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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/26542-8.txt b/26542-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8f1985c --- /dev/null +++ b/26542-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,525 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of On The Affinities of Leptarctus primus of +Leidy, by J. L. Wortman + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: On The Affinities of Leptarctus primus of Leidy + American Museum of Natural History, Vol. VI, Article VIII, pp. 229-331. + +Author: J. L. Wortman + +Release Date: September 5, 2008 [EBook #26542] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LEPTARCTUS PRIMUS OF LEIDY *** + + + + +Produced by Gerard Arthus, Louise Blyton and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + +_On the Affinities of Leptarctus primus of Leidy._ + +By J. L. WORTMAN. + + + +_AUTHOR'S EDITION, extracted from_ + +BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, + +VOL. VI, ARTICLE VIII, pp. 229-231. + + +_New York, July 30, 1894._ + + + + +Article VIII.--ON THE AFFINITIES OF LEPTARCTUS PRIMUS OF LEIDY. + +By J. L. Wortman. + + +Up to the present time but very little has been known of the existence +of the peculiarly American family Procyonidæ in any deposits older +than the very latest Quaternary. Leidy has described and figured[1] an +isolated last upper tooth, from the Loup Fork deposits of Nebraska, +under the name of _Leptarctus primus_, which has been referred to this +family. The Museum Expedition of last year into this region was +successful in obtaining additional material, which we provisionally +refer to Leidy's species. + + +=Leptarctus primus= _Leidy_. + +The specimen consists of the right ramus of the lower jaw, carrying +the third and fourth premolars and the canine. The condyle is broken +away, but the coronoid process and the angle are preserved. The +specimen is from a young individual in which the last premolar had +just cut the gum. The alveoli of all the other teeth are present and +in a good state of preservation. + +The dental formula is as follows: I._3, C._1, Pm._3, M._2. The +incisors are not preserved, but their alveoli indicate that they were +much crowded, the outside one being placed almost directly in front of +the canine, and the middle one pushed back considerably out of +position. This series is in marked contrast with that of the Raccoon, +in which the crowns of the incisors form almost a straight line across +the jaw, and the middle one is crowded backwards to a very slight +extent. The canine is peculiar and differs markedly from that of the +Raccoon. It is rather robust, very much recurved and grooved by a deep +vertical sulcus upon its antero-internal face. This sulcus is but +faintly indicated in the Raccoon. The postero-external face of the +crown is marked by a sharp ridge which becomes more prominent near the +apex. The first premolar is not preserved, but its alveolus indicates +that it was a single-rooted tooth, placed behind the canine after the +intervention of a very short diastema. The second premolar is +bifanged; its crown is composed of a principal cusp, to which is added +behind a small though very distinct second cusp. There is in addition +to these cusps a distinct basal cingulum, most prominent in the region +of the heel. The third premolar, like the second, is double rooted; +its crown moreover is made up of two cusps, the posterior being almost +as large as the principal one. These cusps do not stand in the line of +the long axis of the jaw, but are placed very obliquely to it. The +heel is not very prominent, but the basal cingulum is well developed, +both in front and behind. As compared with the Raccoon, the second +premolar is more complex in that it has two cusps instead of one. In +the third premolar the posterior cusp is much better developed, and +placed more obliquely than in the corresponding tooth of _Procyon_; +the heel is moreover not so broad. + +The first molar is not preserved, but judging from the size of its +roots it was decidedly the longest tooth of the series. The second +molar was likewise bifanged but much smaller; it was placed close +against the base of the coronoid. + +The whole jaw has, relatively, a greater depth than that of the +Raccoon, and is remarkably straight upon its lower border, whereas in +the recent genus it is considerably curved. The condyle is not +preserved, and the angle is somewhat damaged, but it was apparently +not so strongly inflected as in the Raccoon. The masseteric fossa is +deep and prominent, and the coronoid is high and broad. The inferior +dental canal is placed higher than it is in the Raccoon, being +slightly above the tooth line. The symphysis is relatively deeper and +more robust than in _Procyon_, and the chin is heavier and more +abruptly rounded. + +The jaw of _Leptarctus_ differs from that of _Cercoleptes_ in the +following characters: the coronoid is broader and of less vertical +extent; the condyle is not placed so high; the angle is elevated above +the lower border of the ramus, which is straight and not concave as it +is in _Cercoleptes_. In the depth of the symphysis and abrupt rounding +of the chin the two genera are similar. _Cercoleptes_, moreover, has a +moderately deep