quodam in usu atqu� in hominum more et sermone versatur.
+Nam ut in c�teris artibus id maxim� excellit quod longissim�
+sit ab imperitorum intelligentia sensuqu� seiunctum, ita in
+dicendo vitium est vel maximum � vulgari genere orationis,
+atqu� � consuetudine communis sensus abhorrere. [De laude
+Caluicij.] Etenim qui ad populum scribit vel loquitur (ut
+inquit Synesius) necesse est illum in opinione popularium
+esse, et ea fingere, et de hijs disserere qu� populo grata
+sunt. Atqu� ut histrioni actio, saltatori motus non quiuis
+sed certus quidam et laudabilis: sic in pronunciandi et
+scribendi genere, certum quoddam et communi usu receptum,
+non quoduis � consuetudine alienum et remotum habetur
+consentaneum. Non enim ea ratio esse debet apud nos in
+literis qu� in vestibus, qu� omnibus horis ali� pen� fiunt
+et diuers�, aut materia, aut forma, aut colore, aut omnibus
+hijs. Unus enim vultus apud nos odiosus est. Cuius rei gnari
+non insolentes Grammatici, quotquot hactenus mihi vidisse
+contigit, omnes cum de literarum potestate tractant ita
+proferendas esse pr�cipiunt, ut usus doctorum per omnem
+reliquum orbem iam olim receperit. Inter quos Petrus
+Antesignanus est, homo doctus atque elegans, et Nicholai
+Clenardi scholiastes. Is de noua ista pronunciatione ita
+censet, ut eius authores curiosos magis existimet, qu�m
+veteris pronunciationis intelligentes: et eorum rationes
+vaniores, qu�m ut eis adhibenda fides sit: ob idqu�
+pronunciandum veteri et recepto hactenus usu, existimans eum
+qui ex errore imperit� iuuentutis pendeat, in magnis viris
+non esse habendum. Eius verba h�c sunt. Quarta columna, (20)
+&c. elementorum potestatem complectitur, quo pacto scilicet
+debeant enunciari, de qua re vari� sunt hodi� & multiplices
+Grammaticorum opiniones, dum quidam curios� nimis ad
+antiquam pronunciandi rationem omnia volunt reuocare, cum
+tamen ipsi prorsus incerti sunt, quo pacto prisci illi h�c
+pronunciarunt, & coniectur� sunt admodum ieiun�. Illis
+itaque non est fides adhibenda, nisi prius priscorum aliquem
+ab inferis excitarint. H�c ille. Et paucis interpositis,
+ista subiungit. Qui ver� illis (professoribus) destituuntur,
+& proprio marte linguam Gr�cam discere coguntur, pronuncient
+elementa Gr�ca more Latinorum Gr�cis in hac tabula
+respondentium. Qu� cert� pronunciandi ratio vetus est, &
+recepta usu. Huius opinionis quoque olim per iuuentutem
+(quod ipse noui) erant isti pr�ceptores noui. Ver�m loco
+stare nesciuerunt, sed gressus glomerare superbos voluerunt.
+In ea quoque erat et Thomas Morus, Linacrus, Lupsetus,
+& Erasmus, qui in prouerbio, Stultior Morycho, +moruxai+
+transfert Moryx�, non moruxai, etsi de pronunciatione multa
+disputauerat, qu� glori� studio potius, quam usus gratia
+se scripsisse, ex hijs & alijs locis scire licet diligenter
+obseruanti. Par�mium quoque dixit, non paroimium, et
+Hippoclidem non Hippocludem in prouerbio: non est cur�
+Hippoclidi: & gymnasium non gumnasium, & Sybaritica, Smyrn�
+ac Syracus�, non Subaritica, Smurne & Suracusai. Longum
+esset omnes istas vanitates percensere, vix dies, aut etiam
+annus sufficeret. Sed quid de recentibus loquar, cum vetusti
+Gr�ci & Latini consueta religiosissim� obseruarunt. Galenus
+enim homo Gr�cus, & summi iudicij ac doctrin� vir, ut si
+quis alius sui aut insequentis temporis, lib.�1. operis sui
+de Compositione medicamentorum qua parte de modo lauandi
+lithargyron & alia metalla scribit, +t� kratous�+ (21)
++sun�theia+ utendum censet. Etenim cum medici sui temporis
+recentiores dicebant, +emplastron+, +kentrion+, +kai m�l�trida+
+cum +r.+ in ultima, is eam scribendi & pronunciandi rationem
+sequi maluit propter consuetudinem iam tum receptam &
+usitatam, qu�m +emplaston+, +kention+, & +m�l�tida+ dicere
+sine +r.+ litera, etsi ab +emplattein+, +kentein+, +m�l�s te kai
+�tos+ oriantur, in quibus +r.+ litera non est. Tanti erat apud
+illum consuetudo. Docet etiam eo in libro, quem contra eos
+scripsit qui reprehendant sol�cismum facientes in sermone,
+ipsos quoque Atticos secutos esse eam qu� in loquendo
+pr�ualuit consuetudinem. Tradiderunt item qui ante Galenum
+fuerunt, docti viri (ut ipse refert) Atticam linguam varijs
+modis corruptam atque � proprietate sua viciatam, secutos
+tamen esse eam qu� suo tempore inoleuit consuetudinem omnes,
+qui apud Gr�cos ullum pr�cellentis doctrin� nomen consecuti
+sunt, idem refert. Cum ergo (inquit) in omnibus libris
+medicinalibus, +emplastron+ cum +r.+ scriptum inuenimus, & nos
+quoque qu�d inualuit consuetudine, in loquendo & scribendo
+utendum censuimus. H�c hactenus Galenus. Eretriensibus
+quoqu� consuetum est +r.+ pro +s.+ proferre, ut +skl�rot�r+ pro
++skl�rot�s+, (unde prouerbium Eretriensium +rh�+). Atheniensibus
+contra, ut +tharsein+ pro +tharrhein+, utrobique si euertas
+usum, notaberis, et derideberis. Nec Gr�ci sol�m (ut dixi) sed
+Latini quoqu� hanc secuti sunt consuetudinem. Nam Ciceronis
+�tate inualuit stator, pro apparitore seu tabellario, ut ex
+epistola eius ad Caninium atque Celsum scire licet: ex
+Planci quoque ad Ciceronem. At Ulpiani & Iustiniani
+temporibus, strator inoleuit in eadem significatione, addita
+r. litera in prima syllaba. Secuti tamen sunt eorum temporum
+morem qui insecuti sunt Spartiatus in Caracalla, & qui de
+iure scripserunt pr�cipui. Itaque quemadmodum in vocibus
+atque literis si (22) quid innouaueris, reprehenderis, nisi
+consuetudo uniuersalis patietur, ita in pronunciatione.
