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+The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Life of Thomas, Lord Cochrane, Tenth Earl of Dundonald, Vol. II, by Thomas Lord Cochrane and H. R. Fox Bourne
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
+most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
+whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
+of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
+www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you
+will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before
+using this eBook.
+
+Title: The Life of Thomas, Lord Cochrane, Tenth Earl of Dundonald, Vol. II
+
+Author: Thomas Lord Cochrane
+        H. R. Fox Bourne
+
+Release Date: July 15, 2008 [eBook #26067]
+[Most recently updated: January 23, 2021]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+Produced by: Stefan Cramme, Ted Garvin, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LIFE OF THOMAS, LORD COCHRANE ***
+
+
+
+
+THE LIFE OF
+
+THOMAS, LORD COCHRANE,
+
+TENTH EARL OF DUNDONALD, G.C.B., ADMIRAL OF THE RED,
+REAR-ADMIRAL OF THE FLEET, ETC., ETC.,
+
+COMPLETING "THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF A SEAMAN."
+
+BY
+
+THOMAS, ELEVENTH EARL OF DUNDONALD,
+
+AND
+
+H. R. FOX BOURNE,
+
+AUTHOR OF "ENGLISH SEAMEN UNDER THE TUDORS," ETC. ETC.
+
+_IN TWO VOLUMES._
+
+VOL. II.
+
+
+LONDON:
+RICHARD BENTLEY, NEW BURLINGTON STREET,
+Publisher in Ordinary to Her Majesty.
+1869.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS OF THE SECOND VOLUME.
+
+
+                                                                   PAGE
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+[1827.]
+
+Lord Cochrane's Arrival in Greece.--His Account of Hydra and
+Poros.--The Congratulations offered to him.--Visits from Tombazes,
+Mavrocordatos, and Miaoulis.--Letters from the National Assembly and
+other Public Bodies and Leading Men.--The Divisions in Greece.--The
+French or Moreot, and English or Phanariot Factions.--Lord Cochrane's
+Relations with them.--The Visit of Kolokotrones and other Deputies
+from the National Assembly.--Lord Cochrane's Efforts to procure
+Unanimity.--Sir Richard Church.--Lord Cochrane's Commission as First
+Admiral.--The National Assembly at Troezene.--The Election of
+Capodistrias as President--Lord Cochrane's Oath-taking.--His Advice to
+the National Assembly and Proclamation to the Greeks                  1
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII.
+
+[1827.]
+
+The Siege of Athens--The Defenders of the Acropolis.--The Efforts of
+Gordon and KaraÔskakes.--Lord Cochrane's Plan for Cutting off the
+Turkish Supplies.--The Arguments by which he was induced to proceed
+instead to the Phalerum.--His Arrival there.--His other Arrangements
+for Serving Greece.--His First Meeting with KaraÔskakes.--The
+Condition of the Greek Camp.--Lord Cochrane's Position.--His Efforts
+to give Immediate Relief to the Acropolis, and the Obstacles raised by
+the Greeks.--KaraÔskakes's Delays, and General Church's
+Difficulties.--The Convent of Saint Spiridion.--The Battle of
+Phalerum.--The Capture of Saint Spiridion.--The Massacre of the Turks,
+and its Consequences.--Lord Cochrane's renewed Efforts to Save the
+Acropolis.--The Death of KaraÔskakes.--The March to the
+Acropolis.--Its Failure through the Perversity of the Greeks.--The
+Battle of Athens.--The Fall of the Acropolis                         31
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX.
+
+[1827.]
+
+Lord Cochrane's Return to Poros.--His Attempts to Organise an
+Efficient Greek Navy.--The Want of Funds and the Apathy of the
+Greeks.--His Letter to the Psarians, and his Visits to Hydra and
+Spetzas.--His Cruise Round the Morea.--His First Engagement with the
+Turks.--The Disorganization of his Greek Sailors.--His Capture of a
+Vessel bearing the British Flag, laden with Greek Prisoners.--Seizure
+of Part of Reshid Pasha's Harem.--Ibrahim Pasha's Narrow Escape.--Lord
+Cochrane's Further Difficulties.--His Expedition to Alexandria.--Its
+Failure through the Cowardice of his Seamen.--His two Letters to the
+Pasha of Egypt.--His Return to Poros.--Further Efforts to Improve the
+Navy.--His Visit to Syra.--The Troubles of the Greek Government.--Lord
+Cochrane's Visit to Navarino.--His Defeat of a Turkish Squadron      77
+
+
+CHAPTER XX.
+
+[1827.]
+
+The Action of Great Britain and Russia on Behalf of Hellenic
+Independence.--The Degradation of Greece.--Lord Cochrane's Renewed
+Efforts to Organise a Fleet.--Prince Paul Buonaparte, and his
+Death.--An Attempt to Assassinate Lord Cochrane.--His Intended
+Expedition to Western Greece.--Its Prevention by Sir Edward
+Codrington.--Lord Cochrane's Return to the Archipelago.--The
+Interference of Great Britain, France, and Russia.--The Causes of the
+Battle of Navarino.--The Battle                                     114
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI.
+
+[1827-1828.]
+
+The First Consequences of the Interference of the Allied Powers and
+the Battle of Navarino.--Lord Cochrane's intended Share in Fabvier's
+Expedition to Chios.--Its Abandonment.--His Cruise among the Islands
+and about Navarino.--His Efforts to Repress Piracy.--His Return to the
+Archipelago.--The Misconduct of the Government.--Lord Cochrane's
+Complaints.--His Letters to the Representatives of the Allied Powers,
+acquitting Himself of Complicity in Greek Piracy.--His Further
+Complaints to the Government.--His Resolution to Visit England.--His
+Letter to Count Capodistrias Explaining and Justifying that
+Resolution.--His Departure from Greece, and Arrival at
+Portsmouth.--His Letter to M. Eynard                                134
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII.
+
+[1828-1829.]
+
+Lord Cochrane's Occupations on Behalf of Greece in London and
+Paris.--His Second Letter to Capodistrias.--His Defence of Himself
+with Reference to his Visit to Western Europe.--His Return to
+Greece.--Capodistrias's Presidency and the Progress of Greece.--Lord
+Cochrane's Reception by the Government.--The Settlement of his
+Accounts.--His Letter of Resignation.--The Final Indignities to which
+he was Subjected.--The Correspondence thereupon between Admiral Heyden
+and Dr. Gosse.--Lord Cochrane's Departure from Greece.--His Opinions
+Regarding her.--The Character and Issues of His Services to the Greeks
+                                                                    162
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIII.
+
+[1828-1832.]
+
+A Recapitulation of Lord Cochrane's Naval Services.--His Efforts to
+obtain Restitution of the Rank taken from him after the Stock Exchange
+Trial.--His Petition to the Duke of Clarence.--Its Rejection by the
+Duke of Wellington's Cabinet.--Lord Cochrane's Occupations after the
+close of his Greek Service.--His Return to England.--His Memorial to
+William IV.--Its Tardy Consideration by Earl Grey's Cabinet.--Its
+Promoters and Opponents.--Lord Cochrane's Accession to the Peerage as
+Tenth Earl of Dundonald.--His Interview with the King.--The Countess
+of Dundonald's Efforts in Aid of her Husband's Memorial.--Their
+Ultimate Success.--The Earl of Dundonald's "Free Pardon," and
+Restoration to Naval Rank                                           197
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIV.
+
+[1833-1847.]
+
+The Inventions and Discoveries of Lord Dundonald's Father.--His own
+Mechanical Contrivances.--His Lamps.--His Rotary Steam-Engine, his
+Screw-Propeller, his Condensing-Boiler, and his Lines of
+Ship-building.--Their Tardy Development.--His Correspondence upon
+Steam-Shipping with Sir James Graham, the Earl of Minto, the Earl of
+Haddington, and the Earl of Auckland.--The Progress of his
+Inventions.--The _Janus_.--The Beneficial Results of his Experiments
+                                                                    221
+
+
+CHAPTER XXV.
+
+[1833-1848.]
+
+Lord Dundonald's Secret War-Plans.--His Correspondence concerning them
+with Lord Lansdowne, Lord Minto, Lord Haddington, and Lord
+Auckland.--His Letter to the "Times."--The Report of a Committee,
+consisting of Sir Thomas Hastings, Sir John Burgoyne, and Lieut.-Col.
+Colquhoun, upon the Secret War-Plans.--A French Project for Naval
+Warfare with England.--Lord Dundonald's Opinions Thereupon.--His Views
+on the Defence of England                                           246
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVI.
+
+[1839-1848.]
+
+The Earl of Dundonald's Request for the Restoration of the Order of
+the Bath.--His Good Service Pension.--The Investigation of his Secret
+War-Plans.--His Pamphlet on Naval Affairs,--His Installation as a
+G.C.B.--His Candidature for Election as a Scotch Representative
+Peer.--The Queen's Permission to his Wearing the Brazilian Order of
+the "Cruziero."--His Appointment as Commander-in-Chief of the North
+American and West Indian Station                                    273
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVII.
+
+[1848.]
+
+Lord Dundonald's Departure for North America.--Extracts from the
+Correspondence of Lord Auckland and others Respecting West Indian
+Affairs and European Politics.--Bermuda.--The French Revolution of
+1848 and its Issues.--Ireland and the Chartists.--The Death of Lord
+Auckland                                                            294
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVIII.
+
+[1848-1850.]
+
+Lord Dundonald's Visit to the North American and West Indian Colonies,
+and his Opinions thereon.--Newfoundland and its
+Fisheries.--Labrador.--Bermuda; its Defences and its Geological
+Formation.--Barbadoes.--The Negroes.--Trinidad.--Its Pitch Lake.--The
+Depressed Condition of the West Indian Colonies.--Lord Dundonald's
+Suggestions for their Improvement                                   307
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIX.
+
+[1851-1853.]
+
+Lord Dundonald's Return from America.--His Arguments for the Relief of
+the Newfoundland Fisheries and the West India Trade.--The Trinidad
+Bitumen.--Lord Dundonald's other Scientific Pursuits and Views
+                                                                    328
+
+
+CHAPTER XXX.
+
+[1851-1860.]
+
+The Russian War.--Lord Dundonald's Proposals to Employ his Secret
+Plans against Cronstadt, Sebastopol, and other Strongholds.--His
+Correspondence thereupon with Sir James Graham and Lord
+Palmerston.--Their Rejection.--Lord Dundonald's Appointment as
+Rear-Admiral of the United Kingdom.--Prince Albert's Invitation to him
+to become an Elder Brother of the Trinity House.--His Correspondence
+with Lord Palmerston respecting the Restitution of his Half-Pay.--His
+Last Work.--His Death and Burial.--Conclusion                       337
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+(Page 161.)--Captain Frank Abney Hastings's Letters to Lord Cochrane
+(1827)                                                              370
+
+
+
+
+THE LIFE
+
+OF
+
+THOMAS, TENTH EARL OF DUNDONALD.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+LORD COCHRANE'S ARRIVAL IN GREECE.--HIS ACCOUNT OF HYDRA AND
+POROS.--THE CONGRATULATIONS OFFERED TO HIM.--VISITS FROM TOMBAZES,
+MAVROCORDATOS, AND MIAOULIS.--LETTERS FROM THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY AND
+OTHER PUBLIC BODIES AND LEADING MEN.--THE DIVISIONS IN GREECE.--THE
+FRENCH OR MOREOT, AND ENGLISH OR PHANARIOT FACTIONS.--LORD COCHRANE'S
+RELATIONS WITH THEM.--THE VISIT OF KOLOKOTRONES AND OTHER DEPUTIES
+FROM THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY.--LORD COCHRANE'S EFFORTS TO PROCURE
+UNANIMITY.--SIR RICHARD CHURCH.--LORD COCHRANE'S COMMISSION AS FIRST
+ADMIRAL.--THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY AT TROEZENE.--THE EJECTION OF
+CAPODISTRIAS AS PRESIDENT.--LORD COCHRANE'S OATH-TAKING.--HIS ADVICE
+TO THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY AND PROCLAMATION TO THE GREEKS.
+
+[1827.]
+
+
+Lord Cochrane entered the Egean Sea with his little schooner _Unicorn_
+and the French brig _Sauveur_ on the 17th of March, 1827. In the
+afternoon he halted off the island of Hydra, there to leave the Greek
+deputy Orlando, who had accompanied him from Marseilles. "I was
+surprised," he said, "to observe that, except the open batteries near
+the town of Hydra, the whole coast of the island remained unprotected,
+although, in a smooth sea, a landing might be effected in almost every
+part of its circumference. The town of Hydra is built in an irregular
+manner on the fall of the mountain about the port, and presents a
+clean appearance, the houses being all whitewashed. There is not a
+tree on the island, though there are a few straggling bushes. There is
+scarcely any land capable of cultivation; but there are some vineyards
+on the south side and a few small gardens near the town. The port is
+small, the water deep, and the vessels made fast by hawsers to the
+shore. It is evident, that, if Greece obtains independence, this
+island, to which the inhabitants fled to enjoy that species of
+precarious liberty that depends on eluding the view of tyranny, must
+be abandoned. Even water is only to be had from tanks which are filled
+by the winter's rain."
+
+From Hydra Lord Cochrane proceeded to Egina, making a circuit in order
+that he might have a view of Athens. "The Acropolis," he wrote, "with
+the whole scenery at sunset, was beautiful. Alas, what a change! what
+melancholy recollections crowd on the mind! There was the seat of
+science, of literature, and the arts. At this instant the barbarian
+Turk is actually demolishing, by the shells that now are flying
+through the air, the scanty remains of the once magnificent temples in
+the Acropolis."
+
+He called at Egina on the 18th, in order to despatch letters,
+announcing his arrival, to the Governing Commission, as it was called,
+then located in the island, before proceeding to Poros, where he
+anchored on the morning of the 19th. "The main entrance," we further
+read in his journal, "is scarcely wide enough to work a ship in, if
+the wind is from the land. The water, however, is sufficiently deep
+close to the shore; and the port, when you have entered through this
+narrow channel, is one of the finest in the world. There is another
+entrance towards the south, but it is shallow and crooked, and
+consequently used only by small vessels. The town of Poros consists of
+a number of irregularly-built houses on the side of a hill, and merits
+the appellation of picturesque. There are remains of temples on the
+island, and the stone is yet to be seen on which Demosthenes is said
+to have been sitting when he was recalled by Antipater to Athens, and
+in consequence of which recall he took poison and died."
+
+No sooner was the joyful intelligence conveyed to the inhabitants that
+Lord Cochrane, the long-expected deliverer of Greece, had actually
+arrived, than all the leading men who happened to be in Poros at the
+time hurried on board the _Unicorn_ to welcome their champion and to
+give personal assurance of their devotion to him. The first to arrive
+was Jakomaki Tombazes, who was now acting with Dr. Gosse as
+superintendent of marine affairs, having surrendered the chief command
+of the fleet into the hands of Andreas Miaoulis. Miaoulis himself soon
+followed, and with him Alexander Mavrocordatos and many others.
+"Prince Mavrocordatos," wrote Lord Cochrane's secretary, Mr. George
+Cochrane, "was a short, stout, well-built man, of very dark
+complexion, with black eyes, an oval face expressing great
+intelligence, and his hair very long, hanging upon his shoulders. He
+was dressed in the European style, and wore on his head a little cloth
+cap. He also habitually wore spectacles. His manners indicated a man
+perfectly accustomed to the society of persons of rank. He immediately
+entered into familiar conversation with Lord Cochrane in the French
+language. He carried his pipe with him, which he continually smoked.
+Miaoulis was dressed in the Hydriot fashion; but, of course, as became
+a primate of the island, his attire was of a description much superior
+to that of his poorer fellow-countrymen.[1] His countenance was open
+and dignified, and so calm that it appeared like a rock which nothing
+could move. Not that it had any character of sternness in it; on the
+contrary, it possessed a placidity, blended with firmness, which was
+anything but forbidding. The moment Miaoulis came on deck, he
+cordially shook hands with Lord Cochrane, and a broken conversation
+commenced between them in Spanish, Miaoulis speaking that language but
+imperfectly. At the period in question he commanded the _Hellas_
+frigate. He knew perfectly well that Lord Cochrane's arrival would
+take the command out of his hands. Nevertheless, he evinced not the
+least jealousy, but was one of the first to offer his services under
+Lord Cochrane. 'I know my countrymen,' he said, 'and that I can be of
+service to your lordship on board the frigate. I will therefore sail
+under your command.' Such an offer was not to be refused, and he was
+requested to remain on board. Miaoulis informed Lord Cochrane that the
+hope of Greece rested in the _Hellas_, and in the quondam merchant
+brigs belonging to private individuals in the islands of Hydra,
+Spetzas, Poros, and Egina, amounting to about two hundred and fifty.
+These vessels had been armed as men-of-war; some had been turned into
+fireships, and it was the latter that struck so much terror into the
+Turks, several Turkish vessels of the line and frigates having been
+destroyed under the guidance of the brave Kanaris, a native of the
+ill-fated island of Psara."
+
+  [1] "These men," says the same authority, "generally speaking, from
+  their complexions, evinced that they had been mariners all their
+  lives, the sun having well tanned them. They wore small red caps, from
+  which their hair flowed wildly down their shoulders. On the upper lip
+  they wore very long mustachios, which the older ones were continually
+  curling, and bringing out the point. They wore trousers of blue
+  cotton, and a jacket; and by the immense capacity of the former, I
+  should suppose they must have contained at least twelve yards. This
+  was gathered into plaits round the waist, and only descended to the
+  knees, which were left open. The hinder part presented a most singular
+  appearance. It hung down almost trailing upon the ground in a huge
+  bag, which kept moving backwards and forwards in a ludicrous manner at
+  every motion of the body. They wore shoes, but no stockings; and their
+  legs were as dark as their countenances, and covered with hair. Round
+  their waist they wore a large red sash in several folds. Their jacket
+  was similar to a waistcoat, with sleeves, and ornamented with small
+  buttons from the wrist to the elbow, and the same on the
+  bosom."--"Wanderings in Greece."
+
+The compliments and congratulations offered in person to Lord Cochrane
+immediately after his anchoring off Poros were followed by compliments
+and congratulations yet more profuse conveyed to him in writing by all
+classes and from all quarters. One of the first and most important
+communications was addressed to him on the 18th of March, in the name
+of the National Assembly, as it styled itself, met at Kastri, by its
+president, Georgios Sissinis. "Greece," he said, "rejoices at your
+appearance in her seas. The aspirations of the Greeks are realised.
+Their hopes in the success of their sacred struggle revive. The Greek
+nation, assembled here in a third National Assembly, desires to see
+you and invites you here, sending to you, with that object, the
+General-in-Chief of the armies of the Peloponnesus, Theodore
+Kolokotrones, Messrs. Kanaris, Botazes, and Bulgaris, General Zavella
+and Count Metaxas, who will tender to you the thanks of all for your
+zeal on behalf of their cause." "The Government is seized with
+unutterable joy at your auspicious arrival," wrote the members of the
+rival assembly at Egina, on the same day: "the Government wishes you
+happy success in all your enterprises, and hopes soon to find in you a
+triumphant conqueror." "For a long while past," wrote the governors of
+Hydra, "our brave mariners have centred all their hopes on your
+arrival. You can understand then the joy that we felt when we saw your
+brig and schooner, and when we knew that you had actually arrived. We
+hasten to tender to you the homage of our island, and to express to
+you our impatience to see our little navy placed under your orders,
+and guided by you to new victories, by which the safety and
+independence of Greece may be secured." "Your arrival in our beloved
+country," wrote the primates of Spetzas, "has filled the soul of every
+inhabitant of our island with joy, and every one presents his thanks
+to Heaven for having at last sent such an one to fight with us and to
+protect our fatherland." "You have come to Greece," wrote
+Konduriottes, "at a moment when this unfortunate country most needs
+all that it can hope from the wisdom and courage of so great a
+defender. The announcement of your arrival will form an epoch in the
+history of our Revolution, and, I dare to hope, in that of our moral
+regeneration."
+
+That moral regeneration was needed Lord Cochrane already well knew,
+and he had not been a day in Greece before the knowledge was forced
+upon him afresh. The unworthy disposition of most of the men in power
+had never been more plainly shown, nor threatened more imminent danger
+to the independence of Greece, than at the time of Lord Cochrane's
+arrival. With a few notable exceptions, of whom Miaoulis was perhaps
+the chief, the Greek leaders had forgotten all their national duty in
+personal ambition and jealousy. If they united in parties, it was only
+because each one hoped that, as soon as his own party was triumphant,
+he himself would be able to obtain the mastery over all his
+associates.
+
+Two factions, especially, prevailed in Greece at this time, which,
+partly from the circumstance that they were supported by unwise
+Philhellenes of the two nations, partly because their native members
+looked for their chief support to those nations, were known as the
+French and English parties.
+
+Among Philhellenes the leading promoter of the French party was
+Colonel Fabvier, who was now, with some of the troops whom he
+commanded, defending the Acropolis from the siege of the Turks. He was
+an officer of considerable merit, with the interests of the Greeks at
+heart, but of surpassing vanity and ambition. His hope was to become
+the Napoleon of the East, to convert the whole male population of
+Greece into a huge army, with himself at its head. With him
+sympathized most of the military leaders, who, originally little
+better than brigands, found everything to gratify their present tastes
+and their future hopes in a scheme which would give them endless
+employment in lawless warfare and martial dominion. These, coming
+chiefly from the Morea, caused the faction also to be known as the
+Moreot party.
+
+More formidable was the English party, with little that was English
+about it but the name. Its ambition was not military, but diplomatic,
+the possession of place and power in such ways as were then possible.
+Its real, if not avowed, leader was Prince Mavrocordatos, with an able
+abettor in his brother-in-law, Mr. Spiridion Trikoupes. All through
+the previous year Mavrocordatos and his friends had sought zealously
+to win for Greece the protection of England. They had corresponded to
+that end with Mr. Stratford Canning, the British ambassador at
+Constantinople, with Captain Hamilton, who was then stationed in Greek
+waters to watch the interests of English shipping, and with others.
+They had sent an irregular deputation to treat with the British
+Government, and had used all the means in their power, so far as
+foreign intervention was concerned, for the establishment of a smaller
+but more organized Greek nation than that which their rivals desired.
+Had that end been worthily sought, they would have deserved universal
+sympathy. But they showed by their conduct that they cared little for
+good government, or for the real interests of the community. They
+exercised their abilities and squandered their resources in schemes
+for selfish aggrandisement, and the possession of authority which was
+to benefit none but themselves. Many of their prominent members having
+studied statecraft, before the time of the Revolution, as Christian
+officials in the employment of Turkey, to whom the name Phanariot was
+given from the Christian quarter of Constantinople, the whole party
+acquired the name of Phanariot.
+
+This latter party had all along hoped to make Lord Cochrane its tool.
+It was Mavrocordatos who first invited him to enter the service of the
+Greeks; and when that service was agreed upon no effort was spared to
+attach him to the group of partizans among whom Mavrocordatos was
+chief. Lord Cochrane, steadily refusing this, soon incurred their
+opposition, and to this opposition is to be attributed some of the
+unreasonable blame which was afterwards brought upon him. Much further
+opposition to him, moreover, was soon aroused by his, in like manner,
+refusing to become the creature of the other leading faction. He
+wisely resolved, from the first--and he maintained his resolution
+throughout--to belong to no party, but having devoted himself to the
+cause of the Greek nation as a whole, to seek only those objects which
+were for the good of all.
+
+That resolution was soon put to the test. Immediately after his
+arrival on the 19th of March, great efforts were made to implicate him
+in the schemes of the Governing Commission, as it was called, which,
+having outrun the time appointed for its duration, was continuing to
+assert its authority in Egina, and to use that authority in the
+interests of the Phanariot party. Two days after that his partizanship
+was sought for the Moreot faction, which had set up a rival
+government, styled the National Assembly, at Hermione, under the joint
+leadership of Kolokotrones, Konduriottes, and Kolettes. On the 20th he
+was waited upon by the deputation named in the congratulatory letter
+which has already been quoted from.
+
+"With his whole party," said Lord Cochrane's secretary, reporting this
+interview, "Kolokotrones rode down to the beach opposite the ship, and
+sent off to say he would there wait until a boat should be sent for
+him and his followers, the whole being about a hundred men, armed,
+according to the custom of the country, with pistols or daggers stuck
+in the left side of a sash or belt. The two boats sent being
+insufficient, not more than twenty came on board with the general.
+Kolokotrones was the spokesman, and there appeared to be great energy
+in his gesticulations, which did not correspond with the translation
+by Count Metaxas, who, from the smile on his countenance, seemed to
+hold in no great respect the mental acquirements of Kolokotrones.
+'Greece,' said the latter, 'required a government to bring order out
+of chaos. The functions of the commission appointed by the last
+Legislative Assembly ought to have ceased. Its continuance in power
+was not legal, and consequently the members of the National Assembly
+had met at Hermione to name their successors; to which place it was
+requested that Lord Cochrane would proceed, in order to be present at
+their deliberations.' A letter to this effect, signed by the President
+of the Assembly, was then put into Lord Cochrane's hands.
+
+"Lord Cochrane made answer verbally through Count Metaxas to the
+deputies, that he held in due estimation the honour they had done him
+by personally delivering the communication as well as by the very
+flattering terms used towards him by the members assembled at
+Hermione. He regretted the decision that had taken place, and,
+recommending reconciliation, urged the necessity of prompt exertion
+and the little good that the wisest legislative enactments could
+effect, whilst the Turks overran their country, whilst they possessed
+three-fourths of its strongholds, and whilst the enemy besieged the
+capital of the state, which was in danger of falling into their power.
+His lordship expressed his regret that so many able and brave military
+officers as those he saw before him should occupy themselves with
+civil discussions in the present state of their country.
+
+"Upon this being interpreted to Kolokotrones, he became exceedingly
+warm, and urged that the duty he was now occupied with was more
+essential than any other. He, however, cooled on seeing, as we
+presume, that no one seconded his opinion, which he evidently expected
+by his glances towards his companions. Kolokotrones remained some time
+without saying a word, and then rising, took Lord Cochrane by the hand
+and assured him that he would do his utmost to produce a
+reconciliation of parties. Lord Cochrane urged that the termination of
+differences between the parties should be within the space of three
+days. Kolokotrones requested five; but afterwards caused his
+interpreter, Count Metaxas, to say that possibly an answer might be
+received from Hermione even before the shortest period fixed. Count
+Metaxas was the last who left the cabin, and as soon as the others
+were gone, he turned to Lord Cochrane and assured him that his utmost
+endeavours should not be wanting to accomplish so desirable an object.
+The Count has evidently the management of Kolokotrones, to whom he
+probably adheres in order to arrive at real power, under the sanction
+of an individual on whose shoulders may be heaped all the evil
+measures to be anticipated in acquiring or upholding any authority
+over a multitude of rival chiefs and their rude followers.
+
+"Kolokotrones and his party then left the schooner, having first
+directed one of their soldiers to await Lord Cochrane's reply to the
+communication of the Assembly. A deputation from Hydra, and a crowd of
+other visitors, however, precluded Lord Cochrane's despatching the
+courier until the following morning."
+
+The reply, dated the 21st of March, was wise and bold. "I have had the
+honour," wrote Lord Cochrane, "to receive the despatches which you
+have addressed to me, and I cannot but be flattered by the sentiments
+that they convey. This satisfaction is the more lively because I have
+had the opportunity of becoming personally acquainted with his
+excellency General Kolokotrones, and the officers who accompanied him.
+But I freely acknowledge that it is blended with a feeling of regret,
+in that it appears to me that the bravest and most renowned officers
+of Greece are devoting all their energies to the formation of a civil
+government and wasting their time in discussions as to the place in
+which they shall effect a reunion while the enemy is overrunning the
+country without resistance. Already he possesses three-fourths of the
+fortresses of Greece, and is besieging the capital of the republic.
+Athens is on the point of falling into the power of the Ottoman
+forces; the brave Fabvier and a few heroes, full of enthusiasm, are
+engaged in aiding the valiant defenders of that city; and meanwhile
+the officers of Greece betake themselves again and again to frivolous
+discussions on civil affairs. If the shade of Demosthenes could again
+animate the ashes of this great man which are here entombed, he would,
+changing only the names of persons and places, address to you his
+first Philippic, and you would hear from the lips of a compatriot
+profoundly versed in history and in the knowledge of mankind, what
+ought to be your manner of acting. I recommend you to read his
+discourse in full assembly, and I especially recommend the citizens
+charged with presiding over the destinies of Greece to follow his
+counsels point by point. With an authority so applicable to the
+existing circumstances, it would be unpardonable presumption in me to
+address to you other than his own words. 'If, Athenians, you will now,
+though you did not before, adopt the principle of every man being
+ready, where he can and ought to give his service to the state, to
+give it without excuse, the wealthy to contribute, the able-bodied to
+enlist; in a word, plainly, if you will become your own masters, and
+cease each expecting to do nothing himself, while his neighbour does
+everything for him, you will then, with God's permission, get back
+your own, and recover what has been lost, and punish your enemy.'"
+
+To the same effect were Lord Cochrane's answers to the congratulatory
+letters sent to him by the other leading persons and parties in
+Greece. "It may be well to notice," he wrote on the same day to the
+Government at Egina, "that in the conversation which I had with the
+deputation from Hermione, I respectfully suggested that, as laws
+cannot be promulgated with advantage whilst the mass of the country is
+under the iron yoke of Turkish despotism, nor executed whilst the
+lives and properties of all continue insecure, the National Assembly
+might be adjourned with advantage until the capital is free, and thus
+we should avoid debating whilst we should be acting, and check those
+animosities and divisions which naturally arise from difference of
+sentiment under the peculiar conditions of modern Greece." "The time
+now draws near," he wrote to the Government of Hydra, "when the
+approach of a large force may reasonably be anticipated, and when
+consequently the means that the Greeks possess of contending with
+their enemies will be comparatively diminished. I have, therefore, in
+the name of all Europe--by whose people I may in truth say that I have
+been sent here--called upon the Executive Government, and upon all
+those connected with public affairs, to act with union and
+promptitude, and I have informed them that without harmony and
+exertion amongst the chiefs, the slender means placed at my disposal,
+and any services which I personally could render, would prove of no
+avail. The people are split into factions, and operations are
+paralyzed by the conflicting personal interests of chiefs who perceive
+not that the prize about which they are contending will fall to the
+share of others. I have as yet taken no authority upon me in naval
+affairs, because if union do not prevail I shall deceive Greece and
+deceive the world by inducing a belief that I could assist you."
+
+While waiting, however, for the rivalries of the Greek leaders to be
+removed, or at any rate set aside for a time, Lord Cochrane was not
+idle. He had frequent interviews, not only with Admiral Miaoulis and
+the other native seamen of ability, but also with Dr. Gosse, and with
+Captain Abney Hastings, who joined him on the 22nd, and provided him
+with much precise information as to the naval strength of Greece, the
+character of the officers and crews, and the best methods of attacking
+the Turks with advantage. Information as precise about the land forces
+was derived from other Philhellenes, among whom Colonel Heideck and
+Colonel Gordon were perhaps the best informed. Lord Cochrane also made
+the acquaintance of a new comer in Greece, with whom he was soon to
+have very intimate relations--Sir Richard Church.
+
+General Church had begun life as an officer in the British army. He
+had seen various service between 1801 and 1809, and in the latter year
+had organised a battalion of Greeks at Zante, with which, and
+afterwards with another which he also formed, he had played an
+important part in the war for the liberation of the Ionian Islands. On
+the establishment of peace, he had passed into the Neapolitan service.
+Many of his old Greek soldiers were now leaders in the Revolution,
+and, while Lord Cochrane was on his way to become the First Admiral of
+the Greeks, General Church had been invited to become Generalissimo on
+land. He arrived at Porto Kheli, near Kastri or Hermione, on the 9th
+of March, eight days before the appearance of Lord Cochrane. The
+generals assembled at Hermione came out to meet him and tender their
+submission. "Our father is at last come," said one; "we have only to
+obey him and our liberty is secured." Sir Richard Church was at once
+sought as a leader by the Moreot faction, just as Lord Cochrane was
+claimed by the Phanariots as their champion. He, however, like his new
+comrade, wisely resolved to avoid partisanship and to study the
+interests of Greece as a whole, and to him must be assigned a share of
+the good work of pacification in which Lord Cochrane was the prime
+mover. "This unhappy country," he wrote to his new friend on the 19th
+of March, "is now divided by absurd and criminal dissensions. I hope,
+however, that your lordship's arrival will have a happy effect, and
+that they will do everything in their power to be worthy of such a
+leader."
+
+They did something, if not everything. It was firmly believed that
+party strife had reached such a point that, had Lord Cochrane's
+arrival been delayed only a few days longer, the leaders of the
+National Assembly at Hermione, turning aside from their useless
+discussions, would have acted upon a plot that had been in preparation
+for several weeks, and, landing a hostile force at Egina, would have
+violently seized the whole Governing Commission there established.
+Lord Cochrane's honest reproofs averted this, and so saved Greece from
+the horrors of another civil war.
+
+"I am happy to be able to inform you," wrote General Church on the
+25th of March, "that things are brought to that state that the union
+of the parties is, I think, now effected. The deputies from Kastri
+came over to me yesterday morning to Damala, and there they met those
+of Egina. After some discussion, they have come to a conclusion,
+which, if ratified by the Assembly at Egina, will finally terminate
+the affair."
+
+The affair was not terminated immediately. Lord Cochrane had to
+despatch many more letters and messages of earnest entreaty and
+indignant reproach to the leaders of the rival factions at Egina and
+Hermione, and to other prominent men, before the good end that he and
+all true Philhellenes and patriots sought could be gained. "I have
+received the letter which your excellency has addressed to me," wrote
+the worthy Miaoulis, on the 3rd of April, in answer to a letter
+declining to take command of the fleet until the differences were
+settled; "and I appreciate the objections which it contains. I wish
+with all my heart that the reasons which prevent you may not exist
+beyond this evening, and that a general union will induce you to place
+yourself at the head of the Greek navy."
+
+Before that, on the 28th of March, Lord Cochrane had received a formal
+commission from the Government at Egina. "Knowing well," ran the
+document, "the valour, wisdom, ability, and energy, and all the
+warlike virtues which are joined in the estimable person of Lord
+Cochrane, and by which he has been distinguished in all the various
+services with which he has elsewhere been charged, the Governing
+Commission ordains, first, that Lord Cochrane be appointed First
+Admiral of the Fleet and of all the naval forces of Greece; secondly,
+that he rank above all other naval officers, and enjoy all the
+honours, privileges, and rights that appertain to his office; thirdly,
+that all the admirals, officers, and seamen of Greece recognize him as
+their superior, and obey his orders in all that concerns the service
+of the nation, and that all servants of the State, whether civil or
+military, render him the honour and respect that are his due;
+fourthly, that the General Secretary of the Government execute this
+order in all respects so soon as his Excellency Lord Cochrane shall
+have taken oath to perform the duties, in regard of which he pledges
+himself to serve and to act." The document was signed by Andreas
+Zaimes, as president, by Trikoupes, Demetrakopoulos, Blakos, Zamados,
+Mavromichales, Anargiros, Monarchides, and Zotos, and by Glarakes, the
+Secretary of State.
+
+Lord Cochrane refused to accept the trust thus imposed upon him,
+however, until the authorities at Egina had united with those at
+Hermione and with the primates of the islands in forming one true
+National Assembly. They still hesitated and objected, and he still had
+to warn and to expostulate. At length, on the 3rd of April, being
+convinced that milder language was useless, he wrote to the rival
+leaders, informing them that, as his counsels appeared to be of no
+avail, seeing that they were addressed to persons, who, professing to
+have the interests of the nation at heart, were determined to ruin
+those interests by their obstinate selfishness, he should quit Greece
+at once, unless, before the close of the day, they agreed to lay aside
+their differences.
+
+That wise threat was successful. The factions coalesced, and decided
+to meet in joint assembly at Damala, also known by its ancient name of
+Troezene. On the 4th of April Lord Cochrane was able to write to them
+in a different tone. "Having come to Greece," he said, "with a firm
+determination to have nothing to do with party rivalries, except so
+far as to seek to conciliate them for the public good, and not to
+trouble myself about civil affairs, beyond assuring myself of the
+legality of my functions as Admiral of Greece, and having resolved to
+do all in my power to obtain its deliverance from the Mahometan yoke,
+as well as from all foreign domination, I am well pleased at the
+reunion of all your members in a single National Assembly, and
+congratulate you on the restoration of harmony. Allow me, at the same
+time, to offer my prayers for the unanimity of the members of the
+Government, and for the prompt completion of the business of the
+National Assembly, in order that its members may depart to their
+respective provinces, and use their great influence to impress upon
+their compatriots the imminent danger of the State, and induce them to
+rush to arms, and by one simultaneous effort expel the oppressors of
+Greece. After that the Legislative Assembly will have leisure, and the
+requisite security, to deliberate upon the constitution, the laws, and
+the arrangements necessary to establish upon a permanent footing the
+happiness and the prosperity of their fellow-citizens."
+
+Having thus done so much for Greece, Lord Cochrane was asked to do
+more. "The deputies whom you did me the honour to send," he wrote, on
+the following day, "having informed me of the difficulties which you
+find in forming a Government with the necessary promptitude because of
+the jealousies shown in choosing citizens to fill situations of
+authority, permit me to advise that each member should write down the
+name of the person of his choice, and place it in an urn, and that he
+who thus obtains the highest number of votes should be president, the
+second, vice-president, and the others ranged in order until the
+number of functionaries is complete. In this way you will avoid
+discussions, animosities, and the loss of time, which is so precious
+in the present circumstances of Greece. At present naval and military
+operations alike are all suspended, while the enemy is preparing to
+put an end at once to the question which engrosses your attention, and
+to the independence and liberty of Greece!" That sensible advice was
+not taken, but the first difficulties in the way of administrative
+reform were overcome.
+
+On the 7th of April, the National Assembly met at Damala, on the coast
+opposite to Poros, and half way between Hermione and Egina--the
+meeting-place, for want of a building large enough, to hold the two
+hundred members, being a lemon-grove, watered by the classic fountain
+of Hippocrene. Its first business, attended by turmoil which
+threatened to bring the whole proceeding to a violent close, was the
+election of Count Capodistrias as President, for seven years, of the
+Greek nation. Capodistrias was the favourite of the Moreot party, but
+disliked by the Phanariots, and hated by the island primates. The two
+latter would have prevented the election, but for the support given to
+it by Lord Cochrane, who on this account has been frequently and
+seriously blamed.[2] There can be no doubt, however, that, whatever
+may have been the subsequent shortcomings of Capodistrias, he was
+greatly superior to any of the other and native candidates for the
+office. None of these candidates had given any proof of statesmanlike
+powers or disinterested regard for the welfare of Greece. Lord
+Cochrane judged, with good reason, that that welfare could only be
+promoted by placing at the head of affairs a man who had hitherto had
+no share in party strife, who had proved himself to be possessed of
+great abilities and of generous love for the nation of which, as a
+native of Corfu, he was in some sort a citizen. Unfortunately, though
+for this Lord Cochrane was in no way responsible, the management of
+affairs during the time that must elapse before Capodistrias, if he
+accepted the office tendered to him, could enter upon it, was
+entrusted to a Vice-governing Commission composed of three inefficient
+men, Georgios Mavromichales, Milaites of Psara, and Nakos of Livadia.
+
+  [2] See especially Trikoupes, vol. iv., p. 126, and Gordon, vol. ii.,
+  p. 364. Mr. Finlay approves of the choice, but, not caring to say
+  anything in favour of Lord Cochrane, makes no mention of his share in
+  the work. Vol. ii., p. 139.
+
+The most important business done by the Troezene Assembly was the
+installation of Lord Cochrane as First Admiral of Greece. This was
+done on the 18th of April. Landing for the first time on the
+continent, Lord Cochrane proceeded in state on horseback for the
+distance of a mile and a-half that was between the shore and the
+lemon-grove. At the entrance he was met by Kolokotrones, who embraced
+him, saying, "You are welcome;" words that were repeated by many other
+leading Greeks, who attended and conducted him into the centre of the
+grove. There he was formally introduced to the delegates as the First
+Admiral. Through an interpreter he addressed to them a few sentences,
+urging the necessity of continued harmony, and of a prompt expedition
+against the Turks, to be conducted both by sea and by land. After
+that, placing his hand on the hilt of his sword, he took the necessary
+oath: "I swear to shed my blood for the safety of the Greeks and for
+the liberation of their country; I swear that I will not abandon their
+cause so long as they do not themselves abandon it, but sustain my
+efforts."
+
+The election of Sir Richard Church as Generalissimo of the Land Forces
+was, in like manner, completed on the 15th of April.
+
+The essential business for which Lord Cochrane had desired that the
+united National Assembly should meet at Troezene being now
+accomplished, he hoped that it would speedily adjourn, in order that
+the military leaders should be enabled to proceed at once to the work
+pressing urgently upon them. "The critical moment," said Lord
+Cochrane, in a letter addressed to them on the 16th of April, "has
+arrived in which you are called upon to decide whether the population
+of Greece shall be annihilated or enslaved, your country peopled with
+barbarous hordes, and the name of Greece blotted out from the list of
+independent nations." The National Assembly, however, spent more than
+another month in idle discussions, and in disputing upon matters the
+settlement of which ought to have been postponed to a less perilous
+time. Again and again Lord Cochrane had to impress upon them the
+necessity, in war as in council, of prompt and united action; but with
+very poor result.
+
+"Once more I address you by letter," he wrote a few days later, "in
+the hope that you may be persuaded instantly to take measures to save
+your country from the ruin which protracted deliberations must at the
+present moment entail--ay, with as much certainty as a continuance of
+those dissensions which have hitherto so unhappily prevailed; and I
+follow this course the more readily in order that, as I have ever
+advocated liberal forms of government, my advice, that your Assembly
+shall bring its labours to a close, shall not be misrepresented to
+Greece and to the world. First, then, the agitated state of the
+country, by reason of the presence of the enemy, precludes the hope of
+obedience in ordinary course of law, which is as essential to the
+existence even of a shadow of republican forms as the practice of
+virtue and forbearance are to their reality--which, in states that
+would be free, ever must be accompanied by universal conviction in the
+public mind that power and wealth are not essential to the enjoyment
+of personal security, and are desirable or useful only as they promote
+the common welfare or administer to the wants or comforts of
+individuals themselves. The Grecian people, however good, naturally
+cannot be expected instantly to practise virtues which are the
+offspring of long-established freedom. Greece requires not, at the
+present moment, sage deliberations regarding permanent forms of
+government, nor permanent rulers; but she requires energetic
+authority, that she may be free at least from her foreign oppressors.
+If, without delay, the military officers take the field, if your
+labours be brought to a close and every citizen in his respective
+capacity exert himself to the utmost for the defence of his country,
+Athens perhaps may yet be saved, although that object assuredly is
+rendered far more doubtful by the unfortunate delay that has already
+occurred."
+
+In entering upon his own share of the work no time was wasted by Lord
+Cochrane. He had already made himself acquainted with the naval
+resources of Greece, and done much in devising measures for augmenting
+them. He had resolved upon the first enterprise to be entered upon;
+and, while rapidly completing his arrangements for it, he did
+everything in his power to quicken in the hearts of the Greeks a
+patriotism as pure and zealous as was his own philanthropy. "To arms!
+to arms!" he wrote in a proclamation issued at this time. "One
+simultaneous effort, and Greece is free. Discord, the deadly foe you
+have had most to fear, is conquered. The task that now remains is
+easy. The youth everywhere fly to arms. The fate of the Acropolis is
+no longer doubtful. The Turks surrounded, their supplies cut off, the
+passes occupied, and retreat impossible, you can ensure the freedom of
+the classic plains of Athens, again destined to become the seat of
+liberty, the sciences, and the arts. Rest not content with such
+limited success. Sheathe not the sword whilst the brutal Turk, the
+enemy of the progress of civilization and improvement of the human
+mind, shall occupy one foot of that classic ground which once was
+yours. Let the young seamen of the islands emulate the glory that
+awaits the military force. Let them hasten to join the national ships,
+and, if denied your independence and rights, blockade the Hellespont,
+thus carrying the war into the enemy's country. Then the fate of the
+cruel Sultan, the destroyer of his subjects, the tyrant taskmaster of
+a Christian people, shall be sealed by the hands of the executioners
+who yet obey his bloody commands. Then shall prophecy be fulfilled,
+and Moslem sway be overthrown by the corruptions itself has
+engendered. Then shall the sacred banner of the Cross once more wave
+on the dome of Saint Sophia. Then shall the Grecian people live secure
+under the protection of just laws. Then shall noble cities rise from
+their ruins, and the splendour of future times rival the days that are
+past."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII.
+
+THE SIEGE OF ATHENS.--THE DEFENDERS OF THE ACROPOLIS.--THE EFFORTS OF
+GORDON AND KARAœSKAKES.--LORD COCHRANE'S PLAN FOR CUTTING OFF THE
+TURKISH SUPPLIES.--THE ARGUMENTS BY WHICH HE WAS INDUCED TO PROCEED
+INSTEAD TO THE PHALERUM.--HIS ARRIVAL THERE.--HIS OTHER ARRANGEMENTS
+FOR SERVING GREECE.--HIS FIRST MEETING WITH KARAœSKAKES.--THE
+CONDITION OF THE GREEK CAMP.--LORD COCHRANE'S POSITION.--HIS EFFORTS
+TO GIVE IMMEDIATE RELIEF TO THE ACROPOLIS, AND THE OBSTACLES RAISED BY
+THE GREEKS.--KARAœSKAKES'S DELAYS, AND GENERAL CHURCH'S
+DIFFICULTIES.--THE CONVENT OF SAINT SPIRIDION.--THE BATTLE OF
+PHALERUM.--THE CAPTURE OF SAINT SPIRIDION.--THE MASSACRE OF THE
+TURKS, AND ITS CONSEQUENCES.--LORD COCHRANE'S RENEWED EFFORTS TO SAVE
+THE ACROPOLIS.--THE DEATH OF KARAœSKAKES.--THE MARCH TO THE
+ACROPOLIS.--ITS FAILURE THROUGH THE PERVERSITY OF THE GREEKS.--THE
+BATTLE OF ATHENS.--THE FALL OF THE ACROPOLIS.
+
+[1827.]
+
+
+After the conquest of Missolonghi, by which all Western Greece was
+brought under Turkish dominion, Reshid Pasha lost no time in
+proceeding to drive the Greeks from Athens, their chief stronghold in
+the east. The siege of the town had been begun by Omar Pasha of
+Negropont, with a small Ottoman force, on the 21st of June, 1826.
+Reshid arrived on the 11th of July, and, after much previous fighting,
+stormed Athens so vigorously on the 14th of August, that the
+inhabitants were forced to abandon it. Many of them, however, took
+refuge in the Acropolis, where a strong garrison was established under
+the tyrannical rule of Goura, and in this fortress the defence was
+maintained for nearly two months. Goura died in October, and the
+rivalries of the officers whom he had held in awe, now allowed to have
+free exercise, threatened to make easy the further triumph of the
+besiegers. The citadel must have surrendered, but for the timely
+arrival of KaraÔskakes and Fabvier, each with a strong body of troops,
+who diverted the enemy by formidable attacks in the rear. KaraÔskakes
+and his force continued, with various success, to watch and harass the
+enemy from without. On the 12th of December Fabvier, by a brilliant
+exploit, forced his way into the Acropolis with about six hundred men.
+He had intended only to give it temporary relief, but many of the
+native chiefs, gladly taking advantage of the arrival of a body for
+which, conjointly with the garrison already established, there was not
+room in the fortress, hastily departed. Thus the leadership of the
+garrison, comprising about a thousand soldiers, with whom were four or
+five hundred women and children, and more than forty Philhellenes from
+France, Switzerland, Germany, and Italy, devolved upon Colonel
+Fabvier. The besiegers numbered about seven thousand picked soldiers,
+including a regiment of cavalry veterans and a good train of
+artillery. The Greek regulars and irregulars, including a corps of
+Philhellenes, commanded by Captain Inglesi, who attempted to raise the
+siege, varied, at different times, from two or three thousand to seven
+or eight thousand.
+
+That was the state of affairs when Lord Cochrane arrived in Greece.
+That the expulsion of the Turks from Attica and the recovery of Athens
+was the first great work to be attempted was clear to every one,
+whether native or Philhellene, who had the welfare of Greece at heart;
+but opinions varied as to the best mode of procedure. Nearly all
+previous efforts had been aimed at the direct attack of the besiegers
+in Athens and its neighbourhood. General Gordon had established a camp
+of about three thousand men at Munychia, the hill from which, two and
+twenty centuries before, Thrasybulus had gone down to deliver Athens
+from the thirty tyrants; and KaraÔskakes, with some two thousand five
+hundred followers, was stationed at Keratsina, on the other side of
+the PirÊus. But the operations of both leaders were restrained by
+Reshid Pasha's establishment of a garrison in the monastery of Saint
+Spiridion, midway between the two camps; and, without wiser leaders
+than the Greeks had hitherto possessed, there seemed small chance of
+their chasing the enemy from his strong positions. Another plan,
+feebly recommended and yet more feebly attempted before Lord
+Cochrane's arrival, was to starve him out by intercepting the supplies
+of provisions that were brought from Turkey by way of the northern
+channel of the Negropont, to be sent overland from Oropos, a
+well-fortified magazine on the northern shore of Attica.
+
+Lord Cochrane saw at once that this latter course was the one most
+likely to be of service, or, at any rate, the one rightly devolving
+upon him, while General Church was pursuing his operations nearer to
+Athens; and he was strengthened in this conviction by discussion on
+the subject with General Gordon, who came for a short visit to Poros,
+on the 21st of March, in his own yacht. To this end he laboured while
+he was waiting for the reconciliation of parties and the official
+recognition of his employment as First Admiral. "The fate of Athens,"
+he wrote, both to Kolokotrones and to KaraÔskakes, on the 29th of
+March, "depends upon our depriving the enemy of the provisions
+obtained by him from the north. The general and the soldiers who first
+devote themselves to this object will have the glory of raising the
+siege. For myself, I offer the heartiest co-operation of the fleet,
+accompanied by two thousand brave marines, and the use of all the
+war-steamers and transports in any port of eastern Attica. There is
+not a moment to be lost." This proposal was rejected by Kolokotrones.
+On the 2nd of April, KaraÔskakes sent an ambiguous acceptance of it,
+which he cancelled on the 13th. "We are so mixed up with the enemy,"
+he wrote, "that if we abandon the smallest of our positions we must
+resign ourselves to the loss of all. The Turks are so embarrassed by
+us that they can offer only a feeble siege to the Acropolis. Of this I
+am assured by several Greeks who have lately come from their camp.
+Therefore, my lord, I am deterred from assailing the enemy from the
+north; and I have the boldness to assure and promise you that, if you
+will aid me here, Athens will be free in a few days. With the help of
+two thousand good recruits, the enemy will not be able to resist our
+enthusiasm. I implore you, in the name of Greece, to assist me as soon
+as possible with the means of destroying him and of saving Athens."
+
+That letter, and the advice of all in office, whether military or
+civil, to the same effect, altered Lord Cochrane's plans. "As he,"
+said Gordon, who afterwards blamed him on this account, "unacquainted
+with the country and the language, could not form a correct judgment
+on the innumerable reports transmitted to him, it is not surprising
+that he was deceived by letters written from the Acropolis, and
+entrusted to soldiers who, disguised as Turks or Albanians, slipped
+from time to time through the enemy's lines. In these epistles,
+Fabvier and the other chiefs painted their situation in the blackest
+colours, carefully concealing the fact of their having provisions for
+many months."[3] By them native Greeks and foreigners long resident in
+the country were deceived. Lord Cochrane, still clinging to his
+project for injuring the Turks by cutting off their supplies, was
+constrained to defer it for the present, and in compliance with the
+requests of the Government, of General Church, and of KaraÔskakes, to
+co-operate in the direct attack upon the enemy in the PirÊus. "I now
+agree with you," he wrote to the latter, on the 14th of April, "that
+the time is past when a movement in the rear of the Turks, and the
+cutting off of their provisions, could have the effect of saving the
+Acropolis, and I see clearly the justice of your observation that a
+decisive blow must be struck at once against the enemy. The eyes of
+Europe are turned towards Greece, and on the success or failure of the
+measures now to be adopted depends the support of your glorious cause,
+or its abandonment in despair."
+
+  [3] Gordon, vol. ii., p. 386. As Gordon was with Lord Cochrane at the
+  time, and on intimate relations with him, it is strange, unless he
+  himself, with far less excuse, shared the error for which he blamed
+  him, that he did not advise him to pursue his former plan. Compare
+  Trikoupes, vol. iv., p. 137, who blames and involuntarily acquits Lord
+  Cochrane almost in the same breath.
+
+Something was done by Lord Cochrane at once, however, towards the
+fulfilment of his first design. He despatched Captain Abney Hastings,
+with the _Karteria_ and five other vessels, to the Gulf of Volo and
+the Channel of Negropont, with orders to seize as many Turkish
+provision-ships as he could there find within the next fourteen days.
+One expedition was very successful. Off Volo, on the 20th of April,
+Hastings found eight transports protected by the guns of the fort. He
+silenced the guns, captured five of the vessels, and destroyed the
+other three. He then passed down the channel, and near Tricheri fell
+in with a Turkish brig-of-war, which, after some skilful fighting, he
+destroyed by shells that exploded her powder magazine. After that he
+proceeded to Kumi, where he captured a store of grain, and reached
+Poros within the time appointed.
+
+In the meanwhile Lord Cochrane had gone to the Bay of Athens as soon
+as he could complete his arrangements for the present and future
+employment of the Greek shipping. "Four of the largest brigs at Poros
+are in process of equipment," he wrote to the Government on the 16th
+of April, "and five of the fastest small sailing vessels of Spetzas,
+and eight transports, with a thousand men, are ready at Hydra to
+proceed on service. The frigate _Hellas_ is victualled for two months,
+four gun-boats have been ordered to be built, and fireships are in
+progress in addition to those which were already fitted out. The
+expenses of these preparations have been, or will be, defrayed out of
+the funds in my possession. In addition to these disbursements, a very
+considerable sum, out of the money destined for the naval service, has
+been advanced by me for military purposes. I consider that the fate of
+Greece depends, in a great measure, on pecuniary aid from the rest of
+Europe, and such aid on the probability of ultimate success; but
+assuredly it will not be afforded if Greece proves unable or unwilling
+to exert herself against the handful of sickly and enfeebled Turks who
+continue to besiege the Acropolis of Athens."
+
+On the 17th of April, Lord Cochrane passed from Poros to Salamis in
+the _Hellas_, attended by twelve brigs and schooners from Hydra and
+Spetzas. In his pay were a thousand Hydriots, two hundred Cretans, and
+a corps of Roumeliots. On the same day, General Church embarked with
+three thousand soldiers collected in the Morea, under Gennaios
+Kolokotrones, Chrisanthos Sessini, and others. These new supplies,
+with the troops already at Keratsina and Munychia, composed a force of
+about ten thousand men.
+
+Five days were spent in organising this force, over which Sir Richard
+Church, though nominally generalissimo, had very little real command.
+The delay and the want of discipline which caused it were alike
+annoying to Lord Cochrane, whose little fleet was anchored in the
+small Bay of Phalerum, his Hydriot recruits, under Major Gordon
+Urquhart, being established on the adjoining shore. On the 18th he
+received a four hours' visit on board the _Hellas_ from KaraÔskakes, a
+tall, bony, athletic man, small-featured, and swarthy, with flashing
+eyes, and a lively tongue, about forty years of age. On the 19th he
+and General Church went to inspect the camp of the famous Greek leader
+at Keratsina. It gave but slight evidence of military organization,
+and both officers and men appeared to Lord Cochrane more willing to
+talk than to fight. His presence among them, however, stirred up a new
+and fitful enthusiasm. On this occasion he brought with him a large
+blue and white flag, with an owl, the national emblem of Greece,
+painted on the centre, which had been conveyed from Marseilles. The
+flag was unfurled in the presence of seven thousand Greek soldiers,
+within sight of the Turkish camp. Through his interpreter, Lord
+Cochrane briefly addressed the soldiers, urging them, for love of
+their country, and for their own honour and welfare, to unite in a
+prompt and vigorous attack on the enemy. Then, firmly planting the
+flag in the ground, he exclaimed, "Soldiers, whoever of you will lodge
+this flag on the summit of the Acropolis, shall receive from me, as a
+reward of his bravery, a thousand dollars, and ten times that sum
+shall be my share of the recompense to the force that accompanies
+him!" Great applause, of course, followed that announcement, but not
+much more than applause.
+
+Lord Cochrane's popularity with the troops and their leaders, for the
+time at any rate, was unbounded. KaraÔskakes, Niketas, Zavella,
+Notaras, Makriyannes, Gennaios Kolokotrones, and all the other
+captains vied with one another in offering fulsome adulation to him,
+and pledging themselves to yield implicit obedience to his
+instructions. By word, indeed, they were more submissive than he
+wished. He had to remind them that he was admiral of the fleet, not
+generalissimo on land, and that the latter office was held by Sir
+Richard Church. Unfortunately, KaraÔskakes and his followers were,
+from the first, jealous of General Church; and General Church,
+accustomed only to the management of a small disciplined band, was
+unequal to the troublesome duties appertaining to him as controller of
+a heterogeneous crowd of irregular soldiers, most of them trained as
+brigands, and accustomed to the half-lawless rule of their own petty
+officers. Hardly a day passed in which he did not complain bitterly to
+Lord Cochrane of the obstructions thrown in his way; and Lord Cochrane
+had to take upon himself the thankless functions of a mediator between
+a good-hearted commander-in-chief and his disaffected subordinates.
+
+This state of things would at any time have been irksome to him. It
+was especially so in the condition of affairs represented to him. Each
+day fresh reports were brought of the desperate state of the
+Acropolis. "The affairs of the fortress of Athens," we read in one
+document, signed by seven leaders of the besieged, and dated the 22nd
+of April, "have arrived at a very critical height, and no longer any
+remedy is expected from within, and therefore the besieged are obliged
+to address themselves to the Government of Greece and to the
+commanders of her forces, and to urge them to adopt the best, the
+speediest, and the most efficient measures to relieve the citadel. The
+Government and the commanders have always replied with promises of the
+most positive kind to raise the siege in a very few days. We can no
+longer believe their word. To give you further intelligence, we send
+now five men, who will tell you verbally what we cannot describe. If,
+however, they do not persuade you, we tell you this is our last
+letter. We will wait five days longer, and we can hold out no more. We
+have been brothers, and remain so during dearth, sickness, and all
+evils. Our nature is like that of all men: we can suffer no more than
+others. We are neither angels nor workers of miracles, to raise the
+dead, or do impossible things. If any evil should happen, we are not
+to blame, nor has God to condemn us in anything." The bearers of this
+letter, and others who brought a like report, were carefully examined
+by Lord Cochrane, and by them he was solemnly assured that the
+garrison of the Acropolis, destitute of provisions and every other
+necessary, could not possibly hold out more than five days longer.
+
+He and all others were deceived; but he alone thoroughly felt the
+urgent need of instant action. "As I perceive the ruin of Greece," he
+wrote to KaraÔskakes on the 23rd of April, "in the delay now taking
+place, and as I have every reason to believe that intrigues are
+carrying on by persons of desperate fortune and worthless character,
+with a view to promote their private ends, they not being aware that
+the subjection of Greece to a foreign power will ultimately destroy
+the hopes which they entertain, I take the liberty of urging, as an
+officer who has some character to lose in this affair, that your
+excellency should caution the officers of your army against the vain
+belief that intrigues at the present moment can produce any other
+effect than the ruin of themselves and their country. The education
+which my countrymen, in common with myself, have received, leads to an
+attachment to the cause of Greece amounting to enthusiasm, and this
+feeling cannot but be increased by viewing the monuments of her
+ancient grandeur. I am ready to do my utmost to promote the interests
+of your country, but I am by no means willing to allow myself to be
+made the puppet of intriguers. I shall put an end to intrigue in the
+navy or I shall quit it, and I trust your excellency will excuse me if
+I adopt the same resolutions respecting the army, if you yourself
+cannot put it down. I have been but a short time in Greece, but have
+taken effectual measures to obtain that sort of information which is
+necessary for my guidance. This has led me to the resolution to act by
+myself and for Greece, so far as I can, whenever I find that others
+are either disinclined or unable to co-operate. I have moved the
+transports close to the Phalerum in order that they may be more
+conveniently situated when I shall learn the determination of your
+excellency and the officers in your camp. If that determination is to
+relieve Athens the night of the 26th is passed, the marines whom I
+have hired, paid, and victualled, shall co-operate; if not, I shall
+try to render them serviceable in some other quarter, and I will
+denounce to the world as traitors to their country those intriguers
+who are the cause of the captivity and perhaps annihilation of the
+garrison in the Acropolis. My advice to your excellency is, that
+passing the tambourias by night, without firing a shot, you join our
+troops in the olive-grove, where I will take care they shall meet your
+excellency, if such is your pleasure. I have been anxious that the
+glory of relieving Athens should accrue to a Greek, and especially to
+your excellency. That object I am ready to promote by every means in
+my power. The friendly manner in which we the other day met will cause
+me to regret, if in my next letter I shall be obliged to bid your
+excellency adieu for ever."
+
+That letter to KaraÔskakes was followed by one, written on the 24th,
+to General Church. "In forty-eight hours," wrote Lord Cochrane, "the
+question of relieving Athens will be at a close. I have told
+KaraÔskakes what I think of the state of affairs, and have made up my
+mind to act accordingly; taking upon myself all the responsibility of
+not looking longer on tambouria disputes whilst it seems resolved by
+the Greeks themselves not to march to the relief of Athens. I have not
+sent the transports to Attica to raise the miserable inhabitants at
+this hour, when too late for them to be of the least use in relieving
+the Acropolis. If I had done so, I should have the load on my
+conscience of causing their heads to be struck off. I can assure you,
+Sir Richard, that Colonel Gordon and myself laboured long ago to
+prevail on KaraÔskakes to do this, but he resisted every application,
+for reasons which it will be well if he can satisfactorily explain
+hereafter. If your men will not come on, and KaraÔskakes's men will
+not in the night pass those miserable tambourias, which in that case
+are no impediment, what is the use of my detaining the squadron here?
+I have viewed the bugbear of a convent this day from opposite sides,
+and it is no more in KaraÔskakes's way than the church of Poros.
+
+"Since writing the above," Lord Cochrane added, "I have received your
+note requesting that six hundred men shall be transported hence to
+KaraÔskakes's head-quarters in the rear. The naval funds have been
+expended and our funds exhausted in bringing forces nearer to the
+enemy. I am sure if you reflect on this demand of his, and that
+KaraÔskakes's head-quarters are twice as far from Athens as the
+Phalerum, you will be of the opinion that it would be better to bring
+an equal number, or even the whole of KaraÔskakes's force here, and
+endeavour immediately to do something effectual to save Fabvier and
+the garrison from the inevitable destruction consequent on the present
+mode of proceeding. If KaraÔskakes wants more men he wants them to
+take tambourias, and not to march past them as he ought, for his
+present position is of no use whatever. Do cause some rational mode of
+proceeding to be adopted, or let us give it up; for we are now only in
+the way by occasioning jealousy and promoting the vilest intrigues."
+
+The "bugbear of a convent," which KaraÔskakes wished first to capture,
+was the monastery of Saint Spiridion, occupied by a few scores of
+Turks, who from it overlooked the Greek encampments on each side, the
+one at PirÊus, the other at Munychia, with a distant view of Lord
+Cochrane's station at Phalerum and of Sir Richard Church's on the
+other side. Finding that KaraÔskakes would not join with Church and
+press on to Athens, at a distance of about seven miles, Lord Cochrane
+had urged the co-operation of all the forces at Cape Colias, whence
+the way to Athens was only about five miles long. KaraÔskakes,
+however, refused this plan also. He maintained that the only safe
+course was to preserve his position and strengthen it by the formation
+of innumerable small circular earthworks, known as tambourias, within
+which the soldiers could crouch by day and lie securely on the bare
+ground at night. In this way he hoped to starve out the garrison at
+Saint Spiridion, the capture of which he deemed essential before any
+formidable attempt was made upon the main body of the Turkish camp, in
+Athens and around it, and especially under the walls of the Acropolis.
+In vain Lord Cochrane urged that this mode of warfare, tardy and
+expensive enough at the best of times, was cruelly reprehensible when
+they considered the wretched state in which the garrison of the
+Acropolis was supposed to be, and the prospect of its speedy
+evacuation. KaraÔskakes refused to move, answering each appeal by
+unreasonable demands upon Lord Cochrane for supplies of ammunition and
+provisions, which it was no part of his duty to supply out of the
+residue of the insignificant sum of 8,000l. supplied to him out of the
+Greek loan for naval purposes.[4] It may be that KaraÔskakes--a bold
+and shrewd man--was not personally responsible for his inactivity. His
+army was little more than a commonwealth of small bands, of which each
+leader claimed an authoritative share in all deliberations, and owed,
+even to him, only a nominal subjection. But if we acquit him
+individually of cowardice, we only throw the greater blame on the
+Greek force as a whole. That it was blameworthy is clear. "Your
+lordship," wrote Sir Richard Church in answer to the letter just
+quoted, "is not aware of all the difficulties I had to encounter in
+passing our troops who had all struck for pay. Not one would move.
+However, that difficulty is now nearly over and the greater part are
+passing to the camp at this moment."
+
+  [4] Trikoupes, Gordon, Finlay, and all the other authorities, say that
+  Lord Cochrane had 20,000l. He had only been supplied with 8,000l; and
+  nearly all this sum had been already disposed of in fitting out the
+  fleet at Poros, and paying the seamen's wages.
+
+Unexpected boldness was forced upon them on the 25th of April. "I am
+now in a position," wrote Lord Cochrane to General Church at eight
+o'clock in the morning from the PirÊus, "to carry you all over to the
+rear of the enemy, if KaraÔskakes's army have the courage to walk to
+this point, which is in their own possession, in order to land on the
+opposite shore at two hundred yards distance, and whereon is not a
+living soul. I can make such a diversion by means of the seamen at
+night as would enable KaraÔskakes's army to move on by land towards
+the Phalerum, whilst those on the Phalerum, with the exception of a
+few, might take up a position near Athens or in the town. I can embark
+you and yours, and leave KaraÔskakes's men without food, taking all
+the provisions to the advanced post, leaving him to starve or come
+on."
+
+That desperate expedient was averted. Two or three hours after
+suggesting it, Lord Cochrane was superintending the debarkation of
+some thirty soldiers, under cover of two gunboats. A party of
+Ottomans, seeing the operation, hurried down with the intention of
+harassing the new comers. Lord Cochrane's Hydriots, however, rushed to
+the rescue. Other Turkish troops came up, to be met by other Greeks,
+and the battle became general. Lord Cochrane, with nothing but his
+telescope in his hand, gathered the Christian troops round him, and,
+with encouraging words, led them on in an orderly attack upon the
+entrenchments about the monastery of Saint Spiridion. Within an hour,
+nine entrenchments were in the hands of the Greeks, who lost only
+eight men. Sixty Turks were slain, and then their comrades fled, most
+of them hurrying up to the camp of Athens, a few betaking themselves
+to the convent.
+
+"The Greeks," wrote Lord Cochrane to the Government, "have this day
+done as their forefathers were wont to do. Henceforth commences a new
+era in the system of modern Grecian warfare. If every one behaves
+to-morrow as all, without exception, have behaved to-day, the siege of
+the Acropolis will be raised and the liberty of Greece secured."
+
+By this success the Turks, with exception of the garrison in the
+convent, were driven back to the neighbourhood of Athens, and
+KaraÔskakes was encouraged to remove his camp from Keratsina to the
+PirÊus. At a council of war held the same evening Lord Cochrane urged
+a sudden and united attack upon the Turkish camp on the morrow.
+KaraÔskakes, however, declined to move a step further until the
+monastery was captured, and, as General Church agreed with this view,
+Lord Cochrane assented to it.
+
+Early next morning the bombardment of the monastery was begun. The
+_Hellas_, commanded by Miaoulis, discharged her heavy guns upon it
+during several hours, with such effect that it seemed to be only a
+mass of ruins. It was feebly invested by KaraÔskakes on land. But its
+garrison held out with excellent bravery. Thrice the Greeks tried to
+storm it; but thrice they were driven back.
+
+In the evening the Turks solicited an armistice, and offered to
+capitulate on condition that they should be allowed to retire with all
+their arms and properties: and this proposal KaraÔskakes was inclined
+to accept. Lord Cochrane, however, contended that they should have
+nothing but bare life. While this was being discussed, the Turks
+perfidiously assassinated a Greek messenger sent to treat with them,
+and fired upon a boat in which Lord Cochrane's secretary, Mr. Edward
+Masson, was carrying the flag of truce. Thereupon, the Chief Admiral
+refused to hear any more of a compromise. Returning to his ship, he
+ordered the bombardment of the convent to be resumed, and besought
+KaraÔskakes to continue storming it by land.
+
+This was done throughout the 27th, but unsuccessfully, because
+unwillingly. The Greeks asserted that the Turkish garrison was utterly
+without provisions and water. Lord Cochrane urged that, if it was so,
+a small detachment of the Greek army and the ships of war would
+suffice for its investment, while the main force marched boldly on to
+Athens before the terror inspired by its recent achievements had died
+out. He reproached them with cowardice, and threatened to leave them
+unless they took prompt measures for completing their triumph. "The
+services of the navy," he wrote to KaraÔskakes, "are immediately
+required for other purposes than those of attending upon an inactive
+army. My duty I am determined to execute in all possible ways in which
+my services can benefit Greece. I shall therefore be gratified if, in
+reply to this letter, you will inform me if it is in your power to
+make the army advance, and if that advance will take place before
+to-morrow night. It will give me the greatest pleasure to co-operate
+with you in all manner of ways, but my desire to that effect is
+rendered null if those under your orders will not conform to your
+wishes or obey your commands."
+
+To the same effect Lord Cochrane wrote, on the following morning, to
+General Church. "The convent and its walls," he said, "have been
+levelled to the ground. The rubbish alone remains on the southern side
+towards the shipping; and it appears that not more than one hundred of
+those it contained, or who fled within its walls for safety, now
+remain to oppose, or assault, or threaten, the rear of the Greek army,
+should you be able to prevail on its leaders to advance. I should
+remind those leaders that, independently of the army, I have full
+fifteen hundred men under my command, a thousand of whom, being on
+shore now at this port, are more than sufficient to blockade these
+ruins or destroy all within; which last event might have taken place
+yesterday had it not been that the seamen were removed from the
+positions which they had stormed and taken, in the neighbourhood of
+the convent, and soldiers placed in their stead--a circumstance which
+seems to have given them offence, so that they leave the storming of
+the ruins of the convent to those thus placed, as they say, in the
+post of honour. These feelings, in such minds--however proper the
+proceedings may have been in a military point of view--I cannot
+prevent or remove. Time, provisions, and money, are wasting in
+inaction. The enemy is concentrating troops and fortifying positions
+around Athens, each of which positions will be a pretext for delay;
+even were I not aware that abundant excuses of other kinds will not be
+wanting--such as the arrival of a few hundred cavalry from Negropont
+or the like; so that I really begin to despair of one step being made
+in advance for the relief of the Acropolis. I know the difficulties of
+your situation, and I fear that they are more than even your energy
+can surmount. When you shall have done your utmost towards the end we
+have in view, I shall make one effort for the safety of the
+unfortunate women and children who are threatened with immediate
+destruction or perpetual slavery. Pray let me have a decisive reply as
+to what is to be done, and when."
+
+General Church's reply is instructive. "I have read your letter with
+great attention," he wrote, "and fully enter into your view of
+affairs. The Hydriots are unquestionably the best to storm, if anybody
+will storm. The soldiers that they say have taken their post were
+placed to co-operate in a general assault, and I had made an
+arrangement with a chief who certainly displayed considerable courage
+the other day. I gave him directions to collect a band, or forlorn
+hope, of volunteers to lead with, and he is to have five hundred
+dollars for himself and five hundred for his band. Had it not
+rained--however ridiculous it may seem to say so--I am sure that a
+storming party would have advanced yesterday evening, and I hope it
+will do so to-day. In fact, the rain yesterday almost dispersed the
+whole camp, and many of our outposts were quite abandoned. If the
+Hydriots will advance, I will order the others away immediately. You
+have no idea of my anxiety to move on, and I cannot express it.
+KaraÔskakes is at this moment going round his outposts. As soon as he
+returns, I shall send for him and combine with him, _bon grÈ mal grÈ_,
+an advance for to-night or to-morrow. I will let you know as soon as
+we have had our conference. I think, my lord, that if the weather
+clears up, we shall be able still to storm, and perhaps a little
+firing again would have the effect of rousing the fellows."
+
+Soldiers who could only fight in fine weather were hardly fit to
+rescue Greece in the heaviest pressure of her misfortunes. On the
+previous night something like a mutiny had been occasioned by Lord
+Cochrane's complaints at their inactivity. Even KaraÔskakes
+sympathised with his captains. "We shall not go well with these
+English," he said; "I fear they will ruin us by their impatience. They
+cannot restrain themselves. But we must make the best we can of them."
+Sir Richard Church, fired with Lord Cochrane's ardour, would not be
+made the best of, according to the views of KaraÔskakes and his
+followers. The letter from him last quoted was followed within an hour
+by a brief one:--"My lord, I have the honour to inform you that I have
+given over the command to General KaraÔskakes."
+
+KaraÔskakes and the Greek officers were thus left, at about ten
+o'clock in the morning of the 28th, to work out their own devices. At
+eleven, Lord Cochrane received orders to cease the firing which he had
+reopened from the guns of the _Hellas_. The movements which, through
+his telescope, he saw in process within the convent walls and at its
+gate induced him to send strict orders to Major Urquhart to withdraw
+his Hydriot marines from their post near the convent, and station them
+on the summit of Munychia.
+
+The Turks had again sent offers of capitulation, and KaraÔskakes, now
+uncontrolled by Lord Cochrane or General Church, and in contempt of
+his positive assertion, made two days before, that the garrison had
+not a ration of provisions left and could easily be starved into utter
+submission, had acceded to their terms. It was agreed that they were
+to be allowed to surrender with all the honours of war. Bearing their
+arms and all their property, they were to pass unmolested into the
+Turkish camp on the hills. KaraÔskakes must be blamed for this excess
+of generosity; but, to his credit be it stated, that, having agreed to
+the capitulation, he took all reasonable care to have it honourably
+observed. Along the road leading from the gate of the convent to the
+fortifications on the hills he ranged soldiers on either side, in
+order that the Turks might be protected from the crowd of less
+disciplined soldiers. All looked well as the two hundred and seventy
+men, women, and children who had been locked within the shattered
+building passed out of it and began their march. But no sooner was the
+convent evacuated than a swarm of Greeks rushed into it, each hoping
+to seize the largest share of the booty which they expected to find.
+They found nothing, and then angrily rushed out again to inform their
+comrades of their disappointment.
+
+Lord Cochrane watched their proceedings from the deck of the
+_Unicorn_, General Gordon and Mr. Finlay, who was then serving as a
+volunteer on Gordon's staff, being by his side. "All those men will be
+murdered!" exclaimed Mr. Finlay, pointing to the retreating Turks.
+Lord Cochrane, not yet initiated in all the depths of Greek treachery,
+turned in horror to General Gordon and said, "Do you hear what he
+says?" "My lord," answered Gordon, "I fear it is too true."[5]
+
+  [5] Finlay, vol. ii., p. 148.
+
+And so it proved. A Greek soldier, pushing through the guard, snatched
+at the sword of one of the Turks passing along the line. The Turk
+resisted, and a scuffle followed. Two or three other Turks raised
+their muskets and fired. A score of Greeks at once retaliated. A
+shadow of an excuse was thus afforded to the Christians for wreaking
+vengeance for all the ills they had endured from the enemy, and for
+giving vent to their anger at finding no prizes in the deserted
+convent. A horrible massacre ensued. Two hundred or more Turks were
+murdered. Less than seventy escaped. "Forgive me, as I forgive you,"
+shouted KaraÔskakes to the Moslems, after vainly trying to stay the
+slaughter; "I can do nothing more for you."
+
+"Islanders," wrote Lord Cochrane, in a proclamation to his Hydriot
+force, "I was no party to the capitulation this day. Fearing that some
+outrage might be committed, I sent you an order to retire; and I glory
+in the consciousness that I have saved you as well as myself from
+being inculpated in the most horrid scene I ever beheld,--a scene
+which freezes my blood, and which cannot be palliated by any
+barbarities which the Turks have committed on you. I send you the
+thousand dollars which I promised should be distributed, as a reward
+for your valour and for your obedience to my directions, which you
+will ever find lead to the path of honour and humanity and the duty we
+owe to your country."
+
+Utter confusion among the Greeks resulted, for a time, from the
+barbarous massacre of Saint Spiridion. The soldiers quarrelled and
+fought over the blood-stained spoil. The officers were occupied with
+mutual recriminations and excuses regarding their several shares in
+the atrocity. KaraÔskakes found himself unable to establish order, and
+had to entreat Sir Richard Church to take back his surrendered
+authority.
+
+To this General Church assented on the promise that, if he did so, he
+should be aided in bringing the chief wrong-doers to justice. Indeed,
+both he and Lord Cochrane hoped, for a little while, that their very
+misconduct, filling the Greeks with shame and penitence, would incline
+them to listen to the counsels in which they both saw the only chance
+of safety to the garrison of the Acropolis. "The destinies of Greece,"
+wrote Lord Cochrane to KaraÔskakes, on the 29th of April, "the fate of
+your army, and the character of its chiefs, are now wholly in the
+hands of your excellency. You and you alone will be held responsible
+for all that shall happen. The hour of clemency for Greece is past;
+the sword alone can decide the contest. Courage is a characteristic of
+men who deserve to be free. Let then the conduct of a few atrocious
+individuals yesterday be effaced by a march direct to Athens, at least
+to relieve the women and children now doomed to destruction, if prompt
+exertions be not made to save them. Your excellency has hitherto
+treated my friendly advice in a manner which I did not anticipate; but
+the world will judge between the course you have taken and that which
+I wished you, for the benefit of your country, to pursue. I shall wait
+three days for your excellency's reply, when it will be my duty, if
+the fortress be not relieved, to attend exclusively to naval affairs.
+I hope you will reflect on the glory you may yet attain by saving your
+country, and on the ruinous consequences of persevering in inaction
+until the last resources of war shall be exhausted."
+
+KaraÔskakes's only answer was that the army was in urgent need of
+spades and shovels, with which he hoped that Lord Cochrane would
+supply him, as without those means of making fresh tambourias he could
+not move from his encampment. Lord Cochrane was reasonably indignant.
+"I confess," he wrote in reply, "that I am now in despair of your
+making any movement for the relief of the Acropolis, because I have
+now ascertained that, all the obstacles which first presented
+themselves to your excellency being overcome, others successively
+present themselves, to put off the day of your march to the Acropolis.
+I have made a diversion here this day in favour of your excellency,
+which, by all the rules of military tactics, must increase the
+relative strength of your army and facilitate its march. My time and
+attention must now be devoted to naval matters, and unless you advance
+this evening, I shall have deeply and bitterly to regret, for the sake
+of Greece, that I ever put faith in anything being accomplished by
+individuals to whom so many difficulties, which my experience has
+taught me to be imaginary, present themselves. I recall to your
+excellency's recollection your promises and assurances, and I call
+upon you to make some effort to save your country from inevitable
+ruin. I solemnly declare that it is my opinion that a thousand men who
+would obey orders and do their duty are more than are necessary to
+perform the task at which your excellency hesitates. I shall be
+oppressed with grief if, after the scene of yesterday, I am compelled
+to return, first, to the seat of Government, and next to Europe,
+without having witnessed any deed that can tend to obliterate the
+stain thereby affixed on the Grecian people."
+
+"I am making my last effort," wrote Lord Cochrane to Dr. Gosse, "to
+get KaraÔskakes to advance. The monastery is taken, its defenders are
+destroyed, and now the sheepfold on the other side of the Phalerum is
+the obstacle. We want mortars, shells, and fuses, shoes for the
+seamen, and food for the mob denominated falsely the army of Greece."
+
+The letter to KaraÔskakes had some effect. On the 30th of April,
+General Church wrote to say that he had persuaded the Greek captains
+to agree unanimously to an immediate movement against Athens. Two
+thousand men were to go, during the following night, by water to the
+neighbourhood of Cape Colias, and thence march stealthily to a hill
+about a mile south of Athens, which they hoped to seize and secure
+under cover of the darkness. During the next evening, a force about
+twice as large was to join them by the same route, and all were to do
+their best to drive the Turks from their encampments round the
+Acropolis. This was Lord Cochrane's plan; and there can be no doubt
+that it would have been successful had the Greeks acted upon it and
+done their duty.
+
+Unfortunately they did neither. Having promised overnight, they found
+reasons in the morning for breaking their promises. Nothing was done
+on the 1st of May, and Lord Cochrane, tired of their excuses for
+procrastination, paid a brief visit to the authorities at Poros. The
+result was, that he thought of going without the Greek leaders. "I
+have seen the Government," he wrote to Sir Richard Church on the 2nd,
+"and prepared them for the worst, should things go on as they have
+hitherto done. They are incapable of applying any remedy. Therefore,
+the more credit will be due to you if you shall be enabled to save the
+garrison of the Acropolis; in which endeavour count on my utmost
+exertions and most unlimited co-operation. I hope now you will be able
+to act without KaraÔskakes. In addition to your own people, I can
+provide two thousand marines, seamen, and volunteers. With these, if
+you land at night to the eastward, you may be in the neighbourhood of
+Athens in two hours; and then there is the garrison of fifteen hundred
+in addition to co-operate, making in the whole a force of nearly five
+thousand, without taking a soldier from KaraÔskakes's tambourias. If,
+however, you judge well to have volunteers from KaraÔskakes's camp, I
+shall offer 200,000 piastres amongst all who will accompany you or
+meet you at Athens; by which means I have little doubt you will find
+KaraÔskakes deserted, and the whole mob at the gates of Athens. All
+the vessels are at your service."
+
+Sir Richard Church feared to undertake the exploit without the
+co-operation of KaraÔskakes, and, on again consulting him, he was
+informed that a fresh supply of entrenching tools was necessary. Lord
+Cochrane immediately sent messengers to procure them, but was none the
+less annoyed at what seemed to him an unnecessary excuse, and again
+threatened to take his ships where they could do good work for Greece.
+"You have done everything in your power," wrote Sir Richard to him on
+the 3rd of May, "and so have I. The soldiers will not embark without
+the entrenching tools. All we could collect do not amount to two
+hundred and fifty. I would have gone without one, but no one will
+follow me. I cannot say more; but to-morrow we may be more fortunate.
+I cannot say to you stay or otherwise. If you go, I cannot deplore it
+more than yourself."
+
+Lord Cochrane consented to wait till the morrow, and on the morrow an
+incident occurred which caused a little further delay. On the 4th of
+May a small body of Greeks, chiefly Hydriots, went on a skirmishing
+expedition. At first they were successful, and they had nearly won a
+redoubt, when a large force of Turks suddenly assailed them on the
+flank, and drove them back to Phalerum with a loss of nearly a hundred
+men. KaraÔskakes, hearing of this reverse, hurried to the rescue, and
+with the bravery which was never wanting to him when in actual battle,
+sought to rally the fugitives. He was on the point of leading them
+back, when a ball from a pistol struck him in the belly. He was
+conveyed, in a dying state, to General Church's schooner. Regret at
+his previous vacillations seems to have filled his mind. "Where is
+Cochrane? Bring Cochrane to me!" he exclaimed over and over again.
+Lord Cochrane soon arrived. KaraÔskakes, on seeing him, murmured
+repeated thanks to him for his forbearance towards himself and his
+devotion to the cause of the Greeks. In his eagerness, he seized the
+interpreter, Mr. Masson, by the beard, and, pointing towards Cape
+Colias, said, with all the strength he could muster, "Tell them to be
+sure to land the division over there to-morrow." Then, not doubting
+that the expedition would be successful, he uttered solemn thanks to
+Heaven that he was dying in the moment of victory. Then he made his
+will--a soldier's will. "I leave my sword and my gun to my son. Tell
+him to remember they belonged to KaraÔskakes." He had little else to
+leave, having always been free from the avarice by which many of his
+countrymen were disgraced. He died in the night, and in him Greece
+lost the worthiest of her native warriors. His faults were the faults
+of his nation. Many of his virtues were his own. Had his followers
+been as brave and honest as he was in his best moments, he might have
+led them on to easy victory. But they wavered and procrastinated, and,
+in listening to their excuses, he lost his chance of triumph and
+subjected himself to blame, for which his brave death only half
+atoned.
+
+On the evening of the 4th, Lord Cochrane assembled the Greek captains
+at Munychia, and telling them of their leader's dying message, asked
+whether they were ready to obey it. For some time they made no answer.
+At length, on the question being repeated, they replied that they
+thought they had only been brought thither to hear from the Admiral
+words of consolation for the loss they had sustained in the death of
+the brave and wise KaraÔskakes. Being asked a third time whether they
+would obey the dying injunction of the leader for whom they now
+mourned so much, they answered that they were not ready, that the army
+was in disorder, that some of them were occupied in burying the slain,
+that some were tending the wounded, and that all desired to stay near
+their chief as long as the soul was in his body, and to have at any
+rate the opportunity of kissing his body before its burial.
+
+With some bitterness, Lord Cochrane replied that such an excess of
+grief was inopportune, and that their love for KaraÔskakes would be
+best shown in obeying his last command. He added that, if they really
+refused to go to the rescue of the Acropolis, they would not need his
+presence on the coast and could not complain of his going to serve
+Greece elsewhere. Having said that, he returned to his ship.
+
+He had not been long on board, however, when a messenger followed him
+with intelligence that the army would adopt his plan and be ready,
+without fail, to proceed to the Acropolis on the following evening.
+There was no further procrastination, and throughout the next day
+preparations were being made for what one historian of the Greek
+Revolution calls "a whim,"[6] and another "an insane scheme."[7]
+
+  [6] Trikoupes, vol. iv., p. 152.
+
+  [7] Gordon, vol. ii., p. 392.
+
+"The scheme," says one who was in close attendance on Lord Cochrane
+all through this time, Mr. Edward Masson, "was anything but insane. It
+was one of the most sober, safe, and practicable plans ever formed.
+The first and fundamental condition on which Lord Cochrane consented
+to co-operate in any plan of landing troops at Cape Colias was, that
+the troops landed should not expose themselves to an attack of cavalry
+in the plains, but should, on being landed, proceed by a night march,
+in compact order, and without halting, to a specified rocky height
+beyond the temple of Jupiter Olympus, a position which, it was
+admitted by all, they could hold with perfect safety during the day.
+From this position, the leaders were to try to communicate, by signals
+or otherwise, with the garrison, and in concert with it, act as
+circumstances might dictate. Should the garrison resolve to make a
+sortie, the main body of the Greek army advancing simultaneously from
+the Phalerum, it was confidently hoped that the combined attack on the
+enemy would prove victorious; or, at least, would be so far
+successful, as to enable the Greeks to save the garrison and bring
+away the families. The great characteristic of the plan was, that
+nothing should be risked in reference to the enemy's cavalry, and that
+if the detachment should find they could accomplish nothing, they
+should, on the following night, return as they went, in safety, and be
+embarked for the Phalerum."
+
+Unfortunately, the two main points on which Lord Cochrane had insisted
+were neglected, and thereby what must otherwise have been a brilliant
+victory was turned into a miserable defeat. He had insisted upon the
+movement from Cape Colias being aided by the march of the main body of
+the army direct from the PirÊus to the hills, thus diverting the
+attention of many of the Turks while the advancing party and the
+garrison were uniting; but Zavella, to whom this part of the work had
+been entrusted, never moved at all. He had urged yet more strongly
+that the preparations for the advance should be so hastened as that
+all the ground should be travelled over during the night-time, while
+the Turks were in ignorance of it; but instead of that, the Greeks,
+though they were embarked at Phalerum by midnight, and landed at Cape
+Colias before two o'clock in the morning, loitered near the shore till
+daylight, so that their whole enterprise was exposed to the enemy. The
+critics who have laid the blame of the disaster on Lord Cochrane have
+neglected to show how these circumstances caused the failure of the
+enterprise.
+
+The story of the disaster of the 6th of May will be best told in the
+words of an eye-witness. "About three thousand soldiers," said Dr.
+Gosse, in a letter written to M. Eynard on the 23rd, "were embarked in
+the night between the 5th and the 6th of May, in a clear moonlight,
+and in the most perfect order, and promptly landed on the other shore.
+Up to that time everything favoured our enterprise; but the treason
+and negligence of the chiefs, and the indolence of some of the
+soldiers, altogether destroyed it. Instead of marching directly to
+Athens during the night, they employed themselves in constructing
+redoubt after redoubt, as bad as they were useless, of the sort called
+by them tambourias. We counted a dozen. Only the Suliots, the
+Candiots, commanded by Demetrius Kalerdji, two hundred regular troops,
+under the orders of Inglesi and D'aujourd'hui, and twenty-two
+Philhellenes, went in advance. Without any hindrance, they reached
+within cannon-shot of the Acropolis, towards Philippapus, so that, as
+I have heard, they could even speak with the besieged; but, having
+received no orders to enter, they waited until the day rendered their
+position hazardous. The enemy thus had time to ascertain their
+weakness and to send against them eight hundred horsemen. Thrice these
+troops were repulsed. Vasso and Notaras, however, who covered the
+right flank, abandoned their posts, as they had done in the affair of
+the unfortunate Bourbakes, and thereby they caused confusion among the
+troops in the centre. The latter defended themselves with renewed
+valour, but yielded at last to the sabres of the Dehli cavalry. Then
+was exhibited such a panic as cannot be described. The soldiers who
+occupied the redoubts in the rear, and near to the place of
+debarkation, began to flee almost at the same time as those of Vasso,
+and threw themselves into the sea at the risk of being drowned. I was
+at this time with Lord Cochrane, who did not wish to mix himself up
+with the affair, when the sudden flight forced us at once to rejoin
+our boat, and even this was not done without great difficulty. General
+Church was also on the shore, and he too was only saved by the sloop
+which was waiting for him. The Turkish cavalry, after having killed or
+captured all the advanced party, rushed into the plain and made
+terrible havoc among the Greeks. Seven hundred of them were killed;
+and two hundred and forty were taken prisoners. The rest, numbering
+about two thousand, rushed down towards the sea, and would soon have
+been all destroyed by the Turkish guns placed on the hills if the fire
+from the vessels off the coast had not kept the enemy at a respectful
+distance. They passed the day in a terrible uncertainty, but were
+sustained by the courage of certain chiefs, especially of Nicolo
+Serva, a Suliot captain; and in the following night they were embarked
+and carried back to Phalerum. While this portion of the army was being
+thus troubled, the Greeks, under the orders of Kisso Zavella, remained
+inactive. That chief quietly smoked his pipe, and when implored to
+march, was content to answer coldly, 'When they pay me I will go.' The
+troops of Kolokotrones the younger, and of Sessinis, deserted in the
+direction of Livonia. The Turks, taking advantage of the disorganized
+condition of the Greeks, attacked the Phalerum on the night of the
+6th, but were repulsed."
+
+Lord Cochrane's account of the battle sent to the Government on the
+7th of May, though more general, supplies some other details. "The
+plan concocted previous to the death of General KaraÔskakes," he said,
+"was carried into effect on the 6th, by his excellency General Church,
+with this difference in the execution of the service, that his
+excellency and myself were anxious that a rapid march should be made
+from the place of debarkation direct to Athens, by a body of four
+thousand men, in order to return with the women and children and the
+wounded, whereas the officers of the army insisted upon entrenchments
+being made in the line of their progress--an operation which required
+so much time as to preclude the possibility of effecting the object
+surprised and unopposed. The redoubts were in progress of
+construction, and the work continued with unremitting labour until
+about nine o'clock in the morning, when the enemy's cavalry, having
+collected from all quarters, broke in upon the unfinished redoubts and
+vigorously attacked those who had advanced the furthest, and who, from
+the number of subdivisions left, according to the custom of the
+country, in these redoubts during their progress, had become so
+weakened as to be incapable of making effectual resistance. The loss
+on our side has been very considerable. I had to lament this day that
+the Greeks still continue their aversion to that regularity of
+movement and honesty of action which constitute the strength of
+armies, and I grieve to see great bravery rendered useless to their
+country and dangerous to themselves, and wasted in desultory and
+unsupported personal efforts. The use of the bayonet and very slight
+military instruction would have saved most of those who fell on this
+occasion, and would have rendered unnecessary those redoubts which
+delay the progress of your arms, and destroy more men in insignificant
+enterprises which tend to no result, than would be required for the
+deliverance of your country. The affairs of Greece require energy, and
+that remedy be at once applied to whatever impedes the progress of
+affairs."
+
+Lord Cochrane testified to the excellent soldiership of the Turkish
+horsemen. With sabres and short muskets, they dashed in and out of the
+crowd of retreating Greeks, who, having no bayonets and no weapons
+adapted for close fighting, were utterly defenceless. He himself,
+having landed with Dr. Gosse to watch the operations from the shore,
+was so hard pressed by these formidable antagonists that he was only
+rescued by his own bravery and the daring of Dr. Gosse, who retained
+possession of the boat which was waiting for him on the shore until
+his chief had time to force his way back to it through the crowd of
+fighting Turks and Greeks and through the waves beating up to his
+neck. It was only when he was again on board the _Hellas_, and able to
+direct the firing of the guns, that the Turks were driven back, and
+the remnant of the Greek force was allowed to collect and prepare for
+the return to Phalerum.
+
+The fall of the Acropolis soon followed this terrible defeat. By it
+the Greeks were utterly disorganized. Lord Cochrane, finding it
+impossible to persuade them to another attempt, returned to Poros with
+the fleet on the 10th of May. Sir Richard Church remained at Munychia,
+his army being every hour reduced by desertions, till the 27th, when
+he and the two thousand starving men who were left to him abandoned
+their position. Fabvier and the garrison, through the intervention of
+the French Captain Le Blanc and Admiral De Rigny, capitulated on the
+5th of June. It was then found that the Acropolis still contained
+stores of food and ammunition sufficient for four months' use, and
+that their reports of destitution had been deliberate falsehoods,
+intended only to force their friends outside to come speedily to their
+relief.
+
+Those falsehoods had been particularly mischievous. By them, as has
+been shown, Lord Cochrane was induced to listen to the entreaties of
+KaraÔskakes and the Government, and take his ships to Phalerum,
+instead of carrying out his plan of stopping the Turkish supplies in
+the Negropont and at Oropos. Had that plan been adhered to, it seems
+as if a very different issue might easily have been brought about.
+
+The work on which he had been engaged having terminated so
+unfortunately, Lord Cochrane was much blamed for it by critics who had
+private reasons for being jealous. We have shown, however, that he
+only entered upon that work at the request of men whose power and
+influence he could not gainsay; that, having undertaken it, he set
+himself shrewdly and earnestly to render it successful; and that the
+failure was occasioned, not by adoption of his plans, but by their
+perversion or rejection. If he erred, he erred only in expecting too
+much patriotism and valour from the people whom he was doing his
+utmost to serve.
+
+If anything further need be said in explanation and defence of Lord
+Cochrane's position up to this time, it will be best done by quoting
+part of a letter addressed to M. Eynard on the 27th of May, in which
+he concisely repeated the whole story. "On my arrival in Greece," he
+wrote, "I found that the authority was claimed by two factions, that
+nothing like a navy existed, and that a number of individuals called
+an army were collected to raise the siege of Athens,--but wholly
+deficient in military talent on the part of the commanders, or in
+obedience and discipline on the part of the troops. As soon as I had
+accepted my commission, I commenced active exertions to save the
+Acropolis. I advised KaraÔskakes to embark and land to the southward
+and eastward of the Phalerum, and, marching direct to the Acropolis,
+bring out the women and children. But my counsel was in vain, as he
+had no idea of any combined naval and military movement, nor indeed of
+any military plan, except that of advancing by slow steps, after the
+manner of the Turks, who construct little fortifications, called
+tambourias, at every few hundred yards, which are again opposed by
+others of the adverse party; and, as neither army attacks these forts
+by active force, the whole, after a few hours, are brought to a stand,
+and the result of the contest depends on who can the longest continue
+to furnish pay and provisions. Such was the state of the military
+contest when General Church took the command. The battle at Phalerum,
+though brilliant, was accidental, and, not being followed up, was
+productive of no result. KaraÔskakes fell, and General Church embarked
+the troops in order to execute the movement that ought to have taken
+place a month before. The moment was more inauspicious than we were
+aware of; for the Turkish commander had that very night been joined by
+a large body of cavalry and a number of infantry from Negropont and
+elsewhere. This, however, would not have proved decisive, had not
+General Church, with a view to conciliate the officers under his
+command, and indeed in order to induce them to embark at all upon the
+expedition, conformed to their absurd views of military movement, and
+permitted them to carry entrenching tools to form their usual numerous
+positions on the line of their route, the construction of which wholly
+defeated the intention of surprise, and enabled the enemy to surround
+their advanced guard or van, weakened by the division of the troops
+into fourteen garrisons left in a line in their advance, whereas the
+whole body might, with perfect safety and in two hours, have reached
+the Acropolis. The slaughter which the Turks made in the advanced
+posts of the Greeks was horrible, and the panic which took possession
+of those who remained on the Phalerum, at three leagues' distance from
+the scene of action, was as disgraceful as the conduct of their chief,
+Zavella, who made no movement even to create a diversion, but sat
+coolly looking at the slaughter of his countrymen. With six thousand
+men under his command he remained totally inactive. This expedition to
+Athens cost upwards of twenty-five thousand dollars of the naval money
+and destroyed most of our provisions. At the same time, I believed it
+to be my duty to act as I did, and I have not since regretted any step
+that I took, because, if Fabvier and the garrison fall into the hands
+of the Turks and are destroyed, I shall at least have the consolation
+of knowing that my utmost efforts were made to avert their fate."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX.
+
+LORD COCHRANE'S RETURN TO POROS.--HIS ATTEMPTS TO ORGANIZE AN
+EFFICIENT GREEK NAVY.--THE WANT OF FUNDS AND THE APATHY OF THE
+GREEKS.--HIS LETTER TO THE PSARIANS, AND HIS VISITS TO HYDRA AND
+SPETZAS.--HIS CRUISE ROUND THE MOREA.--HIS FIRST ENGAGEMENT WITH THE
+TURKS.--THE DISORGANIZATION OF HIS GREEK SAILORS.--HIS CAPTURE OF A
+VESSEL BEARING THE BRITISH FLAG, LADEN WITH GREEK PRISONERS.--SEIZURE
+OF PART OF RESHID PASHA'S HAREM.--IBRAHIM PASHA'S NARROW ESCAPE.--LORD
+COCHRANE'S FURTHER DIFFICULTIES.--HIS EXPEDITION TO ALEXANDRIA.--ITS
+FAILURE THROUGH THE COWARDICE OF HIS SEAMEN.--HIS TWO LETTERS TO THE
+PASHA OF EGYPT.--HIS RETURN TO POROS.--FURTHER EFFORTS TO IMPROVE THE
+NAVY.--HIS VISIT TO SYRA.--THE TROUBLES OF THE GREEK GOVERNMENT.--LORD
+COCHRANE'S VISIT TO NAVARINO.--HIS DEFEAT OF A TURKISH SQUADRON.
+
+[1827.]
+
+
+Before arriving in Greece, Lord Cochrane bad been informed by Captain
+Abney Hastings and other experienced Philhellenes of the inefficiency
+of the navy, and a very short stay at Poros served to convince him of
+the truth of the information. On the 17th of April he obtained from
+the National Assembly a decree authorizing the organization of a
+better national fleet, and, before proceeding to join in the efforts
+for the relief of the Acropolis, he did all that was possible towards
+the achievement of this object, making such arrangements as would
+prevent any hindrance thereto arising from his temporary absence on
+the most pressing work that devolved upon him. Having sent Captain
+Hastings with all the available ships on the expedition to the
+Negropont which has already been described, he established at Poros
+the centre of the administration of the fleet, entrusting its
+direction to Dr. Gosse, as Commissary-General. He then visited Hydra,
+Spetzas, and other islands, and left in each directions for the
+inspection of all the ships there stationed, in order that, according
+to the national decrees, the best of them might be bought up by the
+Government, on equitable terms, and converted into vessels of war at
+Poros. During his stay near the PirÊus he was in almost daily
+correspondence with Dr. Grosse and Emanuel Tombazes respecting the
+purchase of stores, the construction of gunboats, and every other
+essential to the fulfilment of his purpose. He sent Jakomaki Tombazes,
+the elder of the two brothers, to look out near Candia for a new
+corvette which had just been built at Leghorn for the Pasha of Egypt.
+All other means in his power were adopted by him for augmenting the
+naval strength of Greece, and fitting it to oppose the force of her
+enemies so soon as he was able to devote himself exclusively to that
+work.
+
+This he did promptly and zealously immediately after the failure of
+the expedition in favour of the garrison of the Acropolis. "Brave
+officers and soldiers and seamen of the military and naval services,"
+he wrote in a proclamation issued on the 7th of May, "a defeat of the
+enemy's naval force will tenfold repay the check which was sustained
+in yesterday's attempt to relieve the Acropolis. Let every man
+maintain his post as duty to his country demands, and in a few days I
+trust you will find your affairs not only retrieved but secured on a
+permanent base."
+
+That trust was not fulfilled. The Greeks proved themselves on sea as
+well as on land unable to fight worthily, and with enough real
+patriotism, for the liberty of their country. But honour must not on
+that account be withheld from the man who used all his large
+experience and larger philanthropy in trying to put them in the way of
+victory.
+
+Lord Cochrane returned to Poros on the 10th of May, after an absence
+of just three weeks. He lost no time in rendering to the Government,
+then located in that island, a personal account of his recent
+proceedings, and in doing his utmost to persuade the Greeks to aid him
+in the new exploits on which he hoped to enter with better prospect of
+success. An address to the Psarians, dated the 11th of May, will serve
+as a specimen of many documents of the same nature. "It was my
+intention yesterday," he said, "to have paid my respects to you, in
+order personally to have made known to you the circumstances in which
+the naval service is placed and the state and preparations of the
+enemy, and to have called on you to show an example to the other
+islanders, on whose exertions now depend the liberties and fate of
+their country. The abandonment of the schooner, in which I have
+hitherto been embarked by all her seamen, prevented me from fulfilling
+my intention, and the certain intelligence received this morning that
+the Turkish fleet from Constantinople passed Syra the day before
+yesterday, to join the Egyptian fleet, compels me now to recommend you
+by writing, instead of by word of mouth, to save your country and
+yourselves by prompt and energetic exertions. The money I brought here
+with me, being the proceeds of subscriptions made throughout Europe
+for your cause, has unfortunately been nearly consumed in fruitless
+endeavours to save the capital of Greece by means of an irregular and
+unmanageable body of men, who will neither receive instruction nor
+listen to advice. I hope that the brave seamen who understand their
+duty will listen to my recommendation through you that they should at
+once step forward to save their families from oppression and slavery,
+and the name of their country from being struck out of the list of
+independent nations. By one glorious effort Greece may be free; but if
+she remain in her present state of apathy all hope must be abandoned.
+I call upon you now to stand forward in defence of your religion and
+all that is valuable to man. I send you a thousand dollars, which is
+all that I can spare. Those who will equip their ships may depend on
+repayment out of the first money that shall be remitted to me for the
+public service of Greece."
+
+As that letter implies, Lord Cochrane had to begin his reconstruction
+of the Greek navy--now the only remaining resource of the nation in
+its hope of working out and assuring its independence by effort of its
+own--almost without funds. The small sum of 8000l. which he had
+brought with him, as well as the money collected by the European
+committees and transmitted to the Philhellenic Committee in Greece,
+composed of Colonel Heydeck, Dr. Bailli, and Dr. Gosse, was nearly
+exhausted, and the bankrupt Government was unable to provide him with
+any adequate resources for carrying on his work. It had authorized him
+to buy ships and stores and to employ labourers and seamen, and
+expected him to do all without stint, but gave him no money for the
+purpose. In lieu it authorized him to borrow upon the security of all
+the future revenue to be derived from the islands; and every effort to
+utilize this mortgage was made by his agent Dr. Gosse, but with very
+poor success. The credit of the Greek Government was so low that the
+prospects of any considerable revenue in the depressed state of
+commerce--likely to be yet more depressed by the steady advances made
+by the Turks in regaining their dominion over the insurgents--deterred
+capitalists from staking their money thereupon. Lord Cochrane, as we
+shall see, had to apply half his energies in performing the work of a
+financier, never anticipated by him, and certainly not proper to his
+functions as First Admiral; and, the result of all being feeble, his
+legitimate duties were grievously crippled.
+
+Money being absolutely needed, however, he did his best to procure it,
+and with this view, as well as in order to make personal acquaintance
+with the principal ports, and the ships and sailors contained in them,
+he left Poros, three days after returning to it, on a tour among the
+other important islands.
+
+Starting on Sunday, the 13th of May, he reached Hydra on the following
+morning. There, in the house of the brothers Konduriottes, its richest
+and most influential inhabitants, he met several other leading
+primates, and prevailed on them to take upon themselves the outfit of
+several brigs and brulottes, the cost of which he had at present no
+means of paying. Having, on the 15th, passed on to Spetzas, Lord
+Cochrane had a similar interview with its chief residents. "I have
+been highly gratified," he wrote on the 16th to the elder
+Konduriottes, "by the spirit here manifested in following the noble
+example which you have set, and I have no doubt but a sufficient force
+will be immediately equipped to cut off all the resources by which the
+army of Reshid Pasha is maintained, and so destroy that army even more
+effectually than by the sword. The utmost promptitude, however, is
+necessary. One day's delay may permit several weeks' provisions and
+stores to enter the Negropont."
+
+Promptitude was not easy, in spite of the favourable promises of the
+primates. "Strange as it may appear to you," said Lord Cochrane, in a
+letter to his friend, M. Eynard, "it is yet a fact that, out of the
+thousands of seamen idle and starving at Hydra, Spetzas, and Egina,
+not a man will enter the service of his country without being paid in
+advance; nor will they engage to prolong their service beyond a month,
+so that the labour of disciplining a crew is interminable. Were there
+funds to increase the pay for each month, the sailors would remain,
+and there might be some hope of getting a ship in order. At the
+present moment there are no individuals in Greece who are instructed
+in their duties as officers in ships of war." "I see no termination to
+the obstacles," he wrote to Dr. Gosse on the 17th, "which present
+themselves at every step I advance. Neither the Hydriots nor the
+Psarians, nor the Spetziots, nor the Poriots, will embark in this
+frigate, which is thus useless to Greece, if not prejudicial, because
+her maintenance is an expense without benefit. I wish I could do a
+thousand things which I am compelled to neglect, by reason of the
+difficulties and want of assistance of all kinds. You, my good friend,
+are my only aid."
+
+At Spetzas, and in its neighbourhood, Lord Cochrane remained four
+days, directing the arrangements to be made in organizing a fleet
+strong enough to go against the enemy's shipping, and, while waiting
+for that, in appointing two minor expeditions upon services that were
+urgent. On the 18th of May, he sent Admiral Saktoures with ten brigs
+and four fireships to cruise about the Negropont and capture as much
+as he could of the stores sent through that channel from
+Constantinople for the use of the Turkish army in Attica. On the
+following day he went himself in the _Hellas_, attended by the
+_Karteria_, under Captain Abney Hastings, in the direction of Cape
+Clarenza, the north-westernmost point of the Morea, opposite to
+Zante.[8]
+
+  [8] "The admiral," says Gordon, "weighed with the _Hellas_ and
+  _Karteria_ alone, leaving the rest of his squadron to draw pay and
+  rations at Porto Kheli" (vol. ii., p. 415). The fact was that all the
+  rest of his squadron that was fit for service was sent to the
+  Negropont; and Lord Cochrane left directions that the other vessels,
+  as soon as there were men to be rationed and funds for paying them,
+  should follow him to Clarenza. But they only came to run away.
+
+Castle Tornese, there situated, was being besieged by the Turks, and
+Lord Cochrane hoped to be in time to avert its capture. In this he
+failed. Arriving on the 22nd of May, he found that the castle had
+capitulated a few hours before. All he could do was to chase two
+Turkish frigates which he found on the coast. "We fired into them," he
+said, "but our guns were ill-directed, and the noise and confusion on
+board this ship was excessive, which prevented my choosing to attack
+them again, though they did us not the slightest injury, because I am
+desirous that the _Hellas_ shall be in somewhat better order before I
+voluntarily attack an enemy who may take advantage of the
+impossibility of causing my orders to be obeyed, and so leave the fate
+of the ship to the conduct of a rabble."