groove upon the antero-internal face of the canine, +but differs from that of _Leptarctus_ in having an external groove as +well. _Cercoleptes_ again resembles _Leptarctus_ in having only three +premolars in the lower jaw; the middle one, however, has only a single +cusp upon the crown, whereas _Leptarctus_ has two. + +As compared with _Bassaricyon_,[2] the jaw is more robust, shorter and +deeper, with a more prominent chin. The two genera differ again in the +number of premolars. + +Altogether, _Leptarctus_ appears to offer a number of transitional +characters between the more typical Procyonidæ and the aberrant +_Cercoleptes_. This is especially to be seen in the proportions of the +jaw, the reduction of the number of premolars, the reduction in size +of the last molar, as well as the depth of the mandibular symphysis. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[1] Extinct Fauna of Dakota. + +[2] See J. A. Allen's paper, Proc. Phil. Acad., 1876, p. 21. + + + Transcriber's Note: + + "Quartenary" was amended to "Quaternary" in the first paragraph. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of On The Affinities of Leptarctus primus +of Leidy, by J. L. 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L. Wortman. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> +/*<![CDATA[ XML blockout */ +<!-- + p { margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + + body > p {text-indent:1.25em; + } + + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; + } + hr { width: 65%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; + } + + body{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + + .pagenum { position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + color: silver; + background-color: inherit; + text-align: right; + } /* page numbers */ + + .center {text-align: center;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + + + .footnotes {border: dashed 1px;} + .footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + .footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} + .fnanchor {vertical-align: super; font-size: .8em; text-decoration: none;} + + + .smcap { font-variant:small-caps; } + .lowercase { text-transform:lowercase; } + + .transnote { background-color: #EED; color: inherit; margin: 2em 10% 1em 10%; font-size: 80%; padding: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 1em; border: thin dotted black;} + .transnote p { text-align: center;} + // --> + /* XML end ]]>*/ + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of On The Affinities of Leptarctus primus of +Leidy, by J. L. Wortman + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: On The Affinities of Leptarctus primus of Leidy + American Museum of Natural History, Vol. VI, Article VIII, pp. 229-331. + +Author: J. L. Wortman + +Release Date: September 5, 2008 [EBook #26542] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LEPTARCTUS PRIMUS OF LEIDY *** + + + + +Produced by Gerard Arthus, Louise Blyton and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<hr /> + +<h3><i>On the Affinities of Leptarctus primus of Leidy.</i></h3> + +<h4>By <span class="smcap">J. L. Wortman</span>.</h4> + +<hr style='width: 22%;' /> + +<div class="center"> + +<i>AUTHOR’S EDITION, extracted from</i> +<br /><br /> +Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, +<br /><br /> +<span class="smcap">Vol. VI, Article VIII</span>, pp. 229–231. +<br /><br /><br /> +<i>New York, July 30, 1894.</i> + +</div> + +<hr /> + + +<div class="center" style="padding-top: 2em;"> +<b>Article VIII.</b>—ON THE AFFINITIES OF LEPTARCTUS PRIMUS OF LEIDY. +<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 229]</span> +<br /><br /><br /> +By <span class="smcap">J. L. Wortman</span>. +</div> + + +<p style="padding-top: 2em;">Up to the present time but very little has been known of the +existence of the peculiarly American family Procyonidæ in any +deposits older than the very latest Quaternary. Leidy has +described and figured<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> an isolated last upper tooth, from the +Loup Fork deposits of Nebraska, under the name of <i>Leptarctus +primus</i>, which has been referred to this family. The Museum +Expedition of last year into this region was successful in obtaining +additional material, which we provisionally refer to Leidy’s +species.</p> + +<div class="center" style="padding-top: 0.5em;"> +<b>Leptarctus primus</b> <i>Leidy</i>. +</div> + +<p style="padding-top: 1.0em;">The specimen consists of the right ramus of the lower jaw, +carrying the third and fourth premolars and the canine. The +condyle is broken away, but the coronoid process and the angle +are preserved. The specimen is from a young individual in which +the last premolar had just cut the gum. The alveoli of all the +other teeth are present and in a good state of preservation.</p> + +<p>The dental formula is as follows: I.<sub>3</sub>, C.<sub>1</sub>, Pm.<sub>3</sub>, M.