+Pr�tereo quemadmodum hodi� quantitates syllabarum, longas in
+breues, & breues in longas mutent, faciantque in muliere
+secundam longam, et tertiam breuem, cum tamen Ouidius Naso
+in hoc versu. Eminet & non est in muliere fides, secundam
+fecit breuem & tertiam longam. Et Vergilius: Nux, asinus,
+mulier simili sunt lege ligati, h�c tria nil rect� faciunt
+si verbera cessent. Miror quo tandem erumpet h�c audacia,
+ne dicam temeritas. Si quis tamen dissentit & suo more loqui
+et pronunciare cupiat, contemptis doctioribus et uniuersali
+scriptorum consensu, sua cuique stet voluntas et sententia
+per me, suum cuique pulchrum sit. Ego quidem nec ulterius,
+nec cum quoquam acrius hac de re contendere studeo, nec
+bellum Grammaticale contra quenquam instruo et suscipio
+(quod tam inane iudico qu�m est ipsa res inanis) sed quid
+conueniat tant�m consulo, quidque exter� nationes in
+constantia et grauitate sua permanentes de pronunciatione
+Gr�c� et Latin� lingu� sentiant, bona fide explico. Non enim
+qu�situm hoc est, sed oblatum ex occasione peregrinationis
+nostr� per Italian et Germaniam, ut in lib. nostro de libris
+proprijs exposuimus. Cum igitur neque seria res sit h�c
+inepta pronunciatio, neque ulla caus� magnitudo, nulla
+necessitas, nulla commoditas rei atque glori� e� nos
+adegerit, neque plausibilis existat doctis atqu� grauibus,
+nec recepta Gr�cis, quid attinet obsoletam eam reuocare in
+usum, si mod� in usu prius fuit, de quo nondum constat inter
+Grammaticos. Adh�c cum pronunciatio h�c noua sit plan�
+rustica, ut ex Adolpho Mercherio Brugensi scire licet, aut
+affectata nimium, quod nostris sensibus cert� patet, nec
+tamen uniuersalem consensum virorum grauium et doctorum
+admiserit, id (23) non arguit omnes sic pronunciasse sed
+aliquos: & cum ex hac occasione magna in re literaria
+sequatur perturbatio omnibus omnia pro voluntate et arbitrio
+pr�ter consuetudinem commouentibus, quod in bene constituta
+rep. ferendum non fuit, malum pr�terea exemplum �ditur ad
+alia grauiora. Alioqui non magni referret utro modo
+pronunciaretur, cum discrimen nullum est vit� atqu�
+sanguinis, nulla iactura virtutis et rei, sed inanis
+spiritus et anhelitus qu� res est nihili. In istis
+spiritibus non est cur quis velit seri� spiritum suum
+consumere, tam est res exilis atqu� vana. Optandum igitur
+ut cum quieta iam sint omnia, et consensu hominum uniuersali
+paucis tant�m exceptis confirmata vetus pronunciatio,
+persequamur eam, curemusque ne perturbetur. Nam ut innouemus
+nulla facit rei magnitudo ut dixi. Omnes enim vident quam
+sit leuis et ridicula, nequ� ut tantos motus excitemus ulla
+fecit necessitas, sed hominum quorundam vanitas, dum quiuis
+studeat nou� rei nouus author haberi.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+           *       *       *       *
+
+Errors and Anomalies noted by transcriber:
+
+  _pulchr�_, _vit�_  [comma missing]
+  plus in aliena lingua sapiens [[sapiemus?]] qu�m ipsa gens
+    [_sidenote printed as shown, with brackets and question mark:
+    added by 1912 editor?_]
+  vel +i+psilon ferendum fuit  [_printed as shown, with initial iota_]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of De Pronunciatione Graecae & Latinae
+Linguae, by John Caius
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+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
+<html>
+<head>
+<title>De Pronunciatione Graecae et Latinae Linguae</title>
+<meta http-equiv = "Content-Type" content = "text/html; charset=UTF-8">
+
+<style type = "text/css">
+
+body {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;}
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+
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+text-align: center;}
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+margin-bottom: .5em;}
+
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+line-height: 1.2;}
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+margin-bottom: 3em;}
+p.inset {margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em;}
+
+div.center {text-align: center;}
+
+table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;}
+td {vertical-align: top;}
+
+/* sidenotes */
+
+span.sidenote {float: right; clear: right; margin-right: -20%;
+width: 15%; padding-left: 1em; font-size: 88%;}
+
+
+/* text formatting */
+
+.extended {letter-spacing: .2em;}
+
+/* greek translit */
+
+span.greek {border-bottom: none;}
+
+ins.correction {text-decoration: none; border-bottom: thin dotted red;}
+
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+font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; text-align: right;
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+
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+font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 90%; margin: 1em 5%;
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+</head>
+
+<body>
+
+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of De Pronunciatione Graecae & Latinae Linguae, by 
+John Caius
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: De Pronunciatione Graecae & Latinae Linguae
+       De Pronuntiatione Graecae et Latinae Linguae
+
+Author: John Caius
+
+Editor: E. S. Roberts
+
+Release Date: September 11, 2008 [EBook #26570]
+
+Language: Latin
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DE PRONUNCIATIONE GRAECAE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Louise Hope
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<div class = "mynote">
+<p><a name = "start" id = "start">This text</a> uses UTF-8 (unicode)
+file encoding, including a few words of accented Greek:</p>
+
+<p class = "inset">
+<span class = "greek" title = "limos">λοιμός</span>,
+<span class = "greek" title = "limos">λιμός</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>If any of these characters do not display properly, or if the
+apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, you
+may have an incompatible browser or unavailable fonts. First, make sure
+that your browser’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode
+(UTF-8). You may also need to change the default font. Transliteration
+of all Greek is provided by mouse-hover popups.</p>
+
+<hr class = "tiny">
+
+<p>The text is taken from the 1912 Cambridge edition of Caius’s
+<i>Complete Works</i>. The editor’s general introduction says:</p>
+
+<p class = "inset">
+In this volume no attempt has been made to produce a facsimile reprint.
+Even if such a design had been entertained, the great variety of form in
+which the original editions were issued would have made it impossible to
+carry out the re-issue with any uniformity. Obvious misprints have been
+corrected, but where a difference in spelling in the same work or on the
+same page&mdash;<i>e.g. baccalarius</i>, <i>baccalaureus</i>&mdash;is
+clearly due to the varying practice of the writer and not to the
+printer, the words have been left as they stood in the original. On the
+other hand the accents in the very numerous Greek quotations have been
+corrected.</p>
+
+<p>Numbers in the right margin mark the pagination of this 1912 edition.
+Numbers in parentheses&mdash;here shown in the left margin&mdash;were
+printed in the gutter; they probably represent pages or leaves in the
+1574 original. The illustration is taken from the same volume, though
+not the present text.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class = "center">
+<table summary = "centered text">
+<tr><td>
+<h2 class = "extended">IOANNIS CAII</h2>
+
+<h1><span class = "extended">ANGL</span>I,</h1>
+
+<h5 class = "extended">DE</h5>
+
+<h4 class = "hanging">Pronunciatione Græcæ & Latinæ<br>
+linguæ cum scriptione nova li-<br>
+bellus.</h4>
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/caius43.png" width = "302" height = "338"
+alt = "Caius in profile"></p>
+
+<h2 class = "extended">IOANNIS CAII</h2>
+
+<h1><span class = "extended">ANGL</span>I,</h1>
+
+<h5 class = "extended">DE</h5>
+
+<h3>Pronunciatione Græcæ &amp; Latinæ<br>
+linguæ, <i>&amp;c.</i></h3>
+
+<div class = "maintext">
+
+<p><span class = "sidenote">
+Lege lector &amp; iudica.</span>
+Scripturus de noua Græcæ &amp; Latinæ linguæ pronunciatione
+<span class = "pagenum orig">(3)</span>
+&amp; scriptione noua, spero me sine offensione cuiusquam id facturum.