+
+One capture, however, the _Hellas_ was able to make on the following
+day. She fell in with a vessel, manned by Turks and Ionian Islanders,
+bearing the British flag, loaded with captives, chiefly women and
+children, just taken in the Castle Tornese. Lord Cochrane seized her,
+and sent her, with a reasonably indignant letter, to the Lord High
+Commissioner at Corfu. "If I do not attempt to express my feelings in
+addressing you," he said, "it is because I am aware that the terms I
+should employ would fall far short of the sensations that will arise
+in the breast of every honourable man throughout the civilized world,
+and the degradation which every Englishman will experience, on
+learning that the flag of England, first prostituted by supplying the
+traffickers in Christian slaves with all the necessaries for their
+horrid purposes, is now further debased by a traffic in the slaves
+themselves. I send you an Ionian vessel, full of women violated in
+their persons, and who, with their children, had been reduced to
+slavery, in order that the British public and the world may ascertain
+whether these unfortunate people will be protected by the decision of
+an Ionian tribunal. If there were any hope that the people in the
+Ionian Islands would abandon their infamous dealings otherwise than by
+force, I should ask your excellency to issue an order upon the
+subject. I beg, however, to signify that I am ready to co-operate with
+the admiral and officers of the British naval service in the
+Mediterranean in enforcing obedience to the laws of justice and
+humanity, and putting down the Ionian trade in slaves, as well as the
+piracies which have originated chiefly in the total contempt shown by
+the Ionian people and others for the laws of nations and the
+principles of justice during the contest between Greeks and Turks. I
+also put at your disposal the Turks found on board the Ionian boat,
+not considering them as prisoners of war, but as men apprehended in
+violating the laws of civilized nations and insulting the feelings of
+Christendom." "Since writing the above," it was added in a postscript,
+"I have experienced considerable difficulty in restraining the fury of
+the Greeks from bursting forth upon the violators of their
+countrywomen. From what I foresee, I also feel it my duty to warn you
+that, should the transportation of Christian captives by neutrals be
+continued, I cannot answer for the safety of Ionians found so employed
+by the other vessels of the Greek squadron."
+
+A formal acknowledgment of that letter was all the answer received by
+Lord Cochrane.
+
+On the 24th of May, when near Missolonghi, he made another capture--a
+Turkish brig, with eight guns, bearing Austrian colours, which was
+proceeding from Previsa to Navarino. In her, besides a good store of
+flour and gunpowder, were found some Turkish officials and several
+members of Reshid Pasha's harem. The alarm of these prisoners was very
+great at first; but they were treated with courtesy, and landed, with
+all their personal properties, at the first convenient halting-place,
+the brig and its cargo being retained as prizes. Reshid Pasha, in
+return for the generous treatment shown to his attendants, afterwards
+released a hundred Greek prisoners without ransom.
+
+Another curious incident occurred at this time. Several small Turkish
+merchant-vessels passed Lord Cochrane's ship during his stay near
+Missolonghi, but he abstained from capturing them, deeming it unworthy
+to interfere with such small crafts, devoted, as it was supposed, only
+to trading purposes. He was afterwards informed that in one of them
+Ibrahim Pasha himself had been concealed. Had the Egyptian leader been
+thus made prisoner, the future course of the war might have been
+altogether changed.
+
+Lord Cochrane had gone into the Gulf of Patras in hope of meeting with
+Captain Hastings, from whom he had parted soon after leaving Spetzas;
+but the _Karteria_ had been disabled by a squall, which took away both
+her masts, and so had to return to Poros; and with the ill-manned
+_Hellas_ alone Lord Cochrane did not deem it prudent, as he had
+wished, to attack Navarino, whither the besiegers of the Castle
+Tornese had gone, and where twelve Egyptian frigates, twenty
+corvettes, and forty or fifty smaller vessels were for some time
+lying. Several of these came out to take on board the Ottoman troops
+who had done their work at Cape Clarenza, and Lord Cochrane, on the
+1st of June, remained for several hours within sight of them, ready
+and hoping to be attacked. No fight being offered, however, he did not
+choose to run the risk of going single-handed into their midst. He
+accordingly contented himself with surveying the coast, and forming
+his own judgment as to the relative value of its ports and harbours,
+as he sailed back in the direction of Poros.
+
+To Poros itself Lord Cochrane did not venture to proceed. "I have
+written for all the Greek vessels that are ready, including the
+fireships and explosion-vessels, to join me," he said in a letter to
+Dr. Gosse, written on the 7th of June, off Cerigo; "I remain at sea
+with this frigate, lest the whole of her crew should desert, according
+to custom, were I to pay a visit to Poros." The want of zeal which he
+thus perceived in his seamen was shared by nearly all their
+countrymen. All wished him to serve them, but very few made any
+patriotic effort to aid him in the service. His most active supporter
+was Captain Abney Hastings; and Captain Abney Hastings complained yet
+more loudly than did his superior of the indolence and bad conduct of
+the Greeks. "I had the honour to receive your order of the 7th,
+enjoining me to repair to your lordship without delay, if ready for
+sea," he wrote on the 9th, from Spetzas; "a variety of circumstances,
+unavoidable in a country deprived of even the shadow of organization,
+has prevented me from being yet ready to sail. The majority and best
+of my crew have left me, and I must look for others."
+
+Hastings and all his other officers wrote over and over again to Lord
+Cochrane, asking for stores of all sorts, and for money with which to
+pay the wages of their crews. But Lord Cochrane was still almost
+without funds. Only from Konduriottes, and the other island primates,
+could he procure scanty supplies with which to carry on his work--or
+rather, to prevent that work from being altogether abandoned. "I have
+the honour," he wrote to the Government, "to represent to your
+excellencies that I find it impossible to realise the credit which you
+assigned to me on the revenues of the islands, and that insurmountable
+obstacles prevent my acting as affairs require. The _Hellas_ even is
+idle for want of supplies. Each day, each event, increases my
+conviction that, without strong and special efforts, without a prompt
+and disinterested co-operation of all its citizens, Greece must of
+necessity be overcome. Isolated as I am, I am useless to them.
+Supported by their patriotism and zeal, I could fight for their
+independence. The islands of the Archipelago are willing to aid our
+efforts, but they claim from me in return a guarantee for the safety
+of their goods and for the regular administration of their imposts. I
+await your excellencies' instructions for promptly answering their
+demand; for the resources of the western nations are drained; European
+charity is wearied. The islands alone offer us the means of
+maintaining the naval forces, and of resisting, if it be possible--if
+it be not too late--the vigorous preparations of our enemy. We must
+act promptly or abandon everything." The Government only answered by
+urging its chief admiral to lose no time in securing the independence
+of Greece.
+
+This, in spite of the difficulties thrown in his way, he set himself
+heartily to attempt. Two courses were now open to him. Reshid Pasha,
+having taken possession of the Acropolis, and thus completed the
+capture of Athens, had laid siege to Corinth; and Sir Richard Church,
+with a weak and vacillating body which went by the name of an
+army--the remnants of that which had proved so useless in the
+neighbourhood of the PirÊus--was vainly trying to raise the siege. By
+him and by the Government Lord Cochrane was urged to muster as large a
+fleet as possible in the Bay of Corinth, and to co-operate with the
+land forces by blockading the besiegers, after the method that had
+failed at Athens. Experience convinced him that such action would be
+useless; whereas from modification of the plan which he had in the
+former instance been induced to abandon he hoped much. He knew that a
+large Egyptian force was being prepared at Alexandria, to be employed
+first in aiding the siege of Corinth, and afterwards in completing the
+conquest of all Greece. If only he could train the Greeks to act under
+his bold leadership, as he had trained the Chilians and Brazilians, he
+trusted that, by one daring movement, he could seize Alexandria as he
+had seized Valdivia and Maranham. And to this project he zealously
+addressed himself, deeming it sufficient to send a small force to
+blockade the gulfs of Patras and Corinth, and leaving Dr. Gosse as his
+agent in command of naval affairs at home, with special orders to
+visit the various islands, and, in accordance with authority received
+from the Government, to collect the revenues of each, in order that
+the necessary expenses of the fleet might be met.
+
+He collected all the vessels he could muster in the neighbourhood of
+Cape Saint Angelo. His force consisted, besides the _Hellas_, of one
+corvette, the _Sauveur_, which he had brought from Marseilles,
+commanded by Captain Thomas, of fourteen Greek brigs and of eight
+brulÙts or fireships. With these he started for Alexandria on the 11th
+of June, the _Hellas_ having often to slacken speed in order that the
+slower Greek vessels might be kept in attendance. Candia was passed on
+the 13th, and Alexandria was sighted at five o'clock in the morning of
+the 15th. Lord Cochrane stood out to sea so that he might not be
+discovered, and spent the day in putting his fleet in order, preparing
+an explosion-vessel, and arranging for the work of the morrow. "Brave
+officers and seamen," he said, in an address to his followers, "one
+decisive blow, and Greece is free. The port of Alexandria, the centre
+of all the evil that has befallen you, now contains within its narrow
+bounds numerous ships of war and a multitude of vessels laden with
+provisions, stores, and troops, intended to effect your total ruin.
+The wind is fair for us, and our enterprise unsuspected. Brave
+brulotteers, resolve by one moment of active exertion to annihilate
+the power of the satrap. Then shall the siege of Athens be raised in
+Egypt; then shall the armies of Ibrahim and Reshid be deprived of
+subsistence, and their garrisons perish of hunger, whilst the brave
+inhabitants of continental Greece and the islanders, freed from
+impending danger, will fly to arms, and, by one simultaneous movement,
+throw off the barbarian yoke. Date the return of happy days and the
+liberty and security of Greece from your present exhibition of valour.
+The emancipation of Egypt and the downfall of the satrap are also
+inevitable consequences; for the war is concentrated in one point of
+action and of time."
+
+That spirited address was ineffectual, and Lord Cochrane's bold plan
+for seizing Alexandria was prevented by the cowardice and
+disorganization of the Greeks whom he was labouring to serve. They
+could hardly be persuaded on the 16th to follow the _Hellas_ and the
+_Sauveur_, all bearing Austrian colours, as far as the entrance to
+Alexandria, and when twenty large Egyptian vessels were found to be
+there lying at harbour, they lost heart altogether. Lord Cochrane knew
+from past experience that, with proper support from his subordinates,
+he could easily capture or disperse the enemy's shipping. He had made
+arrangements for attacking them with the fireships and his
+explosion-vessel. But nearly all the crews refused to serve. Kanaris
+alone among the Greeks was brave. Having command of the fireships, he
+induced the sailors of two of them to bear down upon the enemy, and at
+about eight o'clock in the evening one man-of-war was burnt. So great
+was the effect of this small success that the other ships of the enemy
+prepared to escape, and great numbers of the inhabitants of Alexandria
+hurried out of the town and sought a hiding in the adjoining villages.
+Seeing the Egyptian ships making ready for flight, however, the Greeks
+supposed that they were coming out to attack them, and themselves
+immediately turned sail, heedless alike of their own honour and of
+Lord Cochrane's assurances that a splendid victory was easy to them.
+All the night was vainly spent by the _Hellas_ and the _Sauveur_ in
+futile efforts to collect them, and on the morning of the 18th they
+were found to be dispersed far out at sea over an area of more than
+twenty miles.
+
+In despite of his feeble allies, Lord Cochrane would have gone boldly
+into port and attacked the enemy. But his own Greek sailors were as
+timid as their comrades; and after a whole day spent in reconnoitring
+the enemy, whose force of twenty-five sail dared not offer battle, but
+had gained courage enough to abstain from actual flight, he was
+compelled, on the 19th, also to put out to sea and to spend two other
+days in signalling the brigs and fireships to join him. Not till the
+afternoon of the 20th, by which time he had pursued his allies to a
+distance eighty miles from Alexandria, was he able to bring them into
+any sort of order, and then the bitter conviction was forced upon him
+that further prosecution of his plan, for the present at any rate, was
+useless.
+
+The scanty store of provisions that had been sent with the fleet,
+moreover, was nearly exhausted, and thus a new difficulty arose. Lord
+Cochrane sent the most useless of his vessels back to Poros for a
+fresh supply, and with an earnest entreaty that some efficient
+reinforcements might also be forwarded to him, announcing his
+intention of waiting in the neighbourhood in hopes of achieving some
+better success. "Your excellencies may rest assured," he said in his
+letter to the Government, "that our visit to Alexandria will have a
+powerful effect in paralysing the equipment of an expedition, and I
+have every reason to conclude that the example made before their eyes
+of the brig-of-war will deter any of the numerous neutral vessels from
+engaging as transports in the expedition equipping by the Pasha. The
+sensation created must indeed have been powerful as two neutral
+vessels of war made the signal for pilots before we weighed anchor on
+the morning of the 17th, under the impression, no doubt, that a more
+effectual attack would shortly be attempted. I am going to make a
+short tour, with a view, as far as I am enabled with the inadequate
+means at my disposal, to distract and paralyse the enemy."
+
+In accordance with that purpose, being already near Cyprus, Lord
+Cochrane conducted his fleet a little further north, and anchored, on
+the 23rd of June, off Phineka, in Asia Minor, where, after a brief
+fight with the Turks, he effected a landing, and received some
+much-needed food and water. Thence he addressed letters, urging the
+prompt despatch of the necessary stores and vessels, to the
+Government, to the primates of Hydra, and to Dr. Gosse.
+
+From this halting-place, also, he sent a noteworthy letter to Mahomet
+Ali, the Pasha of Egypt, a supplement to one which he had addressed to
+him nearly a year before, when he was on his way to enter the service
+of the Greeks.
+
+"Your employing foreigners in your military and naval service," he had
+said in the former letter, which will be best quoted in this place,
+"the privilege which you claim and exercise of building and equipping
+ships-of-war in neutral states, and of purchasing steam-vessels and
+hiring transports under neutral flags, for hostile purposes, and to
+transport to slavery a people whom the Ottoman arms have never yet
+been able wholly to subdue, warrant a belief, whatever your sentiments
+may be, that the civilized, educated, and liberal portion of mankind
+will be gratified that succours similar to those which you,
+unfortunately, have hitherto obtained from these states are now about
+to be afforded to the brave, the oppressed, and suffering Greeks. Nor
+will the advantage derived be wholly theirs; for, until you shall
+cease or be forced to abandon your inhuman traffic in Christian slaves
+and the commission of cruelties which stain the character of man, your
+subjects must inevitably continue barbarians,--a state from which it
+would be a source of great gratification to contribute to release
+them. It is true that the Christian world has not of late contended in
+arms with those of your faith on points of religion. It has, however,
+not fallen into a state of apathy so great as to see unheeded the
+perpetration of those enormities which you are daily committing on
+Christians,--a sentiment with which no feeling of animosity towards
+you or towards your people is combined. On the contrary, it desires to
+render you every good service consistent with that duty paramount to
+all others, namely, to wipe out the stain from the civilized world of
+unfeelingly and inhumanly co-operating to exterminate, enslave, and
+transport to bondage a whole Christian people--and such a people--the
+descendants of those Greeks whose genius laid the chief foundation of
+literature, the sciences, and the arts; who reared those noble
+monuments and edifices which time and the more destructive barbarian
+hand have yet failed to destroy, and which, compared with the wretched
+hovels of your hordes, may better point out to you the elevation they
+attained, and the prostrate state in which your people are--owing,
+alas! to the baneful effects of bigotry and despotic sway. Surely,
+surely there is ample field for the exercise of your energies at home,
+in encouraging industry, the arts and sciences, in promoting the
+civilization of your people, and in enacting equitable laws for the
+security of persons and property--on which bases the national
+prosperity of all countries must rest. But should your ambition, not
+content with bestowing blessings like these on your native land, lead
+you to soar almost above mortal acts, distant oceans would unite, and
+the extremities of the globe approach at your command.[9] Thus might
+your name be rendered immortal, and Egypt become again the emporium of
+commerce, and one of the richest and happiest nations upon earth. How
+infinitely great the glory from such acts! How despicable the fame of
+a tyrant conqueror, the ruler of slaves! It would be pleasing to
+support you as the author of great and good works, but it is shameful
+to permit your present proceedings, and dastardly to leave the
+unfeeling apostate sons of neutral and Christian nations unopposed,
+aiding to perpetuate barbarism for horrid gain, drawn from the price
+of Christians torn from their homes and sold as slaves in foreign
+lands. Against these atrocious men, my companions and myself, casting
+the gauntlet down, will contend, in the hope that they and you may
+perceive your true interests and your great error, and pursue a
+different course before it shall be too late. Quit the classic sacred
+soil of Greece, let the flayings, and burnings, and impalings of that
+people cease, and oh! shocking to humanity, the ripping up of pregnant
+women, and the hewing up of their infant babes, and other acts yet
+worse than these--too horrid to relate. Release the Christian slaves;
+pursue an honourable and enlightened path, and we become friends to
+aid you in your pursuits--but should the present course be continued,
+let the bands of cruel assassins in your employ count on our
+opposition; count, too, on our neutralizing the effects of every
+vessel procured or bought from Christian states. 'Hear the voice of
+the Lord, ye rulers,' in the prophecy now to be fulfilled. 'Woe to
+them that go down to Egypt for help and stay.' 'When the Lord shall
+stretch out his hand, both he that helpeth shall fall, and he that is
+holpen shall fall down, and they shall all fall together.' Instead of
+filling brim full the cup of bitterness, of which you yourself must
+ultimately drink, how admirably might you not employ your people, and
+your treasure--the waste whereof is rearing to you a barbarian
+successor to prolong the bondage of Egypt. The Christian prayer of
+those called to rescue their suffering brethren is that, conforming
+yourself to the dictates of reason and humanity, you may live long to
+benefit mankind; and as you are more enlightened than your
+predecessors, so may you become more humane and just."
+
+  [9] It is singular that at this early date Lord Cochrane should thus
+  have advised and prognosticated the construction of the Suez Canal.
+
+The second letter was more brief. "The discrimination of your
+Highness," Lord Cochrane now wrote, "enables you to judge between
+those who offer advice to promote personal objects and those who
+disinterestedly desire the welfare of mankind. Egypt may become great
+by the attention of her rulers to her internal concerns, but not by
+war and foreign conquest, and assuredly not by the conquest of that
+people with whom your Highness is now engaged in hostilities, not only
+on account of the impossibility of reducing them to subjection but
+because the whole of Europe is directly or indirectly engaged in their
+support. I beg your Highness to be assured that, if I present myself
+to your consideration in a more conspicuous point of view than others,
+it is only because the habits of my life have enabled me to be openly
+instrumental in the protection of a Christian people whom you attack,
+and not because I feel animosity against your Highness, nor because I
+desire the overthrow of the lawful power of your Highness. Should your
+Highness, however, listen to interested counsellors, or to those who
+hope to gain by adulation, and continue the present unjust and
+sanguinary contest, I take leave once more to warn you that the first
+visit I have had the honour of paying you shall not be the last, and
+that it is not in the power of your Highness to prevent the
+destruction of your ships destined for the invasion of Greece, nor to
+defeat my intention to block up the port of Alexandria. I had the
+honour to address your Highness twelve months ago; but have thought
+proper to repeat once more the honest advice I then expressed, in
+order that your Highness may acquit me when, in the hour of adversity,
+you have to regret that you have not listened to the voice of truth."
+
+Lord Cochrane's threats could not be enforced. Off the coast of Asia
+Minor and among the southern islands of the Archipelago he waited for
+more than a week. But no adequate reinforcements or supplies of
+provisions arrived. The disorganised fleet became more and more
+unmanageable. One vessel after another deserted, and those that
+remained in nominal attendance on the flag-ship could not be brought
+under control. Lord Cochrane, who had made skilful sailors and brave
+warriors of enervated Chilians and Brazilians, found the Greeks
+utterly unmanageable. Up to the 2nd of July he tried vainly to bring
+them into order, and only succeeded in pursuing them from island to
+island until, on that day, they had drawn him back to the
+neighbourhood of Hydra. There they all dispersed, and with a heavy
+heart he anchored at Poros on the 4th. The _Hellas_ was immediately
+deserted by her crew. Another month had been wasted and another bold
+project for the assistance of Greece had been spoiled by the want of
+patriotism which, exhibited first and most flagrantly by the leaders,
+was now rapidly pervading all classes of the Greeks.
+
+An amusing instance of the worthlessness of the Greek sailors, whom,
+from first to last, he tried to make useful, may here be given. On one
+occasion, following his invariable habit of taking every possible
+occasion of trying to win the confidence and friendship of those under
+him, he was exhibiting a magic lantern to the crew of the _Hellas_. At
+many of the dissolving views they manifested a childish delight, but
+at length one unfortunate picture was brought before them. It depicted
+a Greek running from the pursuit of a Turk, and then melted into a
+view of the Turk cutting off his captive's head. At that sight every
+Greek on board took fright. Some ran into the hold of the ship, others
+jumped overboard, and many hours had to be spent in bringing them
+together again and dispelling their frivolous and superstitious fears.
+
+Lord Cochrane, however, though disheartened, still sought, with
+unabated zeal, to render to Greece such help as became his name and
+character. But he saw that this could not be done without a thorough
+reform in naval affairs; and this, often urged by him before, he lost
+no time in urging again. "The crew of the _Hellas_," he wrote to the
+effete Government on the very day of his return, "having, according to
+their usual practice, abandoned the vessel on her arrival in port, it
+is essential that others should be enlisted to serve in the frigate
+without delay. It is further essential that the individuals so
+enlisted shall engage to serve during a period of not less than six
+months, and that they shall be young men who will conform to the rules
+and regulations by which the ships-of-war of other states are
+governed. It is quite impossible to conduct a large ship-of-war amidst
+the noise and confusion which I have witnessed during the two months
+that have elapsed since my flag was hoisted on board this ship, and
+equally impossible to induce monthly crews to conform to habits of
+order and regularity. Under these circumstances, I enclose you a
+proclamation, stating the pay and advantages which will accrue to such
+individuals. I should prefer that the enlistment should take place
+under such respectable young men as propose to obtain rank in the
+national marine, and who can be in some degree responsible for the
+good conduct of the individuals who accompany them, each individual
+qualified for, and aspiring to, the rank of lieutenant being
+accompanied by sixty young seamen, the second lieutenants to be each
+accompanied by thirty. For this ship five of the first class and eight
+of the second are required." The proclamation which Lord Cochrane
+submitted to the Government detailed his plan for ensuring, or at any
+rate making possible, honest and hearty service in seafaring.
+
+"I wish I could inform your excellencies," he said in another letter
+written two days later, "that the obstacles, however great, which
+presented themselves in the course of the naval service were all I had
+to contend with. The jealousies among the islanders, even the most
+enlightened, embarrassed me exceedingly; and these, I regret to say,
+cannot be alleviated by having recourse to your advice or authority,
+at the distance at which you are placed, without a correspondence so
+voluminous that I should occupy too much of your attention. I must,
+therefore, act according to my own responsibility; and in so doing I
+am aware that some may be displeased, and probably no one will be
+satisfied."
+
+Nearly all the month of July, indeed, was spent by Lord Cochrane in
+zealous efforts to render the Greek navy more efficient. For this two
+things were needed--that the officers and crews should be honest and
+intelligent, and that there should be money enough in hand for paying
+their wages, for fitting out proper vessels, and for supplying the
+requisite stores and provisions. For the first object proclamations
+were issued, letters were written, and agents were sent into various
+parts of Greece and her islands. For the second, Lord Cochrane went
+personally to the assistance of Dr. Gosse, who, as Commissary-General
+of the Fleet, had been attempting to collect the revenues of the
+islands which, by order of the Government, had been assigned to naval
+uses. He succeeded to some extent in this, and also in quickening the
+latent patriotism of the people whom he visited.
+
+His most important visit was to Syra, where, as will be seen from the
+letter which he addressed to the Government on the 13th of July, he
+was obliged to resort to strong measures for securing the good end he
+had in view. "I have the honour to inform your excellencies," he
+wrote, "that, a new crew having been procured for the _Hellas_ with
+less delay than I anticipated, by reason of the pay having been
+increased one-third in amount, I proceeded to Syra, taking with me
+several of the principal inhabitants of the three maritime islands,
+who expressed to me, by letter, their anxiety to have an opportunity
+of promoting a loan on the credit of the revenues of the islands,
+which your excellencies had authorised me, jointly with others, to
+collect. I have now the pleasure to inform you that when I left Syra
+yesterday everything seemed to promise a favourable result; but in
+order to attain this important object it became necessary that I
+should take upon myself the responsibility of intimating to the
+prefect of police, who had assumed despotic authority, that it was
+essential to the public good that the magistrates should resume the
+functions that they exercised previous to his arrival. I am convinced
+that your excellencies will perceive as clearly as I do, that it will
+be impossible to preserve harmony amongst the islanders, if strangers
+are sent to exercise over the natives an authority that is not
+acceptable to them. Indeed, the character of these natives demands at
+all times prudence and circumspection on the part of the Government."
+
+Unfortunately, the miserable triumvirate to which the direction of
+Greek affairs had been assigned until the arrival of Count
+Capodistrias was wholly wanting in prudence and circumspection. After
+vainly trying to maintain a show of authority, and to use it to their
+own aggrandisement at Damala and at Poros, they had, on the 4th of
+July, removed to Nauplia. There, however, they only found themselves
+more embarrassed than ever. While the last hopes of Greek
+independence, to be secured and maintained by Greeks themselves, were
+rapidly dying out, the leaders were amusing themselves and gratifying
+their petty jealousies and ambitions by conduct more despicable than
+ever. Nauplia was the seat of civil war between two military factions,
+whose joint contempt of the worthless Government would have been, at
+any rate, excusable, had not the interests of the whole nation been
+thereby injured. The triumvirate was driven from the town, and taking
+refuge in a little island in the Bay of Nauplia, wrote in despair to
+Lord Cochrane, asking him to come to its aid and devise some means of
+preserving, or rather of constructing, its authority.
+
+To Nauplia he accordingly went on the 19th of July. "I am now at the
+anchorage of this place," he wrote thence to Dr. Gosse on the 22nd.
+"The town is evacuated by the inhabitants and abandoned by the
+Government. The latter are in the little island in the bay in the most
+deplorable condition, trembling like Sancho when invaded in his
+dominions of Barataria, and not knowing which way to turn, whether to
+avoid or meet the enemy. No words can depict the state of things. I
+have had correspondence with the Government and all the chiefs, but
+have waited on none, because I am determined to keep myself clear of
+faction, and go straightforward in what I consider to be my duty." "We
+are now weighing anchor," he added, in a postscript written in the
+evening of the same day, "and the Austrian commodore is coming into
+the bay--an evil omen. He is watching, like a vulture, the agonies of
+the expiring authorities of Greece."
+
+"As you have done me the honour," said Lord Cochrane, in a letter to
+the Government, "to request my opinion regarding the manner of
+settling the disputes between the contending chiefs who hold the
+higher and lower fortresses of Nauplia, it becomes a sacred duty to
+give that opinion without the slightest reserve, because the
+consequences of any half measure will be entirely destructive of the
+influence of your excellencies throughout Greece, and eventually may
+frustrate the endeavours of the European powers to promote a
+settlement with the Porte. Your excellencies, then, must at once
+remove from the situation in which you are now placed, or, more
+properly speaking, to which you have fled, and where you are still
+under the cannon of the disputing chiefs, or both these chiefs must be
+caused to abandon the fortresses they hold. To suffer one to remain
+and to expel the other would be voluntarily to surrender your
+authority, and through Greece and throughout the world you would be
+considered in no other light than as instruments for giving the
+semblance of legality to the dictates of a military chief."
+
+Lord Cochrane did not wait to see the end of this dispute between the
+mock Government and its nominal subjects. He left Nauplia on the 22nd
+of July to complete the arrangements he had made for another attempt
+in defence of Greece. He had already sent Admiral Saktoures and a
+small force to maintain a show of blockading Alexandria, in order that
+thereby neutral vessels, at any rate, might be deterred from giving
+aid to the Turkish cause. He had sent vessels to blockade the Gulf of
+Patras in the same way. He had also issued a vigorous proclamation to
+the inhabitants of Western Greece, urging them to rise against their
+oppressors, and he was eager to go thither himself and encourage the
+work, for which he hoped that his fleet and his naval arrangements
+were now better fitted. One important auxiliary to this work he hoped
+to have in a corps of marines, to the number of a thousand, which
+Colonel Gordon Urquhart was now trying, under his directions, to
+organise. "I have several things in view which even this small force
+could accomplish," he wrote to Dr. Gosse, "and amongst the rest will
+be the rooting out of the pirates from the islands."
+
+More important, however, than the restraint of piracy, was the
+resistance, if possible, of the Turkish forces. Several of the
+Egyptian ships which Lord Cochrane had hoped to destroy in the harbour
+of Alexandria had now come out and joined the Ottoman fleet, which had
+Navarino for its head-quarters. He determined, without loss of time,
+to go and see what injury could be done to them; and accordingly,
+after a brief visit to Poros, where he took on board some stores and
+provisions, and where he left Dr. Gosse to use the scanty supply of
+money which he had collected in completing the equipment of the other
+vessels, he started in the _Hellas_, on the 28th of July, for the
+western side of the Morea.
+
+On the 29th, when near Cape St. Angelo, he fell in with the _Sauveur_,
+returning from a cruise in the Gulf of Patras, and the two vessels
+proceeded with all haste to Navarino. They reached that port, and had
+sight of the Turkish fleet on the evening of the 30th. With French
+colours flying, Lord Cochrane reconnoitred its position, and then
+watched for an opportunity of attacking some part of it.
+
+The opportunity occurred on the 1st of August. A corvette, carrying
+twenty-eight fine guns, and a crew of three hundred and forty, with
+two brigs and two schooners, had passed out on the previous day,
+apparently with the intention of conveying reinforcements to the Gulf
+of Patras. Lord Cochrane immediately gave them chase, and drove them
+backwards and forwards between Zante and the shore north of Navarino
+all through the night and till nearly noon on the 1st. Then suddenly
+tacking, he closed upon the corvette, and there was hard fighting--the
+first in which he had been able to persuade his Greeks to
+join--between the two vessels, for fifty minutes. At about one
+o'clock, after fifty of their number had been killed and thirty
+wounded, the Turks surrendered.[10] Lord Cochrane found on board
+twenty Greek women and several children, who had been subjected to the
+vilest treatment. In the meanwhile, Captain Thomas, of the _Sauveur_,
+had engaged with one of the brigs, carrying twelve guns, and captured
+her with a loss of fifteen killed and wounded to the Turks, but none
+to the Greeks. The other vessels escaped, but an Ionian vessel, laden
+with provisions for the Ottoman army at Patras, was seized in the
+afternoon, and her cargo put to good use.
+
+  [10] "The admiral," says Gordon (vol. ii., pp. 421, 422), "was less
+  gratified at his victory than mortified that so inferior a vessel
+  should have fought the _Hellas_ for three-quarters of an hour, and
+  disgusted at the backwardness of his crew. In his first cruise he
+  carried with him four hundred men recruited in the Cyclades; but as
+  they ran below in his engagement with the two Egyptian corvettes, he
+  discharged them and took Hydriots alone. These last, though better
+  mariners, and really more courageous, were disconcerted by his system
+  of reserving fire till within pistol-shot--so different from their own
+  plan of cannonading at a mile's distance. 'The boys,' said Cochrane,
+  'behaved pretty well; but the oldest, and ugliest, and fiercest-looking
+  bravoes of Hydra ran to the other side of the deck, roaring like
+  market-bulls.' His lordship took summary satisfaction by knocking them
+  down with his fists, right and left."
+
+Lord Cochrane waited off Navarino for two days, hoping that some of
+the enemy's fleet would come out to attack him. They, however, locked
+themselves carefully in the harbour until he had set sail for the
+south, when they feebly attempted to pursue him. He thereupon, after
+releasing the Turkish prisoners at Candia, returned to Poros, there to
+leave his prizes and endeavour to take back a larger force with which
+worthily to supplement his recent successes.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XX.
+
+THE ACTION OF GREAT BRITAIN AND RUSSIA ON BEHALF OF HELLENIC
+INDEPENDENCE.--THE DEGRADATION OF GREECE.--LORD COCHRANE'S RENEWED
+EFFORTS TO ORGANISE A FLEET.--PRINCE PAUL BUONAPARTE, AND HIS
+DEATH.--AN ATTEMPT TO ASSASSINATE LORD COCHRANE.--HIS INTENDED
+EXPEDITION TO WESTERN GREECE.--ITS PREVENTION BY SIR EDWARD
+CODRINGTON.--LORD COCHRANE'S RETURN TO THE ARCHIPELAGO.--THE
+INTERFERENCE OF GREAT BRITAIN, FRANCE, AND RUSSIA.--THE CAUSES OF THE
+BATTLE OF NAVARINO.--THE BATTLE.
+
+[1827.]
+
+
+The Duke of Wellington's mission to St. Petersburg in the spring of
+1826, which has been already referred to, was part of a policy by
+which the British Government materially contributed to the ultimate
+independence of Greece. Its first result was the protocol of the 4th
+of April, in which England and Russia recognized the right of the
+Greeks to claim from the Porte a recognition of their freedom. At
+about the same time our Government had sent Mr. Stratford Canning,
+afterwards Lord Stratford de Redclyffe, as ambassador to
+Constantinople, with special instructions to use every endeavour to
+bring about a cessation of the war which should be favourable to
+Greece; and on the 24th of April the National Assembly at Epidaurus
+had authorized him to treat with Turkey on its behalf, agreeing, if no
+more favourable terms could be obtained, to a recognition of the
+Sultan's supremacy and the payment of tribute to him, on condition
+that Greece should be independent in all its internal government.
+Those terms, however, were rejected by the Porte; and after a delay of
+a year and a half it was forced by the Great Powers, slowly awakening
+from their long lethargy, to accede to arrangements far more
+favourable to Greece.
+
+These negotiations, however, proceeded very slowly, and before the
+dawn of Greek independence there was a time of almost utter darkness,
+the darkest time of all being the few months following Lord Cochrane's
+arrival. "Vanquished Greece," says her historian, "lay writhing in
+convulsive throes. In herself there was neither hope nor help, and the
+question to be solved was merely whether the Mahometans would have
+time to subdue her before the mediating powers made up their minds to
+use force. That the former, if not checked from abroad, must speedily
+overrun the country did not admit of the least doubt. But it was
+equally certain that they could not pacify it; for, while the rich and
+timid prepared to emigrate, the poorer and hardier portion of the
+insurgents formed themselves into bands of robbers and pirates, which
+would have long infested the mountains and the Levant seas, deriding
+the efforts of the Porte to suppress them. The only branch of the
+Hellenic confederacy that still presented a menacing aspect was the
+navy under Lord Cochrane. Every other department was a heap of
+confusion. No government existed, since it would be idle to dignify
+with that name the three puppets set up by the Congress of Damala.
+None ever thought of obeying them, and they sealed their own
+degradation by carrying on an infamous traffic in selling letters of
+marque to freebooters. There was no army, because there was no
+revenue. After the fall of Athens, Roumelia was entirely lost, and the
+captains either renewed their act of submission to Reshid Pasha or
+fled to the Morea. It was not, however, with an intention of defending
+the peninsula that they retreated into it. Their purpose was to seize
+the fortresses, and thereby be enabled to make a good bargain with the
+Turks, or any other party that should remain in final possession.
+Nauplia and the Acrocorinthus were already garrisoned by Roumeliotes.
+Monemvasia, the third Peloponnesian stronghold yet held by the Greeks,
+was in the hands of Petro-Bey's brother, John Mavromikales, who,
+fitting out from thence predatory craft, converted it into a den of
+thieves."[11]
+
+  [11] Gordon, vol. ii., pp. 403, 404.
+
+It is not strange that, amid all this confusion, cowardice, and
+treachery, Lord Cochrane should have found it almost impossible to
+achieve anything worthy of his abilities or of the cause which he
+desired so earnestly to serve. Yet he continued, in spite of all
+obstacles, to do all that lay in his power, in fulfilment of his duty,
+and even in excess of that duty. He had engaged to act as First
+Admiral of the Greek Fleet. Finding that there was no fleet for him to
+direct, he laboured with unwearied zeal not only to construct one and
+to turn his unmannerly subordinates into disciplined sailors and brave
+warriors, but also to persuade the landsmen to co-operate with him in
+trying to withstand, if not to drive back, the advancing force of the
+enemy. One day when he was at Poros, Dr. Gosse came on board the
+_Hellas_ to visit him. "See, my friend," said Lord Cochrane, taking a
+loaded pistol from the inner pocket of his waistcoat, "see what it is
+to be a Greek admiral." He found it necessary to be always provided
+with a weapon with which he could defend himself from his indolent,
+unpatriotic seamen.
+
+Having returned to Poros with his prizes on the 14th of August, he was
+obliged to wait there for twelve days. There were no funds to be had
+for the requisite repairs and other expenses in paying and feeding his
+crews. All he could do was to repeat his former arguments and
+entreaties for assistance from the miserable Government at Nauplia,
+and the more active, but still half-hearted primates of the islands.
+He also made all the other arrangements in his power for improving his
+fleet and for carrying on some sort of naval warfare among the
+southern isles, especially on the coast of Candia, and for fomenting
+an insurrection of the inhabitants of Western Greece, who, held in awe
+by the Turks ever since the fall of Missolonghi, had hitherto done
+little in aid of the national strife, but to whose support he now
+looked with some hope.
+
+On the 24th he obtained a little further assistance. Mr. George
+Cochrane, whom he had sent to Marseilles in the _Unicorn_, to ask for
+fresh supplies of money and stores from the Philhellenes of Western
+Europe, but whose return had been long delayed, now arrived with a
+cargo of provisions, and with a sum of 5000l., which, though
+altogether inadequate to the work to be done, made possible some work
+at any rate.
+
+In the _Unicorn_ also came a new volunteer on behalf of Greek
+independence. The schooner having called at Zante on her way back, Mr.
+Cochrane there met Prince Paul Buonaparte, nephew of the great
+Napoleon who asked to be taken on board in order that he might serve
+under Lord Cochrane. This was agreed to, and the Prince, a youth about
+eighteen years old, and six feet high, became, immediately after his
+arrival at Poros, a favourite with Lord Cochrane and all his staff and
+crew. He was remarkable, said Dr. Grosse, for "his good-will, his
+amiability of character, his solidity of judgment, his intelligence,
+and the moderation of his principles."
+
+His stay in Greece, however, was very brief. On the morning of the 6th
+of September, all on board the _Hellas_ were startled by a shriek and
+the exclamation, "Ah, mon Dieu! je suis mort!" Lord Cochrane and
+several officers rushed to the Prince's cabin, there to find him lying
+in a pool of blood, and writhing in agony. His servant had been
+cleaning his pistols, and he had just loaded one of them to hang it on
+a nail, when, the trigger being accidentally struck, the weapon
+discharged and a ball entered his body and settled in the groin. Dr.
+Howe, an American surgeon, famous for his services to Greece and for
+later philanthropic labours, being at hand, came to his relief until
+Dr. Gosse could be sent for. All that could be done, however, was to
+lessen the pain, which he bore with great heroism through
+two-and-twenty hours. Lord Cochrane had him placed in his own cabin,
+and carefully tended him with his own hands. At seven o'clock in the
+following morning he cried out, "Ah, quel douleur!" and died
+immediately.
+
+That melancholy accident had a sequel which must be told in
+illustration of the greed of the Greeks. The Prince's body was placed
+in a hogshead of spirits and conveyed to Spetzas, there to be
+deposited in a convent until the wishes of the father, Prince Lucien
+Buonaparte, could be ascertained as to its interment. A few months
+afterwards, some natives entering the convent and smelling the
+spirits, but apparently in ignorance of the use to which they had been
+applied, could not resist the temptation of tapping the hogshead and
+drinking a part of its contents.
+
+Prince Paul Buonaparte died while Lord Cochrane was again making a
+tour of the islands, vainly trying to induce the inhabitants to
+provide him with adequate means for a formidable attack on the enemy.
+"In the port of Spetzas," wrote one of his officers, on the 29th of
+August, "there are now nearly forty vessels--none of them ready, not a
+man on board. All the men are out in cruisers, notwithstanding his
+excellency's order to fit out their vessels to meet the enemy's fleet.
+But such are the Greeks; they have no foresight, and until they see
+the enemy they will make no preparations, nor will they, unless the
+money is in their hands, expend a dollar to prepare a single fireship
+to defend their country. It is now twenty-eight days since Lord
+Cochrane ordered the vessels from Hydra, Spetzas, and Egina to be
+prepared, and they are not yet ready."
+
+At length, on the 5th of September, Lord Cochrane was able, though
+still with difficulty, to resign the irksome and extra-official duties
+of a tax-gatherer that had been forced upon him. "Since my return from
+Zante, and, indeed, since my return from Alexandria," he wrote on that
+day to the Government, now lodged at Egina, "I have been using my
+utmost endeavours to procure the equipment of a dozen brigs and as
+many fireships. The delays occasioned, however, by the want of
+pecuniary means have hitherto prevented the realization of my wishes,
+and the services of this frigate have been lost to the State during
+the fore-mentioned period, owing to the impossibility of procuring the
+necessary funds without my personal presence at Syra and elsewhere.
+The equipment of the brigs and part of the fireships is now completed,
+in spite of all difficulties, and I shall not delay one moment the
+endeavour to effect something useful to the interests of the State. I
+think it proper, however, to intimate to your excellencies that,
+everything being paid relative to the expense of the present
+expedition, I know of no means whereby a single vessel can be
+maintained during the ensuing month."
+
+On the 7th of September, Lord Cochrane was able to start on another
+warlike cruise. His force comprised the _Hellas_, the _Karteria_, the
+_Sauveur_, and nineteen or twenty other vessels. The Spetziots and the
+Hydriots, at the last moment, refused to aid him; but he was attended
+by Miaoulis, Kanaris, and Saktoures, the three best of the native
+admirals. After a brief visit to Candia, where he encouraged the
+garrison of Grabusa to hold out against the enemy, he again passed
+round the Morea, in which direction he desired to attain two important
+objects. The first was to injure as much as possible the Turkish and
+Egyptian vessels collected near Navarino. The second was to co-operate
+with the wretched force that, under General Church, had for three
+months past been making a show of resistance to the enemy at Corinth,
+and with its help to try and stir up the natives of Albania and
+Western Greece.
+
+These objects, partly prevented in other ways, were nearly averted by
+a barbarous plot for Lord Cochrane's assassination. While halting off
+the southern coast of the Morea, on or near the 10th of September, a
+short, thick-built Greek, with an ugly countenance and determined eye,
+came on board the _Hellas_ and asked for employment as a sailor. He
+was examined and rejected, on the ground of previous misconduct.
+Instead of going on shore again, however, he contrived to hide himself
+among the crew, and was not detected by Lord Cochrane for several
+hours, and when the frigate was in full sail. In the interval Lord
+Cochrane had received authentic information that this man had been
+commissioned by Ibrahim Pasha to attempt his life. There would have
+been justification for his immediate arrest, and, after a court
+martial, for his summary execution. But Lord Cochrane pursued a more
+generous policy. Walking up to his secretary, Mr. George Cochrane, he
+said: "Observe that man who is at the gangway on the larboard side. I
+have just had information that he has been sent by Ibrahim Pasha to
+assassinate me. Go quietly below, put on your sword, and watch him
+while he is on board." Mr. Cochrane obeyed his instructions. "In less
+than five minutes," he says, "I was again on deck with my sword. I
+took a few turns on the quarter-deck with his lordship, and then
+placed myself in a convenient position, about a dozen yards from the
+man. I did not lose sight of him for a couple of hours, keeping my eye
+steadily upon him. He soon observed that I was watching him, and I
+could perceive that he did not feel very comfortable in his mind. He
+did not attempt to come aft. Had he done so, I should have drawn my
+sword. After the men had had their dinner, one or two boats were got
+ready to convey seamen on board another vessel; and this fellow,
+seeing that his intentions were discovered, took advantage of the
+opportunity and got into one of the boats. I looked over the side of
+the _Hellas_, and saw him depart." Thus Lord Cochrane's life was
+saved.
+
+Navarino was passed on the 11th of September. Lord Cochrane made no
+halt, as he saw that a British squadron, under Sir Edward Codrington,
+was there watching the Ottoman fleet and forbidding its egress. He
+accordingly at once proceeded northwards, and entered the Gulf of
+Patras on the 17th of September. On that day, in anticipation of the
+visit which he proposed to pay them, he forwarded proclamations to the
+inhabitants of the western coast. "People of Albania!" he wrote in one
+of them, "although you have so long suffered under the Mussulman yoke;
+although your love of liberty has been so long kept down by a dark and
+cruel despotism, the hour of your deliverance is not distant, and if
+you will you can hasten it. Europe takes a lively interest in your
+destiny; your fellow-countrymen are hastening to aid you. But all
+depends on the energy which you yourselves display: the support which
+we offer you, to be efficacious, requires on your part redoubled zeal
+and patriotism in the actual and decisive moment. Brave Albanians!
+your happy future, the security of your families, and the honour of
+your religion, are in your hands; your bold and steady co-operation
+will ensure your own salvation and our success!"
+
+The intended expedition was prevented. It had been arranged that Lord
+Cochrane should wait near Cape Papas for the arrival of General
+Church's army and convey it to Western Greece, in the hope of putting
+it to better service in that region. But the land force was long in
+coming, and before its arrival Lord Cochrane had to write to the
+Government, explaining his recent movement and the reasons which
+compelled him to abandon the project of fighting in Albania. "Having
+proceeded to the Gulf of Patras," he said, "in order to co-operate
+with General Church in his intended expedition to Western Greece, I
+thought it would be conducive to the public service to invest the fort
+of Vasiladi, until, by the arrival of the forces of the general, more
+important operations could be undertaken; and accordingly that island
+was immediately blockaded by the boats of the squadron, and now
+continues surrounded by the vessels belonging to the Missolonghites,
+who have undertaken to maintain the blockade until it shall surrender.
+The _Karteria_, the _Sauveur_, and two of the gunboats, were
+immediately detached with orders to take or destroy all the enemy's
+vessels within the Gulf of Lepanto, whilst the _Hellas_ went to the
+anchorage of Kalamos, in order to ascertain from the officers in arms
+what prospect there was of general co-operation; and I regret to say
+that the want of union among the chiefs and the prospect of some kind
+of accommodation with the enemy seemed to paralyse all their energies.
+I therefore detached all the squadron under Admiral Miaoulis to Syra
+and Naxos, to aid the Candiots and Chiots, should they continue
+inclined to assert their independence. I have to add that I received
+an indirect communication from the British Admiral, intimating his
+desire that no new or further operations should be undertaken in that
+quarter; for which reason I am about to proceed elsewhere, under the
+impression that nothing should be left undone to stir up the
+population of Greece to a sense of their duty to themselves and to
+their country."
+
+The communication referred to was conveyed by Lord Ingestre, commander
+of the _Philomel_, who hailed the _Hellas_ on the 27th of September,
+to deliver a message from Sir Edward Codrington. "Whereas I am
+informed by Sir Frederick Adam," wrote the English Admiral, "that Lord
+Cochrane, with the Greek fleet, is about to embark the army of General
+Church in the neighbourhood of Cape Papas, for the purpose of
+conveying them to the coast of Albania, you are hereby directed to
+make known to the commander of that expedition that I consider it my
+duty, in the present state of affairs, to prevent such a measure being
+carried into execution, and that I shall shortly present myself in
+that neighbourhood for that purpose." Lord Cochrane knew that, if it
+would be personally very distasteful to him to be in collision with
+the naval force of his own country, it would, on public grounds and in
+the interests of Greek independence, be wholly inexcusable for him to
+act in violation of Sir Edward Codrington's message. Therefore he
+complied with it and went back to the Archipelago, there to do other
+work, while England was serving Greece in her own way.
+
+The service was to be rendered at last. After spending a year in
+diplomatic formalities, Great Britain and Russia had, in the spring of
+1827, openly renewed their arguments with the Porte in favour of Greek
+independence. These arguments having been rejected, the two Christian
+powers were in consultation as to the next course to be pursued, when
+France, partly urged thereto by her schemes for the acquisition of
+Algiers, then a Turkish dependency, offered to take part in the
+defence of Greece. The result was a treaty signed in London, on behalf
+of the three states, on the 6th of July, having for its object the
+enforcement of the St. Petersburg protocol of the 4th of April, 1826.
+It insisted that Greece should have internal freedom, though under
+vassalage to Turkey; and provided that, if the contending parties did
+not agree to an armistice within a month, there should be a forcible
+intervention.
+
+The Greeks welcomed the proposals made to them in consequence of this
+treaty; but they were rejected by the Turkish Government,
+notwithstanding the appearance of English, French, and Russian
+warships in the eastern part of the Mediterranean. Reshid Pasha and
+Ibrahim continued their efforts to bring the whole insurgent district
+into thorough subjection, and accordingly the patriotic Greeks and
+their foreign supporters continued to act on the defensive. Lord
+Cochrane and a few others, indeed, were eager to secure action bolder
+than ever, considering that, when the settling-time arrived, the
+limits of independent Greece would be augmented if a larger area was
+then the scene of zealous opposition to the Turkish power. This it was
+that chiefly induced the efforts to quicken the revolt in Albania, and
+when Lord Cochrane was prevented by Sir Edward Codrington from
+persevering in his work in that quarter, he lost no time in sailing
+round to the eastern side of Greece, there to do his utmost towards
+rousing the people of Candia and other islands into an assertion of
+their independence, in order that they too might have a claim to be
+included in the liberation of the Greeks.
+
+The message from Sir Edward Codrington to Lord Cochrane, which has
+been quoted, was dated the 25th of September. It was written
+immediately after an interview of the English commander and Admiral de
+Rigny, who was in charge of the French squadron, with Ibrahim Pasha.
+To him they had formally announced that they were instructed to insist
+upon a cessation of hostilities, and that they should promptly act
+upon their instructions. Ibrahim answered that he had orders from the
+Sultan to continue the war, but he promised to communicate with his
+sovereign, and pledged himself to abstain from hostilities until the
+answer arrived and was reported to the allied fleets. Before that
+answer came a fortunate series of accidents, arising out of Lord
+Cochrane's expedition to the Albanian coast, turned the current of
+diplomacy and secured for Greece more freedom than had been
+anticipated.
+
+Lord Cochrane, attended by his Greek vessels, had left the
+neighbourhood of Cape Papas on the 27th of September. But, though
+deeming himself bound in honour to that course, he was willing to
+allow a part of his force to remain in the neighbourhood and watch the
+progress of events, especially as that part was at the time separated
+from him and lying in the Gulf of Lepanto. It consisted of the
+_Karteria_, under Captain Abney Hastings, the _Sauveur_, under Captain
+Thomas, and two gunboats, each mounting a 32-pounder. For a week this
+little squadron, ignorant of the arrangement between the allied
+admirals and Ibrahim Pasha, watched a Turkish force that was moored in
+the Scala of Salona, and comprised one large Algerine schooner
+carrying twenty brass guns, a brig of fourteen guns, six smaller brigs
+and schooners, two gunboats, and two armed transports. These vessels
+were protected by batteries on the level shore and other batteries on
+overhanging rocks. On the 30th of September, Captains Hastings and
+Thomas proceeded to attack them, and did so with excellent effect. The
+solid shot of the _Sauveur_ and the gunboats soon silenced the
+batteries; the red-hot shells of the _Karteria_ made havoc of the
+enemy's vessels, four being defeated within half-an-hour. Soon the
+_Sauveur_ and the gunboats joined in the attack on the shipping, and,
+in the end, seven vessels were destroyed and three captured.
+
+The news of that victory, as soon as it was conveyed to Navarino,
+where nearly all the naval force of the Turks was lying, roused the
+anger of Ibrahim Pasha, who complained that the allied powers, while
+binding him to inaction, allowed the Greeks to carry on the war. On
+the 1st of October, he sent out thirty war-ships with orders to enter
+the Gulf of Lepanto and punish Hastings and Thomas for their recent
+exploits. Sir Edward Codrington, however, pursued them, and drove them
+back to Navarino. Ibrahim Pasha, not easily to be baffled, himself
+left Navarino, on the evening of the 3rd, with fourteen of his
+stoutest vessels. Again Sir Edward Codrington gave chase, and this
+second squadron also was compelled by him to return to port. Ibrahim
+Pasha, however, was not to be robbed of his revenge. He dared not
+leave Navarino by sea, but he sent thence a land force, which marched
+up to the northern side of the Morea, and did serious mischief to the
+wornout fragment of an army which General Church was slowly conducting
+from Corinth to Papas, there to be embarked for Albania. Only by the
+unlooked-for valour of young Kolokotrones and his section was the rout
+of the whole army averted. Nor was Ibrahim satisfied with this act of
+retaliation. His troops scoured all the adjoining country, burning
+villages and laying waste the olive-groves and fig-gardens which were
+the only source of subsistence to the luckless natives.
+
+Thereby Sir Edward Codrington and his allies were in turn incensed.
+They decided that the time had come for direct interference in the
+struggle, and for the expulsion of the Ottoman forces from the Morea.
+In the afternoon of the 20th of October, five and twenty
+line-of-battle ships, frigates, and sloops entered the Bay of
+Navarino. Ten of them were English, seven were French, and eight were
+Russian, and they carried in all 1172 guns. Twenty thousand Ottoman
+troops watched them from the fortresses of Navarino and Sphakteria,
+and, as they entered the harbour, they saw some eighty Turkish and
+Egyptian vessels, mounting about 2000 guns, drawn up in the shape of a
+horseshoe to receive them. They had come only to threaten; but
+accident, or design on the part of the enemy, brought about a most
+momentous battle.
+
+A volley from the Ottomans began the fight, which was continued for
+four hours with stolid energy on both sides. The English and French
+vessels, being foremost, carried on the chief contest with the enemy's
+shipping; the Russians had to silence the batteries before they could
+enter the harbour, but then their Admiral, Count Heyden, did his full
+share of the deadly work. The fighting lasted till sunset; but by that
+time many of the enemy's hulks were in flames, and all through the
+night these flames spread from one vessel to another till nearly all
+were destroyed. At daybreak, only twenty-nine out of the eighty were
+afloat, and six thousand or more Moslems had been slain, burnt, or
+drowned. Many of the vessels of the allies were seriously damaged, and
+of their crews a hundred and seventy-five men were killed, and four
+hundred and fifty wounded.
+
+That was the battle of Navarino. "I have the honour to inform you,"
+wrote Sir Edward Codrington to the Greek Government, "that, according
+to the decision of my colleagues, Count Heyden and Rear-Admiral de
+Rigny, and myself, the combined fleet entered this port at two o'clock
+on the 20th, that some of the ships of the Turko-Egyptian fleet first
+began a fire of musketry, and then fired cannon-shot, which led very
+shortly to a general battle, which lasted till dark, and that the
+consequence of this has been the destruction of the whole of the
+Turkish fleet, except a few corvettes and brigs. Most of the ships of
+the allied fleets have received so much injury that they must go into
+port; but if the Greek vessels of war are employed against their enemy
+instead of destroying the commerce of the allies, they may henceforth
+easily obstruct the movements of any Turkish force by sea."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI.
+
+THE FIRST CONSEQUENCES OF THE INTERFERENCE OF THE ALLIED POWERS AND THE
+BATTLE OF NAVARINO.--LORD COCHRANE'S INTENDED SHARE IN FABVIER'S
+EXPEDITION TO CHIOS.--ITS ABANDONMENT.--HIS CRUISE AMONG THE ISLANDS
+AND ABOUT NAVARINO.--HIS EFFORTS TO REPRESS PIRACY.--HIS RETURN TO THE
+ARCHIPELAGO.--THE MISCONDUCT OF THE GOVERNMENT.--LORD COCHRANE'S
+COMPLAINTS.--HIS LETTERS TO THE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE ALLIED POWERS,
+ACQUITTING HIMSELF OF COMPLICITY IN GREEK PIRACY.--HIS FURTHER
+COMPLAINTS TO THE GOVERNMENT.--HIS RESOLUTION TO VISIT ENGLAND.--HIS
+LETTER TO COUNT CAPODISTRIAS EXPLAINING AND JUSTIFYING THAT
+RESOLUTION.--HIS DEPARTURE FROM GREECE, AND ARRIVAL AT PORTSMOUTH.--HIS
+LETTER TO M. EYNARD.
+
+[1827-1828.]
+
+
+Heartily rejoicing at the benefit conferred on Greece by the battle
+of Navarino, Lord Cochrane could not but be troubled to think that the
+overthrow of the Turkish and Egyptian fleet, which he had laboured so
+zealously to effect, and which, had he received any adequate support
+from the Government or the people, would have been a work as easy for
+him as the enterprises in which he had been so notably successful in
+former times and other countries, had to be done by the officers and
+ships of foreign nations instead of by him and the native fleet of
+which, by name, he was commander-in-chief. The battle being won,
+however, he tried, with no flagging of his energy, to complete the
+triumph that had been thus begun, and, if anything was easy to a
+people so wanting in patriotism, made easier.
+
+He was at Poros at the time of the battle. On his way thither he had
+fallen in with the _Enterprise_, the first of the steamers built in
+England, and which, with others that never were completed at all,
+ought to have been completed nearly two years before. The _Enterprise_
+had been so badly constructed, that now that she arrived, she was of
+very little use. Lord Cochrane was now trying to improve her sailing
+powers, and at the same time attempting to collect a really manageable
+crew for the _Hellas_, and to bring together other vessels fit for
+naval work. In these labours there was no less difficulty than had
+befallen him on former occasions. The _Hellas_ was in want of water;
+but the inhabitants of Poros refused to supply it, on the plea that
+they had no more than was needed for their lemon-gardens. Some
+carpentering was urgently needed by the _Enterprise_; but, as it had
+to be done on Sunday, the workmen declined to touch a hammer,
+notwithstanding the exhortations of a priest who promised them
+absolution, and even threatened to excommunicate them if they failed
+in their duty to the country in this pressing time of its necessity.
+Of those sorts were the obstacles that occurred each day, and rendered
+futile all the efforts of Lord Cochrane and his officers.
+
+On the 27th of October, Lord Cochrane again set sail from Poros in the
+_Hellas_, accompanied by the _Sauveur_, and the corvette which he had
+lately taken from the Turks, to which the name of _Hydra_ was now
+given, and proceeded to Chios. That island, the scene of previous
+disasters, had since 1822 been left in the hands of the Turks. Colonel
+Fabvier was now attempting to recover it for Greece, and Lord Cochrane
+entered heartily into the work. He arrived on the 30th, and spent two
+days in vigorous co-operation with the land force that had reached the
+island a day before. His share in this enterprise, however, was brief.
+He was visited on the 2nd of November first by Captain Le Blanc,
+bearing a message from Admiral de Rigny, and afterwards by Captain
+Hamilton, who produced a copy of a letter addressed on the 24th of
+October to the Legislative Assembly by the Admirals of the three
+allied powers. "We will not suffer Greece," they there said, "to send
+any expedition to cruise or blockade, except between Lepanto and Volo,
+comprehending Salamis, Egina, Hydra, and Spetzas. We will not suffer
+the Greeks to carry insurrection into either Chios or Albania, and, by
+so doing, to expose the inhabitants to the cruel reprisals of the
+Turks. We regard as null and void all letters of marque given to
+cruisers found beyond the above limits; and the ships-of-war of the
+allied powers will everywhere have orders to detain them. There
+remains no longer any pretence for them. The maritime armistice is, in
+fact, observed on the side of the Turks, since their fleet no longer
+exists. Take care of yours, for we will destroy it also, if the case
+requires it, to put an end to a system of maritime pillage which will
+end by putting you out of the protection of the law of nations."
+
+By that letter, Lord Cochrane was constrained to abandon his intended
+work at Chios. He could excuse the angry terms in which it was
+couched, since the anger was only directed against the same
+unpatriotic conduct which he had all along been denouncing. He was
+painfully aware that, with the exception of his own flag-ship and the
+few vessels commanded by English officers, his fleet was chiefly
+composed of pirates, who only took temporary service under the
+national flag in order to fill up their idle time, or to make their
+public service an occasion for further clandestine pursuit of their
+lawless avocations. From the first he had persistently and fiercely
+denounced this piracy, and from the day on which he had heard of the
+victory at Navarino he had resolved to make it a special business to
+do all in his power to root out the evil. "The destruction of the
+Ottoman fleet by that of the allied powers," he had said in a
+proclamation dated the 29th of October, "having delivered the Greek
+fleet from the cares which had necessarily occupied its attention, and
+the commander of the maritime forces of Greece having the right to
+take due measures for the extinction of piracy, to preserve the honour
+of the State, and to protect the people and property of friendly
+nations, it is now made known that ships of less than a hundred tons'
+burden are not to have arms on board, unless they are first provided
+with express commissions, so registered, and numbered in such a manner
+that the number shall be conspicuously noted on the ship. All other
+vessels of the size defined which shall be found at sea with arms will
+be considered as pirates, and the crews shall be brought to trial,
+and, if found guilty, be executed."
+
+For the brief remainder of his service in Greece, indeed, Lord
+Cochrane made it his principal duty to do all in his power towards the
+suppression of piracy. The admirals of the allies having insisted that
+the Greek vessels should do nothing but watch their own coasts within
+a distance of twelve miles from the shore, he proceeded to the
+southern part of the Morea, making only a short tour, in order to meet
+the primates of Samos, Naxia, Paros, Candia, and other islands, and
+ascertain from them the condition of the people and their power of
+resistance to the Turks and to their piratical enemies of their own
+race. The information gained by him was not satisfactory. He found
+that here, as in the mainland and the nearer islands, patriotism was
+weak and misrule oppressive. Everywhere the people were the victims of
+their own want of patriotism and of the tyranny of foes, both Moslem
+and Christian.
+
+He was off Cerigo on the 15th of November. There, having heard that
+the residue of the Turkish and Egyptian fleet was preparing to put to
+sea with all the available force, apparently to carry on the war in
+Candia, he at once sailed on to the south-eastern promontory of the
+Morea, and, during a fortnight, maintained the blockade on both sides
+of Navarino, between Coron and Prodana. There also he was able to
+carry on his war against pirates. "The _Hellas_ being off the island
+of Prodana, a few miles to the north of Navarino," he reported to the
+Government, describing an important adventure of the 21st of November,
+"I sent two boats for the purpose of procuring wood from the island.
+The boats, being fired upon from persons near to some vessels in a
+cove, returned with a report that there were Turks upon the island. In
+consequence of this report, the corvette _Hydra_ was directed to enter
+by the northern passage, whilst the _Hellas_ entered to the southward
+of the island, and both vessels anchored opposite to the place where
+the supposed Turkish vessels were at anchor. It was immediately
+perceived, however, that the vessels were not Turkish, and, on
+examination, one proved to be a schooner under the Greek flag. It was
+soon discovered that a Dutch vessel at anchor in the same port had
+been seized, without the slightest pretence, by the schooner and
+plundered of almost everything that could be removed, and, moreover,
+that the captain and crew had been most barbarously flogged, for the
+purpose of ascertaining where the proceeds of the outward cargo were
+deposited."
+
+Lord Cochrane wrote to the same effect to the Governor of Zante. "I
+have left the piratical vessel with a petty officer and sufficient
+crew to blockade Prodana, until you can send and seize the pirates,
+should you think proper, as they have been plundering and annoying the
+trade of the Ionian Islands. I send two of the pirates in irons, in
+order that, obtaining further information, you may deal with them and
+with the others according to the law of nations."
+
+That instance of the policy adopted by Lord Cochrane will help to show
+how he set himself to put down piracy. The work was not easy, as the
+lawless conduct was secretly authorised by the Government, and
+practised with very little secresy by great numbers of the national
+vessels. It was in vain that he issued the proclamation of the 27th of
+October, that has been quoted; in vain, too, that he sent two gunboats
+to visit all the principal ports, with fresh injunctions against
+piracy and with authority to compel obedience to those injunctions, if
+necessary, by force. Good work, however, was done by these gunboats,
+in conjunction with two brigs detached for the purpose, in escorting
+neutral trading vessels through the waters most infested by the
+sea-robbers.
+
+Slowly and painfully the conviction was forced upon Lord Cochrane
+that, after all his previous failures in attempting to turn the
+lawless Greeks into honest patriots and to convert their ill-manned
+ships into members of an efficient navy, his labours were now more
+useless than ever. After a fortnight's cruising about Navarino, he
+retraced his course and anchored, on the 3rd of December, off Egina,
+where the so-called Government was then located. To it he wrote on
+that day, asking for directions as to his mode of procedure. "The
+squadron under my command," he said, "has been in the blockade of
+Coron, Modon, and Navarino, and I have to inform your excellencies
+that there yet exists in the port of Navarino a naval force, under the
+Turkish flag, superior to the force under my command. I have,
+therefore, felt it my duty to repair to this port, in order that I may
+obtain instructions for my guidance, more especially as the Turkish
+squadron is ready for sea, and said to be destined for Candia, with
+ten thousand men, intending there to repeat the barbarities which the
+want of provisions in the Morea renders it impossible they can longer
+perpetrate in that quarter. There is also a great number of captive
+women and children about to be transported as slaves, and the only
+force of the allied powers off Navarino consists of a small brig, the
+_Pelican_, which is totally inadequate to impede the naval operations
+of the Turks. Under these circumstances, I beg to be explicitly
+informed whether I am to consider that 'the armistice _de facto_'
+continues, and if you have any doubt on the subject that you will be
+pleased candidly to inform me, that I may not be led into error and so
+increase the evils by doing anything in opposition to the intentions
+of the allied powers."
+
+That letter was answered by a personal visit from the members of the
+Government, when Lord Cochrane was informed that the triumvirate was
+so embarrassed by the demands of the allied powers for restitution on
+account of piracies committed with its approval that it could neither
+do nor sanction anything at all. He was told that even the scanty
+means that he had had for supporting the fleet out of the revenues of
+the islands could no longer be allowed to him, as every dollar that
+could any how be collected would be required for other purposes.
+
+Still, however, the Government expected him to continue his work, and
+he was even asked to do work from which, both for his own honour and
+in the interests of Greece, he felt bound to abstain. "I have received
+your letter," he wrote to the Secretary, about ten days afterwards,
+from Poros, "informing me that it is the desire of the Government that
+a national vessel shall be despatched to Chios, in the event of my
+being prevented from personally proceeding in the _Hellas_ to that
+island. In reply to this intimation, I have to state to you that it is
+impossible for me, consistently with the duties which I owe to Greece,
+to place the national squadron, whilst it shall continue under my
+command, or any part thereof, under circumstances to be treated by the
+ships-of-war of the allied powers after the manner set forth in the
+letter of the 24th of October, addressed by the three admirals to the
+Legislative Assembly,--a determination which is even more painful to
+me than the grief I feel at finding myself involved, notwithstanding
+all my precautions, in the restrictions and penalties justly laid upon
+privateers and pirates. I cannot trust myself to say more on this
+subject, lest I should be led by my feelings to pass the bounds which
+I prescribe to myself as an officer when treating of the conduct of
+the Government which he serves. If Chios remains unprotected, if
+Candia is deprived of the aid it might receive from the national
+marine, and if the ships-of-war are incapacitated from extending the
+bounds of Greece, I have the consolation of knowing that I have used
+my utmost endeavours to prevent the evils I foresaw. One of these,
+however, I was far from anticipating,--namely, that the revenues which
+I was authorised to collect for the service of the marine would have
+been withdrawn from my control and expended for other purposes; more
+particularly that sums so diverted should be placed to the account of
+the marine, without the objects for which they were employed having
+received my sanction or even been known by me.
+
+"I have struggled during eight months in the service of Greece against
+difficulties far greater than all I ever encountered before; and I
+would most willingly continue to contend with these, did I find the
+slightest co-operation in any quarter. But, as the Government has
+withdrawn _de facto_ the resources decreed, and the seamen decline to
+embark without pay in advance, and the funds, arising from the
+philanthropy of other European nations, which supplied the navy with
+the means of subsistence, are wholly exhausted, I have no alternative
+but to lay the ships up in port, until means to defray the expenses of
+the navy shall be found. I have myself, during the last month, paid
+the Greeks in the naval service; but whilst I see that even the share
+of prizes claimed by Government is diverted from its proper use, I
+shall not continue to be answerable for future expenses, nor for the
+liquidation of the just claims of the foreign officers, which they
+have had the patience to leave in arrears for many months."
+
+It had come to this. Lord Cochrane had been devoting all his energies
+to the service of Greece; and now he found himself deserted by his
+employers, or only retained in the hope that he would be an unpaid
+agent in piratical and lawless proceedings.
+
+That last circumstance was to him the most painful of all. Having done
+his utmost to restrain the piracy that was rife, he was still regarded
+by the governing triumvirate as only the most powerful instrument for
+achievements that were little better than piratical; and the same cruel
+misrepresentation of his functions was common among his enemies in
+England and other parts of Europe. Colour for this misrepresentation
+appeared in the celebrated letter written by the three admirals on the
+24th of October, which, describing the national fleet as a mere crowd
+of "Greek corsairs," by implication included Lord Cochrane and his
+English supporters in the same opprobrium. This had not at first been
+perceived by him. On his detecting the insult, he wrote to the
+representatives of the three powers three letters, which here need to
+be quoted in his justification.
+
+The first was addressed, on the 13th of December, to Captain Le Blanc,
+commander of the _Junon_. "The silence respecting the regular forces
+under my orders," he said, "observed in the letter of the admirals of
+the mediating powers, dated October the 24th, 1827, appearing to make
+no distinction between them and the mere pirates, hanging over both
+the same accusations, and subjecting consequently the former to the
+restrictions wisely adopted towards the latter, makes it my duty, both
+towards the country which I serve, towards the officers under my
+command, and towards myself, to protest publicly and in the face of
+Europe, against the interpretations to which such a document seems to
+give foundation. The detailed account of the conduct of those ships of
+war which are under my immediate orders, and which compose the
+national squadron of Greece, will prove that no neutral vessel
+whatever has been seized, driven out of its course, or stopped by them
+under any pretext whatever, with the exception of such as have broken
+the blockade of Lepanto, the detention of which is legalized by the
+act above mentioned. These facts are undeniable. The conduct of the
+officers of the national squadron has been conformable, in all points,
+to the laws of nations and to the instructions issued by the admirals,
+in their character of representatives of the mediating Powers. No
+hostility has been committed by the national vessels against the
+territory or the forces of the Turco-Egyptian Government, placed
+beyond the prescribed limits of Lepanto. But, if such be the state of
+things, I have the right of sending on a mission, for the public
+service, ships of war beyond these limits, and, availing myself of
+that right, I have despatched two (the one to Corfu, and the other to
+Syra), the destination of which relates to the finances of the navy.
+Be pleased, sir, to communicate the contents of this letter to Admiral
+de Rigny, with whom you have communicated verbally on the subject, and
+explain to him the propriety of this step, to avoid explanations with
+which it is not necessary that the public should intermix."
+
+The second letter, dated the 5th of January, 1828, was to the
+commander of the Russian frigate _Constantine_. "Although I am aware,"
+wrote Lord Cochrane, "that his excellency, Count Heyden, when he
+affixed his signature to the letter of the Admirals, addressed to the
+Legislative Assembly of Greece, dated the 24th of October, could not
+attest, of his own knowledge, the truth of the imputations contained
+in the said document; yet, as the public may not recollect that the
+recent arrival of the Count precluded the possibility of his being in
+the slightest degree acquainted with facts regarding the regular naval
+service under my command, I expect from the Count, that so soon as he
+shall have informed himself on the subject, he will take the necessary
+steps to remove an evil impression which he unconsciously has
+contributed to produce, and thus save me, in as far as the Count is
+concerned, the necessity, always disagreeable, even of a satisfactory
+refutation of the imputations cast upon me as Commander-in-Chief of
+the Greek fleet."
+
+The third letter was to Commodore Hamilton, of the _Cambrian_, who had
+been left by Sir Edward Codrington to represent the British squadron
+in the Archipelago. "The Government of Greece having acquiesced in the
+offer made by the three Powers to mediate in her behalf," wrote Lord
+Cochrane, "it became my duty to obey the decision of the admirals
+representing those Powers, when duly communicated. But whilst my
+official situation demands acquiescence on points of a public nature,
+it is far otherwise when the Admirals give reasons affecting the
+character of the regular naval service of Greece, in justification of
+restrictions imposed by them on the movements of the squadron I
+command, accompanied by threats to destroy the Greek vessels of war,
+in order to prevent asserted piracy. You, sir, who are accurately
+acquainted with facts, and now possess ample means of ascertaining the
+truth here upon the spot, must know, or may learn, that no neutral
+vessel has been seized or disturbed in her course by the national
+squadron on the high seas, nor any vessel detained, except those
+acting in violation of the blockades acknowledged by these very
+Admirals. Is it not then extraordinary that such limitations and
+menaces on false grounds should originate with persons whose high
+official situations would seem to sanction imputation under their
+signatures? I have told the French and Russian commanders, and I hope
+you will assure the British Admiral, that I shall be loth to trespass
+on public attention with explanations, to refute their joint letter of
+the 24th of October, in justification of those under my orders; but it
+will become me so to do unless a satisfactory interpretation shall be
+given to expressions which, at present, seem even more particularly
+personal to myself."
+
+That was almost the last letter written by Lord Cochrane in Greece for
+many months. Finding his position as First Admiral of the Greek navy,
+without work to do or crews to direct, unbearable, he had resolved
+upon a fresh expedient for attempting to improve the state of affairs.
+Before that, however, he made a last attempt to gain support from the
+nominal Government, and uttered a last protest against its mode of
+procedure. "I have strenuously endeavoured," he wrote on the 18th of
+December, "to avoid laying before you any complaint, more particularly
+concerning acts done by your excellencies; but there is a point at
+which such forbearance on my part would become a dereliction of my
+duty as an officer in the service of Greece, amounting even to treason
+against the State. So long as the evils extended no further than the
+depriving the ships-of-war of their crews, and preventing the
+brulottes from being equipped for service; so long as the injury
+occasioned by the granting of numerous licences to privateers only
+prevented naval operations from being carried on against the enemy, I
+remained silent. But now that the conduct of those privateers has
+brought down upon the Greek nation a threat of being placed out of the
+law of nations, and has involved the national squadron, unmeritedly,
+in the disgrace attached to those who have been guilty of unlawful
+acts, it is my duty to notify to your excellencies that I consider all
+authorities given without my intervention to armed vessels, of any
+description, for belligerent purposes, to be illegal, and that I have
+given orders to the national vessels under my authority to seize them,
+wherever they may be found, that they may be judged according to the
+law of nations." "I have been waiting with anxiety," he wrote in
+another letter, a few days later, "for the occurrence of events which
+would have rendered it unnecessary for me to enter into any
+correspondence with your excellencies on pecuniary matters; but,
+unfortunately, my anticipations on this head having been disappointed,
+and the squadron being without even the provisions necessary for the
+maintenance of the few men required on board the ships when at anchor,
+it has become an imperious duty no longer to delay calling upon your
+excellencies to fulfil the engagement entered into relative to the
+appropriation of two-thirds of the revenues of the islands, which you
+have thought fit to apply to other purposes."
+
+To neither letter was any satisfactory answer sent by the authorities,
+and Lord Cochrane, after all his previous troubles, believed that none
+would ever be obtained. He therefore suddenly resolved to leave Greece
+for a time, to go himself to England and France, and there, by
+personal communication with the leading Philhellenes, to describe the
+actual condition of Greece, and to see if any better state of affairs
+could be brought about. This resolution he announced on the 1st of
+January, 1828, to Count Capodistrias, who, having been elected
+President of Greece nearly nine months before, and having accepted
+that office, had not yet thought fit to enter upon it or to do
+anything towards repairing the shattered fortunes and retrieving the
+violated honour of the State of which he was nominally the head.
+
+"On my return home from Brazil," said Lord Cochrane, in this memorable
+letter, "I was pressed by various friends of Greece to engage in the
+service of a people struggling to free themselves from oppression and
+slavery. My inclination was consonant to theirs. It was stipulated
+that, for the objects in view, six steam-vessels should be rapidly
+built, and that two old vessels of war, or Indiamen, should be
+purchased and manned with foreign seamen. The engines for the
+steam-vessels were to be high-pressure, these being the easiest
+constructed and managed; and two American frigates, when finished,
+were also to be placed under my authority. The failure of the
+engineer, through disgraceful ignorance or base treachery, in the
+proper construction of the engines--the want of funds to procure the
+old vessels of war or Indiamen with foreign seamen--and the retention
+of one of the frigates built in North America, deprived me of the
+whole of the stipulated force, except the _Hellas_. It is needless to
+remark that with one frigate I was unable to effect that which has
+since required eleven European ships of the line, aided by many
+frigates and smaller vessels, to accomplish. Under these
+circumstances, it became my duty to confine myself to desultory
+operations, secretly conducted against the enemy.
+
+"The difficulties I have had to contend with, even in these
+excursions," he continued, "can best be appreciated by the few foreign
+European officers who accompanied me. The obstinate refusal of the
+Greek seamen to embark or perform the smallest service without being
+paid in advance--the contempt with which the elder portion of the
+seamen treated every endeavour to promote regularity and maintain
+silence in exercising the great guns and other evolutions, rendered
+their improvement hopeless; and the enlistment of young seamen, whilst
+the old were rejected, has been rendered extremely difficult by reason
+of the influence of the latter, and by the prejudice excited against a
+regular naval service by influential individuals, whose power and
+importance are thereby diminished in the maritime islands. The frequent
+mutinies or resistance to authority, and the numerous instances in
+which I have been obliged to return to port or abstain from going to
+sea are recorded, as to dates and circumstances, in the log-book of the
+_Hellas_, together with the disgraceful conduct of the crew in the
+stripping and robbing of prisoners, and their want of coolness in the
+presence of an enemy--exemplified on our attacking a small frigate and
+a corvette near Clarenza, and by the firing of upwards of four hundred
+round shot, on a subsequent occasion, at the corvette now named
+_Hydra_, without hitting the hull of that vessel four times, although
+she was within a hundred yards of the _Hellas_. Such was the confusion
+excited by the contiguity even of so inferior an enemy. It is not my
+intention to trouble you at present with detail; yet I cannot suffer to
+pass unnoticed that certain commanders, and the seamen of the majority
+of the fireships--in the use of which vessels rested my last
+hopes--failed in their duty on the only two important occasions when
+their services were required; once at Alexandria in the presence of the
+enemy, as the brave Kanaris can well testify; and again by the crews
+abandoning their duty and embarking in privateers, many of them after
+having received pay in advance for their services. Indeed--encouraged
+by privateering licenses--insubordination, outrage, and piracy have
+arrived at such a pitch that these very national fireships, stripped
+not only of their rigging, but of their anchors and cables, are now
+drifting about the harbour of Poros. A neutral boat, detained by the
+_Hellas_ for violation of blockade, has been plundered by those sent in
+charge of her; and scarcely a vessel can pass between the islands, or
+along the shore, without the passengers and property being exposed to
+brutal violence and plunder. A darker period is yet approaching if
+decisive measures are not adopted for the suppression of outrages like
+these.
+
+"I am ready to serve Greece, and to aid in any way in the
+accomplishment of the arduous task you have undertaken; but, on the
+fullest consideration of circumstances, I feel that I should practise
+a deception were I to contribute to the belief that the few foreign
+officers in the naval service can put a stop to these disorders, which
+must finally involve the character of that very service, already
+prematurely brought in question by the conduct of vessels unlawfully
+commissioned by the temporary Government. I have, in consequence of
+this opinion, come to the resolution to exert myself to procure
+adequate means to execute the duties of an office in which my efforts
+hitherto have been all counteracted; and I the more readily adopt this
+resolution as, during the winter months, it is impossible to navigate
+the _Hellas_ in these narrow seas with a crew of young inexperienced
+Greek seamen, and still more impracticable to manage her with old ones
+of Turkish habits. I may, indeed, add that, until the communication
+addressed on the 24th of October by the three admirals to the
+Legislative Assembly shall be cancelled, it is hopeless to attempt any
+naval enterprise in favour of Greece, even had Admiral de Rigny not
+super-added his commands 'that all Greek vessels, armed for war, found
+beyond twelve miles from the shores of continental Greece, between
+Volo and Lepanto, shall be destroyed.' I repeat that I have taken my
+determination, not from any private feeling of disgust at the above
+disgraceful restrictions brought by the temporary Government; nor from
+their misappropriation of the revenues allotted to maritime purposes,
+and the consequent want of pay, stores, and even provisions for the
+ships of war; nor from the painful feeling that the crippled ships of
+the enemy are thereby enabled to depart in security, dragging with
+them four thousand Grecian captives to slavery; nor from the
+impossibility of reducing their maritime fortifications, while the
+Greeks, unpunished, are the chief violators of the blockade; but I
+have resolved to proceed to England without loss of time, that I may
+render better service to Greece. If you aid me with means, my object
+as to seamen will be ensured. Sober, steady men can be obtained from
+the northern nations, who will do their duty, and, since precept is
+useless, teach the Greeks by example. Then piracy may cease and
+commerce may flourish. Be your intention in regard to the
+steam-vessels still in England what it may, foreign seamen are
+indispensable to the interests of Greece and to your own; and the
+expense of bringing them here will be little increased if these
+steamers, fitted under my inspection, shall become the means of their
+conveyance. The hardship of a winter's voyage to the North, in a small
+vessel, I shall deem amply repaid if I can accomplish these objects,
+expose the injustice and impolicy of certain measures, and bring the
+real wants of Greece to the knowledge of a liberal and enlightened
+administration."
+
+On the same New Year's Day Lord Cochrane wrote, explaining his
+resolution, to Dr. Gosse, who, of all the Philhellenes in Greece, had
+rendered him most efficient service in his thankless task, and most
+zealously encouraged him, throughout a long series of failures for
+which he was in no way answerable, to persevere in struggling for
+success. "My dear friend and fellow-sufferer," he said, "in conformity
+with your wish and opinion, I have tolerated my mental load of
+grievances until the new year; but as it is essential to commence it
+well in order that measures may prosper to the end, I have resolved to
+put my intention in execution, regardless of the officious tongues of
+those of microscopic views who may deem that my time might be well
+employed in balancing the rivalships of barbarous seamen or protecting
+the movable stores of the immovable _Hellas_. In my present state of
+official insignificance I could render no other service. I have stated
+a few of my reasons in a letter to Capodistrias, for his private
+information, when he shall assume the office of president. I hope
+these will suffice, and that he will communicate his desire, which
+shall be duly attended to."
+
+In accordance with his new resolution, Lord Cochrane transferred the
+command of the _Hellas_, and such control of the whole navy as was
+possible, to Admiral Miaoulis. He left Poros in the little schooner
+_Unicorn_, on the 10th of January, and arrived at Portsmouth on the 11th
+of February. "The anxiety and disappointment," he said, writing to M.
+Eynard from Portsmouth on the following day, "which I experienced in
+regard to the steam-vessels and other means that were to have been
+placed at my disposal are trifling, when compared to the distress I have
+felt at finding my only remaining hope of rendering effectual service to
+Greece destroyed by the impossibility of inducing the Greek seamen to
+submit to the slightest restraint on their inclinations, or to render
+the most trifling service without being paid in advance, or to perform
+such service after being so paid, if it suited their interest or
+convenience to evade the fulfilment of their engagement. More than six
+crews have passed under my review on board the _Hellas_ in the course of
+as many months, exclusive of those in other vessels, and,
+notwithstanding all that has been written to praise the courage of the
+Greek seamen, they are collectively the greatest cowards I have ever met
+with. No service of any difficulty or danger can be undertaken with such
+men without the greatest risk of being compromised by the confusion they
+create, and the impossibility of causing orders to be obeyed. Indeed,
+though styled Commander-in-Chief of the Greek Naval Forces, I have,
+since the 12th of April last, when I hoisted my flag, been, in truth,
+under the control of wild and frantic savages, whose acts are guided by
+momentary impulses or heedless avidity to grasp some immediate pecuniary
+or petty advantage, regardless of any prospect of future benefit,
+however great, to their country or to themselves. To give you an idea of
+the character of men suddenly emancipated from a state of the most
+degrading and abject slavery, in which state cunning, deception, and
+fraud, if not absolutely requisite, were convenient and profitable, of
+their present arrogancy, ignorance, despotism, and cruelty, when safe
+opportunity offers for revenge, would require that a diary should be
+laid before you of events which have actually occurred. The confidence
+you were pleased to repose in me, and the friendly offices for which I
+am indebted to you would have imposed upon me the task of transmitting
+to you such detail, had the state of my mind, harassed by constant
+contrarieties, permitted.
+
+"Leaving to a future period, then, minute recital of distressing
+occurrences, permit me to make a few observations as to the course
+that appears to be necessary to be pursued in order to save Greece
+from impending ruin:--1st. The chief leaders of the different factions
+should be removed from Greece,--those who have education, on missions
+to different states, as envoys, consuls, etc., and the others, as
+circumstances will permit. Else Greece will be a theatre of plunder
+and discord whilst they hold authority or have means to interfere in
+public affairs. 2ndly. Troops to the amount of four thousand, at
+least, are required to enforce obedience to salutary laws and
+regulations. 3rdly. Five hundred seamen from the northern nations of
+Europe or North America are indispensable for the suppression of
+piracy and to prevent the plunder of the islands. 4thly. Young Greek
+seamen should be employed by the civilized nations in their vessels of
+war and commerce. 5thly. The settlement of persons from all quarters
+of Europe, in numbers affording mutual protection, should be
+encouraged. Of course education at home, but more especially abroad,
+will improve the rising generation. For all those people now at the
+age of maturity in Greece there is no hope of amelioration. In regard
+to myself, I am ready, according to my engagement, to render any
+service in my power to Greece, and I shall feel great satisfaction if
+I am enabled to do so; but it is no part of my contract to place
+myself under the control of lawless savages. What might we not have
+done had the steam-vessels and five hundred good seamen been employed
+in Greece, when, with these barbarians, we have doubled the number of
+Greek national vessels of war, and destroyed twice as many of the
+enemy's squadron? I hope the President Capodistrias will not put his
+foot on shore in Greece, unless accompanied by a military force. If he
+does, he will afford corroborative proof of the impossibility of
+establishing a new order of things by the instrumentality of men who
+feel interested in the continuance of ancient habits and abuses."[12]
+
+  [12] See Appendix.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII.
+
+LORD COCHRANE'S OCCUPATIONS ON BEHALF OF GREECE IN LONDON AND
+PARIS.--HIS SECOND LETTER TO CAPODISTRIAS.--HIS DEFENCE OF HIMSELF
+WITH REFERENCE TO HIS VISIT TO WESTERN EUROPE.--HIS RETURN TO
+GREECE.--CAPODISTRIAS'S PRESIDENCY AND THE PROGRESS OF GREECE.--LORD
+COCHRANE'S RECEPTION BY THE GOVERNMENT.--THE SETTLEMENT OF HIS
+ACCOUNTS.--HIS LETTER OF RESIGNATION.--THE FINAL INDIGNITIES TO WHICH
+HE WAS SUBJECTED.--THE CORRESPONDENCE THEREUPON BETWEEN ADMIRAL HEYDEN
+AND DR. GOSSE.--LORD COCHRANE'S DEPARTURE FROM GREECE.--HIS OPINIONS
+REGARDING HER.--THE CHARACTER AND ISSUES OF HIS SERVICES TO THE
+GREEKS.
+
+[1828-1829.]
+
+
+Lord Cochrane's absence from Greece was longer and less advantageous
+than he anticipated. Arriving in London on the 19th of February, 1828,
+he found that the English Philhellenes were tired out by the bad faith
+and the unpatriotic conduct of the Greeks, and that the English
+Government, which he had hoped to influence so far as to obtain an
+alteration in the Foreign Enlistment Act which would enable him to
+secure the services of a well-trained force of British seamen, was
+determined to give no help in the matter. He found, too, that the
+steam-vessels yet to be furnished in accordance with the old contract
+with Mr. Galloway were still unfinished, and that there would be no
+little trouble and delay, added to all that had already been endured,
+before their completion could be hoped for. Not disheartened, however,
+he went almost immediately to Paris, there to see what could be
+expected from the Philhellenes of the Continent.
+
+"I have taken steps," he wrote to M. Eynard from Paris on the 2nd of
+March, "to cause one of our small steam-vessels to be fitted with
+proper engines, the expense of which I shall find means to defray. I
+hope the President will favour me with a communication at an early
+date, at least, to say whether he has means to pay and victual a few
+hundreds of foreign seamen, and thus put my mind at rest. For he must
+depend on foreign aid to support him in his government, protect
+commerce, and enable a revenue to be derived from the latent resources
+of Greece. The Greeks themselves will do nothing towards these
+objects; though there will not be wanting individuals who will
+endeavour, for their personal views, to persuade them to the contrary
+of this. My mind is not yet sufficiently tranquil to give detailed
+reasons for my opinion that things will not succeed in Greece without
+troops and other foreign aid; but such time will prove to be the
+case."
+
+"Were the three great powers," he said in another letter to M. Eynard,
+dated the 17th of March, "pleased to aid the President with funds to a
+small amount, they would accomplish more for their own benefit and
+that of Greece, than by great fleets and armies. Four thousand troops,
+under the Greek Government, and five hundred seamen, would terminate
+the affair; but never will anarchy cease or piracy be put down, nor
+will Capodistrias be secure, unless he has, under his own authority,
+the means of enforcing obedience to the laws and regulations for the
+public good by sea and land. I have told you that the Greek seamen
+cannot be used to suppress piracy, and I may truly add that no Greeks
+of age to bear arms can become soldiers, though they learn readily
+enough to perform the military exercises. There neither is nor has yet
+been, since my arrival in Greece, one single company--not even the
+marines, with which so much pains was taken--that deserves the name of
+regular. Their ideas are quite repugnant to everything that
+constitutes the military character."
+
+Lord Cochrane, who, it will be remembered, was chiefly instrumental in
+the election of Count John Capodistrias as President of Greece in
+April, 1827, had hoped much from his government. His confidence was
+not a little shaken by the long delay which the President had shown in
+entering on his office, and when Capodistrias arrived, in Greece, only
+a few days after Lord Cochrane's departure, his first acts were
+calculated to shake that confidence yet more. He introduced many solid
+reforms; but in other respects clung to the old and bad traditions of
+the people, and, which was yet worse, allowed himself to be guided by
+some of the worst placehunters and most skilful abusers of national
+power, whom he ought to have most carefully avoided. Lord Cochrane
+began to perceive this before he had been six weeks out of Greece. He
+yet hoped, however, that wise counsels and good government would
+prevail, and he tendered his advice, while he reported his own
+movements, in a second letter which he addressed to Capodistrias.
+
+"The information which your excellency must have acquired since your
+arrival in Greece," he wrote to him on the 22nd of March, "may have
+convinced you of the facts briefly touched on in the letter which I
+had the honour to address to you on the 1st of January, and may also
+have proved to you the impossibility, under existing circumstances, of
+my rendering service to Greece, otherwise than by the course I have
+pursued. Although, on my arrival in England, I was disappointed at
+finding other ministers than those I expected in the counsels of his
+Britannic Majesty, yet I had an opportunity of making facts known to
+influential individuals in proof that the interests of England would
+be best promoted by a liberal policy towards Greece, and by placing
+that country, without loss of time, in the rank of an independent
+state, having boundaries the most extensive that could be conceded.
+Since then, I have had several conversations here with the gentlemen
+of the Paris Greek Committee, and I have advised them to assure the
+ministers that large naval and military armaments are not required for
+the expulsion of the Turkish and Egyptian forces from Greece, or to
+protect that country from farther attempts at invasion by the
+before-mentioned powers; that for the speedy regulation of the
+internal affairs of Greece, and the support of your authority, it
+would be far preferable and infinitely less costly for the mediating
+powers to place in your hands the means of maintaining four or five
+thousand troops, together with five hundred seamen, and apply a
+portion of the vast sums they will save to the education of the rising
+generation of Greeks abroad and at home, and to the encouragement of
+whatever will tend to direct the talent and genius of the young people
+most speedily into the course which will entitle Greece to rank
+amongst the civilized nations of Europe. Whether this advice shall be
+listened to or not, I am satisfied that my opinion is correct, and
+that a multitude of foreign troops, in the pay of rival foreign
+nations, would contribute less to the objects these nations profess to
+have in view than a much smaller force under your own authority, more
+especially when it is considered that these troops could in no way
+interfere with the internal arrangement and police of the country,
+unless by usurping, or at least superseding the authority which ought
+to be exclusively vested in your excellency as chief of the Greek
+Government. Besides, knowing, as I do, the jealous character of your
+countrymen, the facility with which they listen to surmises and
+reports, the diversity of interests amongst the rival chiefs, and the
+intrigues practised by base and worthless individuals, I have little
+doubt but that such mixture of troops of different nations would give
+rise to a state of anarchy more injurious to Greece than that which at
+present exists. Whether such anarchy might be prevented by one nation
+alone taking upon itself the internal arrangement of Greece seems
+doubtful; for, to enforce laws, however just and necessary, by troops
+in foreign pay, against the opinion and habits of a people who have no
+just notion of the reciprocal duties of civilized society, would be in
+their estimation to erect a military despotism, and would call forth
+resistance on their part even to the most salutary changes. I have
+also recommended, as an additional security against a multitude of
+evils, an immediate demarkation of the boundaries of Greece, or, at
+least, an acknowledgment of your excellency as President. The outfit
+of two or three steam-vessels still unfinished is going on, and I
+shall find means to accomplish this object in a way that will render
+them equal if not superior in velocity to most of the steamboats in
+general use. But, as no pecuniary means could be obtained in England
+to procure seamen and purchase provisions, coals, and other
+necessaries, I came to Paris, in the hope that the Greek Committee
+might enable me to give orders regarding these arrangements, so
+indispensable to the navigating of these vessels to Greece. The Paris
+Committee, however, intimate that they have no funds; and the
+Chevalier Eynard assures me that the moneys collected by him are
+exhausted. I therefore await with anxiety your answer to the letter
+which I had the honour to address to you previous to my departure from
+Greece."
+
+No answer came from Capodistrias. He sent a message to Lord Cochrane
+asking him to sell him the little _Unicorn_, which had conveyed him to
+England, but said nothing about his own return. Believing that the
+allied powers would do for him all that was necessary in naval
+resistance of Turkey, he was not sorry to be deprived of an associate
+in the actual service of Greece as powerful as Lord Cochrane.
+
+This Lord Cochrane began to suspect. "Everything is arranged regarding
+the engines for the two steamboats," he said in a letter to M. Eynard,
+on the 24th of March; "but circumstances do not enable me to
+accomplish more, especially without the sanction of the President,
+from whom I shall no doubt shortly hear on the subject;--unless,
+indeed, he shall be persuaded by the primates of the islands that he
+can do better without a regular naval force, or, at least, without me,
+which I know is the opinion of Konduriottes, and also of
+Mavromichales, the great licenser and patron of pirates, so loudly and
+justly complained of. I am very low, and do not feel at all well. I
+cannot free myself from the oppression of spirits occasioned by seeing
+everything in the lamentable state in which all must continue in
+Greece, unless some effectual steps are taken to put an end to the
+intrigues and rivalships headed by unprincipled chiefs and backed by
+their savage followers. Believe me, that there is nothing I will leave
+undone to serve the cause. But it is essential that more time shall
+not be wasted in endeavouring to accomplish objects of vital
+importance by inadequate means."
+
+While Lord Cochrane was endeavouring to hasten the arrangements for
+his return to Greece, he was annoyed by a letter forwarded to him by
+Sir Francis Burdett. The letter was from Andreas Luriottis, one of the
+two Greek deputies who had requested Lord Cochrane, two years and a
+half before, to enter the service of Greece, and who now claimed a
+restitution of the 37,000l. paid to him, on the plea that by leaving
+Greece he had broken his contract.
+
+"Before writing to Sir Francis," said Lord Cochrane in the indignant
+letter which he addressed to this person on the 20th of April, "you
+ought to have informed yourself of facts and circumstances. You might
+have learnt that I continued to serve until the Greek Government had
+assumed to themselves the powers vested in me, as naval
+commander-in-chief, to regulate the distribution of armed vessels, and
+until they had covered the seas with piratical craft. You might have
+informed yourself that I remained at my post until the neutral
+admirals refused to hold communication with a Government which had so
+misconducted itself, and with which they considered it would have been
+disgraceful to correspond, even on subjects of a public nature. You
+might have informed yourself that I remained on board the _Hellas_
+until the temporary Government had sold and applied to other purposes
+the revenues of the islands allotted for the maintenance of the
+regular naval service, and deprived me of the means to satisfy the
+claims of the officers and seamen; that I continued until the seamen
+had abandoned the frigate, plundered the fireships, and fitted out
+pirate vessels before my eyes--all which I had no power to punish or
+means to prevent. If you or others infer that my endeavours in the
+cause of Greece are to be judged by naval operations carried on
+against the enemy by open force, you are mistaken. It is essential
+that you hold in mind that there are no naval officers in Greece who
+are acquainted with the discipline of regular ships of war, that the
+seamen would submit to no restraint, that they would not enlist for
+more than one month, that they would do nothing without being paid in
+advance, nor continue to serve after the expiration of the short
+period for which they were so paid, that by this determination of the
+seamen the _Hellas_ was detained for months in port or occupied in
+collecting amongst the islands paltry means to satisfy their demands,
+and that at last, when money was found, half the period of the
+seamen's engagement was consumed in proceeding even to the nearest
+point at which hostile operations could be carried on, whence it
+became necessary to return almost at the moment of our arrival. It is
+not for me to speak, except when I am attacked, of the services I have
+rendered both in my professional capacity and otherwise. Those who
+were in Greece knew my exertions to reconcile the National Assemblies
+in April, 1827, to suppress the animosity amongst the chiefs and save
+the country from civil discord. They know that I doubled the national
+marine by captures from the enemy. They know that by desultory
+operations I paralysed the efforts of fleets we could not oppose. They
+know that the attack on Vasiladi and Lepanto, in September last,
+induced the Turkish and Egyptian fleets to follow to that quarter, in
+violation of the armistice, and that this act produced their rencontre
+and dispute with the British admiral, and ultimately led to the
+destruction of those fleets in the port of Navarino."
+
+A few days after writing that letter, Lord Cochrane returned to London
+from Paris, where he had been staying for nearly two months, in
+frequent communication with the members of the Philhellenic Committees
+of that city and of other parts of the Continent. The growing
+dissatisfaction which the bad conduct of the Greeks had awakened in
+many of their best friends, and still more the silence of
+Capodistrias, prevented his doing all that he had hoped to do. He
+succeeded, however, in exciting some fresh interest, and found that
+one of the steamboats, at any rate, the _Mercury_, was at length in a
+fair way of completion, though this and its subsequent equipment were
+only effected by an advance of two thousand pounds, which he himself
+made. This was the business which took him to London, where he was
+busily employed during May and the first few days of June. He then
+went back to Paris for nearly three months more, and made further
+efforts, though in vain, to procure the substantial assistance for
+Greece on which his heart was set. As soon as the _Mercury_ was ready
+for sea, he directed that she should proceed to Marseilles, where she
+arrived on the 13th of September: on the 18th, determined to make the
+best use of her in his power, he again set sail for Greece.
+
+He reached Poros on or near the last day of September. He found that
+the internal arrangements of Greece had wonderfully improved.
+Capodistrias during the last eight months had been ruling with an iron
+hand over all those districts which the previous conquests of the
+Turks and Egyptians had not taken out of his control, and all those
+conquests were just then being finally abrogated. The full effects of
+the battle of Navarino were now appearing. Ibrahim Pasha, having
+deported many of his troops to Alexandria, chiefly because there was
+not food enough to be found for them in the Morea, had refused to
+surrender his authority or to abandon any of the numerous fortresses
+of which he was master. The President, with Sir Richard Church and the
+worn-out refuse of the so-called army for his only support, could do
+nothing to expel him; but he gladly accepted the proffered aid of
+France. In compliance with a protocol signed on the 19th of July,
+fourteen thousand soldiers, under General Maison, had landed at
+Petilidi, on the 30th of August, and within a week Ibrahim had been
+forced to sign a convention pledging himself to prompt evacuation of
+the peninsula. Half of the residue of his army quitted Navarino on the
+16th of September; the rest was preparing to depart at the time of
+Lord Cochrane's arrival, and actually started on the 5th of October.
+The ensuing weeks were worthily employed by the French army in
+clearing out the pestilential garrisons and making it possible for
+wholesome rule to succeed to the seven weary years of strife.
+
+Thus the primary work which Lord Cochrane had been engaged to do, and
+which he vainly strove to do under the miserable circumstances of his
+position, had been effected by others. The Ottoman fleets had been
+dispersed and destroyed, and, as far as they were concerned, Greece
+was free at last. There was work yet to be done, troublesome but most
+important work, in converting the disorderly and piratical vessels and
+crews which constituted the navy of Greece into an efficient agent for
+protecting the State and extending its boundaries. This, in spite of
+all his previous annoyances, Lord Cochrane was prepared to do, if the
+Greeks were willing. But they did not will it. Capodistrias had laid
+his plans for governing Greece, and for their performance he had no
+need of a foreigner as wise and honest as Lord Cochrane. The plans
+were not altogether reprehensible. At starting they were perhaps the
+best that could be adopted. The new President--the President whom Lord
+Cochrane had nominated as the likeliest man to beat down the factions
+and override the jealousies that had hitherto wrought such grievous
+mischief to Greece--began by acting up to the anticipations which had
+induced his selection. Schooled in Italy and Russia, he practised both
+tortuous diplomacy and straightforward tyranny in attempting to turn
+divided Greece into a united nation, in which a hundred rival
+claimants for power should be made humble instruments of the authority
+of their one master. Thereby the State was enabled to assert its
+existence, and it was made possible for good government to be
+introduced. When, however, the time came for inaugurating that good
+government, Capodistrias sought to continue the method of rule which,
+if allowable at first, was no longer right or likely to succeed. Young
+Greece was to be kept in subjection for his own aggrandisement and for
+the aggrandisement of his few favourites and advisers. These
+favourites and advisers were the leaders of the old Phanariot party,
+Prince Mavrocordatos and his brother-in-law Mr. Trikoupes; men whose
+policy Lord Cochrane had opposed on his first arrival in Greece, and
+who accordingly became even more inimical to himself than he was to
+their purposes and plans.
+
+Therefore it was that, when Lord Cochrane returned to Greece in the
+autumn of 1828, he was coldly received and his offers of further
+service, though not openly rejected, were not accepted. Throughout ten
+weeks he was treated with contemptuous indifference, or formal
+compliments, the hollowness of which was transparent. On his arrival,
+the President found it difficult to grant him an interview. When that
+interview was granted, the only subject allowed to be discussed was
+the accuracy of the accounts that had been drawn up by Dr. Gosse as
+Commissary-General of the Fleet, during the nine months of the
+previous year in which Lord Cochrane had been in active service.
+Nearly two months were spent in tedious and vexatious examination of
+these accounts, and correspondence thereupon, ending, however, in the
+partial satisfaction which Lord Cochrane derived from the knowledge
+that, after the most searching investigation, they were admitted to be
+correct in every particular.
+
+More than once, during this waiting time, Lord Cochrane threatened to
+leave Greece immediately, without waiting for the settlement of the
+accounts. He was only induced to remain, and submit to the insults
+offered to him, by the consideration that his hasty departure might
+cause an indefinite postponement of this settlement, and so prove
+injurious to his subordinates if not to himself. This being done,
+however, he lost no time in resigning his office as First Admiral of
+Greece; and that measure was accompanied by a rare exhibition of
+generosity. "The direct and active interference of the great European
+powers having decided the glorious contest for the freedom of Greece,"
+he said in a letter to Count Capodistrias, written at Poros, on the
+26th of November, "and its independence being formally acknowledged by
+accredited agents from these powers, no means now present themselves
+to me whereby I can professionally promote the interests of this
+hitherto oppressed people. I beg, therefore, that I may be permitted
+as an individual to alleviate their burdens by presenting the State
+with my share as Admiral of the corvette _Hydra_, and schooner-of-war
+_Athenian_, captured from the enemy; and further by absolving the State
+from any and every obligation whereby the sum of 20,000l. was to be
+paid to me on the acknowledgment of the independence of this country.
+If your excellency shall be pleased, conjointly with the National
+Assembly, to appropriate any part of the said amount to the relief of
+the seamen wounded, and of the families of those who have fallen
+during the contest, it will be a high gratification to my feelings,
+and I hope will be admitted as a testimony of my satisfaction at the
+introduction of useful institutions, and of the pleasure I experience
+at the rapid advancement towards order which has taken place even
+during the short period of your excellency's presidency. I have only
+to add that, if at any future time your excellency shall deem my
+services useful, I shall be delighted at an opportunity to prove my
+zeal for the welfare of Greece, more fully than circumstances have
+heretofore permitted."
+
+The President's reply, dated the 4th of December, was complimentary:
+"The Government of Greece," he said, "thanks you, my lord, for the
+services you have rendered, and for the new proof of your interest and
+your benevolence which you have shown in your letter of the 26th of
+November. As you observe, Greece having been taken under the
+protection of the great Powers of Europe, the Provisional Government
+can engage in no warlike operation worthy of your talents and your
+station. It regrets, therefore, that it cannot offer you an
+opportunity of giving further proof of the noble and generous
+sentiments which animate you in favour of Greece. The Government will
+make it its duty to convey to the National Congress your offer to cede
+your rights in the corvette _Hydra_ and the schooner _Athenian_, and
+in the 20,000l. which Greece was to pay you on the acknowledgment of
+her independence. It doubts not that the Congress will value at its
+true worth all the nation's debt to you, and that it will adopt the
+measures which you propose for succouring the families of the Greek
+seamen who have fallen in the war. The future of Greece is in the
+hands of God and of the Allied Powers. You have taken part in her
+restoration, and she will reckon you, with sentiments of profound
+gratitude, among her first and generous defenders."
+
+A day had not passed, however, before Lord Cochrane had fresh proof of
+the worthlessness of that pretended gratitude. Information having
+reached Messrs. J. and S. Ricardo, the contractors for the Greek loan
+of 1825, that the new Government contemplated repudiating the debt,
+they had written to Lord Cochrane, begging him to bring the matter
+before Capodistrias, and represent to him the injustice to the
+stock-holders and the discredit to Greece that would result from such
+an act. Lord Cochrane, accordingly, had an interview with the
+President and his two chief advisers on the 5th of December, when this
+subject was discussed, and, though the repudiation was only
+threatened, attempts were made to justify it on the plea that the
+2,000,000l. forming the loan had nearly all been squandered in England
+and America, much having disappeared in unexplained ways, the rest
+having been absorbed in ship-building and engine-making, from which
+Greece had derived no benefit. Both in the personal interview and in a
+long letter which he addressed to the President on the following day,
+Lord Cochrane indignantly resented the proposed repudiation. He
+admitted that there had been gross mismanagement, but showed that the
+chief blame for this attached to the Greek deputies, Orlando and
+Luriottis, who had been sent to England to raise the money and to see
+that it was properly expended, but who, as was well known, had sought
+only their own advantage and enjoyment, and, pilfering themselves, had
+allowed others to pilfer without restraint. He urged that the innocent
+holders of the Greek stock ought not to suffer on this account, and
+showed also, that, if there had been great abuse of the loan, it had
+enabled the Greeks to tide over their worst time of trouble. "Your
+excellency must be aware," he wrote, "that there was no war-ship
+belonging to the State which was not bought, taken, or obtained by the
+aid of this loan, and that all the guns, mortars, powder, and other
+military stores which served to maintain the liberties of Greece
+during these later years were chiefly procured by help of this same
+fund. It enabled you to carry on the war until independence was
+secured by the intervention of the Allied Powers."
+
+The debt was not repudiated; but Lord Cochrane's arguments for its
+acknowledgment gave an opportunity for exhibition of the
+long-smothered jealousy with which he was regarded by the counsellors
+of Capodistrias, if not by Capodistrias himself. The exhibition
+certainly was contemptible. As Lord Cochrane was about to leave
+Greece--and, indeed, eager to do so--the spite could only be shown in
+the arrangements made for his departure.
+
+Having transferred the _Mercury_, which brought him out, to the
+President, Lord Cochrane had to ask for a vessel to take him from
+Egina, where he was then staying, to the Ionian Islands, or, if he
+could not there find suitable conveyance, to Toulon or Marseilles. The
+brig _Proserpine_ was grudgingly placed at his disposal. "I pray you,
+my lord," wrote Mavrocordatos, on the 8th of December, "if you are
+obliged to take her to Toulon or Marseilles, not to detain her at
+Navarino or Zante, but to enable her to return with as little delay as
+possible to her work on the shores of Western Greece." Lord Cochrane
+accordingly embarked in this vessel on the 10th. No sooner was he on
+board, however, than he found himself treated with studied rudeness by
+her captain, Manoli Bouti, "exposed," as he said, "to privations and
+insults that would not be allowed in the conveyance of convicts." He
+had to put in at Poros on the same evening, and thence address a
+complaint to the Government, then lodged in that island. Four days
+passed before he received a written answer to his letter, and then it
+conveyed nothing but a formal intimation that another captain would be
+appointed in lieu of the obnoxious officer.
+
+Many personal communications, however, had passed in the interval, by
+which was confirmed the suspicion formed by Lord Cochrane from the
+first, that the captain's misconduct had been dictated by his
+superiors, and that it had been a preconceived plan to try and send
+the First Admiral of Greece--for both title and functions still
+belonged to him--from her shores with every possible degradation. He
+naturally resented this indignity. He claimed that, while he remained
+in Greece, and until his office of First Admiral was abrogated, he
+should be treated with the respect due to his rank. All he asked, he
+urged, was that he might be allowed to leave Greece at once, if with
+such show of honour from the people whom he had done his best to
+serve, as would free him from insult and the Government from
+disgrace. "I assure your excellency," he wrote to the President, "that
+I regret the occurrence of any circumstance that occasions uneasiness
+to you; but I believe that, on reflection, you will clearly perceive
+that all which has occurred has been the work of others, whose acts I
+could neither control nor foresee. I waive my right to insist at
+present on any explicit recognition of my authority, and, though there
+is ample justification for my seeking more than I desire, all that I
+demand of your excellency is, for the sake of Greece, not to suffer,
+not to sanction your ministers in an endeavour to force me on to
+public explanations, by persevering in the scandalous line of conduct
+which they pursue. Surely your excellency cannot be aware of the
+importance which naval men attach to the continuance of the insignia
+of office, whilst actually embarked within the limits of their
+station, or you would not for an instant tolerate the attempt made to
+degrade me in the estimation of the high authorities and numerous
+officers here present in the port of Poros. I respectfully await your
+excellency's official commands and warrant to strike my flag; not
+founded on reasonings or on assumptions, which may prove fallacious or
+incorrect; but dictated in explicit terms, such as an officer can,
+such as he ought to obey."