<sub>2</sub>. The +incisors are not preserved, but their alveoli indicate that they +were much crowded, the outside one being placed almost directly +in front of the canine, and the middle one pushed back considerably +out of position. This series is in marked contrast with +that of the Raccoon, in which the crowns of the incisors form +almost a straight line across the jaw, and the middle one is +crowded backwards to a very slight extent. The canine is peculiar +and differs markedly from that of the Raccoon. It is rather +robust, very much recurved and grooved by a deep vertical sulcus +upon its antero-internal face. This sulcus is but faintly indicated +in the Raccoon. The postero-external face of the crown is +marked by a sharp ridge which becomes more prominent near +<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 230]</span>the apex. The first premolar is not preserved, but its alveolus +indicates that it was a single-rooted tooth, placed behind the +canine after the intervention of a very short diastema. The +second premolar is bifanged; its crown is composed of a principal +cusp, to which is added behind a small though very distinct +second cusp. There is in addition to these cusps a distinct basal +cingulum, most prominent in the region of the heel. The third +premolar, like the second, is double rooted; its crown moreover +is made up of two cusps, the posterior being almost as large as +the principal one. These cusps do not stand in the line of the +long axis of the jaw, but are placed very obliquely to it. The +heel is not very prominent, but the basal cingulum is well developed, +both in front and behind. As compared with the Raccoon, +the second premolar is more complex in that it has two cusps +instead of one. In the third premolar the posterior cusp is +much better developed, and placed more obliquely than in the +corresponding tooth of <i>Procyon</i>; the heel is moreover not so +broad.</p> + +<p>The first molar is not preserved, but judging from the size of +its roots it was decidedly the longest tooth of the series. The +second molar was likewise bifanged but much smaller; it was +placed close against the base of the coronoid.</p> + +<p>The whole jaw has, relatively, a greater depth than that of the +Raccoon, and is remarkably straight upon its lower border, +whereas in the recent genus it is considerably curved. The condyle +is not preserved, and the angle is somewhat damaged, but it +was apparently not so strongly inflected as in the Raccoon. The +masseteric fossa is deep and prominent, and the coronoid is high +and broad. The inferior dental canal is placed higher than it is +in the Raccoon, being slightly above the tooth line. The symphysis +is relatively deeper and more robust than in <i>Procyon</i>, and +the chin is heavier and more abruptly rounded.</p> + +<p>The jaw of <i>Leptarctus</i> differs from that of <i>Cercoleptes</i> in the +following characters: the coronoid is broader and of less vertical +extent; the condyle is not placed so high; the angle is +elevated above the lower border of the ramus, which is straight +and not concave as it is in <i>Cercoleptes</i>. In the depth of the +symphysis and abrupt rounding of the chin the two genera are +<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 231]</span>similar. <i>Cercoleptes</i>, moreover, has a moderately deep groove +upon the antero-internal face of the canine, but differs from that +of <i>Leptarctus</i> in having an external groove as well. <i>Cercoleptes</i> +again resembles <i>Leptarctus</i> in having only three premolars in the +lower jaw; the middle one, however, has only a single cusp upon +the crown, whereas <i>Leptarctus</i> has two.</p> + +<p>As compared with <i>Bassaricyon</i>,<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> the jaw is more robust, shorter +and deeper, with a more prominent chin. The two genera differ +again in the number of premolars.</p> + +<p>Altogether, <i>Leptarctus</i> appears to offer a number of transitional +characters between the more typical Procyonidæ and the aberrant +<i>Cercoleptes</i>. This is especially to be seen in the proportions of +the jaw, the reduction of the number of premolars, the reduction +in size of the last molar, as well as the depth of the mandibular +symphysis.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Extinct Fauna of Dakota.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> See J. A. Allen’s paper, Proc. Phil. Acad., 1876, p. 21.</p></div> + +<div class="transnote"> +<p><b>Transcriber’s Note:</b></p> + +<p style="padding-bottom: 1.0em;">“Quartenary” was amended to “Quaternary” in the first paragraph.</p> +</div> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of On The Affinities of Leptarctus primus +of Leidy, by J. L. 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L. Wortman + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: On The Affinities of Leptarctus primus of Leidy + American Museum of Natural History, Vol. VI, Article VIII, pp. 229-331. + +Author: J. L. Wortman + +Release Date: September 5, 2008 [EBook #26542] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LEPTARCTUS PRIMUS OF LEIDY *** + + + + +Produced by Gerard Arthus, Louise Blyton and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + +_On the Affinities of Leptarctus primus of Leidy._ + +By J. L. WORTMAN. + + + +_AUTHOR'S EDITION, extracted from_ + +BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, + +VOL. VI, ARTICLE VIII, pp. 229-231. + + +_New York, July 30, 1894._ + + + + +Article VIII.