+Libera enim regio hæc semper fuit, &amp; liberos in ea oportet esse
+homines. Nequè enim quæ soluto animo familiariter scribi consuerunt,
+temporibus istis excluduntur: etsi plena grauitatis omnia sunt. Non enim
+ad graues aut exercitatos, sed leues &amp; inexercitatos scribo: &amp;
+eos ratione &amp; usu doceo, quos nec usus nec longa vita instituit. Cum
+essem in Italia graues viros grauiter &amp; cum decoro pronunciantes
+audiebam. Cum in Britanniam veneram, nouos viros, nouo quodam
+pronunciationis genere omnia personare offendebam. Hîc itaquè sic
+cogitabam apud me. Cum nec Romæ, nec in uniuersa Italia, imò verò cum
+nequè in Germania, Gallia, neque Belgia, nec alibi gentium, quàm in
+nostra Britannia ullum unquam verbum de pronunciatione illa noua, ullauè
+mentio aut significatio tum fuit, nouam pronunciationem alibi in usu non
+fuisse quàm in Britannia certò scire licet. Nequè ea tamen uniuersa, sed
+certo quodam loco, in quo per ea tempora oratores noui imperabant. Sic
+tamen hæc refero, ut eos propter literas aliasque virtutes
+<span class = "pagenum">4</span>
+vehementer amem &amp; suspiciam: propter hæc verò laudem minimè. Cuius
+rei alioqui certè me cepisset admiratio, cum &amp; Plautus scribat in
+Casina, vetera nouis esse meliora, ideoque sapientiores esse qui utuntur
+vino veteri, quàm qui nouo: qui veteres spectent fabulas, quàm qui
+nouas: qui vetera opera atquè verba, quàm qui noua: qui usitata, quam
+qui insueta:
+<span class = "pagenum orig">(4)</span>
+qui veteres comœdias, quàm qui nouas: qui veteri denique nummo, quàm
+nuper nato. Thus quoque vetus nouo odoratius esse, prouerbio celebratur,
+usque adeò ut idem, rem malam, sed notam &amp; usitatam, optimam esse
+dicat in Trinummo. Nam quæ noua sunt, etsi optima, tamen propter
+insolentiam videntur pessima, &amp; fieri potest ut usu experiaris talia
+cum periculo, cum declinare non sit futurum integrum. Etenim sæpè
+viatorem noua non vetus orbita fallit. Quare vetustatem suo loco
+conseruandam, nouitates, etsi spem meliorum afferant, repudiandas esse
+Plautus consulit: nec nouitates nos magis ad inquirendas causas
+excitare, quàm magnitudines rerum debere: eosque errores quos rerum
+nouitates attulerunt, naturæ ratione depellere oportere M.&nbsp;Tullius
+existimat. Sed nostrorum hominum est, semper nouum cribrum, nouo paxillo
+primos suspendere, et nouas inducere sectas nouis paradoxis. Quod tamen,
+ut non reprehenderim ingenij exercendi causa in tenebris, ita non laudem
+certè usus causa in luce: quòd præter consuetudinem patriæ, præsentis
+temporis atque hominum sunt. In rebus ciuilibus dico. Nam aliò non
+pertinebit oratio mea. Curo enim ut mea omnia nullam habeant publicam
+offensionem, sed communem omnibus utilitatem. Quod si gaudeas
+excogitasse quod prosit, certè hic non est gaudendum tibi, obest enim
+magis quàm prodest, ut mox ostendam. Sed omnes obstrepunt. Quid solus
+ergo contendis? Si irrident quid pergis delirare? Quid solus sapis? Sed
+author es eius rei. O&nbsp;gloriosam rem, inuentorem esse inanium rerum?
+tranquillitatis literariæ perturbatorem esse? quem nec Galli, nec Itali,
+nec ipsi Græci commendant: nec alius quisquam præter imperitum rerum
+iuuenem aut temerarium adolescentem, cui istam persuasionem in principio
+per fraudem instillaueris alioqui non probaturo, imponens imperitæ turbæ
+<span class = "pagenum orig">(5)</span>
+<span class = "pagenum">5</span>
+adolescentum, cui vix literæ sunt, &amp; multò minus iudicium. De qua re
+tamen multum forsan gloriaberis tanquam in re prudenter gesta. Iam verò
+si magna res non sit utro modo pronuncies, cur interturbas omnia? cur
+non intermittis quod leue est, potius quàm castigari grauiter? Si sonus
+(res inanis) huius aut illius literæ mulctam indictam habet grandem, cur
+non inanitatem potius contemnis, quàm in mulctam incidas? Leuissimis
+rebus grauissimas indicere pœnas æquum est, non propter magnitudinem rei
+quæ leuis est, sed propter violatum in repub. ordinem receptum iam &amp;
+confirmatum, propter contemptum, propter nouitatis exemplum, &amp;
+propter temerarium in ea ausum. Nequè hic tanta pretia subesse cernimus,
+quamobrem tantas difficultates lubenter subiremus, etsi in alijs
+difficilia quæ pulchra. Licèt enim optima quæque &amp; inuentu &amp;
+conseruatu difficilia obseruentur, non tamen quæ non facilè inueniuntur
+&amp; conseruantur statim optima reputantur, in quo genere ista tua est
+(si dijs placet) pronunciatio. Sed antiquitatem obijcis. Antiquata esse
+fatebor certè, antiqua videri non fatebor. Nam Aulus Gellius author
+grauis, antiquata &amp; desita omnia, à&nbsp;multis sæculis in usum
+reuocata etsi vetusta sunt, videri tamen noua sapienter censuit. Etsi
+antiqua videantur, per hominum errorem id quidem contigit, ignorantium
+cuiusquam rei proprietatem. Sallustius præsentium rerum retinentissimus
+semper consuetudini cessit. Ælius Gallus atque Cicero noua perpetuò
+fugiebant, adeò ut nouissimus &amp; nouissimè haud libenter usi sunt.
+Gellius reprehendit eos qui obsoleta in usum reuocant. Phauorinus
+Philosophus nouitatis hostis, adolescentem inusitatorum studiosum,
+acriter corripuit, dicens: Curius &amp; Fabritius
+<span class = "pagenum orig">(6)</span>
+dilucidè cum suis fabulati sunt, neque Auruncorum, Sicanorum aut
+Pelasgorum (qui primi Italiam incoluisse leguntur) sed ætatis suæ verbis
+locuti sunt: tu verò perindè quasi cum matre Euandri nunc loquaris
+verbis iam olim desitis uteris. Quod si intelligi non vis quæ loqueris,
+non hoc abundè consequeris tacens? quasi satius esset non loqui quàm non
+intelligi. Demonax quoque philosophus idem faciebat. Quum enim à quopiam
+quæsiuisset aliquid, atque
+<span class = "pagenum">6</span>
+ille verbis obsoletis atquè priscis responderet. Ego (inquit) amice te
+nunc percontor: at tu perinde respondes quasi regnaret Agamemnon.
+Sorbona etiam (quam Robertus Sorbona, non Caroli imperatoris frater
+Theologis Lutetiæ instituerat) aliquot Raimundi Lullij opera reiecit,
+quòd vetustis vocabulis iamdiu receptis &amp; usitatis reiectis, noua
+infulserit. Crassus Sulpitium arguebat, quòd tollendo .i. literam de
+diphthongo ei, non antiques oratores, sed rusticos messores videretur
+imitari, ut est apud M.&nbsp;Tullium 3. de oratore. Catullus Arcij
+hinsidias atque chommoda deridebat: quid facturus si Quinctilianos atquè
+Quinctios, ut nunc loquuntur atque scribunt, Chicherones atque Quinctos,
+Kikerones &amp; Kicherones, pecuniam &amp; peguniam, coilum chœlum &amp;
+cœlum, cernos &amp; chernos, discipulos &amp; dischipulos iam audiret:
+quibus multi hodiè utuntur loquendo &amp; scribendo, sermonis atque
+scriptionis vitia imitati, non virtutes consecuti. Ad hæc Lacedæmonij
+quòd simplicia atque consueta placuerunt, Terpandrum præstantissimum
+Citharædum mulctasse dicuntur, quòd unam solam chordam præter
+necessitatem intendisset. Ad extremum Romani, rhetores Latinos &amp;
+philosophos edicto urbe Roma pepulerunt, quòd nouum genus disciplinæ
+instituerunt. Noua enim Romanis, viris certè in omni re sapientibus quæ
+præter consuetudinem &amp; morem maiorum
+<span class = "pagenum orig">(7)</span>
+suorum illata sunt, neque placuerunt, neque recta videbantur. Eam ob rem
+M.&nbsp;Cicero in oratione contra Catelinam refert, Seruilium Halam,
+Sp.&nbsp;Melium nouis rebus studentem sua manu occidisse. Nihil enim
+periculosius in usu vitæ esse rebantur, quàm veteribus relictis ad noua
+deuolare. Nam inconstantia magnam ipsa in se leuitatem habet, subitaque
+consuetudinis, &amp; usus commutatio, plena maximarum rerum Cic. de
+offensione est.
+<span class = "sidenote">
+Cic. de senect.</span>
+Quamobrem sapienter M.&nbsp;Cato, qui Appium senect. cæcum laudat, quòd
+vigebat in eius domo patrius mos &amp; disciplina. Sapienter veteres,
+qui legibus antiquis, opsonijs verò recentibus utendum censuerunt.
+Sapienter &amp; Iurisconsulti, qui nihil temerè innouandum nisi euidens
+ratio postulauerit, præcipiunt. Hinc factum existimem, ut scholæ iuris
+nostri publici nullo modo adduci possunt, ut relinquant
+<span class = "pagenum">7</span>
+suum <i>octabis</i>: nec scholæ quædam Academicæ ut deficiant à suis
+sotulis, cum artium magisterio initiandi sunt: aut ocreis, cum SS.