+
+That Lord Cochrane was not fighting with a shadow, appears from a
+letter addressed to Dr. Gosse, on the 15th of December, by Count
+Heyden, then commanding the _Azoff_, as representative of Russia in
+the bay of Poros. "As the affairs of etiquette are delicate," he said,
+"I beg that you will inform me whether his lordship is still serving
+as First Admiral of Greece, or whether he has received his _congÈ_. If
+he is still in her service and employ, I shall rejoice to render him
+all the honours due to his rank. In the other case, I will pay him all
+the honours, except the salute of cannon. I beg that you will favour
+me with an answer, in order that I may show his lordship all the
+honour that is due to him."
+
+Dr. Gosse's answer, though longer than Admiral Heyden expected, claims
+to be here quoted, as it furnished an important tribute to Lord
+Cochrane's worth, and was all the more valuable in that the Russian
+officer, glad to do all in his power to render homage to a man whom
+the Greek Government was now treating with childish insolence, made it
+his own by publishing it in the naval archives of Russia. "Lord
+Cochrane," wrote Dr. Gosse, "having arrived in Greece in March 1827,
+was, in the National Assembly at Troezene, elected First Admiral and
+Commander-in-Chief of the Naval Forces of Greece, with independent and
+unlimited powers. Subsequently, and after the election of Count
+Capodistrias as President, the Assembly decided that the admiral
+should be under the authority of the Government until the arrival of
+the President. During the year 1827, Lord Cochrane fulfilled his
+duties with all the zeal, all the accuracy, and all the talent for
+which he is renowned; but he found it impossible to achieve anything
+of importance, isolated as he was, without sufficient funds, and
+without support from others, except that of the Philhellenic
+Committees, and without the co-operation of the Greeks themselves. At
+length, having pledged himself not to interfere in internal politics,
+he considered his presence in Greece useless until a firm Government
+could be organized, and deemed that he could render best service to
+the nation by advocating its interests in Western Europe. He departed
+early in January, after during two months vainly awaiting the arrival
+of Count Capodistrias, whom he informed of his expedition, and asked
+for instructions. He returned to France and England, used all the
+means in his power to obtain fresh aid for Greece, fitted out one of
+the steamboats that were being prepared in London, took steps for the
+completion of the other two, and, after writing a second letter to the
+President--which, like the first one, received no answer--returned to
+Greece, resolved to devote himself to her cause. He was received with
+coldness and indifference; neither lodging, nor provisions, nor
+employment were offered to him. He asked that his accounts might be
+examined: ignorant or evil-minded commissioners were entrusted with
+their investigation, and the Government only took it in hand very
+tardily. Objections and disputes, difficulties and contradictions,
+accumulated, and it was only after a delay of sixty days that his
+accounts were publicly and officially declared to be correct. All that
+while he remained like a private person on board his steamboat, manned
+only by six sailors. In all the audiences that he had with the
+President, he asked for instructions as to the position and work that
+he should assume; but he could never receive any definite answer.
+During one interview which he had with Prince Mavrocordatos on board
+the _Mercury_, in the port of Poros, on the 1st of December, the
+anniversary of the coronation of the Emperor of Russia, he announced
+his intention of hoisting his flag on board one of the national
+vessels as a public compliment to that sovereign, and asked M.
+Mavrocordatos to inform the President of that intention; but he
+received no answer. He had during this period received numerous
+letters from the Government addressed to him as First Admiral and
+Commander-in-Chief of the Naval Forces of Greece. He afterwards went
+to Egina with Messrs. Trikoupes and Mavrocordatos, to receive a part
+of the money due to him, and to hand over to the Commission of Marine
+the steamboat _Mercury_. That done, he was embarked in a national
+vessel, a miserable brig which had been seized as contraband, badly
+repaired, which had been sent to convey him to Navarino, Zante,
+Toulon, or Marseilles. This vessel was under the orders of a Hydriot
+brulotteer, an ignorant and coarse man, who, long before, at the
+expedition against Alexandria, had acted in direct violation of the
+admiral's orders; and the crew was on a par with the captain. Lord
+Cochrane was insolently received by these people. No place of safety
+was found for his baggage and his money; no food was provided even for
+the voyage from Egina to Poros, where Lord Cochrane wished to take
+leave of the President. At Poros the captain repeated his insults.
+Lord Cochrane requested the President to dismiss him, but received no
+answer. M. Trikoupes even came on board and declared that the captain
+should continue his voyage and proceed to his destination. Lord
+Cochrane then said that he would be master on board a vessel from
+whose mast floated his admiral's flag, and that he would yield to
+nothing but the written orders of the President, in order, as he said,
+that he might protect himself from the insolence of servants of the
+Government who sought to annoy him by their exhibition of paltry
+jealousy, or to force him into a quarrel with the President. The day
+before yesterday, in the afternoon, he had an interview with the
+President, and, Messrs. Trikoupes and Mavrocordatos being present, he
+openly pointed out to him the intrigues of these officials and the
+dangers of the course in which they were leading him. Warmly, and with
+the boldness of a good conscience, he exposed their policy and
+expressed his views upon the organization of the Greek navy. He then
+repeated his wish to depart as soon as possible, although he declared
+himself willing at any future time to serve Greece if she had need of
+him. He also announced that he would at once take down his flag of
+authority if the President officially and directly required it, but
+that, if any charges were brought against him, he should be compelled
+to remain in Greece until he had exculpated himself before the nation
+and obtained the punishment of the unworthy servants of the President,
+for whom personally he declared that he had a profound respect, while
+he commiserated his difficult and painful position. In this interview
+Lord Cochrane appeared to me to have a great advantage over his
+antagonists. Yesterday the admiral's flag was still floating. In the
+evening the President wrote him a letter in vague terms and
+contributing nothing to the end he had in view. This morning Lord
+Cochrane, in his reply, has again asked for authority to lower his
+flag, if that is the will of the President; but no orders have been
+received. This precise statement of facts which have come under my own
+knowledge will, I think, make it easy for your excellency to arrive at
+conclusions comporting with the laws of etiquette."
+
+"I have read your letter with pleasure and with pain," wrote Admiral
+Heyden in answer on the same day; "for I am certain that Lord Cochrane
+must have suffered greatly from the treatment to which he has been
+exposed. In proof of my esteem I beg that he will send back to their
+kennels these miserable causes of his annoyance, and proceed to Malta,
+or to Zante if he wishes, in one of my corvettes, taking with him as
+large a suite as he likes. It cannot be too numerous. As regards his
+salute, I shall receive him with the honours due to his rank and with
+musical honours; and at his departure I will man the yards; but the
+salute of guns I cannot give him, as he is not in naval authority.
+Vice-Admiral Miaoulis never received from me the honours which I offer
+to Lord Cochrane. I did not man the yards and did not give him a
+salute. I hope I shall have the pleasure of seeing his lordship, and
+that I can provide him a passage more agreeable than that proposed for
+him by Greece."
+
+Not content with sending that friendly message to Lord Cochrane,
+Admiral Heyden took prompt occasion to reprove Capodistrias for his
+unworthy conduct. Capodistrias thereupon used the influence of Dr.
+Grosse in bringing about at any rate a formal reconciliation between
+himself and Lord Cochrane, the result of which was that the latter
+received the official discharge that he desired, and even an offer to
+find him in another ship a better passage than he could have expected
+on board the _Proserpine_. Lord Cochrane, however, preferred to accept
+Admiral Heyden's more generous invitation. "It is gratifying," he said
+in a letter to Dr. Grosse on the 18th of December,[13] "that even the
+authority to which wicked men refer in proof of the rectitude of evil
+deeds fails to sanction infamous conduct. Alas! if Capodistrias
+suffers--and he seems not inclined to oppose--I say, if he suffers the
+base intrigues of the Phanar to be introduced as the means of ruling a
+nation, Greece must fall back, if not into a darker state, yet into a
+worse condition, inasmuch as suspended anarchy is preferable to civil
+war."
+
+  [13] Dr. Gosse had remained in Greece during Lord Cochrane's absence,
+  and he continued to reside in Greece for a few months after his
+  friend's final departure. He won for himself much gratitude, not only
+  by his zealous work in war time, but by the skill and patience with
+  which he sought to reduce the plague which raged in Greece in 1827 and
+  1828. Two proofs of the popularity which he fairly won are as follows.
+  The first, dated the 17th of June, 1828, was signed by twenty-three
+  leading inhabitants of Poros.
+
+  "Nous citoyens de Poros, reconnaissant dans la personne de M. le
+  Docteur Louis AndrÈ Gosse, un homme animÈ du philhellÈnisme le plus
+  sincËre et douÈ de vertus Èminentes, considÈrant son zËle ardent et
+  infatigable pourtant en ce qui concerne le bien de la patrie et pour
+  la cause sacrÈe de la GrËce et en particulier tÈmoins des soins
+  philanthropiques qu'il a prodiguÈs aux indigens, persuadÈs d'autre
+  part que ses qualitÈs rares contribueront ‡ l'amÈlioration de la
+  morale du peuple Grec, et animÈs du dÈsir d'attacher ‡ notre Ile cette
+  homme vertueux; d'une voix unanime et d'un accord commun concÈdons le
+  droit de bourgeoisie au susdit M. L. A. Gosse, pour qu'il jonisse
+  dorÈnavant du titre et des droits de citoyen Poriote indigËne. En foi
+  de quoi nous lui avons dÈlivrÈ la prÈsente."
+
+  The other document was issued by President Capodistrias on the 23rd of
+  February, 1829.
+
+  "La lettre que vous venez de m'adresser, datÈe du 21 FÈvrier, et les
+  comptes qu'elle renferme, sont une nouvelle preuve du zËle et de
+  l'extrÍme exactitude, par laquelle vous vous Ítes toujours montrÈ
+  digne de la confiance des amis gÈnÈreux de la GrËce.
+
+  "Je n'ai pas besoin de vous rÈpÈter combien la nation sait apprÈcier
+  les services que vous lui avez rendus, et combien de reconnaissance je
+  vous dois en particulier. C'est ‡ mon instance que vous avez prolongÈ
+  d'un an votre sÈjour en GrËce. Dans cet espace, et surtout dans l'ÈtÈ
+  dernier, la peste et les maladies qui vinrent augmenter nos malheurs
+  et nos souffrances, vous ont fourni l'occasion de co-opÈrer par un
+  noble dÈnouement a l'accomplissement des mesures sanitaires qui ‡
+  l'aide de la Providence ont conjurÈ les manx majeurs, dont la Patrie
+  Ètait menacÈe.
+
+  "Maintenant vous devez remplir des dÈsirs qui honorent vos sentiments,
+  vous allez retourner dans votre heureuse patrie, auprËs de votre mËre.
+  Mes voeux vous y accompagneront, je vous souhaite toute sorte de
+  bonheur. La GrËce ne peut dans ce moment vous exprimer d'autre maniËre
+  sa reconnaissance, mais un jour viendra, je l'espËre, dans lequel elle
+  le pourra et son Gouvernement s'empressera alors d'acquitter sa dette
+  envers vous, ainsi qu'envers les autres Ètrangers, qui sincËrement et
+  gÈnÈreusement ont servi sa cause sacrÈe.
+
+  "Lorsque vos affaires et vos intÈrÍts le permettront, vous vous
+  occuperez toujours du bien de la GrËce; vous lui serez toujours utile
+  partout o˘ vous vous trouverez; mais si vous voulez lui Ítre utile
+  plus directement, revenez encore au milieu d'un peuple qui vous
+  connaÓt et qui vous aime, et son gouvernement se h‚tera de vous mettre
+  ‡ mÍme de lui rendre encore de grands services.
+
+  "Recevez en attendant l'expression de ces sentiments, avec l'assurance
+  de la considÈration le plus distinguÈe."
+
+Those prognostications proved correct. Capodistrias, allowing others
+to direct him in ways of bad government, entered on a policy which
+very soon led to his assassination--to be followed by the milder rule
+of King Otho.
+
+On the 20th of December Lord Cochrane left Poros in the Russian
+corvette _Grimachi_, honourably placed at his disposal by Admiral
+Heyden, and proceeded to Malta. There he was worthily received by the
+British admiral, Sir Pulteney Malcolm, who offered him immediate
+conveyance to Naples in the _Racer_, or, in a week's time, a passage
+direct to Marseilles in the _Etna_. Believing that thus he would save
+time, he chose the former alternative. From Naples, however, he found
+it impossible to proceed to Marseilles, and he was obliged, on the
+29th of January, to embark in an English merchant vessel to Leghorn.
+Eleven days were spent in the short voyage, and on reaching Leghorn he
+had to submit to fifteen days' quarantine before being allowed to
+proceed to Paris, there to rejoin his family. The whole journey
+occupied nearly ten weeks.
+
+From Leghorn he wrote on the 15th of February to Chevalier Eynard
+respecting Greece and her still unfortunate condition. "Civilization
+and internal order," he said, "can make no steady progress in Greece
+unless the Government can be supported otherwise than by the present
+bands of undisciplined, ignorant, and lawless savages. Under existing
+circumstances, Greeks who have attained the age of maturity are
+incapable of military organization. You have long known my opinion as
+to the necessity of sending foreign troops to Greece to maintain
+order. You know that I preferred Swiss or Bavarian soldiers to those
+of the great pacificating powers, because the latter cannot, with
+propriety, interfere in matters of police, whilst paid by foreign
+countries. It is now, however, too late to send small military
+establishments, such as would have sufficed on the arrival of
+Capodistrias, because _now_ they would be considered as oppressors;
+_then_ they would have been received as allies and friends. The
+alternatives that may be pursued in the conduct relative to Greece now
+are, to let the Revolution work itself out, as in South America, or to
+leave six regiments in the country until the young men who are abroad
+shall be educated and the rising generation at home shall be somewhat
+civilized. It is of no use to attempt to do good by half measures
+under the present circumstances of Greece. Kolokotrones is ready, on
+the spot, to take possession of Patras the moment it is evacuated.
+Petro-Bey, who has been prosecuted in the Court of Admiralty for
+piracy, is prepared to avenge himself by taking authority in Maina.
+Konduriottes, Zaimes, and all the other chiefs, anxiously await the
+meeting of the Assembly, which they hail as the final hour of the
+President's authority. Capodistrias's ministers, too, who are no
+fools, but, on the contrary, cunning men, undoubtedly have similar
+views, for they have taken every means to discredit, disgust, and
+drive away every foreigner who, by his conduct, counsel, or friendly
+intimation, could avert the evil. Thus things are fast tending towards
+a discreditable close of the President's administration."
+
+"Thank God," wrote Lord Cochrane three months later, on the 17th of
+May, to Dr. Gosse, who, in the interval, had also left Greece, "we are
+both clear of a country in which there is no hope of amelioration for
+half a century to come; unless, indeed, immigration shall take place
+to a great extent, under some king, or competent ruler, appointed and
+supported by the Governments of the mediating powers. The mental fever
+I contracted in Greece has not yet subsided, nor will it probably for
+some months to come."
+
+Lord Cochrane might well be suffering from a mental fever. Nearly four
+years of his life had been spent in efforts to serve Greece, and with
+very poor result. To himself the issue had been wholly unfortunate;
+even the pecuniary recompense to which he was entitled having been so
+reduced as not to meet the expenses to which he had been put, partly
+through his generous surrender of the 20,000l. which he was to receive
+on completion of the work, partly through the depreciation of the
+Greek stock in which, out of sympathy for the cause, he had invested
+the 37,000l. paid to him on his engagement.
+
+And to Greece the issues had been far less beneficial than he had
+hoped. The tedious and wanton delays to which he had been subjected at
+starting, whereby that starting was prevented for a year and a half,
+had hindered his arrival in Greece till it was too late for him to do
+much of the work that he had planned. The want of money, and, still
+more, the want of patriotism, courage, and even common honesty on the
+part of nearly all the leaders with whom he was to co-operate, and the
+officers and crews whom he was to command, had caused his ten months'
+active service in Greece to comprise little more than a series of bold
+projects, and projects which, if he had been aided by brave men, would
+have been as easy as they were bold, in which he received none of the
+support that was necessary, and which accordingly all his energy and
+genius could not make successful. When, after his visit to England and
+France, he returned to Greece, eager and able to render invaluable
+assistance in the organization of the navy, he was treated only with
+neglect and insolence, from which at last he was enabled to escape
+through the generous sympathy of a Russian admiral.
+
+Much, however, he had done for Greece. To his persistent entreaties
+were due all the meagre displays of patriotism by which the Government
+of the country was maintained and Capodistrias accepted as President,
+and all the feeble efforts by which the war was carried on and the
+triumph of the Porte was averted until the direct interference of the
+Allied Powers. That interference had been in great measure induced by
+the report that he had entered the service of Greece, so that to him
+was due not a little of the benefit that accrued from the whole course
+of diplomacy by which her independence was secured; and the
+independence was made more prompt and complete than could have been
+expected by the fortunate circumstance of his having occasioned the
+collision between the forces of Turkey and those of the Allied Powers
+which issued in the Battle of Navarino. Much more he would have
+achieved had his arguments been listened to and his plans supported.
+His failures no less than his successes bespeak his worth.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIII.
+
+A RECAPITULATION OF LORD COCHRANE'S NAVAL SERVICES.--HIS EFFORTS TO
+OBTAIN RESTITUTION OF THE RANK TAKEN FROM HIM AFTER THE STOCK EXCHANGE
+TRIAL.--HIS PETITION TO THE DUKE OF CLARENCE.--ITS REJECTION BY THE
+DUKE OF WELLINGTON'S CABINET.--LORD COCHRANE'S OCCUPATIONS AFTER THE
+CLOSE OF HIS GREEK SERVICE.--HIS RETURN TO ENGLAND.--HIS MEMORIAL TO
+WILLIAM IV.--ITS TARDY CONSIDERATION BY EARL GREY'S CABINET.--ITS
+PROMOTERS AND OPPONENTS.--LORD COCHRANE'S ACCESSION TO THE PEERAGE AS
+TENTH EARL OF DUNDONALD.--HIS INTERVIEW WITH THE KING.--THE COUNTESS
+OF DUNDONALD'S EFFORTS IN AID OF HER HUSBAND'S MEMORIAL.--THEIR
+ULTIMATE SUCCESS.--THE EARL OF DUNDONALD'S "FREE PARDON," AND
+RESTORATION TO NAVAL RANK.
+
+[1828-1832.]
+
+
+Lord Cochrane's retirement from the service of Greece brought to a
+close his career as a fighting seaman. With one brief exception,
+occurring twenty years later, when he commanded the British squadron
+in the North American and West Indian waters, but when there was no
+warfare to be done the rest of his life, comprising thirty years of
+ripe manhood and vigorous old age, was passed without employment in
+the profession which was dear to him, and in which he had shown
+himself to be possessed of talents rarely equalled and certainly never
+surpassed.
+
+He entered that profession at the age of seventeen. In 1800, when he
+was twenty-four, he was promoted to the command of the _Speedy_. With
+that crazy little sloop, no larger than a coasting brig, he captured a
+large French privateer on the 10th of May, and on the 14th he
+recaptured two English vessels that had been seized by the enemy. On
+the 16th of June he took another French vessel, and on the 22nd
+another, with a prize which she had just obtained. On the 29th, he
+secured a large Spanish privateer, in spite of five gunboats which
+fought in her defence. On the 19th of July he captured another French
+privateer and rescued her prize; on the 27th he sunk another; and on
+the 31st he put another to flight and took possession of the prize
+which she had in tow. On the 22nd of September, he seized another of
+the enemy's vessels. On the 15th of December he wrecked one French
+war-ship and captured another, one of three which came to her
+assistance; and on the 24th, being attacked by two Spanish privateers,
+he took one of them. On the 16th of January, 1801, he chased two
+vessels, and seized one, and on the 22nd, two of the enemy's craft,
+one French and the other Spanish, struck to him. On the 24th of
+February a French brig fell into his hands. The same fate was shared
+by another vessel on the 11th of April, by another on the 13th, and by
+two others on the 15th. He captured a Spanish tartan and a Spanish
+privateer on the 4th of May; and on the 13th occurred his celebrated
+victory over the _Gamo_--carrying four times the tonnage, six times
+the number of men, and seven times the weight of shot possessed by the
+_Speedy_--which was soon followed by the taking of two other Spanish
+privateers heavily armed. On the 9th of June, the _Speedy_ and another
+little vessel had a nine hours' fight, first with a Spanish zebec and
+three gunboats, and afterwards with a felucco and two more gunboats
+which came to their aid, which were only allowed to escape when the
+English ammunition was nearly exhausted, the _Speedy_ having
+discharged fourteen hundred shot. On the 3rd of July, the pigmy
+vessel, after hard fighting, had to surrender to three French
+line-of-battle ships. It was on that occasion that their senior
+officer, Captain PalliËre, declined to accept the sword of "an
+officer," as he said, "who had for so many hours struggled against
+impossibility." In his thirteen months' cruise Lord Cochrane had with
+his little sloop of fourteen 4-pounders, and a crew of fifty-four
+officers and men, taken and retaken fifty vessels, a hundred and
+twenty-two guns, and five hundred and thirty-four prisoners.
+
+His next ship, the _Arab_, was made to serve during fourteen months in
+seas in which there was no work to be done; but for the _Pallas_, a
+fine frigate of thirty-two guns, he was allowed to find memorable
+employment. He was sent to the Azores, with orders to limit his cruise
+to a month. He captured one large Spanish vessel on the 6th of
+February, 1805, a second on the 13th, a third on the 15th, a fourth on
+the 16th. Forced after that to be idle, as far as prize-taking was
+concerned, for more than a year, he seized two French vessels on the
+27th of March, 1806, and another a few days later. On the 6th of April
+he captured the _Tapageuse_, and on the 7th he chased three other
+corvettes till they were driven on shore by their crews and wrecked.
+He took another prize on the 14th. On the 14th of May, the _Pallas_
+had her famous engagement with the French frigate _Minerve_ and three
+brigs, the _Lynx_, the _Sylph_, and the _Palinure_, carrying
+eighty-eight guns in all, wherein she was so disabled that she was
+forced to return to Portsmouth to be refitted.
+
+The _Imperieuse_ being assigned to him in August, 1806, Lord Cochrane
+took two prizes on the 19th of December, and a third on the 31st. He
+was then ordered home, and there detained till the autumn of 1807. On
+the 14th of November, being again in the Mediterranean, he captured a
+Maltese pirate-ship, and soon afterwards he seized some other vessels.
+Being ordered to scour the French coast during the summer of 1808, he
+took numerous prizes on the sea and effected yet more important work
+on land. "With varying opposition but with unvaried success," he wrote
+in his concise report to Lord Collingwood on the 28th of September,
+"the newly-constructed semaphoric telegraphs--which are of the utmost
+consequence to the safety of the numerous convoys that pass along the
+coast of France--at Bourdigne, La Pinede, St. Maguire, Frontignan,
+Canet, and Fay, have been blown up and completely demolished, together
+with their telegraph houses, fourteen barracks of gens d'armes, one
+battery, and the strong tower on the Lake of Frontignan." The list of
+casualties was "None killed, none wounded, one singed, in blowing up
+the battery." That work was followed by more of the same nature, a
+famous episode in which was Lord Cochrane's occupation of the Castle
+of Trinidad. "The zeal and energy with which he has maintained that
+fortress," wrote Lord Collingwood, "excite the highest admiration. His
+resources for every exigency have no end."
+
+The splendid exploit with the fireships in Basque Roads followed in
+1809, and with that Lord Cochrane's services to England as a seaman
+were brought to a conclusion. Official persecution kept him in
+idleness during the remaining period of war with France, and he was in
+the end driven to seek relief from oppression at home, and exercise
+for his talents, by devoting himself to the cause of freedom in Chili,
+Peru, Brazil, and Greece. His unparalleled successes on both sides of
+the South American continent, and the circumstances of his partial
+failure in Greece, have been sufficiently detailed in previous
+chapters.
+
+All through that time of virtual expatriation, his dearest hope had
+been that England would, as far as possible, retrieve the cruel wrong
+that had been done to him. Full redress was impossible. The heavy
+cloud that had been cast over so many years of his most energetic
+manhood could not be removed by any tardy act of justice; but that
+tardy justice could at any rate be done to him, and for this he strove
+with unabated zeal.
+
+To this end he was partly occupied during his temporary absence from
+Greece in 1828. On the 4th of June he addressed a memorial to the Duke
+of Clarence, then Lord High Admiral, who just two years afterwards was
+to become King of England. This memorial, eloquent in its simplicity
+and earnestness, the prelude to many others that were to be presented
+in later years, claims to be here quoted in full. "To his Royal
+Highness the Lord High Admiral," it ran, "the memorial of Lord
+Cochrane humbly showeth;--That for fourteen years your memorialist has
+suffered, among many injuries and privations, the loss of his
+situation and rank as post-captain in his Majesty's navy, in
+consequence of a verdict pronouncing your memorialist guilty of an
+offence of which he was entirely and absolutely innocent;--That during
+the whole course of your memorialist's life, up to the day on which he
+was charged with the crime of conspiring with others to raise false
+reports for the purpose of fraudulently effecting a rise in the price
+of the public funds, the character and conduct of your memorialist
+were without reproach; and, numerous as have been the transactions in
+which your memorialist has subsequently engaged, he has, amid them
+all, uniformly preserved, though not an unassailed, yet an unshaken
+and unsullied character;--That your memorialist has never ceased, and
+never can cease to assert his absolute innocence of the crime of which
+he was pronounced guilty. He asserts it now, most solemnly, as in the
+presence of Almighty God, and certain he is, if every doubt be not
+dissipated in this world, that when summoned to enter more immediately
+into that Awful and Infinite Presence, he shall not fail, with his
+last breath, most solemnly to assert his innocence;--That it was your
+memorialist's consciousness of innocence that contributed, perhaps
+more than any other cause, to produce his conviction; because it
+rendered him confident, and much less careful in making the necessary
+preparations for his defence than he ought to have been, or than he
+would have been, if guilty; while, on the other hand, there existed
+the utmost zeal, industry, and skill in the conduct of the
+prosecution;--That your memorialist did all that was possible to
+procure a revision of his case; but, as he had laboured under the
+disadvantage of being included in, and tried under, the same
+indictment with some who had probably no reason to complain of the
+result, as well as the still greater disadvantage of having his
+defence blended, with theirs, so was he denied a new trial for the
+same reason; it being a rule of Court that a new trial should not be
+allowed to any individual tried for conspiracy unless all the parties
+should appear in Court to join in the application; which, in the case
+of your memorialist, could not possibly be, some of the parties having
+quitted the country on the verdict being pronounced against
+them;--That your memorialist has never been able to obtain a
+re-investigation of his extraordinary case, nor to obtain redress in
+any way; but now that your Royal Highness is Lord High Admiral, and
+has, among other illustrious acts, distinguished yourself in that
+capacity by doing justice to meritorious officers, your memorialist
+feels that he has everything to hope from the magnanimity of your
+Royal Highness;--That it is indeed certain that nothing can be more
+repugnant to the feelings of your Royal Highness than that an
+individual who zealously devoted himself to the naval service of his
+king and country, as your Royal Highness knows your memorialist to
+have done, should be for ever cut off from the service without the
+most unquestionable certainty of the rectitude of so severe an
+infliction. So far, therefore, as depends on your Royal Highness, your
+memorialist cannot but confidently entertain the hope that he shall
+not be doomed to remain all his life long the victim of a verdict of
+which he has not only never ceased to complain, but which he knows
+that he has proved to be unfounded, to the satisfaction of those who
+have examined as well what was advanced against him at the trial as
+what he has since adduced in his own justification. Your memorialist,
+therefore, is encouraged most respectfully to solicit your Royal
+Highness to represent his case--a case of peculiar and unprecedented
+hardship--to his most Sacred Majesty, and to advocate his cause. And
+if, happily for your memorialist, his most Sacred Majesty, recognising
+the innocence of your memorialist, and taking his long-protracted and
+unmerited sufferings into his gracious consideration, should, of his
+most gracious pleasure, vouchsafe to reinstate your memorialist in
+that rank and station in his Royal Navy which he previously held, your
+memorialist will ever maintain the deepest and most grateful sense of
+his duty to his most Sacred Majesty and to your Royal Highness, and
+will never cease to testify his gratitude by all the means in his
+power."
+
+That document was presented by Sir Robert Preston to the Duke of
+Clarence, who promised to use every endeavour to obtain a
+reconsideration of Lord Cochrane's case. He was unsuccessful. "Dear
+Sir," he wrote to Sir Robert Preston on the 14th of June, "immediately
+on the receipt of the memorial you brought from Lord Cochrane, I sent
+it to the Duke of Wellington, with a request it might be considered by
+his Majesty's confidential servants, and last evening I had a
+communication from his Grace to state that the King's Cabinet cannot
+comply with the prayer of the memorial. I ever remain, dear Sir, yours
+sincerely, William."
+
+The harsh news of this failure was sent to Paris, whither Lord
+Cochrane had gone in furtherance of his efforts for the assistance of
+Greece.
+
+To Paris he returned, as we have seen, after his final departure from
+Greece, and there he resided with his family for about six months. He
+paid a brief visit to England in September, 1829; but, seeing no
+immediate prospect of gaining the restitution of his naval rank, and
+finding that idle life at home was especially irksome to him, he soon
+went back to the Continent. The serious illness of Lady Cochrane
+induced him to pass the winter in Italy, where by the same cause he
+was detained for several months. He was in England again in the autumn
+of 1830.
+
+One motive for his return was the accession of the Duke of Clarence to
+the throne as King William IV. The new sovereign's often-expressed
+sympathy for him, induced him to hope that now he had a better chance
+of obtaining the justice that had been so long withheld. The change of
+sovereigns, however, was of small avail while the ministers who had
+summarily rejected his former memorial continued to have the direction
+of affairs. "To petition or memorialize the King whilst his present
+ministers remain in office," he said in a letter written on the 10th
+of September, "would be to debase myself in my own estimation, and, I
+think, in that of every man of sense and feeling." "I cannot petition
+again," he said in another letter; "though I am assured from high
+authority it would be attended to. Sir Robert Wilson and others have
+obtained favour; but I, who protested against the forging of charts
+and public waste of money, have had no mercy shown!" Lord Cochrane
+ascertained, about this time, that his memorial of 1828, though sent
+by the Duke of Clarence for the consideration of King George IV., had
+never reached his Majesty, the Cabinet having preferred to dismiss it
+at once. He therefore had good reason for abstaining from further
+action until a more friendly ministry should be in power.
+
+He had not long to wait. On the 16th of November, the Duke of
+Wellington's Cabinet resigned. In the Administration which succeeded
+Earl Grey was Premier, and Mr. Brougham, raised to the peerage, was
+Lord Chancellor. Lord Cochrane then lost no time in completing a
+"Review" of his case, which he had prepared for publication, and in
+getting ready some early copies of the volume to be presented to the
+King and his ministers.
+
+The King's copy was forwarded through Lord Melbourne, the Home
+Secretary, on the 10th of December, accompanied by a brief petition.
+"Assured that the memorial which I laid before your Majesty when Lord
+High Admiral," wrote Lord Cochrane, "was honoured with your earnest
+consideration, and that your Majesty was graciously pleased to make an
+effort in my behalf, with the desire of restoring me to my station in
+the navy; assured, too, that, had not the ministers of his late most
+gracious Majesty been opposed to the prayer of my memorial, I should
+then have been restored; and believing that no such obstacle to your
+Majesty's favour would be now interposed, I have every reason to hope
+that the auspicious moment is at length arrived when the redress which
+I have so long sought will be freely bestowed by my most gracious
+Sovereign. I beseech your Majesty to condescend to receive the
+accompanying review of my case, which, I trust, will prove to your
+Majesty that I am not unworthy of that act of your Majesty's favour
+which I humbly solicit. It is not because I have undergone a sentence
+heavier than the law pronounced, it is not because I have been
+deprived for sixteen years of the rank and honours which I acquired in
+the Royal Navy, nor is it because I am deserving of any consideration
+on account of services to my King and country, that I now presume to
+appeal to your Majesty,--though no one is more likely than your
+Majesty to feel for my sufferings, and no one more competent to
+appreciate my services,--but it is because I had no participation in,
+and no knowledge, not even the most indistinct or remote, of the crime
+under the imputation of which I have been so variously and so
+unceasingly punished. It is this alone which impels me to approach
+your Majesty, and this alone which enables me."
+
+Other copies of the "Review" having been sent to the Cabinet
+Ministers, with letters urging its favourable consideration, Lord
+Cochrane, in nearly every case, received a friendly answer. "I need
+not say," wrote Earl Grey on the 12th of December, "that it would give
+me great satisfaction if it should be found possible to comply with
+the prayer of your petition. This opinion I expressed some years ago
+in a letter which, I believe, was communicated to you. To the
+sentiments expressed in that letter I refer, which, if I remember
+right, acquitted you of all blame, except such as might have been
+incurred by inadvertence and by having suffered yourself to be led by
+others into measures of the consequences of which you were not
+sufficiently aware."
+
+More than a year was to be spent, however, in persevering effort
+before Lord Cochrane's claim for justice was acceded to. Objection was
+taken by some to the form in which his address to the King was worded.
+It was "a letter," they said, and not "a petition;" and Lord Cochrane
+was distressed at hearing, on the 18th, that the document had been
+given back by his Majesty to Lord Melbourne without any comment.
+
+"If I have erred as to the form of my petition, which was in the shape
+of a most respectful and dutiful letter to his Majesty, or as to the
+channel through which it should have been forwarded," said Lord
+Cochrane in a letter to Earl Grey, written on the 23rd of December, "I
+have erred in judgment only; and it would be hard indeed should
+redress not be accorded by reason of an informality in the mode of my
+application. I have since been advised that my petition ought to have
+been forwarded through the First Lord of the Admiralty, whom I have
+therefore solicited to present another petition, the same in effect,
+but more brief, and in the regular form. When his Majesty was Lord
+High Admiral he received a memorial from me by the hands of Sir Robert
+Preston, and though it had not the effect, of procuring my restoration
+at that time, yet from the gracious manner in which, I am assured, it
+was received, I did flatter myself that his Majesty would have
+pleasure in the opportunity, which appeared to present itself when
+your lordship's Administration was formed, of originating a measure
+which all would consider gracious, and most, I hope, believe to be
+perfectly just. In reference to the letter, in answer to mine, with
+which your lordship honoured me on the 12th instant, which I cannot
+but perceive is written with a kindness of feeling which commands my
+best thanks, I beg only to state that any opinion of me in regard to
+the crime imputed to me that does not fully acquit me of all knowledge
+thereof whatever does not do me justice. That crime was contrived and
+completed so entirely without my knowledge that I had not the most
+distant idea of its having been meditated until I read of its
+commission in the public prints." In a brief reply to that letter Earl
+Grey stated that, the petition having been presented to the King and
+being now under consideration, no more formal address need be sent in
+lieu of it.
+
+Thus Lord Cochrane had only to await the result of his application,
+and he waited for sixteen months. During that interval many friends
+interceded on his behalf, especially Lord Durham and Lord Auckland,
+and from time to time his hopes were quickened by information that the
+subject was still being considered by his Majesty's ministers, who
+were anxious that right should be done.
+
+But he was often disappointed. "The King," he said, in a letter
+written on the 1st of April, "has invited all the Knights of the Bath
+to dine with him on the 12th, which is the anniversary of the affair
+of Basque Roads, as well as that of Grambier's installation. If
+nothing is done on that day I shall not obtain justice during the life
+of William IV. Indeed, I understand that every effort has been made to
+influence the King to my prejudice."
+
+"I was at an evening party at the Marquess of Lansdowne's on Friday,"
+wrote Lord Cochrane on the 25th of April, "and there I met the Lord
+Chancellor [Brougham] who was very civil indeed, and told me they had
+a battle to fight for me, and hoped they would succeed. Since then the
+electors of the borough of Southwark have sent a deputation to beg me
+to stand; but hearing that Brougham's brother was also to be a
+candidate, I have declined opposing him. I had a double motive for
+this line of conduct, for, had I been returned to Parliament, I could
+not conscientiously have accepted a favour at the hands of the
+ministers of the Crown."
+
+Service in the House of Commons was, soon after that, made impossible
+to Lord Cochrane. His father, Archibald, ninth Earl of Dundonald, died
+on the 1st of July, 1831. Lord Cochrane then ceased to be a commoner,
+and became in succession, when he was nearly fifty-six years old, Earl
+of Dundonald.
+
+As Earl of Dundonald, however, he found it no easier to obtain an
+answer to his demand for justice than as Lord Cochrane. In September
+he heard that his opponents were making use of some Admiralty
+correspondence respecting his conduct in Chili, nearly ten years
+before, to throw fresh difficulties in his way. He at once applied to
+Sir James Graham, the First Lord of the Admiralty, for extracts from
+this correspondence of any parts requiring explanation, in order that
+he might furnish the same. "I beg leave to state," wrote Sir James in
+reply, "that it is not usual for his Majesty's Government to produce,
+from the records of public offices, documents which do not appear to
+be required for any public purpose. I am therefore under the necessity
+of declining to comply with your lordship's request." "Is it not
+astonishing," said Lord Dundonald, in a letter to the Duke of
+Hamilton, "that Sir James Graham does not consider justice to an
+individual to be a public object?"
+
+Tired out, at length, by the delays in the settlement of his case,
+Lord Dundonald wisely resolved to seek a personal interview with the
+King. With that object he went down to Brighton, and the interview was
+readily granted to him on Sunday, the 27th of November. He was
+graciously received, and the King listened attentively to his
+respectful claim for a fair investigation of the matter, and for
+permission to rebut any charges that might be brought against him
+respecting his conduct in connection with the Stock Exchange fraud,
+his Chilian service, or any other portion of his life that had been or
+could be complained of. His Majesty promised to see that the case was
+fairly looked into, and Lord Dundonald was not long in observing the
+good effects of his bold step.
+
+"Lady Dundonald has seen Lord Grey, and he has expressed his readiness
+to do all he can," he wrote from London on the 17th of December. "But
+I understand there is something in the way. Burdett assures me that he
+will bring the whole affair before Parliament if they do not do me
+justice."
+
+Sir Francis Burdett, who, never flagging in his friendship, had
+rendered valuable assistance during these weary months, continued in
+the same course to the end; but it was not necessary for him to appeal
+to Parliament in this case. Yet its settlement was further delayed. "I
+am unwilling to trespass on your lordship's most valuable time," wrote
+Lord Dundonald to Earl Grey, on the 28th of January, 1832; "but as it
+is now two months since I had the honour of an audience of the King,
+and of presenting to his Majesty my humble memorial setting forth my
+claims to be heard in my defence in refutation of the accusations
+existing against me in the Admiralty, and praying that I might be
+furnished with copies of the accusatory documents, I can no longer
+refrain from entreating your lordship to relieve my mind from its
+present state of most painful suspense by making me acquainted with
+the decision of the Government. From my knowledge of your lordship's
+considerate feelings towards me, and of your desire, should it be
+found practicable and just, to restore me to my place in his Majesty's
+service, and from that consciousness of my own integrity which has
+maintained me during so many years of adversity, I cannot but be
+sanguine, notwithstanding the delay, of an ultimately favourable
+result. But the period of suspense is not only one of great mental
+anxiety, but in other respects most injurious. It places me in a
+position worse than that which I was in under the former
+Administration, which at once decided to dismiss my complaint without
+consideration, and spared me that uncertainty which 'makes the heart
+sick.' While those ministers were in power my character sustained no
+injury from their refusal to do me justice. But under the
+Administration of your lordship, the public opinion must be that my
+case has received every consideration, and that the ascertained
+justice of the verdict against me is the bar to my restoration. This
+opinion already operates so much to my disadvantage and annoyance as
+to paralyze all my pursuits, and will shortly compel me, unless your
+lordship spares me that sacrifice, to quit a country of which I have
+never, by any act of my life, rendered myself unworthy, and in the
+bosom of which, unless called out again in her service, I would fain
+spend the remainder of my life in tranquillity."
+
+That letter was delivered by the Countess of Dundonald, who at this
+time, as at all others, laboured with rare energy and tact to lighten
+her husband's heavy load of suffering and to augment his scanty store
+of joy. "Lady Dundonald," he wrote on the 6th of February, "has had a
+long talk with Lord Grey on the subject of my affair, and it clearly
+appears that there are two individuals in the Cabinet who will not
+give in. It is now, however, determined that Lady Dundonald--I being
+out of town--shall go to the King with a very proper memorial on her
+part, praying that the stain on the family may be wiped away by a free
+pardon. It is supposed that this will succeed; because in that case
+the King can exercise his prerogative without other counsel than that
+of his Prime Minister, who is favourable."
+
+That term "free pardon" was galling to Lord Dundonald. He knew that he
+had done nothing which needed forgiveness. It was justice, not pardon,
+that he sought. He had suffered so much, however, from official
+formalities, and his honest resentment of them, that he now
+reluctantly consented to accept the virtual acquittal which was the
+great object of his hopes and toils, though it might be couched in a
+phrase none the less distasteful to him because it was the phrase that
+from time immemorial had been used as a cloak for the withdrawal of
+official wrong.
+
+His concession was successful. "The King," he was able to write on the
+4th of March, "has at last promised to do that which the late
+Administration refused, and the present ministry had not the power or
+courage to accomplish. For this I am indebted to the zealous exertions
+of Lady Dundonald, who has been at Brighton, and has left Lord Grey
+and others no rest until her object was accomplished. Thus, you see,
+perseverance has done more than reason, right, and justice. The fact
+is that great folks neither read nor trouble themselves with judging
+from facts on subjects which do not immediately concern themselves. I
+have no doubt that the 'Review' has never been looked into by one of
+the ministers."
+
+The "free pardon" was promised on the 28th of February, but it was not
+formally granted till five weeks afterwards. Lord Dundonald
+ascertained that one cause of the long delay in considering his case
+was the heat of party fight occasioned by the Reform Bill. The
+Government feared to show any kindness to a man whom the Tories had so
+long and so persistently reviled, lest thereby they should lose in the
+House of Commons a few wavering votes that were important. The Reform
+Bill passed the Lower House, for the second time, at the end of
+March.[14] Its final adoption being expected with less difficulty than
+arose, it was now easier to do justice to Lord Dundonald. "I was happy
+to hear your memorial to the King read in Council and referred to the
+Admiralty," the Earl of Durham wrote to him on the 16th of April. "I
+trust we may eventually have the means of doing an act of private as
+well as of public justice, and that I shall see you restored to that
+service of which you are the highest ornament. But you well know that
+you have had not only my best wishes, but my warmest exertions, for
+the attainment of that object."
+
+  [14] "My dear Lord Durham," wrote the Earl of Dundonald, on the 15th
+  of April, "allow me most sincerely to congratulate you on the
+  attainment of the great object which the present Administration has
+  now, so honourably for themselves and so fortunately for the country,
+  brought to a pass wherein no retrograde movement can take place,
+  whatever may be the obstructions offered by the interested proprietors
+  of borough influence, or by persons whose ideas of Government have
+  been formed under the tuition of preceding Administrations. It is rare
+  felicity for a nation to be governed by men having the liberality and
+  justice which induce them to confer free institutions peacefully on
+  the country; institutions which merit the gratitude of all who now
+  exist, and will receive the unqualified applause of future
+  generations. The page of history affords no parallel to the present
+  event."
+
+The object was at last attained. At a Privy Council held on the 2nd of
+May, a "free pardon" was granted to the Earl of Dundonald. He was
+restored to his position in the Royal Navy, and, on the 8th, gazetted
+as a Rear-Admiral of the Fleet.
+
+In that capacity he was presented to King William IV. at the levÈe
+held on the 9th of May; and congratulations poured in from all
+quarters as soon as the good news was published. But he could not,
+even in the first moments of rejoicing, forget that the cause of
+congratulation was only a pardon for an offence which he had never
+committed, and for which he had been enduring heavy punishment during
+sixteen years of his life.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIV.
+
+THE INTENTIONS AND DISCOVERIES OF LORD DUNDONALD'S FATHER.--HIS OWN
+MECHANICAL CONTRIVANCES.--HIS LAMPS.--HIS ROTARY STEAM-ENGINE, HIS
+SCREW-PROPELLER, HIS CONDENSING-BOILER, AND HIS LINES OF
+SHIP-BUILDING.--THEIR TARDY DEVELOPMENT.--HIS CORRESPONDENCE UPON
+STEAM-SHIPPING WITH SIR JAMES GRAHAM, THE EARL OF MINTO, THE EARL OF
+HADDINGTON, AND THE EARL OF AUCKLAND.--THE PROGRESS OF HIS
+INVENTIONS.--THE "JANUS."--THE BENEFICIAL RESULTS OF HIS EXPERIMENTS.
+
+[1833-1847.]
+
+
+Lord Dundonald's father, the ninth earl, had devoted the chief
+energies of his long life to scientific pursuits, which won for him,
+not profit, but well-earned fame, and which proved of immense benefit
+to his own and succeeding generations. By him was discovered the art
+of extracting tar from coal, and out of that discovery was developed,
+partly by him and partly by others, the manufacture of gas, first used
+for lighting his tar-works. The important chemical process of making
+alkali and crystals of soda was also introduced by him, whereby a
+great impetus was given to the manufacture of glass and to many other
+important branches of industry. He discovered the present method of
+preparing alum, or sulphate of vitriol, and suggested its substitution
+for gum senegal, which has proved hardly less advantageous to the
+mechanical arts. In 1795, he published a treatise, the result of
+numerous and costly experiments, on the connection between agriculture
+and chemistry, which was almost the parent of all the later researches
+that have issued in beneficial plans for improving the soil and
+invigorating the growth of crops, and in various and important
+developments of scientific farming.
+
+The tenth Earl of Dundonald inherited his father's mechanical and
+scientific genius. The lamp invented by him in 1814, which introduced
+the principle upon which all later lamps for burning oil, naphtha, and
+other combustibles have been constructed, has been already referred
+to. Many other inventions and discoveries occupied his leisure during
+the years in which he was allowed to follow his profession both in
+British and in foreign service;[15] and the fuller leisure forced upon
+him during the years following his return from Greece was chiefly
+devoted to further exercise of his inventive faculties.
+
+  [15] It is interesting to note that the recent introduction among us
+  of the Turkish bath was due to Lord Dundonald. "Having recovered,"
+  says Dr. Gosse, in his treatise "Du Bain Turc," p. 58, "from two
+  attacks of intermitting fever, I visited the islands of the
+  Archipelago until summoned to Nauplia by Admiral Cochrane, who was
+  then on board the little steam-vessel _Mercury_. There the air of the
+  gulf, and the marshy miasma, brought on another attack of fever, from
+  which I feared a fatal issue. Lord Cochrane had the kindness to take
+  me in his arms, and to place me in the current of steam, which caused
+  me to perspire freely. My illness disappeared as by enchantment." A
+  similar service was rendered by Lord Dundonald to Mr. David Urquhart,
+  whose attention was thus called to the advantages of the Turkish bath,
+  and who became its great advocate.
+
+To the wonderful invention known as his "secret war-plan" allusion
+will presently be made. His other most important mechanical pursuits
+had for their principal object the improvement of steam-engines and
+other appliances for steam-shipping. Almost his first reminiscence was
+of a visit in which, when he was seven or eight years old, he
+accompanied his father to Birmingham, there to meet with James Watt,
+and hear something of his memorable discovery. Apprehending in his
+youth the value of that discovery, he never wearied in his efforts to
+extend its usefulness. The _Rising Star_, built in 1818 under his
+directions, and those of his brother, Major Cochrane, for service in
+Chili, was the first steam-vessel that crossed the Atlantic, and it
+was an additional disappointment to him, amid all the misfortunes
+incident to his efforts to give adequate assistance to the Greeks in
+their war of independence, that the ill-fated steamers which were to
+be his chief instruments therein, failed through the indolence and
+incompetence of those to whom their construction was assigned.
+
+It is not necessary here to detail the studies and experiments by
+which he afterwards sought to introduce a better steam-engine, for
+locomotive purposes, than was then, or is even now, in general use.
+His plan--not a new one, though it had never before been made
+available in practice--was to substitute for the ordinary
+reciprocating engine a machine which should at once produce a circular
+motion. "Of the many rotary engines heretofore offered to the notice
+of the world," he wrote, in 1833, "none have stood the test of
+practical use and experience. The cause of this uniform failure has
+been the great difficulty of obtaining, within the machine, a base of
+resistance on which the steam might act in propelling the moveable
+piston." He did not quite overcome this difficulty, but he succeeded
+in producing what the foremost critic in this department of
+manufacture describes--after a lapse of thirty years unrivalled for
+their development of ingenuity--as "the most perfect engine of the
+class that has yet been projected."
+
+"In this engine," says the same authority, "an eccentric is made to
+revolve on an axis in the manner of a piston, and two doors, forming
+part of the side of the cylinder, press upon the eccentric. The points
+of these doors are armed with swivelling brasses, which apply
+themselves to the eccentric and make the point of contact tight in all
+positions."[16]
+
+  [16] John Bourne. "A Treatise on the Steam-Engine" (1861), p. 392.
+
+"This revolving engine," said Lord Dundonald, "does not require any
+valve or slide; consequently, there is no waste of steam thereby;
+neither is there any loss, as in the space left at the top and bottom
+of the cylinders of reciprocating engines. There is much less friction
+than arises from the sum of all the bearings required to convert the
+rectilineal force of the common engine to circular motion. There are
+no beams, cranks, side-rods, connecting-rods, parallel motions,
+levers, slide-valves, or eccentrics, with their nicely-adjusted joints
+and bearings; and thus the revolving engine is not liable, even in
+one-tenth degree, to the accidents and hindrances of other engines. As
+its moving parts pursue their course in perfect circles, without stop
+or hindrance, it is capable of progressive acceleration, until the
+work performed equals the pressure of steam on the vacuum--an
+advantage which the reciprocating engine does not possess. The
+diminished bulk and weight, and the absence of tremor, add to the
+capacity, buoyancy, velocity, and durability of vessels in which it is
+placed." The rotary engine did not satisfy all Lord Dundonald's
+expectations, but it took precedence of all others of the same sort,
+and was of great service at any rate in directing attention to what he
+rightly considered to be the great want in war-shipping, namely,
+vessels of the least possible bulk and of the greatest possible
+strength, speed, and fighting power.
+
+Years were spent by him in attempting to bring it into notice. At his
+own cost he fitted out a little steamboat, which navigated the Thames;
+but to perfect the invention were required more funds than he had at
+his command, and he sought in vain for adequate assistance from
+others.
+
+In January, 1834, he wrote to Sir James Graham, then First Lord of the
+Admiralty, thanking him for his share in the restitution of his naval
+rank that had occurred nearly two years before, and urging the
+co-operation of the Government in perfecting an invention that
+promised to be of so much importance to the naval power of England.
+"You are not obliged to me for anything," answered Sir James on the
+15th; "I only am fortunate in being the member of a Government which
+has regained for our country the benefit of your distinguished valour
+and services, which, if again required in war, will, I am persuaded,
+be so exerted as to win the gratitude of the nation, and to
+demonstrate the justice of the decision to which you allude. It is
+impossible to over-estimate the paramount importance of steam in
+future naval operations; and it is fortunate that you have directed so
+much of your attention to the subject. The Board has complied with
+your request, and two engineers, in whom we place reliance, will be
+ordered to attend you." It does not appear, how-ever, that the
+engineers did attend. At any rate, nothing was done by the Admiralty
+in aid of the invention either then or for many years after.
+
+Yet its ingenuity was acknowledged by all who investigated it, and by
+naval authorities among the number. The Earl of Minto, when First Lord
+of the Admiralty, sought to introduce it into the national
+ship-building; but official hindrances, too great even for him to
+overcome, stood in his way. All he could do was to have it referred to
+competent judges and to receive their report in its favour. "I am
+commanded to acquaint your lordship," wrote Sir John Barrow, the
+Secretary to the Admiralty, to the Earl of Dundonald, on the 20th of
+December, 1839, "that the opinions received of your revolving engine
+are favourable to the principle, and that it has not been stated that
+there are any insurmountable obstacles to its practical execution."
+The insurmountable obstacles were in the stolid resistance of
+subordinates to any novelty designed to lessen labour and promote
+economy.
+
+Lord Minto, when out of office, was able to speak of the engine in
+more approving terms than he could adopt in his official capacity. "I
+need hardly say," he wrote on the 6th of September, 1842, "that the
+report of continued success in your rotatory engine gives me great
+pleasure, not only upon your own account, but as promising a valuable
+addition to our naval power in its application to ships of war. As a
+high-pressure engine, the complete success of your plan has, I
+believe, been recognised by all who have attended to it, and it is in
+this form that I had contemplated its application in the first
+instance as an auxiliary and occasional power in some ships of war."
+
+At length, though not with all the energy that he desired, Lord
+Dundonald's engine was put to the test by the Admiralty during the
+Earl of Haddington's tenure of office in that department. In May,
+1842, he was invited by the new First Lord, who, in common with all
+the world, was aware of the zeal and intelligence with which he had
+devoted himself to the consideration of every branch of naval science,
+to communicate his opinions thereupon. The first result of this
+invitation was a letter showing remarkable discernment of evils then
+existing, and curiously anticipating some later efforts to correct
+them.
+
+"The slow progress," wrote Lord Dundonald, on the 7th of June, "which
+the naval service has made towards its present ameliorated state--yet
+far from perfection--has not permitted any one Board of Admiralty in
+my time to stand pre-eminently distinguished for decisive
+improvements. These have rather been effected by the gradual changes
+which time occasions, or by following the example of America, or even
+of France, than by encouraging efforts of native genius. This has
+arisen from causes easily remedied; one of which is, that the
+rejection or adoption of proffered improvements has depended on the
+decision of several authorities, who consequently feel little
+individual responsibility, and imagine themselves liable to censure
+only for a change of system. Thus, my lord, a still heavier
+responsibility has, in fact, been incurred by continuing, long after
+the most superficial observation demanded a change, to construct small
+ships of the line, and little frigates, which the great practical
+skill and bravery of our countrymen were taxed to defend against the
+powerful eighty-gun ships of France and the large frigates of America.
+This timidity as to change caused many years to elapse, after the
+commercial use of steam-vessels, before the naval department possessed
+even a tug-boat. Hence the mischievous economy manifested by the
+purchase of worthless merchant steamers; hence the subsequent
+parsimonious project of building small steam-vessels fitted with
+engines immersed beyond their bearing, and deficient in every
+requisite for purposes of war. I am not one of those, my lord, who
+deem it advantageous to act on the belief that one Englishman can beat
+two Frenchmen. I am inclined to doubt whether a practical
+demonstration of that saying might not be attended with disastrous
+consequences. Long habitude reared experienced British officers, who
+are now replaced by others who possess less nautical skill, and are
+nearer on a par with those of France, in regard to whose education
+every pains has been taken by its Government. I do not presume to
+advise that your lordship should adopt changes precipitately, nor
+without consulting those who may be most competent to judge; no, nor
+even then that the best measures should be prematurely disclosed, so
+as to give intimation to other nations of the vast increase of power
+which may suddenly be rendered available. But I venture to suggest
+that you may quietly prepare the means of effecting purposes which
+neither the ordinary ships of war nor the present steam-ships in the
+navy can accomplish. Permanent blockades, my lord, are now quite out
+of the question; and so, in my opinion, are all our ordinary naval
+tactics. A couple of heavy line-of-battle ships, suddenly fitted, on
+the outbreak of war, with adequate steam-power, would decide the
+successful result of a general action; and I am assured that I could
+show your lordship how to fit a steam-ship which, in scouring the
+Channel or ranging the coast, could take or destroy every steam-ship
+belonging to France that came within view."
+
+That offer was accepted by the Earl of Haddington, who, being at
+Portsmouth in August, made personal inspection of some experiments in
+which Lord Dundonald was there engaging; and the result of that
+inspection was that he promptly arranged for the introduction, at the
+public expense, of the rotary engine in the _Firefly_, a small
+steam-vessel which, like many others, the Government had bought and
+found useless, by reason of its clumsy machinery. In her, with no more
+than the usual delay occasioned by the co-operation of official
+routine with private enterprise, in which Lord Dundonald had the
+assistance of Mr. Renton and Messrs. Bramah, the experiment was tried
+and found to answer so well, in spite of the difficulties incident to
+a first attempt, that it was resolved to develop it further in a
+frigate to be built throughout in accordance with his plans for the
+improved construction of shipping.
+
+To these he had lately made some valuable additions. On the 19th of
+January, 1843, a patent was granted to him for various improvements in
+engines and other machinery, one of which was an apparatus for
+propelling vessels. "This improved propeller," says a competent
+authority, "consists of an arrangement of propelling blades immerged
+beneath the water, in the manner now usual in screw vessels; but,
+instead of the blades being set at right angles with the
+propeller-shaft, they form an angle therewith. One important effect of
+this arrangement is that it corrects the centrifugal action of the
+screw; for whereas, in common screws, the water which is discharged
+backwards assumes a conical figure, enlarging as it recedes, in a
+screw formed on Lord Dundonald's plan the outline of the moving water
+will be cylindrical, the centrifugal action being counteracted by the
+convergent action due to the backward inclination of the propelling
+blades. It is found, practically, that screws constructed upon this
+principle give a better result than ordinary screws."[17]
+
+  [17] John Bourne. "A Treatise on the Screw Propeller, Screw Vessels,
+  and Screw Engines" (1867), p. 42.
+
+Another invention patented by Lord Dundonald at the same time was a
+modification of the boilers used for steam-engines. "These boilers,"
+says the same critic, "are constructed with a double tier of furnaces
+and with upright tubes, the water being contained within the tubes and
+the smoke impinging upon them on its passage to the chimney. This
+species of boiler is found to be very efficient. A hanging bridge is
+introduced to retain the heat in the upper part of the flue in which
+the tubes are erected. By inserting a short piece of tube in the upper
+extremity of each tube within the boiler the upward circulation of the
+water within the tubes was increased as the length of the lighter
+column of water was augmented, while the length of the gravitating
+column remained without alteration."[18]
+
+  [18] John Bourne. "A Treatise on the Steam Engine" (1861), p. 233.
+  These boilers, extensively used in London, America, and elsewhere, and
+  now introduced in the Admiralty ship-building, have been greatly
+  improved by Lord Dundonald's son, Captain the Hon. A. A. Cochrane,
+  C.B.
+
+"I believe," he said in a letter to Lord Haddington dated the 22nd of
+May, 1843, "that all our old vessels of war, save the class of
+eighty-gun ships and a few first-rate and large frigates, are almost
+worthless; whilst our steam department is deficient in most of the
+properties which constitute effective vessels. No blockades worthy of
+the name can now be maintained by fleets of sailing ships; nor can
+accompanying steamships be kept for months and years even in
+'approximate readiness,' awaiting the distant night when it may suit
+the enemy to attack our blockading force or quietly to slip out in the
+dark in order to assail our commerce in other quarters. I have, my
+lord, during the last twelve years actually disbursed, to the great
+inconvenience of my family, upwards of 16,000l. to promote nautical
+objects which appeared to me of importance. Your lordship knows their
+nature, and it is in no way difficult to ascertain their reality. I
+consider that several, if not all our line-of-battle ships, should
+have the benefit of mechanical power, say to the extent of a hundred
+horses--the machinery to be placed out of the reach of shot. The
+construction of new ships on the best lines that could be found would
+prove more judicious than repairing old ones, however apparently cheap
+such repairs may be; for a few powerful and quick-sailing ships are
+preferable to a multitude which can neither successfully chase, nor
+escape from, an enemy."
+
+That allusion to the "best lines" of ship-building, and some of Lord
+Dundonald's other views on naval architecture, will be explained by
+another letter written by him to Lord Haddington, three months before,
+on the 20th of February. "I have lately," he said, "submitted to the
+consideration of Sir George Cockburn an axiom for the uniform
+delineation of consecutive parabolic curves, forming a series of lines
+presenting the least resistance in the submerged portion of ships and
+vessels--an axiom never before so applied in naval architecture, as is
+manifest from the discrepant forms of our ships of war. I also offered
+to Sir George's attention a new propeller and method of adapting
+propellers to sailing ships in her Majesty's service, free from the
+disadvantages of paddle-wheels and from the injurious consequences of
+lessening the buoyancy and weakening the strength of the after part of
+ships by a prolongation of the 'dead wood,' and by cutting a large
+hole through it for the insertion of the Archimedean screw. The
+favourable impression made on the mind of Sir George, and my own
+deliberate conviction of the importance of these improvements, and of
+others then briefly touched on, lead me, by reason of the lamented
+indisposition of that talented officer, now personally, instead of
+through him, to offer them to your lordship's attention.
+
+"The French, as your lordship is well aware, are making great
+exertions to advance their steam department, especially in the
+Mediterranean, where calms are frequent and their coal is
+abundant--doubtless in the hope of thereby preventing the future
+blockade of Toulon, and of keeping open their intercourse with
+Algiers; which would be equivalent to possessing the dominion of the
+Mediterranean Sea, where a British blockading fleet of sailing ships
+must, under such circumstances, themselves be protected. In saying
+this, my lord, I beg to be understood as by no means depreciating the
+capabilities of our common ships of war, whilst they possess the power
+of motion, but as holding them to be quite unfit for blockades, and
+exposed to great peril where calms are of frequent occurrence and long
+duration. Indeed, it may be worthy of your lordship's serious
+consideration whether, in another point of view, it might not be
+judicious to place steam-engines in some, at least, of our
+line-of-battle ships, in order to divert the attention of foreign
+nations from the exclusive employment of mechanical propelling power
+to purposes of naval war, whereby British officers and seamen,
+deprived of the means of displaying their superior skill, become
+reduced to a par with the trained bands of Continental states.
+
+"I have prepared a model in bronze of a steam-frigate possessing
+peculiar properties, founded on the before-mentioned axiom, which, I
+do not hesitate to submit to your lordship, would save vast sums
+wasted in the construction of inferior ships and vessels, by enabling
+the Admiralty, on unerring data, to stereotype--if I may use the
+expression--every curve in every rate or class of ships, and so impose
+on constructors the undeviating task of adhering to the lines and
+models scientifically determined on by their lordships."[19]
+
+  [19] The following statement of Lord Dundonald's "axiom" accompanied
+  the model which was submitted to the Admiralty:--"It is universally
+  admitted that a sharp _bow_ and a clear _run_ contribute to the speed
+  of vessels; but what the consecutive lines ought to be, in order to
+  constitute a perfect _bow_, or what those to form the _run_, no
+  builder has yet exemplified by uniformity of practice, or
+  theoretically defined. Ship-delineators profess the art as a mystery,
+  and arbitrary forms are assumed as the result of science. These lines
+  ought to be, by an axiom, founded on a law imposed by Infinite Wisdom
+  for the perfect guidance of inanimate matter. Projectiles, thrown
+  obliquely, take their flight in convex parabolic curves, wherein
+  resistance is overcome by a minimum of force; and elastic surfaces
+  obey the converse of that law in opposing certain external influences.
+  It is a property of conic sections that a straight line, centred in
+  the apex, and caused to circumscribe the surface of the cone, will
+  apply itself continuously to all consecutive parabolic curves. Hence
+  curves similar to the flight of projectiles, and to those formed by
+  the flection of elastic surfaces, may be described on a large scale
+  simply by causing a straight line or beam to revolve as on the axis of
+  a cone, in contact with a parabolic or elliptical section. Thus a
+  consecutive series of convex parabolic or elliptical curves may be
+  substituted in ship-building for hollow fantastical lines. The
+  benefits from which application are, increased velocity, capacity,
+  strength, buoyancy, facility of steering, ease in hard seas, and
+  exemption from breaking or 'hogging.'" Diagrams and explanations
+  thereof accompanied this concise statement of the principle.
+
+Great interest attended the development of Lord Dundonald's
+inventions. "I need hardly assure you," wrote Lord Minto, on the 4th
+of October, "of the very great satisfaction I derive from the
+continued and increasing success of your rotatory engine; and I shall
+now look with no little impatience for further evidence of its merits
+in the new steam-frigate to which it is to be applied. I am glad,
+also, that you have turned your attention to the construction of
+steamers of war. I have never been satisfied with the properties of
+these vessels, much as their construction has undoubtedly been
+improved of late years. It is certainly a difficult subject, because
+some of the qualities essential to a vessel under sail can only be
+obtained by some deviation from the form calculated to give the
+greatest speed under steam; and I consider fair sailing powers, so as
+under all circumstances to keep company with a fleet, as not less
+important than speed and power as a steamer. The best combination of
+these very different qualities, or that which will upon the whole
+produce the most serviceable ship, is yet to be sought. I think, also,
+that sufficient consideration has not yet been given to the correction
+of that very grievous defect, the great uneasiness and excessive
+rolling of all these vessels, from the low position of the weights
+they carry. There is another object in connection with your engine
+which I had constantly in view: I mean its adaptation in the
+high-pressure form to our ships of war in general. It was my
+intention, had I remained in office, to have fitted a frigate with one
+of your high-pressure engines--not very high, however--with a view, if
+the experiment answered, to the introduction of an occasional steam
+power in all ships of the line. I believe you and I may probably
+differ as to the amount of steam power it might be advisable to give
+such ships, and that you would wish to steam the _Vanguard_ or the
+_Queen_ at the rate of ten miles an hour. My wishes are much more
+humble, and I should be perfectly satisfied with an amount of power
+sufficient to give steerage way under all circumstances, to carry the
+ship into or out of action, and to afford her some assistance in
+clearing off a lee-shore--something about equivalent to five knots--an
+amount of power that might probably be obtained, together with some
+fuel for occasional use, without encroaching too much upon the stowage
+of the ship. I shall be extremely glad if you can induce Lord
+Haddington to direct his attention to this object."
+
+Through the latter part of 1843 and the whole of 1844, Lord Dundonald
+was chiefly occupied with the construction of the _Janus_, the
+steam-frigate which was being built and fitted upon his plans. She was
+shaped in accordance with his "lines," and in her were introduced both
+his revolving engines and his improved boilers. "I have just returned
+from Chatham," he wrote to a friend on the 6th of April, 1844, "where
+everything regarding the _Janus_ is going on very well indeed. And I
+have further good news to tell you. The Admiralty are so pleased with
+my parabolic lines for ship-building that they have ordered a drawing
+to be made immediately of a frigate of the first class, in order to
+have one constructed." Hopeful that at last his long-cherished ideas
+would bring benefit both to himself and to the nation, he had in these
+months much to encourage him. "All is going on as well as I could
+wish, or even as I could accomplish, were destiny at my command," he
+wrote on the 31st of May. "The Portsmouth engines now meet the
+approbation of all the authorities of the yard, and the Admiralty are
+so satisfied that they have given me the building of a steamship to
+put them in, in lieu of placing them in the old _Firefly_." "Nothing,"
+he said in a letter written a week or two later, "can exceed the
+perfection of the work which the Bramahs have put into the _Janus_'s
+engines." "The experimental engine at Portsmouth," he wrote on the 3rd
+of July, "continues to perform admirably, beating all others in the
+yard in point of vacuum, which, you know, is the test of power." "The
+engines will commence being put together in ten or fourteen days," we
+read in another letter dated the 10th of July; "after that we shall
+make rapid progress. The _Janus_ is now completing--that is, being
+coppered--and having the part of her deck laid down which was left off
+for the purpose of getting the boilers on board. My patent boilers
+will be tried by authority of the Admiralty about the 20th, and I hope
+for a favourable result." The trial, postponed till the 1st of August,
+was satisfactory. "We have tried the boilers of the _Janus_," he wrote
+on that day, "and the result is most triumphant, having, with slack
+firing, ten and a half pounds of water evaporated by each pound of
+coal." "I have just returned from Portsmouth," he had written five
+days before, "where I had the pleasure to find my engine exceeding
+even all that it had done before--the vacuum, with all the work on,
+being 28-1/2, two inches above that of any other engine in the dockyard.
+Mr. Taplin, the chief engineer, is quite delighted with it." "Sir
+George Cockburn and Sir John Barrow, permanent Secretary of the
+Admiralty, saw my engine yesterday," he wrote on the 24th of October,
+concerning the machine being built by the Bramahs for the _Janus_;
+"and so did Lord Brougham; all of whom were well pleased with my
+explanation of its principles and the appearance of the workmanship.
+It is now being pulled to pieces, in order to its being sent to
+Chatham and set up on board the _Janus_, whose boilers, by my request,
+are again to be officially tested as to their evaporative power, and
+that, too, by the Woolwich authorities, whose boilers have been beaten
+one-third by the evaporation of mine. This request must show the
+Admiralty my confidence in the correctness of the former trial; for
+there is no doubt the Woolwich people would condemn it if they could."
+This second and crucial trial took place on the 9th of November, and
+the result exceeded alike Lord Dundonald's expectations and those of
+the official judges, to whom failure would have been most pleasant.
+"All matters as regards my engines," he wrote on the 20th of November,
+"are going on well. I hope soon to hear something satisfactory from
+the Admiralty on the subject of the boilers, respecting which they
+have until now pursued the most profound silence, notwithstanding the
+triumphant result, which has surpassed the product of the far-famed
+Cornish boilers in evaporative power."
+
+Those extracts from Lord Dundonald's letters to the friend with whom
+he corresponded most freely will suffice to show in what temper he
+watched the progress of his inventions during 1844. At the close of
+the year he hoped that his labours to bring them into general use were
+now nearly at an end; but in this he was disappointed. The Woolwich
+authorities, who had at the time expressed their approval of the
+boilers, sent in an adverse report to the Admiralty, and Lord
+Dundonald had to wait several months before he could disprove the
+statements made against them; and opposition of the same sort--the
+common experience of nearly every inventor--encountered him at every
+turn, and had again and again to be overcome. His Portsmouth engine
+continued to work well; but in September, 1845, he learnt that a
+malicious trick had been resorted to, to prevent its working better.
+"On a recent examination of the pumps in the well," wrote Mr. Taplin,
+the engineer, "to our utter astonishment we found, in the middle
+suction pipe, an elm plug, driven in so tight that we were obliged to
+bore and cut it out. The plug stopped that suction pipe effectually,
+and from its appearance must have been there from the time the pumps
+were first put in motion. As proof of this, we never had such a supply
+of water as at present." And that is only an illustration of the
+obstacles, accidental or designed, that occurred to him.
+
+By them, the _Janus_ was delayed for a whole year. She was to have
+been completed in 1844; but this was not done till the end of 1845. "I
+have just returned," Lord Dundonald was able to write on the 24th of
+December, "from a nine days' trip in the _Janus_, the result of which
+has been successful, both in regard to the properties of the engines
+and those of the 'lines' on which she has been constructed. Nothing
+can exceed the beauty of her passage through the water, without even a
+ripple, far less the wave which ordinary steamboats occasion." That
+success, however, was to be followed by a long series of disasters.
+The weight of the _Janus_ had been miscalculated, and though she could
+proceed admirably in smooth water, she was found to lie so low
+that there was constant danger of her being wrecked in rough seas
+and bad weather. Other faults, incident to the bringing together
+for the first time of so much new workmanship, were also discovered.
+She had to be returned to dock, and fresh hindrances of every sort
+occurred during the two following years; each hindrance being
+attended by tedious correspondence or controversies with petty
+functionaries jealous of a stranger's interference, and only eager to
+bring discredit upon his work. Much discredit did result. Loud
+complaints were made concerning the waste of public money resulting
+from Lord Dundonald's experiments, and on him, of course, nearly all
+the blame was thrown. All this, added to his previous difficulties in
+securing for his boiler and engine any notice at all, was very
+grievous to him. Every complaint and every entreaty from him was met
+by a new excuse and a new reason for delay. "Ten days are always
+added," he said, in one letter, "and ten days yet are said to be
+required."
+
+The days became weeks and the weeks months, and still the _Janus_ was
+incomplete. She was unfinished when Lord Dundonald left England for
+more than two years in order to fulfil the duties assigned to him as
+commander-in-chief of the North American and West Indian squadron, and
+his absence caused a final abandonment of the works.
+
+The tedious process of her construction, however, to which only
+sufficient reference has here been made to serve as illustration of
+one phase of Lord Dundonald's life, was attended by many good results.
+To himself she brought only trouble and expense; but the obstacles
+thrown in her way and in his did not deter private adventurers from
+acting upon some of the principles developed in abortive attempts at
+her completion by public functionaries. Lord Dundonald's
+inventions--his revolving engine, his screw-propeller, his boiler, and
+his "lines of ship-building,"--have all proved useful in themselves,
+and have been of yet greater use in their influence upon the improved
+mechanism of our own generation.
+
+To him must be attributed no slight share in the revolution that has
+been effected in the materials for naval warfare. Of the superiority
+of steamers to war-ships, he was one of the first advocates. His own
+rotatory engine was never extensively adopted, and was superseded by
+other engines which, lacking the great merit of direct action upon the
+paddles, that it was his object to attain, had other and greater
+merits of their own; but in their adoption his great object was
+realized, seeing that that object was not his own aggrandisement, but
+the development of the naval strength of England.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXV.
+
+LORD DUNDONALD'S SECRET WAR-PLANS.--HIS CORRESPONDENCE CONCERNING THEM
+WITH LORD LANSDOWNE, LORD MINTO, LORD HADDINGTON, AND LORD
+AUCKLAND.--HIS LETTER TO THE "TIMES."--THE REPORT OF A COMMITTEE
+CONSISTING OF SIR THOMAS HASTINGS, SIR JOHN BURGOYNE, AND LIEUT.-COL.
+COLQUHOUN UPON THE SECRET WAR-PLANS.--A FRENCH PROJECT FOR NAVAL
+WARFARE WITH ENGLAND.--LORD DUNDONALD'S OPINION THEREUPON.--HIS VIEWS
+ON THE DEFENCE OF ENGLAND.
+
+[1833-1848.]
+
+
+Zealously as the Earl of Dundonald strove through nearly twenty years
+to perfect and to make generally useful his inventions in connection
+with steam shipping, he attached yet greater importance to another and
+an older invention or discovery, which, though its efficacy has been
+admitted by all to whom it has been explained, has never yet been
+adopted. This was the device known as his "secret war-plans," for
+capturing the fleets and forts of an enemy by an altogether novel
+process, attended by little cost or risk to the assailant, but of
+terrible effect upon the objects attacked.
+
+These plans were conceived by him in 1811, and in the following year,
+as he has told in his "Autobiography," he submitted them to the Prince
+Regent, afterwards King George IV. By the Prince they were referred to
+a Secret Committee, consisting of the Duke of York, as President, Lord
+Keith, Lord Exmouth, and the two Congreves; who, on the details being
+set before them, declared this method of attack to be infallible and
+irresistible. Lord Dundonald was pledged to secrecy by the Prince
+Regent, and it was proposed to employ the device in the war still
+proceeding with France. That proposal, however, was abandoned, and
+another, for a trial of the plan under Sir Alexander Cochrane in North
+America, in 1814, was prevented by the Stock Exchange trial. After
+that, the long peace enjoyed by England would have postponed the
+experiment, even if Lord Dundonald had not been debarred from pursuit
+of his calling as an English naval officer. He might have used his
+secret in Chili, Brazil, and Greece; but his promise to the Prince
+Regent, and patriotic feelings, that were even more cogent than that
+promise, restrained him. Once used, it would cease to be a secret; and
+he resolved that the great advantage that would accrue from the first
+use should be reserved for his own country.
+
+The project, however, was not forgotten by him. Soon after the
+accession of King William IV., he explained it to his Majesty, who
+acknowledged its value, and paid a tribute to Lord Dundonald's
+honourable conduct in keeping his secret so long and under such strong
+inducements to an opposite course. Soon afterwards, and during many
+years, the prospect of another war induced him to engage in frequent
+correspondence on the subject with various members of the successive
+Governments.
+
+"I long ago," wrote the Marquis of Lansdowne--then President of the
+Council--in May, 1834, "communicated the substance of the paper you
+left with me, on the important objects which might be accomplished by
+the agency you describe, in an attack upon an hostile marine, to such
+of my colleagues as I then had an opportunity of seeing, and more
+particularly to Lord Minto, whom I found in some degree apprized of
+your views upon this subject. As questions of such importance to the
+naval interests of the country can only be satisfactorily inquired
+into by the Admiralty Department of the Government, I should recommend
+your entering into an unreserved communication with him on the
+subject, which I know he will receive with all the attention due to
+your high professional character and experience."
+
+The Earl of Minto gave many proofs of his regard for Lord Dundonald;
+but he was not disposed to think favourably of the secret war-plan,
+and it was kept in abeyance for four years more. In the autumn of 1838
+Lord Dundonald again pressed its consideration upon Lord Lansdowne,
+alleging as a reason the warlike attitude of Russia. "I am obliged to
+you for your letter," wrote Lord Lansdowne in reply, on the 5th of
+November, "and will certainly make use of the communication it
+contains in the proper quarter, if the occasion arises, which I
+sincerely hope it will not. Ambitious and encroaching as Russia is
+seen and felt to be in all directions, I am confident that her own
+true policy is to avoid giving just cause for war, and that, busily as
+she may use all indirect means towards her ends which she thinks she
+can justify, she will yield to remonstrance when these limits are
+transgressed by her agents. This is a course, however, which requires
+to be, and I trust will be, most carefully watched."
+
+In that interesting letter, Lord Lansdowne showed, by his silence,
+that he was not inclined to investigate the war-plan; and a like
+indifference was experienced by Lord Dundonald in his repeated
+efforts, during the ensuing years, to secure its acceptance by the
+Government. It was submitted to a favoured few, and all to whom it was
+explained acknowledged its efficacy; but no more than that was done.
+Its most competent critic was the Duke of Wellington, who recognised
+the terrible power of the device, although he objected to it on the
+score that "two could play at that game." "If the people of France
+shall force their Government to war with England," wrote Lord
+Dundonald to Lord Minto on the 3rd of August, 1840, "I hope you will
+do me the favour and justice to reflect on the nature of the opinion
+you received from the Duke of Wellington in regard to my plans, which
+is the same as that given to the Prince Regent by Lords Keith and
+Exmouth and the two Congreves in the year 1811, and that your lordship
+will perceive, that 'although two can play at the game,' the one who
+first understands it can alone be successful. In the event of war, I
+beg to offer my endeavours to place the navy of France under your
+control, or at once effectually to annihilate it. Were my plans known
+to the world, I should not be accused of over-rating their powers by
+the above otherwise extraordinary assertion." Lord Minto's answer was
+very brief: "I shall bear your offer in mind; but there is not the
+slightest chance of war."
+
+For the same reason the secret plans were set aside by the Earl of
+Haddington, who was First Lord of the Admiralty after Lord Minto. He
+rendered considerable aid to Lord Dundonald in testing his
+steam-engine and boiler, but considered the fact that England was at
+peace as a sufficient reason for not discussing the value of a new
+instrument of war.
+
+Lord Dundonald, however, who knew the value of his invention, thought
+otherwise. While vast sums of money were being spent at Dover,
+Portsmouth, and elsewhere upon fortifications and harbours of refuge
+for trading-vessels, which, in war time, could have no chance of
+safety against fighting steam ships in the open sea, he deemed it
+especially important that attention should be paid to a project
+calculated to effect an entire revolution in the principles and
+methods of warfare. If his project was feasible, it furnished an
+instrument by which fortifications and harbours of refuge would be
+rendered useless, seeing that the most powerful enemy might by it be
+effectually prevented from coming within reach of those defences, or,
+if he was allowed to approach them, could use it with a terrible
+effect, to which the most formidable defences could offer no
+resistance. It was under this impression that, on the 29th of
+November, 1845, finding Governments indifferent to his arguments, he
+addressed a vigorous letter to "The Times."
+
+"Had gunpowder and its adaptation to artillery," he there said, "been
+discovered and perfected by an individual, and had its wonderful power
+been privately tested, indisputably proved, and reported to a
+Government, or to a council of military men, at the period when the
+battering-ram and cross-bow were chief implements in war, it is
+probable that the civilians would have treated the author as a wild
+visionary, and that the professional council, true to the _esprit de
+corps_, would have spurned the supposed insult to their superior
+understanding. Science and the arts, both of peace and war,
+nevertheless, in despite of all such retarding causes, have advanced,
+and probably will advance, until effects and consequences accrue which
+the imagination can scarcely contemplate.
+
+"It is not, however, my intention to intrude observations of an
+ordinary nature, but to endeavour to rectify an erroneous opinion
+which appears to prevail, that consequences disastrous to this country
+may be anticipated from the introduction of steam-ships into maritime
+warfare. I am desirous of showing that the use of steam-ships of war,
+though at present available by rival nations, need not necessarily
+diminish the security of our commerce; that still less need it
+necessarily endanger our national existence, which appears to be
+apprehended by those who allege the necessity of devoting millions of
+money to the defence of our coasts. I contend that there is nothing in
+the expected new system of naval warfare, through the employment of
+steam-vessels, that can justify such expensive and derogatory
+precautions, because there are equally new, and yet secret, means of
+conquest, which no devices hitherto used in maritime warfare could
+resist or evade.
+
+"That the like prejudice or incredulity which in all probability would
+have scouted the invention of gunpowder, if offered to notice under
+the circumstances above supposed, may exist to a considerable extent
+in the present case, is extremely likely; yet I do not the less
+advisedly affirm, that with this all-powerful auxiliary invasion may
+be rendered impossible, and our commerce secure, by the speedy and
+effectual destruction of all assemblages of steam-ships, and, if
+necessary, of all the navies of the whole world, which, for ever
+after, might be prevented from inconveniently increasing. Away then
+with the sinister forebodings which have originated the recent devices
+for protruding through the sterns of sluggish ships of war additional
+guns for defence in fight! Away with the projected plans of
+'protective forts and ports' of cowardly refuge! Let the manly
+resolution be taken, when occasion shall require, vigorously to attack
+the enemy, instead of preparing elaborate means of defence. Factitious
+ports on the margin of the Channel cannot be better protected than
+those which exist, respecting which I pledge any professional credit I
+may possess, that whatever hostile force might therein be assembled
+could be destroyed within the first twenty-four hours favourable for
+effective operations, in defiance of forts and batteries, mounted with
+the most powerful ordnance now in use.
+
+"In the capacity of an officer all hope seemed to be precluded, that
+in time of peace I could render service to my country. A new light,
+however, has beamed through the cloud, for in the pursuit of my
+vocation as an amateur engineer it has become apparent that a plan,
+which I deemed available only in war, may contribute to prevent the
+naval department from being paralysed by wasteful perversion of its
+legitimate support. Protective harbours (save as screens from wind and
+sea) may be likened to nets wherein fishes, seeking to escape, find
+themselves inextricably entangled; or to the guardian care of a
+shepherd, who should pen his flock in a fold to secure it from a
+marching army. No effective protection could be afforded in such ports
+against a superior naval force equipped for purposes of destruction;
+whilst their utility as places of refuge from steam privateers is
+quite disproportioned to their cost--privateers could neither tow off
+merchant vessels from our shore, nor regain their own, if appropriate
+measures shall be adopted to intercept them.
+
+"Impressions in favour of so expensive, so despondent, and so
+inadequate a scheme, can have no better origin than specious reports,
+emanating from delusive opinions derived from a very limited knowledge
+of facts. The hasty adoption of such measures, and the voting away the
+vast sums required to carry them into execution, are evils seriously
+to be deprecated. It is, therefore, greatly to be desired that those
+in power should pause before proceeding further in such a course. It
+behoves them to consider in all its bearings, and in all its
+consequences, the contemplated system of stationary maritime defence,
+subject, as that system may become, to the overwhelming influence of
+the secret plan which I placed in their hands, similar to that which I
+presented in 1812 to His Royal Highness the Prince Regent, who
+referred its consideration confidentially to Lord Keith, Lord Exmouth,
+and the two Congreves, professional and scientific men, by whom it was
+pronounced to be infallible, under the circumstances detailed in my
+explanatory statement.
+
+"Thirty-three years is a long time to retain an important secret,
+especially as I could have used it with effect in defence of my
+character when cruelly assailed (as I have shown at length in a
+representation to the Government), and could have practically employed
+it on various occasions to my private advantage. I have now, however,
+determined to solicit its well-merited consideration, in the hope,
+privately, if possible, to prove the comparative inexpedience of an
+expenditure of some 12,000,000l. or 20,000,000l. sterling for the
+construction of forts and harbours, instead of applying ample funds at
+once to remodel and renovate the navy--professionally known to be
+susceptible of immense improvement--including the removal from its
+swollen bulk of much that is cumbrous and prejudicial.
+
+"However injudicious it might be thought to divulge my plan, at least
+until energetically put in execution for an adequate object; yet, if
+its disclosure is indispensable to enable a just and general estimate
+to be formed of the merits of the mongrel terraqueous scheme of
+defence now in contemplation, as compared with the mighty power and
+protective ubiquity of the floating bulwarks of Britain, I am
+satisfied that the balance would be greatly in favour of publicity. It
+would demonstrate that there could be no security in those defences
+and those asylums, on the construction of which it is proposed to
+expend so many millions of the public money; it might, therefore, have
+the effect of preventing such useless expenditure, and of averting the
+obviously impending danger of future parsimonious naval
+administration, abandonment of essential measures of nautical
+improvement, and the national disgrace of maritime degradation--all
+inseparable from an unnatural hermaphrodite union between a
+distinguished service, which might still further be immeasurably
+exalted, and the most extravagant, derogatory, inefficient, and
+preposterous project that could be devised for the security and
+protection of an insular, widely-extended, colonial and commercial
+State."
+
+A few months after that letter had been written, Lord Dundonald's
+hopes that his secret plans would be accepted by the Government were
+revived. In 1846, his friend Lord Auckland took office as First Lord
+of the Admiralty; and by him, with very little delay, it was proposed
+to submit the plans to the judgment of a competent committee of
+officers. This was all that Lord Dundonald had asked for, and he
+gladly accepted the proposal. The officers chosen were Sir Thomas
+Hastings, then Surveyor General of the Ordnance, Sir J. F. Burgoyne,
+and Lieutenant-Colonel J. S. Colquhoun. By them the project was
+carefully considered, and on the 16th of January, 1847, they tendered
+their official report upon it. "These plans," it was there said, "may
+be classed under three heads:--1st. One, on which an opinion may be
+formed with experiment, for concealing or masking offensive warlike
+operations; and we consider that, under many particular circumstances,
+the method of his lordship may be made available as well by land as by
+sea, and we therefore suggest that a record of this part of Lord
+Dundonald's plans should be deposited with the Admiralty, to be made
+use of when, in the judgment of their lordships, the opportunity for
+employing it may occur. 2nd. One, on which experiments would be
+required before a satisfactory conclusion could be arrived at. 3rd.
+Nos. 1 and 2 combined for the purpose of hostile operations. After
+mature consideration, we have resolved that it is not desirable that
+any experiment should be made. We assume it to be possible that the
+plan No. 2 contains power for producing the sweeping destruction the
+inventor ascribes to it; but it is clear this power could not be
+retained exclusively by this country, because its first employment
+would develop both its principle and application. We considered, in
+the next place, how far the adoption of the proposed secret plans
+would accord with the feelings and principles of civilized warfare. We
+are of unanimous opinion that plans Nos. 2 and 3 would not be so. We
+therefore recommend that, as hitherto, plans Nos. 2 and 3 should
+remain concealed. We feel that great credit is due to Lord Dundonald
+for the right feeling which prompted him not to disclose his secret
+plans, when serving in war as naval commander-in-chief of the forces
+of other nations, and under many trying circumstances, in the
+conviction that these plans might eventually be of the highest
+importance to his own country."
+
+That report was, in the main, highly gratifying to Lord Dundonald. It
+recognized the efficacy of his plans, and recommended their partial
+use, at any rate, in time of need. "Permit me to express, as far as I
+am able," he wrote to Lord Auckland on the 27th of January, "my deep
+sense of obligation to your lordship in causing my plans of war to be
+thoroughly investigated by the most competent authorities, and for the
+extremely kind terms in which you have informed me of the satisfactory
+result. With regard to their disposal, I submit that it would be
+advisable to retain them inviolate until a period shall arrive when
+the use of them may be deemed beneficial to the interests of the
+country, I have to observe, as to the opinions of the commission, that
+plans Nos. 2 and 3 would not accord with the principles and feeling of
+civilized warfare, that the new method resorted to by the French, of
+firing horizontal shells and carcases, is stated by a commission of
+scientific and practical men appointed by the French Government to
+ascertain their effects, to be so formidable that 'it would render
+impossible the success of any enterprise attempted against their
+vessels in harbour,' and that, 'for the defence of roadsteads, or for
+the attack of line-of-battle ships, becalmed or embayed, its effect
+would be infallible,'--namely, by blowing up or burning our ships, to
+the probable destruction of the lives of all their crews. I submit
+that, against such batteries as these, the adoption of my plans Nos. 2
+and 3 would be perfectly justifiable."
+
+That the French, not yet forgetful of the injuries inflicted on them
+in the last great war, and in the frequent wars of previous centuries,
+were still hoping and planning for an opportunity of retaliation, and
+that their plans needed to be carefully watched and counteracted, were
+convictions strongly impressed upon Lord Dundonald in these years; and
+in 1848 he had a singular verification of them. "I enclose a paper of
+some consequence," wrote Lord Auckland to him on the 30th of June. "It
+contains the plan which, in contemplation of war, has been submitted
+to the French Provisional Government for naval operations. It is,
+perhaps, little more than the pamphlet of the Prince de Joinville,
+carried out methodically and in detail, and the writer seems to me to
+anticipate a far more exclusive playing of the game only on one side
+than we should allow to be the case; but, nevertheless, such a mode of
+warfare would be embarrassing and mischievous, and I should like to
+have from you your views of a counter project to it, and your
+criticisms upon it."
+
+The report here forwarded to Lord Dundonald by Lord Auckland, entitled
+"La Puissance Maritime de la France," and designed to show that "une
+guerre maritime est plus ‡ redouter pour l'Angleterre que pour la
+France," besides affording curious confirmation of Lord Dundonald's
+opinions, is a document very memorable in itself. Its main idea was
+that in naval warfare victory is to be obtained, not by mere numbers,
+but by superiority in ships and guns. "In the present condition of our
+marine," said its author, "we must give up fleet-fighting. The English
+can arm more fleets than we can, and we cannot maintain a war of
+fleets with England without exposing ourselves to losses as great as
+those we experienced under the First Empire. Though during twenty
+years, however, our warfare, as carried on by fleets, was disastrous,
+that of our cruisers was nearly always successful. By again sending
+these forth, with instructions not to compromise themselves with an
+enemy superior to them in numbers, we shall inflict great loss on
+English commerce. To attack that commerce is to attack the vital
+principle of England--to strike her to the heart."
+
+That was the view advanced under Louis Philippe's reign by the Prince
+de Joinville; but it was much more elaborately worked out by the
+advocate of naval energy in days immediately preceding Prince Louis
+Napoleon's accession to power. "What I propose," he said, "is a war
+founded on this principle of striking at English commerce. In a naval
+war between two nations, one of which has a very large commerce, and
+the other very little, military forces are of small consequence. In
+the end, peace must become a necessity to the power which has much to
+lose and little to gain. Let us see what took place in America during
+the disputes on the Oregon question. Despite the immense superiority
+of the English navy, the Americans maintained their pretensions.
+England found out that their well-equipped frigates and countless
+privateers were sufficient to carry on a war against her commerce in
+all parts of the globe; whilst all the damage she could do to America
+was the destruction of a few coast-towns, by which she could gain
+neither honour nor profit; and so she decided to preserve peace by
+yielding the question. It is this American system that we in France
+must adopt. Renouncing the glory of fleet victories, we must make
+active war on the commercial shipping of Great Britain. If America
+with her small means could gain such an advantage over England, what
+results may we not expect to obtain with a hundred and fifty ships of
+war and three hundred corsairs armed with long-range guns?"
+
+The report recommended that the naval force of France should be
+organized in twenty "corsair-divisions." These were to have Cherbourg
+for their head-quarters; one to look after the merchant-shipping in
+the British Channel; another to watch the mouth of the Thames; and a
+third to cruise along the Dutch and German coasts, so as to intercept
+our Baltic trade; and all these were to be aided by a line of
+telegraphs from Brest to Dunkirk, in correspondence with a line of
+scouts ranged along the French coast, with orders to communicate to
+the central station at Cherbourg every movement of British
+merchantmen. Three similar divisions were to be formed at Brest,
+charged respectively with the oversight of the East and West Indian
+shipping as it passed Cape Clear, of the Azores, and of the Irish
+Coast. A seventh division, stationed at Rochefort, was to watch for a
+favourable opportunity of co-operating with the other six, if
+desirable, in transporting an army to Ireland. An eighth division was
+to watch the neighbourhood of Gibraltar, and four others were to be
+stationed in various parts of the Mediterranean. Three other divisions
+were to cruise along the North American coast, to harass our commerce
+with the United States, to intercept the trade of Canada and the
+neighbouring colonies, and, in spring time, to capture the produce of
+the Newfoundland fisheries. Three smaller divisions were to be charged
+with the annoyance of our West Indian Islands and the destruction of
+their commerce; and the remaining two were to scour the coasts of
+South America. A separate and formidable establishment of
+screw-frigates was to have for its head-quarters a port of refuge to
+be constructed in Madagascar, whence operations were to be directed in
+all quarters against our East Indian possessions and their extensive
+trade.
+
+"In addition to these means," it was further said in the report, "the
+Departmental Councils should each arm one steam-frigate, commanded by
+an officer of the navy born in the department. The prizes captured by
+each should in this case be at the disposal of the Departmental
+Councils, a portion being devoted to defraying the expenses of the
+vessel, and the remainder applied to the execution of public works
+within the department." "As regards the defence of French ports, this
+may be best effected by flat-bottomed hulks, armed with long-range
+guns adapted to horizontal firing. The chances against invasion are
+greatly in favour of France, on account of the superiority of her land
+force, and the facility of transporting troops by railway to the
+locality attacked." "A great point will be the perfect training of the
+French squadron by annual evolutions, and with double or treble the
+requisite number of officers. If these suggestions are carried out,
+France will establish at sea what Russia has done on land, to the
+injury and restriction of British commerce, which must be seriously
+damaged, without material harm being done to ourselves. This loss of
+commerce will especially affect the working classes of England, and
+thus bring about a democratic inundation which will compel her to a
+speedy submission."
+
+Those were the chief proposals of the secret memoir which, falling
+into the hands of the British Government, so far alarmed it as to lead
+it to call upon the Earl of Dundonald for his opinions as to the best
+way of meeting the threatened danger. "This document," he wrote in his
+reply to Lord Auckland, "describes a plan of maritime operations
+undoubtedly more injurious to the interests of England than that
+pursued by France in former wars. There is nothing new, however, in
+the opinions promulgated. They have long been familiar to British
+naval officers, whose wonder has been that the wide-spread colonial
+commerce of England has never yet been effectually assailed. It is
+true that the advice given in the memoir derives more importance now
+from the fact that the application of steam-power to a system of
+predatory warfare constitutes every harbour a port of naval equipment,
+requiring to be watched, not in the passive manner of former
+blockades, but effectively by steam-vessels having their fires kindled
+at least during the obscurity of night. The cost and number of such
+blockades need not be dwelt on, nor the indefinite period to which
+prudence on the part of the enemy, and vigilance on that of the
+blockading force, might prolong a war. One hundred millions sterling
+added to our national debt would solve a doubt whether the most
+successful depredation on British commerce could produce consequences
+more extensive and permanently injurious. The memoir obviously
+anticipates that 'l'usage des canons bombes, dont les atteintes ont un
+si prodigieux effet,' will prevent our blockading ships from
+approaching the shores of France, and that thus their steam-vessels
+might escape unobserved during night, even with sailing-vessels in
+tow. This is no vague conjecture, but a consequence which assuredly
+will follow any hesitation on our part to counteract the system
+extensively adopted, and now under the consideration of the National
+Assembly, of arming all batteries with projectiles, whereby to burn or
+blow up our ships of war--a fate which even the precaution of keeping
+out of range could not avert, by reason of the incendiary and
+explosive missiles whereby 'les petits bâtiments à vapeur pouront
+attaquer les plus gros vaisseaux.' It is impossible to retaliate by
+using similar weapons. Forts and batteries are incombustible. Recourse
+must therefore be had to other means, whereby to overcome
+fortifications protecting expeditionary forces and piratical
+equipments."
+
+The means recommended by Lord Dundonald, it need hardly be said, were
+the secret war-plans which he had developed nearly forty years before,
+and the efficacy of which had recently been again admitted by the
+committee appointed to investigate them in 1846. It is not allowable,
+of course, to quote the paragraphs in which Lord Dundonald once more
+explained them and urged their adoption in case of need. The only
+objection offered to them was that they were too terrible for use by a
+civilized community. "These means," he replied, "all powerful, are
+nevertheless humane when contrasted with the use of shells and
+carcases by ships at sea, and most merciful, as competent to avert the
+bloodshed that would attend the contemplated 'descente en Angleterre
+ou en Ireland,' and other hostile schemes recommended in the memoir."
+
+That letter was forwarded to Lord Auckland from Halifax, where Lord
+Dundonald then was, in the beginning of August. "Assuredly the reasons
+which you give for the use of the means suggested are such as it is
+difficult to controvert," wrote Lord Auckland on the 18th; "but I
+would at least defer my assent or dissent to the time when the
+question may be more pressing than it is at present." "I would
+postpone my own reflections on the 'secret plans,'" he wrote again on
+the 1st of September, "and would fain hope that events will allow the
+Government long to postpone all decision upon them. I agree with you,
+however, in much that you say upon their principle, and am well
+satisfied that to no hands better than yours could the execution of
+any vigorous plans be entrusted."
+
+When, however, as will be seen on a latter page, an opportunity did
+arise for enforcing those plans against another power than France,
+their execution was not permitted to Lord Dundonald.
+
+Strongly as he himself was impressed with their importance, they
+formed only a part of a complete system of opinions respecting the
+defence of England at which he arrived by close study and long
+experience. These have already been partially indicated. He did not
+wish that his plans should be lightly made use of; but, believing that
+they would ultimately become a recognised means of warfare, and that
+even without them a great revolution would soon take place in ways of
+fighting, he deprecated as useless and wasteful the elaborate
+fortifications which were in his time beginning to be extensively set
+up at Dover, Portsmouth, and other possible points of attack upon
+England, and urged, with no less energy, that vast improvements ought
+to be made in the construction and employment of ships of war.
+
+Fortifications, he considered, were only desirable for the protection
+of the special ports and depÙts around which they were set up; and
+even for that purpose they ought to be so compact as to need no more
+than a few troops and local garrisons for their occupation. To have
+them so complicated and numerous as to require the exclusive attention
+of all or nearly all the military force of England, appeared to him
+only a source of national weakness. His own achievements at Valdivia
+and elsewhere showed him that skilful seamanship on the part of an
+invader would render them much less sufficient for the defence of the
+country than was generally supposed. If all our soldiers were
+scattered along various parts of the coast, it would not be difficult
+for the enemy, by a bold and sudden onslaught, or still more by a
+feint of the sort in which he himself was master, to take possession
+of one, and then there would be no concentrated army available to
+prevent the onward march of the assailant. Much wiser would it be to
+leave the seaboard comparatively unprotected from the land, and to
+have a powerful army so arranged as to be ready for prompt resistance
+of the enemy, if, by any means, he had gained a footing on the shore.
+
+To prevent that footing being gained, however, Lord Dundonald was
+quite as eager as any champion of monster fortifications could be; but
+this prevention, he urged, must be by means of moveable ships, and not
+by immoveable land-works. A strong fleet of gunboats, stationed all
+along the coast, and with carefully-devised arrangements for mutual
+communication, so that at any time their force could be speedily
+concentrated in one or more important positions, would be far more
+efficacious and far more economical than the more popular expedients
+for the military defence of England. He heartily believed, in fact, in
+the old and often-proved maxim that the sea was England's wall, and he
+desired to have that wall guarded by a force able to watch its whole
+extent and pass at ease from one point to another as occasion
+required.
+
+Desiring that thus the coast should be immediately protected by
+efficient gunboats, he desired no less to augment the naval strength
+of the country by means of improved war-ships as much like gunboats as
+possible. To large ships, if constructed in moderation and applied to
+special purposes, he was not averse; but he set a far higher value
+upon small and well-armed vessels, able to pass rapidly from place to
+place and to navigate shallow seas. "Give me," he often said, "a fast
+small steamer, with a heavy long-range gun in the bow, and another in
+the hold to fall back upon, and I would not hesitate to attack the
+largest ship afloat." His opinion on this point also was confirmed by
+his own experience--most notably in the exploits of his little
+_Speedy_ in the Mediterranean--and by the whole history of English
+naval triumphs. Since the time when the so-called Invincible Armada of
+Spain entered the British Channel, designed to conquer England by
+means of its huge armaments, and when the bulky galleons and galeasses
+of Philip's haughty sailors were chased and worried by the smaller
+barks and pinnaces of Drake, Hawkins, Frobisher, and the other
+sea-captains of Elizabeth, who sailed round and round their foe, and
+darted in and out of his unwieldy mass of shipping, never failing to
+inflict great injury, while his volleys of artillery passed harmlessly
+over their decks to sink into the sea, there had been abundant proof
+of the constant superiority of small warships over large. A "mosquito
+fleet," as he called it, was what Lord Dundonald wished to see
+developed; a swarm of active little vessels, just large enough to
+carry one or two powerful guns, which could go anywhere and do
+anything, to which the larger crafts of the enemy would afford
+convenient targets, but which, small and nimble, would be much less
+likely to be themselves attacked, and, even if attacked and sunk,
+would entail far less loss than would ensue from the destruction of a
+large war-ship. "As large a gun as possible, in a vessel as small and
+swift as possible, and as many of them as you can put upon the sea,"
+was Lord Dundonald's ideal. For this he argued during half a century;
+for this he laboured hard and long in the exercise of his inventive
+powers. In 1826, the plan of the war-steamers which he was to have
+taken to Greece was explained to Lord Exmouth--no slight authority on
+naval matters. "Why, it's not only the Turkish fleet," exclaimed the
+veteran, "but all the navies in the world, that you will be able to
+conquer with such craft as these."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVI
+
+THE EARL OF DUNDONALD'S CLAIM FOR THE RESTORATION OF THE ORDER OF THE
+BATH.--HIS GOOD SERVICE PENSION.--THE INVESTIGATION OF HIS SECRET
+WAR-PLANS.--HIS PAMPHLET ON NAVAL AFFAIRS.--HIS INSTALLATION AS A
+G.O.B.--HIS CANDIDATURE FOR ELECTION AS A SCOTCH REPRESENTATIVE
+PEER.--THE QUEEN'S PERMISSION TO HIS WEARING THE BRAZILIAN ORDER OF
+THE "CRUZIERO."--HIS APPOINTMENT AS COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE NORTH
+AMERICAN AND WEST INDIAN STATION.
+
+[1839-1848.]
+
+
+The restoration of his naval rank to the Earl of Dundonald in 1832,
+was slowly followed by other acts reversing the injustice of previous
+years by which a large portion of his life had been embittered.
+
+"Your lordship and the Admiralty," he wrote to Lord Minto, then at the
+head of naval affairs, on the 30th of March, 1839, "may have been
+surprised that I have never solicited any appointment since my
+reinstatement in the naval service by his late Majesty, whose memory I
+shall ever cherish for this magnanimous act of justice. The cause, my
+lord, has not been from any reluctance on my part, but from a feeling
+which, I have no doubt, will appear satisfactory to your lordship, if
+you do me the favour to read the enclosed copy of a letter which I
+have written this day to the Marquess of Lansdowne as President of the
+Council." The letter to Lord Lansdowne referred in great part to Lord
+Dundonald's rotary-engine, and to his secret war-plan, which he
+expressed his willingness to put in execution if ever it was required.
+"Your lordship and the Privy Council, however," it was added, "will
+not fail to observe that, if it shall ever be the intention of the
+Government, under any circumstances, again to employ me in the naval
+service, it would be quite inconsistent with the character of that
+service, as well as my own reputation, for me to assume command,
+unless the Order of the Bath, gained on the 12th of April, 1809, now
+thirty years ago, shall be restored to me."
+
+"I hope it will appear to your lordship," said Lord Dundonald, in a
+letter to Lord Melbourne, dated the 11th July, 1839, "that my services
+as a naval officer have been useful and honourable to my country; and,
+referring to those services and to the peculiar opportunities I have
+since had of acquiring further professional knowledge, I may say,
+without vanity, that her Majesty has no officer in her navy more
+experienced than myself; and yet, from the extraordinary circumstances
+of my case, I am the only flag-officer in her Majesty's service who,
+if called upon to take a command, could not do so consistently with
+his own honour and the respect due to those who might be appointed to
+serve under him. For where is the officer who could not conveniently
+call to mind, that I, who when only a captain was a Knight of the
+Bath, was deprived of that honour, and that now, though a
+flag-officer, I have not been deemed worthy of having it restored?" "I
+am sensible," wrote Lord Dundonald in another letter to the Premier,
+written eight days later, "that the act of justice which I experienced
+from the late King, under the ministry of Earl Grey, of which your
+lordship was a distinguished member, in restoring me to my naval rank,
+was a great favour, inasmuch as it evinced a considerate feeling
+towards me; and I was then fully satisfied with it, under the
+impression that it would be viewed by the public, and especially by
+the navy, as a testimony of the belief of the Government, at that
+time, that I was innocent of the offence that had been laid to my
+charge, and also that I should stand as good a chance as most of my
+brother officers (and perhaps, from my experience, a better) of being
+called to active service. I did not then foresee that the restoration
+of my naval rank alone would be viewed as a half-measure. Still less
+did I anticipate that, in the event of my being offered an
+appointment, I should be incapacitated from accepting it by reason of
+the feelings of other officers that I still laboured under some
+imputation which would render it derogatory to them to serve under me.
+But it is now impossible for me to conceal from myself the fact that,
+while the navy generally is kindly disposed towards me, and would
+rejoice to see me fully reinstated in all that I once enjoyed, I am
+considered by many to remain as completely precluded from active
+service as if my name had never more appeared in the Navy List, I
+trust, my lord, that it cannot be thought reasonable to reduce me to
+the inglorious condition of a retired or yellow admiral at home, and
+at the same time to deny me the privilege of acquiring either
+emolument or distinction in foreign service."
+
+Lord Dundonald's hope was that, on the occasion of her Majesty's
+marriage, there would be a bestowal of honours, which would afford a
+convenient opportunity for the restoration of his dignity as a Knight
+of the Bath. But in this he was disappointed.
+
+A minor favour was conferred upon him, however, and in a very
+gratifying way, eighteen months later. "You are probably aware," wrote
+Lord Minto to him on the 3rd of January, 1841, "that the death of Sir
+Henry Bayntam has vacated one of the pensions for good and meritorious
+service. Before I left town a few days ago I made my arrangements to
+enable me to confer this pension upon you, if you should think it
+worthy of your acceptance, either as evidence of the high estimation
+in which I have ever held your services, or as convenient in a
+pecuniary point of view. Although you are one of the few who have not
+applied for this, I do not fear that any one of the numerous claimants
+can show so good a title to it."
+
+That compliment was accepted by Lord Dundonald in a spirit answering
+to that in which it was offered. Yet his reasonable anxiety for a
+restitution of the Order of the Bath was not abated, and thereupon he
+was engaged in a correspondence with the Earl of Haddington, then
+First Lord of the Admiralty, during the early part of 1842, which was
+closed by the intimation, bitterly disappointing to Lord Dundonald,
+that the Cabinet Council declined recommending the Queen to comply
+with his earnest request.
+
+Equally disappointing was the result of another application with the
+same object which he made to Sir Robert Peel in the autumn of 1844.
+"Her Majesty's servants," wrote Sir Robert Peel on the 7th of
+November, "have had under consideration the letter which I received
+from your lordship, bearing date the 10th of September. On reference
+to the proceedings which were adopted in the year 1832, it appears
+that, previously to the restoration of your lordship to your rank in
+the navy, a free pardon under the Great Seal was granted to your
+lordship; and adverting to that circumstance, and to the fact that
+thirty years have now elapsed since the charges to which the free
+pardon had reference were the subject of investigation before the
+proper judicial tribunal of the country, her Majesty's servants cannot
+consistently with their duty advise the Queen to reopen an inquiry
+into these charges."
+
+Lord Dundonald failed to see, in the partial reversal, twelve years
+before, of the unjust treatment to which he had been subjected
+eighteen years before that, a reason for refusing to inquire whether
+there was any injustice yet to be atoned for. He had not, however,
+very much longer to wait for the object which he sought.
+
+One of his grounds for desiring a public recognition of the efficacy
+of his secret war-plans was a reasonable belief that, if it was seen
+that through half a lifetime he had steadfastly avoided using for his
+private advantage what might have been to him a vast source of wealth,
+in order that the secret might be reserved solely for the benefit of
+his country, it would be acknowledged to be incredible that, for
+insignificant ends, he could have resorted to the gross and clumsy
+fraud attributed to him at the Stock Exchange trial. And in this
+expectation he was right. Nearly all the reparation that was now
+possible quickly followed upon the investigation into the war-plans
+that was referred to in the last chapter.