--ON THE AFFINITIES OF LEPTARCTUS PRIMUS OF LEIDY. + +By J. L. Wortman. + + +Up to the present time but very little has been known of the existence +of the peculiarly American family Procyonidae in any deposits older +than the very latest Quaternary. Leidy has described and figured[1] an +isolated last upper tooth, from the Loup Fork deposits of Nebraska, +under the name of _Leptarctus primus_, which has been referred to this +family. The Museum Expedition of last year into this region was +successful in obtaining additional material, which we provisionally +refer to Leidy's species. + + +=Leptarctus primus= _Leidy_. + +The specimen consists of the right ramus of the lower jaw, carrying +the third and fourth premolars and the canine. The condyle is broken +away, but the coronoid process and the angle are preserved. The +specimen is from a young individual in which the last premolar had +just cut the gum. The alveoli of all the other teeth are present and +in a good state of preservation. + +The dental formula is as follows: I._3, C._1, Pm._3, M._2. The +incisors are not preserved, but their alveoli indicate that they were +much crowded, the outside one being placed almost directly in front of +the canine, and the middle one pushed back considerably out of +position. This series is in marked contrast with that of the Raccoon, +in which the crowns of the incisors form almost a straight line across +the jaw, and the middle one is crowded backwards to a very slight +extent. The canine is peculiar and differs markedly from that of the +Raccoon. It is rather robust, very much recurved and grooved by a deep +vertical sulcus upon its antero-internal face. This sulcus is but +faintly indicated in the Raccoon. The postero-external face of the +crown is marked by a sharp ridge which becomes more prominent near the +apex. The first premolar is not preserved, but its alveolus indicates +that it was a single-rooted tooth, placed behind the canine after the +intervention of a very short diastema. The second premolar is +bifanged; its crown is composed of a principal cusp, to which is added +behind a small though very distinct second cusp. There is in addition +to these cusps a distinct basal cingulum, most prominent in the region +of the heel. The third premolar, like the second, is double rooted; +its crown moreover is made up of two cusps, the posterior being almost +as large as the principal one. These cusps do not stand in the line of +the long axis of the jaw, but are placed very obliquely to it. The +heel is not very prominent, but the basal cingulum is well developed, +both in front and behind. As compared with the Raccoon, the second +premolar is more complex in that it has two cusps instead of one. In +the third premolar the posterior cusp is much better developed, and +placed more obliquely than in the corresponding tooth of _Procyon_; +the heel is moreover not so broad. + +The first molar is not preserved, but judging from the size of its +roots it was decidedly the longest tooth of the series. The second +molar was likewise bifanged but much smaller; it was placed close +against the base of the coronoid. + +The whole jaw has, relatively, a greater depth than that of the +Raccoon, and is remarkably straight upon its lower border, whereas in +the recent genus it is considerably curved. The condyle is not +preserved, and the angle is somewhat damaged, but it was apparently +not so strongly inflected as in the Raccoon. The masseteric fossa is +deep and prominent, and the coronoid is high and broad. The inferior +dental canal is placed higher than it is in the Raccoon, being +slightly above the tooth line. The symphysis is relatively deeper and +more robust than in _Procyon_, and the chin is heavier and more +abruptly rounded. + +The jaw of _Leptarctus_ differs from that of _Cercoleptes_ in the +following characters: the coronoid is broader and of less vertical +extent; the condyle is not placed so high; the angle is elevated above +the lower border of the ramus, which is straight and not concave as it +is in _Cercoleptes_. In the depth of the symphysis and abrupt rounding +of the chin the two genera are similar. _Cercoleptes_, moreover, has a +moderately deep groove upon the antero-internal face of the canine, +but differs from that of _Leptarctus_ in having an external groove as +well. _Cercoleptes_ again resembles _Leptarctus_ in having only three +premolars in the lower jaw; the middle one, however, has only a single +cusp upon the crown, whereas _Leptarctus_ has two. + +As compared with _Bassaricyon_,[2] the jaw is more robust, shorter and +deeper, with a more prominent chin. The two genera differ again in the +number of premolars. + +Altogether, _Leptarctus_ appears to offer a number of transitional +characters between the more typical Procyonidae and the aberrant +_Cercoleptes_. This is especially to be seen in the proportions of the +jaw, the reduction of the number of premolars, the reduction in size +of the last molar, as well as the depth of the mandibular symphysis. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[1] Extinct Fauna of Dakota. + +[2] See J. A. Allen's paper, Proc. Phil. Acad., 1876, p. 21. + + + Transcriber's Note: + + "Quartenary" was amended to "Quaternary" in the first paragraph. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of On The Affinities of Leptarctus primus +of Leidy, by J. L. 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