+Theologiæ Doctoratus gradu insigniendi sunt: aut ouis vario modo
+præparatis cum in determinationibus Bacchalaurei nouitij, seniores sui
+gradus conuiuijs excipiant: nec in disputationibus, sedentibus
+disputatoribus, ut auditores humi non procumbant, fusi per densum
+substratum iuncum: nec ut caputium patientiamque quam vocant stamineam
+(peculiare gestamen collegis Hispanorum Collegij apud Bononienses)
+deponant Hispani Bononiensis Academiæ. Quos omnes laudo equidem, quod
+leuibus momentis non impellantur huc atque illuc inconstanter, nec a
+veteri sua consuetudine auellantur desciscantque facilè: ut nonnullæ
+solent Academiæ in quibus leuitas iuuenilis magna paruis, quadrata
+rotundis, &amp; formas formis mutat imprudenter admodum, nullo seruato
+ordine, nulla
+<span class = "pagenum orig">(8)</span>
+consuetudine aut grauitate. Certè mihi videntur illi planè cuculi atque
+oues, qui eos, qui ut homines pronunciare iamdiu usi sunt, abolitis
+cuculorum atque ouium vocibus, eodem reuocare velint, atque ex obscuris
+ænigmatibus &amp; antiquis cum difficultate discere studeant, quæ viua
+vox, certus præsensque usus cum facilitate clarè possunt docere.
+Synesius Cyrenensis in laudatione Caluicij, &amp; Lacedæmonij in
+legibus, grauiora suadent in eos qui præter consuetudinem patriæ aliquid
+intulerunt: puta cicutam, &amp; suspendium. Etenim Synesius eos qui
+præter consuetudinem patriæ aliquid innouarant cicuta dignos existimat,
+quod rudes &amp; indocti absurdarum opinionum fautores esse consuerunt,
+existimans cum prouerbio: Superiorum temporum omnia meliora, quòd &amp;
+usu confirmata sunt, &amp; pace tranquilla, cuius &amp; vox dulcis et
+res ipsa salutaris est. Lacedæmonij verò usque adeò formidabant rerum
+nouitates, atque etiam ad earum recordationem tantopere inhorrescebant,
+ut lege lata sanciuerint, ne quis innouare quicquam auderet, qui chorda
+è collo suspensa prius non prodiret, ut si de nouitate consilium parum
+placeret, audaciæ suæ pœnas daret. Etenim euentus varios res noua semper
+habet, ut Cornelius Gallus scribit, &amp; magna ex parte periculosos:
+sic ut siue vi imperare
+<span class = "pagenum">8</span>
+velis hanc pronunciationem nouam, siue stultitiæ blandimentis iuuentuti
+instillare, importunum hac ætate facis, mouere quæ stabilita sunt, cum
+præsertim omnium rerum mutationes cædem, fugam, aliaque hostilia (ut
+Sallustius ait) portendant.
+<span class = "sidenote">
+In bello Iugurth. fol. 35.</span>
+Usque in ciuilibus consisto, omnia enim secundum materiam subiectam
+intelligo. Ex quibus scire licet nequè antiquata in usum esse reuocanda,
+neque noua esse amplectenda, neque extra publicam viam esse
+deflectendum, sed cum
+<span class = "pagenum orig">(9)</span>
+pronunciationis antiquitas euanuerit (si aliter olim pronunciarunt quàm
+hodiè nos proferimus) usum scientiamque præstare nos debere eius, qua
+præsentes utimur: uti docti viri solent, qui scientiam sibi reseruant,
+usum autem loquendi populo concedunt, qui loquendum ut multi, sentiendum
+ut pauci sapienter præcipiunt, nec immutandum quicquam inconstanter
+censent: nec mouenda esse rerum nouitatibus quæ bene constituta et
+confirmata sunt existimant, etsi vetustatis speciem sibi induant. Etenim
+non est quamobrem in hac benè confirmata repub. literaria quis velit iam
+dicere, ore sanè agresti atque rudi, <i>queis</i> pro <i>quibus</i>, nec
+<i>veias</i> pro <i>vias</i>, nec <i>olli</i> pro <i>illi</i>,
+<i>mareito</i> pro <i>marito</i>, nec <i>maxumè</i> pro <i>maximè</i>,
+nec <i>sueuerat</i> pro <i>consueuerat</i>, nec <i>deico</i>,
+<i>eidus</i>, <i>pulchrai</i>, <i>veitæ</i>, <i>ubei</i>, <i>quei</i>,
+<i>heic</i>, <i>fœminai</i>, <i>suom</i>, <i>deilexit</i>,
+<i>horunc</i>, <i>abei</i>, <i>erodita</i>, <i>pictai</i>, <i>aulai</i>,
+<i>nepai</i>, quæ iam obsoleuerunt, &amp; repetita molesta sunt, &amp;
+interturbant omnia, pro <i>dico</i>, <i>idus</i>, <i>pulchræ</i><ins
+class = "correction" title = "comma missing">, </ins><i>vitæ</i>,
+<i>ubi</i>, <i>qui</i>, <i>hic</i>, <i>fœminæ</i>, <i>suum</i>,
+<i>dilexit</i>, <i>hunc</i>, <i>abi</i>, <i>erudita</i>, <i>pictæ</i>,
+<i>aulæ</i>, <i>nepæ</i>, ut nec multa alia propter carminis
+necessitatem, aut alijs propter affectationem, non propter meliorem
+scribendi aut pronunciandi rationem usitata. Nequè enim propter
+insolentiam aures eruditorum hæc ferre possent, nisi quod Poetis libero
+hominum generi propter eorum ligatam orationem semper fuit potestas
+quidlibet audendi. Exit in immensum facunda licentia vatum: inquit
+Ouidius: Obligat historica nec sua verba fide. Hinc apud eos, Tmolus
+habet aures, saltant quercus, aues loquuntur, et saxa fiunt homines.
+Utuntur tamen hodiè haud dissimili pronunciandi genere, quod Borealismum
+seu Scotismum nominamus (quemadmodum Alcibiades Labdacismo) quia
+Borealibus Anglis (quos Calidonios Britannos Lucanus vocat) atquè Scotis
+<span class = "pagenum orig">(10)</span>
+<span class = "pagenum">9</span>
+vicinis est in usu, dum <i>saibai</i>, <i>taibai</i>, <i>vaita</i>,
+<i>aita</i> dicant, cum <i>sibi</i>, <i>tibi</i>, <i>vita</i>,
+<i>ita</i>, pronunciandum sit. Mordicus tamen retinent non ratione sed
+pertinacia, &amp; petulantia: etsi australibus Anglis ita vulgo
+contemnitur hoc pronunciationis genus, ut Phaliscis seu Thuscis
+Bergomense apud Italos. Est enim rudis &amp; inconditi vulgi, quibus ut
+est decorum patrio more loqui: ita australibus Anglis valdè indecorum
+alio uti quàm suo. Licet tamen hic contemplari iudicium iuuentutis, quæ
+vitia pro virtutibus amplectitur, ut solet vulgus Aulicorum, qui
+camisias crispatas, &amp; cothurnos coriaceos inducunt ornamenti causa,
+qui principio causa contegendi crura, &amp; colla morbida, ad
+quotidianum usum sunt inuenta. Nam olim &amp; nostra memoria cum sana
+essent omnia, nec cothurnis utebantur, &amp; denudata virorum colla
+erant ad pectus, &amp; pectora expapillata (ut Plauti verbo utar) atquè
+ad papillam denudata, etiam brumali tempore. Sed hæc obiter de
+Borealismo. Ad diphthongos iam paucis venio. De quibus etiam
+Iurisconsulti aliter sentiunt, quàm noui isti pronunciationis authores.