+
+While the investigation was pending he was pained by a letter from Sir
+Thomas Hastings, not unkind in itself, but showing that his real
+motives for courting that investigation were not understood. "I made a
+communication to-day," wrote Sir Thomas on the 27th of November, 1846,
+"that the commission had entered on its duties, and received
+instructions to inform you that it would be desirable, before the
+commission proceeded further, to ascertain your lordship's views as to
+the nature of the remuneration you would expect from Government in the
+event of your plans being reported on favourably."
+
+Lord Dundonald's reply was characteristic. "You intimate a wish on the
+part of Government," he wrote on the 1st of December, "to ascertain my
+views in regard to the 'remuneration' I expect, in the event of my
+plans being favourably reported on. I reply that I devoted these
+plans, thirty-five years ago, to the service of my country, that I
+have reserved them through the most adverse and trying circumstances,
+satisfied that at some future time I should prove my character to be
+above pecuniary considerations or mercenary motives. I have looked
+forward to the restoration of those honours, of which I was most
+unjustly bereaved, and to freedom from mental anguish, endured
+throughout an isolation from society of one-third of a century. I
+cannot contrast with such sufferings, nor with my plans, any sum that
+Government could bestow. Nevertheless, I have implicitly relied that
+collateral deprivations and losses would be taken into consideration
+by some future, just, and impartial Administration. I do most
+earnestly hope that the period has now arrived."
+
+That letter was communicated by Sir Thomas Hastings to Lord Auckland.
+"I return the letter," he wrote to Sir Thomas on the 16th of December,
+"which Lord Dundonald wrote to you upon the remuneration which he
+would expect in the event of a favourable report upon his plans;
+namely, first, his restoration to the honours of which he was
+deprived; and, secondly, a consideration of collateral deprivations
+and losses. I am sorry to acquaint you that the first condition is one
+to which I am not authorized to promise an acquiescence. It is not
+necessary that I should discuss the difficulties which occur to the
+restoration in question. I can only express my own deep regret that
+they should exist, and that the hopes which have been entertained by
+Lord Dundonald should be disappointed. For myself, I personally regard
+him. I look upon his naval career as most remarkable and most
+honourable; and I must lament whatever may seem to detract from the
+advantage and grace of his return to the navy."
+
+"Sir Thomas Hastings," wrote Lord Dundonald to Lord Auckland on the
+following day, "has sent me your sympathizing note on the decision of
+the Cabinet Council in regard to the first item, designated as 'the
+remuneration I would expect in the event of a favourable report on my
+plans.' Now, after the expression of my deep sense of gratitude to
+your lordship for having brought the question before the Cabinet, I do
+most sincerely rejoice that 'the first condition is one to which you
+are not authorized to promise an acquiescence.' I could not deem
+acquiescence a remuneration, nor could I value it otherwise than as
+evidence of conviction, produced by facts and the tenor of a whole
+life, of my incapability of descending to base acts for gain at any
+period of my existence, especially at a moment when I can prove that I
+had objects of the highest national importance and the most brilliant
+personal prospects in view. In confirmation of disinterestedness, I
+further hold my retention of the 'secret war-plans' for a period of
+thirty-five years, notwithstanding frequent opportunities to use them
+to my incalculable private advantage. The merit of these plans, though
+I am well aware of their value, is yet officially unpronounced by the
+commission appointed to report. Therefore, the preceding facts being
+doubtful, I repeat that I do most sincerely rejoice that the Cabinet
+Council have manifested that their decision neither depends on favour
+nor on the value of the plans themselves. Foreseeing that, whatever
+may be the ultimate determination, it must be founded on facts and
+justified by an exposition of my conduct and character, I am preparing
+a document which, whatever may be my fate pending the brief remainder
+of my existence, will justify my memory when grievous wrongs shall
+cease to prey on a mind which, save from the consciousness of
+rectitude, would in brief time have bowed my head with humiliation to
+the ground." The document there referred to was a pamphlet entitled
+"Observations on Naval Affairs, and on some Collateral Subjects." In
+it were concisely enumerated Lord Dundonald's services as a British
+naval officer, and the hardships brought upon him by the unmerited
+Stock Exchange trial. The pamphlet was published in February, 1847,
+and immediately excited considerable attention. "I hope the
+difficulties which have prevented the realization of your wishes may
+be removed shortly," wrote Sir Thomas Hastings on the 2nd of March.
+"But services so distinguished, and a career so splendid and full of
+professional instruction as your lordship's, can never be blotted out
+or rendered dim in the annals of the naval history of our country." "I
+have had the kindest note possible from the Marquess of Lansdowne,"
+said Lord Dundonald, in a letter written on the 27th of April. "Lord
+Auckland was at our house on Saturday, and spoke in the kindest and
+most feeling manner. I hear from all quarters that the pamphlet has
+made and is making a great impression, and I have every hope that all
+will end well."
+
+All did end well. The public announcement, on the highest authority,
+of the value of his secret war-plans, and the consequent exhibition of
+his disinterested patriotism in so long preserving them for his
+country's use, followed by the bold appeal made by him to the public
+through his pamphlet, brought success at last to his long-continued
+efforts to obtain a restoration of his dignity as a Knight of the
+Bath. His best friends in the Cabinet, especially Lords Lansdowne and
+Auckland, had influence, though not all the influence they desired,
+upon other Cabinet and Privy Councillors who were opposed to the tardy
+act of justice. But they did not wait for the assent of all. On the
+6th of May Lord Lansdowne represented the case to her Majesty the
+Queen, and received her promise that, with or without the approval of
+her Privy Councillors, she would confer the next vacant Order of the
+Bath upon Lord Dundonald.
+
+Fortunately a vacancy occurred immediately, through the death of
+Admiral Sir Davige Gould. "Lord Auckland has called," wrote Lord
+Dundonald on the 9th of May, "and informed me officially that the
+Queen has placed at his disposal the vacant Order of the Bath; and
+that, in conformity with the intention with which it was so placed, he
+was to deliver it to me." "I have information from the palace," he
+wrote a few days later, "that her Majesty has had conversation as to
+the justice of some further atonement for the injuries that have been
+inflicted on me, and that she said it was subject of regret that such
+was not in her power; but, should the subject be entertained by her
+advisers, her concurrence would not be wanting."
+
+That further act of justice was never rendered; but Lord Dundonald
+rejoiced that the more important measure--that which, by restoring the
+dignity wrongfully taken from him, would do more than anything else to
+set him right in the eyes of the world--was at last adopted. "It gives
+me sincere pleasure," wrote Lord John Russell on the 12th of May, in
+answer to a letter thanking him for the conduct of his Administration,
+"that the last act of the Government has been so gratifying to you.
+Your services to your country are recorded among those of the most
+brilliant of a war signalised by heroic achievements. I will lay
+before her Majesty the expression of your gratitude, and I can assure
+you that the Queen has sanctioned with the greatest satisfaction the
+advice of her ministers."
+
+On the 25th of May--the order being dated the 22nd--Lord Dundonald was
+gazetted as a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath; and this
+act of grace was rendered more graceful by the personal interest shown
+by Prince Albert, who, as Grand Master of the Order, dispensed with
+the customary formalities and delays, and, on the following morning,
+caused a warrant to be sent to him, in order that he might wear the
+cross at the birthday drawing-room, which he attended by her Majesty's
+command on the 27th of May. Thus another step was made in the way of
+retribution for the injuries inflicted on him in 1814 and in the
+ensuing years.
+
+"To-day," he wrote on the 12th of July, "there was a grand muster at
+the palace of all the Knights Grand Crosses, and many inferior
+Crosses, and I was installed. Lord Ellenborough was one of my
+sponsors, and the Duke of Wellington shook hands with me, and
+expressed his satisfaction at my restoration to the Order. I am glad
+to tell you that the ceremony of knighting, of which I was afraid, was
+not resorted to; so my knightship dates back to the 27th of April,
+1809."
+
+In another effort to obtain full justice for himself, however, he was
+unsuccessful. The great expenses that sprang out of his long-continued
+scientific and mechanical pursuits had absorbed all his scanty sources
+of income, and he forcibly urged that in accordance with the precedent
+furnished by a similar grant to Sir Robert Wilson, in 1832, he was
+entitled to the arrears of pay due to him for the seventeen years
+during which he had been kept out of his position in the British navy.
+But his request was refused; and the heavy pecuniary loss, as well as
+other and much heavier deprivations, consequent on a persecution that
+has been since admitted to have been wholly undeserved, has never been
+compensated.[20]
+
+  [20] Part of a letter which Lord Dundonald received on this subject
+  four years afterwards from Mr. Joseph Hume, though quoted in his
+  "Autobiography," is too important to be here omitted. "I considered,"
+  wrote the great champion of public economy, on the 10th of May, 1852,
+  "that you were incapable of taking the means that were resorted to by
+  Mr. Cochrane Johnstone, and for which you suffered; and I was pleased
+  to learn that you had been restored to your rank. I considered that
+  act a proof that the Government which had restored you to the rank and
+  honours of your profession, and had afterwards appointed you to the
+  command in the West Indies, must have come to the same conclusion;
+  and, until the perusal of your draft petition, I concluded that you
+  had all your arrears paid to you as a tardy, though inadequate, return
+  to your lordship, whose early exploits did honour to yourself, and
+  gave additional lustre to the naval service of the country to which
+  you belonged.... His Majesty King William IV. was satisfied with the
+  innocence of Sir Robert Wilson, and he was restored to the
+  service--was, I understand, paid all the arrears of pay and allowances
+  during his suspension, and afterwards appointed to the command of
+  Gibraltar. I was pleased at the result; and it would give me equal
+  pleasure to learn that your application to her Majesty should be
+  attended with an act of justice to you equally merited." Lord
+  Palmerston subsequently, in answer to an application from Lord
+  Dundonald--forgetting Sir Robert Wilson's case--said there was no
+  precedent for such an act. Lord Dundonald answered that there was no
+  precedent for such injustice as had been done to him.
+
+Shortly after that event Lord Dundonald sought to be elected one of
+the Scotch representative peers in the House of Lords. Now that his
+load of unmerited disgrace was shaken off, he desired to resume his
+old functions as a legislator--and this with no abatement of his zeal
+for the welfare of the people; but with none of the violence which his
+own heavy sufferings at the time of their first and heaviest pressure
+had partly caused him to show during his former parliamentary career.
+Being now a peer, he could not return to his seat in the House of
+Commons, and being a Scotch peer, he could only sit in the House of
+Lords as one of the delegates from the aristocracy of his native land.
+Among these he therefore asked for a place at the election in
+September, 1847. He did not, however, begin to seek it early enough.
+Other candidates had, according to custom, obtained promises of a
+majority of votes from the electors before he thought of canvassing,
+and he was thus left in a minority. Many peers, however, who on this
+occasion were unable to support him, offered to pledge their votes to
+him for the next election.
+
+A minor favour was at this time shown to Lord Dundonald, which
+afforded him real gratification. In 1835, he had been allowed by King
+William IV. to use the insignia of a Grand Commander of the Order of
+the Saviour of Greece, conferred upon him by King Otho. In August,
+1847, he applied to the Cabinet for permission to use the title of
+Marquis of Maranham and the Grand Cross of Brazil, both of which had
+been conferred upon him by the Emperor Pedro I., in 1823. "I have to
+acquaint your lordship," wrote Lord Palmerston, then Foreign
+Secretary, on the 11th of October, "that under the peculiar
+circumstances of the case, which have prevented the application being
+made earlier, the Queen has signified her pleasure that you should be
+permitted to accept the Grand Cross of the Order of the Cruziero. With
+regard, however, to the title of Marquis of Maranham, it is my duty to
+state to your lordship that, after full consideration, her Majesty's
+Government regret that they cannot advise the Queen to grant you the
+desired permission. While her Majesty's Government duly appreciate the
+services rendered by your lordship to the Crown of Brazil, they
+consider it to be on general principles so undesirable that
+distinguished officers of the British navy should have foreign titles,
+that they feel themselves compelled to decline complying with the
+request." "I beg to assure your lordship," wrote Lord Dundonald in
+reply, on the 18th of October, "that I feel more gratitude in being
+informed of the sentiments of her Majesty's Government in regard to my
+faithful and zealous services in Brazil than I ever experienced from
+the title conferred on me as the honorary portion of my reward for
+such services. As far as relates to assuming the title in my native
+country, I entreat your lordship to believe that I never entertained
+the intention."
+
+A memorable occurrence soon followed. Now that his honours as well as
+his naval rank were restored to him, he had no reason for holding back
+from active service in his profession; and the Earl of Auckland,
+anxious to make use--as far as use could be made in peace-time--of his
+great and varied experience, and also to give further proof of the
+desire at last to render him all possible honour, was prompt in
+offering him fresh employment on the sea. "I shall shortly have to
+name a Commander-in-Chief for the North American and West Indian
+Station," wrote Lord Auckland on the 27th of December, 1847. "Will you
+accept the appointment? I shall feel it to be an honour and a pleasure
+to have named you to it, and I am satisfied that your nomination will
+be agreeable to her Majesty, as it will be to the country, and,
+particularly, to the navy."
+
+Lord Dundonald did accept the appointment, rejoicing in it as a
+further step in reparation for the injuries by which he had been
+hindered, a whole generation before, from rising to the highest rank
+in the naval service of his country. He might then have achieved
+victories over the French which would have surpassed his brilliant
+exploit at Basque Roads. He could now only direct the quiet operations
+of a small fleet in time of peace. This, however, being the best that
+it was now possible for him to do, he gladly undertook. "Permit me,"
+he wrote to Lord Auckland, "to assure your lordship that this gracious
+act has further tended to obliterate the deep and painful impressions
+made by thirty years of mental suffering, such as no language can
+describe; for, my lord, the agony produced by false accusations on an
+honourable mind is infinitely greater than merited infliction of death
+itself. I leave your lordship then to estimate the amount of
+obligation I fail to convey, and beg you will allow me to express a
+hope that your generous recommendation to her Majesty will be
+justified by my zealous endeavours to fulfil the duties I owe to my
+sovereign and country."
+
+"I have waited for her Majesty's assent to your appointment," said the
+Earl of Auckland in a letter written on the 3rd of January, 1848,
+"before answering your letter of the 28th ultimo. This assent has been
+most cordially given, and you may now consider yourself
+Commander-in-Chief of the North American and West Indian Station, and
+I may repeat that my share in this proceeding has given me very great
+pleasure, and that I am confirmed in my feelings of gratification by
+the terms in which you speak of occupying your proper place in the
+navy. I am glad for you, and I am glad for myself that I have done
+this just and honourable act."
+
+Very hearty was the satisfaction expressed by all classes as soon as
+Lord Dundonald's appointment was made public. "I beg," wrote Mr.
+Delane, the editor of the "Times," earliest of all in tendering his
+compliments, "to offer my very hearty congratulations upon your
+appointment--all that remained to efface the stain of such unmerited
+persecution." "The communication you have just made to me," wrote the
+Duke of Hamilton and Brandon, "is most gratifying, and the First Lord
+of the Admiralty has done himself immortal honour in appointing that
+naval officer commander in one hemisphere who had previously
+illustrated his name by his most brilliant exploits in the other.
+Everything I think has now been done to undo the foul aspersions with
+which you have been assailed; and I am sure now everything will be
+done that can most serve to establish the ability of the officer and
+the delicacy of the gentleman. I congratulate you most sincerely upon
+your appointment, and I hope you will meet with difficulties when you
+arrive at your destination. Don't be surprised at this my wish. It
+proceeds from knowing the ample resources of my friend to overcome
+them, and his constant desire to sacrifice everything to duty and
+honour." "I derive the greatest pleasure and satisfaction from your
+appointment to the command of a British fleet," wrote Sir George
+Sinclair, "an appointment not less creditable to the ministry than
+honourable to yourself. I cannot help contemplating with affectionate
+sorrow the portrait of our dearest friend, Sir Francis Burdett, now
+suspended over the chimney-piece, and thinking how happy he would have
+been had he witnessed this most welcome and delightful consummation."
+"Permit me the honour," wrote Admiral John White, "to bear testimony
+to the high gratification I felt at seeing by the papers the
+announcement of your lordship's having taken the command of the West
+India and Halifax Stations. The whole British empire has expressed
+great joy at this justice having been done to the bravery of your
+lordship as an officer and your goodness and honour as a man." That
+last sentence told no more than the truth.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVII.
+
+LORD DUNDONALD'S DEPARTURE FOR NORTH AMERICA.--EXTRACTS FROM THE
+CORRESPONDENCE OF LORD AUCKLAND AND OTHERS RESPECTING WEST INDIAN
+AFFAIRS AND EUROPEAN POLITICS.--BERMUDA.--THE FRENCH REVOLUTION OF
+1848 AND ITS ISSUES.--IRELAND AND THE CHARTISTS.--THE DEATH OF LORD
+AUCKLAND.
+
+[1848.]
+
+
+Lord Dundonald left London for Devonport on the 16th of March, 1848,
+and on the following day hoisted his flag on board the _Wellesley_ as
+Admiral in command of the North American and West Indian Fleet. On the
+25th of March he set sail for Halifax, which was soon reached, and
+was, during three years, the head-quarters from which he proceeded on
+numerous voyages in fulfilment of the duties of his office. These
+duties were not very onerous or various. They were relieved, however,
+by much careful study of the circumstances and prospects of our
+colonies in British North America, and by correspondence thereupon,
+and on other subjects, with influential friends at home, and
+especially with Lord Auckland, the First Lord of the Admiralty. From
+this correspondence some selections will be made in the ensuing pages.
+
+"I am very much pleased with your letter of the 19th," wrote Lord
+Auckland, on the 21st of March, while the _Wellesley_ was still at
+Devonport, "and the good spirit with which you look forward to your
+coming duties. I know how irksome is the succession of the petty
+duties which are incident to places of authority, and how far more
+attractive is the excitement of great actions to those who are capable
+of performing them. But even the first class of duties is not without
+interest, and carries credit as it is performed with justice and
+exactness; and I hope that for the second the necessity of great
+exertions will not arise. But it is always well that the possibility
+of their being called for should be borne in mind; and, while you
+follow the peaceful avocations of your station, I should be glad that
+you become acquainted with all its points of strength and of weakness.
+All the information and advice that you may give to me will be
+gratefully received and carefully considered."
+
+"I hope," wrote Lord Auckland, three days later, "that the Mosquito
+affair will have been brought to a termination before your arrival,
+and that the necessity for the presence of ships in the Bay of Mexico
+will have terminated with a cessation of hostilities between the
+United States and Mexico. You will then have the slave-trade and the
+fisheries mainly to attend to. You will learn from the Consul at Cuba
+whether the slave-trade is now actively carried on. It had for some
+time entirely ceased, but it may have revived, and, with good
+information and force for interception applied at the right time, I
+should hope that it will not require many of your ships. The fisheries
+will, for a season, be a regular and fixed object of attention. Though
+I feel that your number of ships is small, it is difficult for me to
+increase it. I hate to fritter away our men and naval strength on a
+multitude of brigs and sloops and petty objects."
+
+Lord Auckland communicated to his friend many interesting opinions
+respecting the state of politics and the condition of affairs on both
+sides of the Atlantic. A letter from him, dated the 30th of April, had
+reference chiefly to the troubles occasioned at that time by the
+interference of Nicaragua with British commerce, which had
+necessitated the sending of Captain Lock, in the _Alarm_, to watch the
+course of events and compel proper behaviour by the turbulent state.
+"A 'little war' is always a vexatious thing," he wrote, "and our
+relations with the state of Mosquito, though they have long and
+ancient standing to recommend them, are strange and anomalous. But the
+insults of Nicaragua were highly provoking. The detention of British
+subjects was not to be borne, and the spirit which has been exhibited
+by Captain Lock, the spirit and enterprise with which his operations
+were directed, the conduct of all who served under him, and the
+successful results which have been achieved, are all highly to be
+applauded. I am glad, however, that they have left the river of San
+Juan. I see that in 1780 Nelson lost by the climate there fifteen
+hundred out of eighteen hundred men; and I well know what is the
+effect of a low country in the tropics, particularly after exertion
+and fatigue."
+
+The rest of the letter related to the turmoil excited in Europe by the
+deposition of Louis Philippe in February, 1848, and the less
+successful revolutions in other countries. "We continue to be on the
+very best terms with the Provisional Government, and there is a better
+disposition towards us on the part of the French people than there was
+at the first outbreak of the Revolution. I have therefore at present
+no apprehension of war. There is, however, this danger; that Germany
+and Italy are greatly disturbed, and that Austria and Sardinia are
+engaged in war on the side of Italy, and Prussia and Denmark to the
+north, and it will not be easy for France and England to be peaceful
+lookers-on. Besides which, the Government of France will long be
+subject to popular gusts, and it is never easy to say in what
+direction they may blow. In the meantime, however, all wears the
+appearance of peace, and at home the chances of disturbance both from
+Chartists and Repealers have become less. We have only danger from the
+distress and want of employment which have followed upon the shock
+given to credit throughout Europe."
+
+Unfortunately, most of the letters written by Lord Dundonald during
+these months have been lost; but something of their purport may be
+gathered from the replies to them. "I am very glad," Lord Auckland
+wrote, on the 28th of May, "that your thoughts appear to be very
+considerately given to the health of those that are under your
+command. You will, of course, have consideration for the ships that
+have served in the Gulf of Mexico, or other unhealthy places, and give
+them a turn in the north. I did not lose a moment in sending to Lord
+Grey your suggestions in favour of removing the convict hulks at
+Bermuda, and he has promised me that he will, without delay, issue
+orders accordingly."
+
+Lord Auckland wrote again to his friend on the 23rd of June. "I have
+your valuable memoranda on the defences and dockyard of Bermuda," he
+said, "and I am greatly obliged to you for them, as will be Lord Grey.
+I will promise to give them early and deep consideration. In the
+meantime I will press the Board to give immediate authority for the
+improvement of the drains of the hospital, and of the supply of water.
+I am greatly obliged to you for the steadiness with which you keep
+considerations of economy in view. The disinterestedness with which
+you regard the schemes which have been proposed for a new Admiralty
+House at Bermuda will give you authority in checking expenditure in
+other objects."
+
+"The affairs of France," we read in the same letter, written while
+General Cavaignac was suppressing the June revolution, "are most
+unsettled. There is no confidence in any man or party, and there are
+discontent, and mistrust, and alarm. All feel that things cannot go on
+in their present form; but none can foresee what will follow. It may
+be a continuance of internal dissension, but in an aggravated form. It
+may be a disposition to external violence. At home the condition both
+of England and Ireland is quieter than it was." "There is more
+brightness in our prospects at home just now," wrote Lord Auckland,
+three weeks later, on the 14th of July, "than has been the case for
+some months. Commerce and credit are reviving; Chartism is dormant,
+and Ireland is less troublesome. And on the Continent there is a more
+general disposition to return to institutions of order. I confess that
+I should be glad to hear that just at this moment there were a larger
+force than usual at Bermuda. The presence there of Mitchell[21] is
+apparently raising some excitement. Though I cannot apprehend any
+formidable attempt at rescue, yet the notoriety of a force being at or
+about the island may put an end to the vapouring menaces which are
+proclaimed, and prevent any rash or foolish enterprise that may be
+projected."
+
+  [21] The great Chartist who, having been tried and sentenced to
+  transportation, had been sent to Bermuda in May, 1848.
+
+"Thanks to you for your letter from Halifax," Lord Auckland wrote
+again, on the 21st of July, "and for your last sheets on the defences
+of Bermuda. I did not think, when we parted, that the question of
+these defences would so soon come under serious discussion, with a
+view to their practical efficiency, but I do not yet think they will
+be put to the test by any formidable attempt for the rescue of Mr.
+Mitchell. Such apprehensions of danger, however, as they occur
+occasionally, do good, and lead men to think of and correct their weak
+points. What you say of the accessible nature of the southern reef
+surprises me, and strengthens your recommendation of gunboats as the
+means of defence which are least to be neglected. I only hang back in
+regard to them, as the Naval Department could not bear the expense of
+such defences for the many colonies that would require them, and they
+must be provided by the Colonial Governments. Our arrangements,
+however, may in some cases be subsidiary to theirs, and, wherever it
+is possible, the craft of the dockyard and other establishments should
+be so fitted as to be capable of carrying a gun. I am glad you sent
+off the _Scourge_ to Bermuda. She is a handy vessel and well
+commanded, and the notoriety of her presence will not be without a
+useful effect. What you say of the character of the emigrants that are
+sent forth from Ireland to our colonies is but too true. Yet it is
+better that they should go than accumulate famine and disturbance at
+home. The present condition of Ireland menaces trouble and
+difficulty."
+
+"I am quite aware," wrote Earl Grey, who was then Secretary of State
+for the Colonies, to Lord Dundonald, on the 3rd of August, "of the
+unfortunate tendency of the emigration to the North American provinces
+being chiefly from Ireland; but I do not see how it is in the power of
+the Government effectually to counteract the causes which are leading
+to the settlement of so large a proportion of Irish in this part of
+the British dominion. I fear this will, hereafter, be attended with
+very unfortunate results." "I beg to thank your lordship," he also
+said, "for the important information you have transmitted to me, and
+for the pains you have taken in considering the subject of the defence
+of Bermuda, which I recommended to your attention before you left
+England. I am in communication with Lord Auckland upon this subject,
+and we shall endeavour to act upon your suggestions so far as we are
+enabled to do so, under the financial difficulties with which we have
+to contend."
+
+In the next letter written by Lord Auckland to Lord Dundonald, on the
+18th of August, he again referred to European politics. "There is,
+with regard to the Continent, more promise of peace at this moment
+than there has been for a long time past, and there is a tone of more
+moderation on the part of France towards other countries than I have
+ever expected to see. But she yet has within her fearful elements of
+disturbance; her Government is yet unsettled, and, whenever
+determined, it will be subject to strong popular influences, and there
+can be no security. I almost apprehend earlier mischief from the
+popular influences of the United States. They have had a task of
+conquest and annexation, and Cuba lies temptingly. The uneasiness of
+the black population of many of the West India Islands may lead to
+opportunities, and disagreeable events may grow out of such
+circumstances. But these are matters of speculation, and nothing turns
+out as men think that they foresee. I wish that your squadron was
+stronger; for you are weak in numbers for the many points that you
+have to cover. Our home politics are rather more satisfactory than
+they were; that is to say, the dangers of Irish insurrection and of
+formidable Chartist outbreak are over. But there is still much
+uneasiness and disaffection in both countries, and the various events
+of Paris have given encouragement to strange enterprises. I apprehend,
+however, no serious mischief from these quarters at present; but we
+have in prospect a very general failure of the potato crop, and a very
+indifferent harvest, and here will be new causes of embarrassment."
+
+There were many causes of embarrassment to English statesmen during
+the ensuing months. "For the present," wrote Lord Auckland, on the 1st
+of September, "there is a cordial and friendly understanding between
+the Governments of this country and France, and the chances of war
+seem to be distant. General Cavaignac seems to be a prudent and
+moderate man. But no one can predict into what courses the popular
+influences of France may force him, or what changes may on any day
+occur. The extreme Communist party is weaker than it was; and a
+Royalist party--for some king, but not for Louis Philippe--is growing
+up; and between these is a Government of a republic and an army. The
+first political difficulty will be that of Italy, where the Austrians
+will not readily make any concession, and where the French will not
+readily see them again accumulate strength. It is to be seen whether
+their mediation and ours will be of any avail."
+
+"The condition of the present French Government is precarious," Lord
+Auckland said in another letter, dated the 9th of November. "According
+to present appearances, Louis Napoleon will be elected President, not
+because he is personally esteemed, but from his name, with some
+parties, and because it is anticipated by others that his rule will be
+short, and that he will be made to make way for others." "The election
+of a French President is over," Lord Auckland was able to say on the
+25th of December, "and has been carried at last with a rush; and we
+are to have a new dynasty of Napoleons. Louis Napoleon was supported
+by the army for his name, by the bulk of the nation because Cavaignac
+and the Republic were hated, and by the Legitimists because they think
+he may presently be overthrown. He is pronounced to be a foolish man;
+but his course has been lately one of prudence and perseverance, and
+he will enter upon power with good auspices. But he will have many
+difficulties to contend with, and we may yet see many changes before
+the condition of France will be settled."
+
+The Earl of Auckland, one of the worthiest and most generous statesmen
+of his time, Lord Dundonald's firm friend, and the friend of all with
+whom he came in contact, did not live to see these changes. Just a
+week after that letter was written, Admiral John Dundas, who had been
+his chief adviser on Admiralty matters, had to write to Lord
+Dundonald. "It is with great regret," he said, on the 1st of January,
+1849, "I have to inform you of the death of Lord Auckland, after a few
+hours' illness. He was on a visit to Lord Ashburton, near Winchester,
+on Saturday--seized with a fit--never spoke after--and died this
+morning. You may well imagine the universal sorrow at such a loss; and
+I am sure you will join in that, for I know well the friendship that
+existed between you."
+
+By Lord Auckland's letters, it has been shown that, among much else,
+Lord Dundonald made special study of the actual condition and the
+possible improvement of Bermuda, both as a convict settlement and as a
+centre of defence against any attacks that might be made upon the West
+Indies. He suggested various beneficial changes for the strengthening
+of its fortifications and for lessening its unhealthy character by
+better drainage and other expedients. In all of these he was supported
+by Lord Auckland. But from the new First Lord of the Admiralty, Sir
+Francis Baring, he met with less encouragement. Bermuda had been made
+a subject of inquiry by a Parliamentary Committee, and the House of
+Commons being averse to any further expense, Sir Francis Baring was
+compelled to countermand much of the action that had been resolved
+upon.
+
+With Sir Francis Baring Lord Dundonald corresponded on little but
+strictly official matters, and therefore their letters are of less
+general interest than those which passed between him and Lord Auckland.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVIII.
+
+LORD DUNDONALD'S VISITS TO THE NORTH AMERICAN AND WEST INDIAN
+COLONIES, AND HIS OPINIONS THEREON.--NEWFOUNDLAND AND ITS
+FISHERIES.--LABRADOR.--BERMUDA; ITS DEFENCES AND ITS GEOLOGICAL
+FORMATION.--BARBADOES.--THE NEGROS.--TRINIDAD.--ITS PITCH LAKE.--THE
+DEPRESSED CONDITION OF THE WEST INDIAN COLONIES.--LORD DUNDONALD'S
+SUGGESTIONS FOR THEIR IMPROVEMENT.
+
+[1848-1850.]
+
+
+The foregoing chapter consists chiefly of extracts from letters
+addressed to Lord Dundonald during 1848. In the present one free use
+will be made of his own journal of a tour among the colonies and
+islands whose interests he was appointed to watch as Admiral of the
+North American and West Indian squadron.[22] It furnishes much
+interesting information about the places visited, and has also
+additional interest as illustrating the writer's tone of mind and
+method of investigation concerning every object that came in his way.
+The journal describes his occupations during eight months, beginning
+with the summer of 1849, and includes reminiscences of less systematic
+visits to the various localities made during the previous year.
+Leaving Halifax, in Nova Scotia, on the 14th of July, Lord Dundonald
+proceeded northwards, passed Cape Breton Island to Newfoundland, the
+fisheries of which it was part of his duty to protect.
+
+  [22] Published in 1861 as a pamphlet, entitled, "Notes on the
+  Mineralogy, Government, and Condition of the British West India
+  Islands and North American Maritime Colonies."
+
+He entered St. George's Harbour, the chief resort of the fishermen and
+traders, on the 27th of July. "It is situated," he said, "in the angle
+of a deep bay between Aguille and Cape St. George, the town being on
+the promontory and having deep water close to it. No village can be
+better placed for the herring fishery, as these gregarious fish at the
+season of their arrival on the coast enter this harbour, as it were,
+into the cod of a net, whence they are lifted into the boats by scoops
+and buckets. With such slender means possessed by the inhabitants, the
+average catch amounts to twenty-two thousand barrels; but hundreds of
+thousands might be taken, were encouragement afforded. Salmon are also
+caught in the neighbouring rivers, which are alive with undisturbed
+and neglected trout. The barrels in which the herrings are packed are
+said to cost two shillings and sixpence each, and some new regulation
+requires additional hoops, which, to those concerned, appears a
+grievance. It is said the herrings must realise ten shillings per
+barrel, in order to repay costs and labour, but the last advices from
+Halifax state that eight shillings only are offered by the merchants.
+The French, I understand, attend more to the cod fishery. They are not
+at liberty, if they adhere to the treaty, to draw nets on the shore.
+There is an American merchant here who deals in truck with the English
+settlers, and obtains from them about a third part of the herrings
+caught, which he sends to the United States in such of the numerous
+American schooners employed in the fishery as enter this bay. The
+unauthorised British settlers here are said to be very jealous of
+intruders, as they consider they have an exclusive right to the land
+and fisheries in their actual possession, and from which all are, by
+treaty, excluded. They seemed suspicious that the _Wellesley_ might
+have some motive in entering the bay contrary to their interests. No
+person whatsoever came on board, nor did any one come off to the ship,
+even to offer himself as a pilot. Some persons were lately desirous to
+set up a saw-mill, which would have been important, as they obtain all
+their staves for herring-casks, &c., from abroad; but the sanction of
+the inhabitants could not be obtained. There is no magistrate or civil
+or military authority, no medical man, and, perhaps fortunately, no
+attorney. Indeed, there is no law, though justice is done amongst
+themselves after their own manner. There is a neat little church, at
+which the bishop is now officiating, and the people who are resorting
+to it seem well-dressed and orderly."
+
+On the 30th of July Lord Dundonald left the harbour, to pass round the
+sharp promontory known as Cape St. George. "About midway," he said, "a
+remarkable change takes place to the northward of the table mountain,
+where the vertical strata become in appearance horizontal along the
+whole shore of the projecting isthmus. The colour of the strata is
+chiefly grey, in parallel layers of varying hardness, as appears from
+its projections and indentations. I could not, without delaying the
+ship longer than I wished, procure samples of the strata, but there
+was no appearance of carboniferous minerals. The same layers were
+visible in detached places up to the tops of the hills, which are of
+considerable altitude, though that is not denoted in the chart. When
+we rounded Cape St. George on the following morning, the strata, which
+before appeared parallel, were observed to dip at a considerable angle
+towards the N.E., and seemed, where sufficiently exposed to view, to
+be split into large diagonal flakes. There is an island close off the
+shore, about five miles to the eastward of the Cape, called Red
+Island, which is of quite a different formation seemingly red
+horizontal layers of sandstone, of a soft nature, as is obvious from
+the encroachments of the sea. The peninsula opposite to this island is
+of considerable elevation, as far as Round Head, whence it gradually
+lowers to a point about ten miles farther to the eastward. Here the
+level ground at first seems to be alluvial, but on closer observation
+indurated rocks are seen to protrude in flakes dipping into the sea.
+The bay formed by this promontory is of great magnitude. There are
+several islands at its mouth and in the interior, but there being no
+chart, and no motive for entering it, we stood on towards the
+mountains on the main shore, some of which are very high. In many
+parts the contortion of the strata, and the confusion of all kinds of
+materials, are extraordinary. The sides of the mountains on the shore
+are clad with moss alone, trees of very stunted growth only appearing
+in the sheltered valleys. No visible portion of the shore seems
+capable of producing food for man."
+
+From the western coast of Newfoundland Lord Dundonald sailed due north
+to visit Labrador. With its natural resources, and the neglect of
+them, he was much surprised. "The British possessions in Labrador," he
+said, "extend over a tract of country as great as the northern regions
+of Russia from St. Petersburg towards the Pole, wherein the Ural
+Mountains compensate that Government for the sterility of the soil. I
+have often felt surprise at the indifference evinced by the Spanish
+Government towards developing the resources of its possessions; but it
+is with still greater astonishment I view the supineness of our own
+Government in leaving this vast tract unexplored, and its probable
+treasures undiscovered."
+
+Similar complaints were suggested to him by his observations on the
+eastern side of Newfoundland, to which he sailed down on the 6th of
+August. "We passed several ports, wherein there were numerous French
+ships and square-rigged vessels dismantled, and schooners and
+multitudes of fishing-boats in full activity in the offing. These
+schooners and fishing-boats are manned by the crews of the large French
+vessels which are laid up in port, and constitute depots as well as the
+means of transporting the produce of the fishery to France, an
+arrangement highly advantageous to the French marine, and which we
+erroneously abandoned by erecting Newfoundland into a Colonial
+Government, thus surrendering our deep-sea fishery entirely, even
+without rendering the inshore fishery available to the newly-erected
+colony, throughout which it languishes from want of stimulus, or an
+adequate reward, even to induce the impoverished inhabitants of the
+shore to avail themselves of their small and almost costless boats to
+catch fish, which, by reason of the bounties given by France and
+America, are unsaleable with profit in any country in Europe. It is
+grievous to observe the difference in the mode of carrying on the
+British fishery compared to that of the French. The former in
+rudely-constructed skiffs, with a couple of destitute-looking beings in
+party-coloured rags; the latter in fine, well-equipped schooners, which
+may be called tenders to their larger ships, the seamen uniformly
+dressed in blue, with Joinville hats, looking as men ought and may be
+expected to look whose interests and those of the parent State are
+understood to be in unison, and attended to as such."
+
+At St. John's, Newfoundland, Lord Dundonald made some stay before
+sailing down to Sydney, in Cape Breton. Then he returned to Halifax,
+to go thence for a second visit to Bermuda.
+
+Respecting Bermuda, as we have seen, he had much correspondence. "This
+island," he now said, "ever since the discovery of the opening in the
+reefs by Captain Hurd, has been deemed of much naval importance, and
+plans were formed by the highest military authorities for its defence.
+A naval arsenal also has been designed for the accommodation of a
+large establishment of ships of war. Distant islands, however, cannot
+be defended on principles which would be the most judicious at
+home--by the erection of forts in all quarters that could be occupied
+by an enemy. It is obvious that, under the circumstances of Bermuda,
+troops cannot be spared from the parent State permanently to garrison
+the multitude of forts which, on such a principle of defence, would be
+requisite. If they could, the expense would be enormous, and therefore
+I cannot dismiss this subject without an expression of my satisfaction
+at the intelligence I lately received that such extravagant and
+unavailing system of fortification has been suspended. In my opinion
+it is a great error to imagine that naval officers are unfit to be
+consulted respecting maritime defences; had it not been for so
+mistaken a notion many hundreds of thousands of pounds, perhaps I
+might say a million, might have been saved. I unhesitatingly assert
+that gunboats not only would suffice, but are by far the most
+available, and infinitely the cheapest defensive force amongst the
+rocks around the island of Bermuda. The coloured population of this
+island are a fine race, incomparably superior to the generality of the
+coloured population in the West Indies. They are accustomed to
+navigate in their commercial vessels: their lives are almost spent in
+boats, and no better crews could be got for the defence of their own
+island than they would prove themselves to be."
+
+"The existence of this solitary island so far from the continent of
+North America," we further read in Lord Dundonald's journal, "is a
+circumstance meriting the attention of geologists, as well as the
+uniform material of which it is composed. It is all of a calcareous
+nature, but differing in condition from any of the other islands of
+the same substance. The strata are exposed in the perpendicular cliffs
+on the sea-shore in numerous precipices, from a hundred feet to minor
+altitudes, and are composed either of the most minute shells, or of
+parts of shells so triturated that they scarcely indicate their
+origin. In some places, however, there are laminae containing shells
+in a more perfect state, all of a white colour, with the exception of
+one (which I found on digging a cave) of a semicircular shape, of a
+red colour, and almost as large as an oyster shell. The whole of the
+substance of Bermuda can be burnt into good lime; but there is an
+indurated calcareous stone, often containing many perfect shells, on
+the island on which the naval yard is being built, which is preferred
+as more adhesive and better in quality. Although there are no
+indications of volcanic products on this island, yet it exhibits
+manifest proofs that volcanic force has raised it from the depths of
+the ocean. In what stage of induration it was at that period it is
+difficult to conjecture. The hills and vales throughout the whole
+extent of Bermuda have the stratified calcareous material generally
+conforming on all sides to the inclination of the surface. There are,
+however, many situations in which the strata present themselves as
+manifestly broken by force. In the deep cutting in the road which
+enters into the enclosure around the Government House, one of these
+breaks appears at the apex of the hill, dividing its sides, which here
+incline towards the centre, exposing a wedge-formed supplementary part
+that fills up the interstice. In the grounds of the Admiralty House
+curious instances of unconformable strata are laid bare in old
+quarries. These indicate some other cause for their nonconformity than
+that before assigned, and I am quite at a loss to imagine how the
+stratified materials could have been placed one above another at such
+different angles by the action of water, or in any other way, without
+appearance of disruption. There are caves upon this island containing
+large stalactites. There is one on Tucker's Island where these
+stalactites reach from the top of the cave far below the surface of
+the salt water it contains. I am not aware of any other instance where
+similar crystalisations have taken place under the sea water. It seems
+to lead to the belief that this island was at some time less
+submerged. There are other caves much larger, and one which goes in so
+far that the officers who accompanied me did not scramble to its end.
+This cave is formed by two large masses of calcareous matter having
+been reared up one against the other. I have seen some very beautiful
+crystallisations taken from another cave recently found in a quarry at
+Ireland Island; but the absence of petrifactions here (for I have
+never seen one) constitutes a remarkable difference between this
+formation and that on the island of Antigua, where the roads are
+almost made with petrifactions.
+
+"In clearing the surface of the rock, as has lately been done at the
+quarries, and in laying the foundation of the new convict barracks,
+the most irregular formation is exposed. Large holes are found
+contiguous to each other in the white calcareous rock, which are
+filled with a substance resembling chocolate in its colour, unlike
+everything else upon the island."
+
+From Bermuda Lord Dundonald sailed down to Barbadoes, where he arrived
+on the 5th of February. "The negroes," he said, "who are much more
+numerous on this island than on any other of the West Indies, appear
+to be well fed, and cheery in their dispositions. They live in small
+wooden houses resting on clumps of wood or blocks of stone, a mode of
+construction which enables them, when tired of or displeased with
+their locality, to transport them elsewhere. I was told that a street
+of stone huts, constructed for their use, is almost abandoned, by
+reason of the immobility of such residences. I consider this
+locomotive propensity a favourable trait in their character. Behind
+the barracks we stopped at a hut on the rising ground whereon the
+barracks ought to have been placed, and assuredly I never saw a more
+contented scene. There was a young negro, and, I believe, his wife,
+together with an old woman, perhaps the grandmother of the child she
+fondled. We made inquiry as to their mode of living, and they showed
+us green peas, seasoned with red pepper, ready to be cooked, yams, and
+cassava bread, as good as oatmeal cakes. These peas grow on large
+bushes, and vegetables of all kinds surround their hut."
+
+From Barbadoes Lord Dundonald proceeded by way of Tobago to Trinidad.
+"On the morning of the 11th of February," he said, "we weighed and
+returned through the Dragon's Mouth, shaping our course for the great
+natural curiosity of Trinidad, the Pitch Lake, which I hoped might be
+rendered useful for fuel for our steam-ships--so important in the
+event of war--as fuel is only obtained at present from Europe. The
+United States and Nova Scotia are never resorted to; hence, could this
+pitch be rendered applicable as fuel, our vessels would be supplied
+when an enemy would be almost deprived of the use of steam in these
+seas. We arrived at La Brea, and before daybreak on the following
+morning we were on the road to the lake, or rather on a stream of
+bitumen (now indurated) which in former ages overflowed the lake.
+Indeed the bitumen beneath this road seems still to be on the move, as
+shown by curvilineal ridges on its surface, like waves receding from a
+stone thrown into water. The appearance of the lake is most
+extraordinary. One vast sheet of bitumen extends until lost amidst
+luxuriant vegetation. Its circumference is full three miles, exclusive
+of the creeks, which double the extent. The bituminous surface is of a
+dark brown, waxy consistence, except in one or two places where the
+fluid still exudes; obviously this spring is in full vigour beneath,
+for the whole surface of the lake is formed into protuberances like
+the segments of a globe pressed together, having hollows between
+filled with rain-water, which (except in the immediate vicinity of the
+bituminous springs) is inodorous and without taste--an extraordinary
+fact, showing that this bitumen is of a nature quite different from
+that of pyrotechnic mineral or vegetable tar. In its dry state it is
+quite insoluble in water, though when charged with essential oil, as
+it exudes from nature's laboratory, it imparts a pungent and
+unpleasant taste. A considerable quantity of gas bubbles up through
+these bituminous springs, showing that decomposition is still active
+amongst the materials whence it exudes. Some of the recent bitumen has
+an odour resembling vegetable gum. Mr. Johnson, the very obliging
+proprietor of a neighbouring estate, had the goodness to cause some of
+his labourers and a cart to bring samples to the beach. Means of
+transport, however, were so inadequate, that we had recourse to
+digging the more impure pitch on the beach, in order to prosecute our
+trials for its substitution as fuel. This bitumen, which had flowed
+upwards of a mile from the lake, was combined with earthy and other
+substances which it had encountered in its course. Various attempts
+have heretofore been made to apply the bitumen to useful purposes, but
+without success, as we may judge from the total abandonment of those
+trials and expectations which for a brief period induced its shipment
+to England with a view to its application to the pavements of London
+and other cities. All excavation has consequently ceased, and so low
+is the estimation in which the bitumen is held, that the duty on
+embarkation is only one halfpenny per ton. The nature of this bitumen
+is very different from that of coal. When exposed to a naked fire it
+becomes fluid, and runs through the bars before gas is disengaged, or
+at least before it is raised to a temperature at which it will ignite;
+perhaps it requires more or purer air than enters through the bars of
+steamboat furnaces--a conjecture which seems to be confirmed by the
+dense smoke speedily produced."
+
+"The plains of Trinidad," wrote Lord Dundonald, "have a fertile soil,
+which, simply by clearing the ground, is capable of being rendered the
+most productive in the West India Islands for the growth of sugar and
+whatever can be cultivated in a climate most uniform in its
+temperature, most congenial to tropical plants, free from the evils of
+hurricanes and from all impediments to vegetation. I am confident
+that, if the hands of the Governor were not bound by restrictions and
+routine, the progress of Trinidad would soon verify this opinion. Lord
+Harris, the present Governor, nobly tendered a portion of his official
+income in alleviation of the burthens which are so severely felt in
+the present depressed state of agriculture and commerce, but from some
+cause his lordship's liberal intention was not realized. The example
+would have proved salutary, as it must have been followed by
+reductions throughout other West India Islands, whose resources are
+even in a worse state than those of Trinidad. Is it reasonable, whilst
+the ground has ceased to be cultivated because production is
+unprofitable, not only that the land should continue to be taxed at
+the rate it was in prosperous times, but that a duty should be levied
+on the exportation of its produce? Is it reasonable that whilst
+householders can obtain no rent, and have no income save the bare
+means of providing a scanty subsistence, they should be assessed at
+the rack-rent of former valuation? Can any property be more entitled
+to protection than that of the owners of the soil or of the dwellings
+they inhabit? And yet all these, as appears by the numerous gazetted
+sales, are sacrificed to the collection of sums, the bulk of which is
+uselessly and prejudicially expended. Whilst the Government of the
+parent State has alleviated the burdens on the productive classes, is
+it just that taxes on food and on all the necessaries of life should
+be continued throughout the colonies, and that even their productions
+should be intolerably burdened with local imposts, whilst complaints
+are loud and true of the absence of all remuneration from the sources
+which once constituted the prosperity of those now impoverished and
+oppressed possessions? The above observations do not apply exclusively
+to Trinidad, but to the whole of the islands, which scarcely differ in
+degree in the causes of ruin which seem irremediable by any authority
+except the legislature of the parent State. I am persuaded that the
+chief of the Colonial Department at home would endeavour to counteract
+the causes of widely-spread and increasing ruin, were he in possession
+of correct information; but popular representations of grievances,
+often embodying misapprehensions as to their true origin, and
+accompanied by suggestions of impracticable remedies, are denied or
+disputed in counterstatements by interested officials, so that the
+Colonial Minister is bewildered, and can form no correct judgment from
+such conflicting statements. I hold it to be impossible that the
+monstrous absurdities and violations of every principle of good
+government which exist throughout these western colonies could be
+tolerated an instant, were their consequences known and believed by
+those in power, or were they laid before the British public by any
+person on whose judgment and opinion they could rely. Can it be
+credited that even in the island of Trinidad, not only multitudes of
+valuable properties are brought to sale from the inability of their
+owners to pay the fiscal demands, but that properties are consigned to
+the Government auctioneer even for so small an assessment as
+three-fourths of a dollar? This is, nevertheless, the fact. The
+emancipation of the slaves was a glorious act, but the rescue of these
+noble possessions from ruin, and the restoration of prosperity to an
+integral part of the empire, would redound to the honour of any one
+who would successfully advocate the cause of reason and justice, not
+only on the principles of equity, but with the less noble view of gain
+to the parent State, as it is certain that the consumption of British
+manufactured articles has fallen off in these colonies to an extent
+which has not been counterbalanced by the increase of exports
+anticipated from the questionable policy of concession to Brazil, in
+which I have reason to believe the supply of articles required for the
+slave trade constitutes a large proportion."
+
+Reflections of that sort occurred to Lord Dundonald again and again,
+as, passing round from Trinidad, he visited all the principal British
+West India Islands, the last at which he called on his way back to
+Halifax being Jamaica. "No doubt," he said, "the generous and noble
+act by which, in the reign of his late Majesty, slavery was abolished,
+produced a prejudicial change in the economy of the sugar plantations,
+notwithstanding the large amount awarded to the proprietors, as the
+sums so paid were for the most part immediately transferred to
+mortgagees, leaving the proprietors in possession of the soil, but
+without the means of paying the expense of its cultivation by free
+labour. This is an evil which time has not remedied, and, of course,
+in the estimation of those who are, in consequence, losers, furnishes
+the pretext for imputing to the black population a degree of
+reluctance to labour far exceeding the reality. Those who pay a
+reasonable price for work, and are punctual in their payments, do not
+fail to get as many labourers as they require. I assert this not from
+any vague hearsay, but from various unquestionable and authentic
+documents, amongst which are the examinations taken by Committees of
+the House of Assembly appointed to inquire into the causes and
+difficulties alleged to exist in the cultivation of estates. Whilst
+the poverty of the planters and the destitution of the labouring
+population is so universal, it seems most extraordinary on inspecting
+the Custom House returns to find almost every article of necessary
+consumption brought from abroad paying high duties on entry; whilst
+the concession of small patches of land to the negroes, whom there is
+no capital to employ, would, if accorded, produce food, and in a great
+measure dispense with such injurious importations. Is it reasonable to
+instruct the negroes in their rights as men, and open their minds to
+the humble ambition of acquiring spots of land, and then throw every
+impediment possible in the way of its gratification? I perceive by the
+imposts and expenses on the transfer of small properties, that a
+barrier almost insurmountable is raised to their acquisition by the
+coloured population. I have learnt that small lots of Crown lands are
+scarcely ever disposed of, though three-fourths of these lands are
+still in the hands of Government.
+
+"It is lamentable to see the negroes in rags, lying about the streets
+of Kingston; to learn that the gaols are full; the penitentiaries
+incapable of containing more inmates; whilst the port is destitute of
+shipping, the wharves abandoned, and the storehouses empty; while
+much, if not all, of this might be remedied. It may be asked, how is
+this to be effected? and I answer--by justice, resolution, patriotism,
+and disinterestedness. Never can this wretched state of affairs be
+remedied so long as taxes on the necessaries of life are heaped on an
+impoverished population. Never can the peasantry raise their heads
+with a contented aspect, whilst every animate and inanimate thing
+around them is taxed to the utmost. Not only is there a tax on land,
+and on the shipment of its produce, on houses, outhouses, and gardens,
+on horned cattle and horses, but on asses and pigs; and the severest
+penalties are enacted for concealment or suppression in the returns.
+Officials are employed for the gathering of pittances which do not
+defray the expense of collection. The harbour dues and exactions are
+such that no vessel, when it can be avoided, is brought into the Port
+of Kingston; consequently, though Jamaica is admirably situated, even
+more favourably than St. Thomas, the former port is abandoned, whilst
+that of the latter is filled with the shipping of all nations."
+
+Lord Dundonald detailed the substance of these opinions in a letter to
+Earl Grey, the Secretary for the Colonies. "I have to thank your
+lordship," Lord Grey replied, "for your letter. The observations of a
+person of your lordship's knowledge and experience upon the present
+state of our colonies are most interesting and useful to me. I am
+aware that there exists much distress in the West Indies at present;
+but I am sorry to say I do not see what Parliament can do towards
+removing it, beyond freeing their trade from the remaining
+restrictions by the repeal of the Navigation Laws, which I hope will
+now be soon accomplished. I own I quite differ from your lordship as
+to the propriety of restoring to the planters the monopoly in the
+British market they formerly enjoyed, and I believe that the permanent
+interests of these colonies would be injured instead of being advanced
+by doing so."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIX.
+
+LORD DUNDONALD'S RETURN FROM AMERICA.--HIS ARGUMENTS FOR THE RELIEF OF
+THE NEWFOUNDLAND FISHERIES AND THE WEST INDIA TRADE.--THE TRINIDAD
+BITUMEN.--LORD DUNDONALD'S OTHER SCIENTIFIC PURSUITS AND VIEWS.
+
+[1851-1853.]
+
+
+The Earl of Dundonald's time of service as Admiral of the West Indian
+and North American Stations expired in April, 1851. On the 31st of
+December, 1850, Sir Francis Baring wrote to inform him that Sir George
+Seymour had been appointed his successor. "It is with some regret,"
+said Sir Francis, "that I have performed this duty, as it has been my
+pleasure to have been in communication with you, and to feel that an
+important command has been placed in the hands of an officer of your
+lordship's high professional character and merits. You must permit me,
+in making this announcement, to add my sincere thanks for the manner
+in which you conducted the duties of your position, and particularly
+for the valuable information you have communicated to the Board, and
+the attention you have paid to the many points you had brought before
+you."
+
+On the 14th of May Lord Dundonald left Halifax, and he reached
+Portsmouth in the beginning of June. During the next few years his
+mind was much occupied with the further consideration of various
+topics suggested by his observations and explorations on the other
+side of the Atlantic. It will be enough to make brief allusion to the
+most important of these.
+
+Subjects of hearty regret to him, repeatedly brought under his notice
+during his three years' stay in the North American and West Indian
+waters, were the great depression of the British fisheries in the
+neighbourhood of Newfoundland, and the yet greater depression of trade
+consequent on the remission of slavery in the more southern colonies.
+For both he sought to provide a remedy. He urged, as has already been
+shown in the extracts from his journal, which was published, and
+attracted much attention, in the summer of 1852, that special help
+should be given to these colonies, not only by the removal of all
+restrictions upon their commerce and manufactures, but by protective
+enactments in their favour.
+
+His reasons for this view, as regards the Newfoundland fisheries, in
+which he thought not alone of the interests of the colonists, were set
+forth by him in a letter addressed to the "Times," in August, 1852.
+"Were not the question of maintaining our nurseries for seamen," he
+there said, "more important than commercial considerations, I should
+not venture, through your favour, to trespass on public attention
+regarding the North American fisheries; but, perceiving that
+impressions are likely to be made by writers, avoiding responsibility
+for erroneous opinions by withholding their names, I feel it a duty
+explicitly to state that it is not to the amount of fish caught and
+cured, to the price at which it can be sold at home or abroad, or to
+the number of persons employed in the fishery, but to their
+nationality and vocation, to which I attach importance, in order that
+our fisheries shall form hardy British seamen in oceanic vessels, like
+those employed under the bounties paid by North America and France.
+These being the considerations, the question is not whether it is
+consistent with the enlightened theory of free trade to pay a premium
+which shall transfer capital from the pockets of one class to those of
+another, but whether it is wiser and more economical for the community
+at large to uphold such nursery, or to maintain even a skeleton of
+warlike establishments--perhaps to build, equip, and employ additional
+ships of war, squadrons, or fleets, to watch, perchance to contend
+with, power thus cheaply developed by rival nations. I ask whether the
+bounty given to enable steam-packets to cross the ocean is more
+consistent with free-trade principles than a bounty awarded to our
+fisheries as a nursery for seamen. A colonial premium is indeed talked
+of, and by those unacquainted with facts, who do not foresee its
+operation, it may be deemed a substitute for a bounty by the parent
+State; but I advisedly assert that such colonial premium would not
+rear one disposable seaman for our naval service, and that even the
+colonial fishermen would derive no commensurate advantage, such is the
+impoverishing effect of the inveterate system of truck-dealing that
+boat fishermen, even from the harbour of the capital of Newfoundland,
+are chiefly paid by daily wages; the advantages derived from the
+employment of two half-idle fishermen being greater to the
+truckmaster, in the absence of an available market, than the like
+amount of fish caught by one customer. It is manifest, by the true
+theory of free trade, that it is unimportant whether the French and
+Americans obtain their bait and catch fish within our limits or not,
+or even whether the world is supplied by them or by us; but it is not
+so if foreign nations thereby rear, employ, and maintain in time of
+peace fifty thousand seamen, who, in the event of war, are at the beck
+of their respective Governments, while Britain, the rightful owner,
+has not one available seaman from the fisheries. On subjects of such
+vital importance it is essential that general theories, however good,
+shall not be supported in detail by false reasoning, or by captivating
+appellations inconsistent with truth. Nine-tenths of our western
+colonies are still taxed on every article of food, and on all existing
+property, animate and inanimate; a state of things alike adverse to
+production and trade. Is it reasonable to imagine, if the interests of
+colonists are not considered jointly with those of the parent State,
+that they can continue to administer to our wants, comforts, and
+luxuries--above all, to our commercial nursery for seamen, the source
+of our national greatness? A Parliamentary investigation is
+indispensable to afford a chance of escape to these noble possessions
+of the Crown from impending ruin."
+
+For the relief of the West Indian colonies Lord Dundonald was also
+anxious to obtain the intervention of Parliament; but he believed that
+he had himself discovered one source of possible advancement for them.
+His remarks concerning the pitch lake of Trinidad have already been
+partly quoted. Having first explored that lake in the beginning of
+1849, he at once recognized the importance of its stores of bitumen,
+and much of his leisure from official duties was employed in
+observations and experiments with a view to its being utilized. He was
+soon convinced as to its great and various importance. The decomposed
+bitumen that lay in vast beds around the lake he found exceedingly
+valuable as a manure; and he perceived that the liquid mass, of which
+boundless supplies might be obtained, could be put to many very
+valuable uses. Here he discerned the presence of a new material of
+commerce which might prove of incalculable benefit not only to
+Trinidad but also to all the other West India Islands; therefore he
+urged its employment, and, though but little heed was paid to his
+advice, the successful results of the few cases in which it was
+adopted fully justified his opinions.
+
+After his return to England he also sought zealously to make his
+discovery beneficial to himself. He was to a great extent baffled by
+the obstacles common to new projects; but his projects afford curious
+illustration of the activity of his mind and the fertility of his
+inventive powers. "Used as a mastic," he said in a concise enumeration
+of the uses to which he found that the bitumen might be put, "it is
+peculiarly suited to unite and ensure the durability of hydraulic
+works. It renders the foundations and superstructure of buildings
+impermeable to humidity. It is admirably adapted, by its resistance to
+decomposition by the most powerful solvents, to the construction of
+sewers, and, being tasteless, it is an excellent coating to
+water-pipes, aqueducts, and reservoirs. When masticated and prepared,
+it is a substitute for costly gums as applied to numerous purposes.
+Combined with a small portion of ligneous matter, it constitutes a
+fuel of greater evaporating power than coal, and, when pulverized and
+scattered over growing potato-plants or other vegetables, it prevents
+their destruction by insects or blight, and acts also as a fertiliser
+of the soil. Essential and viscid oils are obtained by various
+well-known processes from bituminous substances, but from none in such
+abundance and possessing such valuable properties as the oils
+extracted from the bitumen of the lake of Trinidad, as well as from
+the petroleum of springs still in activity."[23]
+
+  [23] The following patents, for the use of the Trinidad bitumen, were
+  taken out by Lord Dundonald:--1851. "Improvements in the construction
+  and manufacture of sewers, drains, waterways, pipes, reservoirs, and
+  receptacles for liquids or solids, and for the making of columns,
+  pillars, capitals, pedestals, bases, and other useful and ornamental
+  objects, from a substance never heretofore employed for such
+  manufactures."--1852. "Improvements in coating and insulating
+  wire."--1852. "Improving bituminous substances, thereby rendering them
+  available for purposes to which they never heretofore have been
+  successfully applied."--1853. "Improvements in producing compositions
+  or combinations of bituminous, resinous, and gummy matters, and thereby
+  obtaining products useful in the arts and manufactures."--1853.
+  "Improvements in apparatus for laying pipes in the earth, and in the
+  juncture of such pipes."
+
+  The "Observations on the long-desired, yet still unaccomplished
+  proceeding, whereby to effect the embankment of the Thames and free
+  the river from pollution," by the Earl of Dundonald, are especially
+  interesting at the present time:--"It will probably be admitted that
+  the Thames above bridge is unnecessarily broad, unless considered as a
+  recipient for back-water; and that the long margin of shallow water
+  between London Bridge and that of Vauxhall is of little importance,
+  even for that purpose, as gravel, sand, and other substances, may
+  advantageously be removed from the central bed of the river, fully to
+  compensate for the water that would be excluded by an embankment of
+  one-sixth on both sides of the channel.
+
+  "An easy method of accomplishing this object would be to cut a ditch
+  on each shore, equidistant from the centre, and fill it with
+  bituminous concrete, as the foundation of a parapet or wharf to be
+  formed of similar materials. Within this a main sewer might be
+  excavated, and constructed in like manner of conglomerated gravel and
+  sand from the spot.
+
+  "It will of course occur that, although roads may be carried over the
+  entrances of the various docks by swing-bridges, yet these entrances
+  present obstacles to a direct line of sewers.
+
+  "To enable this difficulty to be overcome, very solid tunnels, floored
+  with hard pavement stones, set in bitumen, may be caused to descend in
+  subverted curves below the entrances of the docks, whence all matters
+  deposited may occasionally be removed by see-saw locomotive dredges on
+  wheels, worked either by mechanical power, or by the current acting
+  directly on the dredge."
+
+While thus urging the importance of bitumen, and initiating many
+mechanical operations which have quickly and extensively been turned
+to the great advantage of society, Lord Dundonald was not unmindful of
+his older inventions and the arguments by which he had long sought to
+promote the naval strength of England. Of these inventions one in
+particular--that of his improved steam-boilers--had been largely
+adopted, and found highly beneficial during his absence from England,
+and its use continued after his return. From them he hoped, and not in
+vain, that good would result to the general extension of naval
+science. He was cheered during the last years of his life by seeing
+the adoption of many of the views on these matters which he had
+advocated long before. Others have yet to be enforced.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXX.
+
+THE RUSSIAN WAR.--LORD DUNDONALD'S PROPOSALS TO EMPLOY HIS SECRET
+PLANS AGAINST CRONSTADT, SEBASTOPOL, AND OTHER STRONGHOLDS.--HIS
+CORRESPONDENCE THEREUPON WITH SIR JAMES GRAHAM AND LORD
+PALMERSTON.--THEIR REJECTION.--LORD DUNDONALD'S APPOINTMENT AS
+REAR-ADMIRAL OF THE UNITED KINGDOM.--PRINCE ALBERT'S INVITATION TO HIM
+TO BECOME AN ELDER BROTHER OF THE TRINITY HOUSE.--HIS CORRESPONDENCE
+WITH LORD PALMERSTON RESPECTING THE RESTITUTION OF HIS HALF-PAY.--HIS
+LAST WORK.--HIS DEATH AND BURIAL.--CONCLUSION.
+
+[1851-1860.]
+
+
+When in June, 1851, he returned to England and surrendered his office
+as Commander-in-Chief of the North American and West Indian squadron,
+the Earl of Dundonald was in his seventy-sixth year. That he was still
+young and vigorous in mind is sufficiently shown by the illustrations
+of his inventive genius and philanthropic earnestness that have been
+given in the last chapter. The most striking proof of this, however,
+so far as he was allowed to prove it, has yet to be given.
+
+Very soon after his return he sought to impress upon Sir James Graham,
+then First Lord of the Admiralty, under the Earl of Aberdeen's
+administration, the value of his secret war-plans, and before long a
+special reason for advocating their adoption arose. Their efficacy had
+been frequently acknowledged by the highest authorities, but as
+England was at peace, nothing more than an acknowledgment was made.
+The outbreak of our war with Russia induced Lord Dundonald to bring
+them forward again in 1853. At first Sir James Graham declined to
+entertain the subject. The Government believed that Russia would be
+easily and promptly defeated by the ordinary means of warfare, and
+therefore contented itself with them. In this decision Lord Dundonald
+acquiesced perforce; but, on its appearing that the fight would be
+harder than had been anticipated, he again claimed a hearing for his
+proposals, believing that by their acceptance he could not only bring
+his own career as a British seaman to a glorious termination, but
+also--a yet dearer object to him--by so doing render inestimable
+service to his country.
+
+In this spirit he wrote again to Sir James Graham on the 22nd of July,
+1854. "Important aggressive enterprises," he said, "being now
+suspended by Russia, whose armies, on the defensive, may indefinitely
+prolong the war, and thereby expose our country to perilous
+consequences, resulting from protracted naval co-operation, I am
+desirous, through you, respectfully to offer for the consideration of
+her Majesty's Cabinet Ministers a simple yet effective plan of
+operations, showing that the maritime defences of Cronstadt, however
+strong against ordinary means of attack, may be captured, and their
+red-hot shot and incendiary missiles, prepared for the destruction of
+our ships, turned on those they protect; a result of paramount
+importance, now that the forces in the Black Sea have been diverted
+from the judiciously-contemplated attack on Sebastopol, compared to
+the success of which any secondary enterprise in the Baltic would
+prove of very small importance to the successful result of the war.
+Permit me, therefore, in the event of my plans being approved,
+unreservedly to offer my services, without command or authority,
+except over the very limited means of attack, the success whereof
+cannot fail in its consequences to free and ensure, perhaps for ever,
+all minor states from Russian dominion. Personal acquaintance with
+Vice-Admiral Sir Charles Napier and Rear-Admiral Chads warrants my
+conviction that no feeling of rivalry could exist, save in the zealous
+performance of the service."
+
+Sir James Graham's reply was complimentary. "You offer for the
+consideration of her Majesty's Government," he wrote on the 26th of
+July, "a plan of operations by which the maritime defences of
+Cronstadt may, in your opinion, be captured; and in the most handsome
+manner you declare your readiness to direct and superintend the
+execution of your plan, if it should be adopted. When the great
+interests at stake are considered, and when the fatal effects of a
+possible failure are duly regarded, it is apparent that the merits of
+your plan and the chances of success must be fully investigated and
+weighed by competent authority. The Cabinet, unaided, can form no
+judgment in this matter, and the tender of your services is most
+properly made by you dependent on the previous approval of your plan.
+The question is a naval one, into which professional considerations
+must enter largely. Naval officers, therefore, of experience and high
+character are the judges to whom, in the first instance, this question
+ought to be submitted. Let me therefore ask you, before I take any
+further step, whether you are willing, in strict confidence, to lay
+your whole plan before Sir Bryan Martin, Sir William Parker, and
+Admiral Berkeley, who, from his place at this Board, is my first naval
+adviser? If you do not object to this measure, or to any of the naval
+officers whom I have named, I should be disposed to add Sir John
+Burgoyne, the head of the Engineers, on whose judgment I place great
+reliance. I am sure that you will not regard this mode of treating
+your proposal as inconsistent with the respect which I sincerely
+entertain for your high professional character, resting on past
+services of no ordinary merit, which I have never failed to recognise.
+But my duty on this occasion prescribes caution and deliberate care;
+and you will do justice to the motives by which this answer to your
+request is guided."
+
+To this suggestion Lord Dundonald readily acceded, and his secret
+war-plans were once more referred to a committee of investigation.
+Nothing, however, was gained by this step. "I have received," wrote
+Sir James Graham on the 15th of August, "the report of the committee
+of officers to whom, with your consent, the plan for the attack on
+Cronstadt was submitted. On the whole, after careful consideration,
+they have come to the unanimous conclusion that it is inexpedient to
+try experiments in present circumstances. They do full justice to your
+lordship, and they expressly state that, if such an enterprise were to
+be undertaken, it could not be confided to fitter or abler hands than
+yours; for your professional career has been distinguished by
+remarkable instances of skill and courage, in all of which you have
+been the foremost to lead the way, and by your personal heroism you
+have gained an honourable celebrity in the naval history of this
+country."
+
+That letter was disappointing to Lord Dundonald; but, as the value of
+his plans was not disputed, he hoped that he might yet be allowed to
+put them in execution. "Be pleased," he said in his reply to Sir James
+Graham, "to accept the sincere assurance of the high estimation in
+which I hold the kind and favourable expression of your sentiments
+towards me. It is indeed gratifying to perceive that the experienced
+admirals to whom you referred the professional consideration of my
+secret plan have not expressed any doubt of its practicability."
+
+The report of the admirals, however, had as unfavourable an effect as
+could have resulted had they declared openly against the project. Week
+followed week without any successful issue to the efforts of the
+Baltic fleet; and added to Lord Dundonald's chagrin at not being
+permitted to achieve the desired success, was his distress at finding
+unmerited blame thrown by the Government, and by nearly all classes of
+the public, upon a brave and skilful seaman, for not doing what, with
+the means at his disposal, it was impossible for him to do. Admiral
+Sir Charles Napier had failed, through no fault of his own, in the
+project for attacking Cronstadt, a fortress of almost unrivalled
+strength, and, by reason of the shallow water surrounding it,
+unapproachable by the heavy line-of-battle ships and frigates which
+constituted all his force; and during the months of his necessary
+inactivity, and after his return to England, Lord Dundonald was almost
+his only defender. "In justice to Admiral Napier, against whom 'the
+indignant dissatisfaction of the nation' is said to be directed," he
+wrote in a letter to the "Morning Post," on the 21st of September,
+"permit me to say that success could not have attended the operations
+of ships against stone batteries firing red-hot shot, however easily
+unresisting walls may be leisurely demolished. There is but one means
+to place these parties on an equal footing, and that I confidentially
+laid before the Government."
+
+"The unreasoning portion of the public," he wrote to Sir James Graham
+on the 11th of November, "have made an outcry against old admirals, as
+if it were essential that they should be able to clear their way with
+a broadsword. But, my dear Sir James, were it necessary--which it is
+not--that I should place myself in an arm-chair on the poop, with each
+leg on a cushion, I will undertake to subdue every insular
+fortification at Cronstadt within four hours from the commencement of
+the attack." And Sebastopol, he urged, could be as easily captured, if
+he were only allowed to put his plans in operation. But it was not
+allowed. "Nothing new can be attempted at the present moment,"
+answered Sir James Graham. "Winter will put an end to all active
+operations in the Baltic; and I still venture to hope that at
+Sebastopol our arms will be triumphant."
+
+Lord Dundonald, though pained, not so much on his own account as in
+the interests of the nation, at the way in which his offers were
+treated, persevered in making them. It was now too late in the season
+to effect anything in the Baltic; but the siege of Sebastopol was
+being carried on without any immediate prospect of success; and he
+yearned, with all the ardour that he had displayed half a century
+before, for an opportunity of rendering success both certain and
+immediate.
+
+To this end he wrote again to Sir James Graham, and also for the first
+time to the Earl of Aberdeen, on the 30th of December. "The
+pertinacious resistance made at Sebastopol, and the possibility of
+events that may still further disappoint expectation," he said to Sir
+James, "have induced me to address Lord Aberdeen, saying that 'if it
+is the opinion of the Cabinet, or of those whom they consult on
+military affairs, that, failing the early capture of Sebastopol, the
+British army may be in danger, I offer to the discernment of the
+Cabinet my still secret plans of attack,' whereby the garrisons would
+be expelled from the forts or annihilated, in defiance of numerical
+force, and possession obtained, at least during sufficient time to
+enable the chief defences to be blown up and the harbour fleet to be
+destroyed. If you will so far favour me, I should be gratified by
+having an opportunity of demonstrating to your strong mind, free from
+professional bias, the fact that combustible ships may be not only
+placed on a parity with stone forts fitted to fire red-hot shot, but
+secured from injury more effectually than if incased in iron."
+
+Sir James Graham's answer was, like its forerunners, complimentary,
+but nothing more. "I can never cease," he wrote, "to do justice to
+your patriotic desire to serve your country, which is evinced by your
+desire to encounter, in your own person, the dangers attendant on your
+experiment, and not to transfer the hazard of the enterprise to
+others." But to the enterprise itself he would give no sanction. "Your
+plans," he said, "by my desire were submitted to the consideration of
+most competent naval and military officers, whose impartial judgment
+cannot be impugned, and, on the whole, they did not recommend the
+trial of the experiment which you are anxious to make. Neither Lord
+Aberdeen nor I can venture to place our individual opinions in
+opposition to a recorded judgment of the highest authority on a
+question which is purely professional. I see no advantage, therefore,
+in renewing the discussion with you at the present moment."
+
+Had the "impartial judgment" by which Sir James Graham held himself
+bound been adverse to the principle of Lord Dundonald's plans, or
+declared them to be anything more than "inexpedient in present
+circumstances," more weight might have been attached to it; although
+even then he could have pointed to the opposite verdict, given in
+1847, by other judges quite as impartial and competent, who, while
+objecting to part of them on the score of their deadly efficacy, had
+officially announced their belief in the applicability of another
+part--the part of which Lord Dundonald now proposed to make most
+use--and recommended its adoption "when the opportunity of employing
+it may occur."
+
+He therefore refused to be thwarted in his efforts to render to his
+country the great service that he considered to be in his power, and
+Sir Charles Napier's removal from the command of the Baltic fleet, in
+January, 1855, gave him an opportunity of offering to use that power
+under conditions that would relieve the Admiralty of all direct
+responsibility in the event of his failure. "I am much gratified," he
+said in another letter to Sir James Graham, "to learn that her most
+gracious Majesty has been pleased to reserve the high dignity of
+Admiral of the Fleet as a reward for services. Under this impression,
+permit me to solicit the favour of being allowed to contend for that
+distinction, not by reference again to opinions, which may prove
+fallacious, but by actual experimental proof of the safety and
+facility of assailing fortifications by my secret plans. By them, the
+damage and loss of life sustained by the allied squadron in their late
+attack on the fortifications of Sebastopol might have been partly if
+not wholly averted, and probably a tenfold destruction inflicted on
+the enemy. If this is admitted--and I do not think it can be
+disputed--I hope you will allow me to demonstrate the general
+applicability of these simple, comparatively costless, and in my
+opinion infallible means of annihilating the power of all kinds of
+batteries that can be approached to windward within half a mile. These
+plans have been entertained and pondered over by me during forty
+years, and now again I offer to explain, to test, and to put them in
+execution."
+
+Sir James Graham's answer was very terse. "I have had the honour," he
+wrote on the 23rd of January, "of receiving your lordship's letter, in
+which you tender your services to take command of the Baltic Fleet. I
+consider the tender highly honourable to you; but I cannot give any
+other assurance."
+
+No other assurance would have been of any avail. The Earl of
+Aberdeen's Cabinet, having lost the confidence of the country, was
+dissolved almost immediately after that letter was written, to be
+replaced by an Administration in which Lord Palmerston was Premier,
+and Sir Charles Wood First Lord of the Admiralty.
+
+To Lord Palmerston the Earl of Dundonald wrote on the 13th of
+February. "The high position of our country being at stake on the
+result of the war," he said, "and our long-established naval renown
+pledged on the successful conduct of affairs in the Baltic, I
+addressed my kind friend Lord Lansdowne, who has been long conversant
+with the objects which, by his advice, I now offer to your lordship's
+notice as First Minister of the Crown, conjointly, if you judge
+proper, with that of the Cabinet over which you preside." He then
+briefly described the principle of his secret plan, adding, "I
+respectfully offer to execute this plan, and answer for its success,
+against Cronstadt, and against all minor strongholds in the Baltic."
+
+Four weeks elapsed before that letter was answered. In the meanwhile
+Lord Dundonald, beginning to despair of a satisfactory hearing from
+any Minister of State, unless he was induced thereto by a popular
+demand, addressed a petition to the House of Commons, urging the
+importance of his plans, and praying for "a searching inquiry, to
+ascertain whether the aforesaid secret plans are capable speedily,
+certainly, and cheaply to surmount obstacles which our gallant,
+persevering, and costly armies and fleets have failed to accomplish."
+His reasons for so doing he explained in a letter addressed to the
+"Times" on the 10th of March.
+
+"Peace," he there said, "being desirable not only for the interests of
+our country, but for those of the world at large, and the negotiations
+now pending being doubtless injuriously influenced by the obstinate
+resistance of Sebastopol (which could be overcome in a day), and by
+the impossibility of successfully attacking Cronstadt by naval means
+(which might be as speedily reduced), I have drawn up a petition to
+Parliament in order that secrecy and silence on my part, and
+deficiency of information on that of the public, may no longer prove
+injurious to the success of our arms. Hostilities having proceeded so
+far, assuredly it is more expedient to reduce a restless nation to a
+third- or fourth-rate power, than be ourselves reduced. Let not my
+motive be mistaken. I have no wish to command a fleet of 100-gun
+ships, or to attack first-rate fortresses by incased batteries or
+steam gunboats. That which I desire is, first, secretly to demonstrate
+to competent persons the efficiency of my plans, and then to obtain
+authority, during eight or ten days of fine weather, to put them in
+execution. The means I contemplate are simple, cheap, and safe. They
+would spare thousands of lives, millions of money, great havoc and
+uncertainty of results. Their consequences might, and probably would,
+effect the emancipation of Poland, and give freedom to the usurped
+territories of Sweden. Those who judge unfavourably of all aged naval
+commanders assuredly do not reflect that the useful employment of the
+energies of thousands and tens of thousands of men can best be
+developed and directed by a mind instructed by long observation
+matured by reflection;--an advantage to which physical power, that
+could clear its way by a broadsword, can bear no comparison. My
+unsupported opinion in regard to a naval enterprise in 1809 proved to
+be correct. Every other undertaking in the British service, and as
+Commander-in-Chief in Chili, Peru, Brazil, and Greece, was successful,
+and so would the protracted and unaccomplished undertaking, so
+injurious to the result of negotiation, have succeeded, had I
+possessed sufficient influence to be patiently listened to."
+
+The petition aroused much interest among the public, but was unheeded
+by the House of Commons, and therefore produced very slight effect on
+the Ministry. "My published petition," wrote Lord Dundonald to
+Viscount Palmerston on the 17th of March, "has brought me numerous
+letters, and, amongst others, a communication, I believe from high
+authority, that if I do know any means whereby to spare the slaughter
+that must take place on storming Sebastopol, I ought to make it known.
+I wish I could impart to your lordship what I feel under the present
+circumstances, and how anxiously I desire that a speedy decision may
+succeed the lingering delays that I have so long endured."
+
+A few days after that, chiefly through the assistance of his friend
+Lord Brougham, Lord Dundonald obtained an interview with Lord
+Palmerston, at which he further detailed his plans, and urged that
+they should be promptly employed in hastening a conclusion of the war
+with Russia. To Lord Palmerston he also wrote again on the 31st of
+March. "It has occurred to me," he said, "that the supposed inhumanity
+of my plans may have caused the use of the word 'inexpedient' in the
+report of the commission appointed in July last by the Admiralty, and
+may even now influence the decision of the Cabinet. Perhaps another
+view may have been taken of the consequences of divulging my plans, as
+regards the security of this kingdom." To these possible objections he
+urged that no conduct that brought to a speedy termination a war which
+might otherwise last for years, and be attended by terrible bloodshed
+in numerous battles, could be called inhuman; and that the most
+powerful means of averting invasion, and, indeed, all future war,
+would be the introduction of a method of fighting which, rendering all
+vigorous defence impossible, would frighten every nation from running
+the risks of warfare at all.
+
+Those arguments appear to have had some weight; but, after further
+correspondence, Lord Palmerston's Government, like all the other
+Governments to which they had been offered, refused to put the plans
+in execution. Further evidence in their favour was obtained from some
+eminent scientific men; and it was put beyond dispute that, though
+they might not have such deadly efficacy as Lord Dundonald
+anticipated--on which point the critics spoke with hesitation--they
+could not fail, if properly applied, in producing very important
+results. But it was all in vain. All that Lord Palmerston would agree
+to was to have the experiment tried on a small scale at Sebastopol,
+and by two Engineer officers who were to be instructed in their work
+by Lord Dundonald. Lord Dundonald consented to the trial, if it was
+conducted by his son, Captain the Honourable Arthur Cochrane, R.N. But
+this was not agreed to, and the whole project fell to the ground.
+
+At that result Lord Dundonald was hardly more disappointed than was a
+large section of the English public. Friends and strangers, soldiers,
+sailors, newspaper writers, and merchants, wrote to him from London,
+Edinburgh, Liverpool, Birmingham, Belfast, and all other parts of the
+kingdom, urging that, if the enterprise was not undertaken by
+Government, it should be executed by means of a private subscription.
+"I am perfectly convinced," wrote one, "that you can do all the injury
+to the Russian fortifications that you say you can do. If miserable
+jealousy at the Admiralty refuses you the means, take them from those
+who, like myself, are very proud to be your countrymen. I am not a
+rich man, but I shall gladly subscribe one hundred pounds to any
+scheme that you will propose and carry out yourself." "If your
+lordship will appeal to the country," wrote another, "in less than a
+week you will receive subscriptions to any amount. You will then be
+independent of Government routine, and the public will, without
+further delay, have an opportunity of testing the value of your
+invention, towards which the eyes of all Europe are anxiously turned
+at the present juncture."
+
+Those suggestions, and the evidence afforded by them of a widespread
+sympathy in his efforts to render a last great service to his country,
+afforded real satisfaction to Lord Dundonald; but their adoption was
+quite impossible. As a British officer, he could not for a moment
+think of entering upon a warlike project independently of the State.
+Therefore he left the work on which his heart was set undone, and
+soon--though by no means so soon as he could have made it--the Russian
+war was brought to a conclusion.
+
+Whatever may have been the cause of the rejection of his offer to
+hasten that conclusion by means of his secret war-plans, the Earl of
+Dundonald experienced no lack of personal courtesy during the period
+of the correspondence, or throughout the brief remainder of his life.
+His closing years were cheered by many acts by which was nearly
+completed the tardy reparation for former injuries which was begun
+with his reinstatement in the navy by King William IV., and in which
+the most gratifying circumstance of all was the restoration of his
+honours as a Knight of the Bath by her gracious Majesty Queen
+Victoria.
+
+"The death of Sir Byam Martin, and the promotion of Sir William Gage
+to the office of Vice-Admiral of the United Kingdom," wrote Sir James
+Graham on the 23rd of October, 1854, "vacate the appointment of
+Rear-Admiral. It is an honorary distinction; and your standing in the
+naval service and your gallant achievements entitle you to this
+reward. I have taken her Majesty's pleasure, and the Queen has
+graciously approved my recommendation. I propose, therefore, with your
+lordship's permission, that you shall be gazetted Rear-Admiral of the
+United Kingdom." "I accept the proposed honour with gratitude to her
+Majesty and with thanks to you," answered Lord Dundonald, on the 24th.
+"Permit me, however, to express a hope that such distinction shall not
+preclude my further service to the Crown and country, which long and
+matured consideration on professional subjects assures me I could now
+perform even more effectually than at an earlier period."
+
+A month later he was honoured by a compliment from one who, kind and
+gracious in all his acts, had never failed in showing towards him
+special grace and kindness. "My dear lord," wrote Prince Albert on the
+26th of November, "a vacancy has occurred in the list of Honorary
+Brethren of the Trinity House, by the lamented death of Sir Byam
+Martin. It has always been customary in that corporation to have the
+Royal Navy represented amongst the Elder Brethren by one of its most
+distinguished officers. I therefore write to inquire whether it would
+be agreeable to you to be elected a member of that body; as I should,
+in that case, have much pleasure in proposing, as Master of the
+Corporation, your name for the election of the Elder Brethren. Believe
+me always, my dear lord, yours truly,--Albert."
+
+"May it please your Royal Highness," Lord Dundonald wrote in reply, on
+the 27th, "to accept my dutiful and most grateful thanks for the
+honour your Royal Highness is pleased to confer. I assure your Royal
+Highness that I shall ever look forward with anxiety to prove my
+devotion and gratitude to her most gracious Majesty, for signal acts
+of justice and favour, and to your Royal Highness for this
+highly-appreciated mark of your consideration."
+
+A token of the estimation in which Lord Dundonald was at length held
+by all classes of his countrymen may here be recorded. After frequent
+refusal, on the ground of his age and love of privacy, he consented,
+in May, 1856, to seek admission to the United Service Club. Its
+members, thereupon, at once resolved, at the proposal of Vice-Admiral
+Sir George F. Seymour, which was seconded by Lieutenant-General Sir
+C. F. Smith, "to invite that highly-distinguished officer, Admiral the
+Earl of Dundonald, to become an honorary member of the Club, until the
+time of his lordship's ballot takes place."
+
+In spite of compliments like these, however, it was his earnest desire
+that, before his life was ended, every shadow which had darkened it
+might be cleared away, and that he might not pass into the grave
+without the assurance that he was formally, and in every respect,
+acquitted of the unjust charges brought against him nearly half a
+century before. While one single consequence of those charges remained
+in force, he considered that he was not so acquitted, and with this
+object he laboured to the last.
+
+"I venture to remind your lordship," he wrote to Lord Palmerston, on
+the 26th of May, "that the undeviating rectitude of my conduct through
+a long life has already induced the Crown, in the exercise of its
+justice, to restore my rank and honours. There yet remains, my dear
+lord, a gracious and important act to perform, namely, to order my
+banner to be replaced in King Henry VII.'s Chapel, and to direct the
+repayment of the fine inflicted by the Court of King's Bench, and the
+restoration of my half-pay suspended during my removal from the naval
+service. Unless these be done, I shall descend to my grave with the
+consciousness, not only that justice has not fully been done to me,
+but under the painful conviction that its omission will be construed
+to the injury of my character in the estimation of posterity.
+Independently of the justice of this claim on its own merits, I
+venture to express a hope that your lordship will admit that, during
+my temporary absence from the naval service, my exertions tended
+materially to promote the interests of our country by opening to
+commerce the ports of the Pacific and those of all the northern
+provinces of Brazil."
+
+The appeal was unsuccessful. The part of it having reference to the
+replacement of Lord Dundonald's banner in Westminster Abbey was
+considered by Lord Palmerston to be a question with which it was not
+in his province to deal. "With regard to the fine," he said, "I am
+afraid that there are no funds out of which it could be repaid, and I
+should doubt there being any precedent for such a proceeding; and I
+find, on inquiry, that pay or half-pay has not been granted to any
+naval officer for any period during which he may have been out of the
+service." That reply induced Lord Dundonald to write again to Lord
+Palmerston on the 7th of June. "I submit," he then said, "that, the
+fine being imposed for an alleged offence of which I was wholly
+innocent, it ought to be repaid, even if there be no special fund
+appropriated to such a purpose. The peculiarity of my case may account
+for there being no precedent for such a proceeding, if none there be.
+The same peculiarity may distinguish my case from that of all other
+naval officers to whom no pay or half-pay has been allowed for any
+period during which they may have been out of the service. I may have
+been the only naval officer unjustly expelled, and assuredly I have
+been the only one so expelled after manifesting, by various acts, a
+truly patriotic zeal for the honour and interest of our country. No
+other naval officer, after such acts, was ever expelled the service
+and otherwise punished on mere conjectural evidence, since
+demonstrated to have been utterly groundless. I submit that instances
+have occurred of military officers recovering pay or half-pay after
+unjust expulsion, as in the case of Sir Robert Wilson; and I am not
+aware of the existence of any cause for a distinction in this respect
+between the two services. I feel the deepest gratitude and
+satisfaction that my life has been spared to a period when I may
+reasonably hope that the portion of justice yet due to me for the
+erroneous verdict and its injurious consequences will not be withheld.
+Of that justice, the first instalment, namely, the restoration of my
+naval rank, was granted by his late Majesty King William, and the
+second by her present most gracious Majesty, who, on the
+representation of my noble friend the Marquess of Lansdowne, was
+pleased to reinstate me in the Order of the Bath. For the third and
+conclusive portion of justice still remaining due to me, I cannot
+desist from looking to your lordship."
+
+It is not necessary to detail the later correspondence that ensued
+upon this subject. Lord Dundonald found that the final reparation
+which he sought was not, then at any rate, to be conceded to him by
+the Government; and therefore he resolved to employ his last remaining
+powers in seeking from his countrymen that thorough justice which he
+rightly considered would result from an honest review of the incidents
+of his life.
+
+During 1858, and in the beginning of 1859, he was engaged in the
+preparation of his "Narrative of Services in the Liberation of Chili,
+Peru, and Brazil from Spanish and Portuguese Domination."[24] That
+work was immediately followed by his "Autobiography of a Seaman," of
+which the first volume was completed in December, 1859, the second in
+September, 1860; bringing down the story to the date from which it has
+been continued in the present work.[25]
+
+  [24] The following letter, dated "Buckingham Palace, March 4, 1859,"
+  gave pleasure to Lord Dundonald:--"My Lord,--I have received the
+  commands of His Royal Highness the Prince Consort to return you his
+  best thanks for the copy of your 'Narrative,' which you have been good
+  enough to send to his Royal Highness, and upon which his Royal
+  Highness will place a high value. I am directed further to say that it
+  would add materially to that value if you would have the kindness to
+  write in the first page of the accompanying volume that it was
+  presented by your lordship to the Prince. I have the honour to be, my
+  lord, your most obedient humble servant,--C. B. Phipps."
+
+  [25] Almost the last letter written by Lord Dundonald was this to Lord
+  Brougham:--"My dear Lord Brougham,--I have the pleasure to forward you
+  the second volume of my 'Autobiography,' in which you will find that
+  use has been made of the kind expressions towards myself contained in
+  your works. Of the injustice done to me I need not tell you, who are
+  so well acquainted with the subject. If the accompanying volume
+  succeeds in impressing on the public mind the sentiments so
+  unflinchingly set forth in your works, it will have answered its
+  purpose; and that it will do so I see no reason to doubt, now that the
+  subject can be canvassed apart from political rancour. I am, my dear
+  Lord Brougham, ever faithfully yours,--Dundonald." Lord Brougham's
+  answer was dated from Paris, on the 31st of October, the very day of
+  his friend's death. "I have just received your very kind letter, and I
+  daresay the volume will very speedily reach me.... One thing I fear
+  you do not come down late enough to relate. I mean the impression made
+  upon all present when I took you to the Tuileries; and when the name
+  of Cochrane, so well known to them (and which I cannot bring myself to
+  change for your present title), was no sooner heard than there was a
+  general start and shudder. I remember saying, as we drove away, that
+  it ought to satisfy you as to your disappointment at Basque Roads; and
+  you answered that you would rather have had the ships."
+
+That his mind was full of vigour to the last is best proved by that
+autobiography. But the body was worn out. After two years of great
+physical suffering, passed in the house of his eldest son at Queen's
+Gate, Kensington, he died on the 31st of October, 1860, eighty-five
+years old.
+
+He was buried in Westminster Abbey, where in his last moments he had
+expressed a desire to rest, in company with other great servants of
+the nation. A public funeral was not granted to him; but his son was
+permitted to conduct that funeral in a way worthy of his great
+reputation, and agreeable to the wishes of all classes of his
+countrymen. Through the personal intervention of her most gracious
+Majesty and the Prince Consort, moreover, who counteracted the efforts
+of subordinates, his insignia of the Order of the Bath, which had been
+ignominiously spurned from King Henry the Seventh's chapel,
+one-and-fifty years before, were restored to their place on the 13th
+of November. Thus his last and most cherished wish was fulfilled, and
+another precious boon was added to the many favours for which his
+family can never cease to be grateful to their Sovereign and her noble
+husband.
+
+The burial was on the 14th of November. The pall-bearers were Admiral
+Sir George Seymour, the Brazilian Minister, Admiral Grenfell--who
+five-and-thirty years before had been associated with Lord Dundonald
+in securing the independence of Brazil--Captain Goldsmith, Captain
+Schomberg, Captain Hay, and Captain Nolloth. Among the mourners was
+Lord Brougham, who had come from Paris to render this last honour to
+one who had been his friend through fifty years. Standing over the
+grave, and looking round upon the assemblage, he exclaimed, "No
+Cabinet minister here! no officer of State to grace this great man's
+funeral!" But the funeral was graced by the reverent homage of
+hundreds gathered within the Abbey walls, and of the thousands who,
+though absent, acknowledged that England had lost one of her bravest
+warriors and most unselfish patriots, one whose warfare had been
+marked by acts of daring rarely equalled, and whose patriotism had
+brought upon him sufferings such as few in modern times have had to
+endure. The solemn anthem chanted over his grave, "His body is buried
+in peace, but his memory shall live for ever," echoed far and wide,
+and awakened in every breast keen sentiments of sympathy for what he
+had borne and of pride in what he had done.
+
+  Ashes to Ashes! Lay the hero down
+    Within the grey old Abbey's glorious shade.
+    In our Walhalla ne'er was worthier laid
+  Since martyr first won palm, or victor crown.
+
+  'Tis well the State he served no farthing pays
+    To grace with pomp and honour all too late
+    His grave, whom, living, Statesmen dogged with hate,
+  Denying justice, and withholding praise.
+
+  Let England hide her face above his tomb,
+    As much for shame as sorrow. Let her think
+    Upon the bitter cup he had to drink--
+  Heroic soul, branded with felon's doom.
+
+  A Sea-King, whose fit place had been by Blake,
+    Or our own Nelson, had he been but free
+    To follow glory's quest upon the sea,
+  Leading the conquered navies in his wake--
+
+  A Captain, whom it had been ours to cheer
+    From conquest on to conquest, had our land
+    But set its wisest, worthiest in command,
+  Not such as hated all the good revere.
+
+  We let them cage the Lion while the fire
+    In his high heart burnt clear and unsubdued;
+    We let them stir that frank and forward mood
+  From greatness to the self-consuming ire,
+
+  The fret and chafe that wait on service scorned,
+    Justice denied, and truth to silence driven;
+    From men we left him to appeal to Heaven,
+  'Gainst fraud set high, and evidence suborned--
+
+  We left him, with bound arms, to mark the sword
+    Given to weak hands; left him, with working brain,
+    To see rogues traffic, and fools rashly reign,
+  Where Strength should have been guide, and Honour lord--
+
+  Left him to cry aloud, without support,
+    Against the creeping things that eat away
+    Our wooden walls, and boast as they betray,
+  The base supporters of a baser Court,
+
+  The crawling worms that in corruption breed,
+    And on corruption batten, till at last
+    Mistaken honour the proud victim cast
+  Out to their spite, to writhe, and pant, and bleed
+
+  Under their stings and slime; and bleed he did
+    For years, till hope into heart-sickness grew,
+    And he sought other seas and service new,
+  And his bright sword in alien laurels hid--
+
+  Nor even so found gratitude, but came
+    Back to his England, bankrupt, save of praise,
+    To eat his heart, through weary wishful days,
+  And shape his strength to bearing of his shame,
+
+  Till, slow but sure, drew on a better time,
+    And Statesmen owned the check of public will;
+    And, at the last, light pierced the shadow chill
+  That fouled his honour with the taint of crime.
+
+  And then they gave him back the knightly spurs
+    Which he had never forfeited--the rank
+    From which he ne'er by ill-deserving sank,
+  More than the Lion sinks for yelp of curs.
+
+  Justice had lingered on its road too long:
+    The Lion was grown old; the time gone by,
+    When for his aid we vainly raised a cry,
+  To save our flag from shame, our decks from wrong.
+
+  The infamy is _theirs_, whose evil deed
+    Is past undoing; yet not guiltless we,
+    Who, penniless, that brave old man could see,
+  Restored to honour, but denied its meed.
+
+  A Belisarius, old and sad and poor,
+    To _our_ shame, not to _his_--so he lived on,
+    Till man's allotted fourscore years were gone,
+  And scarcely then had leave to 'stablish sure
+
+  Proofs of _his_ innocence, and _their_ shame,
+    That had so wronged him; and, this done, came death,
+    To seal the assurance of his dying breath,
+  And wipe the last faint tarnish from his name.
+
+  At last his fame stands fair, and full of years
+    He seeks that judgment which his wrongers all
+    Have sought before him--and above his pall
+  His flag, replaced at length, waves with his peers.
+
+  He did not live to see it, but he knew
+    His country with one voice had set it high;
+    And knowing this he was content to die,
+  And leave to gracious Heaven what might ensue.
+
+  Ashes to ashes! Lay the hero down,
+    No nobler heart e'er knew the bitter lot
+    To be misjudged, maligned, accused, forgot--
+  Twine martyr's palm among his victor's crown.[26]
+
+  [26] These lines, by Mr. Tom Taylor, were published in "Punch."
+
+"Victor and Martyr." Those are the words fittest to be inscribed on
+the monument that will be set up in the hearts of Englishmen in honour
+of the Earl of Dundonald. Entering life with great powers of mind and
+great physical endowments for his only fortune, he made his name
+famous, and won immortal honour to himself by daring and successful
+enterprises in the naval service of his country, which none have
+surpassed at an age so young as his, and which few have rivalled
+during a long life-time spent in war. But he sought to follow up those
+triumphs of his prowess on the sea by peaceful victories at home over
+private jealousy, official intrigue, and political wrong-doing, and
+thereby he brought on himself opposition which, boldly resented,
+caused the unjust forfeiture of the rewards that were his due, and
+weighed him down with a terrible load of disappointed hope and
+undeserved reproach. Seeking relief from these grievous sufferings,
+and opportunity of further work in a profession very dear to him and
+in generous aid of nations striving to throw off the tyranny to which
+they had long been subjected, he entered the service of three foreign
+states in succession. But in helping others he only brought fresh
+trouble on himself. He rescued Chili and Peru from Spanish thraldom,
+only to find that the people whom he had freed therefrom were
+themselves enthralled by passions which even he could do nothing to
+overcome, and which drove him from their shores, barely thanked and
+quite unrecompensed. He fought the battles of the young empire of
+Brazil against Portugal, doubled her territories, and more than
+doubled her opportunities of future development, only to be cruelly
+spurned by the faction then in power, and denied the fulfilment of
+national pledges which a later generation has but tardily and slightly
+regarded. Harder yet was his treatment by the Greeks, who, having
+asked him to lead them in their contest with their Turkish masters,
+refused to follow his leadership, gave him no assistance in his plans
+for fighting on their behalf, and, in return for the services which,
+in spite of all the difficulties in his way, he was able to render
+them, offered him little but insult. Thus more than half his life was
+wasted--wasted as far as he himself was concerned, though the gain to
+others from every one of his achievements was great indeed. Returning
+then to peaceful work in England, he chiefly spent the years remaining
+to him in efforts to win back the justice of which he had been
+deprived, and in efforts, yet more zealous, to benefit his country by
+exercise of the inventive talents in which he was almost as eminent as
+in warlike powers. But those talents were slighted, though from them
+has, in part, resulted an entire and wholly beneficial revolution in
+the science and practice of naval warfare. And, though many of his
+personal wrongs were redressed, he was allowed to die without the
+complete wiping out of the stain that had been put upon his honour.
+
+Of this long course of suffering, it must be admitted, he was himself
+in some measure the cause. Endowed, as few others have been endowed,
+with the highest mental qualities, he lacked other qualities necessary
+to worldly advancement and the prosperous enjoyment of life. Truth and
+justice he made the guiding principles of all his actions; but he knew
+nothing of expediency, and was no adept in the arts of prudence.
+Unrivalled strategy was displayed by him in all his warlike
+enterprises; but against the strategy of his fellow-workers he was
+utterly defenceless. He made enemies where a cautious man might have
+made friends, and he allowed those enemies to assail him, and to
+inflict upon him injuries almost irreparable, with weapons and by
+onslaughts which a cautious man would easily have warded off. Judged
+by the harshest rules of worldly wisdom, however, it must be
+acknowledged that these faults brought upon him far heavier punishment
+than he merited. And perhaps it will be deemed by posterity that they
+were faults very nearly akin to virtues.
+
+The same want of prudence caused trouble to him in other respects. It
+led him, in furtherance of the inventions and other projects by which
+he sought to benefit the world, into expenses by which his scanty
+sources of income were very heavily taxed. It also sometimes made him
+the victim of others. Guileless himself, he was not proof against the
+guile of many with whom he came in contact. Every kind word sounded in
+his ear, every kind act appeared in his eye, as if it proceeded from a
+heart as full of kindness as his own, and he often lavished sympathy
+and gratitude on unworthy objects. But shall we blame him for this?
+
+Kindness, indeed, was as much a characteristic of him as valour. While
+the world was full of the fame of his warlike achievements, all who
+came within the circle of his acquaintance marvelled to find a man so
+simple, so tender, so generous, and so courteous. When he was bowed
+down by sorrows that nearly crushed him, he sought comfort in zealous
+efforts for alleviating the sufferings of others.
+
+Fortunate circumstances would have placed him in a station of
+universal honour, which he could have occupied to the admiration of
+all on-lookers. But the circumstances of his life were unfortunate;
+and therefore he had to endure such hardship as falls to the lot of
+few. The harsh judgment by which he suffered has already been
+reversed. It will be atoned for when his worth is properly
+acknowledged by his fellow-men.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+(Page 161.)
+
+CAPTAIN ABNEY HASTINGS'S LETTERS TO LORD COCHRANE
+
+
+So much had to be said in the body of this volume in evidence of the
+insurmountable difficulties raised by the Greeks themselves to Lord
+Cochrane's efforts to aid them as efficiently as he desired, that
+there seemed no room, without wearying the reader, for there citing
+more than two or three of the letters addressed to him by Captain
+Abney Hastings. They have, therefore, been reserved for quotation
+here. Their publication is desirable for two reasons. In the first
+place, they show how Captain Hastings, whom all the historians of the
+Greek Revolution join in praising, was harassed, and his work rendered
+almost useless, by causes which Lord Cochrane, in a much more
+difficult position, was blamed for not overcoming. In the second
+place, they will serve as a contribution to the biography of a
+high-minded and valiant man, a sharer in Lord Cochrane's zealous
+efforts on behalf of Greece, and in the misfortunes incident thereto,
+of whose memorable career the world knows little.
+
+
+I.
+
+                         _Karteria_, Hydra, March 26th, 1827.
+
+MY LORD,
+
+The usual contrarieties of the machine prevented my following you
+yesterday according to your desire. Observing you went to Poros, I
+thought I should act in conformity with your wishes by coming here to
+take in coals, and avoid all possible delay. I have got on board
+enough for about four days more. I have expected you all day, and not
+seeing you I have taken upon myself to depart for the service you
+destined me for; although I am not quite certain I know the exact
+station. I shall go off Grabousa and endeavour to find Captain St.
+George. I leave a letter here for the primates, requesting them to
+load a small vessel with coals for my return, which I wish to take in
+on the opposite side. This measure, far from occasioning delay, would
+be advantageous in that respect as well as having less close
+connection with the Hydriots, whose presence always has the effect of
+setting a bad example to the Greeks I have on board. I should feel
+obliged to your lordship to insist on this measure. Perhaps it would
+be advantageous for your lordship to decide upon the port you intend
+to occupy immediately, and send there all the coals and other stores
+wanted for your naval force. Since you object to an island in the
+Great Archipelago, I am of opinion, with Colonel Gordon, that Ambalaki
+is the best suited for your station. If all the coals were there, much
+delay would be saved to the steam-vessels. One of the causes our
+engine went so badly was that some fire-bars being burnt the fire fell
+through, and we could not keep up the steam; another was, I had taken
+up the paddles (which previously had two-feet dip) six inches; the
+engine consequently went faster, but the pumps would not supply
+sufficient water. I have lowered them again. Pray leave your further
+orders for me here, as I shall touch for coals as aforesaid on my
+return.
+
+                         I have the honour to be, &c.,
+
+                              F. A. HASTINGS.
+
+
+II.
+
+                         _Karteria_, Poros, April 9th, 1827
+
+MY LORD,
+
+I have the honour to transmit you an account of the _Karteria_
+steam-vessel up to March 16th, by which you will perceive that with
+the 500l. credit I have on Messrs. Baif at Zante, I still have a
+credit of 363 dollars in my favour. Not accustomed to keep such
+accounts, there may be errors, but if any they are certainly against
+myself, as I may have omitted charging expenses; whereas, I have never
+charged but what has really been expended, nor have I ever charged
+anything for myself, directly or indirectly. Wages will become due
+again the 16th of this month, for which I shall require about 800
+dollars. Having but a few days' salt meat on board, I beg your
+lordship to cause an order to be written, enabling me to receive such
+quantity as you may deem requisite.
+
+                         I have the honour to be, &c.,
+
+                              F. A. HASTINGS.
+
+
+III.
+
+                         _Karteria_, Scopulo, April 19th, N.S., 1827.
+
+MY LORD,
+
+Northerly winds prevented my passing Cape Doro until the 15th. Having
+spoken a vessel from Skyro, I learnt that an Austrian merchant vessel
+loaded with corn and ammunition for Negropont was laying at that
+island under convoy of an Austrian vessel of war, and that the
+corvette of Tombasi was there watching the merchant vessel. I touched
+at Skyro the night of the 15th, and found that the Austrian was gone,
+supposed for Syra, followed by an Hydriot schooner of Konduriottes,
+who is supposed to have made some arrangement with the Austrian to
+deliver the cargo to him. The Greek corvette had sailed, as I was
+told, for this. I arrived here the night of the 16th, and found that
+the brig and schooner were zealously employed on the service they had
+been sent upon. Having steamed more than I had at first intended, I
+was in want of fuel, and set them at work here to obtain me wood,
+which they have done with more alacrity than I expected during Easter
+holidays. The engine of course required repairs. I sent off the
+schooner to inform the vessels of the blockade, when I should join
+them, and appointing a rendezvous. I sail immediately, and hope to
+take or destroy the vessels at Tricheri and Volo tomorrow. I send this
+by the primates of this island, who carry a letter to your lordship
+offering their services. They have been apparently much oppressed in
+all these islands by the heroes of the earth, and are anxious to
+obtain protection from the naval force. This island is fertile, and
+could (and could be made to) pay well for protection. The others have
+claims equally strong for protection. St. George, De Skyro, Scopulo,
+Skatho, &c., &c., have more than 2,000 Liapis quartered upon them at
+this moment. If Athens is relieved, these worthies might be turned
+into Negropont with much effect. I am told the Turkish transports are
+still at Tricheri and Volo, not doubting to clear the Gulf of Greeks
+_‡ force d'argent_--however, I hope to be with them to-morrow.
+
+I suspect fuel could be obtained cheaper here than at Megara; and I
+see no reason for incurring the expense of transport of wood to Poros
+for construction of gunboats when a great majority of the Greek
+vessels are constructed here. The wood does not grow here. It is
+brought from Agora on the main. The deputies--_tout bÍtes comme ils
+sont_--can inform your lordship of these things.
+
+                         I have the honour to be, &c.,
+
+                              F. A. HASTINGS.
+
+P.S.--Having taken the coals out from between the boilers and side of
+the ship, I am anxious to fill this space with wool, as a protection
+against shot. The coals stowed there are an inconvenience for many
+reasons, and something is necessary to replace them as a protection
+for the boilers. If your lordship would be good enough to order
+Tombasi to procure me wool for that purpose, I think you would be
+ultimately satisfied of its utility.
+
+
+IV.
+
+                         _Karteria_, off Tricheri, Monday,
+                         April 23rd, N.S., 1827.
+
+MY LORD,
+
+I have the honour to inform you that in pursuance of your orders, I
+carried the squadron under my command, consisting of corvette
+_Themistocles_, brig _Aris_, schooner _Aspasia_, and schooner
+_Panayia_, before the port of Volo, the evening of the 20th. I found
+eight vessels at anchor in the port; immediately I directed the
+_Themistocles_ and _Aris_ to anchor off a battery at the point, and
+cannonade it whilst I entered the harbour with boats and schooners. At
+4.30 P.M. they anchored with much gallantry, and soon silenced the
+musket-shot from the battery. At the same moment I entered the harbour
+with the boats and schooners, and we shortly took possession of seven
+brigs: they were all on shore, and most without sails bent. However,
+by 9 P.M. we succeeded in getting out five prizes, three loaded with
+provisions and ammunition, two light; and this most fortunately
+without the loss of a man killed or wounded, although we lay at anchor
+in the harbour four hours and a half, exposed to the fire of the
+Castle of Volo. The ship has received no material injury, although
+several shot struck her. We set fire to two prizes we could not
+succeed in getting out; one light brig remains, but we shot away her
+foremast and did her such damage in her hull as will (I hope) prevent
+her putting to sea again. Last night I entered Tricheri with the boats
+of _Themistocles_, _Aris_, and _Aspasia_, to endeavour to carry out a
+brig of war, Turkish, of sixteen guns and two mortars, but found her
+protected too advantageously by batteries and musketry. I send the
+prizes to your lordship under the convoy of the _Aspasia_, and shall
+remain here a few days to endeavour to destroy the Turkish brig of
+war, and shall then return to join your lordship. I beg leave to
+assure your lordship before I conclude that in these affairs I have
+met with the most cordial support from the captains of the vessels
+under my orders, and that their conduct, as well as that of all the
+officers and men of the squadron, has been highly meritorious.
+
+                         I have the honour to be, &c.,
+
+                              F. A. Hastings.
+
+P.S.--As the schooner _Panayia_ will participate in the prizes, I have
+ordered her to remain on the blockade, although not sent by your
+lordship.
+
+
+V.
+
+                         _Karteria_, at Sea, April 24th, 1827.