+Theophilus enim Antecessor cum vellet uti aliena lingua, non <span class
+= "greek" title = "praïtôr">πραϊτωρ</span> dixit diuisa diphthongo, sed
+<span class = "greek" title = "praitôr">πραιτωρ</span> &amp; prætores,
+unita. Cuius rei non alium magistrum, quàm eius temporis usum reor: qui
+&amp; ad nostrum usque promanarit, &amp; per omnem orbem disseminatus
+&amp; receptus est. Quod si non lubenter ferant, quin diphthongorum
+omnes literas suis sonis ipsi exprimant, contra quàm vult receptus usus,
+quod voluntatis &amp; petulantiæ error est, non necessitatis, at saltem
+alijs permittant ut in sua etiam sit voluntate sine reprehensione,
+veteri &amp; recepto more pronunciare, maximè quod multi errores
+reperiantur apud authores (ut aiunt) ex diphthongis resolutis in
+simplices
+<span class = "pagenum orig">(11)</span>
+literas. Noui tamen isti homines nescio quam commoditatem puerilem in
+docendo, pueris manare ex hac sua pronunciatione dicunt. Quasi verò
+Græcorum pueri, &amp; qui hodiè utuntur veteri pronunciatione, linguam
+Græcam discere, sonare, &amp; intelligere veteri illa nequiuissent, aut
+si quiuissent, non ita tamen commodè. Scilicet. Equidem puerile magis
+existimo quàm virile, puerileque esse argumentum puto. Nam si commodior
+ratio sit, (ut ita dem) non tamen vetustior
+<span class = "pagenum">10</span>
+est, quæ res in controuersia est, minusque arguit veteres sic
+pronunciasse, nec esse puerorum causa immutanda omnia aut subuertenda
+censeo. Id enim experimento didici, varietatem pronunciandi mutuum
+commercium &amp; societatem hominum rerumque intellectum summouere:
+discordémque hanc pronunciationem sermonis commercio nunquam
+contracturam ad colloquia. Nequè enim Græcus Patriarcha cum istic
+regnante Edwardo sexto Londini esset, Checum, nec Checus Patriarcham
+intellexit: hic nouo, ille ueteri pronunciandi modo usus: quo omnes
+Græci adhuc utebantur cum ego essem Venetijs, tum è Cathedra Græcas
+literas profitendo, tum in templis sacra celebrando. Audiebam enim data
+opera sæpius. At si ego tacerem norit Oxoniensis schola, quemadmodum
+ipsa Græcia pronunciarit, ex Matthæo Calphurnio Græco, quem ex Græcia
+Oxonium Græcarum literarum gratia produxerat Thomas Wolsæus, de bonis
+literis optimè meritus Cardinalis, cum non alia ratione pronunciarit
+ille, quàm qua nos iam profitemur. Id si ita sit, nos Britanni docebimus
+ipsos Græcos in ipsa Græcia oriundos sua verba sonare? suas voces atque
+literas pronunciare? &amp; plus in aliena lingua sapiens
+<span class = "sidenote">
+<ins class = "correction" title = "brackets and question mark in original:
+sidenote added by 1912 editor?">[sapiemus?]</ins></span>
+quàm ipsa gens atquè natio, cui lingua Græca familiaris atque etiam
+vulgaris est, &amp; successione temporum continuata, tanquam per manus
+esset tradita?
+<span class = "pagenum orig">(12)</span>
+Nemo qui Gallicè velit discere, ex Anglo petet, si sapiat, nec contra:
+nec qui Italicè, ex Germano, sed ex sua quæque gente sunt discenda. At
+si pueris instituendis prodesse posset, uti aiunt, usu publico posset,
+ut cum alijs usu conueniant in sermone ad intellectum. Nam si doceas
+quod usui publico esse non possit, quorsum doctrinam? Cogetur qui
+didicit dedidicisse, &amp; eum pronunciandi modum discere qui in usu
+est, ut eo utatur cum in publicum prodierit, cum inter homines versatus
+fuerit, &amp; cum in theatrum doctorum venerit: nisi velit haberi
+ineptus et ridiculum caput omnibus. Et qui docebit quoque ad istum
+modum, duplicabit operam &amp; mercedem, uti Fabius Quintilianus
+scribit, tum ut prioris obliuisci instituat, tum ut insequentis
+pronunciationis rationem ostendat, discentis incommodo &amp; labore
+graui, &amp; temporis &amp; compendij iactura grauiori, quæ rectius in
+principio potuissent
+<span class = "pagenum">11</span>
+collocari in meliores usus. At ad usum publicum profuerit minimè. Nam
+priuata hæc pronunciatio paucorum tantum hominum in Britannia est, &amp;
+eorum iuuenum, alibi minimè recepta gentium. Sed hij pauci sic
+pronunciant, ut se mutuò intelligant, dices. At orbis uniuersus non est
+ista paucitas. Nec paucis priuato loco atque usui doctrina constituitur,
+sed publico &amp; uniuerso, ut inter homines cuiusque regionis cum laude
+linguæ, &amp; ingenij gloria verseris. Quamobrem ne docendo quidem, ullo
+modo ad usum publicum conducet ista noua pronunciatio. Hactenus ergo
+vetus illa pronunciatio nihil prohibuit, quin &amp; rectè loquerentur
+homines, &amp; per orbem uniuersum intelligerentur, sic ut non sit opus
+noua. Sed ita pronunciandum sentis ut discernas inter voces, inter
+vocales &amp; diphthongos. Quasi verò usu, doctrina, sensu,
+<span class = "pagenum orig">(13)</span>
+accentu, genere, quantitate, numero &amp; casu nihil comprehendi, nihil
+discerni possit, nisi demittamus nos, descendamusque ad puerilem legendi
+simplicitatem, ac plenis buccis proferamus satis rusticè, <span class =
+"greek" title = "Phoïbos">Φοϊβος</span>, <i>toutois</i>, <i>cai</i>,
+<i>lobois</i>, <i>mousais</i>, <i>basilews</i>, <i>epeiros</i>,
+<i>tuptomai</i>, <i>chreia</i>, <i>chresimos</i>, <i>apophugen</i>,
+<i>husteron</i>, <i>kibdes</i>, <i>cuclops</i>, <i>korakeion</i>,
+<i>lewcon</i>, <i>hippewein</i>, <i>wyos</i>, <i>pais</i>, &amp; hoc
+genus alia: pro <i>phœbus</i>, <i>toutis</i>, (veteri more) <i>cha</i>,
+<i>louis</i>, <i>musæs</i>, <i>vasileus</i>, <i>epirus</i>,
+<i>typtomæ</i>, <i>chria</i>, <i>chrisimos</i>, <i>apophygen</i>,
+<i>ysteron</i>, <i>cibdis</i>, <i>cyclops</i>, <i>coracion</i>,
+<i>leucon</i>, <i>yppewin</i>, <i>yios</i>, <i>pæs</i>, unde pædotriba,
+non paidotriba: aut quasi nihil aliud esset quo dijudicaremus inter
+parere pro parturire, &amp; parêre pro obedire in isto versu. Fœmina
+vult parere, sed non parêre lubenter, nisi crassa pronunciatio: eadem
+penè nota qua <span class = "greek" title = "loimos">λοιμός</span> &amp;
+<span class = "greek" title = "limos">λιμός</span> in pronunciatione,
+non tamen in scriptione. Nam inter λοιμος &amp; λιμος in scribendo
+manifesta est differentia. Apollo tamen videtur limos dixisse &amp;
+pronunciasse veteri Græcorum more, alioqui nulla fuisset dubitatio in
+oraculo. Certè antiqui <i>Achilles</i>, <i>Tydes</i>, <i>Theses</i>,
+&amp; <i>Ulisses</i> dicebant, non <i>Achillews</i>, <i>Tudeus</i>,
+<i>Thesews</i>, et <i>Ulussews</i> quemadmodum recentes: uti ex eorum
+&amp; interpretum libris ea adhuc referentibus scire licet. Quod si olim
+Græci eo quo recentes isti modo crassius, durius, &amp; asperius
+pronunciarunt, (quod acerrimè isti defendunt, cum dicunt Græcos) etiam
+tum Græci erant Barbari, cum&nbsp;ex
+<span class = "pagenum">12</span>
+omnibus gentibus soli non habebantur Barbari. Barbari enim ab initio
+dicti sunt (ut inquit Strabo) qui crassè, difficulter, asperè atque
+duriter loquebantur: in quorum genere fuerunt omnes gentes præter
+Græcos: à&nbsp;quibus postea (corrupta Græcia) barbara ea appellatio ad
+omnes præter
+<span class = "pagenum orig">(14)</span>
+Latinos translata est, quòd mitiorem linguam &amp; isti habebant et
+magis cultam. Si quis tamen ex Latinis esset qui non rectè verba
+proferebat, barbarè loqui etiam ille dicebatur. Sed pergo. An sapientem
+Hebræum putares, si puerorum causa renunciata omnino perfecta illa &amp;
+absoluta sine punctis legendi ratione, ad punctorum rationem et
+simplicitatem in uniuersum deficiat? An non omnes tanquam infantem &amp;
+ineptum dicerent? Nisi velit primùm suos Tyrones per punctos ad
+lectionem introducere, ac tum ad absolutam illam legendi rationem sine
+punctis traducere: quod laboriosum esset geminique operis. Rursus an
+sapientem Gallum qui rudiorum causa velit rudius pronunciare, &amp;
+aliter quàm vulgus Gallorum solet, &amp; eas literas in voces inserere,
+quas usus excludit. Doctos enim docta decent, indoctos formare possunt
+docti pro arbitrio, seorsim, sine uniuersitatis dissolutione, &amp; ita
+instituere prout optimum cuique videbitur, modò non deficiant à
+consuetis, nec in dicendo &amp; scribendo nouas turbas excitent, noua
+dogmata non introducant cum reipub. literariæ inquietudine, &amp;
+personarum offensione. Ut si quis vellet docere priuatim legendum
+<i>homo</i> non <i>omo</i>, &amp; <i>hupsilon</i> non <i>ypsilon</i>,
+vel <ins class = "correction"
+title = "printed as shown, with initial iota (i)">ἱpsilon</ins> ferendum
+fuit, modò doceat admonendi non utendi causa (ut prudentes solent qui
+(ut dixi) scientiam sibi seruant, usu autem ut populus loquuntur) quod
+h. non sit litera, sic ut faciat vocem ut vocalis, aut liquescat ut
+liquida, aut consonet ut consonans, aut mutet ut muta, sed aspiret
+tantùm ut spiritus, ac ventus leuis sine voce. Eam ob causam apud
+scriptores veteres, leges <i>ydropisis</i>, <i>termæ</i>, <i>Batonia</i>
+&amp; <i>Iuernia</i>, pro <i>hydropisis</i>, <i>thermæ</i>,
+<i>Bathonia</i> &amp; <i>Hybernia</i>, uti in libro nostro de thermis
+Britannicis, et Symphonia vocum Britannicarum annotauimus. Istas tamen
+<span class = "pagenum orig">(15)</span>
+ineptias Deus bone, quàm mordicus retinent noui isti et defendunt (ut
+sibi quidem videntur) pertinaciter, cum nullo tamen modo iustis
+rationibus possint. Iuuenes si hîc
+<span class = "pagenum">13</span>
+ineptirent solùm duce iuuene, ferendum fuit. Iam verò cum audiam senes
+delirare hijs ineptijs, quid intollerabilius? Nam hos iudicium, ratio,
+&amp; experientia doceret. Præterea in senecta ætate ludere par impar,
+equitare in arundine longa, quouis vento agitari, nihilquè constantis
+hominis habere indecorum est. Cicero in Bruto notat ætatem quæ ante se
+fuit, in qua Ennius, Liuius, &amp; L.&nbsp;Sisenna erant, quorum stilus
+erat (ut ille ait) horridior, nec dum perfectè loquebantur. Sua autem
+ætate unctior &amp; splendidior consuetudo loquendi fuit. Et quamuis
+(inquit) L.&nbsp;Sisenna facilè omnes vincat superiores, indicat tamen
+quantùm absit a summo. Nam usus est aliquando veteribus verbis, &amp; ab
+usu perfecto, &amp; auribus eruditis remotis. Rectè enim loqui putabant
+esse, inusitatè loqui. Idem eodem in Bruto nimiam vetustatem explodendam
+monet. Sed nimia (inquit) vetustas nec habet eam quam quærimus
+summitatem, nec est sanè tolerabilis. Ego igitur hortator essem, ut a
+suscepta hac nuper (si omnino suscepta fuit) desitáque olim
+pronunciatione desistant, qui utuntur: si non propter has quas ante
+retuli causas, at certè propter hæc quod eadem pronunciatione
+honestissima verba turpissimè sonent, ut <i>ascitum</i> &amp;
+<i>asciscunt</i> apud nostros. Etenim in harum vocum prima, si c.
+proferas ut ch. &amp; in secunda utrumque c. ut k. more nouo, utrumque
+vocabulum tanta turpitudine proferetur, quanta non sinit verecundia mea
+explicare. Quamobrem malui rem tacita cogitatione præterire, quàm
+dilucidius patefacere: cupio enim rebus adesse nomina, sed non nominibus
+pudorem. Sed
+<span class = "pagenum orig">(16)</span>
+superciliosorum Grammaticorum maximè culpa hæc pronunciatio Latina
+introducta est, cùm nescio qua æmulatione alter alterum nouitate aliqua
+studeat superare. Id quod exemplo cuiusdam amici adhuc viuentis, qui in
+schola Paulina atquè item Antonina Londini educatus iam olim est,
+didici. Etenim cum in ludo literario diui Pauli erat, docebatur sonare
+docheo pro doceo: cum in scholam S.&nbsp;Anthonij idem venerat, iussum
+est proferre dokeo pro doceo: nullo planè discentium commodo, sed ne
+docentium quidem: tantùm inseruitum est istorum libidini quorum
+præceptum id erat, pronunciationis vitio, &amp; pubertatis incommodo.
+Itaque imponendus modus
+<span class = "pagenum">14</span>
+est, alioqui nullus futurus finis est, hoc isto, illo alio modo verba
+proferente atquè scribente. Nam &amp; in scriptione quoque noua ratio
+hodie proponitur. Sed nemo (quod sciam) usquè adeò desipuit hactenus ut
+sequi vellet, ne author quidem eius. Neque enim cæcum ducem, nequè
+amentem consultorem. Quod si quis vellet, at constituenda illi schola
+noua scribendi &amp; legendi fuit, dediscendáque quæ didicit omnia,
+&amp; innouanda omnia omni populo, euersis quibus hactenus usi sumus
+omnibus: usquè adeò mobilia sunt hodiè hominum ingenia in istis nugis,
+ut nihil fixum, nihil in perpetuum constitutum habeant. Nec unum nugandi
+genus est in scribendo, sed diuersum, hic uno, ille altero usus modo:
+hic nouam literarum formam &amp; pronunciationem commentus, ille
+alteram: &amp; eas ineptas sanè et insulsas, etiam simplicibus
+mulierculis. Non est tamen tam stupidus quisquam, aut impudens &amp;
+insulsus rei alicuius nouæ author, qui non sit habiturus suæ stultitiæ
+fautores et sectatores, vel homines adolescentes, vel stultam
+plebeculam: at grauem virum cui sit iudicium, ne unum quidem. Nisi si
+fortè
+<span class = "pagenum orig">(17)</span>
+ingenij sui ostentandi causa hoc fecerint, ut Isocrates laudando
+Busyrim, Libanius Thersitem, Lucianus Muscam, Quartanam Fauorinus,
+Caluiciem Synesius Cyrenensis, Comam Dion Chrysostomus, &amp; nostri
+sæculi Cornelius Agrippa scribendo de vanitate scientiarum libellum:
+Copernicus de motu terræ &amp; statione cœli volumen: et Erasmus
+Rhoterodamus de febre &amp; Phalarismo libellos. Nam rhetores subinde
+animi causa solent tractare materias <span class = "greek" title =
+"adoxous">ἀδόξους</span>, &amp; exercendi gratia argumentum infame
+declarare. Ita si de pronunciatione noua &amp; scriptione noua
+sensissent noui isti authores, &amp; cum præfatione sensus sui hoc esse
+suum commentum dicerent, non ad usum atque professionem, sed ad ingenij
+gloriam &amp; exercitium, æquior essem, amplectererque certè lubens.