+
+MY LORD,
+
+An hour after I had the honour of sending you my last letter,
+detailing the affair of Volo, I stood into Tricheri with the vessels
+under my command, viz., _Themistocles_, _Aris_, _Panayia_.
+
+The Turks in this place had one brig-of-war which (erroneously in my
+last I rated at sixteen guns) mounted but fourteen long 24-pounders
+and two mortars; she was made fast in a small bight, with a plank on
+shore and high rocks on each side of her, behind which were posted a
+strong corps of Albanian troops; she was likewise protected by a
+battery close under her bow and five other batteries in other parts.
+Four small schooners lay quite hauled up on the beach. To attempt to
+carry away vessels so posted and defended by men who wanted neither
+alacrity nor resolution would have been exposing the lives of the
+crews in a very unwarrantable manner. I therefore resolved to burn the
+brig, which we effected in less than an hour. I did not make any
+attempt upon the schooners, which I considered too inconsiderable to
+justify a loss in capturing them. In this affair the captains,
+officers, and crews conducted themselves all much to my satisfaction.
+
+Inclosed I have the honour to transmit to you a return of the killed
+and wounded in this affair, which, I am happy to say, is trifling. I
+have left the rest of the squadron to maintain the blockade.
+
+                         I have the honour to be, &c.,
+
+                              F. A. HASTINGS.
+
+A return of the killed and wounded on board of the Greek
+squadron, at Tricheri, April 23rd./11th.
+
+  _Karteria_, killed . . . one seaman, Ralph Hall.
+  _Aris_, killed . . . . . one seaman.
+   "   wounded . . . . . . two seamen.
+  _Panayia_, wounded . . . one seaman.
+       Total . . . . . . . two killed and three wounded.
+                                                 F. A. HASTINGS.
+
+
+VI.
+
+                         _Karteria_, at Sea, April 26th, N.S., 1827.
+
+MY LORD,
+
+Passing by Kumi, I observed several vessels at anchor there, and a
+great number of large kyekes, &c., hauled up on the beach. I stood in,
+and overhauled them, and found, as I suspected, that a most scandalous
+and extensive commerce in grain is carrying on to that place with the
+Turks, chiefly in Greek vessels. A brig under Russian colours was
+chiefly discharged; a Psarian schooner was nearly full, and the
+magazines on shore were full. I set about loading the grain from the
+magazines, but was unable to take off more than one-third of what was
+in them; and I have good reason for supposing that other magazines
+equally stored are to be found in the town, about an hour's distance.
+
+Here there were only a dozen Turks, who fled at our approach. In the
+evening no less than nine small vessels were seen standing in to Kumi.
+I weighed and boarded six of them; three being entirely empty, I
+allowed to pass; two I detained and have brought with me.
+
+The want of men, of time, &c., has prevented my putting a finishing
+hand to this infamous traffic; but I have no doubt your lordship will
+see the propriety of sending a vessel of war without delay to destroy
+these depÙts. It is idle to talk of blockading the Gulf of Negropont
+whilst such an extensive commerce is carrying on at other points of
+the island.
+
+                         I have the honour to be, &c.,
+
+                              F. A. HASTINGS.
+
+
+VII.
+
+                         _Karteria_, Poros, April 28th, 1827.
+
+MY LORD,
+
+Captain St. George going to join you, I take the opportunity of
+informing you, besides what my other letters contain, that my
+information from Kumi imports that Negropont contains two months'
+provisions for the army of Kutayi and fortress, and that all their
+hopes are in the Turkish fleet, expected daily. It seems to me of the
+first importance that the Greek fleet should be ready to encounter the
+Turks; and the Gulf is a place particularly favourable to the smaller,
+lighter, and more skilful party. Might I suggest, my lord, the
+propriety of sending a couple of light vessels upon whom you could
+depend to cruise off the Dardanelles, and give information in time?
+The corvette, brig, and schooner off Tricheri requested me to
+represent their want of provisions, and the necessity they have of
+paying their crew regularly; many I suspect have already quitted them:
+with Greek sailors no arrears of pay can exist--hitherto they have
+been accustomed to receive their wages in advance; if they can be made
+to go to sea without that advance it is a great point gained; to omit
+fulfilling the engagement would be to ruin all confidence and oblige
+the sailors to return to their ancient demands.
+
+With respect to Kumi, I beg leave to urge the necessity of sending a
+vessel (perhaps better Captain St. George than a Greek, who probably
+would not dare do his duty there, was he so disposed) to destroy the
+infamous traffic existing there. May I beg of your lordship to order
+here the Marine Tribunal from Napoli to adjudge the prizes taken; also
+to issue a public order respecting the distribution of prize-money, by
+which I may be guided in my payments? You will observe that in my
+letter respecting the affair of Tricheri I mention simply having burnt
+the brig-of-war without saying how. That letter being a despatch for
+publication, I thought it as well not to proclaim to the enemy the use
+we made of red-hot shot. It was by those I burnt the brig, and could
+quite as easily burn by the same means the largest ship ever built.
+Might I suggest the advantage that would result from using the same
+projectile from almost every ship? each vessel might as well as me
+have a furnace in her hold for the feeding of two of her guns--the
+effect would be tremendous. If the fleet was ready before the Turks
+came out, a slight excursion to Salonica might be attended with profit
+and advantage. I shall require a little time to repair damages. I have
+lost my larboard cat-head, my jib-boom, second topmast, main-gaff,
+bowsprit shot through, and the engine requires various repairs--the
+steam waste-pipe is completely gone, and I must get another made. I
+hope and trust your lordship has still the intention of forming a
+national fleet and a dockyard; without this your difficulties will be
+multiplied beyond measure. I merely mention this because I hear
+intrigues are on foot to prevent such measures. I, a stranger, who
+belong to no party, and who neither fear nor love the Hydriots and
+Spetziots, will tell you the truth on these points. Although your
+orders prescribed for me to remain a fortnight on the blockade of the
+Gulf of Negropont, I was forced to return--wanting ammunition, fuel,
+provisions, and various repairs. I shall use my endeavours to be ready
+for sea as speedily as possible. Before I conclude, give me leave to
+congratulate your lordship upon your brilliant success at the PirÊus.
+I have no doubt it is but a prelude to more important successes.
+
+                         I have the honour to be, &c.,
+
+                              F. A. HASTINGS.
+
+
+VIII.
+
+                         _Karteria_, Poros, April 30th, 1827.
+
+MY LORD,
+
+May I beg leave to present to you my very particular friend, Mr.
+Nicolo Kalergy? You will find him a young man of good education,
+talent, and, what is of still greater value, of great probity. I have
+known him many years, and esteemed him equally long. By his private
+fortune he is independent, and has consequently always refused to
+meddle in the intrigues he regrets so much to see cause the
+misfortunes of his country. So much for introduction. Mr. Nicolo
+Kalergy has been good enough to wait upon you to receive your orders
+respecting the prizes I have lately captured. These vessels contain
+grain chiefly, and therefore would in that state be of no use to you.
+Your commissaries must turn it into biscuit before it is sent to the
+Piraeus. The Government has sent for the Admiralty Court from Napoli
+to sit here upon the judgment of vessels detained. As to the sale, I
+am of opinion that to appease the jealousy of the seamen a public sale
+should be held, and your commissaries purchase it if they please. They
+will thus always obtain it cheaper than they could buy it at Syra, and
+thus nobody can complain. I am anxious to receive from your lordship
+an order respecting the distribution of prize-money, and this, I
+think, should be public. Hitherto the Government has received fifteen
+per cent. upon all prizes. Of course your lordship will arrange as you
+think proper upon this subject; but if any part of a prize goes to the
+public purse, it is only but just it should aid in the payment of the
+wages of seamen. I am now paying a month's wages out of my own pocket,
+which I hope and trust your lordship will reimburse me, as I cannot
+continue this system. Anything can be done in Greece by prompt
+payments; with arrears nothing is to be done. My friend has much and
+various information respecting every part of Greece, and can furnish
+you with much useful matter. I do not doubt but you will shortly
+appreciate his merit.
+
+                         I have the honour to be, &c.,
+
+                              F. A. HASTINGS.
+
+P.S.--May I beg of you, my lord, to furnish me with a commission of
+lieutenant for Mr. Darby, the only officer doing duty as a sailor on
+board--in truth, he is no sailor, and does not pretend, but he is
+brave, diligent, and a gentleman, and has served with me for about
+four months?
+
+
+IX.
+
+                         _Karteria_, Poros, April 30th, 1827.
+
+MY LORD,
+
+I had the honour to receive your orders of the 28th inst. Your
+lordship will have observed, by the letters I had the honour of
+transmitting to you, that the condition of this vessel is such as to
+render it impossible for her to put to sea immediately. Dr. Gosse last
+night was occupied sending you off 68-pounders, and I am happy to hear
+this morning that the monastery has fallen without them. I must again
+repeat how indispensable it is that this fleet should be in readiness
+to encounter the Turks, who cannot now delay long their departure.
+
+It is with deep regret I see the extreme discontent existing on board
+the _Sauveur_ brig, which seems to me to be greatly augmented, if not
+entirely owing to the Greeks being paid in advance and the English
+being in arrears of wages. In this country, my lord, I must repeat,
+nothing can be done without regular payments. By paying out of my own
+funds, when others could not be obtained, I have established the
+confidence of the Greeks and English in this vessel, as far as money
+is concerned; but I cannot continue to pay out of my own pocket. If
+funds are not forthcoming for the wages of this vessel, I must beg
+leave to resign. Whilst I am on board my people will always consider
+me personally responsible for their wages; and I must again remark I
+have suffered already much too severely in my private fortune to admit
+of my making further sacrifices. Besides wages for the crew, I have
+various expenses here to repair damage sustained by the vessel.
+
+                         I have the honour to be, &c.,
+
+                              F. A. HASTINGS.
+
+P.S.--It seems to me necessary to relieve the vessels at Volo, or they
+will quit their station. Greek sailors on board their own ships will
+not remain more than a month at sea.
+
+
+X.
+
+                         _Karteria_, Poros, May 6th, 1827.
+
+MY LORD,
+
+I do myself the honour of enclosing for your perusal two different
+extracts from public papers sent me lately from Zante. I am now ready
+for sea, excepting powder, of which I have only two quarter-casks of
+very vile French stuff, received from Captain St. George. Mr. Hesketh,
+amongst the other prizes made at Napoli, has brought some flannel
+cartridges for our guns filled, and forty casks of powder. Would your
+lordship have the goodness to cause an order to be sent me to receive
+this powder? There is still a great quantity of the stores sent out
+from England missing. I have the bills of lading, and can give copies
+to Mr. Hesketh, if you think proper to send to Hydra, Spetzas, and
+Napoli again to collect them. I suspect the Hydriots have now in their
+possession about one hundred and sixty carbines such as I have on
+board.
+
+It appears strange to everybody here that all the Commissary
+Department should be absent. I am informed provisions are wanted, and
+yet nobody comes to buy the prize provisions. As every Greek is by
+nature a thief, things disappear daily; and if they remain much
+longer, nothing will be forthcoming. Already my Greeks have petitioned
+me about the prizes; and everybody acquainted with Greek sailors must
+be aware they will not go to sea again until they have been paid their
+prize-money. Till now there never was no example of a ship quitting
+her prize until sold and the proceeds distributed. I am sorry to be
+obliged to remind your lordship again that on my arrival here I paid
+my crew one month's wages, due the 16th of last month, and in ten days
+more another month's wages are due, and pay I must, for, as I have
+frequently remarked to your lordship, no arrears can exist in this
+country. The wages also is not the only expense. I was obliged to
+purchase about one hundred tons of firewood at Scopulo. Fresh meat in
+harbour runs away with great sums; and when the engine works, it
+consumes about half a dollar a day of oil. Besides all this, I have
+been obliged to hire three carpenters for ten days to repair damages
+done in late expedition. I had a fluke shot off a bower anchor at
+Tricheri, and ought to have another one. I must get a new main-sail
+made here. It is disagreeable to me to torment your lordship with all
+these statements, but you must be aware that a vessel like this cannot
+be sailed without great expense. There are here a number of seamen
+from the brig who want to enter with me. I have as yet refused to
+receive them; but, if you thought proper to give me an order, I should
+then be justified in so doing.
+
+                         I have the honour to be, &c.,
+
+                              F. A. HASTINGS.
+
+
+XI.
+
+                         _Karteria_, Spetzas, May 30th, 1827.
+
+MY LORD,
+
+Having lost my two masts in a squall off Cape Malea, and having
+business at Poros requiring my presence, I have thought it the most
+expeditious way to go myself to purchase other masts at Hydra, and
+settle my affairs at Poros. I therefore do myself the honour to
+transmit to your lordship a report of my proceedings after you left me
+near Stamphane. At sunset I lighted the fires, and, as soon as steam
+was up, steered for the passage between Zante and the Morea. The wind
+freshening much in a contrary direction, I found myself about ten
+miles to the southward of Zante in the morning. About three A.M. we
+perceived a large vessel standing towards us from the Morea, and we
+went to quarters for her. I thought at first she might be the
+_Hellas_; but on approaching she stood back to the mainland, which
+made me conclude that it was a stranger; the wind increasing, I could
+not remain head to wind, and made sail under the lee of Zante. In the
+forenoon I saw a large ship under the land far off steering to the
+south, which I concluded was a Turkish or neutral ship of war. The
+wind abating, I steamed up round the eastern point of Zante, and not
+finding the _Hellas_ on the other side of the island, I stood towards
+Cephalonia, opening out the two Turkish frigates laying at Clarenza.
+In the evening I saw a large ship very far astern coming northward,
+and supposed she was the _Hellas_ and the same I had seen in the
+forenoon under the land. At sunset I altered course and steered for
+Clarenza, and in the first watch we saw a good deal of firing in that
+direction. The wind and sea augmenting, I was unable to keep the ship
+head to sea, and therefore bore up for the _rendezvous_ of Oxia. Not
+finding the _Hellas_ at this station, the wind augmenting, the
+starboard wheel being out of repair, and threatening to come to pieces
+if not looked to, the water requiring to be drawn off the boilers,
+&c., all these things made it necessary for me to search a port. I
+looked inside Oxia, but found it unsafe, and therefore bore up for the
+Port of Petala, where I put things to rights as well as I could; but
+found on examination we had but three days and a half's coals, little
+water, and only a few days' bread. Under these circumstances, I felt
+myself called upon to return whilst the means were still left me of
+hoping to accomplish it. Having obtained an offing west of Cephalonia,
+I took off the paddles and sailed, which gave us an opportunity of
+again repairing the wheels--again in an unsound condition--and saved
+our fuel. The wind and sea calming, I got up my steam; and there being
+every appearance of calm weather, I stood within five or six miles of
+Modon, hoping to meet the two frigates we saw off there when we passed
+northward. However, we saw nothing but a brig inside the harbour,
+sailing close along the land. Late on the evening of the 28th, when
+rounding Cape St. Angelo, a squall from the high land carried away our
+fore and second masts, and left us in a very unenviable situation,
+considering we had but a few hours' coals on board. However, a breeze
+favouring us all night, we arrived here at ten A.M., 29th May. Upon
+the foremast we lost one man--Jani Patinioti.
+
+                         I have the honour to be, &c.,
+
+                              F. A. HASTINGS.
+
+
+XII.
+
+                         _Karteria_, Spetzas, June 7th, N.S., 1827.
+
+MY LORD,
+
+I had the honour of sending you a report of my proceedings since I
+left you, and hoped to have found you here on my return from Poros,
+that I might receive your further orders. I returned last night,
+having been subjected to more delay and vexation than can be imagined
+or expressed, respecting the prizes taken at Volo. I could only
+procure one mast at Poros, sold me by Tombasi--others there were both
+at Hydra and Poros, but the proprietors would not part with them; I
+have therefore been obliged to purchase one here, considerably too
+large and expensive, but there is no remedy. I hope to be ready for
+sea in three days, but fear I shall have some embarrassment about
+money matters. The purchase of masts, of salt provisions, sails, &c.,
+besides the pay due to crew, puts me to considerable straits,
+particularly as I had lent all the ready money I possessed to Kalergy
+to redeem his brother; however, I shall do my utmost to get to sea,
+and I am anxious to know how, when, and where, I can have the honour
+of rejoining your lordship. A fireship that departs to-day will
+deliver you this letter, and your lordship may perhaps think it worth
+while to send a vessel here with orders for my further guidance. May I
+beg of you also to add a private signal by which I may know all Greek
+vessels at a tolerable distance by day--also a night private signal?
+
+The British squadron is assembled at Smyrna, awaiting the admiral. The
+camp at Phalerum is broken up, and General Church is returned to
+Egina. The puppet of Government is occupied voting for the nomination
+of ministers, if possible more incapable than themselves; they talk of
+going to Napoli--Griva and Fotomana propose this. The former as usual
+seized upon an American ship; and Dr. Howe, charged with the
+distribution of the cargo, applied to Captain Patterson of the
+_Constitution_, who is now at Napoli guarding it. I am sorry to add
+that Mr. Lee received a letter from England announcing that the
+_Enterprise_ having sailed, her boilers burst opposite Plymouth, and
+she was towed into that port by a brig-of-war.
+
+                         I have the honour to be, &c.,
+
+                              F. A. HASTINGS.
+
+
+XIII.
+
+                         _Karteria_, Spetzas, June 9th, 1827.
+
+MY LORD,
+
+I had the honour to receive your order of the 7th, enjoining me to
+repair to your lordship without delay, if ready for sea. A variety of
+circumstances (unavoidable in a country deprived of even the shadow of
+organization) has prevented my being yet ready to sail. I received my
+foremast on board to-day, but the majority and best of my crew has
+left me. I must look for others, and intend to weigh to-night and go
+to Poros, where I was tormented by hundreds to take them. Here I can
+get men--but shall confine myself to half-a-dozen, as I find it
+necessary to mix my crew. In going to Poros I shall not delay
+anything, since I shall be occupied getting up my masts and rigging
+there, making sails, &c., &c., _en route_, and I can water more easily
+at Poros than here. I have informed the captain of the brig that
+brought this, that if I am ready to sail before any further orders of
+yours arrive, I shall repair to Cerigotto, and there await
+instructions from you; if I am not at Cerigotto I shall be found here.
+
+                         I have the honour to be, &c.,
+
+                              F. A. HASTINGS.
+
+
+XIV.
+
+                         _Karteria_, Syra, August 1st, 1827.
+
+MY LORD,
+
+In hopes of seeing your lordship here I have waited two days, since
+which, although not finished, all the work of our machinery can be
+done on board. There are two things which retain me, namely, money, of
+which I require about seven hundred dollars, and the fire-bars, which
+they continually civilly refuse me--acting the true Greek or in other
+words, the dog in the manger. If your lordship remains long absent, I
+shall be sadly puzzled how to act. Without new fire-bars we cannot
+steam again. The local authorities here are so afraid of the Hydriots
+and Spetziots that they dare not take any steps against them. To leave
+this without the fire-bars is useless. If I can obtain these bars, and
+your lordship does not arrive, I will pay myself the necessary sums to
+get the vessel out of this port, hoping you will reimburse me--but to
+go without the bars is only going to return again. What I can do to
+forward the service I will readily perform, and anxious enough I am to
+get away from this place.
+
+                         I have the honour to be, &c.,
+
+                              F. A. HASTINGS.
+
+
+XV.
+
+                         _Karteria_, Poros, August 19th, 1827,
+
+MY LORD,
+
+On my arrival here I wrote to Hydra to request the local authorities
+there to send me the necessary coals, since you do not wish the last
+cargo to be used. I have received no answer, and upon inquiring
+yesterday from persons arrived from Hydra, I find they are not taking
+any measures to forward them to me. My officer wrote me under date of
+the 15th from Napoli that he hoped to be able to cast the bars there,
+in which case I shall have to wait for the coals from Hydra. The
+impertinence of these shopkeepers has at length attained a pitch that
+is scarcely endurable--it is to be hoped your lordship will make them
+send the coals--[The remainder is lost.]
+
+
+XVI.
+
+                         _Karteria_, Poros, August 20th, 1827.
+
+MY LORD,
+
+I am delighted to find you have an expedition in progress. This vessel
+shall be ready to accompany your lordship, whether I can get the bars
+cast at Napoli or not. The ones we now have can be made to answer for
+twenty-four hours. I shall write to Napoli to order the engineers to
+be here by the 23rd, whether they succeed in casting the bars or not.
+The coals I wrote for from Hydra are Government coals; and it is well
+they should be used the first, as I have been informed they are
+greatly diminishing without our consumption. I should like to complete
+as speedily as possible, and there is no time to spare between this
+and the 24th for shipping 100 tons of coal from Hydra.
+
+                         I have the honour to be, &c.,
+
+                              F. A. HASTINGS.
+
+
+XVII.
+
+                         _Karteria_, Poros, August 22nd, 1827.
+
+MY LORD,
+
+I am making a sail according to your lordship's plan, to becalm the
+hull of the ship, but want sailcloth for completing it. I understand
+M. Koering has some in store; would your lordship be kind enough to
+allow me to take a hundred piques? I have a good deal of very bad
+French powder on board, and even of Turkish, I suspect, put into
+French barrels, which I received from Methana--could your lordship
+permit me to exchange it against English powder? It is of very great
+importance that our cartridge powder should be good.
+
+                         I have the honour to be, &c.,
+
+                              F. A. HASTINGS.
+
+
+XVIII.
+
+                         _Karteria_, Gulf of Lepanto, Sept. 27th, 1827.
+
+MY LORD,
+
+I have the honour to transmit you a report of my proceedings from the
+day I left you till this moment. Captain Thomas, of the _Sauveur_,
+joined me the 21st, and proposed with much gallantry to go into the
+Gulf in the daytime. The wind being usually out at night I consented
+with some difficulty, in consequence of the little dependence I can
+place on my engine, which might render it impossible for me to follow
+him immediately. The _Sauveur_, with gunboat _Bavaroise_ in tow, and
+accompanied by two schooners (you had left to keep the blockade at
+Missolonghi, but who, contrary to my knowledge, thus disobeyed your
+orders), passed into the Gulf the evening of the 21st in most gallant
+style, in despite of the enemy's very formidable batteries and one
+brig of war and two schooners at the Morea Castles, and several
+vessels at Lepanto. I attempted to steam in that night, but the engine
+failed me within two miles of the Castles. The next day, the wind
+being strong in, I attempted to sail in, but when within gunshot of
+the Castles the wind failed me, and it was not until the evening of
+the 23rd that I could get passed, towing after me the _Philhellene_
+gunboat, of whose commander I have always had particular occasion to
+be satisfied. All our damage amounted to a few ropes cut. On
+communicating with the Morea, the 24th, I was informed that the enemy
+had nine vessels at Salona, and there were three Austrians there, that
+Captain Thomas had attacked them the 23rd, but in consequence of
+unfavorable weather he had not made any impression, and that he
+retired to Loutraki. I immediately despatched a mistico to desire
+Captain Thomas to join me with all the vessels he could collect; but
+not seeing him on the 26th, and fearing that the Turks might
+strengthen themselves during a delay, I stood in on the 26th with the
+gunboat _Philhellene_; but we no sooner approached than the wind came
+so strong out that we could not keep the ship head to wind, and found
+it necessary to retire. The Turks have at Salona a very fine Algerine
+schooner brig, of fourteen guns, brig of sixteen guns, bearing an
+admiral's flag, three smaller schooners, two armed transport brigs,
+and two large boats with guns, and they have a battery on shore. There
+are also three Austrians. While under their fire one of my engineers
+was slightly wounded. I am now waiting for the arrival of Captain
+Thomas, for whom I have sent again, and preparing for a final trial.
+
+                         I have the honour to be, &c.,
+
+                             F. A. HASTINGS.
+
+
+XIX.
+
+                         _Karteria_, Loutraki, Oct. 7th, 1827.
+
+MY LORD,
+
+Captain Thomas arrived here after our affair at Salona with the
+prizes, and sent off immediately to Poros for provisions and
+ammunition. I could not (notwithstanding your orders for him to remain
+only seven days in the Gulf) allow him to depart in the state he then
+was--having only five days' provisions, and four cartridges a gun. He
+received some powder and provisions yesterday, and in consequence of
+your order of the 27th, which he received yesterday, departs
+immediately. If the length of time Captain Thomas has remained in the
+Gulf is contrary to your intentions, I am alone responsible; he was
+always anxious to depart. My crew is in a very discontented state, in
+consequence of the month being expired without their receiving their
+wages. Twelve have left me, and if I do not get money I fear the whole
+crew will follow their example. I have sent an officer to Poros for
+provisions, ammunition, and money, if possible. I understand the
+English are about to prevent any offensive operations of General
+Church, and if not, he would never be able to undertake any, situated
+as he is for money and provisions. This seems to render my remaining
+here any longer of no use. As soon as I can get any money and
+provisions and arrange about the prizes I will quit the Gulf; but as I
+have no orders from you where to go, I shall return to Poros unless
+you contrive to send me some directions in the interim.
+
+                         I have the honour to be, &c.,
+
+                              F. A. HASTINGS.
+
+
+XX.
+
+                         _Karteria_, Loutraki, Oct. 8th, 1827.
+
+MY LORD,
+
+I have the honour to receive your letter of the 3rd, and am happy to
+hear that the _Enterprise_ is arrived. I have also received one
+thousand dollars with the stores, &c., which are very acceptable. I
+despatched the _Sauveur_ yesterday, according to your order of the
+27th ult. I still retain the gunboats, which are very useful. I wish
+further orders from your lordship to know whether we are to remain in
+the Gulf, and if you wish us to go out. There is yet at the Castles a
+brig and three or four Turkish schooners. I do not exactly know their
+position. I intend to run down there one of these days and see what
+can be done with them; if close under the walls of the Castles, which
+are very strong, we could burn them some dark night if you would send
+me a dozen rockets. I would go with a small boat close to them and do
+their business. Mr. Hane announces to me that your lordship proposes
+coming up to Corinth, in which case I will do myself the honour of
+waiting upon you, and receiving your further orders. I have despatched
+a gunboat to General Church to inform him of your intention, and to
+bring him here if he wishes to confer with your lordship.
+
+                         I have the honour to be, &c.,
+
+                              F. A. HASTINGS.
+
+
+XXI.
+
+                         _Karteria_, Loutraki, Oct. 14th, 1827.
+
+MY LORD,
+
+Mr. Hane writes me that the Turkish fleet is off Patras. From time to
+time I have received vague accounts of vessels off there, but nothing
+certain. I shall fortify myself either here or at the port on the
+other side, under the village of Pera Xora--I think the latter. I want
+fuzes for shells. A box was sent (I suppose in mistake for fuzes), but
+it contained blue lights. Pray give an officer an order to send me at
+least five hundred fuzes. In my last to your lordship I mentioned of
+what service rockets would be to us as means of attack on the enemy's
+vessels at the Castles; they will be of no less service as weapons of
+defence. Pray, my lord, let me have as large a quantity as possible. I
+understood you were coming to Corinth, which has detained me here, or
+I would by this have been at the other end of the Gulf to gain
+information, and see after the brig, for I fear Thomas is not too
+prudent. I have just been informed that much cannonading was heard in
+the quarter of Lepanto the day before yesterday. I hope no misfortune
+has befallen him. I have the two gunboats and one mistico out to bring
+me information, and I can receive nothing. Pray let me have the
+rockets.
+
+                         I have the honour to be, &c.,
+
+                              F. A. HASTINGS.
+
+
+XXII.
+
+                         _Karteria_, Port Strava, Gulf of Lepanto,
+                         Oct. 17th, 1827.
+
+MY LORD,
+
+Not having received any orders from your lordship, I am still in the
+Gulf. In consequence of an order from your lordship to Captain Thomas,
+I despatched the _Sauveur_ on the 7th inst., and sent the gunboat
+_Philhellene_ with her with letters to General Church, and orders to
+wait and bring me information how the _Sauveur_ got past the Castles;
+for I was a good deal anxious on her account, and should have gone
+myself to give her any assistance in case of need, but that I
+understood you intended coming over to Corinth. Mr. Hane bringing me
+letters for General Church, I despatched the other gunboat,
+_Bavaroise_, with these, and also some for the _Sauveur_, in case she
+was still in the Gulf. Mr. Darby, the commander of the _Bavaroise_,
+had directions to bring General Church if he was anxious to
+communicate personally with your lordship. Day after day I awaited
+anxiously an answer, till at length the mistico I had sent three days
+ago to General Church, to learn something of the fleet outside, which
+Mr. Hane wrote me for certain was Turkish, returned yesterday evening,
+informing me that the _Sauveur_ and two gunboats had gone out on
+Wednesday. General Church writes me that he positively intends passing
+into Roumelia, and wants my aid; but I am now quite alone (except the
+mistico, with whom I know not what to do). He continually applies to
+me for provisions, and will soon probably for money. What am I to do
+about him? Although wishing to aid General Church and the service in
+all I can, I must acknowledge I have no confidence in his intended
+movement, more particularly as he tells me he has no provisions, and
+wants me to seize by force what I find in boats. All I could get by
+this discreditable way of raising provisions would not certainly feed
+one hundred men for three days, and therefore could not aid General
+Church, and would be a gratuitous vexation of these miserable
+peasantry. If General Church had money and provisions, much is to be
+done in Roumelia, but without these nothing can be achieved anywhere.
+As soon as I have got the prizes back to Loutraki, and formed
+batteries, I will go and visit General Church, and learn more
+particulars. But I am very anxious for some orders from your lordship,
+having received nothing but the official letter of thanks since I left
+you. I write in haste, and beg your lordship to let me have an answer
+as soon as possible.
+
+                         I have the honour to be, &c.,
+
+                              F. A. Hastings.
+
+
+XXIII.
+
+                         _Karteria_, Loutraki, Oct. 27th, 1827.
+
+MY LORD,
+
+I am ready to do all and anything for the good of the service, but I
+fear General Church has no means. I had him on board for two days,
+making reconnaissances round the Gulf, and from what I can gather, the
+money said to be at Corfu is a chimera. I suspect he has not a
+shilling anywhere, and cannot stir. He talks, it is true, of
+expeditions, and I have always assured him of my readiness to aid him,
+but we cannot be consuming months after months in the hopes of his
+receiving supplies. I must limit the period of his embarkation, and if
+he cannot then act, I think I shall be justified in quitting him. I
+shall try, however, to destroy the other vessels in the Gulf first. We
+are in great want of fire-bars. I am laying in a stock of wood, but we
+have not yet been able to succeed perfectly with it. I have taken out
+the bars and filled the ash-pits; this we find does better than with
+any bars in, but we cannot as yet keep up steam with it. I hope,
+however, ultimately to succeed--in fact our coals are nearly finished.
+To show you how General Church goes on--his gunboat has only advanced
+twenty feet from the beach, and yet he will not send away that
+swindler Allen, who commands her. I told him I would not meddle with
+her until he dismissed that man, and things remain thus. General
+Church, while on board, received letters announcing the unlooked-for
+destruction of the Turkish fleet; still I have not entirely credited
+it, and I am in anxious expectation of some decisive information about
+it. I am obliged to your lordship for the fuzes, and hoped to have had
+also some rockets. We are beginning to get short again of provisions,
+viz., biscuit. The loaded prize is condemned, with a ridiculous clause
+for me to pay the crew. They say nothing of the other vessels. I send
+Captain Hane to Egina, to hasten the condemnation of the light vessels
+and counteract the intrigues which I have no doubt Tombasi has
+recommenced. I shall also endeavour by him to have more biscuit; we
+have now but for a fortnight.
+
+                         I have the honour to be, &c.,
+
+                              F. A. Hastings.
+
+
+XXIV.
+
+                         _Karteria_, Loutraki, Nov. 8th, 1827.
+
+MY LORD,
+
+The General Church has at length put himself in motion. Some
+provisions and money have arrived on the other side for him (I mean at
+Calamachi), and I hope to sail with it to join him to-night. I
+fortunately received a fortnight's provisions yesterday, when I had
+only one day's biscuit on board. After destroying, or ascertaining
+that I cannot destroy, the vessels at Lepanto, I will go outside the
+Gulf and blockade Missolonghi, Patras, and the Gulf, hoping the
+General will blockade them by land. I fear much, however, for
+provisions; I will endeavour to get some from the Ionian Islands; but
+money and everything else is scarce with me,--but I hear your lordship
+is in the same predicament, and therefore I cannot complain. May I beg
+of your lordship to grant a commission of naval lieutenant to M.
+Falanga, who has served on board this vessel from 29th March, 1827,
+and is a most deserving officer? he is the only sailor officer I have,
+and was always the only one of any use in that capacity. He behaved
+extremely well both at Volo, Tricheri, and Salona, at which latter
+place he was wounded in the neck with a musket-ball, while setting
+fire to one of the abandoned vessels. I may really say he is the only
+Greek I ever saw who seems to conceive what an officer ought to be.
+Although he would be a great loss to me, and I should be sorry to part
+with him but for his own advantage, I can strongly recommend him for
+promotion in the command of a vessel, since (as I hear) your lordship
+is in such dreadful want of officers to command. I am sure he would
+give you the highest satisfaction.
+
+                         I have the honour to be, &c.,
+
+                              F. A. Hastings.
+
+
+XXV.
+
+                         _Karteria_, Nov. 17th, 1827.
+
+MY LORD,
+
+I have the honour to announce to you that, after much delay and
+disappointment--usual in Greece--I am about to proceed to Lepanto
+to-morrow, and endeavour to destroy the Turkish vessels there. I then
+go outside, to pass General Church over into Roumelia, and afterwards
+blockade Missolonghi, Patras, and Lepanto. The want of the gunboats
+here is much felt by me at this moment, as, in going out, I must leave
+the Gulf to the Turks; who, even should I be fortunate enough to
+destroy the enemy's vessels at Lepanto, will always have here armed
+boats enough to command the Gulf.
+
+I must also beg of your lordship to consider us in money matters. I am
+now seven thousand pounds out of pocket by Greek affairs, and I am
+daily now expending my own money for the public service. Our prizes
+are serving for transports for the army, and I must either shortly
+abandon this important position or be paid.
+
+It is most likely that if all the important points I have mentioned
+could be blockaded, the Turks would be soon reduced, from the blockade
+being so much more easily maintained than elsewhere. Without money,
+you must be aware I cannot maintain this vessel; and all to be
+expected from General Church, you must be aware, is plenty of
+promises. The General is already overwhelmed with expectants, and if
+he had millions would not be able to command a farthing. I will do all
+I can; but I must repeat, it is not quite fair I should end a beggar
+after all the labour, vexation, and disappointment I have experienced
+for so many years.
+
+                         I have the honour to be, &c.,
+
+                              F. A. HASTINGS.
+
+
+XXVI.
+
+                         _Karteria_, off Cape Papas, Nov. 20th, 1827.
+
+MY LORD,
+
+I have the honour to inform you I passed the Castles on the 18th, with
+the three prizes and mistico in company. I lost two men killed and one
+wounded in passing; the other vessels passed without suffering any
+damage. It had been my intention to attack the Turkish squadron at
+Lepanto, but the wind was so strong on the land, that I felt I could
+not effect my object; and, anxious to profit by the same wind to go
+out and aid the operations of the army outside, and blockade the
+fortresses, I passed through without waiting a more favourable moment
+of attack. At Patras I found a schooner, whose suspicious conduct--in
+abstaining for a long time from hoisting any colours, and, when she
+afterwards showed Austrian, persisting in drawing closer under the
+Turkish battery--induced me to fire and bring her out. After waiting a
+little, and finding no attention paid to my warning, I fired again,
+and sunk her. I hear she was Austrian.
+
+                         I have the honour to be, &c.,
+
+                              F. A. HASTINGS.
+
+
+XXVII.
+
+                         _Karteria_, Petala, Dec. 2nd, 1827.
+
+MY LORD,
+
+I had the honour to write to you from Cape Papas, informing you that I
+had come out of the Gulf of Lepanto, and was waiting to embark the
+troops of General Church. I now beg leave to acquaint you that I
+arrived at Dragomestre the day before yesterday with the three prizes,
+which have been serving as transports to General Church's army for six
+weeks. We brought over six hundred soldiers, artillery, horses, &c.;
+and I am now returning to Cape Papas to embark a second division. I
+heard of the gunboat _Helvetia_, M. Fabricius, being at Kataculo, and I
+sent immediately to order him to join me, which he did, and is now at
+Cape Papas. While at Kataculo, the gunboat was attacked by a Turkish
+brig of twenty-four guns. M. Fabricius defended himself with much
+spirit, and obliged the brig to retire. I have since heard that the
+same brig is now off Previsa. If the service here will permit my
+absence, I think of going to look after her. The Gulf of Lepanto is
+now left entirely in the hands of the Turks, and I wish to send the
+gunboat in to assist the expedition against Salona, but the crew
+having been so long about here, suffering much hardship and without
+pay, are very dissatisfied. I have given the boat a new mast, anchor,
+cable, provisions, ammunition, &c., and I will even advance them a
+little money, if they will go into the Gulf. I should hope, however,
+that your lordship will reimburse me for these expenses, extra of my
+own vessel. As you may imagine, I am almost entirely without coals,
+and cannot get a sufficient quantity of the pitch-pine to burn; the
+other pine will not answer, and therefore I am reduced to sails.
+General Church had ordered round here a Psariot brig he had at
+Kenkness, and I wrote to M. Koering to request him to put coals on
+board of her, which, I understand, M. Koering refused. From the manner
+in which I have been frequently treated, one would imagine that this
+vessel was not a Greek but an enemy's vessel. I trust your lordship
+will remedy this, and put me on a fair footing with the other Greek
+national vessels. I wish your lordship could also contrive to let me
+have some money, to cover the expenses of this vessel, which, for
+three months that we have been absent from Poros, cannot be supposed
+trifling. As I conceive it important, under existing circumstances, to
+keep the blockade of Patras, Missolonghi, and the Gulf, I will remain
+as long as my destitute situation will permit me. Since I have been
+here I do not think any vessels have entered the Gulf.
+
+                         I have the honour to be, &c.,
+
+                              F. A. HASTINGS.
+
+
+XXVIII.
+
+                         _Karteria_, Dragomestre, Dec. 8th, 1827.
+
+MY LORD,
+
+I have the honour to inform you that I have passed over the army of
+General Church to this port, amounting to about twelve hundred men,
+with six pieces of artillery, and about sixty horses, mules, &c. The
+General has been joined by Maori and some other captains, which may
+have increased his force to two thousand men. He is in hourly
+expectation of being joined by Zouga, and even Varnachioti is expected
+to come over. The Monastery of Ligovitza, on the road from Arta to
+Lepanto and Missolonghi, is said to have been possessed by the troops
+of the General. This post is of importance. The troops have all
+marched from Patras to Navarino, and nothing remains but some
+Albanians and the inhabitants. Lepanto is thinly peopled; all have
+little provisions as well as Missolonghi. From what I know of Lepanto
+and the Castles, I am confident that, if your lordship was to attack
+it with the squadron you command, and General Church was to make even
+a demonstration of attack by land, it must fall in forty-eight hours'
+time. Lepanto lies on the face of a hill open to the sea; every shot
+and shell and rocket must tell somewhere, and they would readily
+capitulate. We must not take the Monastery of the Piraeus as an
+example. At Lepanto the Turks have their families--this particular
+always operates upon them; but whether it did or not, the place would
+be taken, and I am not one who overrates the capabilities of the
+Greeks. I fear, however, that General Church has other projects, and
+such as, according to my opinion, are very unlikely to succeed. So
+much so that, if your lordship does not arrive or send me orders, I
+shall return to the Archipelago, rather than lend myself to measures
+which appear to me worse than useless. I must again beg of your
+lordship not to forget us in the way of money, provisions, ammunition,
+coals, &c. We are now more than three months absent from Poros.
+
+                         I have the honour to be, &c.,
+
+                              F. A. HASTINGS.
+
+
+XXIX.
+
+                         _Karteria_, off Vasiladhi, Dec. 27th, 1827.
+
+MY LORD,
+
+I have now been twelve days before Vasiladhi, and since our arrival I
+have every reason to believe they have neither received provisions nor
+water. The weather has usually been so bad, that I have only been able
+to bombard it twice, and the gunboat having few shot, I have exchanged
+her 32 for one of our 68's, with shells; since which I have not been
+able to batter it, owing to the weather. I am satisfied they are now
+at their last shifts in the fort; and if I could remain before it a
+week longer, and bombard it for a couple of days, I doubt not it would
+fall into our hands. I regret of all things not having the
+flat-bottomed gunboat here; with her we would have had the fort before
+this. General Church was to have attacked Anatolico, and might have
+taken it, in the first instance, with little or no resistance; but he
+delayed till too late, and then came without an ounce of provisions,
+and returned the day after to Dragomestre. This man is such an
+insufferable quack, that I cannot act any longer with him; he affects
+to command the navy as well as the army; and although I have given him
+one or two rather rough lessons, he, the other day, captured with a
+boat of his a spy of mine, on his way to me, and carried him off
+without mentioning a word of it to me. The man merely came here the
+other day, supposing Vasiladhi about to surrender, that he might say
+he took it. God knows there is no merit due, unless to the boats
+blockading inside. I have received letters to-day from the Gulf, and I
+find the expedition at Trisonia is in alarm of being blockaded by the
+Turkish vessels at Lepanto. The loss of the gunboats from the Gulf is
+almost irreparable. If your lordship could send them round here with a
+brig, it would be of infinite service. I am so in want of ammunition,
+provisions, fuel, &c., that I hardly know what to do, but if possible I
+will re-enter the Gulf to assist them there. I wrote by Mr. Finlay,
+announcing to your lordship that if the whole squadron was to come
+round here, I am satisfied that Missolonghi, Patras, Lepanto, and the
+Castles might be taken. They are much straitened for provisions at
+all, but particularly at Missolonghi and Lepanto, and the Castles
+could be taken by force. Patras is now provisioned daily by one of
+Church's generals, Neneka, from Zante, _vi‚_ Clarenza. Dr. Gosse
+informs me how much you are in want of money. I trust, however, if you
+obtain any, I shall not be forgotten. I have only received six hundred
+dollars from General Church, and my expenses have been enormous, for
+fuel, provisions, &c.
+
+                         I have the honour to be, &c.,
+
+                              F. A. HASTINGS.
+
+
+XXX.
+
+                         _Karteria_, off Vasiladhi, Dec. 29th, 1827.
+
+MY LORD,
+
+I have the honour to inform you that, after having transported the
+troops of General Church from Cape Papas to Dragomestre, I undertook
+the blockade of Vasiladhi, for which purpose I put in requisition the
+small craft after-mentioned, and employed them to intercept all
+communication with Vasiladhi. This flotilla I placed under the orders
+of my first lieutenant, M. Falanga; and on the night of the 16th they
+entered, and commenced the blockade, which has been so strictly
+observed up to this day, that nothing had entered Vasiladhi. One boat,
+with a letter and fresh provisions, was captured by our flotilla. I
+anchored, the gunboat _Helvetia_ in company, outside Vasiladhi. Your
+lordship is aware that the _Helvetia_ was armed with a long
+32-pounder, which, in my opinion, is very inferior in every point of
+view to a 68, but indisputably so for cannonading a fort only to be
+reduced by shells. For this reason I changed her 32-pounder long gun
+for a 68-pounder cannonade. On the 22nd I bombarded Vasiladhi alone
+(the gunboat having been detached), with little effect, the weather
+being unfavourable; nor could I recommence until to-day, when,
+considering the distance we were off (about one and three-quarter
+mile), and the diminutive size of the object fired at, better practice
+has rarely been displayed: four shells out of seven from this ship and
+gunboat exploded in, and one blew up, their magazine. I immediately
+ordered an assault, in which all the boats took part. The Turks,
+intimidated by the explosion, and by our attitude of attack, called
+for quarter, which I granted them, although they had previously
+forfeited their lives by firing on a flag of truce I sent to them with
+terms of capitulation. I embarked the prisoners on board this ship,
+and from thence conveyed them in safety to near Missolonghi. They were
+thirty in number; and one Greek badly wounded I have retained on board
+to be treated by our surgeon. The original number was from forty to
+fifty, the deficit having been killed off by our previous cannonading
+and by the explosion. I am happy, my lord, to testify to the exemplary
+conduct of the Greeks during the whole of this service; they have
+borne the fatigues and privations of a winter's blockade in open boats
+with extraordinary patience, and the forbearance they displayed
+towards the Turks rendered any interference of mine in their favour
+superfluous. Of my officers, Lieutenant Falanga and Captain Hane,
+M.A., I have only to repeat the often-told tale of their meritorious
+conduct. To M. Fabricius, commanding the gunboat _Helvetia_, I feel
+much indebted for his zeal and activity, and I am happy to have so
+deserving an officer under my orders. The fort of Vasiladhi mounts
+twelve guns, three of which are of that remarkably useful piece of
+ordnance, the Turkish licorne. I have offered to deliver the Fort of
+Vasiladhi to General Church upon his remunerating for their services
+those employed in taking it.
+
+                         I have the honour to be, &c.,
+
+                              F. A. HASTINGS.
+
+  List of small vessels employed in taking Vasiladhi.
+
+  A mistico, Galaxidhiote, Captain Urgaki; the same sent with me into
+  the Gulf of Lepanto, and who has served with me ever since.
+
+  A mistico, Galaxidhiote.
+
+  A bonÈe.
+
+  An armed row-boat.
+
+  Two of my prize launches, armed each with a 9-pounder.
+
+  A bratsiera.
+
+  Five monoxolies, or canoes, for the shallows.
+
+
+XXXI.
+
+                         _Karteria_, Dragomestre, Jan. 7th, 1828.
+
+MY LORD,
+
+I have the honour to acquaint you that General Church arrived before
+Vasiladhi on the 2nd inst.; and I resigned to him that fort on the
+third, requesting him to refund the expenses of taking it; these
+consist of five dollars per man bounty, besides the provisions of the
+flotilla employed in the blockade. The General has promised to repay
+this, although not without expressing some surprise at the demand; yet
+the guns he receives in the fort would pay the whole sum.
+
+On the same day I received an official letter from General Church,
+requesting me to inform him what co-operation he might expect from the
+navy in a projected attack of his on Anatolico. According to the wish
+of General Church, I agreed to send all the boats at my disposal that
+night, to attempt to capture an island named Poros, commanding the
+entrance into the Lake of Anatolico, where the Turks had a post, and
+we heard he was filling up the passage, and about to place guns on
+another island, which would render him entirely master of the
+entrance. I soon discovered that what General Church calls the
+cooperation of the navy is in reality the navy executing the service,
+and the army looking on at its leisure, ready to take possession if
+success attended the arms of the former. I had understood that I was
+to be supported by two rocket-boats of General Church, and by the
+launch of the Psarian brig, carrying a carronade to throw grenades;
+but these did not appear. A dozen policaries arrived from General
+Church, and were embarked in the expedition. At half-past three A.M.
+of the 4th inst. I arrived with five boats out of nine (the rest
+having unaccountably kept behind) at a narrow part of the passage of
+the lake, across which the Turks had built a wall, and stationed a
+gunboat behind it. The Turkish boat was soon put to flight; the
+sailors jumping into the water soon cleared away a passage for the
+boats, and the five of our boats rowed upon Poros, the Turks keeping
+up a brisk fire of musketry from that island, and of cannon from
+Anatolico. We were now within pistol-shot of Poros, when I found, to
+my surprise, a fort on it--which I had been assured there was not, or
+I would not have attempted the attack, knowing that in our warfare
+their holds are not to be thus taken. Seeing no reasonable hope of
+succeeding, I ordered a retreat; and having repassed by the way we
+entered, found General Church's detachment lying flat in the bottom of
+their boats out of gun-shot. To say that my officers, Captain Hane,
+M.A., and Lieutenant Falanga, also M. Fabricius, commanding the
+gunboat _Helvetia_, accompanied me, is to commend them for their
+accustomed zeal and gallantry. I cannot conclude without mentioning
+the name of Chrysanto, who, after having aided at Vasiladhi, was with
+me here in his own boat, and displayed much courage. He had one man
+wounded, the only loss we sustained. Perceiving that Anatolico was not
+to be taken by us; that General Church's troops were (without
+provisions) somewhere in a marsh, where our boats could not get to
+embark them, and that they might have marched on the mainland close to
+Anatolico; being without provisions in this ship, and seeing no
+possibility of rendering any service by remaining longer before
+Vasiladhi, I returned to this port to provide for our immediate wants,
+and in the hopes of meeting Dr. Gosse, and procuring from him some
+funds for the maintenance of my crew, which I think your lordship will
+see the necessity of providing me with, as I have not received more
+than two thousand dollars during five months, and I have latterly been
+maintaining this ship in provisions and fuel, besides furnishing money
+and provisions to the gunboat and flotilla inside Vasiladhi.
+
+                         I have the honour to be, &c.,
+
+                              F. A. HASTINGS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET AND
+CHARING CROSS.
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+The following typographical errors were corrected:
+
+    * Chapter VII, page 25: "intrusted" changed to "entrusted"
+    * Appendix, letter IX, page 380: "vessel," changed to "vessel."
+
+
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LIFE OF THOMAS, LORD COCHRANE ***
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+<div style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold;'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Life of Thomas, Lord Cochrane, Tenth
+Earl of Dundonald, Vol. II, by Thomas Lord Cochrane and H. R. Fox Bourne</div>
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+</div>
+<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: The Life of Thomas, Lord Cochrane, Tenth Earl of Dundonald, Vol. II</div>
+<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Thomas Lord Cochrane<br />
+H. R. Fox Bourne</div>
+<div style='display:block;margin:1em 0'>Release Date: July 15, 2008 [eBook #26067]<br />
+[Most recently updated: January 23, 2021]</div>
+<div style='display:block;margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div>
+<div style='display:block;margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div>
+<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: Stefan Cramme, Ted Garvin, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team</div>
+<div style='margin-top:2em;margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LIFE OF THOMAS, LORD COCHRANE ***</div>
+
+<div class="ctr">
+<h1>THE LIFE<br />
+of<br />
+THOMAS, LORD COCHRANE,</h1>
+
+<h2>
+TENTH EARL OF DUNDONALD, G.C.B.,
+</h2>
+
+<p class="small ctr">
+ADMIRAL OF THE RED, REAR-ADMIRAL OF THE FLEET, ETC., ETC.,
+</p>
+
+<p class="gap ctr">
+COMPLETING "THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF A SEAMAN."
+</p>
+
+<p class="gap ctr">
+BY
+</p>
+
+<h3>THOMAS, ELEVENTH EARL OF DUNDONALD,</h3>
+
+<p class="ctr">
+AND
+</p>
+
+<h3>H. R. FOX BOURNE,</h3>
+
+<p class="small ctr">
+AUTHOR OF "ENGLISH SEAMEN UNDER THE TUDORS," ETC. ETC.
+</p>
+
+<p class="gap ctr">
+<i>IN TWO VOLUMES.</i>
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr">
+VOL. II.
+</p>
+
+<p class="gap ctr">
+LONDON:<br />
+RICHARD BENTLEY, NEW BURLINGTON STREET,<br />
+<span class="small">Publisher in Ordinary to Her Majesty.</span><br />
+1869.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2>CONTENTS OF THE SECOND VOLUME.</h2>
+
+<p class="pagen"><span class="sc">page</span></p>
+
+<p class="ctr">
+<a href="#ch17">CHAPTER XVII.</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr">
+[1827.]
+</p>
+
+<p class="small">
+Lord Cochrane's Arrival in Greece.&mdash;His Account of Hydra and Poros.&mdash;The
+Congratulations offered to him.&mdash;Visits from Tombazes,
+Mavrocordatos, and Miaoulis.&mdash;Letters from the National Assembly
+and other Public Bodies and Leading Men.&mdash;The Divisions in
+Greece.&mdash;The French or Moreot, and English or Phanariot
+Factions.&mdash;Lord Cochrane's Relations with them.&mdash;The Visit of
+Kolokotrones and other Deputies from the National Assembly.&mdash;Lord
+Cochrane's Efforts to procure Unanimity.&mdash;Sir Richard Church.&mdash;Lord
+Cochrane's Commission as First Admiral.&mdash;The National
+Assembly at Troezene.&mdash;The Election of Capodistrias as President&mdash;Lord
+Cochrane's Oath-taking.&mdash;His Advice to the National
+Assembly and Proclamation to the Greeks
+</p>
+
+<p class="pagen">
+<a href="#ch17">1</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr">
+<a href="#ch18">CHAPTER XVIII.</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr">
+[1827.]
+</p>
+
+<p class="small">
+The Siege of Athens&mdash;The Defenders of the Acropolis.&mdash;The Efforts
+of Gordon and Karaïskakes.&mdash;Lord Cochrane's Plan for Cutting off
+the Turkish Supplies.&mdash;The Arguments by which he was induced
+to proceed instead to the Phalerum.&mdash;His Arrival there.&mdash;His
+other Arrangements for Serving Greece.&mdash;His First Meeting with
+Karaïskakes.&mdash;The Condition of the Greek Camp.&mdash;Lord Cochrane's
+Position.&mdash;His Efforts to give Immediate Relief to the Acropolis,
+and the Obstacles raised by the Greeks.&mdash;Karaïskakes's Delays, and
+General Church's Difficulties.&mdash;The Convent of Saint Spiridion.&mdash;The
+Battle of Phalerum.&mdash;The Capture of Saint Spiridion.&mdash;The
+Massacre of the Turks, and its Consequences.&mdash;Lord Cochrane's
+renewed Efforts to Save the Acropolis.&mdash;The Death of Karaïskakes.&mdash;The
+March to the Acropolis.&mdash;Its Failure through the
+Perversity of the Greeks.&mdash;The Battle of Athens.&mdash;The Fall of the
+Acropolis
+</p>
+
+<p class="pagen">
+<a href="#ch18">31</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr">
+<a href="#ch19">CHAPTER XIX.</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr">
+[1827.]
+</p>
+
+<p class="small">
+Lord Cochrane's Return to Poros.&mdash;His Attempts to Organise an
+Efficient Greek Navy.&mdash;The Want of Funds and the Apathy of
+the Greeks.&mdash;His Letter to the Psarians, and his Visits to Hydra
+and Spetzas.&mdash;His Cruise Round the Morea.&mdash;His First Engagement
+with the Turks.&mdash;The Disorganization of his Greek Sailors.&mdash;His
+Capture of a Vessel bearing the British Flag, laden with
+Greek Prisoners.&mdash;Seizure of Part of Reshid Pasha's Harem.&mdash;Ibrahim
+Pasha's Narrow Escape.&mdash;Lord Cochrane's Further Difficulties.&mdash;His
+Expedition to Alexandria.&mdash;Its Failure through the
+Cowardice of his Seamen.&mdash;His two Letters to the Pasha of Egypt.&mdash;His
+Return to Poros.&mdash;Further Efforts to Improve the Navy.&mdash;His
+Visit to Syra.&mdash;The Troubles of the Greek Government.&mdash;Lord
+Cochrane's Visit to Navarino.&mdash;His Defeat of a Turkish
+Squadron
+</p>
+
+<p class="pagen">
+<a href="#ch19">77</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr">
+<a href="#ch20">CHAPTER XX.</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr">
+[1827.]
+</p>
+
+<p class="small">
+The Action of Great Britain and Russia on Behalf of Hellenic Independence.&mdash;The
+Degradation of Greece.&mdash;Lord Cochrane's Renewed
+Efforts to Organise a Fleet.&mdash;Prince Paul Buonaparte, and his
+Death.&mdash;An Attempt to Assassinate Lord Cochrane.&mdash;His Intended
+Expedition to Western Greece.&mdash;Its Prevention by Sir Edward
+Codrington.&mdash;Lord Cochrane's Return to the Archipelago.&mdash;The
+Interference of Great Britain, France, and Russia.&mdash;The Causes of
+the Battle of Navarino.&mdash;The Battle
+</p>
+
+<p class="pagen">
+<a href="#ch20">114</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr">
+<a href="#ch21">CHAPTER XXI.</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr">
+[1827-1828.]
+</p>
+
+<p class="small">
+The First Consequences of the Interference of the Allied Powers and
+the Battle of Navarino.&mdash;Lord Cochrane's intended Share in
+Fabvier's Expedition to Chios.&mdash;Its Abandonment.&mdash;His Cruise
+among the Islands and about Navarino.&mdash;His Efforts to Repress
+Piracy.&mdash;His Return to the Archipelago.&mdash;The Misconduct of the
+Government.&mdash;Lord Cochrane's Complaints.&mdash;His Letters to the
+Representatives of the Allied Powers, acquitting Himself of Complicity
+in Greek Piracy.&mdash;His Further Complaints to the Government.&mdash;His
+Resolution to Visit England.&mdash;His Letter to Count
+Capodistrias Explaining and Justifying that Resolution.&mdash;His
+Departure from Greece, and Arrival at Portsmouth.&mdash;His Letter to
+M. Eynard
+</p>
+
+<p class="pagen">
+<a href="#ch21">134</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr">
+<a href="#ch22">CHAPTER XXII.</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr">
+[1828-1829.]
+</p>
+
+<p class="small">
+Lord Cochrane's Occupations on Behalf of Greece in London and
+Paris.&mdash;His Second Letter to Capodistrias.&mdash;His Defence of Himself
+with Reference to his Visit to Western Europe.&mdash;His Return
+to Greece.&mdash;Capodistrias's Presidency and the Progress of
+Greece.&mdash;Lord
+Cochrane's Reception by the Government.&mdash;The Settlement
+of his Accounts.&mdash;His Letter of Resignation.&mdash;The Final Indignities
+to which he was Subjected.&mdash;The Correspondence thereupon
+between Admiral Heyden and Dr. Gosse.&mdash;Lord Cochrane's Departure
+from Greece.&mdash;His Opinions Regarding her.&mdash;The Character
+and Issues of His Services to the Greeks
+</p>
+
+<p class="pagen">
+<a href="#ch22">162</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr">
+<a href="#ch23">CHAPTER XXIII.</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr">
+[1828-1832.]
+</p>
+
+<p class="small">
+A Recapitulation of Lord Cochrane's Naval Services.&mdash;His Efforts to
+obtain Restitution of the Rank taken from him after the Stock
+Exchange Trial.&mdash;His Petition to the Duke of Clarence.&mdash;Its Rejection
+by the Duke of Wellington's Cabinet.&mdash;Lord Cochrane's
+Occupations after the close of his Greek Service.&mdash;His Return to
+England.&mdash;His Memorial to William IV.&mdash;Its Tardy Consideration
+by Earl Grey's Cabinet.&mdash;Its Promoters and Opponents.&mdash;Lord
+Cochrane's Accession to the Peerage as Tenth Earl of Dundonald.&mdash;His
+Interview with the King.&mdash;The Countess of Dundonald's
+Efforts in Aid of her Husband's Memorial.&mdash;Their Ultimate Success.&mdash;The
+Earl of Dundonald's "Free Pardon," and Restoration to
+Naval Rank
+</p>
+
+<p class="pagen">
+<a href="#ch23">197</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr">
+<a href="#ch24">CHAPTER XXIV.</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr">
+[1833-1847.]
+</p>
+
+<p class="small">
+The Inventions and Discoveries of Lord Dundonald's Father.&mdash;His
+own Mechanical Contrivances.&mdash;His Lamps.&mdash;His Rotary Steam-Engine,
+his Screw-Propeller, his Condensing-Boiler, and his Lines
+of Ship-building.&mdash;Their Tardy Development.&mdash;His Correspondence
+upon Steam-Shipping with Sir James Graham, the Earl of Minto,
+the Earl of Haddington, and the Earl of Auckland.&mdash;The Progress
+of his Inventions.&mdash;The <i>Janus</i>.&mdash;The Beneficial Results of his
+Experiments
+</p>
+
+<p class="pagen">
+<a href="#ch24">221</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr">
+<a href="#ch25">CHAPTER XXV.</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr">
+[1833-1848.]
+</p>
+
+<p class="small">
+Lord Dundonald's Secret War-Plans.&mdash;His Correspondence concerning
+them with Lord Lansdowne, Lord Minto, Lord Haddington, and
+Lord Auckland.&mdash;His Letter to the "Times."&mdash;The Report of a
+Committee, consisting of Sir Thomas Hastings, Sir John Burgoyne,
+and Lieut.-Col. Colquhoun, upon the Secret War-Plans.&mdash;A French
+Project for Naval Warfare with England.&mdash;Lord Dundonald's
+Opinions Thereupon.&mdash;His Views on the Defence of England
+</p>
+
+<p class="pagen">
+<a href="#ch25">246</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr">
+<a href="#ch26">CHAPTER XXVI.</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr">
+[1839-1848.]
+</p>
+
+<p class="small">
+The Earl of Dundonald's Request for the Restoration of the Order of
+the Bath.&mdash;His Good Service Pension.&mdash;The Investigation of his
+Secret War-Plans.&mdash;His Pamphlet on Naval Affairs,&mdash;His Installation
+as a G.C.B.&mdash;His Candidature for Election as a Scotch Representative
+Peer.&mdash;The Queen's Permission to his Wearing the
+Brazilian Order of the "Cruziero."&mdash;His Appointment as
+Commander-in-Chief of the North American and West Indian
+Station
+</p>
+
+<p class="pagen">
+<a href="#ch26">273</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr">
+<a href="#ch27">CHAPTER XXVII.</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr">
+[1848.]
+</p>
+
+<p class="small">
+Lord Dundonald's Departure for North America.&mdash;Extracts from the
+Correspondence of Lord Auckland and others Respecting West
+Indian Affairs and European Politics.&mdash;Bermuda.&mdash;The French
+Revolution of 1848 and its Issues.&mdash;Ireland and the Chartists.&mdash;The
+Death of Lord Auckland
+</p>
+
+<p class="pagen">
+<a href="#ch27">294</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr">
+<a href="#ch28">CHAPTER XXVIII.</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr">
+[1848-1850.]
+</p>
+
+<p class="small">
+Lord Dundonald's Visit to the North American and West Indian
+Colonies, and his Opinions thereon.&mdash;Newfoundland and its
+Fisheries.&mdash;Labrador.&mdash;Bermuda; its Defences and its Geological
+Formation.&mdash;Barbadoes.&mdash;The Negroes.&mdash;Trinidad.&mdash;Its Pitch
+Lake.&mdash;The Depressed Condition of the West Indian Colonies.&mdash;Lord
+Dundonald's Suggestions for their Improvement
+</p>
+
+<p class="pagen">
+<a href="#ch28">307</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr">
+<a href="#ch29">CHAPTER XXIX.</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr">
+[1851-1853.]
+</p>
+
+<p class="small">
+Lord Dundonald's Return from America.&mdash;His Arguments for the
+Relief of the Newfoundland Fisheries and the West India Trade.&mdash;The
+Trinidad Bitumen.&mdash;Lord Dundonald's other Scientific Pursuits
+and Views
+</p>
+
+<p class="pagen">
+<a href="#ch29">328</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr">
+<a href="#ch30">CHAPTER XXX.</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr">
+[1851-1860.]
+</p>
+
+<p class="small">
+The Russian War.&mdash;Lord Dundonald's Proposals to Employ his Secret
+Plans against Cronstadt, Sebastopol, and other Strongholds.&mdash;His
+Correspondence thereupon with Sir James Graham and Lord
+Palmerston.&mdash;Their Rejection.&mdash;Lord Dundonald's Appointment as
+Rear-Admiral of the United Kingdom.&mdash;Prince Albert's Invitation
+to him to become an Elder Brother of the Trinity House.&mdash;His
+Correspondence with Lord Palmerston respecting the Restitution of
+his Half-Pay.&mdash;His Last Work.&mdash;His Death and Burial.&mdash;Conclusion
+</p>
+
+<p class="pagen">
+<a href="#ch30">337</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr">
+<a href="#app">APPENDIX.</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="small">
+(<a href="#ref12">Page 161.</a>)&mdash;Captain Frank Abney Hastings's Letters to Lord
+Cochrane (1827)
+</p>
+
+<p class="pagen">
+<a href="#app">370</a>
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h3 class="ctr">THE LIFE<br />
+
+OF<br />
+
+THOMAS, TENTH EARL OF DUNDONALD.
+</h3>
+
+<hr />
+
+</div><!--end chapter-->
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h2 id="ch17">CHAPTER XVII.</h2>
+
+<p class="small">
+LORD COCHRANE'S ARRIVAL IN GREECE.&mdash;HIS ACCOUNT OF HYDRA AND
+POROS.&mdash;THE CONGRATULATIONS OFFERED TO HIM.&mdash;VISITS FROM TOMBAZES,
+MAVROCORDATOS, AND MIAOULIS.&mdash;LETTERS FROM THE NATIONAL
+ASSEMBLY AND OTHER PUBLIC BODIES AND LEADING MEN.&mdash;THE DIVISIONS
+IN GREECE.&mdash;THE FRENCH OR MOREOT, AND ENGLISH OR PHANARIOT
+FACTIONS.&mdash;LORD COCHRANE'S RELATIONS WITH THEM.&mdash;THE VISIT OF
+KOLOKOTRONES AND OTHER DEPUTIES FROM THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY.&mdash;LORD
+COCHRANE'S EFFORTS TO PROCURE UNANIMITY.&mdash;SIR RICHARD
+CHURCH.&mdash;LORD COCHRANE'S COMMISSION AS FIRST ADMIRAL.&mdash;THE
+NATIONAL ASSEMBLY AT TROEZENE.&mdash;THE EJECTION OF CAPODISTRIAS
+AS PRESIDENT.&mdash;LORD COCHRANE'S OATH-TAKING.&mdash;HIS ADVICE TO THE
+NATIONAL ASSEMBLY AND PROCLAMATION TO THE GREEKS.
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr">
+[1827.]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Lord Cochrane entered the Egean Sea with his
+little schooner <i>Unicorn</i> and the French brig <i>Sauveur</i>
+on the 17th of March, 1827. In the afternoon he
+halted off the island of Hydra, there to leave the
+Greek deputy Orlando, who had accompanied him
+from Marseilles. "I was surprised," he said, "to
+observe that, except the open batteries near the town
+of Hydra, the whole coast of the island remained
+unprotected, although, in a smooth sea, a landing
+might be effected in almost every part of its circumference.
+The town of Hydra is built in an
+irregular manner on the fall of the mountain about
+the port, and presents a clean appearance, the houses
+being all whitewashed. There is not a tree on the
+island, though there are a few straggling bushes.
+There is scarcely any land capable of cultivation;
+but there are some vineyards on the south side and
+a few small gardens near the town. The port is
+small, the water deep, and the vessels made fast by
+hawsers to the shore. It is evident, that, if Greece
+obtains independence, this island, to which the inhabitants
+fled to enjoy that species of precarious
+liberty that depends on eluding the view of tyranny,
+must be abandoned. Even water is only to be
+had from tanks which are filled by the winter's rain."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+From Hydra Lord Cochrane proceeded to Egina,
+making a circuit in order that he might have a view
+of Athens. "The Acropolis," he wrote, "with the
+whole scenery at sunset, was beautiful. Alas, what
+a change! what melancholy recollections crowd on
+the mind! There was the seat of science, of literature,
+and the arts. At this instant the barbarian
+Turk is actually demolishing, by the shells that now
+are flying through the air, the scanty remains of the
+once magnificent temples in the Acropolis."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+He called at Egina on the 18th, in order to
+despatch letters, announcing his arrival, to the
+Governing Commission, as it was called, then located
+in the island, before proceeding to Poros, where he
+anchored on the morning of the 19th. "The main
+entrance," we further read in his journal, "is
+scarcely wide enough to work a ship in, if the wind
+is from the land. The water, however, is sufficiently
+deep close to the shore; and the port, when you
+have entered through this narrow channel, is one
+of the finest in the world. There is another entrance
+towards the south, but it is shallow and crooked, and
+consequently used only by small vessels. The town
+of Poros consists of a number of irregularly-built
+houses on the side of a hill, and merits the appellation
+of picturesque. There are remains of temples
+on the island, and the stone is yet to be seen on
+which Demosthenes is said to have been sitting
+when he was recalled by Antipater to Athens,
+and in consequence of which recall he took poison
+and died."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+No sooner was the joyful intelligence conveyed
+to the inhabitants that Lord Cochrane, the long-expected
+deliverer of Greece, had actually arrived,
+than all the leading men who happened to be in Poros
+at the time hurried on board the <i>Unicorn</i> to welcome
+their champion and to give personal assurance of
+their devotion to him. The first to arrive was
+Jakomaki Tombazes, who was now acting with
+Dr. Gosse as superintendent of marine affairs,
+having surrendered the chief command of the fleet
+into the hands of Andreas Miaoulis. Miaoulis himself
+soon followed, and with him Alexander Mavrocordatos
+and many others. "Prince Mavrocordatos,"
+wrote Lord Cochrane's secretary, Mr. George Cochrane,
+"was a short, stout, well-built man, of very
+dark complexion, with black eyes, an oval face
+expressing great intelligence, and his hair very long,
+hanging upon his shoulders. He was dressed in the
+European style, and wore on his head a little cloth
+cap. He also habitually wore spectacles. His
+manners indicated a man perfectly accustomed to
+the society of persons of rank. He immediately
+entered into familiar conversation with Lord Cochrane
+in the French language. He carried his pipe
+with him, which he continually smoked. Miaoulis
+was dressed in the Hydriot fashion; but, of course,
+as became a primate of the island, his attire was of a
+description much superior to that of his poorer
+fellow-countrymen.<a href="#fn01" id="ref01" class="fnref">[1]</a> His countenance was open and
+dignified, and so calm that it appeared like a rock
+which nothing could move. Not that it had any
+character of sternness in it; on the contrary, it
+possessed a placidity, blended with firmness, which
+was anything but forbidding. The moment Miaoulis
+came on deck, he cordially shook hands with Lord
+Cochrane, and a broken conversation commenced
+between them in Spanish, Miaoulis speaking that
+language but imperfectly. At the period in question
+he commanded the <i>Hellas</i> frigate. He knew perfectly
+well that Lord Cochrane's arrival would take the
+command out of his hands. Nevertheless, he evinced
+not the least jealousy, but was one of the first to
+offer his services under Lord Cochrane. 'I know
+my countrymen,' he said, 'and that I can be of
+service to your lordship on board the frigate. I will
+therefore sail under your command.' Such an offer
+was not to be refused, and he was requested to remain
+on board. Miaoulis informed Lord Cochrane that
+the hope of Greece rested in the <i>Hellas</i>, and in the
+quondam merchant brigs belonging to private individuals
+in the islands of Hydra, Spetzas, Poros,
+and Egina, amounting to about two hundred and
+fifty. These vessels had been armed as men-of-war;
+some had been turned into fireships, and it was the
+latter that struck so much terror into the Turks,
+several Turkish vessels of the line and frigates
+having been destroyed under the guidance of the
+brave Kanaris, a native of the ill-fated island of
+Psara."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The compliments and congratulations offered in
+person to Lord Cochrane immediately after his
+anchoring off Poros were followed by compliments
+and congratulations yet more profuse conveyed to
+him in writing by all classes and from all quarters.
+One of the first and most important communications
+was addressed to him on the 18th of March, in the
+name of the National Assembly, as it styled itself,
+met at Kastri, by its president, Georgios Sissinis.
+"Greece," he said, "rejoices at your appearance in
+her seas. The aspirations of the Greeks are realised.
+Their hopes in the success of their sacred struggle
+revive. The Greek nation, assembled here in a
+third National Assembly, desires to see you and
+invites you here, sending to you, with that object,
+the General-in-Chief of the armies of the Peloponnesus,
+Theodore Kolokotrones, Messrs. Kanaris, Botazes,
+and Bulgaris, General Zavella and Count Metaxas,
+who will tender to you the thanks of all for your
+zeal on behalf of their cause." "The Government is
+seized with unutterable joy at your auspicious
+arrival," wrote the members of the rival assembly at
+Egina, on the same day: "the Government wishes
+you happy success in all your enterprises, and hopes
+soon to find in you a triumphant conqueror." "For
+a long while past," wrote the governors of Hydra,
+"our brave mariners have centred all their hopes on
+your arrival. You can understand then the joy that
+we felt when we saw your brig and schooner, and
+when we knew that you had actually arrived. We
+hasten to tender to you the homage of our island,
+and to express to you our impatience to see our little
+navy placed under your orders, and guided by you
+to new victories, by which the safety and independence
+of Greece may be secured." "Your arrival
+in our beloved country," wrote the primates of
+Spetzas, "has filled the soul of every inhabitant of
+our island with joy, and every one presents his
+thanks to Heaven for having at last sent such an one
+to fight with us and to protect our fatherland."
+"You have come to Greece," wrote Konduriottes,
+"at a moment when this unfortunate country most
+needs all that it can hope from the wisdom and
+courage of so great a defender. The announcement
+of your arrival will form an epoch in the history of
+our Revolution, and, I dare to hope, in that of our
+moral regeneration."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+That moral regeneration was needed Lord Cochrane
+already well knew, and he had not been a day in
+Greece before the knowledge was forced upon him
+afresh. The unworthy disposition of most of the
+men in power had never been more plainly shown,
+nor threatened more imminent danger to the independence
+of Greece, than at the time of Lord
+Cochrane's arrival. With a few notable exceptions,
+of whom Miaoulis was perhaps the chief, the Greek
+leaders had forgotten all their national duty in
+personal ambition and jealousy. If they united in
+parties, it was only because each one hoped that, as
+soon as his own party was triumphant, he himself
+would be able to obtain the mastery over all his
+associates.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Two factions, especially, prevailed in Greece at
+this time, which, partly from the circumstance that
+they were supported by unwise Philhellenes of the
+two nations, partly because their native members
+looked for their chief support to those nations, were
+known as the French and English parties.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Among Philhellenes the leading promoter of the
+French party was Colonel Fabvier, who was now,
+with some of the troops whom he commanded, defending
+the Acropolis from the siege of the Turks.
+He was an officer of considerable merit, with the
+interests of the Greeks at heart, but of surpassing
+vanity and ambition. His hope was to become the
+Napoleon of the East, to convert the whole male
+population of Greece into a huge army, with himself
+at its head. With him sympathized most of the
+military leaders, who, originally little better than
+brigands, found everything to gratify their present
+tastes and their future hopes in a scheme which
+would give them endless employment in lawless warfare
+and martial dominion. These, coming chiefly
+from the Morea, caused the faction also to be known
+as the Moreot party.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+More formidable was the English party, with little
+that was English about it but the name. Its ambition
+was not military, but diplomatic, the possession
+of place and power in such ways as were then
+possible. Its real, if not avowed, leader was Prince
+Mavrocordatos, with an able abettor in his brother-in-law,
+Mr. Spiridion Trikoupes. All through the previous
+year Mavrocordatos and his friends had sought
+zealously to win for Greece the protection of England.
+They had corresponded to that end with
+Mr. Stratford Canning, the British ambassador at
+Constantinople, with Captain Hamilton, who was then
+stationed in Greek waters to watch the interests of
+English shipping, and with others. They had sent an
+irregular deputation to treat with the British Government,
+and had used all the means in their power,
+so far as foreign intervention was concerned, for the
+establishment of a smaller but more organized Greek
+nation than that which their rivals desired. Had that
+end been worthily sought, they would have deserved
+universal sympathy. But they showed by their
+conduct that they cared little for good government,
+or for the real interests of the community. They
+exercised their abilities and squandered their resources
+in schemes for selfish aggrandisement, and the
+possession of authority which was to benefit none but
+themselves. Many of their prominent members
+having studied statecraft, before the time of the
+Revolution, as Christian officials in the employment
+of Turkey, to whom the name Phanariot was given
+from the Christian quarter of Constantinople, the
+whole party acquired the name of Phanariot.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This latter party had all along hoped to make
+Lord Cochrane its tool. It was Mavrocordatos who
+first invited him to enter the service of the Greeks;
+and when that service was agreed upon no effort was
+spared to attach him to the group of partizans
+among whom Mavrocordatos was chief. Lord
+Cochrane, steadily refusing this, soon incurred their
+opposition, and to this opposition is to be attributed
+some of the unreasonable blame which was afterwards
+brought upon him. Much further opposition to him,
+moreover, was soon aroused by his, in like manner,
+refusing to become the creature of the other leading
+faction. He wisely resolved, from the first&mdash;and he
+maintained his resolution throughout&mdash;to belong to no
+party, but having devoted himself to the cause of the
+Greek nation as a whole, to seek only those objects
+which were for the good of all.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+That resolution was soon put to the test. Immediately
+after his arrival on the 19th of March, great
+efforts were made to implicate him in the schemes of
+the Governing Commission, as it was called, which,
+having outrun the time appointed for its duration, was
+continuing to assert its authority in Egina, and to use
+that authority in the interests of the Phanariot party.
+Two days after that his partizanship was sought for
+the Moreot faction, which had set up a rival government,
+styled the National Assembly, at Hermione,
+under the joint leadership of Kolokotrones, Konduriottes,
+and Kolettes. On the 20th he was waited
+upon by the deputation named in the congratulatory
+letter which has already been quoted from.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"With his whole party," said Lord Cochrane's
+secretary, reporting this interview, "Kolokotrones
+rode down to the beach opposite the ship, and sent
+off to say he would there wait until a boat should be
+sent for him and his followers, the whole being about
+a hundred men, armed, according to the custom of the
+country, with pistols or daggers stuck in the left side
+of a sash or belt. The two boats sent being insufficient,
+not more than twenty came on board with the
+general. Kolokotrones was the spokesman, and
+there appeared to be great energy in his gesticulations,
+which did not correspond with the translation
+by Count Metaxas, who, from the smile on his
+countenance, seemed to hold in no great respect the
+mental acquirements of Kolokotrones. 'Greece,'
+said the latter, 'required a government to bring
+order out of chaos. The functions of the commission appointed
+by the last Legislative Assembly ought to have
+ceased. Its continuance in power was not legal, and
+consequently the members of the National Assembly
+had met at Hermione to name their successors; to
+which place it was requested that Lord Cochrane
+would proceed, in order to be present at their deliberations.'
+A letter to this effect, signed by the President
+of the Assembly, was then put into Lord
+Cochrane's hands.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Lord Cochrane made answer verbally through
+Count Metaxas to the deputies, that he held in due
+estimation the honour they had done him by personally
+delivering the communication as well as by
+the very flattering terms used towards him by the
+members assembled at Hermione. He regretted
+the decision that had taken place, and, recommending
+reconciliation, urged the necessity of
+prompt exertion and the little good that the wisest
+legislative enactments could effect, whilst the Turks
+overran their country, whilst they possessed three-fourths
+of its strongholds, and whilst the enemy
+besieged the capital of the state, which was in danger
+of falling into their power. His lordship expressed
+his regret that so many able and brave military
+officers as those he saw before him should occupy
+themselves with civil discussions in the present state
+of their country.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Upon this being interpreted to Kolokotrones, he
+became exceedingly warm, and urged that the duty he
+was now occupied with was more essential than any
+other. He, however, cooled on seeing, as we presume,
+that no one seconded his opinion, which he evidently
+expected by his glances towards his companions.
+Kolokotrones remained some time without saying a
+word, and then rising, took Lord Cochrane by the
+hand and assured him that he would do his utmost
+to produce a reconciliation of parties. Lord Cochrane
+urged that the termination of differences between
+the parties should be within the space of three
+days. Kolokotrones requested five; but afterwards
+caused his interpreter, Count Metaxas, to say that
+possibly an answer might be received from Hermione
+even before the shortest period fixed. Count
+Metaxas was the last who left the cabin, and as soon
+as the others were gone, he turned to Lord Cochrane
+and assured him that his utmost endeavours
+should not be wanting to accomplish so desirable an
+object. The Count has evidently the management
+of Kolokotrones, to whom he probably adheres in
+order to arrive at real power, under the sanction of
+an individual on whose shoulders may be heaped all
+the evil measures to be anticipated in acquiring or
+upholding any authority over a multitude of rival
+chiefs and their rude followers.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Kolokotrones and his party then left the
+schooner, having first directed one of their soldiers
+to await Lord Cochrane's reply to the communication
+of the Assembly. A deputation from Hydra, and a
+crowd of other visitors, however, precluded Lord
+Cochrane's despatching the courier until the following
+morning."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The reply, dated the 21st of March, was wise and
+bold. "I have had the honour," wrote Lord Cochrane,
+"to receive the despatches which you have
+addressed to me, and I cannot but be flattered by the
+sentiments that they convey. This satisfaction is
+the more lively because I have had the opportunity
+of becoming personally acquainted with his excellency
+General Kolokotrones, and the officers who
+accompanied him. But I freely acknowledge that it
+is blended with a feeling of regret, in that it appears
+to me that the bravest and most renowned officers of
+Greece are devoting all their energies to the formation
+of a civil government and wasting their time
+in discussions as to the place in which they shall
+effect a reunion while the enemy is overrunning the
+country without resistance. Already he possesses
+three-fourths of the fortresses of Greece, and is besieging
+the capital of the republic. Athens is on the
+point of falling into the power of the Ottoman forces;
+the brave Fabvier and a few heroes, full of enthusiasm,
+are engaged in aiding the valiant defenders of
+that city; and meanwhile the officers of Greece
+betake themselves again and again to frivolous discussions
+on civil affairs. If the shade of Demosthenes
+could again animate the ashes of this great man
+which are here entombed, he would, changing only
+the names of persons and places, address to you his
+first Philippic, and you would hear from the lips of
+a compatriot profoundly versed in history and in the
+knowledge of mankind, what ought to be your
+manner of acting. I recommend you to read his discourse
+in full assembly, and I especially recommend
+the citizens charged with presiding over the destinies
+of Greece to follow his counsels point by point.
+With an authority so applicable to the existing circumstances,
+it would be unpardonable presumption
+in me to address to you other than his own words.
+'If, Athenians, you will now, though you did
+not before, adopt the principle of every man
+being ready, where he can and ought to give his
+service to the state, to give it without excuse, the
+wealthy to contribute, the able-bodied to enlist; in a
+word, plainly, if you will become your own masters,
+and cease each expecting to do nothing himself,
+while his neighbour does everything for him, you
+will then, with God's permission, get back your own,
+and recover what has been lost, and punish your
+enemy.'"
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To the same effect were Lord Cochrane's answers
+to the congratulatory letters sent to him by the other
+leading persons and parties in Greece. "It may be
+well to notice," he wrote on the same day to the
+Government at Egina, "that in the conversation
+which I had with the deputation from Hermione, I
+respectfully suggested that, as laws cannot be promulgated
+with advantage whilst the mass of the
+country is under the iron yoke of Turkish despotism,
+nor executed whilst the lives and properties of all
+continue insecure, the National Assembly might be
+adjourned with advantage until the capital is free,
+and thus we should avoid debating whilst we should
+be acting, and check those animosities and divisions
+which naturally arise from difference of sentiment
+under the peculiar conditions of modern Greece."
+"The time now draws near," he wrote to the Government
+of Hydra, "when the approach of a large force
+may reasonably be anticipated, and when consequently
+the means that the Greeks possess of contending
+with their enemies will be comparatively
+diminished. I have, therefore, in the name of all
+Europe&mdash;by whose people I may in truth say that I
+have been sent here&mdash;called upon the Executive
+Government, and upon all those connected with public
+affairs, to act with union and promptitude, and I have
+informed them that without harmony and exertion
+amongst the chiefs, the slender means placed at my
+disposal, and any services which I personally could
+render, would prove of no avail. The people are split
+into factions, and operations are paralyzed by the conflicting
+personal interests of chiefs who perceive not
+that the prize about which they are contending will
+fall to the share of others. I have as yet taken no authority
+upon me in naval affairs, because if union do
+not prevail I shall deceive Greece and deceive the
+world by inducing a belief that I could assist you."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+While waiting, however, for the rivalries of the
+Greek leaders to be removed, or at any rate set aside
+for a time, Lord Cochrane was not idle. He had
+frequent interviews, not only with Admiral Miaoulis
+and the other native seamen of ability, but also with
+Dr. Gosse, and with Captain Abney Hastings, who
+joined him on the 22nd, and provided him with much
+precise information as to the naval strength of
+Greece, the character of the officers and crews, and
+the best methods of attacking the Turks with advantage.
+Information as precise about the land
+forces was derived from other Philhellenes, among
+whom Colonel Heideck and Colonel Gordon were
+perhaps the best informed. Lord Cochrane also
+made the acquaintance of a new comer in Greece,
+with whom he was soon to have very intimate relations&mdash;Sir
+Richard Church.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+General Church had begun life as an officer in the
+British army. He had seen various service between
+1801 and 1809, and in the latter year had organised
+a battalion of Greeks at Zante, with which, and
+afterwards with another which he also formed, he had
+played an important part in the war for the liberation
+of the Ionian Islands. On the establishment of
+peace, he had passed into the Neapolitan service.
+Many of his old Greek soldiers were now leaders in
+the Revolution, and, while Lord Cochrane was on his
+way to become the First Admiral of the Greeks,
+General Church had been invited to become Generalissimo
+on land. He arrived at Porto Kheli, near
+Kastri or Hermione, on the 9th of March, eight days
+before the appearance of Lord Cochrane. The
+generals assembled at Hermione came out to meet
+him and tender their submission. "Our father is at
+last come," said one; "we have only to obey him
+and our liberty is secured." Sir Richard Church was
+at once sought as a leader by the Moreot faction, just
+as Lord Cochrane was claimed by the Phanariots as
+their champion. He, however, like his new comrade,
+wisely resolved to avoid partisanship and to study the
+interests of Greece as a whole, and to him must be
+assigned a share of the good work of pacification in
+which Lord Cochrane was the prime mover. "This
+unhappy country," he wrote to his new friend on
+the 19th of March, "is now divided by absurd and
+criminal dissensions. I hope, however, that your
+lordship's arrival will have a happy effect, and that
+they will do everything in their power to be worthy
+of such a leader."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+They did something, if not everything. It was
+firmly believed that party strife had reached such a
+point that, had Lord Cochrane's arrival been delayed
+only a few days longer, the leaders of the National
+Assembly at Hermione, turning aside from their
+useless discussions, would have acted upon a plot
+that had been in preparation for several weeks, and,
+landing a hostile force at Egina, would have violently
+seized the whole Governing Commission there established.
+Lord Cochrane's honest reproofs averted
+this, and so saved Greece from the horrors of another
+civil war.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"I am happy to be able to inform you," wrote
+General Church on the 25th of March, "that things
+are brought to that state that the union of the
+parties is, I think, now effected. The deputies from
+Kastri came over to me yesterday morning to Damala,
+and there they met those of Egina. After some discussion,
+they have come to a conclusion, which, if
+ratified by the Assembly at Egina, will finally terminate
+the affair."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The affair was not terminated immediately. Lord
+Cochrane had to despatch many more letters and
+messages of earnest entreaty and indignant reproach
+to the leaders of the rival factions at Egina and Hermione,
+and to other prominent men, before the good
+end that he and all true Philhellenes and patriots
+sought could be gained. "I have received the letter
+which your excellency has addressed to me," wrote
+the worthy Miaoulis, on the 3rd of April, in answer to
+a letter declining to take command of the fleet until
+the differences were settled; "and I appreciate the
+objections which it contains. I wish with all my
+heart that the reasons which prevent you may not
+exist beyond this evening, and that a general union
+will induce you to place yourself at the head of the
+Greek navy."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Before that, on the 28th of March, Lord Cochrane
+had received a formal commission from the Government
+at Egina. "Knowing well," ran the document,
+"the valour, wisdom, ability, and energy, and all
+the warlike virtues which are joined in the estimable
+person of Lord Cochrane, and by which he has been
+distinguished in all the various services with which
+he has elsewhere been charged, the Governing Commission
+ordains, first, that Lord Cochrane be appointed
+First Admiral of the Fleet and of all the
+naval forces of Greece; secondly, that he rank above
+all other naval officers, and enjoy all the honours,
+privileges, and rights that appertain to his office;
+thirdly, that all the admirals, officers, and seamen of
+Greece recognize him as their superior, and obey his
+orders in all that concerns the service of the nation,
+and that all servants of the State, whether civil or
+military, render him the honour and respect that
+are his due; fourthly, that the General Secretary of
+the Government execute this order in all respects
+so soon as his Excellency Lord Cochrane shall have
+taken oath to perform the duties, in regard of which
+he pledges himself to serve and to act." The document
+was signed by Andreas Zaimes, as president, by
+Trikoupes, Demetrakopoulos, Blakos, Zamados, Mavromichales,
+Anargiros, Monarchides, and Zotos, and
+by Glarakes, the Secretary of State.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Lord Cochrane refused to accept the trust thus
+imposed upon him, however, until the authorities at
+Egina had united with those at Hermione and with
+the primates of the islands in forming one true
+National Assembly. They still hesitated and objected,
+and he still had to warn and to expostulate.
+At length, on the 3rd of April, being convinced that
+milder language was useless, he wrote to the rival
+leaders, informing them that, as his counsels appeared
+to be of no avail, seeing that they were addressed to
+persons, who, professing to have the interests of the
+nation at heart, were determined to ruin those
+interests by their obstinate selfishness, he should quit
+Greece at once, unless, before the close of the day,
+they agreed to lay aside their differences.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+That wise threat was successful. The factions
+coalesced, and decided to meet in joint assembly at
+Damala, also known by its ancient name of Troezene.
+On the 4th of April Lord Cochrane was able to
+write to them in a different tone. "Having come to
+Greece," he said, "with a firm determination to have
+nothing to do with party rivalries, except so far as
+to seek to conciliate them for the public good, and not
+to trouble myself about civil affairs, beyond assuring
+myself of the legality of my functions as Admiral of
+Greece, and having resolved to do all in my power
+to obtain its deliverance from the Mahometan yoke,
+as well as from all foreign domination, I am well
+pleased at the reunion of all your members in a
+single National Assembly, and congratulate you on
+the restoration of harmony. Allow me, at the same
+time, to offer my prayers for the unanimity of the
+members of the Government, and for the prompt
+completion of the business of the National Assembly,
+in order that its members may depart to their respective
+provinces, and use their great influence to impress
+upon their compatriots the imminent danger of
+the State, and induce them to rush to arms, and by one
+simultaneous effort expel the oppressors of Greece.
+After that the Legislative Assembly will have leisure,
+and the requisite security, to deliberate upon the constitution,
+the laws, and the arrangements necessary to
+establish upon a permanent footing the happiness
+and the prosperity of their fellow-citizens."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Having thus done so much for Greece, Lord
+Cochrane was asked to do more. "The deputies
+whom you did me the honour to send," he wrote, on
+the following day, "having informed me of the
+difficulties which you find in forming a Government
+with the necessary promptitude because of the
+jealousies shown in choosing citizens to fill situations
+of authority, permit me to advise that each member
+should write down the name of the person of his
+choice, and place it in an urn, and that he who thus
+obtains the highest number of votes should be
+president, the second, vice-president, and the others
+ranged in order until the number of functionaries is
+complete. In this way you will avoid discussions,
+animosities, and the loss of time, which is so precious
+in the present circumstances of Greece. At present
+naval and military operations alike are all suspended,
+while the enemy is preparing to put an end at once
+to the question which engrosses your attention, and
+to the independence and liberty of Greece!" That
+sensible advice was not taken, but the first difficulties
+in the way of administrative reform were overcome.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On the 7th of April, the National Assembly met
+at Damala, on the coast opposite to Poros, and half
+way between Hermione and Egina&mdash;the meeting-place,
+for want of a building large enough, to hold
+the two hundred members, being a lemon-grove,
+watered by the classic fountain of Hippocrene. Its
+first business, attended by turmoil which threatened
+to bring the whole proceeding to a violent close, was
+the election of Count Capodistrias as President, for
+seven years, of the Greek nation. Capodistrias was
+the favourite of the Moreot party, but disliked by
+the Phanariots, and hated by the island primates.
+The two latter would have prevented the election,
+but for the support given to it by Lord Cochrane,
+who on this account has been frequently and
+seriously blamed.<a class="fnref" href="#fn02" id="ref02">[2]</a> There can be no doubt, however,
+that, whatever may have been the subsequent
+shortcomings of Capodistrias, he was greatly superior
+to any of the other and native candidates for
+the office. None of these candidates had given
+any proof of statesmanlike powers or disinterested
+regard for the welfare of Greece. Lord Cochrane
+judged, with good reason, that that welfare could
+only be promoted by placing at the head of affairs a
+man who had hitherto had no share in party strife,
+who had proved himself to be possessed of great
+abilities and of generous love for the nation of
+which, as a native of Corfu, he was in some sort a
+citizen. Unfortunately, though for this Lord Cochrane
+was in no way responsible, the management of
+affairs during the time that must elapse before Capodistrias,
+if he accepted the office tendered to him,
+could enter upon it, was <ins class="correction" title="Transcriber's note: original reads 'intrusted'" id="corr1">entrusted</ins> to a Vice-governing
+Commission composed of three inefficient
+men, Georgios Mavromichales, Milaites of Psara,
+and Nakos of Livadia.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The most important business done by the Troezene
+Assembly was the installation of Lord Cochrane as
+First Admiral of Greece. This was done on the 18th
+of April. Landing for the first time on the continent,
+Lord Cochrane proceeded in state on horseback for
+the distance of a mile and a-half that was between
+the shore and the lemon-grove. At the entrance he
+was met by Kolokotrones, who embraced him,
+saying, "You are welcome;" words that were
+repeated by many other leading Greeks, who attended
+and conducted him into the centre of the
+grove. There he was formally introduced to the
+delegates as the First Admiral. Through an interpreter
+he addressed to them a few sentences, urging
+the necessity of continued harmony, and of a prompt
+expedition against the Turks, to be conducted both
+by sea and by land. After that, placing his hand on
+the hilt of his sword, he took the necessary oath: "I
+swear to shed my blood for the safety of the Greeks
+and for the liberation of their country; I swear that
+I will not abandon their cause so long as they do not
+themselves abandon it, but sustain my efforts."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The election of Sir Richard Church as Generalissimo
+of the Land Forces was, in like manner,
+completed on the 15th of April.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The essential business for which Lord Cochrane
+had desired that the united National Assembly
+should meet at Troezene being now accomplished, he
+hoped that it would speedily adjourn, in order that
+the military leaders should be enabled to proceed at
+once to the work pressing urgently upon them.
+"The critical moment," said Lord Cochrane, in a
+letter addressed to them on the 16th of April, "has
+arrived in which you are called upon to decide
+whether the population of Greece shall be annihilated
+or enslaved, your country peopled with barbarous
+hordes, and the name of Greece blotted out from the
+list of independent nations." The National Assembly,
+however, spent more than another month in
+idle discussions, and in disputing upon matters the
+settlement of which ought to have been postponed
+to a less perilous time. Again and again Lord
+Cochrane had to impress upon them the necessity, in
+war as in council, of prompt and united action; but
+with very poor result.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Once more I address you by letter," he wrote a
+few days later, "in the hope that you may be
+persuaded instantly to take measures to save your
+country from the ruin which protracted deliberations
+must at the present moment entail&mdash;ay, with as
+much certainty as a continuance of those dissensions
+which have hitherto so unhappily prevailed; and I
+follow this course the more readily in order that, as I
+have ever advocated liberal forms of government,
+my advice, that your Assembly shall bring its
+labours to a close, shall not be misrepresented to
+Greece and to the world. First, then, the agitated
+state of the country, by reason of the presence of the
+enemy, precludes the hope of obedience in ordinary
+course of law, which is as essential to the existence
+even of a shadow of republican forms as the practice
+of virtue and forbearance are to their reality&mdash;which,
+in states that would be free, ever must be accompanied
+by universal conviction in the public
+mind that power and wealth are not essential to the
+enjoyment of personal security, and are desirable or
+useful only as they promote the common welfare or
+administer to the wants or comforts of individuals
+themselves. The Grecian people, however good,
+naturally cannot be expected instantly to practise
+virtues which are the offspring of long-established
+freedom. Greece requires not, at the present
+moment, sage deliberations regarding permanent
+forms of government, nor permanent rulers; but she
+requires energetic authority, that she may be free at
+least from her foreign oppressors. If, without delay,
+the military officers take the field, if your labours be
+brought to a close and every citizen in his respective
+capacity exert himself to the utmost for the defence
+of his country, Athens perhaps may yet be saved,
+although that object assuredly is rendered far more
+doubtful by the unfortunate delay that has already
+occurred."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In entering upon his own share of the work no
+time was wasted by Lord Cochrane. He had already
+made himself acquainted with the naval resources of
+Greece, and done much in devising measures for
+augmenting them. He had resolved upon the first
+enterprise to be entered upon; and, while rapidly
+completing his arrangements for it, he did everything
+in his power to quicken in the hearts of the
+Greeks a patriotism as pure and zealous as was his
+own philanthropy. "To arms! to arms!" he wrote
+in a proclamation issued at this time. "One simultaneous
+effort, and Greece is free. Discord, the deadly
+foe you have had most to fear, is conquered. The
+task that now remains is easy. The youth everywhere
+fly to arms. The fate of the Acropolis is no
+longer doubtful. The Turks surrounded, their supplies
+cut off, the passes occupied, and retreat impossible,
+you can ensure the freedom of the classic
+plains of Athens, again destined to become the seat
+of liberty, the sciences, and the arts. Rest not
+content with such limited success. Sheathe not the
+sword whilst the brutal Turk, the enemy of the progress
+of civilization and improvement of the human
+mind, shall occupy one foot of that classic ground
+which once was yours. Let the young seamen of the
+islands emulate the glory that awaits the military
+force. Let them hasten to join the national ships,
+and, if denied your independence and rights, blockade
+the Hellespont, thus carrying the war into the
+enemy's country. Then the fate of the cruel Sultan,
+the destroyer of his subjects, the tyrant taskmaster of
+a Christian people, shall be sealed by the hands of
+the executioners who yet obey his bloody commands.
+Then shall prophecy be fulfilled, and Moslem sway
+be overthrown by the corruptions itself has engendered.
+Then shall the sacred banner of the Cross
+once more wave on the dome of Saint Sophia.
+Then shall the Grecian people live secure under the
+protection of just laws. Then shall noble cities rise
+from their ruins, and the splendour of future times
+rival the days that are past."
+</p>
+
+</div><!--end chapter-->
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h2 id="ch18">CHAPTER XVIII.</h2>
+
+<p class="small">
+THE SIEGE OF ATHENS.&mdash;THE DEFENDERS OF THE ACROPOLIS.&mdash;THE EFFORTS
+OF GORDON AND KARAÏSKAKES.&mdash;LORD COCHRANE'S PLAN FOR CUTTING
+OFF THE TURKISH SUPPLIES.&mdash;THE ARGUMENTS BY WHICH HE WAS INDUCED
+TO PROCEED INSTEAD TO THE PHALERUM.&mdash;HIS ARRIVAL THERE.&mdash;
+HIS OTHER ARRANGEMENTS FOR SERVING GREECE.&mdash;HIS FIRST MEETING
+WITH KARAÏSKAKES.&mdash;THE CONDITION OF THE GREEK CAMP.&mdash;LORD
+COCHRANE'S POSITION.&mdash;HIS EFFORTS TO GIVE IMMEDIATE RELIEF TO THE
+ACROPOLIS, AND THE OBSTACLES RAISED BY THE GREEKS.&mdash;KARAÏSKAKES'S
+DELAYS, AND GENERAL CHURCH'S DIFFICULTIES.&mdash;THE CONVENT OF SAINT
+SPIRIDION.&mdash;THE BATTLE OF PHALERUM.&mdash;THE CAPTURE OF SAINT SPIRIDION.
+&mdash;THE MASSACRE OF THE TURKS, AND ITS CONSEQUENCES.&mdash;LORD
+COCHRANE'S RENEWED EFFORTS TO SAVE THE ACROPOLIS.&mdash;THE DEATH OF
+KARAÏSKAKES.&mdash;THE MARCH TO THE ACROPOLIS.&mdash;ITS FAILURE THROUGH
+THE PERVERSITY OF THE GREEKS.&mdash;THE BATTLE OF ATHENS.&mdash;THE FALL
+OF THE ACROPOLIS.
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr">
+[1827.]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+After the conquest of Missolonghi, by which all
+Western Greece was brought under Turkish dominion,
+Reshid Pasha lost no time in proceeding to drive the
+Greeks from Athens, their chief stronghold in the
+east. The siege of the town had been begun by
+Omar Pasha of Negropont, with a small Ottoman
+force, on the 21st of June, 1826. Reshid arrived on
+the 11th of July, and, after much previous fighting,
+stormed Athens so vigorously on the 14th of August,
+that the inhabitants were forced to abandon it. Many
+of them, however, took refuge in the Acropolis, where
+a strong garrison was established under the tyrannical
+rule of Goura, and in this fortress the defence
+was maintained for nearly two months. Goura died
+in October, and the rivalries of the officers whom he
+had held in awe, now allowed to have free exercise,
+threatened to make easy the further triumph of the
+besiegers. The citadel must have surrendered, but
+for the timely arrival of Karaïskakes and Fabvier,
+each with a strong body of troops, who diverted the
+enemy by formidable attacks in the rear. Karaïskakes
+and his force continued, with various success, to
+watch and harass the enemy from without. On the
+12th of December Fabvier, by a brilliant exploit,
+forced his way into the Acropolis with about six
+hundred men. He had intended only to give it
+temporary relief, but many of the native chiefs,
+gladly taking advantage of the arrival of a body for
+which, conjointly with the garrison already established,
+there was not room in the fortress, hastily
+departed. Thus the leadership of the garrison, comprising
+about a thousand soldiers, with whom were
+four or five hundred women and children, and
+more than forty Philhellenes from France, Switzerland,
+Germany, and Italy, devolved upon Colonel
+Fabvier. The besiegers numbered about seven thousand
+picked soldiers, including a regiment of cavalry
+veterans and a good train of artillery. The Greek
+regulars and irregulars, including a corps of Philhellenes,
+commanded by Captain Inglesi, who attempted
+to raise the siege, varied, at different times,
+from two or three thousand to seven or eight thousand.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+That was the state of affairs when Lord Cochrane
+arrived in Greece. That the expulsion of the Turks
+from Attica and the recovery of Athens was the first
+great work to be attempted was clear to every one,
+whether native or Philhellene, who had the welfare
+of Greece at heart; but opinions varied as to the
+best mode of procedure. Nearly all previous efforts
+had been aimed at the direct attack of the besiegers
+in Athens and its neighbourhood. General Gordon
+had established a camp of about three thousand men
+at Munychia, the hill from which, two and twenty
+centuries before, Thrasybulus had gone down to
+deliver Athens from the thirty tyrants; and Karaïskakes,
+with some two thousand five hundred followers,
+was stationed at Keratsina, on the other side of the
+Piræus. But the operations of both leaders were
+restrained by Reshid Pasha's establishment of a garrison
+in the monastery of Saint Spiridion, midway
+between the two camps; and, without wiser leaders
+than the Greeks had hitherto possessed, there seemed
+small chance of their chasing the enemy from his
+strong positions. Another plan, feebly recommended
+and yet more feebly attempted before Lord Cochrane's
+arrival, was to starve him out by intercepting the
+supplies of provisions that were brought from Turkey
+by way of the northern channel of the Negropont, to
+be sent overland from Oropos, a well-fortified magazine
+on the northern shore of Attica.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Lord Cochrane saw at once that this latter course
+was the one most likely to be of service, or, at any
+rate, the one rightly devolving upon him, while
+General Church was pursuing his operations nearer
+to Athens; and he was strengthened in this conviction
+by discussion on the subject with General Gordon,
+who came for a short visit to Poros, on the 21st
+of March, in his own yacht. To this end he laboured
+while he was waiting for the reconciliation of parties
+and the official recognition of his employment as
+First Admiral. "The fate of Athens," he wrote,
+both to Kolokotrones and to Karaïskakes, on the 29th
+of March, "depends upon our depriving the enemy
+of the provisions obtained by him from the north.
+The general and the soldiers who first devote themselves
+to this object will have the glory of raising the
+siege. For myself, I offer the heartiest co-operation
+of the fleet, accompanied by two thousand brave
+marines, and the use of all the war-steamers and
+transports in any port of eastern Attica. There is
+not a moment to be lost." This proposal was rejected
+by Kolokotrones. On the 2nd of April,
+Karaïskakes sent an ambiguous acceptance of it, which
+he cancelled on the 13th. "We are so mixed up
+with the enemy," he wrote, "that if we abandon the
+smallest of our positions we must resign ourselves to
+the loss of all. The Turks are so embarrassed by us
+that they can offer only a feeble siege to the Acropolis.
+Of this I am assured by several Greeks who
+have lately come from their camp. Therefore, my
+lord, I am deterred from assailing the enemy from the
+north; and I have the boldness to assure and promise
+you that, if you will aid me here, Athens will be free
+in a few days. With the help of two thousand good
+recruits, the enemy will not be able to resist our
+enthusiasm. I implore you, in the name of Greece,
+to assist me as soon as possible with the means of
+destroying him and of saving Athens."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+That letter, and the advice of all in office, whether
+military or civil, to the same effect, altered Lord
+Cochrane's plans. "As he," said Gordon, who afterwards
+blamed him on this account, "unacquainted
+with the country and the language, could not form a
+correct judgment on the innumerable reports transmitted
+to him, it is not surprising that he was deceived
+by letters written from the Acropolis, and
+entrusted to soldiers who, disguised as Turks or
+Albanians, slipped from time to time through the
+enemy's lines. In these epistles, Fabvier and the
+other chiefs painted their situation in the blackest
+colours, carefully concealing the fact of their having
+provisions for many months."<a class="fnref" href="#fn03" id="ref03">[3]</a> By them native
+Greeks and foreigners long resident in the country
+were deceived. Lord Cochrane, still clinging to his
+project for injuring the Turks by cutting off their
+supplies, was constrained to defer it for the present,
+and in compliance with the requests of the Government,
+of General Church, and of Karaïskakes, to co-operate
+in the direct attack upon the enemy in the
+Piræus. "I now agree with you," he wrote to the
+latter, on the 14th of April, "that the time is past
+when a movement in the rear of the Turks, and the
+cutting off of their provisions, could have the effect
+of saving the Acropolis, and I see clearly the justice
+of your observation that a decisive blow must be
+struck at once against the enemy. The eyes of
+Europe are turned towards Greece, and on the success
+or failure of the measures now to be adopted depends
+the support of your glorious cause, or its abandonment
+in despair."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Something was done by Lord Cochrane at once,
+however, towards the fulfilment of his first design.
+He despatched Captain Abney Hastings, with the
+<i>Karteria</i> and five other vessels, to the Gulf of Volo
+and the Channel of Negropont, with orders to seize as
+many Turkish provision-ships as he could there find
+within the next fourteen days. One expedition was
+very successful. Off Volo, on the 20th of April,
+Hastings found eight transports protected by the
+guns of the fort. He silenced the guns, captured
+five of the vessels, and destroyed the other three.
+He then passed down the channel, and near Tricheri
+fell in with a Turkish brig-of-war, which, after some
+skilful fighting, he destroyed by shells that exploded
+her powder magazine. After that he proceeded to
+Kumi, where he captured a store of grain, and reached
+Poros within the time appointed.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In the meanwhile Lord Cochrane had gone to the
+Bay of Athens as soon as he could complete his
+arrangements for the present and future employment
+of the Greek shipping. "Four of the largest
+brigs at Poros are in process of equipment," he
+wrote to the Government on the 16th of April, "and
+five of the fastest small sailing vessels of Spetzas,
+and eight transports, with a thousand men, are ready
+at Hydra to proceed on service. The frigate <i>Hellas</i>
+is victualled for two months, four gun-boats have
+been ordered to be built, and fireships are in progress
+in addition to those which were already fitted
+out. The expenses of these preparations have been,
+or will be, defrayed out of the funds in my possession.
+In addition to these disbursements, a very
+considerable sum, out of the money destined for the
+naval service, has been advanced by me for military
+purposes. I consider that the fate of Greece depends,
+in a great measure, on pecuniary aid from the rest of
+Europe, and such aid on the probability of ultimate
+success; but assuredly it will not be afforded if Greece
+proves unable or unwilling to exert herself against the
+handful of sickly and enfeebled Turks who continue
+to besiege the Acropolis of Athens."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On the 17th of April, Lord Cochrane passed from
+Poros to Salamis in the <i>Hellas</i>, attended by twelve
+brigs and schooners from Hydra and Spetzas. In
+his pay were a thousand Hydriots, two hundred
+Cretans, and a corps of Roumeliots. On the same
+day, General Church embarked with three thousand
+soldiers collected in the Morea, under Gennaios Kolokotrones,
+Chrisanthos Sessini, and others. These new
+supplies, with the troops already at Keratsina and
+Munychia, composed a force of about ten thousand
+men.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Five days were spent in organising this force, over
+which Sir Richard Church, though nominally
+generalissimo, had very little real command. The
+delay and the want of discipline which caused it
+were alike annoying to Lord Cochrane, whose little
+fleet was anchored in the small Bay of Phalerum,
+his Hydriot recruits, under Major Gordon Urquhart,
+being established on the adjoining shore. On the
+18th he received a four hours' visit on board the
+<i>Hellas</i> from Karaïskakes, a tall, bony, athletic man,
+small-featured, and swarthy, with flashing eyes, and
+a lively tongue, about forty years of age. On the
+19th he and General Church went to inspect the
+camp of the famous Greek leader at Keratsina. It
+gave but slight evidence of military organization, and
+both officers and men appeared to Lord Cochrane more
+willing to talk than to fight. His presence among
+them, however, stirred up a new and fitful enthusiasm.
+On this occasion he brought with him a large blue
+and white flag, with an owl, the national emblem
+of Greece, painted on the centre, which had been
+conveyed from Marseilles. The flag was unfurled in
+the presence of seven thousand Greek soldiers, within
+sight of the Turkish camp. Through his interpreter,
+Lord Cochrane briefly addressed the soldiers,
+urging them, for love of their country, and for their
+own honour and welfare, to unite in a prompt and
+vigorous attack on the enemy. Then, firmly planting
+the flag in the ground, he exclaimed, "Soldiers, whoever
+of you will lodge this flag on the summit of the
+Acropolis, shall receive from me, as a reward of his
+bravery, a thousand dollars, and ten times that sum
+shall be my share of the recompense to the force that
+accompanies him!" Great applause, of course,
+followed that announcement, but not much more
+than applause.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Lord Cochrane's popularity with the troops and
+their leaders, for the time at any rate, was unbounded.
+Karaïskakes, Niketas, Zavella, Notaras, Makriyannes,
+Gennaios Kolokotrones, and all the other captains
+vied with one another in offering fulsome adulation to
+him, and pledging themselves to yield implicit obedience
+to his instructions. By word, indeed, they
+were more submissive than he wished. He had to
+remind them that he was admiral of the fleet, not
+generalissimo on land, and that the latter office was
+held by Sir Richard Church. Unfortunately, Karaïskakes
+and his followers were, from the first, jealous
+of General Church; and General Church, accustomed
+only to the management of a small disciplined band,
+was unequal to the troublesome duties appertaining to
+him as controller of a heterogeneous crowd of irregular
+soldiers, most of them trained as brigands, and
+accustomed to the half-lawless rule of their own petty
+officers. Hardly a day passed in which he did not
+complain bitterly to Lord Cochrane of the obstructions
+thrown in his way; and Lord Cochrane had
+to take upon himself the thankless functions of a
+mediator between a good-hearted commander-in-chief
+and his disaffected subordinates.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This state of things would at any time have been
+irksome to him. It was especially so in the condition
+of affairs represented to him. Each day fresh reports
+were brought of the desperate state of the
+Acropolis. "The affairs of the fortress of Athens,"
+we read in one document, signed by seven leaders of
+the besieged, and dated the 22nd of April, "have
+arrived at a very critical height, and no longer any
+remedy is expected from within, and therefore the
+besieged are obliged to address themselves to the
+Government of Greece and to the commanders of
+her forces, and to urge them to adopt the best,
+the speediest, and the most efficient measures to
+relieve the citadel. The Government and the commanders
+have always replied with promises of the
+most positive kind to raise the siege in a very few
+days. We can no longer believe their word. To
+give you further intelligence, we send now five men,
+who will tell you verbally what we cannot describe.
+If, however, they do not persuade you, we tell you
+this is our last letter. We will wait five days longer,
+and we can hold out no more. We have been
+brothers, and remain so during dearth, sickness, and
+all evils. Our nature is like that of all men: we can
+suffer no more than others. We are neither angels
+nor workers of miracles, to raise the dead, or do
+impossible things. If any evil should happen, we are
+not to blame, nor has God to condemn us in anything."
+The bearers of this letter, and others who
+brought a like report, were carefully examined by
+Lord Cochrane, and by them he was solemnly assured
+that the garrison of the Acropolis, destitute of provisions
+and every other necessary, could not possibly
+hold out more than five days longer.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+He and all others were deceived; but he alone
+thoroughly felt the urgent need of instant action.
+"As I perceive the ruin of Greece," he wrote to
+Karaïskakes on the 23rd of April, "in the delay now
+taking place, and as I have every reason to believe
+that intrigues are carrying on by persons of desperate
+fortune and worthless character, with a view
+to promote their private ends, they not being aware
+that the subjection of Greece to a foreign power will
+ultimately destroy the hopes which they entertain, I
+take the liberty of urging, as an officer who has some
+character to lose in this affair, that your excellency
+should caution the officers of your army against the
+vain belief that intrigues at the present moment can
+produce any other effect than the ruin of themselves
+and their country. The education which my
+countrymen, in common with myself, have received,
+leads to an attachment to the cause of Greece
+amounting to enthusiasm, and this feeling cannot but
+be increased by viewing the monuments of her
+ancient grandeur. I am ready to do my utmost to
+promote the interests of your country, but I am by
+no means willing to allow myself to be made the
+puppet of intriguers. I shall put an end to intrigue
+in the navy or I shall quit it, and I trust your
+excellency will excuse me if I adopt the same
+resolutions respecting the army, if you yourself cannot
+put it down. I have been but a short time in
+Greece, but have taken effectual measures to obtain
+that sort of information which is necessary for my
+guidance. This has led me to the resolution to act
+by myself and for Greece, so far as I can, whenever
+I find that others are either disinclined or unable to
+co-operate. I have moved the transports close to the
+Phalerum in order that they may be more conveniently
+situated when I shall learn the determination
+of your excellency and the officers in your
+camp. If that determination is to relieve Athens
+the night of the 26th is passed, the marines
+whom I have hired, paid, and victualled, shall co-operate;
+if not, I shall try to render them serviceable
+in some other quarter, and I will denounce to the
+world as traitors to their country those intriguers
+who are the cause of the captivity and perhaps
+annihilation of the garrison in the Acropolis. My
+advice to your excellency is, that passing the tambourias
+by night, without firing a shot, you join our
+troops in the olive-grove, where I will take care they
+shall meet your excellency, if such is your pleasure.
+I have been anxious that the glory of relieving
+Athens should accrue to a Greek, and especially to
+your excellency. That object I am ready to promote
+by every means in my power. The friendly manner
+in which we the other day met will cause me to
+regret, if in my next letter I shall be obliged to bid
+your excellency adieu for ever."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+That letter to Karaïskakes was followed by one,
+written on the 24th, to General Church. "In forty-eight
+hours," wrote Lord Cochrane, "the question
+of relieving Athens will be at a close. I have told
+Karaïskakes what I think of the state of affairs, and
+have made up my mind to act accordingly; taking
+upon myself all the responsibility of not looking
+longer on tambouria disputes whilst it seems resolved
+by the Greeks themselves not to march to the
+relief of Athens. I have not sent the transports to
+Attica to raise the miserable inhabitants at this
+hour, when too late for them to be of the least use in
+relieving the Acropolis. If I had done so, I should
+have the load on my conscience of causing their
+heads to be struck off. I can assure you, Sir
+Richard, that Colonel Gordon and myself laboured
+long ago to prevail on Karaïskakes to do this, but he
+resisted every application, for reasons which it will
+be well if he can satisfactorily explain hereafter. If
+your men will not come on, and Karaïskakes's men
+will not in the night pass those miserable tambourias,
+which in that case are no impediment, what
+is the use of my detaining the squadron here? I
+have viewed the bugbear of a convent this day from
+opposite sides, and it is no more in Karaïskakes's
+way than the church of Poros.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Since writing the above," Lord Cochrane added,
+"I have received your note requesting that six
+hundred men shall be transported hence to Karaïskakes's
+head-quarters in the rear. The naval funds
+have been expended and our funds exhausted in
+bringing forces nearer to the enemy. I am sure if
+you reflect on this demand of his, and that Karaïskakes's
+head-quarters are twice as far from Athens
+as the Phalerum, you will be of the opinion that it
+would be better to bring an equal number, or even
+the whole of Karaïskakes's force here, and endeavour
+immediately to do something effectual to save Fabvier
+and the garrison from the inevitable destruction
+consequent on the present mode of proceeding. If
+Karaïskakes wants more men he wants them to take
+tambourias, and not to march past them as he ought,
+for his present position is of no use whatever. Do
+cause some rational mode of proceeding to be
+adopted, or let us give it up; for we are now only
+in the way by occasioning jealousy and promoting
+the vilest intrigues."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The "bugbear of a convent," which Karaïskakes
+wished first to capture, was the monastery of Saint
+Spiridion, occupied by a few scores of Turks, who
+from it overlooked the Greek encampments on each
+side, the one at Piræus, the other at Munychia, with
+a distant view of Lord Cochrane's station at Phalerum
+and of Sir Richard Church's on the other side.
+Finding that Karaïskakes would not join with
+Church and press on to Athens, at a distance of about
+seven miles, Lord Cochrane had urged the co-operation
+of all the forces at Cape Colias, whence
+the way to Athens was only about five miles long.
+Karaïskakes, however, refused this plan also. He
+maintained that the only safe course was to preserve
+his position and strengthen it by the formation of
+innumerable small circular earthworks, known as
+tambourias, within which the soldiers could crouch by
+day and lie securely on the bare ground at night.
+In this way he hoped to starve out the garrison at
+Saint Spiridion, the capture of which he deemed
+essential before any formidable attempt was made
+upon the main body of the Turkish camp, in Athens
+and around it, and especially under the walls of the
+Acropolis. In vain Lord Cochrane urged that this
+mode of warfare, tardy and expensive enough at the
+best of times, was cruelly reprehensible when they
+considered the wretched state in which the garrison
+of the Acropolis was supposed to be, and the prospect
+of its speedy evacuation. Karaïskakes refused
+to move, answering each appeal by unreasonable demands
+upon Lord Cochrane for supplies of ammunition
+and provisions, which it was no part of his
+duty to supply out of the residue of the insignificant
+sum of 8,000<i>l</i>. supplied to him out of the Greek loan
+for naval purposes.<a class="fnref" href="#fn04" id="ref04">[4]</a> It may be that Karaïskakes&mdash;a
+bold and shrewd man&mdash;was not personally responsible
+for his inactivity. His army was little more than a
+commonwealth of small bands, of which each leader
+claimed an authoritative share in all deliberations,
+and owed, even to him, only a nominal subjection.
+But if we acquit him individually of cowardice, we
+only throw the greater blame on the Greek force as
+a whole. That it was blameworthy is clear. "Your
+lordship," wrote Sir Richard Church in answer to
+the letter just quoted, "is not aware of all the
+difficulties I had to encounter in passing our troops
+who had all struck for pay. Not one would move.
+However, that difficulty is now nearly over and
+the greater part are passing to the camp at this
+moment."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Unexpected boldness was forced upon them on the
+25th of April. "I am now in a position," wrote
+Lord Cochrane to General Church at eight o'clock in
+the morning from the Piræus, "to carry you all over
+to the rear of the enemy, if Karaïskakes's army have
+the courage to walk to this point, which is in their
+own possession, in order to land on the opposite
+shore at two hundred yards distance, and whereon is
+not a living soul. I can make such a diversion by
+means of the seamen at night as would enable
+Karaïskakes's army to move on by land towards the
+Phalerum, whilst those on the Phalerum, with the
+exception of a few, might take up a position near
+Athens or in the town. I can embark you and
+yours, and leave Karaïskakes's men without food,
+taking all the provisions to the advanced post, leaving
+him to starve or come on."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+That desperate expedient was averted. Two or
+three hours after suggesting it, Lord Cochrane was
+superintending the debarkation of some thirty
+soldiers, under cover of two gunboats. A party of
+Ottomans, seeing the operation, hurried down with
+the intention of harassing the new comers. Lord
+Cochrane's Hydriots, however, rushed to the rescue.
+Other Turkish troops came up, to be met by other
+Greeks, and the battle became general. Lord Cochrane,
+with nothing but his telescope in his hand,
+gathered the Christian troops round him, and, with
+encouraging words, led them on in an orderly attack
+upon the entrenchments about the monastery of
+Saint Spiridion. Within an hour, nine entrenchments
+were in the hands of the Greeks, who lost only
+eight men. Sixty Turks were slain, and then their
+comrades fled, most of them hurrying up to the camp
+of Athens, a few betaking themselves to the convent.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"The Greeks," wrote Lord Cochrane to the Government,
+"have this day done as their forefathers
+were wont to do. Henceforth commences a new
+era in the system of modern Grecian warfare.
+If every one behaves to-morrow as all, without
+exception, have behaved to-day, the siege of the
+Acropolis will be raised and the liberty of Greece
+secured."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+By this success the Turks, with exception of the
+garrison in the convent, were driven back to the
+neighbourhood of Athens, and Karaïskakes was encouraged
+to remove his camp from Keratsina to the
+Piræus. At a council of war held the same evening
+Lord Cochrane urged a sudden and united attack
+upon the Turkish camp on the morrow. Karaïskakes,
+however, declined to move a step further until the
+monastery was captured, and, as General Church
+agreed with this view, Lord Cochrane assented to it.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Early next morning the bombardment of the
+monastery was begun. The <i>Hellas</i>, commanded by
+Miaoulis, discharged her heavy guns upon it during
+several hours, with such effect that it seemed to be
+only a mass of ruins. It was feebly invested by
+Karaïskakes on land. But its garrison held out with
+excellent bravery. Thrice the Greeks tried to storm
+it; but thrice they were driven back.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In the evening the Turks solicited an armistice,
+and offered to capitulate on condition that they
+should be allowed to retire with all their arms and
+properties: and this proposal Karaïskakes was
+inclined to accept. Lord Cochrane, however, contended
+that they should have nothing but bare life.
+While this was being discussed, the Turks perfidiously
+assassinated a Greek messenger sent to treat
+with them, and fired upon a boat in which Lord
+Cochrane's secretary, Mr. Edward Masson, was
+carrying the flag of truce. Thereupon, the Chief
+Admiral refused to hear any more of a compromise.
+Returning to his ship, he ordered the bombardment
+of the convent to be resumed, and besought Karaïskakes
+to continue storming it by land.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This was done throughout the 27th, but unsuccessfully,
+because unwillingly. The Greeks asserted
+that the Turkish garrison was utterly without provisions
+and water. Lord Cochrane urged that, if it
+was so, a small detachment of the Greek army and
+the ships of war would suffice for its investment,
+while the main force marched boldly on to Athens
+before the terror inspired by its recent achievements
+had died out. He reproached them with cowardice,
+and threatened to leave them unless they took
+prompt measures for completing their triumph.
+"The services of the navy," he wrote to Karaïskakes,
+"are immediately required for other purposes than
+those of attending upon an inactive army. My duty
+I am determined to execute in all possible ways in
+which my services can benefit Greece. I shall therefore
+be gratified if, in reply to this letter, you will
+inform me if it is in your power to make the army
+advance, and if that advance will take place before
+to-morrow night. It will give me the greatest pleasure
+to co-operate with you in all manner of ways,
+but my desire to that effect is rendered null if those
+under your orders will not conform to your wishes
+or obey your commands."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To the same effect Lord Cochrane wrote, on the
+following morning, to General Church. "The convent
+and its walls," he said, "have been levelled to
+the ground. The rubbish alone remains on the
+southern side towards the shipping; and it appears
+that not more than one hundred of those it contained,
+or who fled within its walls for safety, now remain to
+oppose, or assault, or threaten, the rear of the Greek
+army, should you be able to prevail on its leaders to
+advance. I should remind those leaders that, independently
+of the army, I have full fifteen hundred
+men under my command, a thousand of whom, being
+on shore now at this port, are more than sufficient to
+blockade these ruins or destroy all within; which
+last event might have taken place yesterday had it
+not been that the seamen were removed from the
+positions which they had stormed and taken, in the
+neighbourhood of the convent, and soldiers placed in
+their stead&mdash;a circumstance which seems to have
+given them offence, so that they leave the storming
+of the ruins of the convent to those thus placed, as
+they say, in the post of honour. These feelings, in
+such minds&mdash;however proper the proceedings may
+have been in a military point of view&mdash;I cannot prevent
+or remove. Time, provisions, and money, are
+wasting in inaction. The enemy is concentrating
+troops and fortifying positions around Athens, each
+of which positions will be a pretext for delay; even
+were I not aware that abundant excuses of other
+kinds will not be wanting&mdash;such as the arrival of a
+few hundred cavalry from Negropont or the like;
+so that I really begin to despair of one step being
+made in advance for the relief of the Acropolis. I
+know the difficulties of your situation, and I fear that
+they are more than even your energy can surmount.
+When you shall have done your utmost towards the
+end we have in view, I shall make one effort for the
+safety of the unfortunate women and children who
+are threatened with immediate destruction or perpetual
+slavery. Pray let me have a decisive reply
+as to what is to be done, and when."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+General Church's reply is instructive. "I have
+read your letter with great attention," he wrote,
+"and fully enter into your view of affairs. The
+Hydriots are unquestionably the best to storm, if
+anybody will storm. The soldiers that they say
+have taken their post were placed to co-operate in a
+general assault, and I had made an arrangement with
+a chief who certainly displayed considerable courage
+the other day. I gave him directions to collect a
+band, or forlorn hope, of volunteers to lead with, and
+he is to have five hundred dollars for himself and
+five hundred for his band. Had it not rained&mdash;however
+ridiculous it may seem to say so&mdash;I am sure that
+a storming party would have advanced yesterday
+evening, and I hope it will do so to-day. In fact, the
+rain yesterday almost dispersed the whole camp, and
+many of our outposts were quite abandoned. If the
+Hydriots will advance, I will order the others away
+immediately. You have no idea of my anxiety to
+move on, and I cannot express it. Karaïskakes is
+at this moment going round his outposts. As soon
+as he returns, I shall send for him and combine with
+him, <i>bon gré mal gré</i>, an advance for to-night or to-morrow.
+I will let you know as soon as we have
+had our conference. I think, my lord, that if the
+weather clears up, we shall be able still to storm, and
+perhaps a little firing again would have the effect of
+rousing the fellows."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Soldiers who could only fight in fine weather were
+hardly fit to rescue Greece in the heaviest pressure
+of her misfortunes. On the previous night something
+like a mutiny had been occasioned by Lord Cochrane's
+complaints at their inactivity. Even Karaïskakes
+sympathised with his captains. "We shall
+not go well with these English," he said; "I fear
+they will ruin us by their impatience. They cannot
+restrain themselves. But we must make the best we
+can of them." Sir Richard Church, fired with Lord
+Cochrane's ardour, would not be made the best of,
+according to the views of Karaïskakes and his followers.
+The letter from him last quoted was
+followed within an hour by a brief one:&mdash;"My lord,
+I have the honour to inform you that I have given
+over the command to General Karaïskakes."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Karaïskakes and the Greek officers were thus left,
+at about ten o'clock in the morning of the 28th, to
+work out their own devices. At eleven, Lord
+Cochrane received orders to cease the firing which
+he had reopened from the guns of the <i>Hellas</i>. The
+movements which, through his telescope, he saw in
+process within the convent walls and at its gate
+induced him to send strict orders to Major Urquhart
+to withdraw his Hydriot marines from their post
+near the convent, and station them on the summit of
+Munychia.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Turks had again sent offers of capitulation,
+and Karaïskakes, now uncontrolled by Lord Cochrane
+or General Church, and in contempt of his
+positive assertion, made two days before, that the
+garrison had not a ration of provisions left and could
+easily be starved into utter submission, had acceded
+to their terms. It was agreed that they were to be
+allowed to surrender with all the honours of war.
+Bearing their arms and all their property, they were
+to pass unmolested into the Turkish camp on the
+hills. Karaïskakes must be blamed for this excess of
+generosity; but, to his credit be it stated, that,
+having agreed to the capitulation, he took all reasonable
+care to have it honourably observed. Along
+the road leading from the gate of the convent to the
+fortifications on the hills he ranged soldiers on either
+side, in order that the Turks might be protected
+from the crowd of less disciplined soldiers. All
+looked well as the two hundred and seventy men,
+women, and children who had been locked within the
+shattered building passed out of it and began their
+march. But no sooner was the convent evacuated
+than a swarm of Greeks rushed into it, each hoping
+to seize the largest share of the booty which they
+expected to find. They found nothing, and then
+angrily rushed out again to inform their comrades of
+their disappointment.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Lord Cochrane watched their proceedings from the
+deck of the <i>Unicorn</i>, General Gordon and Mr.
+Finlay, who was then serving as a volunteer on
+Gordon's staff, being by his side. "All those men
+will be murdered!" exclaimed Mr. Finlay, pointing
+to the retreating Turks. Lord Cochrane, not yet
+initiated in all the depths of Greek treachery, turned
+in horror to General Gordon and said, "Do you
+hear what he says?" "My lord," answered Gordon,
+"I fear it is too true."<a class="fnref" href="#fn05" id="ref05">[5]</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+And so it proved. A Greek soldier, pushing
+through the guard, snatched at the sword of one of
+the Turks passing along the line. The Turk resisted,
+and a scuffle followed. Two or three other Turks
+raised their muskets and fired. A score of Greeks at
+once retaliated. A shadow of an excuse was thus
+afforded to the Christians for wreaking vengeance
+for all the ills they had endured from the enemy, and
+for giving vent to their anger at finding no prizes in
+the deserted convent. A horrible massacre ensued.
+Two hundred or more Turks were murdered. Less
+than seventy escaped. "Forgive me, as I forgive
+you," shouted Karaïskakes to the Moslems, after
+vainly trying to stay the slaughter; "I can do
+nothing more for you."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Islanders," wrote Lord Cochrane, in a proclamation
+to his Hydriot force, "I was no party to the
+capitulation this day. Fearing that some outrage
+might be committed, I sent you an order to retire;
+and I glory in the consciousness that I have saved
+you as well as myself from being inculpated in the
+most horrid scene I ever beheld,&mdash;a scene which
+freezes my blood, and which cannot be palliated by
+any barbarities which the Turks have committed on
+you. I send you the thousand dollars which I
+promised should be distributed, as a reward for your
+valour and for your obedience to my directions,
+which you will ever find lead to the path of honour
+and humanity and the duty we owe to your country."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Utter confusion among the Greeks resulted, for a
+time, from the barbarous massacre of Saint Spiridion.
+The soldiers quarrelled and fought over the blood-stained
+spoil. The officers were occupied with
+mutual recriminations and excuses regarding their
+several shares in the atrocity. Karaïskakes found
+himself unable to establish order, and had to entreat
+Sir Richard Church to take back his surrendered
+authority.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To this General Church assented on the promise
+that, if he did so, he should be aided in bringing the
+chief wrong-doers to justice. Indeed, both he and
+Lord Cochrane hoped, for a little while, that their
+very misconduct, filling the Greeks with shame and
+penitence, would incline them to listen to the
+counsels in which they both saw the only chance
+of safety to the garrison of the Acropolis. "The
+destinies of Greece," wrote Lord Cochrane to
+Karaïskakes, on the 29th of April, "the fate of your
+army, and the character of its chiefs, are now wholly
+in the hands of your excellency. You and you alone
+will be held responsible for all that shall happen.
+The hour of clemency for Greece is past; the sword
+alone can decide the contest. Courage is a characteristic
+of men who deserve to be free. Let then the
+conduct of a few atrocious individuals yesterday be
+effaced by a march direct to Athens, at least to
+relieve the women and children now doomed to
+destruction, if prompt exertions be not made to save
+them. Your excellency has hitherto treated my
+friendly advice in a manner which I did not
+anticipate; but the world will judge between the
+course you have taken and that which I wished you,
+for the benefit of your country, to pursue. I shall
+wait three days for your excellency's reply, when it
+will be my duty, if the fortress be not relieved, to
+attend exclusively to naval affairs. I hope you will
+reflect on the glory you may yet attain by saving
+your country, and on the ruinous consequences of
+persevering in inaction until the last resources of
+war shall be exhausted."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Karaïskakes's only answer was that the army was
+in urgent need of spades and shovels, with which he
+hoped that Lord Cochrane would supply him, as
+without those means of making fresh tambourias he
+could not move from his encampment. Lord Cochrane
+was reasonably indignant. "I confess," he
+wrote in reply, "that I am now in despair of your
+making any movement for the relief of the Acropolis,
+because I have now ascertained that, all the obstacles
+which first presented themselves to your excellency
+being overcome, others successively present themselves,
+to put off the day of your march to the
+Acropolis. I have made a diversion here this day in
+favour of your excellency, which, by all the rules of
+military tactics, must increase the relative strength
+of your army and facilitate its march. My time and
+attention must now be devoted to naval matters, and
+unless you advance this evening, I shall have deeply
+and bitterly to regret, for the sake of Greece, that I
+ever put faith in anything being accomplished by
+individuals to whom so many difficulties, which my
+experience has taught me to be imaginary, present
+themselves. I recall to your excellency's recollection
+your promises and assurances, and I call upon
+you to make some effort to save your country
+from inevitable ruin. I solemnly declare that
+it is my opinion that a thousand men who would
+obey orders and do their duty are more than are
+necessary to perform the task at which your
+excellency hesitates. I shall be oppressed with
+grief if, after the scene of yesterday, I am compelled
+to return, first, to the seat of Government, and next
+to Europe, without having witnessed any deed that
+can tend to obliterate the stain thereby affixed on the
+Grecian people."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"I am making my last effort," wrote Lord Cochrane
+to Dr. Gosse, "to get Karaïskakes to advance.
+The monastery is taken, its defenders are destroyed,
+and now the sheepfold on the other side of the Phalerum
+is the obstacle. We want mortars, shells, and
+fuses, shoes for the seamen, and food for the mob
+denominated falsely the army of Greece."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The letter to Karaïskakes had some effect. On the
+30th of April, General Church wrote to say that he had
+persuaded the Greek captains to agree unanimously
+to an immediate movement against Athens. Two
+thousand men were to go, during the following night,
+by water to the neighbourhood of Cape Colias, and
+thence march stealthily to a hill about a mile south
+of Athens, which they hoped to seize and secure
+under cover of the darkness. During the next evening,
+a force about twice as large was to join them by
+the same route, and all were to do their best to drive
+the Turks from their encampments round the Acropolis.
+This was Lord Cochrane's plan; and there
+can be no doubt that it would have been successful
+had the Greeks acted upon it and done their duty.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Unfortunately they did neither. Having promised
+overnight, they found reasons in the morning for
+breaking their promises. Nothing was done on the
+1st of May, and Lord Cochrane, tired of their excuses
+for procrastination, paid a brief visit to the authorities
+at Poros. The result was, that he thought of
+going without the Greek leaders. "I have seen the
+Government," he wrote to Sir Richard Church on the
+2nd, "and prepared them for the worst, should
+things go on as they have hitherto done. They are
+incapable of applying any remedy. Therefore, the
+more credit will be due to you if you shall be enabled
+to save the garrison of the Acropolis; in which
+endeavour count on my utmost exertions and most
+unlimited co-operation. I hope now you will be able
+to act without Karaïskakes. In addition to your
+own people, I can provide two thousand marines,
+seamen, and volunteers. With these, if you land at
+night to the eastward, you may be in the neighbourhood
+of Athens in two hours; and then there is the
+garrison of fifteen hundred in addition to co-operate,
+making in the whole a force of nearly five thousand,
+without taking a soldier from Karaïskakes's tambourias.
+If, however, you judge well to have volunteers
+from Karaïskakes's camp, I shall offer 200,000 piastres
+amongst all who will accompany you or meet you
+at Athens; by which means I have little doubt you
+will find Karaïskakes deserted, and the whole mob
+at the gates of Athens. All the vessels are at your
+service."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Sir Richard Church feared to undertake the exploit
+without the co-operation of Karaïskakes, and,
+on again consulting him, he was informed that a
+fresh supply of entrenching tools was necessary. Lord
+Cochrane immediately sent messengers to procure
+them, but was none the less annoyed at what seemed
+to him an unnecessary excuse, and again threatened
+to take his ships where they could do good work for
+Greece. "You have done everything in your
+power," wrote Sir Richard to him on the 3rd of
+May, "and so have I. The soldiers will not embark
+without the entrenching tools. All we could collect
+do not amount to two hundred and fifty. I would
+have gone without one, but no one will follow me.
+I cannot say more; but to-morrow we may be more
+fortunate. I cannot say to you stay or otherwise. If
+you go, I cannot deplore it more than yourself."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Lord Cochrane consented to wait till the morrow,
+and on the morrow an incident occurred which
+caused a little further delay. On the 4th of May a
+small body of Greeks, chiefly Hydriots, went on a
+skirmishing expedition. At first they were successful,
+and they had nearly won a redoubt, when a
+large force of Turks suddenly assailed them on the
+flank, and drove them back to Phalerum with a loss
+of nearly a hundred men. Karaïskakes, hearing of
+this reverse, hurried to the rescue, and with the
+bravery which was never wanting to him when in
+actual battle, sought to rally the fugitives. He was
+on the point of leading them back, when a ball from
+a pistol struck him in the belly. He was conveyed,
+in a dying state, to General Church's schooner.
+Regret at his previous vacillations seems to have
+filled his mind. "Where is Cochrane? Bring
+Cochrane to me!" he exclaimed over and over again.
+Lord Cochrane soon arrived. Karaïskakes, on seeing
+him, murmured repeated thanks to him for his forbearance
+towards himself and his devotion to the
+cause of the Greeks. In his eagerness, he seized the
+interpreter, Mr. Masson, by the beard, and, pointing
+towards Cape Colias, said, with all the strength he
+could muster, "Tell them to be sure to land the
+division over there to-morrow." Then, not doubting
+that the expedition would be successful, he uttered
+solemn thanks to Heaven that he was dying in the
+moment of victory. Then he made his will&mdash;a
+soldier's will. "I leave my sword and my gun to my
+son. Tell him to remember they belonged to Karaïskakes."
+He had little else to leave, having always
+been free from the avarice by which many of his
+countrymen were disgraced. He died in the night,
+and in him Greece lost the worthiest of her native
+warriors. His faults were the faults of his nation.
+Many of his virtues were his own. Had his followers
+been as brave and honest as he was in his best
+moments, he might have led them on to easy victory.
+But they wavered and procrastinated, and, in listening
+to their excuses, he lost his chance of triumph
+and subjected himself to blame, for which his brave
+death only half atoned.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On the evening of the 4th, Lord Cochrane assembled
+the Greek captains at Munychia, and telling
+them of their leader's dying message, asked whether
+they were ready to obey it. For some time they
+made no answer. At length, on the question being
+repeated, they replied that they thought they had
+only been brought thither to hear from the Admiral
+words of consolation for the loss they had sustained
+in the death of the brave and wise Karaïskakes.
+Being asked a third time whether they would obey
+the dying injunction of the leader for whom they
+now mourned so much, they answered that they were
+not ready, that the army was in disorder, that some
+of them were occupied in burying the slain, that some
+were tending the wounded, and that all desired to
+stay near their chief as long as the soul was in his
+body, and to have at any rate the opportunity of
+kissing his body before its burial.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+With some bitterness, Lord Cochrane replied that
+such an excess of grief was inopportune, and that
+their love for Karaïskakes would be best shown in
+obeying his last command. He added that, if they
+really refused to go to the rescue of the Acropolis,
+they would not need his presence on the coast and
+could not complain of his going to serve Greece elsewhere.
+Having said that, he returned to his ship.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+He had not been long on board, however, when a
+messenger followed him with intelligence that the
+army would adopt his plan and be ready, without
+fail, to proceed to the Acropolis on the following
+evening. There was no further procrastination, and
+throughout the next day preparations were being
+made for what one historian of the Greek Revolution
+calls "a whim,"<a class="fnref" href="#fn06" id="ref06">[6]</a> and another "an insane scheme."<a class="fnref" href="#fn07" id="ref07">[7]</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"The scheme," says one who was in close attendance
+on Lord Cochrane all through this time,
+Mr. Edward Masson, "was anything but insane. It
+was one of the most sober, safe, and practicable plans
+ever formed. The first and fundamental condition
+on which Lord Cochrane consented to co-operate in
+any plan of landing troops at Cape Colias was, that
+the troops landed should not expose themselves to an
+attack of cavalry in the plains, but should, on being
+landed, proceed by a night march, in compact order,
+and without halting, to a specified rocky height
+beyond the temple of Jupiter Olympus, a position
+which, it was admitted by all, they could hold with
+perfect safety during the day. From this position,
+the leaders were to try to communicate, by signals or
+otherwise, with the garrison, and in concert with it,
+act as circumstances might dictate. Should the
+garrison resolve to make a sortie, the main body of
+the Greek army advancing simultaneously from the
+Phalerum, it was confidently hoped that the combined
+attack on the enemy would prove victorious;
+or, at least, would be so far successful, as to enable
+the Greeks to save the garrison and bring away the
+families. The great characteristic of the plan was,
+that nothing should be risked in reference to the
+enemy's cavalry, and that if the detachment should
+find they could accomplish nothing, they should, on
+the following night, return as they went, in safety,
+and be embarked for the Phalerum."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Unfortunately, the two main points on which Lord
+Cochrane had insisted were neglected, and thereby
+what must otherwise have been a brilliant victory
+was turned into a miserable defeat. He had insisted
+upon the movement from Cape Colias being aided by
+the march of the main body of the army direct from
+the Piræus to the hills, thus diverting the attention
+of many of the Turks while the advancing party and
+the garrison were uniting; but Zavella, to whom
+this part of the work had been entrusted, never
+moved at all. He had urged yet more strongly that
+the preparations for the advance should be so hastened
+as that all the ground should be travelled over
+during the night-time, while the Turks were in ignorance
+of it; but instead of that, the Greeks, though
+they were embarked at Phalerum by midnight, and
+landed at Cape Colias before two o'clock in the
+morning, loitered near the shore till daylight, so
+that their whole enterprise was exposed to the enemy.
+The critics who have laid the blame of the disaster on
+Lord Cochrane have neglected to show how these
+circumstances caused the failure of the enterprise.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The story of the disaster of the 6th of May will be
+best told in the words of an eye-witness. "About
+three thousand soldiers," said Dr. Gosse, in a letter
+written to M. Eynard on the 23rd, "were embarked
+in the night between the 5th and the 6th of May, in
+a clear moonlight, and in the most perfect order, and
+promptly landed on the other shore. Up to that
+time everything favoured our enterprise; but the
+treason and negligence of the chiefs, and the indolence
+of some of the soldiers, altogether destroyed it.
+Instead of marching directly to Athens during the
+night, they employed themselves in constructing
+redoubt after redoubt, as bad as they were useless, of
+the sort called by them tambourias. We counted a
+dozen. Only the Suliots, the Candiots, commanded
+by Demetrius Kalerdji, two hundred regular troops,
+under the orders of Inglesi and D'aujourd'hui, and
+twenty-two Philhellenes, went in advance. Without
+any hindrance, they reached within cannon-shot of
+the Acropolis, towards Philippapus, so that, as I
+have heard, they could even speak with the besieged;
+but, having received no orders to enter, they waited
+until the day rendered their position hazardous.
+The enemy thus had time to ascertain their weakness
+and to send against them eight hundred horsemen.
+Thrice these troops were repulsed. Vasso and Notaras,
+however, who covered the right flank, abandoned
+their posts, as they had done in the affair of the
+unfortunate Bourbakes, and thereby they caused confusion
+among the troops in the centre. The latter
+defended themselves with renewed valour, but
+yielded at last to the sabres of the Dehli cavalry.
+Then was exhibited such a panic as cannot be described.
+The soldiers who occupied the redoubts in
+the rear, and near to the place of debarkation, began
+to flee almost at the same time as those of Vasso, and
+threw themselves into the sea at the risk of being
+drowned. I was at this time with Lord Cochrane,
+who did not wish to mix himself up with the affair,
+when the sudden flight forced us at once to rejoin
+our boat, and even this was not done without great
+difficulty. General Church was also on the shore,
+and he too was only saved by the sloop which
+was waiting for him. The Turkish cavalry, after
+having killed or captured all the advanced party,
+rushed into the plain and made terrible havoc among
+the Greeks. Seven hundred of them were killed;
+and two hundred and forty were taken prisoners.
+The rest, numbering about two thousand, rushed
+down towards the sea, and would soon have been all
+destroyed by the Turkish guns placed on the hills if
+the fire from the vessels off the coast had not kept
+the enemy at a respectful distance. They passed the
+day in a terrible uncertainty, but were sustained by
+the courage of certain chiefs, especially of Nicolo
+Serva, a Suliot captain; and in the following night
+they were embarked and carried back to Phalerum.
+While this portion of the army was being thus
+troubled, the Greeks, under the orders of Kisso
+Zavella, remained inactive. That chief quietly
+smoked his pipe, and when implored to march, was
+content to answer coldly, 'When they pay me I will
+go.' The troops of Kolokotrones the younger, and
+of Sessinis, deserted in the direction of Livonia.
+The Turks, taking advantage of the disorganized
+condition of the Greeks, attacked the Phalerum on
+the night of the 6th, but were repulsed."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Lord Cochrane's account of the battle sent to the
+Government on the 7th of May, though more
+general, supplies some other details. "The plan
+concocted previous to the death of General Karaïskakes,"
+he said, "was carried into effect on the
+6th, by his excellency General Church, with this
+difference in the execution of the service, that his
+excellency and myself were anxious that a rapid
+march should be made from the place of debarkation
+direct to Athens, by a body of four thousand men, in
+order to return with the women and children and
+the wounded, whereas the officers of the army insisted
+upon entrenchments being made in the line of their
+progress&mdash;an operation which required so much time
+as to preclude the possibility of effecting the object
+surprised and unopposed. The redoubts were in
+progress of construction, and the work continued
+with unremitting labour until about nine o'clock in
+the morning, when the enemy's cavalry, having collected
+from all quarters, broke in upon the unfinished
+redoubts and vigorously attacked those who had
+advanced the furthest, and who, from the number of
+subdivisions left, according to the custom of the
+country, in these redoubts during their progress, had
+become so weakened as to be incapable of making
+effectual resistance. The loss on our side has been
+very considerable. I had to lament this day that
+the Greeks still continue their aversion to that regularity
+of movement and honesty of action which constitute
+the strength of armies, and I grieve to see
+great bravery rendered useless to their country and
+dangerous to themselves, and wasted in desultory
+and unsupported personal efforts. The use of the
+bayonet and very slight military instruction would
+have saved most of those who fell on this occasion,
+and would have rendered unnecessary those redoubts
+which delay the progress of your arms, and destroy
+more men in insignificant enterprises which tend to
+no result, than would be required for the deliverance
+of your country. The affairs of Greece require
+energy, and that remedy be at once applied to whatever
+impedes the progress of affairs."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Lord Cochrane testified to the excellent soldiership
+of the Turkish horsemen. With sabres and
+short muskets, they dashed in and out of the crowd of
+retreating Greeks, who, having no bayonets and no
+weapons adapted for close fighting, were utterly
+defenceless. He himself, having landed with Dr.
+Gosse to watch the operations from the shore, was
+so hard pressed by these formidable antagonists
+that he was only rescued by his own bravery and
+the daring of Dr. Gosse, who retained possession of
+the boat which was waiting for him on the shore
+until his chief had time to force his way back to it
+through the crowd of fighting Turks and Greeks
+and through the waves beating up to his neck. It
+was only when he was again on board the <i>Hellas</i>,
+and able to direct the firing of the guns, that the
+Turks were driven back, and the remnant of the
+Greek force was allowed to collect and prepare for
+the return to Phalerum.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The fall of the Acropolis soon followed this terrible
+defeat. By it the Greeks were utterly disorganized.
+Lord Cochrane, finding it impossible to
+persuade them to another attempt, returned to Poros
+with the fleet on the 10th of May. Sir Richard
+Church remained at Munychia, his army being
+every hour reduced by desertions, till the 27th, when
+he and the two thousand starving men who were
+left to him abandoned their position. Fabvier and the
+garrison, through the intervention of the French
+Captain Le Blanc and Admiral De Rigny, capitulated
+on the 5th of June. It was then found that
+the Acropolis still contained stores of food and ammunition
+sufficient for four months' use, and that their
+reports of destitution had been deliberate falsehoods,
+intended only to force their friends outside to come
+speedily to their relief.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Those falsehoods had been particularly mischievous.
+By them, as has been shown, Lord Cochrane was
+induced to listen to the entreaties of Karaïskakes and
+the Government, and take his ships to Phalerum,
+instead of carrying out his plan of stopping the
+Turkish supplies in the Negropont and at Oropos.
+Had that plan been adhered to, it seems as if a very
+different issue might easily have been brought about.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The work on which he had been engaged having
+terminated so unfortunately, Lord Cochrane was
+much blamed for it by critics who had private reasons
+for being jealous. We have shown, however, that
+he only entered upon that work at the request
+of men whose power and influence he could not
+gainsay; that, having undertaken it, he set himself
+shrewdly and earnestly to render it successful; and
+that the failure was occasioned, not by adoption of his
+plans, but by their perversion or rejection. If he
+erred, he erred only in expecting too much patriotism
+and valour from the people whom he was doing his
+utmost to serve.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If anything further need be said in explanation
+and defence of Lord Cochrane's position up to this
+time, it will be best done by quoting part of a letter
+addressed to M. Eynard on the 27th of May, in
+which he concisely repeated the whole story. "On
+my arrival in Greece," he wrote, "I found that the
+authority was claimed by two factions, that nothing
+like a navy existed, and that a number of individuals
+called an army were collected to raise the siege of
+Athens,&mdash;but wholly deficient in military talent on
+the part of the commanders, or in obedience and
+discipline on the part of the troops. As soon as I
+had accepted my commission, I commenced active
+exertions to save the Acropolis. I advised Karaïskakes
+to embark and land to the southward and eastward
+of the Phalerum, and, marching direct to the
+Acropolis, bring out the women and children. But
+my counsel was in vain, as he had no idea of any
+combined naval and military movement, nor indeed
+of any military plan, except that of advancing by
+slow steps, after the manner of the Turks, who construct
+little fortifications, called tambourias, at every
+few hundred yards, which are again opposed by
+others of the adverse party; and, as neither army
+attacks these forts by active force, the whole, after
+a few hours, are brought to a stand, and the result
+of the contest depends on who can the longest continue
+to furnish pay and provisions. Such was the
+state of the military contest when General Church
+took the command. The battle at Phalerum, though
+brilliant, was accidental, and, not being followed up,
+was productive of no result. Karaïskakes fell, and
+General Church embarked the troops in order to
+execute the movement that ought to have taken place
+a month before. The moment was more inauspicious
+than we were aware of; for the Turkish commander
+had that very night been joined by a large body of
+cavalry and a number of infantry from Negropont
+and elsewhere. This, however, would not have
+proved decisive, had not General Church, with a
+view to conciliate the officers under his command,
+and indeed in order to induce them to embark at all
+upon the expedition, conformed to their absurd views
+of military movement, and permitted them to carry
+entrenching tools to form their usual numerous positions
+on the line of their route, the construction
+of which wholly defeated the intention of surprise,
+and enabled the enemy to surround their advanced
+guard or van, weakened by the division of the troops
+into fourteen garrisons left in a line in their advance,
+whereas the whole body might, with perfect safety
+and in two hours, have reached the Acropolis. The
+slaughter which the Turks made in the advanced
+posts of the Greeks was horrible, and the panic
+which took possession of those who remained on the
+Phalerum, at three leagues' distance from the scene
+of action, was as disgraceful as the conduct of their
+chief, Zavella, who made no movement even to create
+a diversion, but sat coolly looking at the slaughter
+of his countrymen. With six thousand men under
+his command he remained totally inactive. This
+expedition to Athens cost upwards of twenty-five
+thousand dollars of the naval money and destroyed
+most of our provisions. At the same time, I believed
+it to be my duty to act as I did, and I have not since
+regretted any step that I took, because, if Fabvier and
+the garrison fall into the hands of the Turks and
+are destroyed, I shall at least have the consolation
+of knowing that my utmost efforts were made to avert
+their fate."
+</p>
+
+</div><!--end chapter-->
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h2 id="ch19">CHAPTER XIX.</h2>
+
+<p class="small">
+LORD COCHRANE'S RETURN TO POROS.&mdash;HIS ATTEMPTS TO ORGANIZE AN
+EFFICIENT GREEK NAVY.&mdash;THE WANT OF FUNDS AND THE APATHY OF THE
+GREEKS.&mdash;HIS LETTER TO THE PSARIANS, AND HIS VISITS TO HYDRA AND
+SPETZAS.&mdash;HIS CRUISE ROUND THE MOREA.&mdash;HIS FIRST ENGAGEMENT WITH
+THE TURKS.&mdash;THE DISORGANIZATION OF HIS GREEK SAILORS.&mdash;HIS CAPTURE
+OF A VESSEL BEARING THE BRITISH FLAG, LADEN WITH GREEK
+PRISONERS.&mdash;SEIZURE OF PART OF RESHID PASHA'S HAREM.&mdash;IBRAHIM
+PASHA'S NARROW ESCAPE.&mdash;LORD COCHRANE'S FURTHER DIFFICULTIES.&mdash;
+HIS EXPEDITION TO ALEXANDRIA.&mdash;ITS FAILURE THROUGH THE COWARDICE
+OF HIS SEAMEN.&mdash;HIS TWO LETTERS TO THE PASHA OF EGYPT.&mdash;HIS RETURN
+TO POROS.&mdash;FURTHER EFFORTS TO IMPROVE THE NAVY.&mdash;HIS VISIT
+TO SYRA.&mdash;THE TROUBLES OF THE GREEK GOVERNMENT.&mdash;LORD COCHRANE'S
+VISIT TO NAVARINO.&mdash;HIS DEFEAT OF A TURKISH SQUADRON.
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr">
+[1827.]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Before arriving in Greece, Lord Cochrane bad been
+informed by Captain Abney Hastings and other
+experienced Philhellenes of the inefficiency of the
+navy, and a very short stay at Poros served to convince
+him of the truth of the information. On the
+17th of April he obtained from the National Assembly
+a decree authorizing the organization of a better
+national fleet, and, before proceeding to join in the
+efforts for the relief of the Acropolis, he did all that
+was possible towards the achievement of this object,
+making such arrangements as would prevent any
+hindrance thereto arising from his temporary absence
+on the most pressing work that devolved upon him.
+Having sent Captain Hastings with all the available
+ships on the expedition to the Negropont which has
+already been described, he established at Poros the
+centre of the administration of the fleet, entrusting
+its direction to Dr. Gosse, as Commissary-General.
+He then visited Hydra, Spetzas, and other islands,
+and left in each directions for the inspection of all
+the ships there stationed, in order that, according to
+the national decrees, the best of them might be
+bought up by the Government, on equitable terms,
+and converted into vessels of war at Poros. During
+his stay near the Piræus he was in almost daily correspondence
+with Dr. Grosse and Emanuel Tombazes
+respecting the purchase of stores, the construction
+of gunboats, and every other essential to the fulfilment
+of his purpose. He sent Jakomaki Tombazes,
+the elder of the two brothers, to look out near Candia
+for a new corvette which had just been built at
+Leghorn for the Pasha of Egypt. All other means
+in his power were adopted by him for augmenting
+the naval strength of Greece, and fitting it to oppose
+the force of her enemies so soon as he was able to
+devote himself exclusively to that work.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This he did promptly and zealously immediately
+after the failure of the expedition in favour of the
+garrison of the Acropolis. "Brave officers and
+soldiers and seamen of the military and naval
+services," he wrote in a proclamation issued on the
+7th of May, "a defeat of the enemy's naval force
+will tenfold repay the check which was sustained in
+yesterday's attempt to relieve the Acropolis. Let
+every man maintain his post as duty to his country
+demands, and in a few days I trust you will find
+your affairs not only retrieved but secured on a permanent
+base."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+That trust was not fulfilled. The Greeks proved
+themselves on sea as well as on land unable to fight
+worthily, and with enough real patriotism, for the
+liberty of their country. But honour must not on
+that account be withheld from the man who used all
+his large experience and larger philanthropy in
+trying to put them in the way of victory.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Lord Cochrane returned to Poros on the 10th
+of May, after an absence of just three weeks. He
+lost no time in rendering to the Government, then
+located in that island, a personal account of his
+recent proceedings, and in doing his utmost to persuade
+the Greeks to aid him in the new exploits on
+which he hoped to enter with better prospect of success.
+An address to the Psarians, dated the 11th
+of May, will serve as a specimen of many documents
+of the same nature. "It was my intention yesterday,"
+he said, "to have paid my respects to you, in
+order personally to have made known to you the
+circumstances in which the naval service is placed
+and the state and preparations of the enemy, and to
+have called on you to show an example to the other
+islanders, on whose exertions now depend the liberties
+and fate of their country. The abandonment
+of the schooner, in which I have hitherto been embarked
+by all her seamen, prevented me from fulfilling
+my intention, and the certain intelligence
+received this morning that the Turkish fleet from
+Constantinople passed Syra the day before yesterday,
+to join the Egyptian fleet, compels me now to
+recommend you by writing, instead of by word of
+mouth, to save your country and yourselves by
+prompt and energetic exertions. The money I
+brought here with me, being the proceeds of subscriptions
+made throughout Europe for your cause,
+has unfortunately been nearly consumed in fruitless endeavours
+to save the capital of Greece by means of an
+irregular and unmanageable body of men, who will
+neither receive instruction nor listen to advice. I
+hope that the brave seamen who understand their
+duty will listen to my recommendation through you
+that they should at once step forward to save their
+families from oppression and slavery, and the name
+of their country from being struck out of the list of
+independent nations. By one glorious effort Greece
+may be free; but if she remain in her present state
+of apathy all hope must be abandoned. I call upon
+you now to stand forward in defence of your religion
+and all that is valuable to man. I send you a thousand
+dollars, which is all that I can spare. Those
+who will equip their ships may depend on repayment
+out of the first money that shall be remitted to
+me for the public service of Greece."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+As that letter implies, Lord Cochrane had to begin
+his reconstruction of the Greek navy&mdash;now the only
+remaining resource of the nation in its hope of working
+out and assuring its independence by effort of its
+own&mdash;almost without funds. The small sum of 8000<i>l</i>.
+which he had brought with him, as well as the
+money collected by the European committees and
+transmitted to the Philhellenic Committee in Greece,
+composed of Colonel Heydeck, Dr. Bailli, and
+Dr. Gosse, was nearly exhausted, and the bankrupt
+Government was unable to provide him with any
+adequate resources for carrying on his work. It
+had authorized him to buy ships and stores and to
+employ labourers and seamen, and expected him to
+do all without stint, but gave him no money for the
+purpose. In lieu it authorized him to borrow upon
+the security of all the future revenue to be derived
+from the islands; and every effort to utilize this
+mortgage was made by his agent Dr. Gosse, but
+with very poor success. The credit of the Greek
+Government was so low that the prospects of any
+considerable revenue in the depressed state of commerce&mdash;likely
+to be yet more depressed by the steady
+advances made by the Turks in regaining their
+dominion over the insurgents&mdash;deterred capitalists
+from staking their money thereupon. Lord Cochrane,
+as we shall see, had to apply half his energies
+in performing the work of a financier, never anticipated
+by him, and certainly not proper to his functions
+as First Admiral; and, the result of all
+being feeble, his legitimate duties were grievously
+crippled.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Money being absolutely needed, however, he did
+his best to procure it, and with this view, as well as
+in order to make personal acquaintance with the
+principal ports, and the ships and sailors contained
+in them, he left Poros, three days after returning
+to it, on a tour among the other important
+islands.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Starting on Sunday, the 13th of May, he reached
+Hydra on the following morning. There, in the
+house of the brothers Konduriottes, its richest and
+most influential inhabitants, he met several other
+leading primates, and prevailed on them to take
+upon themselves the outfit of several brigs and brulottes,
+the cost of which he had at present no means
+of paying. Having, on the 15th, passed on to
+Spetzas, Lord Cochrane had a similar interview with
+its chief residents. "I have been highly gratified,"
+he wrote on the 16th to the elder Konduriottes, "by
+the spirit here manifested in following the noble
+example which you have set, and I have no doubt
+but a sufficient force will be immediately equipped to
+cut off all the resources by which the army of Reshid
+Pasha is maintained, and so destroy that army even
+more effectually than by the sword. The utmost
+promptitude, however, is necessary. One day's
+delay may permit several weeks' provisions and
+stores to enter the Negropont."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Promptitude was not easy, in spite of the favourable
+promises of the primates. "Strange as it may
+appear to you," said Lord Cochrane, in a letter to
+his friend, M. Eynard, "it is yet a fact that, out of
+the thousands of seamen idle and starving at Hydra,
+Spetzas, and Egina, not a man will enter the service
+of his country without being paid in advance; nor
+will they engage to prolong their service beyond a
+month, so that the labour of disciplining a crew is
+interminable. Were there funds to increase the pay
+for each month, the sailors would remain, and there
+might be some hope of getting a ship in order. At
+the present moment there are no individuals in
+Greece who are instructed in their duties as officers
+in ships of war." "I see no termination to the
+obstacles," he wrote to Dr. Gosse on the 17th,
+"which present themselves at every step I advance.
+Neither the Hydriots nor the Psarians, nor the Spetziots,
+nor the Poriots, will embark in this frigate,
+which is thus useless to Greece, if not prejudicial,
+because her maintenance is an expense without benefit.
+I wish I could do a thousand things which I am
+compelled to neglect, by reason of the difficulties and
+want of assistance of all kinds. You, my good
+friend, are my only aid."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+At Spetzas, and in its neighbourhood, Lord Cochrane
+remained four days, directing the arrangements
+to be made in organizing a fleet strong enough to go
+against the enemy's shipping, and, while waiting for
+that, in appointing two minor expeditions upon services
+that were urgent. On the 18th of May, he sent
+Admiral Saktoures with ten brigs and four fireships
+to cruise about the Negropont and capture as
+much as he could of the stores sent through that
+channel from Constantinople for the use of the
+Turkish army in Attica. On the following day he
+went himself in the <i>Hellas</i>, attended by the <i>Karteria</i>,
+under Captain Abney Hastings, in the direction of
+Cape Clarenza, the north-westernmost point of the
+Morea, opposite to Zante.<a class="fnref" href="#fn08" id="ref08">[8]</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Castle Tornese, there situated, was being besieged
+by the Turks, and Lord Cochrane hoped to be in
+time to avert its capture. In this he failed. Arriving
+on the 22nd of May, he found that the castle had
+capitulated a few hours before. All he could do was
+to chase two Turkish frigates which he found on the
+coast. "We fired into them," he said, "but our guns
+were ill-directed, and the noise and confusion on
+board this ship was excessive, which prevented my
+choosing to attack them again, though they did us
+not the slightest injury, because I am desirous that
+the <i>Hellas</i> shall be in somewhat better order before I
+voluntarily attack an enemy who may take advantage
+of the impossibility of causing my orders to be
+obeyed, and so leave the fate of the ship to the conduct
+of a rabble."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+One capture, however, the <i>Hellas</i> was able to make
+on the following day. She fell in with a vessel,
+manned by Turks and Ionian Islanders, bearing the
+British flag, loaded with captives, chiefly women
+and children, just taken in the Castle Tornese. Lord
+Cochrane seized her, and sent her, with a reasonably
+indignant letter, to the Lord High Commissioner at
+Corfu. "If I do not attempt to express my feelings
+in addressing you," he said, "it is because I am
+aware that the terms I should employ would fall far
+short of the sensations that will arise in the breast
+of every honourable man throughout the civilized
+world, and the degradation which every Englishman
+will experience, on learning that the flag of
+England, first prostituted by supplying the traffickers
+in Christian slaves with all the necessaries for their
+horrid purposes, is now further debased by a traffic
+in the slaves themselves. I send you an Ionian
+vessel, full of women violated in their persons, and
+who, with their children, had been reduced to slavery,
+in order that the British public and the world may
+ascertain whether these unfortunate people will be
+protected by the decision of an Ionian tribunal. If
+there were any hope that the people in the Ionian
+Islands would abandon their infamous dealings otherwise
+than by force, I should ask your excellency to
+issue an order upon the subject. I beg, however, to
+signify that I am ready to co-operate with the
+admiral and officers of the British naval service in
+the Mediterranean in enforcing obedience to the
+laws of justice and humanity, and putting down the
+Ionian trade in slaves, as well as the piracies which
+have originated chiefly in the total contempt shown
+by the Ionian people and others for the laws of
+nations and the principles of justice during the contest
+between Greeks and Turks. I also put at your
+disposal the Turks found on board the Ionian boat,
+not considering them as prisoners of war, but as men
+apprehended in violating the laws of civilized nations
+and insulting the feelings of Christendom." "Since
+writing the above," it was added in a postscript, "I
+have experienced considerable difficulty in restraining
+the fury of the Greeks from bursting forth upon the
+violators of their countrywomen. From what I foresee,
+I also feel it my duty to warn you that, should
+the transportation of Christian captives by neutrals
+be continued, I cannot answer for the safety of
+Ionians found so employed by the other vessels of
+the Greek squadron."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A formal acknowledgment of that letter was all
+the answer received by Lord Cochrane.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On the 24th of May, when near Missolonghi, he
+made another capture&mdash;a Turkish brig, with eight
+guns, bearing Austrian colours, which was proceeding
+from Previsa to Navarino. In her, besides a good
+store of flour and gunpowder, were found some
+Turkish officials and several members of Reshid
+Pasha's harem. The alarm of these prisoners was
+very great at first; but they were treated with
+courtesy, and landed, with all their personal properties,
+at the first convenient halting-place, the brig
+and its cargo being retained as prizes. Reshid Pasha,
+in return for the generous treatment shown to his
+attendants, afterwards released a hundred Greek
+prisoners without ransom.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Another curious incident occurred at this time.
+Several small Turkish merchant-vessels passed Lord
+Cochrane's ship during his stay near Missolonghi,
+but he abstained from capturing them, deeming it
+unworthy to interfere with such small crafts, devoted,
+as it was supposed, only to trading purposes. He
+was afterwards informed that in one of them Ibrahim
+Pasha himself had been concealed. Had the Egyptian
+leader been thus made prisoner, the future course of
+the war might have been altogether changed.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Lord Cochrane had gone into the Gulf of Patras
+in hope of meeting with Captain Hastings, from
+whom he had parted soon after leaving Spetzas; but
+the <i>Karteria</i> had been disabled by a squall, which took
+away both her masts, and so had to return to Poros;
+and with the ill-manned <i>Hellas</i> alone Lord Cochrane
+did not deem it prudent, as he had wished, to attack
+Navarino, whither the besiegers of the Castle Tornese
+had gone, and where twelve Egyptian frigates, twenty
+corvettes, and forty or fifty smaller vessels were for
+some time lying. Several of these came out to take
+on board the Ottoman troops who had done their
+work at Cape Clarenza, and Lord Cochrane, on the
+1st of June, remained for several hours within sight
+of them, ready and hoping to be attacked. No
+fight being offered, however, he did not choose
+to run the risk of going single-handed into their
+midst. He accordingly contented himself with surveying
+the coast, and forming his own judgment as
+to the relative value of its ports and harbours, as he
+sailed back in the direction of Poros.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To Poros itself Lord Cochrane did not venture to
+proceed. "I have written for all the Greek vessels
+that are ready, including the fireships and explosion-vessels,
+to join me," he said in a letter to Dr. Gosse,
+written on the 7th of June, off Cerigo; "I remain
+at sea with this frigate, lest the whole of her crew
+should desert, according to custom, were I to pay a
+visit to Poros." The want of zeal which he thus perceived
+in his seamen was shared by nearly all their
+countrymen. All wished him to serve them, but
+very few made any patriotic effort to aid him in the
+service. His most active supporter was Captain
+Abney Hastings; and Captain Abney Hastings complained
+yet more loudly than did his superior of the
+indolence and bad conduct of the Greeks. "I had
+the honour to receive your order of the 7th, enjoining
+me to repair to your lordship without delay, if ready
+for sea," he wrote on the 9th, from Spetzas; "a
+variety of circumstances, unavoidable in a country
+deprived of even the shadow of organization, has
+prevented me from being yet ready to sail. The
+majority and best of my crew have left me, and I
+must look for others."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Hastings and all his other officers wrote over and
+over again to Lord Cochrane, asking for stores of all
+sorts, and for money with which to pay the wages of
+their crews. But Lord Cochrane was still almost
+without funds. Only from Konduriottes, and the other
+island primates, could he procure scanty supplies with
+which to carry on his work&mdash;or rather, to prevent
+that work from being altogether abandoned. "I have
+the honour," he wrote to the Government, "to represent
+to your excellencies that I find it impossible to
+realise the credit which you assigned to me on the
+revenues of the islands, and that insurmountable
+obstacles prevent my acting as affairs require. The
+<i>Hellas</i> even is idle for want of supplies. Each day,
+each event, increases my conviction that, without
+strong and special efforts, without a prompt and disinterested
+co-operation of all its citizens, Greece must
+of necessity be overcome. Isolated as I am, I am
+useless to them. Supported by their patriotism and
+zeal, I could fight for their independence. The islands
+of the Archipelago are willing to aid our efforts, but
+they claim from me in return a guarantee for the
+safety of their goods and for the regular administration
+of their imposts. I await your excellencies'
+instructions for promptly answering their demand;
+for the resources of the western nations are drained;
+European charity is wearied. The islands alone offer
+us the means of maintaining the naval forces, and of
+resisting, if it be possible&mdash;if it be not too late&mdash;the
+vigorous preparations of our enemy. We must act
+promptly or abandon everything." The Government
+only answered by urging its chief admiral to lose no
+time in securing the independence of Greece.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This, in spite of the difficulties thrown in his way,
+he set himself heartily to attempt. Two courses
+were now open to him. Reshid Pasha, having taken
+possession of the Acropolis, and thus completed the
+capture of Athens, had laid siege to Corinth; and
+Sir Richard Church, with a weak and vacillating
+body which went by the name of an army&mdash;the remnants
+of that which had proved so useless in the
+neighbourhood of the Piræus&mdash;was vainly trying to
+raise the siege. By him and by the Government
+Lord Cochrane was urged to muster as large a fleet
+as possible in the Bay of Corinth, and to co-operate
+with the land forces by blockading the besiegers,
+after the method that had failed at Athens. Experience
+convinced him that such action would be
+useless; whereas from modification of the plan which
+he had in the former instance been induced to abandon
+he hoped much. He knew that a large Egyptian
+force was being prepared at Alexandria, to be employed
+first in aiding the siege of Corinth, and afterwards
+in completing the conquest of all Greece. If
+only he could train the Greeks to act under his
+bold leadership, as he had trained the Chilians and
+Brazilians, he trusted that, by one daring movement,
+he could seize Alexandria as he had seized Valdivia
+and Maranham. And to this project he zealously
+addressed himself, deeming it sufficient to send a
+small force to blockade the gulfs of Patras and
+Corinth, and leaving Dr. Gosse as his agent in command
+of naval affairs at home, with special orders to
+visit the various islands, and, in accordance with
+authority received from the Government, to collect
+the revenues of each, in order that the necessary expenses
+of the fleet might be met.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+He collected all the vessels he could muster in the
+neighbourhood of Cape Saint Angelo. His force
+consisted, besides the <i>Hellas</i>, of one corvette, the
+<i>Sauveur</i>, which he had brought from Marseilles, commanded
+by Captain Thomas, of fourteen Greek brigs
+and of eight brulôts or fireships. With these he
+started for Alexandria on the 11th of June, the
+<i>Hellas</i> having often to slacken speed in order that
+the slower Greek vessels might be kept in attendance.
+Candia was passed on the 13th, and Alexandria
+was sighted at five o'clock in the morning of the
+15th. Lord Cochrane stood out to sea so that he
+might not be discovered, and spent the day in putting
+his fleet in order, preparing an explosion-vessel, and
+arranging for the work of the morrow. "Brave
+officers and seamen," he said, in an address to his
+followers, "one decisive blow, and Greece is free.
+The port of Alexandria, the centre of all the evil that
+has befallen you, now contains within its narrow
+bounds numerous ships of war and a multitude of
+vessels laden with provisions, stores, and troops,
+intended to effect your total ruin. The wind is fair
+for us, and our enterprise unsuspected. Brave brulotteers,
+resolve by one moment of active exertion to
+annihilate the power of the satrap. Then shall the
+siege of Athens be raised in Egypt; then shall the
+armies of Ibrahim and Reshid be deprived of subsistence,
+and their garrisons perish of hunger, whilst
+the brave inhabitants of continental Greece and the
+islanders, freed from impending danger, will fly to
+arms, and, by one simultaneous movement, throw off
+the barbarian yoke. Date the return of happy days
+and the liberty and security of Greece from your
+present exhibition of valour. The emancipation of
+Egypt and the downfall of the satrap are also inevitable
+consequences; for the war is concentrated in
+one point of action and of time."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+That spirited address was ineffectual, and Lord
+Cochrane's bold plan for seizing Alexandria was prevented
+by the cowardice and disorganization of the
+Greeks whom he was labouring to serve. They
+could hardly be persuaded on the 16th to follow the
+<i>Hellas</i> and the <i>Sauveur</i>, all bearing Austrian colours,
+as far as the entrance to Alexandria, and when
+twenty large Egyptian vessels were found to be there
+lying at harbour, they lost heart altogether. Lord
+Cochrane knew from past experience that, with
+proper support from his subordinates, he could easily
+capture or disperse the enemy's shipping. He had
+made arrangements for attacking them with the
+fireships and his explosion-vessel. But nearly all
+the crews refused to serve. Kanaris alone among
+the Greeks was brave. Having command of the
+fireships, he induced the sailors of two of them to
+bear down upon the enemy, and at about eight o'clock
+in the evening one man-of-war was burnt. So great
+was the effect of this small success that the other
+ships of the enemy prepared to escape, and great
+numbers of the inhabitants of Alexandria hurried
+out of the town and sought a hiding in the adjoining
+villages. Seeing the Egyptian ships making ready
+for flight, however, the Greeks supposed that they
+were coming out to attack them, and themselves
+immediately turned sail, heedless alike of their own
+honour and of Lord Cochrane's assurances that a
+splendid victory was easy to them. All the night
+was vainly spent by the <i>Hellas</i> and the <i>Sauveur</i> in
+futile efforts to collect them, and on the morning of
+the 18th they were found to be dispersed far out at
+sea over an area of more than twenty miles.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In despite of his feeble allies, Lord Cochrane would
+have gone boldly into port and attacked the enemy.
+But his own Greek sailors were as timid as their
+comrades; and after a whole day spent in reconnoitring
+the enemy, whose force of twenty-five sail
+dared not offer battle, but had gained courage enough
+to abstain from actual flight, he was compelled, on
+the 19th, also to put out to sea and to spend two other
+days in signalling the brigs and fireships to join
+him. Not till the afternoon of the 20th, by which
+time he had pursued his allies to a distance eighty
+miles from Alexandria, was he able to bring them
+into any sort of order, and then the bitter conviction
+was forced upon him that further prosecution of his
+plan, for the present at any rate, was useless.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The scanty store of provisions that had been sent
+with the fleet, moreover, was nearly exhausted, and thus
+a new difficulty arose. Lord Cochrane sent the most
+useless of his vessels back to Poros for a fresh supply,
+and with an earnest entreaty that some efficient
+reinforcements might also be forwarded to him, announcing
+his intention of waiting in the neighbourhood
+in hopes of achieving some better success.
+"Your excellencies may rest assured," he said in his
+letter to the Government, "that our visit to Alexandria
+will have a powerful effect in paralysing the
+equipment of an expedition, and I have every reason
+to conclude that the example made before their eyes
+of the brig-of-war will deter any of the numerous
+neutral vessels from engaging as transports in the
+expedition equipping by the Pasha. The sensation
+created must indeed have been powerful as two
+neutral vessels of war made the signal for pilots
+before we weighed anchor on the morning of the
+17th, under the impression, no doubt, that a more
+effectual attack would shortly be attempted. I am
+going to make a short tour, with a view, as far as I
+am enabled with the inadequate means at my disposal,
+to distract and paralyse the enemy."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In accordance with that purpose, being already
+near Cyprus, Lord Cochrane conducted his fleet a
+little further north, and anchored, on the 23rd of
+June, off Phineka, in Asia Minor, where, after a brief
+fight with the Turks, he effected a landing, and received
+some much-needed food and water. Thence
+he addressed letters, urging the prompt despatch of
+the necessary stores and vessels, to the Government,
+to the primates of Hydra, and to Dr. Gosse.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+From this halting-place, also, he sent a noteworthy
+letter to Mahomet Ali, the Pasha of Egypt, a supplement
+to one which he had addressed to him nearly a
+year before, when he was on his way to enter the
+service of the Greeks.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Your employing foreigners in your military and
+naval service," he had said in the former letter, which
+will be best quoted in this place, "the privilege which
+you claim and exercise of building and equipping
+ships-of-war in neutral states, and of purchasing
+steam-vessels and hiring transports under neutral
+flags, for hostile purposes, and to transport to slavery
+a people whom the Ottoman arms have never yet
+been able wholly to subdue, warrant a belief, whatever
+your sentiments may be, that the civilized,
+educated, and liberal portion of mankind will be gratified
+that succours similar to those which you, unfortunately,
+have hitherto obtained from these states
+are now about to be afforded to the brave, the
+oppressed, and suffering Greeks. Nor will the advantage
+derived be wholly theirs; for, until you
+shall cease or be forced to abandon your inhuman
+traffic in Christian slaves and the commission of
+cruelties which stain the character of man, your subjects
+must inevitably continue barbarians,&mdash;a state
+from which it would be a source of great gratification
+to contribute to release them. It is true that the
+Christian world has not of late contended in arms
+with those of your faith on points of religion. It has,
+however, not fallen into a state of apathy so great
+as to see unheeded the perpetration of those enormities
+which you are daily committing on Christians,&mdash;a
+sentiment with which no feeling of animosity
+towards you or towards your people is combined.
+On the contrary, it desires to render you every
+good service consistent with that duty paramount to
+all others, namely, to wipe out the stain from the civilized
+world of unfeelingly and inhumanly co-operating
+to exterminate, enslave, and transport to bondage a
+whole Christian people&mdash;and such a people&mdash;the
+descendants of those Greeks whose genius laid the
+chief foundation of literature, the sciences, and the
+arts; who reared those noble monuments and edifices
+which time and the more destructive barbarian hand
+have yet failed to destroy, and which, compared with
+the wretched hovels of your hordes, may better point
+out to you the elevation they attained, and the prostrate
+state in which your people are&mdash;owing, alas! to
+the baneful effects of bigotry and despotic sway.
+Surely, surely there is ample field for the exercise of
+your energies at home, in encouraging industry, the
+arts and sciences, in promoting the civilization of
+your people, and in enacting equitable laws for the
+security of persons and property&mdash;on which bases the
+national prosperity of all countries must rest. But
+should your ambition, not content with bestowing
+blessings like these on your native land, lead you to
+soar almost above mortal acts, distant oceans would
+unite, and the extremities of the globe approach at
+your command.<a class="fnref" href="#fn09" id="ref09">[9]</a> Thus might your name be rendered
+immortal, and Egypt become again the emporium of
+commerce, and one of the richest and happiest nations
+upon earth. How infinitely great the glory from
+such acts! How despicable the fame of a tyrant
+conqueror, the ruler of slaves! It would be pleasing
+to support you as the author of great and good works,
+but it is shameful to permit your present proceedings,
+and dastardly to leave the unfeeling apostate sons of
+neutral and Christian nations unopposed, aiding to
+perpetuate barbarism for horrid gain, drawn from
+the price of Christians torn from their homes and
+sold as slaves in foreign lands. Against these atrocious
+men, my companions and myself, casting the
+gauntlet down, will contend, in the hope that they
+and you may perceive your true interests and your
+great error, and pursue a different course before it
+shall be too late. Quit the classic sacred soil of
+Greece, let the flayings, and burnings, and impalings
+of that people cease, and oh! shocking to humanity,
+the ripping up of pregnant women, and the hewing
+up of their infant babes, and other acts yet worse
+than these&mdash;too horrid to relate. Release the Christian
+slaves; pursue an honourable and enlightened
+path, and we become friends to aid you in your pursuits&mdash;but
+should the present course be continued, let
+the bands of cruel assassins in your employ count on
+our opposition; count, too, on our neutralizing the
+effects of every vessel procured or bought from Christian
+states. 'Hear the voice of the Lord, ye rulers,'
+in the prophecy now to be fulfilled. 'Woe to them
+that go down to Egypt for help and stay.' 'When
+the Lord shall stretch out his hand, both he that
+helpeth shall fall, and he that is holpen shall fall
+down, and they shall all fall together.' Instead of
+filling brim full the cup of bitterness, of which you
+yourself must ultimately drink, how admirably might
+you not employ your people, and your treasure&mdash;the
+waste whereof is rearing to you a barbarian successor
+to prolong the bondage of Egypt. The Christian
+prayer of those called to rescue their suffering
+brethren is that, conforming yourself to the dictates
+of reason and humanity, you may live long to benefit
+mankind; and as you are more enlightened than your
+predecessors, so may you become more humane and
+just."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The second letter was more brief. "The discrimination
+of your Highness," Lord Cochrane now wrote,
+"enables you to judge between those who offer advice
+to promote personal objects and those who disinterestedly
+desire the welfare of mankind. Egypt may
+become great by the attention of her rulers to her
+internal concerns, but not by war and foreign conquest,
+and assuredly not by the conquest of that
+people with whom your Highness is now engaged in
+hostilities, not only on account of the impossibility of
+reducing them to subjection but because the whole of
+Europe is directly or indirectly engaged in their
+support. I beg your Highness to be assured that, if
+I present myself to your consideration in a more conspicuous
+point of view than others, it is only because
+the habits of my life have enabled me to be openly
+instrumental in the protection of a Christian people
+whom you attack, and not because I feel animosity
+against your Highness, nor because I desire the overthrow
+of the lawful power of your Highness. Should
+your Highness, however, listen to interested counsellors,
+or to those who hope to gain by adulation, and
+continue the present unjust and sanguinary contest, I
+take leave once more to warn you that the first visit
+I have had the honour of paying you shall not be the
+last, and that it is not in the power of your Highness
+to prevent the destruction of your ships destined for
+the invasion of Greece, nor to defeat my intention
+to block up the port of Alexandria. I had the
+honour to address your Highness twelve months ago;
+but have thought proper to repeat once more the
+honest advice I then expressed, in order that your
+Highness may acquit me when, in the hour of adversity,
+you have to regret that you have not listened to
+the voice of truth."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Lord Cochrane's threats could not be enforced. Off
+the coast of Asia Minor and among the southern
+islands of the Archipelago he waited for more than a
+week. But no adequate reinforcements or supplies
+of provisions arrived. The disorganised fleet became
+more and more unmanageable. One vessel after
+another deserted, and those that remained in nominal
+attendance on the flag-ship could not be brought
+under control. Lord Cochrane, who had made skilful
+sailors and brave warriors of enervated Chilians and
+Brazilians, found the Greeks utterly unmanageable.
+Up to the 2nd of July he tried vainly to bring them
+into order, and only succeeded in pursuing them from
+island to island until, on that day, they had drawn
+him back to the neighbourhood of Hydra. There
+they all dispersed, and with a heavy heart he
+anchored at Poros on the 4th. The <i>Hellas</i> was
+immediately deserted by her crew. Another month
+had been wasted and another bold project for the
+assistance of Greece had been spoiled by the want of
+patriotism which, exhibited first and most flagrantly
+by the leaders, was now rapidly pervading all classes
+of the Greeks.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+An amusing instance of the worthlessness of the
+Greek sailors, whom, from first to last, he tried to
+make useful, may here be given. On one occasion,
+following his invariable habit of taking every possible
+occasion of trying to win the confidence and
+friendship of those under him, he was exhibiting a
+magic lantern to the crew of the <i>Hellas</i>. At many of
+the dissolving views they manifested a childish delight,
+but at length one unfortunate picture was brought
+before them. It depicted a Greek running from the
+pursuit of a Turk, and then melted into a view of the
+Turk cutting off his captive's head. At that sight
+every Greek on board took fright. Some ran into
+the hold of the ship, others jumped overboard, and
+many hours had to be spent in bringing them
+together again and dispelling their frivolous and
+superstitious fears.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Lord Cochrane, however, though disheartened, still
+sought, with unabated zeal, to render to Greece such
+help as became his name and character. But he saw
+that this could not be done without a thorough
+reform in naval affairs; and this, often urged by him
+before, he lost no time in urging again. "The crew
+of the <i>Hellas</i>," he wrote to the effete Government on
+the very day of his return, "having, according to
+their usual practice, abandoned the vessel on her
+arrival in port, it is essential that others should be
+enlisted to serve in the frigate without delay. It is
+further essential that the individuals so enlisted shall
+engage to serve during a period of not less than six
+months, and that they shall be young men who will
+conform to the rules and regulations by which the
+ships-of-war of other states are governed. It is quite
+impossible to conduct a large ship-of-war amidst the
+noise and confusion which I have witnessed during
+the two months that have elapsed since my flag was
+hoisted on board this ship, and equally impossible to
+induce monthly crews to conform to habits of order
+and regularity. Under these circumstances, I enclose
+you a proclamation, stating the pay and advantages
+which will accrue to such individuals. I should prefer
+that the enlistment should take place under such
+respectable young men as propose to obtain rank in
+the national marine, and who can be in some degree
+responsible for the good conduct of the individuals
+who accompany them, each individual qualified for,
+and aspiring to, the rank of lieutenant being accompanied
+by sixty young seamen, the second lieutenants
+to be each accompanied by thirty. For this ship five
+of the first class and eight of the second are required."
+The proclamation which Lord Cochrane
+submitted to the Government detailed his plan for
+ensuring, or at any rate making possible, honest and
+hearty service in seafaring.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"I wish I could inform your excellencies," he
+said in another letter written two days later, "that
+the obstacles, however great, which presented themselves
+in the course of the naval service were all I
+had to contend with. The jealousies among the
+islanders, even the most enlightened, embarrassed me
+exceedingly; and these, I regret to say, cannot be
+alleviated by having recourse to your advice or
+authority, at the distance at which you are placed,
+without a correspondence so voluminous that I should
+occupy too much of your attention. I must, therefore,
+act according to my own responsibility; and in
+so doing I am aware that some may be displeased,
+and probably no one will be satisfied."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Nearly all the month of July, indeed, was spent
+by Lord Cochrane in zealous efforts to render the
+Greek navy more efficient. For this two things were
+needed&mdash;that the officers and crews should be honest
+and intelligent, and that there should be money
+enough in hand for paying their wages, for fitting
+out proper vessels, and for supplying the requisite
+stores and provisions. For the first object proclamations
+were issued, letters were written, and agents
+were sent into various parts of Greece and her
+islands. For the second, Lord Cochrane went personally
+to the assistance of Dr. Gosse, who, as Commissary-General
+of the Fleet, had been attempting to
+collect the revenues of the islands which, by order of
+the Government, had been assigned to naval uses.
+He succeeded to some extent in this, and also in
+quickening the latent patriotism of the people whom
+he visited.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+His most important visit was to Syra, where, as
+will be seen from the letter which he addressed to
+the Government on the 13th of July, he was obliged
+to resort to strong measures for securing the good
+end he had in view. "I have the honour to inform
+your excellencies," he wrote, "that, a new crew
+having been procured for the <i>Hellas</i> with less delay
+than I anticipated, by reason of the pay having been
+increased one-third in amount, I proceeded to Syra,
+taking with me several of the principal inhabitants of
+the three maritime islands, who expressed to me, by
+letter, their anxiety to have an opportunity of promoting
+a loan on the credit of the revenues of the
+islands, which your excellencies had authorised me,
+jointly with others, to collect. I have now the pleasure
+to inform you that when I left Syra yesterday
+everything seemed to promise a favourable result;
+but in order to attain this important object it became
+necessary that I should take upon myself the responsibility
+of intimating to the prefect of police, who had
+assumed despotic authority, that it was essential to
+the public good that the magistrates should resume
+the functions that they exercised previous to his
+arrival. I am convinced that your excellencies will
+perceive as clearly as I do, that it will be impossible
+to preserve harmony amongst the islanders, if strangers
+are sent to exercise over the natives an authority
+that is not acceptable to them. Indeed, the character
+of these natives demands at all times prudence and
+circumspection on the part of the Government."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Unfortunately, the miserable triumvirate to which
+the direction of Greek affairs had been assigned until
+the arrival of Count Capodistrias was wholly wanting
+in prudence and circumspection. After vainly
+trying to maintain a show of authority, and to use it
+to their own aggrandisement at Damala and at
+Poros, they had, on the 4th of July, removed to
+Nauplia. There, however, they only found themselves
+more embarrassed than ever. While the last
+hopes of Greek independence, to be secured and
+maintained by Greeks themselves, were rapidly
+dying out, the leaders were amusing themselves and
+gratifying their petty jealousies and ambitions by
+conduct more despicable than ever. Nauplia was
+the seat of civil war between two military factions,
+whose joint contempt of the worthless Government
+would have been, at any rate, excusable, had not the
+interests of the whole nation been thereby injured.
+The triumvirate was driven from the town, and
+taking refuge in a little island in the Bay of Nauplia,
+wrote in despair to Lord Cochrane, asking him
+to come to its aid and devise some means of preserving,
+or rather of constructing, its authority.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To Nauplia he accordingly went on the 19th of
+July. "I am now at the anchorage of this place,"
+he wrote thence to Dr. Gosse on the 22nd. "The
+town is evacuated by the inhabitants and abandoned
+by the Government. The latter are in the little
+island in the bay in the most deplorable condition,
+trembling like Sancho when invaded in his dominions
+of Barataria, and not knowing which way to turn,
+whether to avoid or meet the enemy. No words
+can depict the state of things. I have had correspondence
+with the Government and all the chiefs,
+but have waited on none, because I am determined
+to keep myself clear of faction, and go straightforward
+in what I consider to be my duty." "We are
+now weighing anchor," he added, in a postscript
+written in the evening of the same day, "and the
+Austrian commodore is coming into the bay&mdash;an
+evil omen. He is watching, like a vulture, the
+agonies of the expiring authorities of Greece."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"As you have done me the honour," said Lord
+Cochrane, in a letter to the Government, "to request
+my opinion regarding the manner of settling the
+disputes between the contending chiefs who hold the
+higher and lower fortresses of Nauplia, it becomes
+a sacred duty to give that opinion without the
+slightest reserve, because the consequences of any
+half measure will be entirely destructive of the influence
+of your excellencies throughout Greece, and
+eventually may frustrate the endeavours of the European
+powers to promote a settlement with the Porte.
+Your excellencies, then, must at once remove from
+the situation in which you are now placed, or, more
+properly speaking, to which you have fled, and where
+you are still under the cannon of the disputing chiefs,
+or both these chiefs must be caused to abandon the
+fortresses they hold. To suffer one to remain and
+to expel the other would be voluntarily to surrender
+your authority, and through Greece and throughout
+the world you would be considered in no other light
+than as instruments for giving the semblance of
+legality to the dictates of a military chief."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Lord Cochrane did not wait to see the end of this
+dispute between the mock Government and its
+nominal subjects. He left Nauplia on the 22nd of
+July to complete the arrangements he had made for
+another attempt in defence of Greece. He had
+already sent Admiral Saktoures and a small force to
+maintain a show of blockading Alexandria, in order
+that thereby neutral vessels, at any rate, might be
+deterred from giving aid to the Turkish cause. He
+had sent vessels to blockade the Gulf of Patras in the
+same way. He had also issued a vigorous proclamation
+to the inhabitants of Western Greece, urging them
+to rise against their oppressors, and he was eager to
+go thither himself and encourage the work, for which
+he hoped that his fleet and his naval arrangements
+were now better fitted. One important auxiliary to
+this work he hoped to have in a corps of marines, to
+the number of a thousand, which Colonel Gordon
+Urquhart was now trying, under his directions, to
+organise. "I have several things in view which
+even this small force could accomplish," he wrote to
+Dr. Gosse, "and amongst the rest will be the rooting
+out of the pirates from the islands."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+More important, however, than the restraint of
+piracy, was the resistance, if possible, of the Turkish
+forces. Several of the Egyptian ships which Lord
+Cochrane had hoped to destroy in the harbour of
+Alexandria had now come out and joined the Ottoman
+fleet, which had Navarino for its head-quarters.
+He determined, without loss of time, to go and see
+what injury could be done to them; and accordingly,
+after a brief visit to Poros, where he took on board
+some stores and provisions, and where he left
+Dr. Gosse to use the scanty supply of money which
+he had collected in completing the equipment of the
+other vessels, he started in the <i>Hellas</i>, on the 28th of
+July, for the western side of the Morea.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On the 29th, when near Cape St. Angelo, he fell
+in with the <i>Sauveur</i>, returning from a cruise in the
+Gulf of Patras, and the two vessels proceeded with
+all haste to Navarino. They reached that port, and
+had sight of the Turkish fleet on the evening of the
+30th. With French colours flying, Lord Cochrane
+reconnoitred its position, and then watched for an
+opportunity of attacking some part of it.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The opportunity occurred on the 1st of August.
+A corvette, carrying twenty-eight fine guns, and a
+crew of three hundred and forty, with two brigs and
+two schooners, had passed out on the previous day,
+apparently with the intention of conveying reinforcements
+to the Gulf of Patras. Lord Cochrane immediately
+gave them chase, and drove them backwards
+and forwards between Zante and the shore north of
+Navarino all through the night and till nearly noon
+on the 1st. Then suddenly tacking, he closed upon
+the corvette, and there was hard fighting&mdash;the first
+in which he had been able to persuade his Greeks to
+join&mdash;between the two vessels, for fifty minutes. At
+about one o'clock, after fifty of their number had
+been killed and thirty wounded, the Turks surrendered.<a class="fnref" href="#fn10" id="ref10">[10]</a>
+Lord Cochrane found on board twenty
+Greek women and several children, who had been
+subjected to the vilest treatment. In the meanwhile,
+Captain Thomas, of the <i>Sauveur</i>, had engaged with
+one of the brigs, carrying twelve guns, and captured
+her with a loss of fifteen killed and wounded to the
+Turks, but none to the Greeks. The other vessels
+escaped, but an Ionian vessel, laden with provisions
+for the Ottoman army at Patras, was seized in the
+afternoon, and her cargo put to good use.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Lord Cochrane waited off Navarino for two days,
+hoping that some of the enemy's fleet would come
+out to attack him. They, however, locked themselves
+carefully in the harbour until he had set sail
+for the south, when they feebly attempted to pursue
+him. He thereupon, after releasing the Turkish prisoners
+at Candia, returned to Poros, there to leave
+his prizes and endeavour to take back a larger force
+with which worthily to supplement his recent successes.
+</p>
+
+</div><!--end chapter-->
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h2 id="ch20">CHAPTER XX.</h2>
+
+<p class="small">
+THE ACTION OF GREAT BRITAIN AND RUSSIA ON BEHALF OF HELLENIC INDEPENDENCE.&mdash;THE
+DEGRADATION OF GREECE.&mdash;LORD COCHRANE'S
+RENEWED EFFORTS TO ORGANISE A FLEET.&mdash;PRINCE PAUL BUONAPARTE,
+AND HIS DEATH.&mdash;AN ATTEMPT TO ASSASSINATE LORD COCHRANE.&mdash;HIS INTENDED
+EXPEDITION TO WESTERN GREECE.&mdash;ITS PREVENTION BY SIR
+EDWARD CODRINGTON.&mdash;LORD COCHRANE'S RETURN TO THE ARCHIPELAGO.&mdash;THE
+INTERFERENCE OF GREAT BRITAIN, FRANCE, AND RUSSIA.&mdash;THE
+CAUSES OF THE BATTLE OF NAVARINO.&mdash;THE BATTLE.
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr">
+[1827.]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Duke of Wellington's mission to St. Petersburg
+in the spring of 1826, which has been already
+referred to, was part of a policy by which the British
+Government materially contributed to the ultimate
+independence of Greece. Its first result was the
+protocol of the 4th of April, in which England and
+Russia recognized the right of the Greeks to claim
+from the Porte a recognition of their freedom. At
+about the same time our Government had sent Mr.
+Stratford Canning, afterwards Lord Stratford de
+Redclyffe, as ambassador to Constantinople, with
+special instructions to use every endeavour to bring
+about a cessation of the war which should be
+favourable to Greece; and on the 24th of April the
+National Assembly at Epidaurus had authorized him
+to treat with Turkey on its behalf, agreeing, if no
+more favourable terms could be obtained, to a recognition
+of the Sultan's supremacy and the payment
+of tribute to him, on condition that Greece should be
+independent in all its internal government. Those
+terms, however, were rejected by the Porte; and
+after a delay of a year and a half it was forced by the
+Great Powers, slowly awakening from their long
+lethargy, to accede to arrangements far more favourable
+to Greece.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+These negotiations, however, proceeded very slowly,
+and before the dawn of Greek independence there
+was a time of almost utter darkness, the darkest time
+of all being the few months following Lord Cochrane's
+arrival. "Vanquished Greece," says her historian,
+"lay writhing in convulsive throes. In
+herself there was neither hope nor help, and the
+question to be solved was merely whether the Mahometans
+would have time to subdue her before the
+mediating powers made up their minds to use force.
+That the former, if not checked from abroad, must
+speedily overrun the country did not admit of the
+least doubt. But it was equally certain that they
+could not pacify it; for, while the rich and timid
+prepared to emigrate, the poorer and hardier portion
+of the insurgents formed themselves into bands of
+robbers and pirates, which would have long infested
+the mountains and the Levant seas, deriding the efforts
+of the Porte to suppress them. The only branch
+of the Hellenic confederacy that still presented a
+menacing aspect was the navy under Lord Cochrane.
+Every other department was a heap of confusion.
+No government existed, since it would be idle to
+dignify with that name the three puppets set up by
+the Congress of Damala. None ever thought of
+obeying them, and they sealed their own degradation
+by carrying on an infamous traffic in selling
+letters of marque to freebooters. There was no
+army, because there was no revenue. After the fall
+of Athens, Roumelia was entirely lost, and the captains
+either renewed their act of submission to Reshid
+Pasha or fled to the Morea. It was not, however,
+with an intention of defending the peninsula that
+they retreated into it. Their purpose was to seize
+the fortresses, and thereby be enabled to make a good
+bargain with the Turks, or any other party that
+should remain in final possession. Nauplia and the
+Acrocorinthus were already garrisoned by Roumeliotes.
+Monemvasia, the third Peloponnesian stronghold
+yet held by the Greeks, was in the hands of
+Petro-Bey's brother, John Mavromikales, who, fitting
+out from thence predatory craft, converted it
+into a den of thieves."<a class="fnref" href="#fn11" id="ref11">[11]</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is not strange that, amid all this confusion,
+cowardice, and treachery, Lord Cochrane should have
+found it almost impossible to achieve anything worthy
+of his abilities or of the cause which he desired so
+earnestly to serve. Yet he continued, in spite of
+all obstacles, to do all that lay in his power, in
+fulfilment of his duty, and even in excess of that
+duty. He had engaged to act as First Admiral of
+the Greek Fleet. Finding that there was no fleet
+for him to direct, he laboured with unwearied zeal
+not only to construct one and to turn his unmannerly
+subordinates into disciplined sailors and
+brave warriors, but also to persuade the landsmen
+to co-operate with him in trying to withstand, if not
+to drive back, the advancing force of the enemy.
+One day when he was at Poros, Dr. Gosse came on
+board the <i>Hellas</i> to visit him. "See, my friend,"
+said Lord Cochrane, taking a loaded pistol from the
+inner pocket of his waistcoat, "see what it is to be
+a Greek admiral." He found it necessary to be
+always provided with a weapon with which he could
+defend himself from his indolent, unpatriotic seamen.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Having returned to Poros with his prizes on
+the 14th of August, he was obliged to wait there
+for twelve days. There were no funds to be
+had for the requisite repairs and other expenses in
+paying and feeding his crews. All he could do was
+to repeat his former arguments and entreaties for
+assistance from the miserable Government at Nauplia,
+and the more active, but still half-hearted primates
+of the islands. He also made all the other arrangements
+in his power for improving his fleet and for
+carrying on some sort of naval warfare among the
+southern isles, especially on the coast of Candia, and
+for fomenting an insurrection of the inhabitants of
+Western Greece, who, held in awe by the Turks
+ever since the fall of Missolonghi, had hitherto done
+little in aid of the national strife, but to whose
+support he now looked with some hope.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On the 24th he obtained a little further assistance.
+Mr. George Cochrane, whom he had sent to Marseilles
+in the <i>Unicorn</i>, to ask for fresh supplies of money
+and stores from the Philhellenes of Western Europe,
+but whose return had been long delayed, now arrived
+with a cargo of provisions, and with a sum of 5000<i>l</i>.,
+which, though altogether inadequate to the work to
+be done, made possible some work at any rate.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In the <i>Unicorn</i> also came a new volunteer on behalf
+of Greek independence. The schooner having called
+at Zante on her way back, Mr. Cochrane there met
+Prince Paul Buonaparte, nephew of the great Napoleon
+who asked to be taken on board in order that
+he might serve under Lord Cochrane. This was
+agreed to, and the Prince, a youth about eighteen
+years old, and six feet high, became, immediately
+after his arrival at Poros, a favourite with Lord Cochrane
+and all his staff and crew. He was remarkable,
+said Dr. Grosse, for "his good-will, his amiability of
+character, his solidity of judgment, his intelligence,
+and the moderation of his principles."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+His stay in Greece, however, was very brief. On
+the morning of the 6th of September, all on board
+the <i>Hellas</i> were startled by a shriek and the exclamation,
+"Ah, mon Dieu! je suis mort!" Lord Cochrane
+and several officers rushed to the Prince's cabin,
+there to find him lying in a pool of blood, and
+writhing in agony. His servant had been cleaning
+his pistols, and he had just loaded one of them to
+hang it on a nail, when, the trigger being accidentally
+struck, the weapon discharged and a ball
+entered his body and settled in the groin. Dr. Howe,
+an American surgeon, famous for his services to
+Greece and for later philanthropic labours, being at
+hand, came to his relief until Dr. Gosse could be sent
+for. All that could be done, however, was to lessen
+the pain, which he bore with great heroism through
+two-and-twenty hours. Lord Cochrane had him
+placed in his own cabin, and carefully tended him
+with his own hands. At seven o'clock in the following
+morning he cried out, "Ah, quel douleur!" and
+died immediately.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+That melancholy accident had a sequel which must
+be told in illustration of the greed of the Greeks.
+The Prince's body was placed in a hogshead of spirits
+and conveyed to Spetzas, there to be deposited in a
+convent until the wishes of the father, Prince Lucien
+Buonaparte, could be ascertained as to its interment.
+A few months afterwards, some natives entering the
+convent and smelling the spirits, but apparently in
+ignorance of the use to which they had been applied,
+could not resist the temptation of tapping the hogshead
+and drinking a part of its contents.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Prince Paul Buonaparte died while Lord Cochrane
+was again making a tour of the islands, vainly trying
+to induce the inhabitants to provide him with adequate
+means for a formidable attack on the enemy.
+"In the port of Spetzas," wrote one of his officers, on
+the 29th of August, "there are now nearly forty
+vessels&mdash;none of them ready, not a man on board.
+All the men are out in cruisers, notwithstanding his
+excellency's order to fit out their vessels to meet the
+enemy's fleet. But such are the Greeks; they have
+no foresight, and until they see the enemy they will
+make no preparations, nor will they, unless the money
+is in their hands, expend a dollar to prepare a single
+fireship to defend their country. It is now twenty-eight
+days since Lord Cochrane ordered the vessels
+from Hydra, Spetzas, and Egina to be prepared, and
+they are not yet ready."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+At length, on the 5th of September, Lord Cochrane
+was able, though still with difficulty, to resign the
+irksome and extra-official duties of a tax-gatherer
+that had been forced upon him. "Since my return
+from Zante, and, indeed, since my return from Alexandria,"
+he wrote on that day to the Government,
+now lodged at Egina, "I have been using my utmost
+endeavours to procure the equipment of a dozen brigs
+and as many fireships. The delays occasioned, however,
+by the want of pecuniary means have hitherto
+prevented the realization of my wishes, and the services
+of this frigate have been lost to the State during
+the fore-mentioned period, owing to the impossibility
+of procuring the necessary funds without my personal
+presence at Syra and elsewhere. The equipment of
+the brigs and part of the fireships is now completed,
+in spite of all difficulties, and I shall not delay one
+moment the endeavour to effect something useful to
+the interests of the State. I think it proper, however,
+to intimate to your excellencies that, everything
+being paid relative to the expense of the present expedition,
+I know of no means whereby a single vessel
+can be maintained during the ensuing month."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On the 7th of September, Lord Cochrane was able
+to start on another warlike cruise. His force comprised
+the <i>Hellas</i>, the <i>Karteria</i>, the <i>Sauveur</i>, and nineteen
+or twenty other vessels. The Spetziots and the
+Hydriots, at the last moment, refused to aid him;
+but he was attended by Miaoulis, Kanaris, and Saktoures,
+the three best of the native admirals. After
+a brief visit to Candia, where he encouraged the
+garrison of Grabusa to hold out against the enemy,
+he again passed round the Morea, in which direction
+he desired to attain two important objects. The first
+was to injure as much as possible the Turkish and
+Egyptian vessels collected near Navarino. The
+second was to co-operate with the wretched force that,
+under General Church, had for three months past
+been making a show of resistance to the enemy at
+Corinth, and with its help to try and stir up the
+natives of Albania and Western Greece.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+These objects, partly prevented in other ways, were
+nearly averted by a barbarous plot for Lord Cochrane's
+assassination. While halting off the southern
+coast of the Morea, on or near the 10th of September,
+a short, thick-built Greek, with an ugly countenance
+and determined eye, came on board the <i>Hellas</i> and
+asked for employment as a sailor. He was examined
+and rejected, on the ground of previous misconduct.
+Instead of going on shore again, however, he contrived
+to hide himself among the crew, and was not
+detected by Lord Cochrane for several hours, and
+when the frigate was in full sail. In the interval
+Lord Cochrane had received authentic information
+that this man had been commissioned by Ibrahim
+Pasha to attempt his life. There would have been
+justification for his immediate arrest, and, after a
+court martial, for his summary execution. But Lord
+Cochrane pursued a more generous policy. Walking
+up to his secretary, Mr. George Cochrane, he said:
+"Observe that man who is at the gangway on the
+larboard side. I have just had information that he
+has been sent by Ibrahim Pasha to assassinate me.
+Go quietly below, put on your sword, and watch him
+while he is on board." Mr. Cochrane obeyed his
+instructions. "In less than five minutes," he says,
+"I was again on deck with my sword. I took a few
+turns on the quarter-deck with his lordship, and
+then placed myself in a convenient position, about a
+dozen yards from the man. I did not lose sight of
+him for a couple of hours, keeping my eye steadily
+upon him. He soon observed that I was watching
+him, and I could perceive that he did not feel very
+comfortable in his mind. He did not attempt to come
+aft. Had he done so, I should have drawn my
+sword. After the men had had their dinner, one or
+two boats were got ready to convey seamen on board
+another vessel; and this fellow, seeing that his intentions
+were discovered, took advantage of the opportunity
+and got into one of the boats. I looked over
+the side of the <i>Hellas</i>, and saw him depart." Thus
+Lord Cochrane's life was saved.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Navarino was passed on the 11th of September.
+Lord Cochrane made no halt, as he saw that a
+British squadron, under Sir Edward Codrington, was
+there watching the Ottoman fleet and forbidding its
+egress. He accordingly at once proceeded northwards,
+and entered the Gulf of Patras on the 17th
+of September. On that day, in anticipation of the
+visit which he proposed to pay them, he forwarded
+proclamations to the inhabitants of the western coast.
+"People of Albania!" he wrote in one of them,
+"although you have so long suffered under the
+Mussulman yoke; although your love of liberty has
+been so long kept down by a dark and cruel despotism,
+the hour of your deliverance is not distant,
+and if you will you can hasten it. Europe takes a
+lively interest in your destiny; your fellow-countrymen
+are hastening to aid you. But all depends on
+the energy which you yourselves display: the support
+which we offer you, to be efficacious, requires on
+your part redoubled zeal and patriotism in the actual
+and decisive moment. Brave Albanians! your happy
+future, the security of your families, and the honour
+of your religion, are in your hands; your bold and
+steady co-operation will ensure your own salvation
+and our success!"
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The intended expedition was prevented. It had
+been arranged that Lord Cochrane should wait near
+Cape Papas for the arrival of General Church's army
+and convey it to Western Greece, in the hope of
+putting it to better service in that region. But
+the land force was long in coming, and before its
+arrival Lord Cochrane had to write to the Government,
+explaining his recent movement and the
+reasons which compelled him to abandon the project
+of fighting in Albania. "Having proceeded to the
+Gulf of Patras," he said, "in order to co-operate
+with General Church in his intended expedition to
+Western Greece, I thought it would be conducive to
+the public service to invest the fort of Vasiladi, until,
+by the arrival of the forces of the general, more
+important operations could be undertaken; and accordingly
+that island was immediately blockaded by
+the boats of the squadron, and now continues surrounded
+by the vessels belonging to the Missolonghites,
+who have undertaken to maintain the blockade
+until it shall surrender. The <i>Karteria</i>, the <i>Sauveur</i>,
+and two of the gunboats, were immediately detached
+with orders to take or destroy all the enemy's vessels
+within the Gulf of Lepanto, whilst the <i>Hellas</i> went
+to the anchorage of Kalamos, in order to ascertain
+from the officers in arms what prospect there was of
+general co-operation; and I regret to say that the
+want of union among the chiefs and the prospect of
+some kind of accommodation with the enemy seemed
+to paralyse all their energies. I therefore detached
+all the squadron under Admiral Miaoulis to Syra
+and Naxos, to aid the Candiots and Chiots, should
+they continue inclined to assert their independence.
+I have to add that I received an indirect communication
+from the British Admiral, intimating his desire
+that no new or further operations should be undertaken
+in that quarter; for which reason I am about
+to proceed elsewhere, under the impression that
+nothing should be left undone to stir up the population
+of Greece to a sense of their duty to themselves
+and to their country."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The communication referred to was conveyed by
+Lord Ingestre, commander of the <i>Philomel</i>, who
+hailed the <i>Hellas</i> on the 27th of September, to deliver
+a message from Sir Edward Codrington. "Whereas
+I am informed by Sir Frederick Adam," wrote the
+English Admiral, "that Lord Cochrane, with the
+Greek fleet, is about to embark the army of General
+Church in the neighbourhood of Cape Papas, for the
+purpose of conveying them to the coast of Albania,
+you are hereby directed to make known to the commander
+of that expedition that I consider it my duty,
+in the present state of affairs, to prevent such a
+measure being carried into execution, and that I shall
+shortly present myself in that neighbourhood for that
+purpose." Lord Cochrane knew that, if it would be
+personally very distasteful to him to be in collision
+with the naval force of his own country, it would, on
+public grounds and in the interests of Greek independence,
+be wholly inexcusable for him to act in violation
+of Sir Edward Codrington's message. Therefore
+he complied with it and went back to the
+Archipelago, there to do other work, while England
+was serving Greece in her own way.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The service was to be rendered at last. After
+spending a year in diplomatic formalities, Great
+Britain and Russia had, in the spring of 1827, openly
+renewed their arguments with the Porte in favour
+of Greek independence. These arguments having
+been rejected, the two Christian powers were in consultation
+as to the next course to be pursued, when
+France, partly urged thereto by her schemes for the
+acquisition of Algiers, then a Turkish dependency,
+offered to take part in the defence of Greece. The
+result was a treaty signed in London, on behalf of
+the three states, on the 6th of July, having for its
+object the enforcement of the St. Petersburg protocol
+of the 4th of April, 1826. It insisted that
+Greece should have internal freedom, though under
+vassalage to Turkey; and provided that, if the
+contending parties did not agree to an armistice
+within a month, there should be a forcible intervention.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Greeks welcomed the proposals made to them
+in consequence of this treaty; but they were rejected
+by the Turkish Government, notwithstanding the
+appearance of English, French, and Russian warships
+in the eastern part of the Mediterranean.
+Reshid Pasha and Ibrahim continued their efforts
+to bring the whole insurgent district into thorough
+subjection, and accordingly the patriotic Greeks and
+their foreign supporters continued to act on the
+defensive. Lord Cochrane and a few others, indeed,
+were eager to secure action bolder than ever, considering
+that, when the settling-time arrived, the
+limits of independent Greece would be augmented
+if a larger area was then the scene of zealous opposition
+to the Turkish power. This it was that chiefly
+induced the efforts to quicken the revolt in Albania,
+and when Lord Cochrane was prevented by Sir Edward
+Codrington from persevering in his work in
+that quarter, he lost no time in sailing round to the
+eastern side of Greece, there to do his utmost towards
+rousing the people of Candia and other islands into
+an assertion of their independence, in order that they
+too might have a claim to be included in the liberation
+of the Greeks.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The message from Sir Edward Codrington to Lord
+Cochrane, which has been quoted, was dated the
+25th of September. It was written immediately
+after an interview of the English commander and
+Admiral de Rigny, who was in charge of the
+French squadron, with Ibrahim Pasha. To him they
+had formally announced that they were instructed to
+insist upon a cessation of hostilities, and that they
+should promptly act upon their instructions. Ibrahim
+answered that he had orders from the Sultan to continue
+the war, but he promised to communicate with
+his sovereign, and pledged himself to abstain from
+hostilities until the answer arrived and was reported
+to the allied fleets. Before that answer came a fortunate
+series of accidents, arising out of Lord Cochrane's
+expedition to the Albanian coast, turned the current
+of diplomacy and secured for Greece more freedom
+than had been anticipated.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Lord Cochrane, attended by his Greek vessels, had
+left the neighbourhood of Cape Papas on the 27th of
+September. But, though deeming himself bound in
+honour to that course, he was willing to allow a part
+of his force to remain in the neighbourhood and
+watch the progress of events, especially as that part
+was at the time separated from him and lying in the
+Gulf of Lepanto. It consisted of the <i>Karteria</i>, under
+Captain Abney Hastings, the <i>Sauveur</i>, under Captain
+Thomas, and two gunboats, each mounting a
+32-pounder. For a week this little squadron, ignorant
+of the arrangement between the allied admirals
+and Ibrahim Pasha, watched a Turkish force that was
+moored in the Scala of Salona, and comprised one
+large Algerine schooner carrying twenty brass guns,
+a brig of fourteen guns, six smaller brigs and
+schooners, two gunboats, and two armed transports.
+These vessels were protected by batteries on the level
+shore and other batteries on overhanging rocks. On
+the 30th of September, Captains Hastings and
+Thomas proceeded to attack them, and did so with
+excellent effect. The solid shot of the <i>Sauveur</i> and
+the gunboats soon silenced the batteries; the red-hot
+shells of the <i>Karteria</i> made havoc of the enemy's
+vessels, four being defeated within half-an-hour.
+Soon the <i>Sauveur</i> and the gunboats joined in the
+attack on the shipping, and, in the end, seven vessels
+were destroyed and three captured.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The news of that victory, as soon as it was conveyed
+to Navarino, where nearly all the naval force
+of the Turks was lying, roused the anger of Ibrahim
+Pasha, who complained that the allied powers, while
+binding him to inaction, allowed the Greeks to carry
+on the war. On the 1st of October, he sent out
+thirty war-ships with orders to enter the Gulf of
+Lepanto and punish Hastings and Thomas for their
+recent exploits. Sir Edward Codrington, however,
+pursued them, and drove them back to Navarino.
+Ibrahim Pasha, not easily to be baffled, himself left
+Navarino, on the evening of the 3rd, with fourteen
+of his stoutest vessels. Again Sir Edward Codrington
+gave chase, and this second squadron also was
+compelled by him to return to port. Ibrahim Pasha,
+however, was not to be robbed of his revenge. He
+dared not leave Navarino by sea, but he sent thence
+a land force, which marched up to the northern side
+of the Morea, and did serious mischief to the wornout
+fragment of an army which General Church was
+slowly conducting from Corinth to Papas, there to
+be embarked for Albania. Only by the unlooked-for
+valour of young Kolokotrones and his section
+was the rout of the whole army averted. Nor was
+Ibrahim satisfied with this act of retaliation. His
+troops scoured all the adjoining country, burning
+villages and laying waste the olive-groves and fig-gardens
+which were the only source of subsistence to
+the luckless natives.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Thereby Sir Edward Codrington and his allies
+were in turn incensed. They decided that the time
+had come for direct interference in the struggle, and
+for the expulsion of the Ottoman forces from the
+Morea. In the afternoon of the 20th of October,
+five and twenty line-of-battle ships, frigates, and
+sloops entered the Bay of Navarino. Ten of them
+were English, seven were French, and eight were
+Russian, and they carried in all 1172 guns. Twenty
+thousand Ottoman troops watched them from the
+fortresses of Navarino and Sphakteria, and, as they
+entered the harbour, they saw some eighty Turkish
+and Egyptian vessels, mounting about 2000 guns,
+drawn up in the shape of a horseshoe to receive
+them. They had come only to threaten; but accident,
+or design on the part of the enemy, brought
+about a most momentous battle.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A volley from the Ottomans began the fight, which
+was continued for four hours with stolid energy on
+both sides. The English and French vessels, being
+foremost, carried on the chief contest with the
+enemy's shipping; the Russians had to silence the
+batteries before they could enter the harbour, but
+then their Admiral, Count Heyden, did his full
+share of the deadly work. The fighting lasted till
+sunset; but by that time many of the enemy's hulks
+were in flames, and all through the night these
+flames spread from one vessel to another till nearly
+all were destroyed. At daybreak, only twenty-nine
+out of the eighty were afloat, and six thousand or
+more Moslems had been slain, burnt, or drowned.
+Many of the vessels of the allies were seriously
+damaged, and of their crews a hundred and seventy-five
+men were killed, and four hundred and fifty
+wounded.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+That was the battle of Navarino. "I have the
+honour to inform you," wrote Sir Edward Codrington
+to the Greek Government, "that, according to
+the decision of my colleagues, Count Heyden and
+Rear-Admiral de Rigny, and myself, the combined
+fleet entered this port at two o'clock on the 20th,
+that some of the ships of the Turko-Egyptian fleet
+first began a fire of musketry, and then fired cannon-shot,
+which led very shortly to a general battle,
+which lasted till dark, and that the consequence of
+this has been the destruction of the whole of the
+Turkish fleet, except a few corvettes and brigs. Most
+of the ships of the allied fleets have received so much
+injury that they must go into port; but if the Greek
+vessels of war are employed against their enemy
+instead of destroying the commerce of the allies, they
+may henceforth easily obstruct the movements of any
+Turkish force by sea."