+Alioqui videant illi, quàm nihil aliud quàm suam traducant infantiam,
+nec esse consecuturos aliquando ut grauia ingenia flectant ad suas
+nænias. Reliqua si sequacia fuerint, quæ gloria erit? Mallem unum grauem
+virum consentientem mihi mille iuuenibus: ut quibus nec dum per ætatem
+confirmatus animus est, nec maturum
+<span class = "pagenum">15</span>
+iudicium, nec usu experimentum, etsi grauissimè de se sentiant: cum
+tamen vestitu, gestu, &amp; oratione longè se ostendant alios, ut in
+lib.&nbsp;1 de Antiquitate Cant. Academiæ plenius diximus. Nam ut in
+vijs peregrinus, sic in rebus imperitus. Certè istis nouitatibus, istis
+modis, nihil aliud quàm sterilis labor, sterilísque difficultas sequitur
+in promendo cum multorum risu: quòd ea rustica sit et simplex, parum
+condita et delicata, affectatione quadam ineptè acquisita, nec erudite
+ore digna: denique quòd doctas aures vehementer offendit, ingrata planè
+&amp; odiosa omnibus, præterquam nouitatis studiosis. Nam suauitatis in
+sermone politiores scriptores semper fuerunt obseruantissimi. Siquidem
+maior ratio apud eos euphoniæ fuit, quàm disciplina
+<span class = "pagenum orig">(18)</span>
+regulæ. Hinc Græci angelos phormingos, &amp; papæ proferre, præcepto
+usuque imperarunt, cum <span class = "greek" title =
+"angelos">ἄγγελος</span>, <span class = "greek" title =
+"phormingos">φόρμιγγος</span>, &amp; <span class = "greek" title =
+"Babai">Βαβαὶ</span> rudius proferendum alioqui fuit: et Romani
+<i>dingnum</i> cum <i>dignum</i>, <i>pungnum</i> cum <i>pugnum</i>,
+&amp; <i>mangnum</i> cum <i>magnum</i> sit dicendum: ut mitigetur
+pronunciationis difficultas, &amp; euitetur soni vitium, quod Græci
+<span class = "greek" title = "kakophônian">κακοφωνίαν</span> dicunt.
+Quin &amp; Itali Romanorum soboles eadem de causa id pronunciandi genus
+adhuc obseruant, qui ne magnum dicant duriter, maignum sonant molliter:
+et dingnum, ne dignum. Britanni quoque atquè Galli Romanorum æmuli, ne
+magnum dicant, main proferunt, ut <i>Charles le main</i>, Carolus
+magnus: <i>le main see</i>, magnum mare: et in alearum usu, <i>the main
+chaunce</i>, sors magna: ac pro <i>est</i>, et, elisa .s. litera. Eadem
+suauitatis ratione ijdem omnes B. per v. in Græcis &amp; Latinis
+dictionibus efferunt: et pro <span class = "greek" title =
+"bikiou">βικίου</span> (id est <span class = "greek" title =
+"aphakês">ἀφακῆς</span>) vitia, et pro Bienna Vienna, &amp; pro <span
+class = "greek" title = "biktora">βίκτορα</span> victorem: &amp; pro
+Abellana Auellana, non è contra dicunt. Et in vetustioribus Græcorum
+codicibus manuscriptis rarò videbis b. literam, sed eius loco
+characterem v. latinæ literæ similem. Latini quoque vetustiores,
+Vetonica pro Betonica dicunt, inter quos est Apuleius: et <i>Iuernia</i>
+pro <i>Hibernia</i>, et <i>lauoro</i> pro <i>laboro</i>, et <i>terra de
+Lauoro</i>, pro Laboriæ, (quo verbo Plinius utitur) quæ pars est Italiæ.
+Hos si damnes, utere licentia pro me, &amp; in usum quoque reuocato si
+libet, <i>appludam</i> et <i>floces vini</i>, pro furfuraceo pane, et
+fæcibus vini:
+<span class = "pagenum">16</span>
+Dubenum pro Domino, Bubsequam, Bouinatorem, et manticulatorem quoque,
+pro Bubulco, conuiciatore, et clanculario fure, seu versuto: ut habet
+Festus Pompeius, Pacuuius, et Aulus Gellius: et hoc genus obsoleta et
+inusitata omnia, quod nemo sanæ mentis faciet. Sin probes, à&nbsp;nouo
+illo pronunciationis genere vel horum exemplo desiste. Illud in
+<span class = "pagenum orig">(19)</span>
+uniuersum te scire expedit, pronunciationis rationem dicendi rationi
+esse simillimam, quæ in medio posita (ut ait Cicero de Oratore) communi
+quodam in usu atquè in hominum more et sermone versatur. Nam ut in
+cæteris artibus id maximè excellit quod longissimè sit ab imperitorum
+intelligentia sensuquè seiunctum, ita in dicendo vitium est vel maximum
+à vulgari genere orationis, atquè à consuetudine communis sensus
+abhorrere.
+<span class = "sidenote">
+De laude Caluicij.</span>
+Etenim qui ad populum scribit vel loquitur (ut inquit Synesius) necesse
+est illum in opinione popularium esse, et ea fingere, et de hijs
+disserere quæ populo grata sunt. Atquè ut histrioni actio, saltatori
+motus non quiuis sed certus quidam et laudabilis: sic in pronunciandi et
+scribendi genere, certum quoddam et communi usu receptum, non quoduis à
+consuetudine alienum et remotum habetur consentaneum. Non enim ea ratio
+esse debet apud nos in literis quæ in vestibus, quæ omnibus horis aliæ
+penè fiunt et diuersæ, aut materia, aut forma, aut colore, aut omnibus
+hijs. Unus enim vultus apud nos odiosus est. Cuius rei gnari non
+insolentes Grammatici, quotquot hactenus mihi vidisse contigit, omnes
+cum de literarum potestate tractant ita proferendas esse præcipiunt, ut
+usus doctorum per omnem reliquum orbem iam olim receperit. Inter quos
+Petrus Antesignanus est, homo doctus atque elegans, et Nicholai Clenardi
+scholiastes. Is de noua ista pronunciatione ita censet, ut eius authores
+curiosos magis existimet, quàm veteris pronunciationis intelligentes: et
+eorum rationes vaniores, quàm ut eis adhibenda fides sit: ob idquè
+pronunciandum veteri et recepto hactenus usu, existimans eum qui ex
+errore imperitæ iuuentutis pendeat, in magnis viris non esse habendum.