+</p>
+
+</div><!--end chapter-->
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h2 id="ch21">CHAPTER XXI.</h2>
+
+<p class="small">
+THE FIRST CONSEQUENCES OF THE INTERFERENCE OF THE ALLIED POWERS
+AND THE BATTLE OF NAVARINO.&mdash;LORD COCHRANE'S INTENDED SHARE IN
+FABVIER'S EXPEDITION TO CHIOS.&mdash;ITS ABANDONMENT.&mdash;HIS CRUISE AMONG
+THE ISLANDS AND ABOUT NAVARINO.&mdash;HIS EFFORTS TO REPRESS PIRACY.&mdash;HIS
+RETURN TO THE ARCHIPELAGO.&mdash;THE MISCONDUCT OF THE GOVERNMENT.&mdash;LORD
+COCHRANE'S COMPLAINTS.&mdash;HIS LETTERS TO THE REPRESENTATIVES
+OF THE ALLIED POWERS, ACQUITTING HIMSELF OF COMPLICITY IN
+GREEK PIRACY.&mdash;HIS FURTHER COMPLAINTS TO THE GOVERNMENT.&mdash;HIS
+RESOLUTION TO VISIT ENGLAND.&mdash;HIS LETTER TO COUNT CAPODISTRIAS
+EXPLAINING AND JUSTIFYING THAT RESOLUTION.&mdash;HIS DEPARTURE FROM
+GREECE, AND ARRIVAL AT PORTSMOUTH.&mdash;HIS LETTER TO M. EYNARD.
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr">
+[1827-1828.]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Heartily rejoicing at the benefit conferred on
+Greece by the battle of Navarino, Lord Cochrane
+could not but be troubled to think that the overthrow
+of the Turkish and Egyptian fleet, which he had
+laboured so zealously to effect, and which, had he
+received any adequate support from the Government
+or the people, would have been a work as easy for
+him as the enterprises in which he had been so
+notably successful in former times and other countries,
+had to be done by the officers and ships of
+foreign nations instead of by him and the native fleet
+of which, by name, he was commander-in-chief. The
+battle being won, however, he tried, with no flagging
+of his energy, to complete the triumph that had been
+thus begun, and, if anything was easy to a people so
+wanting in patriotism, made easier.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+He was at Poros at the time of the battle. On
+his way thither he had fallen in with the <i>Enterprise</i>,
+the first of the steamers built in England, and
+which, with others that never were completed at all,
+ought to have been completed nearly two years
+before. The <i>Enterprise</i> had been so badly constructed,
+that now that she arrived, she was of very
+little use. Lord Cochrane was now trying to improve
+her sailing powers, and at the same time
+attempting to collect a really manageable crew for
+the <i>Hellas</i>, and to bring together other vessels fit for
+naval work. In these labours there was no less difficulty
+than had befallen him on former occasions.
+The <i>Hellas</i> was in want of water; but the inhabitants
+of Poros refused to supply it, on the plea that they
+had no more than was needed for their lemon-gardens.
+Some carpentering was urgently needed
+by the <i>Enterprise</i>; but, as it had to be done on
+Sunday, the workmen declined to touch a hammer,
+notwithstanding the exhortations of a priest who
+promised them absolution, and even threatened to
+excommunicate them if they failed in their duty to
+the country in this pressing time of its necessity. Of
+those sorts were the obstacles that occurred each day,
+and rendered futile all the efforts of Lord Cochrane
+and his officers.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On the 27th of October, Lord Cochrane again set
+sail from Poros in the <i>Hellas</i>, accompanied by the
+<i>Sauveur</i>, and the corvette which he had lately taken
+from the Turks, to which the name of <i>Hydra</i> was
+now given, and proceeded to Chios. That island, the
+scene of previous disasters, had since 1822 been left
+in the hands of the Turks. Colonel Fabvier was now
+attempting to recover it for Greece, and Lord Cochrane
+entered heartily into the work. He arrived on
+the 30th, and spent two days in vigorous co-operation
+with the land force that had reached the island a day
+before. His share in this enterprise, however, was
+brief. He was visited on the 2nd of November first
+by Captain Le Blanc, bearing a message from
+Admiral de Rigny, and afterwards by Captain
+Hamilton, who produced a copy of a letter addressed
+on the 24th of October to the Legislative Assembly
+by the Admirals of the three allied powers. "We
+will not suffer Greece," they there said, "to send any
+expedition to cruise or blockade, except between
+Lepanto and Volo, comprehending Salamis, Egina,
+Hydra, and Spetzas. We will not suffer the Greeks
+to carry insurrection into either Chios or Albania,
+and, by so doing, to expose the inhabitants to the
+cruel reprisals of the Turks. We regard as null and
+void all letters of marque given to cruisers found
+beyond the above limits; and the ships-of-war of the
+allied powers will everywhere have orders to detain
+them. There remains no longer any pretence for
+them. The maritime armistice is, in fact, observed
+on the side of the Turks, since their fleet no longer
+exists. Take care of yours, for we will destroy it
+also, if the case requires it, to put an end to a system
+of maritime pillage which will end by putting you
+out of the protection of the law of nations."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+By that letter, Lord Cochrane was constrained to
+abandon his intended work at Chios. He could excuse
+the angry terms in which it was couched, since
+the anger was only directed against the same unpatriotic
+conduct which he had all along been denouncing.
+He was painfully aware that, with the exception
+of his own flag-ship and the few vessels commanded
+by English officers, his fleet was chiefly composed
+of pirates, who only took temporary service
+under the national flag in order to fill up their idle
+time, or to make their public service an occasion
+for further clandestine pursuit of their lawless avocations.
+From the first he had persistently and fiercely
+denounced this piracy, and from the day on which he
+had heard of the victory at Navarino he had resolved
+to make it a special business to do all in his power to
+root out the evil. "The destruction of the Ottoman
+fleet by that of the allied powers," he had said in a proclamation
+dated the 29th of October, "having delivered
+the Greek fleet from the cares which had necessarily
+occupied its attention, and the commander of the maritime
+forces of Greece having the right to take due
+measures for the extinction of piracy, to preserve the
+honour of the State, and to protect the people and
+property of friendly nations, it is now made known
+that ships of less than a hundred tons' burden are
+not to have arms on board, unless they are first provided
+with express commissions, so registered, and
+numbered in such a manner that the number shall
+be conspicuously noted on the ship. All other
+vessels of the size defined which shall be found at
+sea with arms will be considered as pirates, and the
+crews shall be brought to trial, and, if found guilty,
+be executed."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+For the brief remainder of his service in Greece,
+indeed, Lord Cochrane made it his principal duty to
+do all in his power towards the suppression of
+piracy. The admirals of the allies having insisted
+that the Greek vessels should do nothing but watch
+their own coasts within a distance of twelve miles
+from the shore, he proceeded to the southern part of
+the Morea, making only a short tour, in order to
+meet the primates of Samos, Naxia, Paros, Candia,
+and other islands, and ascertain from them the condition
+of the people and their power of resistance
+to the Turks and to their piratical enemies of their
+own race. The information gained by him was not
+satisfactory. He found that here, as in the mainland
+and the nearer islands, patriotism was weak and misrule
+oppressive. Everywhere the people were the
+victims of their own want of patriotism and of the
+tyranny of foes, both Moslem and Christian.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+He was off Cerigo on the 15th of November.
+There, having heard that the residue of the Turkish
+and Egyptian fleet was preparing to put to sea with
+all the available force, apparently to carry on the war
+in Candia, he at once sailed on to the south-eastern
+promontory of the Morea, and, during a fortnight,
+maintained the blockade on both sides of Navarino,
+between Coron and Prodana. There also he was
+able to carry on his war against pirates. "The
+<i>Hellas</i> being off the island of Prodana, a few miles to
+the north of Navarino," he reported to the Government,
+describing an important adventure of the 21st
+of November, "I sent two boats for the purpose of
+procuring wood from the island. The boats, being
+fired upon from persons near to some vessels in a
+cove, returned with a report that there were Turks
+upon the island. In consequence of this report, the
+corvette <i>Hydra</i> was directed to enter by the northern
+passage, whilst the <i>Hellas</i> entered to the southward
+of the island, and both vessels anchored opposite to
+the place where the supposed Turkish vessels were
+at anchor. It was immediately perceived, however,
+that the vessels were not Turkish, and, on examination,
+one proved to be a schooner under the Greek
+flag. It was soon discovered that a Dutch vessel at
+anchor in the same port had been seized, without
+the slightest pretence, by the schooner and plundered
+of almost everything that could be removed, and,
+moreover, that the captain and crew had been most
+barbarously flogged, for the purpose of ascertaining
+where the proceeds of the outward cargo were deposited."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Lord Cochrane wrote to the same effect to the
+Governor of Zante. "I have left the piratical vessel
+with a petty officer and sufficient crew to blockade
+Prodana, until you can send and seize the pirates,
+should you think proper, as they have been plundering
+and annoying the trade of the Ionian Islands. I
+send two of the pirates in irons, in order that, obtaining
+further information, you may deal with them and
+with the others according to the law of nations."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+That instance of the policy adopted by Lord Cochrane
+will help to show how he set himself to put down
+piracy. The work was not easy, as the lawless conduct
+was secretly authorised by the Government, and
+practised with very little secresy by great numbers
+of the national vessels. It was in vain that he issued
+the proclamation of the 27th of October, that has
+been quoted; in vain, too, that he sent two gunboats
+to visit all the principal ports, with fresh injunctions
+against piracy and with authority to compel obedience
+to those injunctions, if necessary, by force.
+Good work, however, was done by these gunboats,
+in conjunction with two brigs detached for the
+purpose, in escorting neutral trading vessels through
+the waters most infested by the sea-robbers.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Slowly and painfully the conviction was forced
+upon Lord Cochrane that, after all his previous
+failures in attempting to turn the lawless Greeks into
+honest patriots and to convert their ill-manned ships
+into members of an efficient navy, his labours were
+now more useless than ever. After a fortnight's
+cruising about Navarino, he retraced his course and
+anchored, on the 3rd of December, off Egina, where
+the so-called Government was then located. To it
+he wrote on that day, asking for directions as to his
+mode of procedure. "The squadron under my command,"
+he said, "has been in the blockade of Coron,
+Modon, and Navarino, and I have to inform your
+excellencies that there yet exists in the port of
+Navarino a naval force, under the Turkish flag, superior
+to the force under my command. I have, therefore,
+felt it my duty to repair to this port, in order
+that I may obtain instructions for my guidance, more
+especially as the Turkish squadron is ready for sea,
+and said to be destined for Candia, with ten thousand
+men, intending there to repeat the barbarities which
+the want of provisions in the Morea renders it impossible
+they can longer perpetrate in that quarter.
+There is also a great number of captive women and
+children about to be transported as slaves, and the
+only force of the allied powers off Navarino consists
+of a small brig, the <i>Pelican</i>, which is totally
+inadequate to impede the naval operations of the
+Turks. Under these circumstances, I beg to be explicitly
+informed whether I am to consider that
+'the armistice <i>de facto</i>' continues, and if you have
+any doubt on the subject that you will be pleased
+candidly to inform me, that I may not be led into
+error and so increase the evils by doing anything in
+opposition to the intentions of the allied powers."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+That letter was answered by a personal visit from
+the members of the Government, when Lord Cochrane
+was informed that the triumvirate was so embarrassed
+by the demands of the allied powers for
+restitution on account of piracies committed with its
+approval that it could neither do nor sanction anything
+at all. He was told that even the scanty means
+that he had had for supporting the fleet out of the
+revenues of the islands could no longer be allowed
+to him, as every dollar that could any how be collected
+would be required for other purposes.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Still, however, the Government expected him to
+continue his work, and he was even asked to do work
+from which, both for his own honour and in the interests
+of Greece, he felt bound to abstain. "I have
+received your letter," he wrote to the Secretary,
+about ten days afterwards, from Poros, "informing
+me that it is the desire of the Government that a
+national vessel shall be despatched to Chios, in the
+event of my being prevented from personally proceeding
+in the <i>Hellas</i> to that island. In reply to this
+intimation, I have to state to you that it is impossible
+for me, consistently with the duties which I owe to
+Greece, to place the national squadron, whilst it shall
+continue under my command, or any part thereof,
+under circumstances to be treated by the ships-of-war
+of the allied powers after the manner set forth
+in the letter of the 24th of October, addressed by
+the three admirals to the Legislative Assembly,&mdash;a
+determination which is even more painful to me than
+the grief I feel at finding myself involved, notwithstanding
+all my precautions, in the restrictions and
+penalties justly laid upon privateers and pirates. I
+cannot trust myself to say more on this subject, lest
+I should be led by my feelings to pass the bounds
+which I prescribe to myself as an officer when treating
+of the conduct of the Government which he serves.
+If Chios remains unprotected, if Candia is deprived
+of the aid it might receive from the national marine,
+and if the ships-of-war are incapacitated from extending
+the bounds of Greece, I have the consolation of
+knowing that I have used my utmost endeavours to
+prevent the evils I foresaw. One of these, however,
+I was far from anticipating,&mdash;namely, that the revenues
+which I was authorised to collect for the service
+of the marine would have been withdrawn from my
+control and expended for other purposes; more particularly
+that sums so diverted should be placed to
+the account of the marine, without the objects for
+which they were employed having received my sanction
+or even been known by me.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"I have struggled during eight months in the service
+of Greece against difficulties far greater than all
+I ever encountered before; and I would most willingly
+continue to contend with these, did I find the
+slightest co-operation in any quarter. But, as the
+Government has withdrawn <i>de facto</i> the resources
+decreed, and the seamen decline to embark without
+pay in advance, and the funds, arising from the philanthropy
+of other European nations, which supplied
+the navy with the means of subsistence, are wholly
+exhausted, I have no alternative but to lay the ships
+up in port, until means to defray the expenses of
+the navy shall be found. I have myself, during the
+last month, paid the Greeks in the naval service;
+but whilst I see that even the share of prizes claimed
+by Government is diverted from its proper use, I
+shall not continue to be answerable for future expenses,
+nor for the liquidation of the just claims of
+the foreign officers, which they have had the patience
+to leave in arrears for many months."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It had come to this. Lord Cochrane had been
+devoting all his energies to the service of Greece;
+and now he found himself deserted by his employers,
+or only retained in the hope that he would be an
+unpaid agent in piratical and lawless proceedings.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+That last circumstance was to him the most painful
+of all. Having done his utmost to restrain the piracy
+that was rife, he was still regarded by the governing
+triumvirate as only the most powerful instrument for
+achievements that were little better than piratical;
+and the same cruel misrepresentation of his functions
+was common among his enemies in England and
+other parts of Europe. Colour for this misrepresentation
+appeared in the celebrated letter written by
+the three admirals on the 24th of October, which,
+describing the national fleet as a mere crowd of
+"Greek corsairs," by implication included Lord Cochrane
+and his English supporters in the same opprobrium.
+This had not at first been perceived by him.
+On his detecting the insult, he wrote to the representatives
+of the three powers three letters, which
+here need to be quoted in his justification.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The first was addressed, on the 13th of December,
+to Captain Le Blanc, commander of the <i>Junon</i>. "The
+silence respecting the regular forces under my orders,"
+he said, "observed in the letter of the admirals of
+the mediating powers, dated October the 24th, 1827,
+appearing to make no distinction between them and
+the mere pirates, hanging over both the same accusations,
+and subjecting consequently the former to
+the restrictions wisely adopted towards the latter,
+makes it my duty, both towards the country which I
+serve, towards the officers under my command, and
+towards myself, to protest publicly and in the face of
+Europe, against the interpretations to which such a
+document seems to give foundation. The detailed
+account of the conduct of those ships of war which
+are under my immediate orders, and which compose
+the national squadron of Greece, will prove that no
+neutral vessel whatever has been seized, driven out
+of its course, or stopped by them under any pretext
+whatever, with the exception of such as have broken
+the blockade of Lepanto, the detention of which is
+legalized by the act above mentioned. These facts
+are undeniable. The conduct of the officers of the
+national squadron has been conformable, in all points,
+to the laws of nations and to the instructions issued
+by the admirals, in their character of representatives
+of the mediating Powers. No hostility has been
+committed by the national vessels against the territory
+or the forces of the Turco-Egyptian Government,
+placed beyond the prescribed limits of Lepanto.
+But, if such be the state of things, I have the right
+of sending on a mission, for the public service, ships
+of war beyond these limits, and, availing myself of
+that right, I have despatched two (the one to Corfu,
+and the other to Syra), the destination of which
+relates to the finances of the navy. Be pleased, sir,
+to communicate the contents of this letter to Admiral
+de Rigny, with whom you have communicated verbally
+on the subject, and explain to him the propriety
+of this step, to avoid explanations with which it is
+not necessary that the public should intermix."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The second letter, dated the 5th of January, 1828,
+was to the commander of the Russian frigate <i>Constantine</i>.
+"Although I am aware," wrote Lord Cochrane,
+"that his excellency, Count Heyden, when he
+affixed his signature to the letter of the Admirals,
+addressed to the Legislative Assembly of Greece,
+dated the 24th of October, could not attest, of his
+own knowledge, the truth of the imputations contained
+in the said document; yet, as the public may
+not recollect that the recent arrival of the Count
+precluded the possibility of his being in the slightest
+degree acquainted with facts regarding the regular
+naval service under my command, I expect from the
+Count, that so soon as he shall have informed himself
+on the subject, he will take the necessary steps
+to remove an evil impression which he unconsciously
+has contributed to produce, and thus save me, in as
+far as the Count is concerned, the necessity, always
+disagreeable, even of a satisfactory refutation of the
+imputations cast upon me as Commander-in-Chief of
+the Greek fleet."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The third letter was to Commodore Hamilton, of
+the <i>Cambrian</i>, who had been left by Sir Edward Codrington
+to represent the British squadron in the
+Archipelago. "The Government of Greece having
+acquiesced in the offer made by the three Powers to
+mediate in her behalf," wrote Lord Cochrane, "it
+became my duty to obey the decision of the admirals
+representing those Powers, when duly communicated.
+But whilst my official situation demands acquiescence
+on points of a public nature, it is far otherwise
+when the Admirals give reasons affecting the
+character of the regular naval service of Greece, in
+justification of restrictions imposed by them on the
+movements of the squadron I command, accompanied
+by threats to destroy the Greek vessels of war, in
+order to prevent asserted piracy. You, sir, who are
+accurately acquainted with facts, and now possess
+ample means of ascertaining the truth here upon the
+spot, must know, or may learn, that no neutral vessel
+has been seized or disturbed in her course by the
+national squadron on the high seas, nor any vessel
+detained, except those acting in violation of the
+blockades acknowledged by these very Admirals. Is
+it not then extraordinary that such limitations and
+menaces on false grounds should originate with persons
+whose high official situations would seem to
+sanction imputation under their signatures? I have
+told the French and Russian commanders, and I hope
+you will assure the British Admiral, that I shall be
+loth to trespass on public attention with explanations,
+to refute their joint letter of the 24th of
+October, in justification of those under my orders;
+but it will become me so to do unless a satisfactory
+interpretation shall be given to expressions which,
+at present, seem even more particularly personal to
+myself."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+That was almost the last letter written by Lord
+Cochrane in Greece for many months. Finding his
+position as First Admiral of the Greek navy, without
+work to do or crews to direct, unbearable, he had
+resolved upon a fresh expedient for attempting to
+improve the state of affairs. Before that, however, he
+made a last attempt to gain support from the nominal
+Government, and uttered a last protest against its
+mode of procedure. "I have strenuously endeavoured,"
+he wrote on the 18th of December, "to
+avoid laying before you any complaint, more particularly
+concerning acts done by your excellencies;
+but there is a point at which such forbearance on my
+part would become a dereliction of my duty as an
+officer in the service of Greece, amounting even to
+treason against the State. So long as the evils extended
+no further than the depriving the ships-of-war
+of their crews, and preventing the brulottes from
+being equipped for service; so long as the injury
+occasioned by the granting of numerous licences to
+privateers only prevented naval operations from
+being carried on against the enemy, I remained
+silent. But now that the conduct of those privateers
+has brought down upon the Greek nation a threat of
+being placed out of the law of nations, and has involved
+the national squadron, unmeritedly, in the
+disgrace attached to those who have been guilty of
+unlawful acts, it is my duty to notify to your excellencies
+that I consider all authorities given without
+my intervention to armed vessels, of any description,
+for belligerent purposes, to be illegal, and that I
+have given orders to the national vessels under my
+authority to seize them, wherever they may be found,
+that they may be judged according to the law
+of nations." "I have been waiting with anxiety,"
+he wrote in another letter, a few days later, "for the
+occurrence of events which would have rendered it
+unnecessary for me to enter into any correspondence
+with your excellencies on pecuniary matters; but,
+unfortunately, my anticipations on this head having
+been disappointed, and the squadron being without
+even the provisions necessary for the maintenance of
+the few men required on board the ships when at
+anchor, it has become an imperious duty no longer
+to delay calling upon your excellencies to fulfil the
+engagement entered into relative to the appropriation
+of two-thirds of the revenues of the islands, which
+you have thought fit to apply to other purposes."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To neither letter was any satisfactory answer sent
+by the authorities, and Lord Cochrane, after all his
+previous troubles, believed that none would ever be
+obtained. He therefore suddenly resolved to leave
+Greece for a time, to go himself to England and
+France, and there, by personal communication with
+the leading Philhellenes, to describe the actual condition
+of Greece, and to see if any better state of affairs
+could be brought about. This resolution he announced
+on the 1st of January, 1828, to Count Capodistrias,
+who, having been elected President of Greece nearly
+nine months before, and having accepted that office,
+had not yet thought fit to enter upon it or to do
+anything towards repairing the shattered fortunes
+and retrieving the violated honour of the State of
+which he was nominally the head.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"On my return home from Brazil," said Lord
+Cochrane, in this memorable letter, "I was pressed
+by various friends of Greece to engage in the service
+of a people struggling to free themselves from
+oppression and slavery. My inclination was consonant
+to theirs. It was stipulated that, for the
+objects in view, six steam-vessels should be rapidly
+built, and that two old vessels of war, or Indiamen,
+should be purchased and manned with foreign seamen.
+The engines for the steam-vessels were to be
+high-pressure, these being the easiest constructed
+and managed; and two American frigates, when
+finished, were also to be placed under my authority.
+The failure of the engineer, through disgraceful
+ignorance or base treachery, in the proper construction
+of the engines&mdash;the want of funds to procure
+the old vessels of war or Indiamen with foreign
+seamen&mdash;and the retention of one of the frigates
+built in North America, deprived me of the whole
+of the stipulated force, except the <i>Hellas</i>. It is
+needless to remark that with one frigate I was unable
+to effect that which has since required eleven European
+ships of the line, aided by many frigates and smaller
+vessels, to accomplish. Under these circumstances,
+it became my duty to confine myself to desultory
+operations, secretly conducted against the enemy.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"The difficulties I have had to contend with, even
+in these excursions," he continued, "can best be
+appreciated by the few foreign European officers
+who accompanied me. The obstinate refusal of the
+Greek seamen to embark or perform the smallest
+service without being paid in advance&mdash;the contempt
+with which the elder portion of the seamen treated
+every endeavour to promote regularity and maintain
+silence in exercising the great guns and other
+evolutions, rendered their improvement hopeless;
+and the enlistment of young seamen, whilst the old
+were rejected, has been rendered extremely difficult
+by reason of the influence of the latter, and by the
+prejudice excited against a regular naval service by
+influential individuals, whose power and importance
+are thereby diminished in the maritime islands.
+The frequent mutinies or resistance to authority,
+and the numerous instances in which I have been
+obliged to return to port or abstain from going to
+sea are recorded, as to dates and circumstances, in
+the log-book of the <i>Hellas</i>, together with the disgraceful
+conduct of the crew in the stripping and
+robbing of prisoners, and their want of coolness in the
+presence of an enemy&mdash;exemplified on our attacking
+a small frigate and a corvette near Clarenza, and by
+the firing of upwards of four hundred round shot, on
+a subsequent occasion, at the corvette now named
+<i>Hydra</i>, without hitting the hull of that vessel four
+times, although she was within a hundred yards
+of the <i>Hellas</i>. Such was the confusion excited by
+the contiguity even of so inferior an enemy. It is
+not my intention to trouble you at present with
+detail; yet I cannot suffer to pass unnoticed that
+certain commanders, and the seamen of the majority
+of the fireships&mdash;in the use of which vessels rested
+my last hopes&mdash;failed in their duty on the only two
+important occasions when their services were required;
+once at Alexandria in the presence of the
+enemy, as the brave Kanaris can well testify; and
+again by the crews abandoning their duty and
+embarking in privateers, many of them after having
+received pay in advance for their services. Indeed&mdash;encouraged
+by privateering licenses&mdash;insubordination,
+outrage, and piracy have arrived at such a pitch that
+these very national fireships, stripped not only of
+their rigging, but of their anchors and cables, are
+now drifting about the harbour of Poros. A neutral
+boat, detained by the <i>Hellas</i> for violation of blockade,
+has been plundered by those sent in charge of her;
+and scarcely a vessel can pass between the islands, or
+along the shore, without the passengers and property
+being exposed to brutal violence and plunder. A
+darker period is yet approaching if decisive measures
+are not adopted for the suppression of outrages like
+these.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"I am ready to serve Greece, and to aid in any
+way in the accomplishment of the arduous task you
+have undertaken; but, on the fullest consideration
+of circumstances, I feel that I should practise a deception
+were I to contribute to the belief that the
+few foreign officers in the naval service can put a
+stop to these disorders, which must finally involve
+the character of that very service, already prematurely
+brought in question by the conduct of vessels
+unlawfully commissioned by the temporary Government.
+I have, in consequence of this opinion, come
+to the resolution to exert myself to procure adequate
+means to execute the duties of an office in which my
+efforts hitherto have been all counteracted; and I the
+more readily adopt this resolution as, during the
+winter months, it is impossible to navigate the <i>Hellas</i>
+in these narrow seas with a crew of young inexperienced
+Greek seamen, and still more impracticable
+to manage her with old ones of Turkish habits. I
+may, indeed, add that, until the communication addressed
+on the 24th of October by the three admirals
+to the Legislative Assembly shall be cancelled, it
+is hopeless to attempt any naval enterprise in favour
+of Greece, even had Admiral de Rigny not super-added
+his commands 'that all Greek vessels, armed
+for war, found beyond twelve miles from the shores
+of continental Greece, between Volo and Lepanto,
+shall be destroyed.' I repeat that I have taken my
+determination, not from any private feeling of disgust
+at the above disgraceful restrictions brought by
+the temporary Government; nor from their misappropriation
+of the revenues allotted to maritime
+purposes, and the consequent want of pay, stores,
+and even provisions for the ships of war; nor from
+the painful feeling that the crippled ships of the
+enemy are thereby enabled to depart in security,
+dragging with them four thousand Grecian captives
+to slavery; nor from the impossibility of reducing
+their maritime fortifications, while the Greeks, unpunished,
+are the chief violators of the blockade; but
+I have resolved to proceed to England without loss
+of time, that I may render better service to Greece.
+If you aid me with means, my object as to seamen
+will be ensured. Sober, steady men can be obtained
+from the northern nations, who will do their duty,
+and, since precept is useless, teach the Greeks by
+example. Then piracy may cease and commerce
+may flourish. Be your intention in regard to the
+steam-vessels still in England what it may, foreign
+seamen are indispensable to the interests of Greece
+and to your own; and the expense of bringing them
+here will be little increased if these steamers, fitted
+under my inspection, shall become the means of their
+conveyance. The hardship of a winter's voyage to
+the North, in a small vessel, I shall deem amply
+repaid if I can accomplish these objects, expose the
+injustice and impolicy of certain measures, and bring
+the real wants of Greece to the knowledge of a
+liberal and enlightened administration."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On the same New Year's Day Lord Cochrane wrote,
+explaining his resolution, to Dr. Gosse, who, of all
+the Philhellenes in Greece, had rendered him most
+efficient service in his thankless task, and most zealously
+encouraged him, throughout a long series of
+failures for which he was in no way answerable, to
+persevere in struggling for success. "My dear
+friend and fellow-sufferer," he said, "in conformity
+with your wish and opinion, I have tolerated my
+mental load of grievances until the new year; but
+as it is essential to commence it well in order that
+measures may prosper to the end, I have resolved to
+put my intention in execution, regardless of the
+officious tongues of those of microscopic views who
+may deem that my time might be well employed in
+balancing the rivalships of barbarous seamen or
+protecting the movable stores of the immovable
+<i>Hellas</i>. In my present state of official insignificance
+I could render no other service. I have stated a
+few of my reasons in a letter to Capodistrias, for
+his private information, when he shall assume the
+office of president. I hope these will suffice, and
+that he will communicate his desire, which shall be
+duly attended to."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In accordance with his new resolution, Lord Cochrane
+transferred the command of the <i>Hellas</i>, and such
+control of the whole navy as was possible, to Admiral
+Miaoulis. He left Poros in the little schooner
+<i>Unicorn</i>, on the 10th of January, and arrived at
+Portsmouth on the 11th of February. "The anxiety
+and disappointment," he said, writing to M. Eynard
+from Portsmouth on the following day, "which I
+experienced in regard to the steam-vessels and other
+means that were to have been placed at my disposal
+are trifling, when compared to the distress I have
+felt at finding my only remaining hope of rendering
+effectual service to Greece destroyed by the impossibility
+of inducing the Greek seamen to submit to
+the slightest restraint on their inclinations, or to
+render the most trifling service without being paid
+in advance, or to perform such service after being so
+paid, if it suited their interest or convenience to evade
+the fulfilment of their engagement. More than six
+crews have passed under my review on board the
+<i>Hellas</i> in the course of as many months, exclusive of
+those in other vessels, and, notwithstanding all that
+has been written to praise the courage of the Greek
+seamen, they are collectively the greatest cowards
+I have ever met with. No service of any difficulty
+or danger can be undertaken with such men without
+the greatest risk of being compromised by the confusion
+they create, and the impossibility of causing
+orders to be obeyed. Indeed, though styled Commander-in-Chief
+of the Greek Naval Forces, I have,
+since the 12th of April last, when I hoisted my flag,
+been, in truth, under the control of wild and frantic
+savages, whose acts are guided by momentary impulses
+or heedless avidity to grasp some immediate
+pecuniary or petty advantage, regardless of any
+prospect of future benefit, however great, to their
+country or to themselves. To give you an idea of
+the character of men suddenly emancipated from a
+state of the most degrading and abject slavery, in
+which state cunning, deception, and fraud, if not
+absolutely requisite, were convenient and profitable,
+of their present arrogancy, ignorance, despotism, and
+cruelty, when safe opportunity offers for revenge,
+would require that a diary should be laid before
+you of events which have actually occurred. The
+confidence you were pleased to repose in me, and the
+friendly offices for which I am indebted to you would
+have imposed upon me the task of transmitting to
+you such detail, had the state of my mind, harassed
+by constant contrarieties, permitted.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Leaving to a future period, then, minute recital
+of distressing occurrences, permit me to make a few
+observations as to the course that appears to be
+necessary to be pursued in order to save Greece from
+impending ruin:&mdash;1st. The chief leaders of the different
+factions should be removed from Greece,&mdash;those
+who have education, on missions to different
+states, as envoys, consuls, etc., and the others, as
+circumstances will permit. Else Greece will be a
+theatre of plunder and discord whilst they hold authority
+or have means to interfere in public affairs.
+2ndly. Troops to the amount of four thousand, at
+least, are required to enforce obedience to salutary
+laws and regulations. 3rdly. Five hundred seamen
+from the northern nations of Europe or North America
+are indispensable for the suppression of piracy
+and to prevent the plunder of the islands. 4thly.
+Young Greek seamen should be employed by the
+civilized nations in their vessels of war and commerce.
+5thly. The settlement of persons from all
+quarters of Europe, in numbers affording mutual
+protection, should be encouraged. Of course education
+at home, but more especially abroad, will improve
+the rising generation. For all those people
+now at the age of maturity in Greece there is no
+hope of amelioration. In regard to myself, I am
+ready, according to my engagement, to render any
+service in my power to Greece, and I shall feel great
+satisfaction if I am enabled to do so; but it is no
+part of my contract to place myself under the control
+of lawless savages. What might we not have done
+had the steam-vessels and five hundred good seamen
+been employed in Greece, when, with these barbarians,
+we have doubled the number of Greek national
+vessels of war, and destroyed twice as many of the
+enemy's squadron? I hope the President Capodistrias
+will not put his foot on shore in Greece,
+unless accompanied by a military force. If he does,
+he will afford corroborative proof of the impossibility
+of establishing a new order of things by the instrumentality
+of men who feel interested in the continuance
+of ancient habits and abuses."<a class="fnref" href="#fn12" id="ref12">[12]</a>
+</p>
+
+</div><!--end chapter-->
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h2 id="ch22">CHAPTER XXII.</h2>
+
+<p class="small">
+LORD COCHRANE'S OCCUPATIONS ON BEHALF OF GREECE IN LONDON AND
+PARIS.&mdash;HIS SECOND LETTER TO CAPODISTRIAS.&mdash;HIS DEFENCE OF HIMSELF
+WITH REFERENCE TO HIS VISIT TO WESTERN EUROPE.&mdash;HIS RETURN TO
+GREECE.&mdash;CAPODISTRIAS'S PRESIDENCY AND THE PROGRESS OF GREECE.&mdash;LORD
+COCHRANE'S RECEPTION BY THE GOVERNMENT.&mdash;THE SETTLEMENT
+OF HIS ACCOUNTS.&mdash;HIS LETTER OF RESIGNATION.&mdash;THE FINAL INDIGNITIES
+TO WHICH HE WAS SUBJECTED.&mdash;THE CORRESPONDENCE THEREUPON
+BETWEEN ADMIRAL HEYDEN AND DR. GOSSE.&mdash;LORD COCHRANE'S DEPARTURE
+FROM GREECE.&mdash;HIS OPINIONS REGARDING HER.&mdash;THE CHARACTER
+AND ISSUES OF HIS SERVICES TO THE GREEKS.
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr">
+[1828-1829.]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Lord Cochrane's absence from Greece was longer
+and less advantageous than he anticipated. Arriving
+in London on the 19th of February, 1828, he found
+that the English Philhellenes were tired out by the
+bad faith and the unpatriotic conduct of the Greeks,
+and that the English Government, which he had
+hoped to influence so far as to obtain an alteration
+in the Foreign Enlistment Act which would enable
+him to secure the services of a well-trained force of
+British seamen, was determined to give no help in
+the matter. He found, too, that the steam-vessels yet
+to be furnished in accordance with the old contract
+with Mr. Galloway were still unfinished, and that
+there would be no little trouble and delay, added to
+all that had already been endured, before their completion
+could be hoped for. Not disheartened, however,
+he went almost immediately to Paris, there to
+see what could be expected from the Philhellenes of
+the Continent.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"I have taken steps," he wrote to M. Eynard from
+Paris on the 2nd of March, "to cause one of our
+small steam-vessels to be fitted with proper engines,
+the expense of which I shall find means to defray.
+I hope the President will favour me with a communication
+at an early date, at least, to say whether he
+has means to pay and victual a few hundreds of
+foreign seamen, and thus put my mind at rest. For
+he must depend on foreign aid to support him in his
+government, protect commerce, and enable a revenue
+to be derived from the latent resources of Greece.
+The Greeks themselves will do nothing towards these
+objects; though there will not be wanting individuals
+who will endeavour, for their personal views, to
+persuade them to the contrary of this. My mind is
+not yet sufficiently tranquil to give detailed reasons
+for my opinion that things will not succeed in Greece
+without troops and other foreign aid; but such time
+will prove to be the case."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Were the three great powers," he said in another
+letter to M. Eynard, dated the 17th of March,
+"pleased to aid the President with funds to a small
+amount, they would accomplish more for their own
+benefit and that of Greece, than by great fleets and
+armies. Four thousand troops, under the Greek
+Government, and five hundred seamen, would terminate
+the affair; but never will anarchy cease or
+piracy be put down, nor will Capodistrias be secure,
+unless he has, under his own authority, the means
+of enforcing obedience to the laws and regulations
+for the public good by sea and land. I have told
+you that the Greek seamen cannot be used to suppress
+piracy, and I may truly add that no Greeks of
+age to bear arms can become soldiers, though they
+learn readily enough to perform the military exercises.
+There neither is nor has yet been, since my
+arrival in Greece, one single company&mdash;not even
+the marines, with which so much pains was taken&mdash;that
+deserves the name of regular. Their ideas are
+quite repugnant to everything that constitutes the
+military character."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Lord Cochrane, who, it will be remembered, was
+chiefly instrumental in the election of Count John
+Capodistrias as President of Greece in April, 1827,
+had hoped much from his government. His confidence
+was not a little shaken by the long delay
+which the President had shown in entering on his
+office, and when Capodistrias arrived, in Greece, only
+a few days after Lord Cochrane's departure, his first
+acts were calculated to shake that confidence yet
+more. He introduced many solid reforms; but in
+other respects clung to the old and bad traditions of
+the people, and, which was yet worse, allowed himself
+to be guided by some of the worst placehunters
+and most skilful abusers of national power, whom he
+ought to have most carefully avoided. Lord Cochrane
+began to perceive this before he had been six
+weeks out of Greece. He yet hoped, however, that
+wise counsels and good government would prevail,
+and he tendered his advice, while he reported his
+own movements, in a second letter which he addressed
+to Capodistrias.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"The information which your excellency must
+have acquired since your arrival in Greece," he
+wrote to him on the 22nd of March, "may have
+convinced you of the facts briefly touched on in the
+letter which I had the honour to address to you on
+the 1st of January, and may also have proved to you
+the impossibility, under existing circumstances, of my
+rendering service to Greece, otherwise than by the
+course I have pursued. Although, on my arrival in
+England, I was disappointed at finding other
+ministers than those I expected in the counsels of
+his Britannic Majesty, yet I had an opportunity of
+making facts known to influential individuals in
+proof that the interests of England would be best
+promoted by a liberal policy towards Greece, and by
+placing that country, without loss of time, in the
+rank of an independent state, having boundaries the
+most extensive that could be conceded. Since then,
+I have had several conversations here with the gentlemen
+of the Paris Greek Committee, and I have
+advised them to assure the ministers that large naval
+and military armaments are not required for the
+expulsion of the Turkish and Egyptian forces from
+Greece, or to protect that country from farther
+attempts at invasion by the before-mentioned powers;
+that for the speedy regulation of the internal affairs
+of Greece, and the support of your authority, it would
+be far preferable and infinitely less costly for the
+mediating powers to place in your hands the means
+of maintaining four or five thousand troops, together
+with five hundred seamen, and apply a portion of
+the vast sums they will save to the education of the
+rising generation of Greeks abroad and at home,
+and to the encouragement of whatever will tend to
+direct the talent and genius of the young people
+most speedily into the course which will entitle
+Greece to rank amongst the civilized nations of
+Europe. Whether this advice shall be listened to or
+not, I am satisfied that my opinion is correct, and
+that a multitude of foreign troops, in the pay of rival
+foreign nations, would contribute less to the objects
+these nations profess to have in view than a much
+smaller force under your own authority, more especially
+when it is considered that these troops could in
+no way interfere with the internal arrangement and
+police of the country, unless by usurping, or at
+least superseding the authority which ought to be
+exclusively vested in your excellency as chief of the
+Greek Government. Besides, knowing, as I do, the
+jealous character of your countrymen, the facility
+with which they listen to surmises and reports, the
+diversity of interests amongst the rival chiefs, and
+the intrigues practised by base and worthless individuals,
+I have little doubt but that such mixture of
+troops of different nations would give rise to a state
+of anarchy more injurious to Greece than that which
+at present exists. Whether such anarchy might be
+prevented by one nation alone taking upon itself the
+internal arrangement of Greece seems doubtful; for,
+to enforce laws, however just and necessary, by
+troops in foreign pay, against the opinion and habits
+of a people who have no just notion of the reciprocal
+duties of civilized society, would be in their estimation
+to erect a military despotism, and would call
+forth resistance on their part even to the most salutary
+changes. I have also recommended, as an additional
+security against a multitude of evils, an
+immediate demarkation of the boundaries of Greece,
+or, at least, an acknowledgment of your excellency
+as President. The outfit of two or three steam-vessels
+still unfinished is going on, and I shall find
+means to accomplish this object in a way that will
+render them equal if not superior in velocity to most
+of the steamboats in general use. But, as no pecuniary
+means could be obtained in England to procure
+seamen and purchase provisions, coals, and other
+necessaries, I came to Paris, in the hope that the
+Greek Committee might enable me to give orders
+regarding these arrangements, so indispensable to the
+navigating of these vessels to Greece. The Paris
+Committee, however, intimate that they have no
+funds; and the Chevalier Eynard assures me that the
+moneys collected by him are exhausted. I therefore
+await with anxiety your answer to the letter which
+I had the honour to address to you previous to my
+departure from Greece."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+No answer came from Capodistrias. He sent a
+message to Lord Cochrane asking him to sell him the
+little <i>Unicorn</i>, which had conveyed him to England,
+but said nothing about his own return. Believing
+that the allied powers would do for him all that was
+necessary in naval resistance of Turkey, he was not
+sorry to be deprived of an associate in the actual
+service of Greece as powerful as Lord Cochrane.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This Lord Cochrane began to suspect. "Everything
+is arranged regarding the engines for the two
+steamboats," he said in a letter to M. Eynard, on the
+24th of March; "but circumstances do not enable
+me to accomplish more, especially without the sanction
+of the President, from whom I shall no doubt shortly
+hear on the subject;&mdash;unless, indeed, he shall be persuaded
+by the primates of the islands that he can do
+better without a regular naval force, or, at least, without
+me, which I know is the opinion of Konduriottes,
+and also of Mavromichales, the great licenser
+and patron of pirates, so loudly and justly complained
+of. I am very low, and do not feel at all well. I
+cannot free myself from the oppression of spirits
+occasioned by seeing everything in the lamentable
+state in which all must continue in Greece, unless
+some effectual steps are taken to put an end to the
+intrigues and rivalships headed by unprincipled
+chiefs and backed by their savage followers. Believe
+me, that there is nothing I will leave undone
+to serve the cause. But it is essential that more
+time shall not be wasted in endeavouring to accomplish
+objects of vital importance by inadequate
+means."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+While Lord Cochrane was endeavouring to hasten
+the arrangements for his return to Greece, he was
+annoyed by a letter forwarded to him by Sir Francis
+Burdett. The letter was from Andreas Luriottis,
+one of the two Greek deputies who had requested
+Lord Cochrane, two years and a half before, to enter
+the service of Greece, and who now claimed a restitution
+of the 37,000<i>l</i>. paid to him, on the plea that
+by leaving Greece he had broken his contract.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Before writing to Sir Francis," said Lord Cochrane
+in the indignant letter which he addressed to
+this person on the 20th of April, "you ought to
+have informed yourself of facts and circumstances.
+You might have learnt that I continued to serve
+until the Greek Government had assumed to themselves
+the powers vested in me, as naval commander-in-chief,
+to regulate the distribution of armed vessels,
+and until they had covered the seas with piratical
+craft. You might have informed yourself that I
+remained at my post until the neutral admirals
+refused to hold communication with a Government
+which had so misconducted itself, and with which
+they considered it would have been disgraceful to
+correspond, even on subjects of a public nature.
+You might have informed yourself that I remained
+on board the <i>Hellas</i> until the temporary Government
+had sold and applied to other purposes the revenues
+of the islands allotted for the maintenance of the
+regular naval service, and deprived me of the means
+to satisfy the claims of the officers and seamen; that
+I continued until the seamen had abandoned the frigate,
+plundered the fireships, and fitted out pirate
+vessels before my eyes&mdash;all which I had no power
+to punish or means to prevent. If you or others
+infer that my endeavours in the cause of Greece are
+to be judged by naval operations carried on against
+the enemy by open force, you are mistaken. It is
+essential that you hold in mind that there are no
+naval officers in Greece who are acquainted with the
+discipline of regular ships of war, that the seamen
+would submit to no restraint, that they would not
+enlist for more than one month, that they would do
+nothing without being paid in advance, nor continue
+to serve after the expiration of the short period for
+which they were so paid, that by this determination
+of the seamen the <i>Hellas</i> was detained for months in
+port or occupied in collecting amongst the islands
+paltry means to satisfy their demands, and that at
+last, when money was found, half the period of the
+seamen's engagement was consumed in proceeding
+even to the nearest point at which hostile operations
+could be carried on, whence it became necessary to
+return almost at the moment of our arrival. It is not
+for me to speak, except when I am attacked, of the
+services I have rendered both in my professional
+capacity and otherwise. Those who were in Greece
+knew my exertions to reconcile the National Assemblies
+in April, 1827, to suppress the animosity
+amongst the chiefs and save the country from civil
+discord. They know that I doubled the national
+marine by captures from the enemy. They know
+that by desultory operations I paralysed the efforts
+of fleets we could not oppose. They know that the
+attack on Vasiladi and Lepanto, in September last,
+induced the Turkish and Egyptian fleets to follow to
+that quarter, in violation of the armistice, and that
+this act produced their rencontre and dispute with
+the British admiral, and ultimately led to the destruction
+of those fleets in the port of Navarino."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A few days after writing that letter, Lord Cochrane
+returned to London from Paris, where he had been
+staying for nearly two months, in frequent communication
+with the members of the Philhellenic Committees
+of that city and of other parts of the Continent.
+The growing dissatisfaction which the bad conduct of
+the Greeks had awakened in many of their best
+friends, and still more the silence of Capodistrias,
+prevented his doing all that he had hoped to do.
+He succeeded, however, in exciting some fresh interest,
+and found that one of the steamboats, at any
+rate, the <i>Mercury</i>, was at length in a fair way of
+completion, though this and its subsequent equipment
+were only effected by an advance of two thousand
+pounds, which he himself made. This was the
+business which took him to London, where he was
+busily employed during May and the first few days
+of June. He then went back to Paris for nearly three
+months more, and made further efforts, though in
+vain, to procure the substantial assistance for Greece
+on which his heart was set. As soon as the
+<i>Mercury</i> was ready for sea, he directed that she
+should proceed to Marseilles, where she arrived on
+the 13th of September: on the 18th, determined to
+make the best use of her in his power, he again set
+sail for Greece.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+He reached Poros on or near the last day of September.
+He found that the internal arrangements
+of Greece had wonderfully improved. Capodistrias
+during the last eight months had been ruling with
+an iron hand over all those districts which the previous
+conquests of the Turks and Egyptians had not
+taken out of his control, and all those conquests
+were just then being finally abrogated. The full
+effects of the battle of Navarino were now appearing.
+Ibrahim Pasha, having deported many of his
+troops to Alexandria, chiefly because there was not
+food enough to be found for them in the Morea, had
+refused to surrender his authority or to abandon any
+of the numerous fortresses of which he was master.
+The President, with Sir Richard Church and the
+worn-out refuse of the so-called army for his only
+support, could do nothing to expel him; but he
+gladly accepted the proffered aid of France. In
+compliance with a protocol signed on the 19th of
+July, fourteen thousand soldiers, under General
+Maison, had landed at Petilidi, on the 30th of
+August, and within a week Ibrahim had been
+forced to sign a convention pledging himself to
+prompt evacuation of the peninsula. Half of the
+residue of his army quitted Navarino on the 16th of
+September; the rest was preparing to depart at the
+time of Lord Cochrane's arrival, and actually started
+on the 5th of October. The ensuing weeks were worthily
+employed by the French army in clearing out
+the pestilential garrisons and making it possible for
+wholesome rule to succeed to the seven weary years
+of strife.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Thus the primary work which Lord Cochrane had
+been engaged to do, and which he vainly strove to
+do under the miserable circumstances of his position,
+had been effected by others. The Ottoman fleets had
+been dispersed and destroyed, and, as far as they
+were concerned, Greece was free at last. There was
+work yet to be done, troublesome but most important
+work, in converting the disorderly and piratical
+vessels and crews which constituted the navy of
+Greece into an efficient agent for protecting the
+State and extending its boundaries. This, in spite of
+all his previous annoyances, Lord Cochrane was prepared
+to do, if the Greeks were willing. But they
+did not will it. Capodistrias had laid his plans for
+governing Greece, and for their performance he had
+no need of a foreigner as wise and honest as Lord
+Cochrane. The plans were not altogether reprehensible.
+At starting they were perhaps the best that
+could be adopted. The new President&mdash;the President
+whom Lord Cochrane had nominated as the likeliest
+man to beat down the factions and override the
+jealousies that had hitherto wrought such grievous
+mischief to Greece&mdash;began by acting up to the anticipations
+which had induced his selection. Schooled
+in Italy and Russia, he practised both tortuous diplomacy
+and straightforward tyranny in attempting to
+turn divided Greece into a united nation, in which a
+hundred rival claimants for power should be made
+humble instruments of the authority of their one
+master. Thereby the State was enabled to assert its
+existence, and it was made possible for good government
+to be introduced. When, however, the time
+came for inaugurating that good government, Capodistrias
+sought to continue the method of rule which,
+if allowable at first, was no longer right or likely
+to succeed. Young Greece was to be kept in subjection
+for his own aggrandisement and for the aggrandisement
+of his few favourites and advisers. These
+favourites and advisers were the leaders of the old
+Phanariot party, Prince Mavrocordatos and his
+brother-in-law Mr. Trikoupes; men whose policy
+Lord Cochrane had opposed on his first arrival in
+Greece, and who accordingly became even more
+inimical to himself than he was to their purposes and
+plans.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Therefore it was that, when Lord Cochrane returned
+to Greece in the autumn of 1828, he was
+coldly received and his offers of further service,
+though not openly rejected, were not accepted.
+Throughout ten weeks he was treated with contemptuous
+indifference, or formal compliments, the
+hollowness of which was transparent. On his arrival,
+the President found it difficult to grant him an interview.
+When that interview was granted, the only
+subject allowed to be discussed was the accuracy of
+the accounts that had been drawn up by Dr. Gosse
+as Commissary-General of the Fleet, during the nine
+months of the previous year in which Lord Cochrane
+had been in active service. Nearly two months were
+spent in tedious and vexatious examination of these
+accounts, and correspondence thereupon, ending,
+however, in the partial satisfaction which Lord
+Cochrane derived from the knowledge that, after the
+most searching investigation, they were admitted to
+be correct in every particular.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+More than once, during this waiting time, Lord
+Cochrane threatened to leave Greece immediately,
+without waiting for the settlement of the accounts.
+He was only induced to remain, and submit to the
+insults offered to him, by the consideration that his
+hasty departure might cause an indefinite postponement
+of this settlement, and so prove injurious to his
+subordinates if not to himself. This being done,
+however, he lost no time in resigning his office as
+First Admiral of Greece; and that measure was
+accompanied by a rare exhibition of generosity.
+"The direct and active interference of the great
+European powers having decided the glorious contest
+for the freedom of Greece," he said in a letter to
+Count Capodistrias, written at Poros, on the 26th of
+November, "and its independence being formally acknowledged
+by accredited agents from these powers,
+no means now present themselves to me whereby I
+can professionally promote the interests of this
+hitherto oppressed people. I beg, therefore, that I
+may be permitted as an individual to alleviate their
+burdens by presenting the State with my share as
+Admiral of the corvette <i>Hydra</i>, and schooner-of-war
+<i>Athenian</i>, captured from the enemy; and further by
+absolving the State from any and every obligation
+whereby the sum of 20,000<i>l</i>. was to be paid to me on
+the acknowledgment of the independence of this
+country. If your excellency shall be pleased, conjointly
+with the National Assembly, to appropriate
+any part of the said amount to the relief of the
+seamen wounded, and of the families of those who
+have fallen during the contest, it will be a high gratification
+to my feelings, and I hope will be admitted
+as a testimony of my satisfaction at the introduction
+of useful institutions, and of the pleasure I
+experience at the rapid advancement towards order
+which has taken place even during the short period
+of your excellency's presidency. I have only to add
+that, if at any future time your excellency shall
+deem my services useful, I shall be delighted at an
+opportunity to prove my zeal for the welfare of
+Greece, more fully than circumstances have heretofore
+permitted."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The President's reply, dated the 4th of December,
+was complimentary: "The Government of Greece,"
+he said, "thanks you, my lord, for the services you
+have rendered, and for the new proof of your interest
+and your benevolence which you have shown in your
+letter of the 26th of November. As you observe, Greece
+having been taken under the protection of the great
+Powers of Europe, the Provisional Government can
+engage in no warlike operation worthy of your talents
+and your station. It regrets, therefore, that it cannot
+offer you an opportunity of giving further proof of
+the noble and generous sentiments which animate
+you in favour of Greece. The Government will
+make it its duty to convey to the National Congress
+your offer to cede your rights in the corvette <i>Hydra</i>
+and the schooner <i>Athenian</i>, and in the 20,000<i>l</i>. which
+Greece was to pay you on the acknowledgment of
+her independence. It doubts not that the Congress
+will value at its true worth all the nation's debt to
+you, and that it will adopt the measures which you
+propose for succouring the families of the Greek
+seamen who have fallen in the war. The future of
+Greece is in the hands of God and of the Allied
+Powers. You have taken part in her restoration,
+and she will reckon you, with sentiments of profound
+gratitude, among her first and generous defenders."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A day had not passed, however, before Lord Cochrane
+had fresh proof of the worthlessness of that
+pretended gratitude. Information having reached
+Messrs. J. and S. Ricardo, the contractors for the
+Greek loan of 1825, that the new Government contemplated
+repudiating the debt, they had written to
+Lord Cochrane, begging him to bring the matter
+before Capodistrias, and represent to him the injustice
+to the stock-holders and the discredit to Greece that
+would result from such an act. Lord Cochrane,
+accordingly, had an interview with the President
+and his two chief advisers on the 5th of December,
+when this subject was discussed, and, though the
+repudiation was only threatened, attempts were
+made to justify it on the plea that the 2,000,000<i>l</i>.
+forming the loan had nearly all been squandered in
+England and America, much having disappeared in
+unexplained ways, the rest having been absorbed in
+ship-building and engine-making, from which Greece
+had derived no benefit. Both in the personal interview
+and in a long letter which he addressed to the
+President on the following day, Lord Cochrane indignantly
+resented the proposed repudiation. He admitted
+that there had been gross mismanagement,
+but showed that the chief blame for this attached to
+the Greek deputies, Orlando and Luriottis, who had
+been sent to England to raise the money and to see
+that it was properly expended, but who, as was well
+known, had sought only their own advantage and
+enjoyment, and, pilfering themselves, had allowed
+others to pilfer without restraint. He urged that the
+innocent holders of the Greek stock ought not to
+suffer on this account, and showed also, that, if there
+had been great abuse of the loan, it had enabled the
+Greeks to tide over their worst time of trouble. "Your
+excellency must be aware," he wrote, "that there
+was no war-ship belonging to the State which was
+not bought, taken, or obtained by the aid of this
+loan, and that all the guns, mortars, powder, and
+other military stores which served to maintain the
+liberties of Greece during these later years were
+chiefly procured by help of this same fund. It
+enabled you to carry on the war until independence
+was secured by the intervention of the Allied
+Powers."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The debt was not repudiated; but Lord Cochrane's
+arguments for its acknowledgment gave an opportunity
+for exhibition of the long-smothered jealousy
+with which he was regarded by the counsellors of
+Capodistrias, if not by Capodistrias himself. The exhibition
+certainly was contemptible. As Lord Cochrane
+was about to leave Greece&mdash;and, indeed, eager to do
+so&mdash;the spite could only be shown in the arrangements
+made for his departure.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Having transferred the <i>Mercury</i>, which brought
+him out, to the President, Lord Cochrane had to ask
+for a vessel to take him from Egina, where he was
+then staying, to the Ionian Islands, or, if he could
+not there find suitable conveyance, to Toulon or Marseilles.
+The brig <i>Proserpine</i> was grudgingly placed
+at his disposal. "I pray you, my lord," wrote
+Mavrocordatos, on the 8th of December, "if you are
+obliged to take her to Toulon or Marseilles, not to
+detain her at Navarino or Zante, but to enable her
+to return with as little delay as possible to her work
+on the shores of Western Greece." Lord Cochrane
+accordingly embarked in this vessel on the 10th. No
+sooner was he on board, however, than he found himself
+treated with studied rudeness by her captain,
+Manoli Bouti, "exposed," as he said, "to privations
+and insults that would not be allowed in the conveyance
+of convicts." He had to put in at Poros on
+the same evening, and thence address a complaint to
+the Government, then lodged in that island. Four
+days passed before he received a written answer to
+his letter, and then it conveyed nothing but a formal
+intimation that another captain would be appointed
+in lieu of the obnoxious officer.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Many personal communications, however, had
+passed in the interval, by which was confirmed the
+suspicion formed by Lord Cochrane from the first,
+that the captain's misconduct had been dictated by his
+superiors, and that it had been a preconceived plan to
+try and send the First Admiral of Greece&mdash;for both
+title and functions still belonged to him&mdash;from her
+shores with every possible degradation. He naturally
+resented this indignity. He claimed that, while he
+remained in Greece, and until his office of First Admiral
+was abrogated, he should be treated with the
+respect due to his rank. All he asked, he urged, was
+that he might be allowed to leave Greece at once,
+if with such show of honour from the
+people whom he had done his best to serve, as would
+free him from insult and the Government from disgrace.
+"I assure your excellency," he wrote to the
+President, "that I regret the occurrence of any circumstance
+that occasions uneasiness to you; but I
+believe that, on reflection, you will clearly perceive
+that all which has occurred has been the work of
+others, whose acts I could neither control nor foresee.
+I waive my right to insist at present on any explicit
+recognition of my authority, and, though there is
+ample justification for my seeking more than I desire,
+all that I demand of your excellency is, for the sake
+of Greece, not to suffer, not to sanction your ministers
+in an endeavour to force me on to public explanations,
+by persevering in the scandalous line of conduct
+which they pursue. Surely your excellency cannot
+be aware of the importance which naval men attach
+to the continuance of the insignia of office, whilst
+actually embarked within the limits of their station,
+or you would not for an instant tolerate the attempt
+made to degrade me in the estimation of the high
+authorities and numerous officers here present in the
+port of Poros. I respectfully await your excellency's
+official commands and warrant to strike my flag; not
+founded on reasonings or on assumptions, which may
+prove fallacious or incorrect; but dictated in explicit
+terms, such as an officer can, such as he ought to
+obey."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+That Lord Cochrane was not fighting with a
+shadow, appears from a letter addressed to Dr. Gosse,
+on the 15th of December, by Count Heyden, then
+commanding the <i>Azoff</i>, as representative of Russia in
+the bay of Poros. "As the affairs of etiquette are
+delicate," he said, "I beg that you will inform me
+whether his lordship is still serving as First Admiral
+of Greece, or whether he has received his <i>congé</i>. If
+he is still in her service and employ, I shall rejoice to
+render him all the honours due to his rank. In the
+other case, I will pay him all the honours, except the
+salute of cannon. I beg that you will favour me
+with an answer, in order that I may show his lordship
+all the honour that is due to him."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Dr. Gosse's answer, though longer than Admiral
+Heyden expected, claims to be here quoted, as it
+furnished an important tribute to Lord Cochrane's
+worth, and was all the more valuable in that the
+Russian officer, glad to do all in his power to render
+homage to a man whom the Greek Government was
+now treating with childish insolence, made it his
+own by publishing it in the naval archives of Russia.
+"Lord Cochrane," wrote Dr. Gosse, "having arrived
+in Greece in March 1827, was, in the National
+Assembly at Troezene, elected First Admiral and Commander-in-Chief
+of the Naval Forces of Greece, with
+independent and unlimited powers. Subsequently, and
+after the election of Count Capodistrias as President,
+the Assembly decided that the admiral should be
+under the authority of the Government until the
+arrival of the President. During the year 1827,
+Lord Cochrane fulfilled his duties with all the zeal,
+all the accuracy, and all the talent for which he is
+renowned; but he found it impossible to achieve anything
+of importance, isolated as he was, without sufficient
+funds, and without support from others, except
+that of the Philhellenic Committees, and without the
+co-operation of the Greeks themselves. At length,
+having pledged himself not to interfere in internal
+politics, he considered his presence in Greece useless
+until a firm Government could be organized, and
+deemed that he could render best service to the nation
+by advocating its interests in Western Europe. He
+departed early in January, after during two months
+vainly awaiting the arrival of Count Capodistrias,
+whom he informed of his expedition, and asked for instructions.
+He returned to France and England, used
+all the means in his power to obtain fresh aid for Greece,
+fitted out one of the steamboats that were being prepared
+in London, took steps for the completion of the
+other two, and, after writing a second letter to the President&mdash;which,
+like the first one, received no answer&mdash;returned
+to Greece, resolved to devote himself to
+her cause. He was received with coldness and indifference;
+neither lodging, nor provisions, nor employment
+were offered to him. He asked that his accounts
+might be examined: ignorant or evil-minded commissioners
+were entrusted with their investigation,
+and the Government only took it in hand very
+tardily. Objections and disputes, difficulties and contradictions,
+accumulated, and it was only after a delay
+of sixty days that his accounts were publicly and
+officially declared to be correct. All that while he
+remained like a private person on board his steamboat,
+manned only by six sailors. In all the audiences
+that he had with the President, he asked for instructions
+as to the position and work that he should assume;
+but he could never receive any definite answer. During
+one interview which he had with Prince Mavrocordatos
+on board the <i>Mercury,</i> in the port of Poros, on
+the 1st of December, the anniversary of the coronation
+of the Emperor of Russia, he announced his intention
+of hoisting his flag on board one of the national vessels
+as a public compliment to that sovereign, and asked M.
+Mavrocordatos to inform the President of that intention;
+but he received no answer. He had during
+this period received numerous letters from the
+Government addressed to him as First Admiral and
+Commander-in-Chief of the Naval Forces of Greece.
+He afterwards went to Egina with Messrs. Trikoupes
+and Mavrocordatos, to receive a part of the money
+due to him, and to hand over to the Commission
+of Marine the steamboat <i>Mercury.</i> That done, he
+was embarked in a national vessel, a miserable brig
+which had been seized as contraband, badly repaired,
+which had been sent to convey him to Navarino,
+Zante, Toulon, or Marseilles. This vessel was under
+the orders of a Hydriot brulotteer, an ignorant and
+coarse man, who, long before, at the expedition
+against Alexandria, had acted in direct violation of
+the admiral's orders; and the crew was on a par
+with the captain. Lord Cochrane was insolently
+received by these people. No place of safety was
+found for his baggage and his money; no food was
+provided even for the voyage from Egina to Poros,
+where Lord Cochrane wished to take leave of the
+President. At Poros the captain repeated his insults.
+Lord Cochrane requested the President to dismiss
+him, but received no answer. M. Trikoupes even
+came on board and declared that the captain should
+continue his voyage and proceed to his destination.
+Lord Cochrane then said that he would be master on
+board a vessel from whose mast floated his admiral's
+flag, and that he would yield to nothing but the
+written orders of the President, in order, as he said,
+that he might protect himself from the insolence of
+servants of the Government who sought to annoy
+him by their exhibition of paltry jealousy, or to
+force him into a quarrel with the President. The
+day before yesterday, in the afternoon, he had an
+interview with the President, and, Messrs. Trikoupes
+and Mavrocordatos being present, he openly pointed
+out to him the intrigues of these officials and the
+dangers of the course in which they were leading
+him. Warmly, and with the boldness of a good
+conscience, he exposed their policy and expressed his
+views upon the organization of the Greek navy. He
+then repeated his wish to depart as soon as possible,
+although he declared himself willing at any
+future time to serve Greece if she had need of him.
+He also announced that he would at once take down
+his flag of authority if the President officially and
+directly required it, but that, if any charges were
+brought against him, he should be compelled to
+remain in Greece until he had exculpated himself
+before the nation and obtained the punishment of the
+unworthy servants of the President, for whom personally
+he declared that he had a profound respect,
+while he commiserated his difficult and painful
+position. In this interview Lord Cochrane appeared
+to me to have a great advantage over his antagonists.
+Yesterday the admiral's flag was still floating.
+In the evening the President wrote him a letter in
+vague terms and contributing nothing to the end he
+had in view. This morning Lord Cochrane, in his
+reply, has again asked for authority to lower his
+flag, if that is the will of the President; but no
+orders have been received. This precise statement
+of facts which have come under my own knowledge
+will, I think, make it easy for your excellency to
+arrive at conclusions comporting with the laws of
+etiquette."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"I have read your letter with pleasure and with
+pain," wrote Admiral Heyden in answer on the same
+day; "for I am certain that Lord Cochrane must
+have suffered greatly from the treatment to which
+he has been exposed. In proof of my esteem I beg
+that he will send back to their kennels these miserable
+causes of his annoyance, and proceed to Malta, or to
+Zante if he wishes, in one of my corvettes, taking
+with him as large a suite as he likes. It cannot be
+too numerous. As regards his salute, I shall receive
+him with the honours due to his rank and with
+musical honours; and at his departure I will man
+the yards; but the salute of guns I cannot give him,
+as he is not in naval authority. Vice-Admiral
+Miaoulis never received from me the honours which
+I offer to Lord Cochrane. I did not man the yards
+and did not give him a salute. I hope I shall have
+the pleasure of seeing his lordship, and that I can
+provide him a passage more agreeable than that
+proposed for him by Greece."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Not content with sending that friendly message to
+Lord Cochrane, Admiral Heyden took prompt occasion
+to reprove Capodistrias for his unworthy conduct.
+Capodistrias thereupon used the influence of
+Dr. Grosse in bringing about at any rate a formal
+reconciliation between himself and Lord Cochrane,
+the result of which was that the latter received the
+official discharge that he desired, and even an offer
+to find him in another ship a better passage than he
+could have expected on board the <i>Proserpine</i>. Lord
+Cochrane, however, preferred to accept Admiral Heyden's
+more generous invitation. "It is gratifying,"
+he said in a letter to Dr. Grosse on the 18th of December,<a class="fnref" href="#fn13" id="ref13">[13]</a>
+"that even the authority to which wicked
+men refer in proof of the rectitude of evil deeds fails
+to sanction infamous conduct. Alas! if Capodistrias
+suffers&mdash;and he seems not inclined to oppose&mdash;I say,
+if he suffers the base intrigues of the Phanar to be
+introduced as the means of ruling a nation, Greece
+must fall back, if not into a darker state, yet into a
+worse condition, inasmuch as suspended anarchy is
+preferable to civil war."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Those prognostications proved correct. Capodistrias,
+allowing others to direct him in ways of bad
+government, entered on a policy which very soon
+led to his assassination&mdash;to be followed by the milder
+rule of King Otho.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On the 20th of December Lord Cochrane left
+Poros in the Russian corvette <i>Grimachi</i>, honourably
+placed at his disposal by Admiral Heyden, and
+proceeded to Malta. There he was worthily received
+by the British admiral, Sir Pulteney Malcolm, who
+offered him immediate conveyance to Naples in the
+<i>Racer</i>, or, in a week's time, a passage direct to
+Marseilles in the <i>Etna</i>. Believing that thus he
+would save time, he chose the former alternative.
+From Naples, however, he found it impossible to
+proceed to Marseilles, and he was obliged, on the
+29th of January, to embark in an English merchant
+vessel to Leghorn. Eleven days were spent in the
+short voyage, and on reaching Leghorn he had to
+submit to fifteen days' quarantine before being
+allowed to proceed to Paris, there to rejoin his
+family. The whole journey occupied nearly ten
+weeks.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+From Leghorn he wrote on the 15th of February
+to Chevalier Eynard respecting Greece and her still
+unfortunate condition. "Civilization and internal
+order," he said, "can make no steady progress in
+Greece unless the Government can be supported
+otherwise than by the present bands of undisciplined,
+ignorant, and lawless savages. Under existing
+circumstances, Greeks who have attained the
+age of maturity are incapable of military organization.
+You have long known my opinion as to the
+necessity of sending foreign troops to Greece to
+maintain order. You know that I preferred Swiss
+or Bavarian soldiers to those of the great pacificating
+powers, because the latter cannot, with propriety,
+interfere in matters of police, whilst paid by
+foreign countries. It is now, however, too late to
+send small military establishments, such as would
+have sufficed on the arrival of Capodistrias, because
+<i>now</i> they would be considered as oppressors; <i>then</i>
+they would have been received as allies and friends.
+The alternatives that may be pursued in the conduct
+relative to Greece now are, to let the Revolution
+work itself out, as in South America, or to leave six
+regiments in the country until the young men who
+are abroad shall be educated and the rising generation
+at home shall be somewhat civilized. It is of no use
+to attempt to do good by half measures under the
+present circumstances of Greece. Kolokotrones is
+ready, on the spot, to take possession of Patras the
+moment it is evacuated. Petro-Bey, who has been
+prosecuted in the Court of Admiralty for piracy, is
+prepared to avenge himself by taking authority in
+Maina. Konduriottes, Zaimes, and all the other chiefs,
+anxiously await the meeting of the Assembly, which
+they hail as the final hour of the President's authority.
+Capodistrias's ministers, too, who are no fools,
+but, on the contrary, cunning men, undoubtedly have
+similar views, for they have taken every means to
+discredit, disgust, and drive away every foreigner who,
+by his conduct, counsel, or friendly intimation, could
+avert the evil. Thus things are fast tending towards
+a discreditable close of the President's administration."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Thank God," wrote Lord Cochrane three months
+later, on the 17th of May, to Dr. Gosse, who, in the
+interval, had also left Greece, "we are both clear
+of a country in which there is no hope of amelioration
+for half a century to come; unless, indeed,
+immigration shall take place to a great extent, under
+some king, or competent ruler, appointed and supported
+by the Governments of the mediating powers.
+The mental fever I contracted in Greece has not yet
+subsided, nor will it probably for some months to come."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Lord Cochrane might well be suffering from a
+mental fever. Nearly four years of his life had been
+spent in efforts to serve Greece, and with very poor
+result. To himself the issue had been wholly unfortunate;
+even the pecuniary recompense to which he
+was entitled having been so reduced as not to meet
+the expenses to which he had been put, partly
+through his generous surrender of the 20,000<i>l</i>. which
+he was to receive on completion of the work, partly
+through the depreciation of the Greek stock in
+which, out of sympathy for the cause, he had invested
+the 37,000<i>l</i>. paid to him on his engagement.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+And to Greece the issues had been far less beneficial
+than he had hoped. The tedious and wanton delays
+to which he had been subjected at starting, whereby
+that starting was prevented for a year and a half,
+had hindered his arrival in Greece till it was too
+late for him to do much of the work that he had
+planned. The want of money, and, still more, the
+want of patriotism, courage, and even common
+honesty on the part of nearly all the leaders with
+whom he was to co-operate, and the officers and
+crews whom he was to command, had caused his ten
+months' active service in Greece to comprise little
+more than a series of bold projects, and projects
+which, if he had been aided by brave men, would
+have been as easy as they were bold, in which he
+received none of the support that was necessary, and
+which accordingly all his energy and genius could
+not make successful. When, after his visit to England
+and France, he returned to Greece, eager and
+able to render invaluable assistance in the organization
+of the navy, he was treated only with neglect and
+insolence, from which at last he was enabled to escape
+through the generous sympathy of a Russian admiral.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Much, however, he had done for Greece. To his
+persistent entreaties were due all the meagre displays
+of patriotism by which the Government of the
+country was maintained and Capodistrias accepted as
+President, and all the feeble efforts by which the
+war was carried on and the triumph of the Porte
+was averted until the direct interference of the
+Allied Powers. That interference had been in great
+measure induced by the report that he had entered
+the service of Greece, so that to him was due not a
+little of the benefit that accrued from the whole
+course of diplomacy by which her independence was
+secured; and the independence was made more
+prompt and complete than could have been expected
+by the fortunate circumstance of his having occasioned
+the collision between the forces of Turkey
+and those of the Allied Powers which issued in the
+Battle of Navarino. Much more he would have
+achieved had his arguments been listened to and
+his plans supported. His failures no less than his
+successes bespeak his worth.
+</p>
+
+</div><!--end chapter-->
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h2 id="ch23">CHAPTER XXIII.</h2>
+
+<p class="small">
+A RECAPITULATION OF LORD COCHRANE'S NAVAL SERVICES.&mdash;HIS EFFORTS
+TO OBTAIN RESTITUTION OF THE RANK TAKEN FROM HIM AFTER THE
+STOCK EXCHANGE TRIAL.&mdash;HIS PETITION TO THE DUKE OF CLARENCE.&mdash;ITS
+REJECTION BY THE DUKE OF WELLINGTON'S CABINET.&mdash;LORD COCHRANE'S
+OCCUPATIONS AFTER THE CLOSE OF HIS GREEK SERVICE.&mdash;HIS
+RETURN TO ENGLAND.&mdash;HIS MEMORIAL TO WILLIAM IV.&mdash;ITS TARDY CONSIDERATION
+BY EARL GREY'S CABINET.&mdash;ITS PROMOTERS AND OPPONENTS.&mdash;LORD
+COCHRANE'S ACCESSION TO THE PEERAGE AS TENTH EARL OF
+DUNDONALD.&mdash;HIS INTERVIEW WITH THE KING.&mdash;THE COUNTESS OF DUNDONALD'S
+EFFORTS IN AID OF HER HUSBAND'S MEMORIAL.&mdash;THEIR ULTIMATE
+SUCCESS.&mdash;THE EARL OF DUNDONALD'S "FREE PARDON," AND
+RESTORATION TO NAVAL RANK.
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr">
+[1828-1832.]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Lord Cochrane's retirement from the service of
+Greece brought to a close his career as a fighting
+seaman. With one brief exception, occurring twenty
+years later, when he commanded the British squadron
+in the North American and West Indian waters, but
+when there was no warfare to be done the rest of
+his life, comprising thirty years of ripe manhood and
+vigorous old age, was passed without employment
+in the profession which was dear to him, and in which
+he had shown himself to be possessed of talents rarely
+equalled and certainly never surpassed.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+He entered that profession at the age of seventeen.
+In 1800, when he was twenty-four, he was promoted
+to the command of the <i>Speedy</i>. With that crazy little
+sloop, no larger than a coasting brig, he captured
+a large French privateer on the 10th of May, and on
+the 14th he recaptured two English vessels that had
+been seized by the enemy. On the 16th of June he
+took another French vessel, and on the 22nd another,
+with a prize which she had just obtained. On
+the 29th, he secured a large Spanish privateer, in
+spite of five gunboats which fought in her defence.
+On the 19th of July he captured another French
+privateer and rescued her prize; on the 27th he
+sunk another; and on the 31st he put another to
+flight and took possession of the prize which she had
+in tow. On the 22nd of September, he seized
+another of the enemy's vessels. On the 15th of
+December he wrecked one French war-ship and
+captured another, one of three which came to her
+assistance; and on the 24th, being attacked by two
+Spanish privateers, he took one of them. On the 16th
+of January, 1801, he chased two vessels, and seized
+one, and on the 22nd, two of the enemy's craft, one
+French and the other Spanish, struck to him. On
+the 24th of February a French brig fell into his
+hands. The same fate was shared by another vessel
+on the 11th of April, by another on the 13th, and
+by two others on the 15th. He captured a Spanish
+tartan and a Spanish privateer on the 4th of May;
+and on the 13th occurred his celebrated victory over
+the <i>Gamo</i>&mdash;carrying four times the tonnage, six
+times the number of men, and seven times the weight
+of shot possessed by the <i>Speedy</i>&mdash;which was soon
+followed by the taking of two other Spanish privateers
+heavily armed. On the 9th of June, the <i>Speedy</i>
+and another little vessel had a nine hours' fight, first
+with a Spanish zebec and three gunboats, and afterwards
+with a felucco and two more gunboats which
+came to their aid, which were only allowed to escape
+when the English ammunition was nearly exhausted,
+the <i>Speedy</i> having discharged fourteen hundred shot.
+On the 3rd of July, the pigmy vessel, after hard
+fighting, had to surrender to three French line-of-battle
+ships. It was on that occasion that their
+senior officer, Captain Pallière, declined to accept the
+sword of "an officer," as he said, "who had for so
+many hours struggled against impossibility." In his
+thirteen months' cruise Lord Cochrane had with his
+little sloop of fourteen 4-pounders, and a crew of
+fifty-four officers and men, taken and retaken fifty
+vessels, a hundred and twenty-two guns, and five
+hundred and thirty-four prisoners.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+His next ship, the <i>Arab</i>, was made to serve during
+fourteen months in seas in which there was no work
+to be done; but for the <i>Pallas</i>, a fine frigate of thirty-two
+guns, he was allowed to find memorable employment.
+He was sent to the Azores, with orders to
+limit his cruise to a month. He captured one large
+Spanish vessel on the 6th of February, 1805, a
+second on the 13th, a third on the 15th, a fourth on
+the 16th. Forced after that to be idle, as far as
+prize-taking was concerned, for more than a year, he
+seized two French vessels on the 27th of March, 1806,
+and another a few days later. On the 6th of April
+he captured the <i>Tapageuse</i>, and on the 7th he chased
+three other corvettes till they were driven on shore
+by their crews and wrecked. He took another prize
+on the 14th. On the 14th of May, the <i>Pallas</i> had
+her famous engagement with the French frigate
+<i>Minerve</i> and three brigs, the <i>Lynx</i>, the <i>Sylph</i>, and
+the <i>Palinure</i>, carrying eighty-eight guns in all,
+wherein she was so disabled that she was forced to
+return to Portsmouth to be refitted.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <i>Imperieuse</i> being assigned to him in August,
+1806, Lord Cochrane took two prizes on the 19th of
+December, and a third on the 31st. He was then
+ordered home, and there detained till the autumn of
+1807. On the 14th of November, being again in
+the Mediterranean, he captured a Maltese pirate-ship,
+and soon afterwards he seized some other vessels.
+Being ordered to scour the French coast during the
+summer of 1808, he took numerous prizes on the
+sea and effected yet more important work on land.
+"With varying opposition but with unvaried success,"
+he wrote in his concise report to Lord Collingwood
+on the 28th of September, "the newly-constructed
+semaphoric telegraphs&mdash;which are of the
+utmost consequence to the safety of the numerous
+convoys that pass along the coast of France&mdash;at
+Bourdigne, La Pinede, St. Maguire, Frontignan,
+Canet, and Fay, have been blown up and completely
+demolished, together with their telegraph houses,
+fourteen barracks of gens d'armes, one battery, and
+the strong tower on the Lake of Frontignan." The
+list of casualties was "None killed, none wounded,
+one singed, in blowing up the battery." That work
+was followed by more of the same nature, a famous
+episode in which was Lord Cochrane's occupation of
+the Castle of Trinidad. "The zeal and energy with
+which he has maintained that fortress," wrote Lord
+Collingwood, "excite the highest admiration. His
+resources for every exigency have no end."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The splendid exploit with the fireships in Basque
+Roads followed in 1809, and with that Lord Cochrane's
+services to England as a seaman were brought to a
+conclusion. Official persecution kept him in idleness
+during the remaining period of war with France,
+and he was in the end driven to seek relief from
+oppression at home, and exercise for his talents, by
+devoting himself to the cause of freedom in Chili,
+Peru, Brazil, and Greece. His unparalleled successes
+on both sides of the South American continent,
+and the circumstances of his partial failure
+in Greece, have been sufficiently detailed in previous
+chapters.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+All through that time of virtual expatriation, his
+dearest hope had been that England would, as far as
+possible, retrieve the cruel wrong that had been done
+to him. Full redress was impossible. The heavy
+cloud that had been cast over so many years of his
+most energetic manhood could not be removed by
+any tardy act of justice; but that tardy justice could
+at any rate be done to him, and for this he strove
+with unabated zeal.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To this end he was partly occupied during his
+temporary absence from Greece in 1828. On the
+4th of June he addressed a memorial to the Duke
+of Clarence, then Lord High Admiral, who just two
+years afterwards was to become King of England.
+This memorial, eloquent in its simplicity and earnestness,
+the prelude to many others that were to be
+presented in later years, claims to be here quoted in
+full. "To his Royal Highness the Lord High Admiral,"
+it ran, "the memorial of Lord Cochrane
+humbly showeth;&mdash;That for fourteen years your memorialist
+has suffered, among many injuries and
+privations, the loss of his situation and rank as post-captain
+in his Majesty's navy, in consequence of a
+verdict pronouncing your memorialist guilty of an
+offence of which he was entirely and absolutely innocent;&mdash;That
+during the whole course of your memorialist's
+life, up to the day on which he was
+charged with the crime of conspiring with others to
+raise false reports for the purpose of fraudulently
+effecting a rise in the price of the public funds, the
+character and conduct of your memorialist were
+without reproach; and, numerous as have been the
+transactions in which your memorialist has subsequently
+engaged, he has, amid them all, uniformly
+preserved, though not an unassailed, yet an unshaken
+and unsullied character;&mdash;That your memorialist
+has never ceased, and never can cease to assert his
+absolute innocence of the crime of which he was
+pronounced guilty. He asserts it now, most solemnly,
+as in the presence of Almighty God, and certain he
+is, if every doubt be not dissipated in this world, that
+when summoned to enter more immediately into
+that Awful and Infinite Presence, he shall not fail,
+with his last breath, most solemnly to assert his innocence;&mdash;That
+it was your memorialist's consciousness
+of innocence that contributed, perhaps more than
+any other cause, to produce his conviction; because
+it rendered him confident, and much less careful in
+making the necessary preparations for his defence
+than he ought to have been, or than he would have
+been, if guilty; while, on the other hand, there
+existed the utmost zeal, industry, and skill in the
+conduct of the prosecution;&mdash;That your memorialist
+did all that was possible to procure a revision of his
+case; but, as he had laboured under the disadvantage
+of being included in, and tried under, the same indictment
+with some who had probably no reason to
+complain of the result, as well as the still greater
+disadvantage of having his defence blended, with
+theirs, so was he denied a new trial for the same
+reason; it being a rule of Court that a new trial
+should not be allowed to any individual tried for
+conspiracy unless all the parties should appear in
+Court to join in the application; which, in the case
+of your memorialist, could not possibly be, some of
+the parties having quitted the country on the verdict
+being pronounced against them;&mdash;That your memorialist
+has never been able to obtain a re-investigation
+of his extraordinary case, nor to obtain redress
+in any way; but now that your Royal Highness is
+Lord High Admiral, and has, among other illustrious
+acts, distinguished yourself in that capacity by doing
+justice to meritorious officers, your memorialist feels
+that he has everything to hope from the magnanimity
+of your Royal Highness;&mdash;That it is indeed
+certain that nothing can be more repugnant to the
+feelings of your Royal Highness than that an individual
+who zealously devoted himself to the naval
+service of his king and country, as your Royal
+Highness knows your memorialist to have done,
+should be for ever cut off from the service without
+the most unquestionable certainty of the rectitude of
+so severe an infliction. So far, therefore, as depends
+on your Royal Highness, your memorialist cannot
+but confidently entertain the hope that he shall not
+be doomed to remain all his life long the victim of a
+verdict of which he has not only never ceased to
+complain, but which he knows that he has proved to
+be unfounded, to the satisfaction of those who have
+examined as well what was advanced against him at
+the trial as what he has since adduced in his own
+justification. Your memorialist, therefore, is encouraged
+most respectfully to solicit your Royal Highness
+to represent his case&mdash;a case of peculiar and
+unprecedented hardship&mdash;to his most Sacred Majesty,
+and to advocate his cause. And if, happily for your
+memorialist, his most Sacred Majesty, recognising
+the innocence of your memorialist, and taking his
+long-protracted and unmerited sufferings into his
+gracious consideration, should, of his most gracious
+pleasure, vouchsafe to reinstate your memorialist in
+that rank and station in his Royal Navy which he
+previously held, your memorialist will ever maintain
+the deepest and most grateful sense of his duty to
+his most Sacred Majesty and to your Royal Highness,
+and will never cease to testify his gratitude by all
+the means in his power."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+That document was presented by Sir Robert
+Preston to the Duke of Clarence, who promised to
+use every endeavour to obtain a reconsideration of
+Lord Cochrane's case. He was unsuccessful. "Dear
+Sir," he wrote to Sir Robert Preston on the 14th
+of June, "immediately on the receipt of the memorial
+you brought from Lord Cochrane, I sent it to the
+Duke of Wellington, with a request it might be considered
+by his Majesty's confidential servants, and
+last evening I had a communication from his Grace
+to state that the King's Cabinet cannot comply with
+the prayer of the memorial. I ever remain, dear
+Sir, yours sincerely, William."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The harsh news of this failure was sent to Paris,
+whither Lord Cochrane had gone in furtherance of
+his efforts for the assistance of Greece.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To Paris he returned, as we have seen, after his
+final departure from Greece, and there he resided
+with his family for about six months. He paid a
+brief visit to England in September, 1829; but,
+seeing no immediate prospect of gaining the restitution
+of his naval rank, and finding that idle life at
+home was especially irksome to him, he soon went
+back to the Continent. The serious illness of Lady
+Cochrane induced him to pass the winter in Italy,
+where by the same cause he was detained for several
+months. He was in England again in the autumn
+of 1830.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+One motive for his return was the accession of the
+Duke of Clarence to the throne as King William IV.
+The new sovereign's often-expressed sympathy for
+him, induced him to hope that now he had a better
+chance of obtaining the justice that had been so long
+withheld. The change of sovereigns, however, was
+of small avail while the ministers who had summarily
+rejected his former memorial continued to
+have the direction of affairs. "To petition or
+memorialize the King whilst his present ministers
+remain in office," he said in a letter written on the
+10th of September, "would be to debase myself in
+my own estimation, and, I think, in that of every
+man of sense and feeling." "I cannot petition
+again," he said in another letter; "though I am
+assured from high authority it would be attended
+to. Sir Robert Wilson and others have obtained
+favour; but I, who protested against the forging
+of charts and public waste of money, have had no
+mercy shown!" Lord Cochrane ascertained, about
+this time, that his memorial of 1828, though sent by
+the Duke of Clarence for the consideration of King
+George IV., had never reached his Majesty, the
+Cabinet having preferred to dismiss it at once. He
+therefore had good reason for abstaining from further
+action until a more friendly ministry should be in
+power.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+He had not long to wait. On the 16th of November,
+the Duke of Wellington's Cabinet resigned.
+In the Administration which succeeded Earl Grey
+was Premier, and Mr. Brougham, raised to the
+peerage, was Lord Chancellor. Lord Cochrane then
+lost no time in completing a "Review" of his case,
+which he had prepared for publication, and in
+getting ready some early copies of the volume to be
+presented to the King and his ministers.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The King's copy was forwarded through Lord
+Melbourne, the Home Secretary, on the 10th of December,
+accompanied by a brief petition. "Assured
+that the memorial which I laid before your Majesty
+when Lord High Admiral," wrote Lord Cochrane,
+"was honoured with your earnest consideration, and
+that your Majesty was graciously pleased to make
+an effort in my behalf, with the desire of restoring
+me to my station in the navy; assured, too, that, had
+not the ministers of his late most gracious Majesty
+been opposed to the prayer of my memorial, I should
+then have been restored; and believing that no
+such obstacle to your Majesty's favour would be now
+interposed, I have every reason to hope that the
+auspicious moment is at length arrived when the
+redress which I have so long sought will be freely
+bestowed by my most gracious Sovereign. I beseech
+your Majesty to condescend to receive the accompanying
+review of my case, which, I trust, will prove
+to your Majesty that I am not unworthy of that act
+of your Majesty's favour which I humbly solicit. It
+is not because I have undergone a sentence heavier
+than the law pronounced, it is not because I have
+been deprived for sixteen years of the rank and
+honours which I acquired in the Royal Navy, nor is
+it because I am deserving of any consideration on
+account of services to my King and country, that I
+now presume to appeal to your Majesty,&mdash;though no
+one is more likely than your Majesty to feel for my
+sufferings, and no one more competent to appreciate
+my services,&mdash;but it is because I had no participation
+in, and no knowledge, not even the most indistinct
+or remote, of the crime under the imputation of which
+I have been so variously and so unceasingly punished.
+It is this alone which impels me to approach your
+Majesty, and this alone which enables me."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Other copies of the "Review" having been sent
+to the Cabinet Ministers, with letters urging its
+favourable consideration, Lord Cochrane, in nearly
+every case, received a friendly answer. "I need not
+say," wrote Earl Grey on the 12th of December,
+"that it would give me great satisfaction if it should
+be found possible to comply with the prayer of your
+petition. This opinion I expressed some years ago
+in a letter which, I believe, was communicated to
+you. To the sentiments expressed in that letter I
+refer, which, if I remember right, acquitted you of
+all blame, except such as might have been incurred
+by inadvertence and by having suffered yourself to
+be led by others into measures of the consequences
+of which you were not sufficiently aware."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+More than a year was to be spent, however, in
+persevering effort before Lord Cochrane's claim for
+justice was acceded to. Objection was taken by some
+to the form in which his address to the King was
+worded. It was "a letter," they said, and not "a
+petition;" and Lord Cochrane was distressed at
+hearing, on the 18th, that the document had been
+given back by his Majesty to Lord Melbourne without
+any comment.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"If I have erred as to the form of my petition,
+which was in the shape of a most respectful and
+dutiful letter to his Majesty, or as to the channel
+through which it should have been forwarded," said
+Lord Cochrane in a letter to Earl Grey, written on
+the 23rd of December, "I have erred in judgment
+only; and it would be hard indeed should redress
+not be accorded by reason of an informality in the
+mode of my application. I have since been advised
+that my petition ought to have been forwarded
+through the First Lord of the Admiralty, whom I
+have therefore solicited to present another petition,
+the same in effect, but more brief, and in the regular
+form. When his Majesty was Lord High Admiral
+he received a memorial from me by the hands of Sir
+Robert Preston, and though it had not the effect, of
+procuring my restoration at that time, yet from the
+gracious manner in which, I am assured, it was
+received, I did flatter myself that his Majesty would
+have pleasure in the opportunity, which appeared to
+present itself when your lordship's Administration
+was formed, of originating a measure which all
+would consider gracious, and most, I hope, believe
+to be perfectly just. In reference to the letter, in
+answer to mine, with which your lordship honoured
+me on the 12th instant, which I cannot but perceive
+is written with a kindness of feeling which commands
+my best thanks, I beg only to state that any
+opinion of me in regard to the crime imputed to me
+that does not fully acquit me of all knowledge
+thereof whatever does not do me justice. That
+crime was contrived and completed so entirely without
+my knowledge that I had not the most distant
+idea of its having been meditated until I read of its
+commission in the public prints." In a brief reply
+to that letter Earl Grey stated that, the petition
+having been presented to the King and being now
+under consideration, no more formal address need be
+sent in lieu of it.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Thus Lord Cochrane had only to await the result
+of his application, and he waited for sixteen months.
+During that interval many friends interceded on his
+behalf, especially Lord Durham and Lord Auckland,
+and from time to time his hopes were quickened by
+information that the subject was still being considered
+by his Majesty's ministers, who were anxious
+that right should be done.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But he was often disappointed. "The King," he
+said, in a letter written on the 1st of April, "has
+invited all the Knights of the Bath to dine with him
+on the 12th, which is the anniversary of the affair
+of Basque Roads, as well as that of Grambier's installation.
+If nothing is done on that day I shall not
+obtain justice during the life of William IV. Indeed,
+I understand that every effort has been made to
+influence the King to my prejudice."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"I was at an evening party at the Marquess of
+Lansdowne's on Friday," wrote Lord Cochrane on
+the 25th of April, "and there I met the Lord Chancellor
+[Brougham] who was very civil indeed, and
+told me they had a battle to fight for me, and hoped
+they would succeed. Since then the electors of the
+borough of Southwark have sent a deputation to beg
+me to stand; but hearing that Brougham's brother
+was also to be a candidate, I have declined opposing
+him. I had a double motive for this line of conduct,
+for, had I been returned to Parliament, I could
+not conscientiously have accepted a favour at the
+hands of the ministers of the Crown."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Service in the House of Commons was, soon after
+that, made impossible to Lord Cochrane. His father,
+Archibald, ninth Earl of Dundonald, died on the 1st
+of July, 1831. Lord Cochrane then ceased to be a
+commoner, and became in succession, when he was
+nearly fifty-six years old, Earl of Dundonald.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+As Earl of Dundonald, however, he found it no
+easier to obtain an answer to his demand for justice
+than as Lord Cochrane. In September he heard
+that his opponents were making use of some Admiralty
+correspondence respecting his conduct in Chili,
+nearly ten years before, to throw fresh difficulties in
+his way. He at once applied to Sir James Graham,
+the First Lord of the Admiralty, for extracts from
+this correspondence of any parts requiring explanation,
+in order that he might furnish the same. "I
+beg leave to state," wrote Sir James in reply, "that
+it is not usual for his Majesty's Government to produce,
+from the records of public offices, documents
+which do not appear to be required for any public
+purpose. I am therefore under the necessity of
+declining to comply with your lordship's request."
+"Is it not astonishing," said Lord Dundonald, in
+a letter to the Duke of Hamilton, "that Sir James
+Graham does not consider justice to an individual to
+be a public object?"
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Tired out, at length, by the delays in the settlement
+of his case, Lord Dundonald wisely resolved to
+seek a personal interview with the King. With that
+object he went down to Brighton, and the interview
+was readily granted to him on Sunday, the 27th of
+November. He was graciously received, and the
+King listened attentively to his respectful claim for
+a fair investigation of the matter, and for permission
+to rebut any charges that might be brought against
+him respecting his conduct in connection with the
+Stock Exchange fraud, his Chilian service, or any
+other portion of his life that had been or could be
+complained of. His Majesty promised to see that the
+case was fairly looked into, and Lord Dundonald was
+not long in observing the good effects of his bold step.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Lady Dundonald has seen Lord Grey, and he
+has expressed his readiness to do all he can," he
+wrote from London on the 17th of December. "But
+I understand there is something in the way. Burdett
+assures me that he will bring the whole affair before
+Parliament if they do not do me justice."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Sir Francis Burdett, who, never flagging in his
+friendship, had rendered valuable assistance during
+these weary months, continued in the same course to
+the end; but it was not necessary for him to appeal
+to Parliament in this case. Yet its settlement was
+further delayed. "I am unwilling to trespass on
+your lordship's most valuable time," wrote Lord
+Dundonald to Earl Grey, on the 28th of January,
+1832; "but as it is now two months since I had the
+honour of an audience of the King, and of presenting
+to his Majesty my humble memorial setting forth my
+claims to be heard in my defence in refutation of the
+accusations existing against me in the Admiralty,
+and praying that I might be furnished with copies
+of the accusatory documents, I can no longer refrain
+from entreating your lordship to relieve my mind
+from its present state of most painful suspense by
+making me acquainted with the decision of the
+Government. From my knowledge of your lordship's
+considerate feelings towards me, and of your
+desire, should it be found practicable and just, to
+restore me to my place in his Majesty's service, and
+from that consciousness of my own integrity which
+has maintained me during so many years of adversity,
+I cannot but be sanguine, notwithstanding
+the delay, of an ultimately favourable result. But
+the period of suspense is not only one of great
+mental anxiety, but in other respects most injurious.
+It places me in a position worse than that which I
+was in under the former Administration, which at
+once decided to dismiss my complaint without consideration,
+and spared me that uncertainty which
+'makes the heart sick.' While those ministers were
+in power my character sustained no injury from their
+refusal to do me justice. But under the Administration
+of your lordship, the public opinion must be
+that my case has received every consideration, and
+that the ascertained justice of the verdict against me
+is the bar to my restoration. This opinion already
+operates so much to my disadvantage and annoyance
+as to paralyze all my pursuits, and will shortly
+compel me, unless your lordship spares me that sacrifice,
+to quit a country of which I have never, by any
+act of my life, rendered myself unworthy, and in the
+bosom of which, unless called out again in her
+service, I would fain spend the remainder of my life
+in tranquillity."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+That letter was delivered by the Countess of Dundonald,
+who at this time, as at all others, laboured
+with rare energy and tact to lighten her husband's
+heavy load of suffering and to augment his scanty
+store of joy. "Lady Dundonald," he wrote on the
+6th of February, "has had a long talk with Lord
+Grey on the subject of my affair, and it clearly
+appears that there are two individuals in the Cabinet
+who will not give in. It is now, however, determined
+that Lady Dundonald&mdash;I being out of town&mdash;shall
+go to the King with a very proper memorial
+on her part, praying that the stain on the family
+may be wiped away by a free pardon. It is supposed
+that this will succeed; because in that case
+the King can exercise his prerogative without other
+counsel than that of his Prime Minister, who is
+favourable."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+That term "free pardon" was galling to Lord
+Dundonald. He knew that he had done nothing
+which needed forgiveness. It was justice, not pardon,
+that he sought. He had suffered so much,
+however, from official formalities, and his honest
+resentment of them, that he now reluctantly consented
+to accept the virtual acquittal which was the
+great object of his hopes and toils, though it might
+be couched in a phrase none the less distasteful to
+him because it was the phrase that from time immemorial
+had been used as a cloak for the withdrawal
+of official wrong.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+His concession was successful. "The King," he
+was able to write on the 4th of March, "has at last
+promised to do that which the late Administration
+refused, and the present ministry had not the power
+or courage to accomplish. For this I am indebted
+to the zealous exertions of Lady Dundonald, who
+has been at Brighton, and has left Lord Grey and
+others no rest until her object was accomplished.
+Thus, you see, perseverance has done more than
+reason, right, and justice. The fact is that great
+folks neither read nor trouble themselves with judging
+from facts on subjects which do not immediately
+concern themselves. I have no doubt that the 'Review'
+has never been looked into by one of the ministers."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The "free pardon" was promised on the 28th of
+February, but it was not formally granted till five
+weeks afterwards. Lord Dundonald ascertained that
+one cause of the long delay in considering his case
+was the heat of party fight occasioned by the Reform
+Bill. The Government feared to show any kindness
+to a man whom the Tories had so long and so persistently
+reviled, lest thereby they should lose in the
+House of Commons a few wavering votes that were
+important. The Reform Bill passed the Lower
+House, for the second time, at the end of March.<a class="fnref" href="#fn14" id="ref14">[14]</a>
+Its final adoption being expected with less difficulty
+than arose, it was now easier to do justice to Lord
+Dundonald. "I was happy to hear your memorial
+to the King read in Council and referred to the
+Admiralty," the Earl of Durham wrote to him on
+the 16th of April. "I trust we may eventually
+have the means of doing an act of private as well
+as of public justice, and that I shall see you restored
+to that service of which you are the highest ornament.
+But you well know that you have had not
+only my best wishes, but my warmest exertions, for
+the attainment of that object."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The object was at last attained. At a Privy
+Council held on the 2nd of May, a "free pardon"
+was granted to the Earl of Dundonald. He was
+restored to his position in the Royal Navy, and, on
+the 8th, gazetted as a Rear-Admiral of the Fleet.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In that capacity he was presented to King William
+IV. at the levée held on the 9th of May; and
+congratulations poured in from all quarters as soon
+as the good news was published. But he could not,
+even in the first moments of rejoicing, forget that
+the cause of congratulation was only a pardon for an
+offence which he had never committed, and for
+which he had been enduring heavy punishment
+during sixteen years of his life.
+</p>
+
+</div><!--end chapter-->
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h2 id="ch24">CHAPTER XXIV.</h2>
+
+<p class="small">
+THE INTENTIONS AND DISCOVERIES OF LORD DUNDONALD'S FATHER.&mdash;HIS
+OWN MECHANICAL CONTRIVANCES.&mdash;HIS LAMPS.&mdash;HIS ROTARY STEAM-ENGINE,
+HIS SCREW-PROPELLER, HIS CONDENSING-BOILER, AND HIS LINES
+OF SHIP-BUILDING.&mdash;THEIR TARDY DEVELOPMENT.&mdash;HIS CORRESPONDENCE
+UPON STEAM-SHIPPING WITH SIR JAMES GRAHAM, THE EARL OF MINTO,
+THE EARL OF HADDINGTON, AND THE EARL OF AUCKLAND.&mdash;THE PROGRESS
+OF HIS INVENTIONS.&mdash;THE "JANUS."&mdash;THE BENEFICIAL RESULTS OF HIS
+EXPERIMENTS.
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr">
+[1833-1847.]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Lord Dundonald's father, the ninth earl, had
+devoted the chief energies of his long life to scientific
+pursuits, which won for him, not profit, but well-earned
+fame, and which proved of immense benefit
+to his own and succeeding generations. By him
+was discovered the art of extracting tar from coal,
+and out of that discovery was developed, partly by
+him and partly by others, the manufacture of gas,
+first used for lighting his tar-works. The important
+chemical process of making alkali and crystals of
+soda was also introduced by him, whereby a great
+impetus was given to the manufacture of glass and to
+many other important branches of industry. He
+discovered the present method of preparing alum,
+or sulphate of vitriol, and suggested its substitution
+for gum senegal, which has proved hardly less
+advantageous to the mechanical arts. In 1795, he
+published a treatise, the result of numerous and
+costly experiments, on the connection between agriculture
+and chemistry, which was almost the parent
+of all the later researches that have issued in beneficial
+plans for improving the soil and invigorating
+the growth of crops, and in various and important
+developments of scientific farming.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The tenth Earl of Dundonald inherited his father's
+mechanical and scientific genius. The lamp invented
+by him in 1814, which introduced the principle
+upon which all later lamps for burning oil,
+naphtha, and other combustibles have been constructed,
+has been already referred to. Many other
+inventions and discoveries occupied his leisure during
+the years in which he was allowed to follow his
+profession both in British and in foreign service;<a class="fnref" href="#fn15" id="ref15">[15]</a>
+and the fuller leisure forced upon him during the
+years following his return from Greece was chiefly
+devoted to further exercise of his inventive faculties.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To the wonderful invention known as his "secret
+war-plan" allusion will presently be made. His
+other most important mechanical pursuits had for
+their principal object the improvement of steam-engines
+and other appliances for steam-shipping.
+Almost his first reminiscence was of a visit in which,
+when he was seven or eight years old, he accompanied
+his father to Birmingham, there to meet with
+James Watt, and hear something of his memorable
+discovery. Apprehending in his youth the value of
+that discovery, he never wearied in his efforts to
+extend its usefulness. The <i>Rising Star</i>, built in
+1818 under his directions, and those of his brother,
+Major Cochrane, for service in Chili, was the first
+steam-vessel that crossed the Atlantic, and it was an
+additional disappointment to him, amid all the misfortunes
+incident to his efforts to give adequate
+assistance to the Greeks in their war of independence,
+that the ill-fated steamers which were to be
+his chief instruments therein, failed through the
+indolence and incompetence of those to whom their
+construction was assigned.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is not necessary here to detail the studies and
+experiments by which he afterwards sought to introduce
+a better steam-engine, for locomotive purposes,
+than was then, or is even now, in general use. His
+plan&mdash;not a new one, though it had never before
+been made available in practice&mdash;was to substitute
+for the ordinary reciprocating engine a machine
+which should at once produce a circular motion.
+"Of the many rotary engines heretofore offered
+to the notice of the world," he wrote, in 1833, "none
+have stood the test of practical use and experience.
+The cause of this uniform failure has been the great
+difficulty of obtaining, within the machine, a base of
+resistance on which the steam might act in propelling
+the moveable piston." He did not quite overcome
+this difficulty, but he succeeded in producing
+what the foremost critic in this department of manufacture
+describes&mdash;after a lapse of thirty years unrivalled
+for their development of ingenuity&mdash;as "the
+most perfect engine of the class that has yet been
+projected."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"In this engine," says the same authority, "an
+eccentric is made to revolve on an axis in the manner
+of a piston, and two doors, forming part of the side
+of the cylinder, press upon the eccentric. The points
+of these doors are armed with swivelling brasses,
+which apply themselves to the eccentric and make
+the point of contact tight in all positions."<a class="fnref" href="#fn16" id="ref16">[16]</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"This revolving engine," said Lord Dundonald,
+"does not require any valve or slide; consequently,
+there is no waste of steam thereby; neither is there
+any loss, as in the space left at the top and bottom
+of the cylinders of reciprocating engines. There is
+much less friction than arises from the sum of all the
+bearings required to convert the rectilineal force of
+the common engine to circular motion. There are
+no beams, cranks, side-rods, connecting-rods, parallel
+motions, levers, slide-valves, or eccentrics, with
+their nicely-adjusted joints and bearings; and thus
+the revolving engine is not liable, even in one-tenth
+degree, to the accidents and hindrances of other
+engines. As its moving parts pursue their course in
+perfect circles, without stop or hindrance, it is
+capable of progressive acceleration, until the work
+performed equals the pressure of steam on the
+vacuum&mdash;an advantage which the reciprocating
+engine does not possess. The diminished bulk and
+weight, and the absence of tremor, add to the capacity,
+buoyancy, velocity, and durability of vessels in
+which it is placed." The rotary engine did not
+satisfy all Lord Dundonald's expectations, but it took
+precedence of all others of the same sort, and was of
+great service at any rate in directing attention to
+what he rightly considered to be the great want in
+war-shipping, namely, vessels of the least possible
+bulk and of the greatest possible strength, speed, and
+fighting power.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Years were spent by him in attempting to bring
+it into notice. At his own cost he fitted out a little
+steamboat, which navigated the Thames; but to
+perfect the invention were required more funds than
+he had at his command, and he sought in vain for
+adequate assistance from others.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In January, 1834, he wrote to Sir James Graham,
+then First Lord of the Admiralty, thanking him for
+his share in the restitution of his naval rank that had
+occurred nearly two years before, and urging the
+co-operation of the Government in perfecting an
+invention that promised to be of so much importance
+to the naval power of England. "You are not
+obliged to me for anything," answered Sir James
+on the 15th; "I only am fortunate in being the
+member of a Government which has regained for our
+country the benefit of your distinguished valour and
+services, which, if again required in war, will, I am
+persuaded, be so exerted as to win the gratitude of
+the nation, and to demonstrate the justice of the
+decision to which you allude. It is impossible to
+over-estimate the paramount importance of steam in
+future naval operations; and it is fortunate that you
+have directed so much of your attention to the subject.
+The Board has complied with your request,
+and two engineers, in whom we place reliance, will
+be ordered to attend you." It does not appear, how-ever,
+that the engineers did attend. At any rate,
+nothing was done by the Admiralty in aid of the
+invention either then or for many years after.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Yet its ingenuity was acknowledged by all who
+investigated it, and by naval authorities among the
+number. The Earl of Minto, when First Lord of the
+Admiralty, sought to introduce it into the national
+ship-building; but official hindrances, too great even
+for him to overcome, stood in his way. All he could
+do was to have it referred to competent judges and
+to receive their report in its favour. "I am commanded
+to acquaint your lordship," wrote Sir John
+Barrow, the Secretary to the Admiralty, to the Earl
+of Dundonald, on the 20th of December, 1839, "that
+the opinions received of your revolving engine are
+favourable to the principle, and that it has not been
+stated that there are any insurmountable obstacles to
+its practical execution." The insurmountable obstacles
+were in the stolid resistance of subordinates
+to any novelty designed to lessen labour and promote
+economy.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Lord Minto, when out of office, was able to speak
+of the engine in more approving terms than he could
+adopt in his official capacity. "I need hardly say,"
+he wrote on the 6th of September, 1842, "that the
+report of continued success in your rotatory engine
+gives me great pleasure, not only upon your own
+account, but as promising a valuable addition to our
+naval power in its application to ships of war. As a
+high-pressure engine, the complete success of your
+plan has, I believe, been recognised by all who have
+attended to it, and it is in this form that I had contemplated
+its application in the first instance as an
+auxiliary and occasional power in some ships of
+war."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+At length, though not with all the energy that he
+desired, Lord Dundonald's engine was put to the
+test by the Admiralty during the Earl of Haddington's
+tenure of office in that department. In May,
+1842, he was invited by the new First Lord, who, in
+common with all the world, was aware of the zeal
+and intelligence with which he had devoted himself
+to the consideration of every branch of naval science,
+to communicate his opinions thereupon. The first
+result of this invitation was a letter showing remarkable
+discernment of evils then existing, and curiously
+anticipating some later efforts to correct them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"The slow progress," wrote Lord Dundonald, on
+the 7th of June, "which the naval service has made
+towards its present ameliorated state&mdash;yet far from
+perfection&mdash;has not permitted any one Board of
+Admiralty in my time to stand pre-eminently distinguished
+for decisive improvements. These have
+rather been effected by the gradual changes which
+time occasions, or by following the example of
+America, or even of France, than by encouraging
+efforts of native genius. This has arisen from causes
+easily remedied; one of which is, that the rejection
+or adoption of proffered improvements has depended
+on the decision of several authorities, who consequently
+feel little individual responsibility, and
+imagine themselves liable to censure only for a
+change of system. Thus, my lord, a still heavier
+responsibility has, in fact, been incurred by continuing,
+long after the most superficial observation
+demanded a change, to construct small ships of the
+line, and little frigates, which the great practical
+skill and bravery of our countrymen were taxed to
+defend against the powerful eighty-gun ships of
+France and the large frigates of America. This
+timidity as to change caused many years to elapse,
+after the commercial use of steam-vessels, before the
+naval department possessed even a tug-boat. Hence
+the mischievous economy manifested by the purchase
+of worthless merchant steamers; hence the subsequent
+parsimonious project of building small steam-vessels
+fitted with engines immersed beyond their
+bearing, and deficient in every requisite for purposes
+of war. I am not one of those, my lord, who deem
+it advantageous to act on the belief that one Englishman
+can beat two Frenchmen. I am inclined to
+doubt whether a practical demonstration of that saying
+might not be attended with disastrous consequences.