+Eius verba hæc sunt. Quarta columna,
+<span class = "pagenum orig">(20)</span>
+&amp;c. elementorum potestatem complectitur, quo pacto scilicet debeant
+enunciari, de qua re variæ sunt hodiè &amp; multiplices
+<span class = "pagenum">17</span>
+Grammaticorum opiniones, dum quidam curiosè nimis ad antiquam
+pronunciandi rationem omnia volunt reuocare, cum tamen ipsi prorsus
+incerti sunt, quo pacto prisci illi hæc pronunciarunt, &amp; coniecturæ
+sunt admodum ieiunæ. Illis itaque non est fides adhibenda, nisi prius
+priscorum aliquem ab inferis excitarint. Hæc ille. Et paucis
+interpositis, ista subiungit. Qui verò illis (professoribus)
+destituuntur, &amp; proprio marte linguam Græcam discere coguntur,
+pronuncient elementa Græca more Latinorum Græcis in hac tabula
+respondentium. Quæ certè pronunciandi ratio vetus est, &amp; recepta
+usu. Huius opinionis quoque olim per iuuentutem (quod ipse noui) erant
+isti præceptores noui. Verùm loco stare nesciuerunt, sed gressus
+glomerare superbos voluerunt. In ea quoque erat et Thomas Morus,
+Linacrus, Lupsetus, &amp; Erasmus, qui in prouerbio, Stultior Morycho,
+<span class = "greek" title = "moruxai">μορύξαι</span> transfert Moryxæ,
+non moruxai, etsi de pronunciatione multa disputauerat, quæ gloriæ
+studio potius, quam usus gratia se scripsisse, ex hijs &amp; alijs locis
+scire licet diligenter obseruanti. Paræmium quoque dixit, non paroimium,
+et Hippoclidem non Hippocludem in prouerbio: non est curæ Hippoclidi:
+&amp; gymnasium non gumnasium, &amp; Sybaritica, Smyrnæ ac Syracusæ, non
+Subaritica, Smurne &amp; Suracusai. Longum esset omnes istas vanitates
+percensere, vix dies, aut etiam annus sufficeret. Sed quid de recentibus
+loquar, cum vetusti Græci &amp; Latini consueta religiosissimè
+obseruarunt. Galenus enim homo Græcus, &amp; summi iudicij ac doctrinæ
+vir, ut si quis alius sui aut insequentis temporis, lib.&nbsp;1. operis
+sui de Compositione medicamentorum qua parte de modo lauandi lithargyron
+&amp; alia metalla scribit, <span class = "greek" title = "tê kratousê
+sunêtheia">τῇ κρατούσῃ</span>
+<span class = "pagenum orig">(21)</span>
+<span class = "greek" title = "tê kratousê sunêtheia">συνηθείᾳ</span>
+utendum censet. Etenim cum medici sui temporis recentiores dicebant,
+<span class = "greek" title = "emplastron">ἔμπλαστρον</span>, <span
+class = "greek" title = "kentrion">κέντριον</span>, <span class =
+"greek" title = "kai mêlôtrida">καὶ μηλώτριδα</span> cum <span class =
+"greek" title = "rho [letter]">ῥ.</span> in ultima, is eam scribendi
+&amp; pronunciandi rationem sequi maluit propter consuetudinem iam tum
+receptam &amp; usitatam, quàm <span class = "greek" title =
+"emplaston">ἔμπλαστον</span>, <span class = "greek" title =
+"kention">κέντιον</span>, &amp; <span class = "greek" title =
+"mêlôtida">μηλωτιδα</span> dicere sine <span class = "greek" title =
+"rho">ῥ.</span> litera, etsi ab <span class = "greek" title =
+"emplattein">ἐμπλάττειν</span>, <span class = "greek" title =
+"kentein">κέντειν</span>, <span class = "greek" title = "mêlês te kai
+ôtos [both ‘mêlês’ and ‘ôtos’]">μηλής τε καὶ ὠτὸς</span> oriantur, in
+quibus <span class = "greek" title = "rho [letter]">ῥ.</span> litera non
+est. Tanti erat apud illum consuetudo. Docet etiam eo in libro, quem
+contra eos scripsit qui reprehendant solæcismum facientes in sermone,
+ipsos quoque Atticos
+<span class = "pagenum">18</span>
+secutos esse eam quæ in loquendo præualuit consuetudinem. Tradiderunt
+item qui ante Galenum fuerunt, docti viri (ut ipse refert) Atticam
+linguam varijs modis corruptam atque à proprietate sua viciatam, secutos
+tamen esse eam quæ suo tempore inoleuit consuetudinem omnes, qui apud
+Græcos ullum præcellentis doctrinæ nomen consecuti sunt, idem refert.
+Cum ergo (inquit) in omnibus libris medicinalibus, <span class = "greek"
+title = "emplastron">ἔμπλαστρον</span> cum <span class = "greek" title =
+"rho">ῥ.</span> scriptum inuenimus, &amp; nos quoque quòd inualuit
+consuetudine, in loquendo &amp; scribendo utendum censuimus. Hæc
+hactenus Galenus. Eretriensibus quoquè consuetum est <span class =
+"greek" title = "rho [letter]">ῥ.</span> pro <span class = "greek" title
+= "sigma [letter]">σ.</span> proferre, ut <span class = "greek" title =
+"sklêrotêr">σκληρότηρ</span> pro <span class = "greek" title =
+"sklêrotês">σκληρότης</span>, (unde prouerbium Eretriensium <span class
+= "greek" title = "rhô">ῥω</span>). Atheniensibus contra, ut <span class
+= "greek" title = "tharsein">θαρσείν</span> pro <span class = "greek"
+title = "tharrhein">θαῤῥεῖν</span>, utrobique si euertas usum,
+notaberis, et derideberis. Nec Græci solùm (ut dixi) sed Latini quoquè
+hanc secuti sunt consuetudinem. Nam Ciceronis ætate inualuit stator, pro
+apparitore seu tabellario, ut ex epistola eius ad Caninium atque Celsum
+scire licet: ex Planci quoque ad Ciceronem. At Ulpiani &amp; Iustiniani
+temporibus, strator inoleuit in eadem significatione, addita r. litera
+in prima syllaba. Secuti tamen sunt eorum temporum morem qui insecuti
+sunt Spartiatus in Caracalla, &amp; qui de iure scripserunt præcipui.
+Itaque quemadmodum in vocibus atque literis si
+<span class = "pagenum orig">(22)</span>
+quid innouaueris, reprehenderis, nisi consuetudo uniuersalis patietur,
+ita in pronunciatione. Prætereo quemadmodum hodiè quantitates
+syllabarum, longas in breues, &amp; breues in longas mutent, faciantque
+in muliere secundam longam, et tertiam breuem, cum tamen Ouidius Naso in
+hoc versu. Eminet &amp; non est in muliere fides, secundam fecit breuem
+&amp; tertiam longam. Et Vergilius: Nux, asinus, mulier simili sunt lege
+ligati, hæc tria nil rectè faciunt si verbera cessent. Miror quo tandem
+erumpet hæc audacia, ne dicam temeritas. Si quis tamen dissentit &amp;
+suo more loqui et pronunciare cupiat, contemptis doctioribus et
+uniuersali scriptorum consensu, sua cuique stet voluntas et sententia
+per me, suum cuique pulchrum sit. Ego quidem nec ulterius, nec cum
+quoquam acrius hac de re contendere studeo, nec bellum Grammaticale
+contra quenquam instruo et suscipio (quod tam inane iudico quàm est ipsa
+res inanis) sed quid conueniat
+<span class = "pagenum">19</span>
+tantùm consulo, quidque exteræ nationes in constantia et grauitate sua
+permanentes de pronunciatione Græcæ et Latinæ linguæ sentiant, bona fide
+explico. Non enim quæsitum hoc est, sed oblatum ex occasione
+peregrinationis nostræ per Italian et Germaniam, ut in lib. nostro de
+libris proprijs exposuimus. Cum igitur neque seria res sit hæc inepta
+pronunciatio, neque ulla causæ magnitudo, nulla necessitas, nulla
+commoditas rei atque gloriæ eò nos adegerit, neque plausibilis existat
+doctis atquè grauibus, nec recepta Græcis, quid attinet obsoletam eam
+reuocare in usum, si modò in usu prius fuit, de quo nondum constat inter
+Grammaticos. Adhæc cum pronunciatio hæc noua sit planè rustica, ut ex
+Adolpho Mercherio Brugensi scire licet, aut affectata nimium, quod
+nostris sensibus certè patet, nec tamen uniuersalem consensum virorum
+grauium et doctorum admiserit, id
+<span class = "pagenum orig">(23)</span>
+non arguit omnes sic pronunciasse sed aliquos: &amp; cum ex hac
+occasione magna in re literaria sequatur perturbatio omnibus omnia pro
+voluntate et arbitrio præter consuetudinem commouentibus, quod in bene
+constituta rep. ferendum non fuit, malum præterea exemplum æditur ad
+alia grauiora. Alioqui non magni referret utro modo pronunciaretur, cum
+discrimen nullum est vitæ atquè sanguinis, nulla iactura virtutis et
+rei, sed inanis spiritus et anhelitus quæ res est nihili. In istis
+spiritibus non est cur quis velit seriò spiritum suum consumere, tam est
+res exilis atquè vana. Optandum igitur ut cum quieta iam sint omnia, et
+consensu hominum uniuersali paucis tantùm exceptis confirmata vetus
+pronunciatio, persequamur eam, curemusque ne perturbetur. Nam ut
+innouemus nulla facit rei magnitudo ut dixi. Omnes enim vident quam sit
+leuis et ridicula, nequè ut tantos motus excitemus ulla fecit
+necessitas, sed hominum quorundam vanitas, dum quiuis studeat nouæ rei
+nouus author haberi.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of De Pronunciatione Graecae & Latinae
+Linguae, by John Caius
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+</pre>
+
+</body>
+</html>
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