+Long habitude reared experienced British
+officers, who are now replaced by others who possess
+less nautical skill, and are nearer on a par with those
+of France, in regard to whose education every pains
+has been taken by its Government. I do not presume
+to advise that your lordship should adopt changes precipitately,
+nor without consulting those who may be
+most competent to judge; no, nor even then that
+the best measures should be prematurely disclosed,
+so as to give intimation to other nations of the vast
+increase of power which may suddenly be rendered
+available. But I venture to suggest that you may
+quietly prepare the means of effecting purposes which
+neither the ordinary ships of war nor the present
+steam-ships in the navy can accomplish. Permanent
+blockades, my lord, are now quite out of the question;
+and so, in my opinion, are all our ordinary
+naval tactics. A couple of heavy line-of-battle ships,
+suddenly fitted, on the outbreak of war, with adequate
+steam-power, would decide the successful
+result of a general action; and I am assured that I
+could show your lordship how to fit a steam-ship
+which, in scouring the Channel or ranging the coast,
+could take or destroy every steam-ship belonging to
+France that came within view."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+That offer was accepted by the Earl of Haddington,
+who, being at Portsmouth in August, made
+personal inspection of some experiments in which
+Lord Dundonald was there engaging; and the result
+of that inspection was that he promptly arranged
+for the introduction, at the public expense, of the
+rotary engine in the <i>Firefly</i>, a small steam-vessel
+which, like many others, the Government had bought
+and found useless, by reason of its clumsy machinery.
+In her, with no more than the usual delay occasioned
+by the co-operation of official routine with private
+enterprise, in which Lord Dundonald had the assistance
+of Mr. Renton and Messrs. Bramah, the experiment
+was tried and found to answer so well, in spite
+of the difficulties incident to a first attempt, that it
+was resolved to develop it further in a frigate to be
+built throughout in accordance with his plans for the
+improved construction of shipping.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To these he had lately made some valuable additions.
+On the 19th of January, 1843, a patent was
+granted to him for various improvements in engines
+and other machinery, one of which was an apparatus
+for propelling vessels. "This improved propeller,"
+says a competent authority, "consists of an arrangement
+of propelling blades immerged beneath the
+water, in the manner now usual in screw vessels;
+but, instead of the blades being set at right angles
+with the propeller-shaft, they form an angle therewith.
+One important effect of this arrangement is
+that it corrects the centrifugal action of the screw;
+for whereas, in common screws, the water which is
+discharged backwards assumes a conical figure, enlarging
+as it recedes, in a screw formed on Lord
+Dundonald's plan the outline of the moving water
+will be cylindrical, the centrifugal action being counteracted
+by the convergent action due to the backward
+inclination of the propelling blades. It is
+found, practically, that screws constructed upon this
+principle give a better result than ordinary screws."<a class="fnref" href="#fn17" id="ref17">[17]</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Another invention patented by Lord Dundonald
+at the same time was a modification of the boilers
+used for steam-engines. "These boilers," says the
+same critic, "are constructed with a double tier of furnaces
+and with upright tubes, the water being contained
+within the tubes and the smoke impinging
+upon them on its passage to the chimney. This
+species of boiler is found to be very efficient. A
+hanging bridge is introduced to retain the heat in
+the upper part of the flue in which the tubes are
+erected. By inserting a short piece of tube in the
+upper extremity of each tube within the boiler the
+upward circulation of the water within the tubes was
+increased as the length of the lighter column of water
+was augmented, while the length of the gravitating
+column remained without alteration."<a class="fnref" href="#fn18" id="ref18">[18]</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"I believe," he said in a letter to Lord Haddington
+dated the 22nd of May, 1843, "that all our old
+vessels of war, save the class of eighty-gun ships and
+a few first-rate and large frigates, are almost worthless;
+whilst our steam department is deficient in
+most of the properties which constitute effective
+vessels. No blockades worthy of the name can now
+be maintained by fleets of sailing ships; nor can
+accompanying steamships be kept for months and
+years even in 'approximate readiness,' awaiting the
+distant night when it may suit the enemy to attack
+our blockading force or quietly to slip out in the dark
+in order to assail our commerce in other quarters. I
+have, my lord, during the last twelve years actually
+disbursed, to the great inconvenience of my family,
+upwards of 16,000<i>l</i>. to promote nautical objects
+which appeared to me of importance. Your lordship
+knows their nature, and it is in no way difficult to
+ascertain their reality. I consider that several, if
+not all our line-of-battle ships, should have the
+benefit of mechanical power, say to the extent of a
+hundred horses&mdash;the machinery to be placed out of
+the reach of shot. The construction of new ships on
+the best lines that could be found would prove more
+judicious than repairing old ones, however apparently
+cheap such repairs may be; for a few powerful
+and quick-sailing ships are preferable to a multitude
+which can neither successfully chase, nor escape
+from, an enemy."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+That allusion to the "best lines" of ship-building,
+and some of Lord Dundonald's other views on naval
+architecture, will be explained by another letter
+written by him to Lord Haddington, three months
+before, on the 20th of February. "I have lately," he
+said, "submitted to the consideration of Sir George
+Cockburn an axiom for the uniform delineation of
+consecutive parabolic curves, forming a series of lines
+presenting the least resistance in the submerged
+portion of ships and vessels&mdash;an axiom never before
+so applied in naval architecture, as is manifest from
+the discrepant forms of our ships of war. I also
+offered to Sir George's attention a new propeller and
+method of adapting propellers to sailing ships in her
+Majesty's service, free from the disadvantages of
+paddle-wheels and from the injurious consequences
+of lessening the buoyancy and weakening the strength
+of the after part of ships by a prolongation of the
+'dead wood,' and by cutting a large hole through it
+for the insertion of the Archimedean screw. The
+favourable impression made on the mind of Sir
+George, and my own deliberate conviction of the
+importance of these improvements, and of others
+then briefly touched on, lead me, by reason of the
+lamented indisposition of that talented officer, now
+personally, instead of through him, to offer them to
+your lordship's attention.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"The French, as your lordship is well aware, are
+making great exertions to advance their steam
+department, especially in the Mediterranean, where
+calms are frequent and their coal is abundant&mdash;doubtless
+in the hope of thereby preventing the
+future blockade of Toulon, and of keeping open
+their intercourse with Algiers; which would be
+equivalent to possessing the dominion of the Mediterranean
+Sea, where a British blockading fleet of
+sailing ships must, under such circumstances, themselves
+be protected. In saying this, my lord, I beg
+to be understood as by no means depreciating the
+capabilities of our common ships of war, whilst they
+possess the power of motion, but as holding them to
+be quite unfit for blockades, and exposed to great
+peril where calms are of frequent occurrence and
+long duration. Indeed, it may be worthy of your
+lordship's serious consideration whether, in another
+point of view, it might not be judicious to place
+steam-engines in some, at least, of our line-of-battle
+ships, in order to divert the attention of foreign
+nations from the exclusive employment of mechanical
+propelling power to purposes of naval war, whereby
+British officers and seamen, deprived of the means
+of displaying their superior skill, become reduced
+to a par with the trained bands of Continental
+states.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"I have prepared a model in bronze of a steam-frigate
+possessing peculiar properties, founded on
+the before-mentioned axiom, which, I do not hesitate
+to submit to your lordship, would save vast sums
+wasted in the construction of inferior ships and
+vessels, by enabling the Admiralty, on unerring
+data, to stereotype&mdash;if I may use the expression&mdash;every
+curve in every rate or class of ships, and so
+impose on constructors the undeviating task of adhering
+to the lines and models scientifically determined
+on by their lordships."<a href="#fn19" id="ref19">[19]</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Great interest attended the development of Lord
+Dundonald's inventions. "I need hardly assure you,"
+wrote Lord Minto, on the 4th of October, "of the
+very great satisfaction I derive from the continued
+and increasing success of your rotatory engine; and
+I shall now look with no little impatience for further
+evidence of its merits in the new steam-frigate to
+which it is to be applied. I am glad, also, that
+you have turned your attention to the construction
+of steamers of war. I have never been satisfied with
+the properties of these vessels, much as their construction
+has undoubtedly been improved of late
+years. It is certainly a difficult subject, because
+some of the qualities essential to a vessel under sail
+can only be obtained by some deviation from the
+form calculated to give the greatest speed under
+steam; and I consider fair sailing powers, so as
+under all circumstances to keep company with a fleet,
+as not less important than speed and power as a
+steamer. The best combination of these very different
+qualities, or that which will upon the whole
+produce the most serviceable ship, is yet to be sought.
+I think, also, that sufficient consideration has not yet
+been given to the correction of that very grievous
+defect, the great uneasiness and excessive rolling of
+all these vessels, from the low position of the weights
+they carry. There is another object in connection
+with your engine which I had constantly in view:
+I mean its adaptation in the high-pressure form to
+our ships of war in general. It was my intention,
+had I remained in office, to have fitted a frigate with
+one of your high-pressure engines&mdash;not very high,
+however&mdash;with a view, if the experiment answered,
+to the introduction of an occasional steam power in all
+ships of the line. I believe you and I may probably
+differ as to the amount of steam power it might be advisable
+to give such ships, and that you would wish to
+steam the <i>Vanguard</i> or the <i>Queen</i> at the rate of ten miles
+an hour. My wishes are much more humble, and I
+should be perfectly satisfied with an amount of power
+sufficient to give steerage way under all circumstances,
+to carry the ship into or out of action, and
+to afford her some assistance in clearing off a lee-shore&mdash;something
+about equivalent to five knots&mdash;an
+amount of power that might probably be obtained,
+together with some fuel for occasional use, without
+encroaching too much upon the stowage of the
+ship. I shall be extremely glad if you can induce
+Lord Haddington to direct his attention to this
+object."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Through the latter part of 1843 and the whole of
+1844, Lord Dundonald was chiefly occupied with the
+construction of the <i>Janus</i>, the steam-frigate which
+was being built and fitted upon his plans. She
+was shaped in accordance with his "lines," and in
+her were introduced both his revolving engines
+and his improved boilers. "I have just returned
+from Chatham," he wrote to a friend on the 6th of
+April, 1844, "where everything regarding the <i>Janus</i>
+is going on very well indeed. And I have further
+good news to tell you. The Admiralty are so
+pleased with my parabolic lines for ship-building
+that they have ordered a drawing to be made immediately
+of a frigate of the first class, in order to have
+one constructed." Hopeful that at last his long-cherished
+ideas would bring benefit both to himself
+and to the nation, he had in these months much to
+encourage him. "All is going on as well as I could
+wish, or even as I could accomplish, were destiny at
+my command," he wrote on the 31st of May. "The
+Portsmouth engines now meet the approbation of all
+the authorities of the yard, and the Admiralty are
+so satisfied that they have given me the building of
+a steamship to put them in, in lieu of placing them
+in the old <i>Firefly</i>." "Nothing," he said in a letter
+written a week or two later, "can exceed the perfection
+of the work which the Bramahs have put into
+the <i>Janus's</i> engines." "The experimental engine at
+Portsmouth," he wrote on the 3rd of July, "continues
+to perform admirably, beating all others in
+the yard in point of vacuum, which, you know, is
+the test of power." "The engines will commence
+being put together in ten or fourteen days," we read
+in another letter dated the 10th of July; "after
+that we shall make rapid progress. The <i>Janus</i> is now
+completing&mdash;that is, being coppered&mdash;and having
+the part of her deck laid down which was left off for
+the purpose of getting the boilers on board. My
+patent boilers will be tried by authority of the Admiralty
+about the 20th, and I hope for a favourable
+result." The trial, postponed till the 1st of August,
+was satisfactory. "We have tried the boilers of the
+<i>Janus</i>," he wrote on that day, "and the result is
+most triumphant, having, with slack firing, ten and
+a half pounds of water evaporated by each pound of
+coal." "I have just returned from Portsmouth," he
+had written five days before, "where I had the
+pleasure to find my engine exceeding even all that
+it had done before&mdash;the vacuum, with all the work
+on, being 28½, two inches above that of any other
+engine in the dockyard. Mr. Taplin, the chief
+engineer, is quite delighted with it." "Sir George
+Cockburn and Sir John Barrow, permanent Secretary
+of the Admiralty, saw my engine yesterday,"
+he wrote on the 24th of October, concerning the
+machine being built by the Bramahs for the <i>Janus</i>;
+"and so did Lord Brougham; all of whom were
+well pleased with my explanation of its principles
+and the appearance of the workmanship. It is now
+being pulled to pieces, in order to its being sent to
+Chatham and set up on board the <i>Janus</i>, whose
+boilers, by my request, are again to be officially
+tested as to their evaporative power, and that, too,
+by the Woolwich authorities, whose boilers have been
+beaten one-third by the evaporation of mine. This
+request must show the Admiralty my confidence in
+the correctness of the former trial; for there is no
+doubt the Woolwich people would condemn it if they
+could." This second and crucial trial took place on
+the 9th of November, and the result exceeded alike
+Lord Dundonald's expectations and those of the
+official judges, to whom failure would have been
+most pleasant. "All matters as regards my engines,"
+he wrote on the 20th of November, "are
+going on well. I hope soon to hear something satisfactory
+from the Admiralty on the subject of the
+boilers, respecting which they have until now pursued
+the most profound silence, notwithstanding the
+triumphant result, which has surpassed the product
+of the far-famed Cornish boilers in evaporative power."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Those extracts from Lord Dundonald's letters to
+the friend with whom he corresponded most freely
+will suffice to show in what temper he watched the
+progress of his inventions during 1844. At the
+close of the year he hoped that his labours to bring
+them into general use were now nearly at an end;
+but in this he was disappointed. The Woolwich
+authorities, who had at the time expressed their
+approval of the boilers, sent in an adverse report to
+the Admiralty, and Lord Dundonald had to wait
+several months before he could disprove the statements
+made against them; and opposition of the
+same sort&mdash;the common experience of nearly every
+inventor&mdash;encountered him at every turn, and had
+again and again to be overcome. His Portsmouth
+engine continued to work well; but in September,
+1845, he learnt that a malicious trick had been
+resorted to, to prevent its working better. "On a
+recent examination of the pumps in the well," wrote
+Mr. Taplin, the engineer, "to our utter astonishment
+we found, in the middle suction pipe, an elm plug,
+driven in so tight that we were obliged to bore and
+cut it out. The plug stopped that suction pipe
+effectually, and from its appearance must have been
+there from the time the pumps were first put in
+motion. As proof of this, we never had such a
+supply of water as at present." And that is only an
+illustration of the obstacles, accidental or designed,
+that occurred to him.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+By them, the <i>Janus</i> was delayed for a whole year.
+She was to have been completed in 1844; but this
+was not done till the end of 1845. "I have just
+returned," Lord Dundonald was able to write on the
+24th of December, "from a nine days' trip in the
+<i>Janus</i>, the result of which has been successful, both
+in regard to the properties of the engines and those
+of the 'lines' on which she has been constructed.
+Nothing can exceed the beauty of her passage
+through the water, without even a ripple, far less the
+wave which ordinary steamboats occasion." That
+success, however, was to be followed by a long series
+of disasters. The weight of the <i>Janus</i> had been
+miscalculated, and though she could proceed admirably
+in smooth water, she was found to lie so low
+that there was constant danger of her being wrecked in rough seas
+and bad weather. Other faults, incident
+to the bringing together for the first time of so
+much new workmanship, were also discovered. She
+had to be returned to dock, and fresh hindrances of
+every sort occurred during the two following years;
+each hindrance being attended by tedious correspondence
+or controversies with petty functionaries jealous
+of a stranger's interference, and only eager to bring
+discredit upon his work. Much discredit did result.
+Loud complaints were made concerning the waste of
+public money resulting from Lord Dundonald's experiments,
+and on him, of course, nearly all the blame
+was thrown. All this, added to his previous difficulties
+in securing for his boiler and engine any
+notice at all, was very grievous to him. Every complaint
+and every entreaty from him was met by a
+new excuse and a new reason for delay. "Ten days
+are always added," he said, in one letter, "and ten
+days yet are said to be required."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The days became weeks and the weeks months,
+and still the <i>Janus</i> was incomplete. She was unfinished
+when Lord Dundonald left England for
+more than two years in order to fulfil the duties
+assigned to him as commander-in-chief of the North
+American and West Indian squadron, and his
+absence caused a final abandonment of the works.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The tedious process of her construction, however,
+to which only sufficient reference has here been made
+to serve as illustration of one phase of Lord Dundonald's
+life, was attended by many good results.
+To himself she brought only trouble and expense;
+but the obstacles thrown in her way and in his did
+not deter private adventurers from acting upon some
+of the principles developed in abortive attempts at
+her completion by public functionaries. Lord Dundonald's
+inventions&mdash;his revolving engine, his screw-propeller,
+his boiler, and his "lines of ship-building,"&mdash;have
+all proved useful in themselves, and have
+been of yet greater use in their influence upon the
+improved mechanism of our own generation.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To him must be attributed no slight share in the
+revolution that has been effected in the materials for
+naval warfare. Of the superiority of steamers to
+war-ships, he was one of the first advocates. His
+own rotatory engine was never extensively adopted,
+and was superseded by other engines which, lacking
+the great merit of direct action upon the paddles, that
+it was his object to attain, had other and greater
+merits of their own; but in their adoption his great
+object was realized, seeing that that object was not
+his own aggrandisement, but the development of the
+naval strength of England.
+</p>
+
+</div><!--end chapter-->
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h2 id="ch25">CHAPTER XXV.</h2>
+
+<p class="small">
+LORD DUNDONALD'S SECRET WAR-PLANS.&mdash;HIS CORRESPONDENCE CONCERNING
+THEM WITH LORD LANSDOWNE, LORD MINTO, LORD HADDINGTON, AND
+LORD AUCKLAND.&mdash;HIS LETTER TO THE "TIMES."&mdash;THE REPORT OF A
+COMMITTEE CONSISTING OF SIR THOMAS HASTINGS, SIR JOHN BURGOYNE,
+AND LIEUT.-COL. COLQUHOUN UPON THE SECRET WAR-PLANS.&mdash;A FRENCH
+PROJECT FOR NAVAL WARFARE WITH ENGLAND.&mdash;LORD DUNDONALD'S
+OPINION THEREUPON.&mdash;HIS VIEWS ON THE DEFENCE OF ENGLAND.
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr">
+[1833-1848.]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Zealously as the Earl of Dundonald strove through
+nearly twenty years to perfect and to make generally
+useful his inventions in connection with steam shipping,
+he attached yet greater importance to another
+and an older invention or discovery, which, though
+its efficacy has been admitted by all to whom it has
+been explained, has never yet been adopted. This
+was the device known as his "secret war-plans," for
+capturing the fleets and forts of an enemy by an
+altogether novel process, attended by little cost or
+risk to the assailant, but of terrible effect upon the
+objects attacked.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+These plans were conceived by him in 1811, and
+in the following year, as he has told in his "Autobiography,"
+he submitted them to the Prince Regent,
+afterwards King George IV. By the Prince they
+were referred to a Secret Committee, consisting of
+the Duke of York, as President, Lord Keith, Lord
+Exmouth, and the two Congreves; who, on the details
+being set before them, declared this method of attack
+to be infallible and irresistible. Lord Dundonald
+was pledged to secrecy by the Prince Regent, and it
+was proposed to employ the device in the war still
+proceeding with France. That proposal, however,
+was abandoned, and another, for a trial of the plan
+under Sir Alexander Cochrane in North America, in
+1814, was prevented by the Stock Exchange trial.
+After that, the long peace enjoyed by England would
+have postponed the experiment, even if Lord Dundonald
+had not been debarred from pursuit of his
+calling as an English naval officer. He might have
+used his secret in Chili, Brazil, and Greece; but his
+promise to the Prince Regent, and patriotic feelings,
+that were even more cogent than that promise,
+restrained him. Once used, it would cease to be a
+secret; and he resolved that the great advantage that
+would accrue from the first use should be reserved
+for his own country.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The project, however, was not forgotten by him.
+Soon after the accession of King William IV., he
+explained it to his Majesty, who acknowledged its
+value, and paid a tribute to Lord Dundonald's
+honourable conduct in keeping his secret so long
+and under such strong inducements to an opposite
+course. Soon afterwards, and during many years,
+the prospect of another war induced him to engage
+in frequent correspondence on the subject with
+various members of the successive Governments.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"I long ago," wrote the Marquis of Lansdowne&mdash;then
+President of the Council&mdash;in May, 1834, "communicated
+the substance of the paper you left with
+me, on the important objects which might be accomplished
+by the agency you describe, in an attack upon
+an hostile marine, to such of my colleagues as I then
+had an opportunity of seeing, and more particularly
+to Lord Minto, whom I found in some degree
+apprized of your views upon this subject. As questions
+of such importance to the naval interests of the
+country can only be satisfactorily inquired into by
+the Admiralty Department of the Government, I
+should recommend your entering into an unreserved
+communication with him on the subject, which I
+know he will receive with all the attention due to
+your high professional character and experience."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Earl of Minto gave many proofs of his regard
+for Lord Dundonald; but he was not disposed to
+think favourably of the secret war-plan, and it was
+kept in abeyance for four years more. In the autumn
+of 1838 Lord Dundonald again pressed its consideration
+upon Lord Lansdowne, alleging as a reason the
+warlike attitude of Russia. "I am obliged to you
+for your letter," wrote Lord Lansdowne in reply, on
+the 5th of November, "and will certainly make use
+of the communication it contains in the proper
+quarter, if the occasion arises, which I sincerely hope
+it will not. Ambitious and encroaching as Russia is
+seen and felt to be in all directions, I am confident
+that her own true policy is to avoid giving just cause
+for war, and that, busily as she may use all indirect
+means towards her ends which she thinks she can
+justify, she will yield to remonstrance when these
+limits are transgressed by her agents. This is a
+course, however, which requires to be, and I trust
+will be, most carefully watched."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In that interesting letter, Lord Lansdowne
+showed, by his silence, that he was not inclined to
+investigate the war-plan; and a like indifference
+was experienced by Lord Dundonald in his repeated
+efforts, during the ensuing years, to secure its acceptance
+by the Government. It was submitted to a
+favoured few, and all to whom it was explained
+acknowledged its efficacy; but no more than that
+was done. Its most competent critic was the Duke
+of Wellington, who recognised the terrible power of
+the device, although he objected to it on the score
+that "two could play at that game." "If the people
+of France shall force their Government to war with
+England," wrote Lord Dundonald to Lord Minto on
+the 3rd of August, 1840, "I hope you will do me
+the favour and justice to reflect on the nature of the
+opinion you received from the Duke of Wellington
+in regard to my plans, which is the same as that
+given to the Prince Regent by Lords Keith and Exmouth
+and the two Congreves in the year 1811, and
+that your lordship will perceive, that 'although two
+can play at the game,' the one who first understands
+it can alone be successful. In the event of war, I
+beg to offer my endeavours to place the navy of
+France under your control, or at once effectually to
+annihilate it. Were my plans known to the world,
+I should not be accused of over-rating their powers
+by the above otherwise extraordinary assertion."
+Lord Minto's answer was very brief: "I shall bear
+your offer in mind; but there is not the slightest
+chance of war."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+For the same reason the secret plans were set
+aside by the Earl of Haddington, who was First Lord
+of the Admiralty after Lord Minto. He rendered
+considerable aid to Lord Dundonald in testing his
+steam-engine and boiler, but considered the fact that
+England was at peace as a sufficient reason for
+not discussing the value of a new instrument of
+war.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Lord Dundonald, however, who knew the value of
+his invention, thought otherwise. While vast sums
+of money were being spent at Dover, Portsmouth,
+and elsewhere upon fortifications and harbours of
+refuge for trading-vessels, which, in war time, could
+have no chance of safety against fighting steam
+ships in the open sea, he deemed it especially important
+that attention should be paid to a project
+calculated to effect an entire revolution in the principles
+and methods of warfare. If his project was
+feasible, it furnished an instrument by which fortifications
+and harbours of refuge would be rendered
+useless, seeing that the most powerful enemy might
+by it be effectually prevented from coming within
+reach of those defences, or, if he was allowed to
+approach them, could use it with a terrible effect, to
+which the most formidable defences could offer no
+resistance. It was under this impression that, on the
+29th of November, 1845, finding Governments indifferent
+to his arguments, he addressed a vigorous
+letter to "The Times."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Had gunpowder and its adaptation to artillery,"
+he there said, "been discovered and perfected by an
+individual, and had its wonderful power been privately
+tested, indisputably proved, and reported to a Government,
+or to a council of military men, at the period
+when the battering-ram and cross-bow were chief
+implements in war, it is probable that the civilians
+would have treated the author as a wild visionary,
+and that the professional council, true to the <i>esprit
+de corps</i>, would have spurned the supposed insult to
+their superior understanding. Science and the arts,
+both of peace and war, nevertheless, in despite of all
+such retarding causes, have advanced, and probably
+will advance, until effects and consequences accrue
+which the imagination can scarcely contemplate.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"It is not, however, my intention to intrude observations
+of an ordinary nature, but to endeavour to
+rectify an erroneous opinion which appears to prevail,
+that consequences disastrous to this country may
+be anticipated from the introduction of steam-ships
+into maritime warfare. I am desirous of showing
+that the use of steam-ships of war, though at present
+available by rival nations, need not necessarily
+diminish the security of our commerce; that still less
+need it necessarily endanger our national existence,
+which appears to be apprehended by those who allege
+the necessity of devoting millions of money to the
+defence of our coasts. I contend that there is nothing
+in the expected new system of naval warfare, through
+the employment of steam-vessels, that can justify such
+expensive and derogatory precautions, because there
+are equally new, and yet secret, means of conquest,
+which no devices hitherto used in maritime warfare
+could resist or evade.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"That the like prejudice or incredulity which in
+all probability would have scouted the invention of
+gunpowder, if offered to notice under the circumstances
+above supposed, may exist to a considerable
+extent in the present case, is extremely likely; yet I
+do not the less advisedly affirm, that with this all-powerful
+auxiliary invasion may be rendered impossible,
+and our commerce secure, by the speedy and
+effectual destruction of all assemblages of steam-ships,
+and, if necessary, of all the navies of the whole world,
+which, for ever after, might be prevented from inconveniently
+increasing. Away then with the sinister
+forebodings which have originated the recent devices
+for protruding through the sterns of sluggish ships
+of war additional guns for defence in fight! Away
+with the projected plans of 'protective forts and
+ports' of cowardly refuge! Let the manly resolution
+be taken, when occasion shall require, vigorously to
+attack the enemy, instead of preparing elaborate
+means of defence. Factitious ports on the margin of
+the Channel cannot be better protected than those
+which exist, respecting which I pledge any professional
+credit I may possess, that whatever hostile
+force might therein be assembled could be destroyed
+within the first twenty-four hours favourable for effective
+operations, in defiance of forts and batteries,
+mounted with the most powerful ordnance now in use.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"In the capacity of an officer all hope seemed to
+be precluded, that in time of peace I could render
+service to my country. A new light, however, has
+beamed through the cloud, for in the pursuit of my
+vocation as an amateur engineer it has become
+apparent that a plan, which I deemed available only
+in war, may contribute to prevent the naval department
+from being paralysed by wasteful perversion of
+its legitimate support. Protective harbours (save
+as screens from wind and sea) may be likened to nets
+wherein fishes, seeking to escape, find themselves inextricably
+entangled; or to the guardian care of a
+shepherd, who should pen his flock in a fold to secure
+it from a marching army. No effective protection
+could be afforded in such ports against a superior
+naval force equipped for purposes of destruction;
+whilst their utility as places of refuge from steam
+privateers is quite disproportioned to their cost&mdash;privateers
+could neither tow off merchant vessels
+from our shore, nor regain their own, if appropriate
+measures shall be adopted to intercept them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Impressions in favour of so expensive, so despondent,
+and so inadequate a scheme, can have no
+better origin than specious reports, emanating from
+delusive opinions derived from a very limited knowledge
+of facts. The hasty adoption of such measures,
+and the voting away the vast sums required to carry
+them into execution, are evils seriously to be deprecated.
+It is, therefore, greatly to be desired that
+those in power should pause before proceeding further
+in such a course. It behoves them to consider in all
+its bearings, and in all its consequences, the contemplated
+system of stationary maritime defence, subject,
+as that system may become, to the overwhelming
+influence of the secret plan which I placed in their
+hands, similar to that which I presented in 1812 to
+His Royal Highness the Prince Regent, who referred
+its consideration confidentially to Lord Keith, Lord
+Exmouth, and the two Congreves, professional and
+scientific men, by whom it was pronounced to be infallible,
+under the circumstances detailed in my explanatory statement.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Thirty-three years is a long time to retain an
+important secret, especially as I could have used it
+with effect in defence of my character when cruelly
+assailed (as I have shown at length in a representation
+to the Government), and could have practically
+employed it on various occasions to my private advantage.
+I have now, however, determined to solicit
+its well-merited consideration, in the hope, privately,
+if possible, to prove the comparative inexpedience of
+an expenditure of some 12,000,000<i>l</i>. or 20,000,000<i>l</i>.
+sterling for the construction of forts and harbours,
+instead of applying ample funds at once to remodel
+and renovate the navy&mdash;professionally known to be
+susceptible of immense improvement&mdash;including the
+removal from its swollen bulk of much that is cumbrous
+and prejudicial.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"However injudicious it might be thought to
+divulge my plan, at least until energetically put in
+execution for an adequate object; yet, if its disclosure
+is indispensable to enable a just and general estimate
+to be formed of the merits of the mongrel terraqueous
+scheme of defence now in contemplation, as compared
+with the mighty power and protective ubiquity
+of the floating bulwarks of Britain, I am satisfied
+that the balance would be greatly in favour of
+publicity. It would demonstrate that there could be
+no security in those defences and those asylums, on
+the construction of which it is proposed to expend so
+many millions of the public money; it might, therefore,
+have the effect of preventing such useless expenditure,
+and of averting the obviously impending
+danger of future parsimonious naval administration,
+abandonment of essential measures of nautical improvement,
+and the national disgrace of maritime
+degradation&mdash;all inseparable from an unnatural hermaphrodite
+union between a distinguished service,
+which might still further be immeasurably exalted,
+and the most extravagant, derogatory, inefficient, and
+preposterous project that could be devised for the
+security and protection of an insular, widely-extended,
+colonial and commercial State."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A few months after that letter had been written,
+Lord Dundonald's hopes that his secret plans would
+be accepted by the Government were revived. In
+1846, his friend Lord Auckland took office as First
+Lord of the Admiralty; and by him, with very little
+delay, it was proposed to submit the plans to the
+judgment of a competent committee of officers. This
+was all that Lord Dundonald had asked for, and he
+gladly accepted the proposal. The officers chosen
+were Sir Thomas Hastings, then Surveyor General
+of the Ordnance, Sir J. F. Burgoyne, and Lieutenant-Colonel
+J. S. Colquhoun. By them the project was
+carefully considered, and on the 16th of January,
+1847, they tendered their official report upon it.
+"These plans," it was there said, "may be classed
+under three heads:&mdash;1st. One, on which an opinion
+may be formed with experiment, for concealing or
+masking offensive warlike operations; and we consider
+that, under many particular circumstances, the
+method of his lordship may be made available as well
+by land as by sea, and we therefore suggest that a
+record of this part of Lord Dundonald's plans should
+be deposited with the Admiralty, to be made use of
+when, in the judgment of their lordships, the opportunity
+for employing it may occur. 2nd. One, on
+which experiments would be required before a satisfactory
+conclusion could be arrived at. 3rd. Nos. 1
+and 2 combined for the purpose of hostile operations.
+After mature consideration, we have resolved
+that it is not desirable that any experiment should be
+made. We assume it to be possible that the plan
+No. 2 contains power for producing the sweeping
+destruction the inventor ascribes to it; but it is
+clear this power could not be retained exclusively by
+this country, because its first employment would develop
+both its principle and application. We considered,
+in the next place, how far the adoption of
+the proposed secret plans would accord with the
+feelings and principles of civilized warfare. We are
+of unanimous opinion that plans Nos. 2 and 3 would
+not be so. We therefore recommend that, as hitherto,
+plans Nos. 2 and 3 should remain concealed. We
+feel that great credit is due to Lord Dundonald for
+the right feeling which prompted him not to disclose
+his secret plans, when serving in war as naval commander-in-chief
+of the forces of other nations, and
+under many trying circumstances, in the conviction
+that these plans might eventually be of the highest
+importance to his own country."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+That report was, in the main, highly gratifying to
+Lord Dundonald. It recognized the efficacy of his
+plans, and recommended their partial use, at any
+rate, in time of need. "Permit me to express, as far
+as I am able," he wrote to Lord Auckland on the
+27th of January, "my deep sense of obligation to
+your lordship in causing my plans of war to be
+thoroughly investigated by the most competent
+authorities, and for the extremely kind terms in
+which you have informed me of the satisfactory
+result. With regard to their disposal, I submit that
+it would be advisable to retain them inviolate until a
+period shall arrive when the use of them may be
+deemed beneficial to the interests of the country, I
+have to observe, as to the opinions of the commission,
+that plans Nos. 2 and 3 would not accord with the
+principles and feeling of civilized warfare, that the
+new method resorted to by the French, of firing horizontal
+shells and carcases, is stated by a commission
+of scientific and practical men appointed by the
+French Government to ascertain their effects, to be
+so formidable that 'it would render impossible the
+success of any enterprise attempted against their
+vessels in harbour,' and that, 'for the defence of
+roadsteads, or for the attack of line-of-battle ships,
+becalmed or embayed, its effect would be infallible,'&mdash;namely,
+by blowing up or burning our ships, to
+the probable destruction of the lives of all their
+crews. I submit that, against such batteries as these,
+the adoption of my plans Nos. 2 and 3 would be
+perfectly justifiable."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+That the French, not yet forgetful of the injuries
+inflicted on them in the last great war, and in the
+frequent wars of previous centuries, were still hoping
+and planning for an opportunity of retaliation, and
+that their plans needed to be carefully watched and
+counteracted, were convictions strongly impressed
+upon Lord Dundonald in these years; and in 1848
+he had a singular verification of them. "I enclose a
+paper of some consequence," wrote Lord Auckland to
+him on the 30th of June. "It contains the plan
+which, in contemplation of war, has been submitted
+to the French Provisional Government for naval
+operations. It is, perhaps, little more than the
+pamphlet of the Prince de Joinville, carried out
+methodically and in detail, and the writer seems to
+me to anticipate a far more exclusive playing of the
+game only on one side than we should allow to be
+the case; but, nevertheless, such a mode of warfare
+would be embarrassing and mischievous, and I should
+like to have from you your views of a counter project
+to it, and your criticisms upon it."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The report here forwarded to Lord Dundonald by
+Lord Auckland, entitled "La Puissance Maritime de
+la France," and designed to show that "une guerre
+maritime est plus à redouter pour l'Angleterre que
+pour la France," besides affording curious confirmation
+of Lord Dundonald's opinions, is a document
+very memorable in itself. Its main idea was that in
+naval warfare victory is to be obtained, not by mere
+numbers, but by superiority in ships and guns. "In
+the present condition of our marine," said its author,
+"we must give up fleet-fighting. The English can
+arm more fleets than we can, and we cannot maintain
+a war of fleets with England without exposing ourselves
+to losses as great as those we experienced
+under the First Empire. Though during twenty
+years, however, our warfare, as carried on by fleets,
+was disastrous, that of our cruisers was nearly always
+successful. By again sending these forth, with instructions
+not to compromise themselves with an
+enemy superior to them in numbers, we shall inflict
+great loss on English commerce. To attack that
+commerce is to attack the vital principle of England&mdash;to
+strike her to the heart."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+That was the view advanced under Louis Philippe's
+reign by the Prince de Joinville; but it was
+much more elaborately worked out by the advocate
+of naval energy in days immediately preceding Prince
+Louis Napoleon's accession to power. "What I propose,"
+he said, "is a war founded on this principle of
+striking at English commerce. In a naval war
+between two nations, one of which has a very large
+commerce, and the other very little, military forces
+are of small consequence. In the end, peace must
+become a necessity to the power which has much to
+lose and little to gain. Let us see what took place
+in America during the disputes on the Oregon question.
+Despite the immense superiority of the English
+navy, the Americans maintained their pretensions.
+England found out that their well-equipped frigates
+and countless privateers were sufficient to carry on
+a war against her commerce in all parts of the globe;
+whilst all the damage she could do to America was
+the destruction of a few coast-towns, by which she
+could gain neither honour nor profit; and so she decided
+to preserve peace by yielding the question. It
+is this American system that we in France must
+adopt. Renouncing the glory of fleet victories, we
+must make active war on the commercial shipping
+of Great Britain. If America with her small means
+could gain such an advantage over England, what
+results may we not expect to obtain with a hundred
+and fifty ships of war and three hundred corsairs
+armed with long-range guns?"
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The report recommended that the naval force of
+France should be organized in twenty "corsair-divisions."
+These were to have Cherbourg for their
+head-quarters; one to look after the merchant-shipping
+in the British Channel; another to watch the
+mouth of the Thames; and a third to cruise along
+the Dutch and German coasts, so as to intercept our
+Baltic trade; and all these were to be aided by a line
+of telegraphs from Brest to Dunkirk, in correspondence
+with a line of scouts ranged along the French coast,
+with orders to communicate to the central station at
+Cherbourg every movement of British merchantmen.
+Three similar divisions were to be formed at Brest,
+charged respectively with the oversight of the East
+and West Indian shipping as it passed Cape Clear, of
+the Azores, and of the Irish Coast. A seventh division,
+stationed at Rochefort, was to watch for a favourable
+opportunity of co-operating with the other six, if desirable,
+in transporting an army to Ireland. An eighth
+division was to watch the neighbourhood of Gibraltar,
+and four others were to be stationed in various parts
+of the Mediterranean. Three other divisions were to
+cruise along the North American coast, to harass our
+commerce with the United States, to intercept the
+trade of Canada and the neighbouring colonies, and,
+in spring time, to capture the produce of the Newfoundland
+fisheries. Three smaller divisions were to
+be charged with the annoyance of our West Indian
+Islands and the destruction of their commerce; and
+the remaining two were to scour the coasts of South
+America. A separate and formidable establishment
+of screw-frigates was to have for its head-quarters a
+port of refuge to be constructed in Madagascar, whence
+operations were to be directed in all quarters against
+our East Indian possessions and their extensive trade.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"In addition to these means," it was further said
+in the report, "the Departmental Councils should
+each arm one steam-frigate, commanded by an officer
+of the navy born in the department. The prizes
+captured by each should in this case be at the disposal
+of the Departmental Councils, a portion being devoted
+to defraying the expenses of the vessel, and the
+remainder applied to the execution of public works
+within the department." "As regards the defence of
+French ports, this may be best effected by flat-bottomed
+hulks, armed with long-range guns adapted
+to horizontal firing. The chances against invasion
+are greatly in favour of France, on account of the
+superiority of her land force, and the facility of transporting
+troops by railway to the locality attacked."
+"A great point will be the perfect training of the
+French squadron by annual evolutions, and with
+double or treble the requisite number of officers. If
+these suggestions are carried out, France will establish
+at sea what Russia has done on land, to the injury
+and restriction of British commerce, which must be
+seriously damaged, without material harm being done
+to ourselves. This loss of commerce will especially
+affect the working classes of England, and thus bring
+about a democratic inundation which will compel her
+to a speedy submission."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Those were the chief proposals of the secret memoir
+which, falling into the hands of the British Government,
+so far alarmed it as to lead it to call upon the
+Earl of Dundonald for his opinions as to the best
+way of meeting the threatened danger. "This document,"
+he wrote in his reply to Lord Auckland,
+"describes a plan of maritime operations undoubtedly
+more injurious to the interests of England than that
+pursued by France in former wars. There is nothing
+new, however, in the opinions promulgated. They
+have long been familiar to British naval officers, whose
+wonder has been that the wide-spread colonial commerce
+of England has never yet been effectually
+assailed. It is true that the advice given in the
+memoir derives more importance now from the fact
+that the application of steam-power to a system of
+predatory warfare constitutes every harbour a port
+of naval equipment, requiring to be watched, not in
+the passive manner of former blockades, but effectively
+by steam-vessels having their fires kindled at least
+during the obscurity of night. The cost and number
+of such blockades need not be dwelt on, nor the indefinite
+period to which prudence on the part of the
+enemy, and vigilance on that of the blockading force,
+might prolong a war. One hundred millions sterling
+added to our national debt would solve a doubt whether
+the most successful depredation on British commerce
+could produce consequences more extensive and permanently
+injurious. The memoir obviously anticipates
+that 'l'usage des canons bombes, dont les atteintes
+ont un si prodigieux effet,' will prevent our
+blockading ships from approaching the shores of
+France, and that thus their steam-vessels might escape
+unobserved during night, even with sailing-vessels in
+tow. This is no vague conjecture, but a consequence
+which assuredly will follow any hesitation on our
+part to counteract the system extensively adopted,
+and now under the consideration of the National
+Assembly, of arming all batteries with projectiles,
+whereby to burn or blow up our ships of war&mdash;a fate
+which even the precaution of keeping out of range
+could not avert, by reason of the incendiary and explosive
+missiles whereby 'les petits bâtiments à vapeur
+pouront attaquer les plus gros vaisseaux.' It is impossible
+to retaliate by using similar weapons. Forts
+and batteries are incombustible. Recourse must
+therefore be had to other means, whereby to overcome
+fortifications protecting expeditionary forces
+and piratical equipments."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The means recommended by Lord Dundonald, it
+need hardly be said, were the secret war-plans which
+he had developed nearly forty years before, and the
+efficacy of which had recently been again admitted by
+the committee appointed to investigate them in 1846.
+It is not allowable, of course, to quote the paragraphs
+in which Lord Dundonald once more explained them
+and urged their adoption in case of need. The only
+objection offered to them was that they were too
+terrible for use by a civilized community. "These
+means," he replied, "all powerful, are nevertheless
+humane when contrasted with the use of shells and
+carcases by ships at sea, and most merciful, as competent
+to avert the bloodshed that would attend the
+contemplated 'descente en Angleterre ou en Ireland,'
+and other hostile schemes recommended in the
+memoir."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+That letter was forwarded to Lord Auckland from
+Halifax, where Lord Dundonald then was, in the
+beginning of August. "Assuredly the reasons
+which you give for the use of the means suggested
+are such as it is difficult to controvert," wrote
+Lord Auckland on the 18th; "but I would at least
+defer my assent or dissent to the time when the
+question may be more pressing than it is at present."
+"I would postpone my own reflections on the 'secret
+plans,'" he wrote again on the 1st of September,
+"and would fain hope that events will allow the
+Government long to postpone all decision upon them.
+I agree with you, however, in much that you say
+upon their principle, and am well satisfied that to no
+hands better than yours could the execution of any
+vigorous plans be entrusted."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When, however, as will be seen on a latter page,
+an opportunity did arise for enforcing those plans
+against another power than France, their execution
+was not permitted to Lord Dundonald.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Strongly as he himself was impressed with their
+importance, they formed only a part of a complete
+system of opinions respecting the defence of England
+at which he arrived by close study and long experience.
+These have already been partially indicated.
+He did not wish that his plans should be lightly
+made use of; but, believing that they would ultimately
+become a recognised means of warfare, and
+that even without them a great revolution would
+soon take place in ways of fighting, he deprecated
+as useless and wasteful the elaborate fortifications
+which were in his time beginning to be extensively
+set up at Dover, Portsmouth, and other possible
+points of attack upon England, and urged, with no
+less energy, that vast improvements ought to be
+made in the construction and employment of ships
+of war.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Fortifications, he considered, were only desirable
+for the protection of the special ports and depôts
+around which they were set up; and even for that
+purpose they ought to be so compact as to need no
+more than a few troops and local garrisons for their
+occupation. To have them so complicated and
+numerous as to require the exclusive attention of all
+or nearly all the military force of England, appeared
+to him only a source of national weakness. His own
+achievements at Valdivia and elsewhere showed him
+that skilful seamanship on the part of an invader
+would render them much less sufficient for the defence
+of the country than was generally supposed.
+If all our soldiers were scattered along various parts
+of the coast, it would not be difficult for the enemy,
+by a bold and sudden onslaught, or still more by a
+feint of the sort in which he himself was master, to
+take possession of one, and then there would be no
+concentrated army available to prevent the onward
+march of the assailant. Much wiser would it be to
+leave the seaboard comparatively unprotected from
+the land, and to have a powerful army so arranged
+as to be ready for prompt resistance of the enemy, if,
+by any means, he had gained a footing on the shore.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To prevent that footing being gained, however,
+Lord Dundonald was quite as eager as any champion
+of monster fortifications could be; but this prevention,
+he urged, must be by means of moveable ships,
+and not by immoveable land-works. A strong fleet
+of gunboats, stationed all along the coast, and with
+carefully-devised arrangements for mutual communication,
+so that at any time their force could be
+speedily concentrated in one or more important positions,
+would be far more efficacious and far more
+economical than the more popular expedients for the
+military defence of England. He heartily believed,
+in fact, in the old and often-proved maxim that the
+sea was England's wall, and he desired to have that
+wall guarded by a force able to watch its whole
+extent and pass at ease from one point to another as
+occasion required.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Desiring that thus the coast should be immediately
+protected by efficient gunboats, he desired no less to
+augment the naval strength of the country by means
+of improved war-ships as much like gunboats as possible.
+To large ships, if constructed in moderation
+and applied to special purposes, he was not averse;
+but he set a far higher value upon small and well-armed
+vessels, able to pass rapidly from place to
+place and to navigate shallow seas. "Give me," he
+often said, "a fast small steamer, with a heavy long-range
+gun in the bow, and another in the hold to
+fall back upon, and I would not hesitate to attack the
+largest ship afloat." His opinion on this point also
+was confirmed by his own experience&mdash;most notably
+in the exploits of his little <i>Speedy</i> in the Mediterranean&mdash;
+and by the whole history of English naval
+triumphs. Since the time when the so-called Invincible
+Armada of Spain entered the British Channel,
+designed to conquer England by means of its huge
+armaments, and when the bulky galleons and
+galeasses of Philip's haughty sailors were chased and
+worried by the smaller barks and pinnaces of Drake,
+Hawkins, Frobisher, and the other sea-captains of
+Elizabeth, who sailed round and round their foe,
+and darted in and out of his unwieldy mass of shipping,
+never failing to inflict great injury, while his
+volleys of artillery passed harmlessly over their
+decks to sink into the sea, there had been abundant
+proof of the constant superiority of small warships
+over large. A "mosquito fleet," as he called
+it, was what Lord Dundonald wished to see developed;
+a swarm of active little vessels, just large
+enough to carry one or two powerful guns, which
+could go anywhere and do anything, to which the
+larger crafts of the enemy would afford convenient
+targets, but which, small and nimble, would be much
+less likely to be themselves attacked, and, even
+if attacked and sunk, would entail far less loss than
+would ensue from the destruction of a large war-ship.
+"As large a gun as possible, in a vessel as small and
+swift as possible, and as many of them as you can
+put upon the sea," was Lord Dundonald's ideal. For
+this he argued during half a century; for this he
+laboured hard and long in the exercise of his inventive
+powers. In 1826, the plan of the war-steamers
+which he was to have taken to Greece was explained
+to Lord Exmouth&mdash;no slight authority on naval
+matters. "Why, it's not only the Turkish fleet,"
+exclaimed the veteran, "but all the navies in the
+world, that you will be able to conquer with such
+craft as these."
+</p>
+
+</div><!--end chapter-->
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h2 id="ch26">CHAPTER XXVI</h2>
+
+<p class="small">
+THE EARL OF DUNDONALD'S CLAIM FOR THE RESTORATION OF THE ORDER
+OF THE BATH.&mdash;HIS GOOD SERVICE PENSION.&mdash;THE INVESTIGATION OF HIS
+SECRET WAR-PLANS.&mdash;HIS PAMPHLET ON NAVAL AFFAIRS.&mdash;HIS INSTALLATION
+AS A G.O.B.&mdash;HIS CANDIDATURE FOR ELECTION AS A SCOTCH
+REPRESENTATIVE PEER.&mdash;THE QUEEN'S PERMISSION TO HIS WEARING THE
+BRAZILIAN ORDER OF THE "CRUZIERO."&mdash;HIS APPOINTMENT AS COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF
+OF THE NORTH AMERICAN AND WEST INDIAN STATION.
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr">
+[1839-1848.]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The restoration of his naval rank to the Earl of
+Dundonald in 1832, was slowly followed by other
+acts reversing the injustice of previous years by
+which a large portion of his life had been embittered.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Your lordship and the Admiralty," he wrote to
+Lord Minto, then at the head of naval affairs, on the
+30th of March, 1839, "may have been surprised that
+I have never solicited any appointment since my reinstatement
+in the naval service by his late Majesty,
+whose memory I shall ever cherish for this magnanimous
+act of justice. The cause, my lord, has not
+been from any reluctance on my part, but from a
+feeling which, I have no doubt, will appear satisfactory
+to your lordship, if you do me the favour to read
+the enclosed copy of a letter which I have written
+this day to the Marquess of Lansdowne as President
+of the Council." The letter to Lord Lansdowne
+referred in great part to Lord Dundonald's rotary-engine,
+and to his secret war-plan, which he expressed
+his willingness to put in execution if ever
+it was required. "Your lordship and the Privy
+Council, however," it was added, "will not fail to
+observe that, if it shall ever be the intention of the
+Government, under any circumstances, again to employ
+me in the naval service, it would be quite inconsistent
+with the character of that service, as well as
+my own reputation, for me to assume command,
+unless the Order of the Bath, gained on the 12th of
+April, 1809, now thirty years ago, shall be restored
+to me."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"I hope it will appear to your lordship," said
+Lord Dundonald, in a letter to Lord Melbourne,
+dated the 11th July, 1839, "that my services as a
+naval officer have been useful and honourable to my
+country; and, referring to those services and to the
+peculiar opportunities I have since had of acquiring
+further professional knowledge, I may say, without
+vanity, that her Majesty has no officer in her navy
+more experienced than myself; and yet, from the
+extraordinary circumstances of my case, I am the
+only flag-officer in her Majesty's service who, if
+called upon to take a command, could not do so consistently
+with his own honour and the respect due to
+those who might be appointed to serve under him.
+For where is the officer who could not conveniently
+call to mind, that I, who when only a captain was a
+Knight of the Bath, was deprived of that honour,
+and that now, though a flag-officer, I have not been
+deemed worthy of having it restored?" "I am sensible,"
+wrote Lord Dundonald in another letter to the
+Premier, written eight days later, "that the act of
+justice which I experienced from the late King, under
+the ministry of Earl Grey, of which your lordship
+was a distinguished member, in restoring me to my
+naval rank, was a great favour, inasmuch as it
+evinced a considerate feeling towards me; and I
+was then fully satisfied with it, under the impression
+that it would be viewed by the public, and especially
+by the navy, as a testimony of the belief of the
+Government, at that time, that I was innocent of the
+offence that had been laid to my charge, and also
+that I should stand as good a chance as most of my
+brother officers (and perhaps, from my experience, a
+better) of being called to active service. I did not
+then foresee that the restoration of my naval rank
+alone would be viewed as a half-measure. Still less
+did I anticipate that, in the event of my being
+offered an appointment, I should be incapacitated
+from accepting it by reason of the feelings of other
+officers that I still laboured under some imputation
+which would render it derogatory to them to serve
+under me. But it is now impossible for me to conceal
+from myself the fact that, while the navy generally
+is kindly disposed towards me, and would rejoice
+to see me fully reinstated in all that I once
+enjoyed, I am considered by many to remain as completely
+precluded from active service as if my name
+had never more appeared in the Navy List, I trust,
+my lord, that it cannot be thought reasonable to
+reduce me to the inglorious condition of a retired or
+yellow admiral at home, and at the same time to
+deny me the privilege of acquiring either emolument
+or distinction in foreign service."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Lord Dundonald's hope was that, on the occasion
+of her Majesty's marriage, there would be a bestowal
+of honours, which would afford a convenient opportunity
+for the restoration of his dignity as a Knight
+of the Bath. But in this he was disappointed.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A minor favour was conferred upon him, however,
+and in a very gratifying way, eighteen
+months later. "You are probably aware," wrote
+Lord Minto to him on the 3rd of January, 1841,
+"that the death of Sir Henry Bayntam has vacated
+one of the pensions for good and meritorious service.
+Before I left town a few days ago I made my
+arrangements to enable me to confer this pension
+upon you, if you should think it worthy of your
+acceptance, either as evidence of the high estimation
+in which I have ever held your services, or as convenient
+in a pecuniary point of view. Although
+you are one of the few who have not applied for this,
+I do not fear that any one of the numerous claimants
+can show so good a title to it."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+That compliment was accepted by Lord Dundonald
+in a spirit answering to that in which it was offered.
+Yet his reasonable anxiety for a restitution of the
+Order of the Bath was not abated, and thereupon he
+was engaged in a correspondence with the Earl of
+Haddington, then First Lord of the Admiralty,
+during the early part of 1842, which was closed by
+the intimation, bitterly disappointing to Lord Dundonald,
+that the Cabinet Council declined recommending
+the Queen to comply with his earnest
+request.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Equally disappointing was the result of another
+application with the same object which he made
+to Sir Robert Peel in the autumn of 1844. "Her
+Majesty's servants," wrote Sir Robert Peel on the
+7th of November, "have had under consideration
+the letter which I received from your lordship,
+bearing date the 10th of September. On reference
+to the proceedings which were adopted in the year
+1832, it appears that, previously to the restoration
+of your lordship to your rank in the navy, a free
+pardon under the Great Seal was granted to your
+lordship; and adverting to that circumstance, and
+to the fact that thirty years have now elapsed since
+the charges to which the free pardon had reference
+were the subject of investigation before the proper
+judicial tribunal of the country, her Majesty's servants
+cannot consistently with their duty advise the Queen
+to reopen an inquiry into these charges."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Lord Dundonald failed to see, in the partial
+reversal, twelve years before, of the unjust treatment
+to which he had been subjected eighteen years before
+that, a reason for refusing to inquire whether
+there was any injustice yet to be atoned for. He
+had not, however, very much longer to wait for the
+object which he sought.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+One of his grounds for desiring a public recognition
+of the efficacy of his secret war-plans was a
+reasonable belief that, if it was seen that through
+half a lifetime he had steadfastly avoided using for
+his private advantage what might have been to him
+a vast source of wealth, in order that the secret
+might be reserved solely for the benefit of his
+country, it would be acknowledged to be incredible
+that, for insignificant ends, he could have resorted
+to the gross and clumsy fraud attributed to him at
+the Stock Exchange trial. And in this expectation
+he was right. Nearly all the reparation that was
+now possible quickly followed upon the investigation
+into the war-plans that was referred to in the
+last chapter.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+While the investigation was pending he was pained
+by a letter from Sir Thomas Hastings, not unkind
+in itself, but showing that his real motives for
+courting that investigation were not understood. "I
+made a communication to-day," wrote Sir Thomas
+on the 27th of November, 1846, "that the commission
+had entered on its duties, and received
+instructions to inform you that it would be desirable,
+before the commission proceeded further, to ascertain
+your lordship's views as to the nature of the
+remuneration you would expect from Government in
+the event of your plans being reported on favourably."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Lord Dundonald's reply was characteristic. "You
+intimate a wish on the part of Government," he
+wrote on the 1st of December, "to ascertain my
+views in regard to the 'remuneration' I expect, in
+the event of my plans being favourably reported on.
+I reply that I devoted these plans, thirty-five years
+ago, to the service of my country, that I have
+reserved them through the most adverse and trying
+circumstances, satisfied that at some future time I
+should prove my character to be above pecuniary
+considerations or mercenary motives. I have looked
+forward to the restoration of those honours, of which
+I was most unjustly bereaved, and to freedom from
+mental anguish, endured throughout an isolation
+from society of one-third of a century. I cannot
+contrast with such sufferings, nor with my plans, any
+sum that Government could bestow. Nevertheless,
+I have implicitly relied that collateral deprivations
+and losses would be taken into consideration by
+some future, just, and impartial Administration. I
+do most earnestly hope that the period has now
+arrived."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+That letter was communicated by Sir Thomas
+Hastings to Lord Auckland. "I return the letter,"
+he wrote to Sir Thomas on the 16th of December,
+"which Lord Dundonald wrote to you upon the
+remuneration which he would expect in the event
+of a favourable report upon his plans; namely, first,
+his restoration to the honours of which he was
+deprived; and, secondly, a consideration of collateral
+deprivations and losses. I am sorry to acquaint you
+that the first condition is one to which I am not
+authorized to promise an acquiescence. It is not
+necessary that I should discuss the difficulties which
+occur to the restoration in question. I can only
+express my own deep regret that they should exist,
+and that the hopes which have been entertained by
+Lord Dundonald should be disappointed. For myself,
+I personally regard him. I look upon his naval
+career as most remarkable and most honourable; and
+I must lament whatever may seem to detract from
+the advantage and grace of his return to the navy."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Sir Thomas Hastings," wrote Lord Dundonald
+to Lord Auckland on the following day, "has sent
+me your sympathizing note on the decision of the
+Cabinet Council in regard to the first item, designated
+as 'the remuneration I would expect in the event
+of a favourable report on my plans.' Now, after the
+expression of my deep sense of gratitude to your
+lordship for having brought the question before the
+Cabinet, I do most sincerely rejoice that 'the first
+condition is one to which you are not authorized to
+promise an acquiescence.' I could not deem acquiescence
+a remuneration, nor could I value it otherwise
+than as evidence of conviction, produced by
+facts and the tenor of a whole life, of my incapability
+of descending to base acts for gain at any period of
+my existence, especially at a moment when I can
+prove that I had objects of the highest national
+importance and the most brilliant personal prospects
+in view. In confirmation of disinterestedness, I further
+hold my retention of the 'secret war-plans' for a
+period of thirty-five years, notwithstanding frequent
+opportunities to use them to my incalculable private
+advantage. The merit of these plans, though I am
+well aware of their value, is yet officially unpronounced
+by the commission appointed to report.
+Therefore, the preceding facts being doubtful, I repeat
+that I do most sincerely rejoice that the Cabinet
+Council have manifested that their decision neither
+depends on favour nor on the value of the plans
+themselves. Foreseeing that, whatever may be the
+ultimate determination, it must be founded on facts
+and justified by an exposition of my conduct and
+character, I am preparing a document which, whatever
+may be my fate pending the brief remainder of
+my existence, will justify my memory when grievous
+wrongs shall cease to prey on a mind which, save
+from the consciousness of rectitude, would in brief time
+have bowed my head with humiliation to the ground."
+The document there referred to was a pamphlet entitled
+"Observations on Naval Affairs, and on some
+Collateral Subjects." In it were concisely enumerated
+Lord Dundonald's services as a British naval officer,
+and the hardships brought upon him by the unmerited
+Stock Exchange trial. The pamphlet was
+published in February, 1847, and immediately excited
+considerable attention. "I hope the difficulties which
+have prevented the realization of your wishes may be
+removed shortly," wrote Sir Thomas Hastings on the
+2nd of March. "But services so distinguished, and
+a career so splendid and full of professional instruction
+as your lordship's, can never be blotted out or rendered
+dim in the annals of the naval history of our
+country." "I have had the kindest note possible
+from the Marquess of Lansdowne," said Lord Dundonald,
+in a letter written on the 27th of April.
+"Lord Auckland was at our house on Saturday, and
+spoke in the kindest and most feeling manner. I hear
+from all quarters that the pamphlet has made and is
+making a great impression, and I have every hope
+that all will end well."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+All did end well. The public announcement, on
+the highest authority, of the value of his secret war-plans,
+and the consequent exhibition of his disinterested
+patriotism in so long preserving them for his
+country's use, followed by the bold appeal made by
+him to the public through his pamphlet, brought success
+at last to his long-continued efforts to obtain a
+restoration of his dignity as a Knight of the Bath.
+His best friends in the Cabinet, especially Lords
+Lansdowne and Auckland, had influence, though not
+all the influence they desired, upon other Cabinet and
+Privy Councillors who were opposed to the tardy act
+of justice. But they did not wait for the assent
+of all. On the 6th of May Lord Lansdowne
+represented the case to her Majesty the Queen, and
+received her promise that, with or without the approval
+of her Privy Councillors, she would confer the
+next vacant Order of the Bath upon Lord Dundonald.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Fortunately a vacancy occurred immediately,
+through the death of Admiral Sir Davige Gould.
+"Lord Auckland has called," wrote Lord Dundonald
+on the 9th of May, "and informed me officially that
+the Queen has placed at his disposal the vacant
+Order of the Bath; and that, in conformity with
+the intention with which it was so placed, he was
+to deliver it to me." "I have information from
+the palace," he wrote a few days later, "that her
+Majesty has had conversation as to the justice of some
+further atonement for the injuries that have been inflicted
+on me, and that she said it was subject of regret
+that such was not in her power; but, should the subject
+be entertained by her advisers, her concurrence
+would not be wanting."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+That further act of justice was never rendered;
+but Lord Dundonald rejoiced that the more important
+measure&mdash;that which, by restoring the dignity
+wrongfully taken from him, would do more than
+anything else to set him right in the eyes of the
+world&mdash;was at last adopted. "It gives me sincere
+pleasure," wrote Lord John Russell on the 12th of
+May, in answer to a letter thanking him for the
+conduct of his Administration, "that the last act of
+the Government has been so gratifying to you.
+Your services to your country are recorded among
+those of the most brilliant of a war signalised by
+heroic achievements. I will lay before her Majesty
+the expression of your gratitude, and I can assure
+you that the Queen has sanctioned with the greatest
+satisfaction the advice of her ministers."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On the 25th of May&mdash;the order being dated the
+22nd&mdash;Lord Dundonald was gazetted as a Knight
+Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath; and this act
+of grace was rendered more graceful by the personal
+interest shown by Prince Albert, who, as Grand
+Master of the Order, dispensed with the customary
+formalities and delays, and, on the following morning,
+caused a warrant to be sent to him, in order that
+he might wear the cross at the birthday drawing-room,
+which he attended by her Majesty's command
+on the 27th of May. Thus another step was made
+in the way of retribution for the injuries inflicted on
+him in 1814 and in the ensuing years.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"To-day," he wrote on the 12th of July, "there
+was a grand muster at the palace of all the Knights
+Grand Crosses, and many inferior Crosses, and I
+was installed. Lord Ellenborough was one of my
+sponsors, and the Duke of Wellington shook hands
+with me, and expressed his satisfaction at my restoration
+to the Order. I am glad to tell you
+that the ceremony of knighting, of which I was
+afraid, was not resorted to; so my knightship dates
+back to the 27th of April, 1809."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In another effort to obtain full justice for himself,
+however, he was unsuccessful. The great expenses
+that sprang out of his long-continued scientific and
+mechanical pursuits had absorbed all his scanty
+sources of income, and he forcibly urged that in
+accordance with the precedent furnished by a similar
+grant to Sir Robert Wilson, in 1832, he was entitled
+to the arrears of pay due to him for the seventeen
+years during which he had been kept out of his
+position in the British navy. But his request was
+refused; and the heavy pecuniary loss, as well as
+other and much heavier deprivations, consequent on
+a persecution that has been since admitted to have
+been wholly undeserved, has never been compensated.<a class="fnref" href="#fn20" id="ref20">[20]</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Shortly after that event Lord Dundonald sought
+to be elected one of the Scotch representative peers
+in the House of Lords. Now that his load of
+unmerited disgrace was shaken off, he desired to
+resume his old functions as a legislator&mdash;and this
+with no abatement of his zeal for the welfare of the
+people; but with none of the violence which his own
+heavy sufferings at the time of their first and heaviest
+pressure had partly caused him to show during his
+former parliamentary career. Being now a peer, he
+could not return to his seat in the House of Commons,
+and being a Scotch peer, he could only sit in
+the House of Lords as one of the delegates from the
+aristocracy of his native land. Among these he
+therefore asked for a place at the election in September,
+1847. He did not, however, begin to seek
+it early enough. Other candidates had, according
+to custom, obtained promises of a majority of votes
+from the electors before he thought of canvassing,
+and he was thus left in a minority. Many peers,
+however, who on this occasion were unable to support
+him, offered to pledge their votes to him for the
+next election.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A minor favour was at this time shown to Lord
+Dundonald, which afforded him real gratification.
+In 1835, he had been allowed by King William
+IV. to use the insignia of a Grand Commander of
+the Order of the Saviour of Greece, conferred
+upon him by King Otho. In August, 1847, he
+applied to the Cabinet for permission to use the
+title of Marquis of Maranham and the Grand Cross
+of Brazil, both of which had been conferred upon
+him by the Emperor Pedro I., in 1823. "I have
+to acquaint your lordship," wrote Lord Palmerston,
+then Foreign Secretary, on the 11th of October,
+"that under the peculiar circumstances of the
+case, which have prevented the application being
+made earlier, the Queen has signified her pleasure
+that you should be permitted to accept the Grand
+Cross of the Order of the Cruziero. With regard,
+however, to the title of Marquis of Maranham, it is
+my duty to state to your lordship that, after full consideration,
+her Majesty's Government regret that
+they cannot advise the Queen to grant you the
+desired permission. While her Majesty's Government
+duly appreciate the services rendered by your
+lordship to the Crown of Brazil, they consider it to
+be on general principles so undesirable that distinguished
+officers of the British navy should have
+foreign titles, that they feel themselves compelled to
+decline complying with the request." "I beg to
+assure your lordship," wrote Lord Dundonald in
+reply, on the 18th of October, "that I feel more gratitude
+in being informed of the sentiments of her
+Majesty's Government in regard to my faithful and
+zealous services in Brazil than I ever experienced
+from the title conferred on me as the honorary portion
+of my reward for such services. As far as
+relates to assuming the title in my native country, I
+entreat your lordship to believe that I never entertained
+the intention."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A memorable occurrence soon followed. Now
+that his honours as well as his naval rank were
+restored to him, he had no reason for holding back
+from active service in his profession; and the Earl
+of Auckland, anxious to make use&mdash;as far as use
+could be made in peace-time&mdash;of his great and varied
+experience, and also to give further proof of the
+desire at last to render him all possible honour, was
+prompt in offering him fresh employment on the sea.
+"I shall shortly have to name a Commander-in-Chief
+for the North American and West Indian Station,"
+wrote Lord Auckland on the 27th of December, 1847.
+"Will you accept the appointment? I shall feel it
+to be an honour and a pleasure to have named you
+to it, and I am satisfied that your nomination will be
+agreeable to her Majesty, as it will be to the country,
+and, particularly, to the navy."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Lord Dundonald did accept the appointment,
+rejoicing in it as a further step in reparation for the
+injuries by which he had been hindered, a whole
+generation before, from rising to the highest rank in
+the naval service of his country. He might then
+have achieved victories over the French which
+would have surpassed his brilliant exploit at Basque
+Roads. He could now only direct the quiet operations
+of a small fleet in time of peace. This, however,
+being the best that it was now possible for him
+to do, he gladly undertook. "Permit me," he wrote
+to Lord Auckland, "to assure your lordship that this
+gracious act has further tended to obliterate the
+deep and painful impressions made by thirty years of
+mental suffering, such as no language can describe;
+for, my lord, the agony produced by false accusations
+on an honourable mind is infinitely greater than
+merited infliction of death itself. I leave your lordship
+then to estimate the amount of obligation I fail
+to convey, and beg you will allow me to express a
+hope that your generous recommendation to her
+Majesty will be justified by my zealous endeavours
+to fulfil the duties I owe to my sovereign and
+country."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"I have waited for her Majesty's assent to your
+appointment," said the Earl of Auckland in a letter
+written on the 3rd of January, 1848, "before
+answering your letter of the 28th ultimo. This
+assent has been most cordially given, and you may
+now consider yourself Commander-in-Chief of the
+North American and West Indian Station, and I
+may repeat that my share in this proceeding has
+given me very great pleasure, and that I am confirmed
+in my feelings of gratification by the terms in
+which you speak of occupying your proper place in
+the navy. I am glad for you, and I am glad for
+myself that I have done this just and honourable act."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Very hearty was the satisfaction expressed by all
+classes as soon as Lord Dundonald's appointment
+was made public. "I beg," wrote Mr. Delane, the
+editor of the "Times," earliest of all in tendering
+his compliments, "to offer my very hearty congratulations
+upon your appointment&mdash;all that remained
+to efface the stain of such unmerited persecution."
+"The communication you have just made
+to me," wrote the Duke of Hamilton and Brandon,
+"is most gratifying, and the First Lord of the
+Admiralty has done himself immortal honour in
+appointing that naval officer commander in one hemisphere
+who had previously illustrated his name by
+his most brilliant exploits in the other. Everything
+I think has now been done to undo the foul aspersions
+with which you have been assailed; and I am
+sure now everything will be done that can most
+serve to establish the ability of the officer and the
+delicacy of the gentleman. I congratulate you most
+sincerely upon your appointment, and I hope you
+will meet with difficulties when you arrive at your
+destination. Don't be surprised at this my wish.
+It proceeds from knowing the ample resources of my
+friend to overcome them, and his constant desire to
+sacrifice everything to duty and honour." "I derive
+the greatest pleasure and satisfaction from your
+appointment to the command of a British fleet,"
+wrote Sir George Sinclair, "an appointment not less
+creditable to the ministry than honourable to yourself.
+I cannot help contemplating with affectionate
+sorrow the portrait of our dearest friend, Sir Francis
+Burdett, now suspended over the chimney-piece, and
+thinking how happy he would have been had he
+witnessed this most welcome and delightful consummation."
+"Permit me the honour," wrote Admiral
+John White, "to bear testimony to the high gratification
+I felt at seeing by the papers the announcement
+of your lordship's having taken the command
+of the West India and Halifax Stations. The whole
+British empire has expressed great joy at this justice
+having been done to the bravery of your lordship as
+an officer and your goodness and honour as a man."
+That last sentence told no more than the truth.
+</p>
+
+</div><!--end chapter-->
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h2 id="ch27">CHAPTER XXVII.</h2>
+
+<p class="small">
+LORD DUNDONALD'S DEPARTURE FOR NORTH AMERICA.&mdash;EXTRACTS FROM
+THE CORRESPONDENCE OF LORD AUCKLAND AND OTHERS RESPECTING WEST
+INDIAN AFFAIRS AND EUROPEAN POLITICS.&mdash;BERMUDA.&mdash;THE FRENCH
+REVOLUTION OF 1848 AND ITS ISSUES.&mdash;IRELAND AND THE CHARTISTS.&mdash;THE
+DEATH OF LORD AUCKLAND.
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr">
+[1848.]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Lord Dundonald left London for Devonport on the
+16th of March, 1848, and on the following day
+hoisted his flag on board the <i>Wellesley</i> as Admiral
+in command of the North American and West Indian
+Fleet. On the 25th of March he set sail for Halifax,
+which was soon reached, and was, during three
+years, the head-quarters from which he proceeded on
+numerous voyages in fulfilment of the duties of his
+office. These duties were not very onerous or various.
+They were relieved, however, by much careful study
+of the circumstances and prospects of our colonies in
+British North America, and by correspondence thereupon,
+and on other subjects, with influential friends at
+home, and especially with Lord Auckland, the First
+Lord of the Admiralty. From this correspondence
+some selections will be made in the ensuing pages.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"I am very much pleased with your letter of the
+19th," wrote Lord Auckland, on the 21st of March,
+while the <i>Wellesley</i> was still at Devonport, "and the
+good spirit with which you look forward to your
+coming duties. I know how irksome is the succession
+of the petty duties which are incident to places
+of authority, and how far more attractive is the
+excitement of great actions to those who are capable
+of performing them. But even the first class of duties
+is not without interest, and carries credit as it is
+performed with justice and exactness; and I hope
+that for the second the necessity of great exertions
+will not arise. But it is always well that the possibility
+of their being called for should be borne in
+mind; and, while you follow the peaceful avocations
+of your station, I should be glad that you become
+acquainted with all its points of strength and of
+weakness. All the information and advice that you
+may give to me will be gratefully received and carefully
+considered."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"I hope," wrote Lord Auckland, three days later,
+"that the Mosquito affair will have been brought
+to a termination before your arrival, and that the
+necessity for the presence of ships in the Bay of
+Mexico will have terminated with a cessation of
+hostilities between the United States and Mexico.
+You will then have the slave-trade and the fisheries
+mainly to attend to. You will learn from the Consul
+at Cuba whether the slave-trade is now actively
+carried on. It had for some time entirely ceased,
+but it may have revived, and, with good information
+and force for interception applied at the right time,
+I should hope that it will not require many of your
+ships. The fisheries will, for a season, be a regular
+and fixed object of attention. Though I feel that
+your number of ships is small, it is difficult for me to
+increase it. I hate to fritter away our men and
+naval strength on a multitude of brigs and sloops
+and petty objects."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Lord Auckland communicated to his friend many
+interesting opinions respecting the state of politics
+and the condition of affairs on both sides of the
+Atlantic. A letter from him, dated the 30th of April,
+had reference chiefly to the troubles occasioned at that
+time by the interference of Nicaragua with British
+commerce, which had necessitated the sending of Captain
+Lock, in the <i>Alarm</i>, to watch the course of events
+and compel proper behaviour by the turbulent state.
+"A 'little war' is always a vexatious thing," he
+wrote, "and our relations with the state of Mosquito,
+though they have long and ancient standing to
+recommend them, are strange and anomalous. But
+the insults of Nicaragua were highly provoking.
+The detention of British subjects was not to be borne,
+and the spirit which has been exhibited by Captain
+Lock, the spirit and enterprise with which his operations
+were directed, the conduct of all who served
+under him, and the successful results which have
+been achieved, are all highly to be applauded. I am
+glad, however, that they have left the river of San
+Juan. I see that in 1780 Nelson lost by the climate
+there fifteen hundred out of eighteen hundred men;
+and I well know what is the effect of a low country
+in the tropics, particularly after exertion and
+fatigue."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The rest of the letter related to the turmoil excited
+in Europe by the deposition of Louis Philippe in
+February, 1848, and the less successful revolutions in
+other countries. "We continue to be on the very
+best terms with the Provisional Government, and
+there is a better disposition towards us on the part of
+the French people than there was at the first outbreak
+of the Revolution. I have therefore at present
+no apprehension of war. There is, however, this
+danger; that Germany and Italy are greatly disturbed,
+and that Austria and Sardinia are engaged
+in war on the side of Italy, and Prussia and Denmark
+to the north, and it will not be easy for France and
+England to be peaceful lookers-on. Besides which,
+the Government of France will long be subject to
+popular gusts, and it is never easy to say in what
+direction they may blow. In the meantime, however,
+all wears the appearance of peace, and at home
+the chances of disturbance both from Chartists and
+Repealers have become less. We have only danger
+from the distress and want of employment which
+have followed upon the shock given to credit throughout
+Europe."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Unfortunately, most of the letters written by Lord
+Dundonald during these months have been lost; but
+something of their purport may be gathered from
+the replies to them. "I am very glad," Lord Auckland
+wrote, on the 28th of May, "that your thoughts
+appear to be very considerately given to the health
+of those that are under your command. You will,
+of course, have consideration for the ships that have
+served in the Gulf of Mexico, or other unhealthy
+places, and give them a turn in the north. I did not
+lose a moment in sending to Lord Grey your suggestions
+in favour of removing the convict hulks at
+Bermuda, and he has promised me that he will,
+without delay, issue orders accordingly."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Lord Auckland wrote again to his friend on the
+23rd of June. "I have your valuable memoranda
+on the defences and dockyard of Bermuda," he said,
+"and I am greatly obliged to you for them, as will
+be Lord Grey. I will promise to give them early
+and deep consideration. In the meantime I will
+press the Board to give immediate authority for the
+improvement of the drains of the hospital, and of the
+supply of water. I am greatly obliged to you for
+the steadiness with which you keep considerations
+of economy in view. The disinterestedness with
+which you regard the schemes which have been proposed
+for a new Admiralty House at Bermuda will
+give you authority in checking expenditure in other
+objects."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"The affairs of France," we read in the same letter,
+written while General Cavaignac was suppressing
+the June revolution, "are most unsettled. There is
+no confidence in any man or party, and there are
+discontent, and mistrust, and alarm. All feel that
+things cannot go on in their present form; but none
+can foresee what will follow. It may be a continuance
+of internal dissension, but in an aggravated
+form. It may be a disposition to external violence.
+At home the condition both of England and Ireland
+is quieter than it was." "There is more brightness
+in our prospects at home just now," wrote Lord
+Auckland, three weeks later, on the 14th of July,
+"than has been the case for some months. Commerce
+and credit are reviving; Chartism is dormant, and
+Ireland is less troublesome. And on the Continent
+there is a more general disposition to return to institutions
+of order. I confess that I should be glad to
+hear that just at this moment there were a larger
+force than usual at Bermuda. The presence there of
+Mitchell<a class="fnref" href="#fn21" id="ref21">[21]</a> is apparently raising some excitement.
+Though I cannot apprehend any formidable attempt at
+rescue, yet the notoriety of a force being at or about
+the island may put an end to the vapouring menaces
+which are proclaimed, and prevent any rash or
+foolish enterprise that may be projected."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Thanks to you for your letter from Halifax,"
+Lord Auckland wrote again, on the 21st of July,
+"and for your last sheets on the defences of Bermuda.
+I did not think, when we parted, that the question of
+these defences would so soon come under serious discussion,
+with a view to their practical efficiency, but
+I do not yet think they will be put to the test
+by any formidable attempt for the rescue of Mr.
+Mitchell. Such apprehensions of danger, however,
+as they occur occasionally, do good, and lead men to
+think of and correct their weak points. What you
+say of the accessible nature of the southern reef surprises
+me, and strengthens your recommendation of
+gunboats as the means of defence which are least to
+be neglected. I only hang back in regard to them,
+as the Naval Department could not bear the expense
+of such defences for the many colonies that would
+require them, and they must be provided by the
+Colonial Governments. Our arrangements, however,
+may in some cases be subsidiary to theirs, and,
+wherever it is possible, the craft of the dockyard and
+other establishments should be so fitted as to be
+capable of carrying a gun. I am glad you sent off
+the <i>Scourge</i> to Bermuda. She is a handy vessel and
+well commanded, and the notoriety of her presence
+will not be without a useful effect. What you say
+of the character of the emigrants that are sent forth
+from Ireland to our colonies is but too true. Yet
+it is better that they should go than accumulate
+famine and disturbance at home. The present condition
+of Ireland menaces trouble and difficulty."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"I am quite aware," wrote Earl Grey, who was
+then Secretary of State for the Colonies, to Lord
+Dundonald, on the 3rd of August, "of the unfortunate
+tendency of the emigration to the North American
+provinces being chiefly from Ireland; but I do
+not see how it is in the power of the Government
+effectually to counteract the causes which are leading
+to the settlement of so large a proportion of Irish in
+this part of the British dominion. I fear this will,
+hereafter, be attended with very unfortunate results."
+"I beg to thank your lordship," he also said, "for
+the important information you have transmitted to
+me, and for the pains you have taken in considering
+the subject of the defence of Bermuda, which I recommended
+to your attention before you left England.
+I am in communication with Lord Auckland upon
+this subject, and we shall endeavour to act upon
+your suggestions so far as we are enabled to do so,
+under the financial difficulties with which we have to
+contend."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In the next letter written by Lord Auckland to
+Lord Dundonald, on the 18th of August, he again
+referred to European politics. "There is, with
+regard to the Continent, more promise of peace at this
+moment than there has been for a long time past,
+and there is a tone of more moderation on the part
+of France towards other countries than I have ever
+expected to see. But she yet has within her fearful
+elements of disturbance; her Government is yet
+unsettled, and, whenever determined, it will be subject
+to strong popular influences, and there can be no
+security. I almost apprehend earlier mischief from
+the popular influences of the United States. They
+have had a task of conquest and annexation, and
+Cuba lies temptingly. The uneasiness of the black
+population of many of the West India Islands may
+lead to opportunities, and disagreeable events may
+grow out of such circumstances. But these are
+matters of speculation, and nothing turns out as men
+think that they foresee. I wish that your squadron
+was stronger; for you are weak in numbers for the
+many points that you have to cover. Our home
+politics are rather more satisfactory than they were;
+that is to say, the dangers of Irish insurrection and of
+formidable Chartist outbreak are over. But there
+is still much uneasiness and disaffection in both
+countries, and the various events of Paris have given
+encouragement to strange enterprises. I apprehend,
+however, no serious mischief from these quarters at
+present; but we have in prospect a very general
+failure of the potato crop, and a very indifferent
+harvest, and here will be new causes of embarrassment."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There were many causes of embarrassment to
+English statesmen during the ensuing months.
+"For the present," wrote Lord Auckland, on the
+1st of September, "there is a cordial and friendly
+understanding between the Governments of this
+country and France, and the chances of war seem to
+be distant. General Cavaignac seems to be a prudent
+and moderate man. But no one can predict
+into what courses the popular influences of France
+may force him, or what changes may on any day
+occur. The extreme Communist party is weaker
+than it was; and a Royalist party&mdash;for some king,
+but not for Louis Philippe&mdash;is growing up; and
+between these is a Government of a republic and
+an army. The first political difficulty will be that
+of Italy, where the Austrians will not readily make
+any concession, and where the French will not
+readily see them again accumulate strength. It is
+to be seen whether their mediation and ours will be
+of any avail."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"The condition of the present French Government
+is precarious," Lord Auckland said in another
+letter, dated the 9th of November. "According to
+present appearances, Louis Napoleon will be elected
+President, not because he is personally esteemed, but
+from his name, with some parties, and because it is
+anticipated by others that his rule will be short, and
+that he will be made to make way for others."
+"The election of a French President is over," Lord
+Auckland was able to say on the 25th of December,
+"and has been carried at last with a rush; and we
+are to have a new dynasty of Napoleons. Louis
+Napoleon was supported by the army for his name,
+by the bulk of the nation because Cavaignac and the
+Republic were hated, and by the Legitimists because
+they think he may presently be overthrown. He is
+pronounced to be a foolish man; but his course has
+been lately one of prudence and perseverance, and he
+will enter upon power with good auspices. But he
+will have many difficulties to contend with, and we
+may yet see many changes before the condition of
+France will be settled."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Earl of Auckland, one of the worthiest and
+most generous statesmen of his time, Lord Dundonald's
+firm friend, and the friend of all with whom
+he came in contact, did not live to see these changes.
+Just a week after that letter was written, Admiral
+John Dundas, who had been his chief adviser on
+Admiralty matters, had to write to Lord Dundonald.
+"It is with great regret," he said, on the 1st of
+January, 1849, "I have to inform you of the death
+of Lord Auckland, after a few hours' illness. He
+was on a visit to Lord Ashburton, near Winchester,
+on Saturday&mdash;seized with a fit&mdash;never spoke after&mdash;and
+died this morning. You may well imagine the
+universal sorrow at such a loss; and I am sure you
+will join in that, for I know well the friendship that
+existed between you."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+By Lord Auckland's letters, it has been shown
+that, among much else, Lord Dundonald made
+special study of the actual condition and the possible
+improvement of Bermuda, both as a convict settlement
+and as a centre of defence against any attacks
+that might be made upon the West Indies. He
+suggested various beneficial changes for the strengthening
+of its fortifications and for lessening its unhealthy
+character by better drainage and other expedients.
+In all of these he was supported by Lord
+Auckland. But from the new First Lord of the
+Admiralty, Sir Francis Baring, he met with less
+encouragement. Bermuda had been made a subject
+of inquiry by a Parliamentary Committee, and the
+House of Commons being averse to any further
+expense, Sir Francis Baring was compelled to countermand
+much of the action that had been resolved
+upon.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+With Sir Francis Baring Lord Dundonald corresponded
+on little but strictly official matters, and
+therefore their letters are of less general interest than
+those which passed between him and Lord Auckland.
+</p>
+
+</div><!--end chapter-->
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h2 id="ch28">CHAPTER XXVIII.</h2>
+
+<p class="small">
+LORD DUNDONALD'S VISITS TO THE NORTH AMERICAN AND WEST INDIAN
+COLONIES, AND HIS OPINIONS THEREON.&mdash;NEWFOUNDLAND AND ITS FISHERIES.&mdash;LABRADOR.&mdash;BERMUDA;
+ITS DEFENCES AND ITS GEOLOGICAL
+FORMATION.&mdash;BARBADOES.&mdash;THE NEGROS.&mdash;TRINIDAD.&mdash;ITS PITCH LAKE.&mdash;THE
+DEPRESSED CONDITION OF THE WEST INDIAN COLONIES.&mdash;LORD
+DUNDONALD'S SUGGESTIONS FOR THEIR IMPROVEMENT.
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr">
+[1848-1850.]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The foregoing chapter consists chiefly of extracts
+from letters addressed to Lord Dundonald during
+1848. In the present one free use will be made of
+his own journal of a tour among the colonies and
+islands whose interests he was appointed to watch
+as Admiral of the North American and West Indian
+squadron.<a class="fnref" href="#fn22" id="ref22">[22]</a> It furnishes much interesting information
+about the places visited, and has also additional
+interest as illustrating the writer's tone of
+mind and method of investigation concerning every
+object that came in his way. The journal describes
+his occupations during eight months, beginning with
+the summer of 1849, and includes reminiscences of
+less systematic visits to the various localities made
+during the previous year. Leaving Halifax, in Nova
+Scotia, on the 14th of July, Lord Dundonald proceeded
+northwards, passed Cape Breton Island to
+Newfoundland, the fisheries of which it was part of
+his duty to protect.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+He entered St. George's Harbour, the chief resort
+of the fishermen and traders, on the 27th of July.
+"It is situated," he said, "in the angle of a deep bay
+between Aguille and Cape St. George, the town
+being on the promontory and having deep water
+close to it. No village can be better placed for the
+herring fishery, as these gregarious fish at the season
+of their arrival on the coast enter this harbour, as it
+were, into the cod of a net, whence they are lifted
+into the boats by scoops and buckets. With such
+slender means possessed by the inhabitants, the average
+catch amounts to twenty-two thousand barrels;
+but hundreds of thousands might be taken, were
+encouragement afforded. Salmon are also caught in
+the neighbouring rivers, which are alive with undisturbed
+and neglected trout. The barrels in which
+the herrings are packed are said to cost two shillings
+and sixpence each, and some new regulation requires
+additional hoops, which, to those concerned, appears
+a grievance. It is said the herrings must realise ten
+shillings per barrel, in order to repay costs and
+labour, but the last advices from Halifax state that
+eight shillings only are offered by the merchants.
+The French, I understand, attend more to the cod
+fishery. They are not at liberty, if they adhere to
+the treaty, to draw nets on the shore. There is an
+American merchant here who deals in truck with
+the English settlers, and obtains from them about
+a third part of the herrings caught, which he sends
+to the United States in such of the numerous American
+schooners employed in the fishery as enter this
+bay. The unauthorised British settlers here are said
+to be very jealous of intruders, as they consider they
+have an exclusive right to the land and fisheries in
+their actual possession, and from which all are, by
+treaty, excluded. They seemed suspicious that the
+<i>Wellesley</i> might have some motive in entering the
+bay contrary to their interests. No person whatsoever
+came on board, nor did any one come off to
+the ship, even to offer himself as a pilot. Some persons
+were lately desirous to set up a saw-mill, which
+would have been important, as they obtain all their
+staves for herring-casks, &amp;c., from abroad; but the
+sanction of the inhabitants could not be obtained.
+There is no magistrate or civil or military authority,
+no medical man, and, perhaps fortunately, no
+attorney. Indeed, there is no law, though justice is
+done amongst themselves after their own manner.
+There is a neat little church, at which the bishop is
+now officiating, and the people who are resorting to
+it seem well-dressed and orderly."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On the 30th of July Lord Dundonald left the harbour,
+to pass round the sharp promontory known as
+Cape St. George. "About midway," he said, "a
+remarkable change takes place to the northward of
+the table mountain, where the vertical strata become
+in appearance horizontal along the whole shore of the
+projecting isthmus. The colour of the strata is chiefly
+grey, in parallel layers of varying hardness, as appears
+from its projections and indentations. I could
+not, without delaying the ship longer than I wished,
+procure samples of the strata, but there was no appearance
+of carboniferous minerals. The same layers
+were visible in detached places up to the tops of the
+hills, which are of considerable altitude, though that is
+not denoted in the chart. When we rounded Cape St.
+George on the following morning, the strata, which
+before appeared parallel, were observed to dip at a
+considerable angle towards the N.E., and seemed,
+where sufficiently exposed to view, to be split into
+large diagonal flakes. There is an island close off the
+shore, about five miles to the eastward of the Cape,
+called Red Island, which is of quite a different formation
+seemingly red horizontal layers of sandstone, of
+a soft nature, as is obvious from the encroachments
+of the sea. The peninsula opposite to this island is
+of considerable elevation, as far as Round Head,
+whence it gradually lowers to a point about ten miles
+farther to the eastward. Here the level ground at
+first seems to be alluvial, but on closer observation
+indurated rocks are seen to protrude in flakes dipping
+into the sea. The bay formed by this promontory is
+of great magnitude. There are several islands at its
+mouth and in the interior, but there being no chart,
+and no motive for entering it, we stood on towards
+the mountains on the main shore, some of which are
+very high. In many parts the contortion of the
+strata, and the confusion of all kinds of materials, are
+extraordinary. The sides of the mountains on the
+shore are clad with moss alone, trees of very stunted
+growth only appearing in the sheltered valleys. No
+visible portion of the shore seems capable of producing
+food for man."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+From the western coast of Newfoundland Lord
+Dundonald sailed due north to visit Labrador. With
+its natural resources, and the neglect of them, he was
+much surprised. "The British possessions in Labrador,"
+he said, "extend over a tract of country as
+great as the northern regions of Russia from St.
+Petersburg towards the Pole, wherein the Ural Mountains
+compensate that Government for the sterility of
+the soil. I have often felt surprise at the indifference
+evinced by the Spanish Government towards developing
+the resources of its possessions; but it is with
+still greater astonishment I view the supineness of
+our own Government in leaving this vast tract unexplored,
+and its probable treasures undiscovered."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Similar complaints were suggested to him by his
+observations on the eastern side of Newfoundland, to
+which he sailed down on the 6th of August. "We
+passed several ports, wherein there were numerous
+French ships and square-rigged vessels dismantled,
+and schooners and multitudes of fishing-boats in full
+activity in the offing. These schooners and fishing-boats
+are manned by the crews of the large French
+vessels which are laid up in port, and constitute
+depots as well as the means of transporting the produce
+of the fishery to France, an arrangement highly
+advantageous to the French marine, and which we
+erroneously abandoned by erecting Newfoundland
+into a Colonial Government, thus surrendering our
+deep-sea fishery entirely, even without rendering the
+inshore fishery available to the newly-erected colony,
+throughout which it languishes from want of stimulus,
+or an adequate reward, even to induce the impoverished
+inhabitants of the shore to avail themselves
+of their small and almost costless boats to catch
+fish, which, by reason of the bounties given by France
+and America, are unsaleable with profit in any
+country in Europe. It is grievous to observe the
+difference in the mode of carrying on the British
+fishery compared to that of the French. The former
+in rudely-constructed skiffs, with a couple of destitute-looking
+beings in party-coloured rags; the latter in
+fine, well-equipped schooners, which may be called
+tenders to their larger ships, the seamen uniformly
+dressed in blue, with Joinville hats, looking as men
+ought and may be expected to look whose interests
+and those of the parent State are understood to be in
+unison, and attended to as such."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+At St. John's, Newfoundland, Lord Dundonald
+made some stay before sailing down to Sydney, in
+Cape Breton. Then he returned to Halifax, to go
+thence for a second visit to Bermuda.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Respecting Bermuda, as we have seen, he had
+much correspondence. "This island," he now said,
+"ever since the discovery of the opening in the reefs
+by Captain Hurd, has been deemed of much naval
+importance, and plans were formed by the highest
+military authorities for its defence. A naval arsenal
+also has been designed for the accommodation of a
+large establishment of ships of war. Distant islands,
+however, cannot be defended on principles which
+would be the most judicious at home&mdash;by the erection
+of forts in all quarters that could be occupied by an
+enemy. It is obvious that, under the circumstances
+of Bermuda, troops cannot be spared from the parent
+State permanently to garrison the multitude of forts
+which, on such a principle of defence, would be requisite.
+If they could, the expense would be enormous,
+and therefore I cannot dismiss this subject
+without an expression of my satisfaction at the intelligence
+I lately received that such extravagant and
+unavailing system of fortification has been suspended.
+In my opinion it is a great error to imagine that
+naval officers are unfit to be consulted respecting
+maritime defences; had it not been for so mistaken
+a notion many hundreds of thousands of pounds,
+perhaps I might say a million, might have been saved.
+I unhesitatingly assert that gunboats not only would
+suffice, but are by far the most available, and infinitely
+the cheapest defensive force amongst the
+rocks around the island of Bermuda. The coloured
+population of this island are a fine race, incomparably
+superior to the generality of the coloured population
+in the West Indies. They are accustomed to navigate
+in their commercial vessels: their lives are almost
+spent in boats, and no better crews could be got for
+the defence of their own island than they would prove
+themselves to be."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"The existence of this solitary island so far from
+the continent of North America," we further read
+in Lord Dundonald's journal, "is a circumstance
+meriting the attention of geologists, as well as the
+uniform material of which it is composed. It is all
+of a calcareous nature, but differing in condition from
+any of the other islands of the same substance. The
+strata are exposed in the perpendicular cliffs on the
+sea-shore in numerous precipices, from a hundred
+feet to minor altitudes, and are composed either of
+the most minute shells, or of parts of shells so triturated
+that they scarcely indicate their origin. In
+some places, however, there are laminae containing
+shells in a more perfect state, all of a white colour,
+with the exception of one (which I found on digging
+a cave) of a semicircular shape, of a red colour, and
+almost as large as an oyster shell. The whole of the
+substance of Bermuda can be burnt into good lime;
+but there is an indurated calcareous stone, often containing
+many perfect shells, on the island on which
+the naval yard is being built, which is preferred as
+more adhesive and better in quality. Although
+there are no indications of volcanic products on this
+island, yet it exhibits manifest proofs that volcanic
+force has raised it from the depths of the ocean. In
+what stage of induration it was at that period it is
+difficult to conjecture. The hills and vales throughout
+the whole extent of Bermuda have the stratified
+calcareous material generally conforming on all sides
+to the inclination of the surface. There are, however,
+many situations in which the strata present themselves
+as manifestly broken by force. In the deep
+cutting in the road which enters into the enclosure
+around the Government House, one of these breaks
+appears at the apex of the hill, dividing its sides,
+which here incline towards the centre, exposing a
+wedge-formed supplementary part that fills up the
+interstice. In the grounds of the Admiralty House
+curious instances of unconformable strata are laid
+bare in old quarries. These indicate some other
+cause for their nonconformity than that before assigned,
+and I am quite at a loss to imagine how the
+stratified materials could have been placed one above
+another at such different angles by the action of
+water, or in any other way, without appearance of
+disruption. There are caves upon this island containing
+large stalactites. There is one on Tucker's
+Island where these stalactites reach from the top of
+the cave far below the surface of the salt water it
+contains. I am not aware of any other instance where
+similar crystalisations have taken place under the sea
+water. It seems to lead to the belief that this island
+was at some time less submerged. There are other
+caves much larger, and one which goes in so far that
+the officers who accompanied me did not scramble to its
+end. This cave is formed by two large masses of calcareous
+matter having been reared up one against the
+other. I have seen some very beautiful crystallisations
+taken from another cave recently found in a quarry
+at Ireland Island; but the absence of petrifactions here
+(for I have never seen one) constitutes a remarkable
+difference between this formation and that on the
+island of Antigua, where the roads are almost made
+with petrifactions.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"In clearing the surface of the rock, as has lately
+been done at the quarries, and in laying the foundation
+of the new convict barracks, the most irregular
+formation is exposed. Large holes are found contiguous
+to each other in the white calcareous rock,
+which are filled with a substance resembling chocolate
+in its colour, unlike everything else upon the island."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+From Bermuda Lord Dundonald sailed down to
+Barbadoes, where he arrived on the 5th of February.
+"The negroes," he said, "who are much more numerous
+on this island than on any other of the West
+Indies, appear to be well fed, and cheery in their dispositions.
+They live in small wooden houses resting
+on clumps of wood or blocks of stone, a mode of construction
+which enables them, when tired of or displeased
+with their locality, to transport them elsewhere.
+I was told that a street of stone huts,
+constructed for their use, is almost abandoned, by
+reason of the immobility of such residences. I consider
+this locomotive propensity a favourable trait in their
+character. Behind the barracks we stopped at a hut
+on the rising ground whereon the barracks ought to
+have been placed, and assuredly I never saw a more
+contented scene. There was a young negro, and, I
+believe, his wife, together with an old woman, perhaps
+the grandmother of the child she fondled. We
+made inquiry as to their mode of living, and they
+showed us green peas, seasoned with red pepper,
+ready to be cooked, yams, and cassava bread, as good
+as oatmeal cakes. These peas grow on large bushes,
+and vegetables of all kinds surround their hut."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+From Barbadoes Lord Dundonald proceeded by
+way of Tobago to Trinidad. "On the morning of
+the 11th of February," he said, "we weighed and
+returned through the Dragon's Mouth, shaping our
+course for the great natural curiosity of Trinidad, the
+Pitch Lake, which I hoped might be rendered useful
+for fuel for our steam-ships&mdash;so important in the
+event of war&mdash;as fuel is only obtained at present
+from Europe. The United States and Nova Scotia
+are never resorted to; hence, could this pitch be rendered
+applicable as fuel, our vessels would be supplied
+when an enemy would be almost deprived of
+the use of steam in these seas. We arrived at La
+Brea, and before daybreak on the following morning
+we were on the road to the lake, or rather on a stream
+of bitumen (now indurated) which in former ages
+overflowed the lake. Indeed the bitumen beneath
+this road seems still to be on the move, as shown by
+curvilineal ridges on its surface, like waves receding
+from a stone thrown into water. The appearance of
+the lake is most extraordinary. One vast sheet of
+bitumen extends until lost amidst luxuriant vegetation.
+Its circumference is full three miles, exclusive
+of the creeks, which double the extent. The bituminous
+surface is of a dark brown, waxy consistence,
+except in one or two places where the fluid still
+exudes; obviously this spring is in full vigour beneath,
+for the whole surface of the lake is formed
+into protuberances like the segments of a globe
+pressed together, having hollows between filled with
+rain-water, which (except in the immediate vicinity
+of the bituminous springs) is inodorous and without
+taste&mdash;an extraordinary fact, showing that this bitumen
+is of a nature quite different from that of pyrotechnic
+mineral or vegetable tar. In its dry state it
+is quite insoluble in water, though when charged
+with essential oil, as it exudes from nature's laboratory,
+it imparts a pungent and unpleasant taste. A considerable
+quantity of gas bubbles up through these
+bituminous springs, showing that decomposition is
+still active amongst the materials whence it exudes.
+Some of the recent bitumen has an odour resembling
+vegetable gum. Mr. Johnson, the very obliging
+proprietor of a neighbouring estate, had the goodness
+to cause some of his labourers and a cart to bring
+samples to the beach. Means of transport, however,
+were so inadequate, that we had recourse to digging
+the more impure pitch on the beach, in order to prosecute
+our trials for its substitution as fuel. This
+bitumen, which had flowed upwards of a mile from
+the lake, was combined with earthy and other substances
+which it had encountered in its course. Various
+attempts have heretofore been made to apply the
+bitumen to useful purposes, but without success, as
+we may judge from the total abandonment of those
+trials and expectations which for a brief period induced
+its shipment to England with a view to its
+application to the pavements of London and other
+cities. All excavation has consequently ceased, and
+so low is the estimation in which the bitumen is held,
+that the duty on embarkation is only one halfpenny
+per ton. The nature of this bitumen is very different
+from that of coal. When exposed to a naked fire it
+becomes fluid, and runs through the bars before gas is
+disengaged, or at least before it is raised to a temperature
+at which it will ignite; perhaps it requires
+more or purer air than enters through the bars of
+steamboat furnaces&mdash;a conjecture which seems to
+be confirmed by the dense smoke speedily produced."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"The plains of Trinidad," wrote Lord Dundonald,
+"have a fertile soil, which, simply by clearing the
+ground, is capable of being rendered the most productive
+in the West India Islands for the growth
+of sugar and whatever can be cultivated in a climate
+most uniform in its temperature, most congenial to
+tropical plants, free from the evils of hurricanes and
+from all impediments to vegetation. I am confident
+that, if the hands of the Governor were not bound by
+restrictions and routine, the progress of Trinidad
+would soon verify this opinion. Lord Harris, the
+present Governor, nobly tendered a portion of his
+official income in alleviation of the burthens which
+are so severely felt in the present depressed state of
+agriculture and commerce, but from some cause his
+lordship's liberal intention was not realized. The
+example would have proved salutary, as it must have
+been followed by reductions throughout other West
+India Islands, whose resources are even in a worse
+state than those of Trinidad. Is it reasonable, whilst
+the ground has ceased to be cultivated because production
+is unprofitable, not only that the land should
+continue to be taxed at the rate it was in prosperous
+times, but that a duty should be levied on
+the exportation of its produce? Is it reasonable that
+whilst householders can obtain no rent, and have no
+income save the bare means of providing a scanty
+subsistence, they should be assessed at the rack-rent
+of former valuation? Can any property be more
+entitled to protection than that of the owners of the
+soil or of the dwellings they inhabit? And yet all
+these, as appears by the numerous gazetted sales, are
+sacrificed to the collection of sums, the bulk of which
+is uselessly and prejudicially expended. Whilst the
+Government of the parent State has alleviated the
+burdens on the productive classes, is it just that taxes
+on food and on all the necessaries of life should be
+continued throughout the colonies, and that even
+their productions should be intolerably burdened
+with local imposts, whilst complaints are loud and
+true of the absence of all remuneration from the
+sources which once constituted the prosperity of those
+now impoverished and oppressed possessions? The
+above observations do not apply exclusively to Trinidad,
+but to the whole of the islands, which scarcely
+differ in degree in the causes of ruin which seem
+irremediable by any authority except the legislature
+of the parent State. I am persuaded that the chief
+of the Colonial Department at home would endeavour
+to counteract the causes of widely-spread and increasing
+ruin, were he in possession of correct information;
+but popular representations of grievances,
+often embodying misapprehensions as to their true
+origin, and accompanied by suggestions of impracticable
+remedies, are denied or disputed in counterstatements
+by interested officials, so that the Colonial
+Minister is bewildered, and can form no correct judgment
+from such conflicting statements. I hold it to
+be impossible that the monstrous absurdities and
+violations of every principle of good government
+which exist throughout these western colonies could
+be tolerated an instant, were their consequences known
+and believed by those in power, or were they laid
+before the British public by any person on whose
+judgment and opinion they could rely. Can it be
+credited that even in the island of Trinidad, not only
+multitudes of valuable properties are brought to sale
+from the inability of their owners to pay the fiscal
+demands, but that properties are consigned to the
+Government auctioneer even for so small an assessment
+as three-fourths of a dollar? This is, nevertheless,
+the fact. The emancipation of the slaves
+was a glorious act, but the rescue of these noble possessions
+from ruin, and the restoration of prosperity
+to an integral part of the empire, would redound to
+the honour of any one who would successfully advocate
+the cause of reason and justice, not only on the
+principles of equity, but with the less noble view of
+gain to the parent State, as it is certain that the consumption
+of British manufactured articles has fallen
+off in these colonies to an extent which has not been
+counterbalanced by the increase of exports anticipated
+from the questionable policy of concession to Brazil,
+in which I have reason to believe the supply of
+articles required for the slave trade constitutes a large
+proportion."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Reflections of that sort occurred to Lord Dundonald
+again and again, as, passing round from Trinidad, he
+visited all the principal British West India Islands,
+the last at which he called on his way back to Halifax
+being Jamaica. "No doubt," he said, "the
+generous and noble act by which, in the reign of his
+late Majesty, slavery was abolished, produced a prejudicial
+change in the economy of the sugar plantations,
+notwithstanding the large amount awarded to
+the proprietors, as the sums so paid were for the most
+part immediately transferred to mortgagees, leaving
+the proprietors in possession of the soil, but without
+the means of paying the expense of its cultivation by
+free labour. This is an evil which time has not
+remedied, and, of course, in the estimation of those
+who are, in consequence, losers, furnishes the pretext
+for imputing to the black population a degree of
+reluctance to labour far exceeding the reality. Those
+who pay a reasonable price for work, and are punctual
+in their payments, do not fail to get as many labourers
+as they require. I assert this not from any
+vague hearsay, but from various unquestionable and
+authentic documents, amongst which are the examinations
+taken by Committees of the House of
+Assembly appointed to inquire into the causes and
+difficulties alleged to exist in the cultivation of
+estates. Whilst the poverty of the planters and the
+destitution of the labouring population is so universal,
+it seems most extraordinary on inspecting the Custom
+House returns to find almost every article of necessary
+consumption brought from abroad paying high
+duties on entry; whilst the concession of small
+patches of land to the negroes, whom there is no
+capital to employ, would, if accorded, produce food,
+and in a great measure dispense with such injurious
+importations. Is it reasonable to instruct the negroes
+in their rights as men, and open their minds to the
+humble ambition of acquiring spots of land, and then
+throw every impediment possible in the way of its
+gratification? I perceive by the imposts and expenses
+on the transfer of small properties, that a
+barrier almost insurmountable is raised to their acquisition
+by the coloured population. I have learnt that
+small lots of Crown lands are scarcely ever disposed
+of, though three-fourths of these lands are still in the
+hands of Government.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"It is lamentable to see the negroes in rags, lying
+about the streets of Kingston; to learn that the gaols
+are full; the penitentiaries incapable of containing
+more inmates; whilst the port is destitute of shipping,
+the wharves abandoned, and the storehouses empty;
+while much, if not all, of this might be remedied. It
+may be asked, how is this to be effected? and I
+answer&mdash;by justice, resolution, patriotism, and disinterestedness.
+Never can this wretched state of
+affairs be remedied so long as taxes on the necessaries
+of life are heaped on an impoverished population.
+Never can the peasantry raise their heads with a
+contented aspect, whilst every animate and inanimate
+thing around them is taxed to the utmost. Not only
+is there a tax on land, and on the shipment of its
+produce, on houses, outhouses, and gardens, on
+horned cattle and horses, but on asses and pigs; and
+the severest penalties are enacted for concealment or
+suppression in the returns. Officials are employed
+for the gathering of pittances which do not defray
+the expense of collection. The harbour dues and
+exactions are such that no vessel, when it can be
+avoided, is brought into the Port of Kingston; consequently,
+though Jamaica is admirably situated,
+even more favourably than St. Thomas, the former
+port is abandoned, whilst that of the latter is filled
+with the shipping of all nations."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Lord Dundonald detailed the substance of these
+opinions in a letter to Earl Grey, the Secretary for
+the Colonies. "I have to thank your lordship,"
+Lord Grey replied, "for your letter. The observations
+of a person of your lordship's knowledge and
+experience upon the present state of our colonies are
+most interesting and useful to me. I am aware that
+there exists much distress in the West Indies at
+present; but I am sorry to say I do not see what
+Parliament can do towards removing it, beyond
+freeing their trade from the remaining restrictions
+by the repeal of the Navigation Laws, which I hope
+will now be soon accomplished. I own I quite differ
+from your lordship as to the propriety of restoring to
+the planters the monopoly in the British market they
+formerly enjoyed, and I believe that the permanent
+interests of these colonies would be injured instead of
+being advanced by doing so."
+</p>
+
+</div><!--end chapter-->
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h2 id="ch29">CHAPTER XXIX.</h2>
+
+<p class="small">
+LORD DUNDONALD'S RETURN FROM AMERICA.&mdash;HIS ARGUMENTS FOR THE
+RELIEF OF THE NEWFOUNDLAND FISHERIES AND THE WEST INDIA TRADE.&mdash;THE
+TRINIDAD BITUMEN.&mdash;LORD DUNDONALD'S OTHER SCIENTIFIC
+PURSUITS AND VIEWS.
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr">
+[1851-1853.]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Earl of Dundonald's time of service as Admiral
+of the West Indian and North American Stations
+expired in April, 1851. On the 31st of December,
+1850, Sir Francis Baring wrote to inform him that
+Sir George Seymour had been appointed his successor.
+"It is with some regret," said Sir Francis,
+"that I have performed this duty, as it has been
+my pleasure to have been in communication with
+you, and to feel that an important command has
+been placed in the hands of an officer of your
+lordship's high professional character and merits.
+You must permit me, in making this announcement,
+to add my sincere thanks for the manner
+in which you conducted the duties of your position,
+and particularly for the valuable information you
+have communicated to the Board, and the attention
+you have paid to the many points you had brought
+before you."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On the 14th of May Lord Dundonald left Halifax,
+and he reached Portsmouth in the beginning of June.
+During the next few years his mind was much occupied
+with the further consideration of various topics
+suggested by his observations and explorations on
+the other side of the Atlantic. It will be enough to
+make brief allusion to the most important of these.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Subjects of hearty regret to him, repeatedly
+brought under his notice during his three years' stay
+in the North American and West Indian waters,
+were the great depression of the British fisheries in
+the neighbourhood of Newfoundland, and the yet
+greater depression of trade consequent on the remission
+of slavery in the more southern colonies. For
+both he sought to provide a remedy. He urged, as
+has already been shown in the extracts from his
+journal, which was published, and attracted much
+attention, in the summer of 1852, that special help
+should be given to these colonies, not only by the
+removal of all restrictions upon their commerce and
+manufactures, but by protective enactments in their
+favour.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+His reasons for this view, as regards the Newfoundland
+fisheries, in which he thought not alone of
+the interests of the colonists, were set forth by him
+in a letter addressed to the "Times," in August,
+1852. "Were not the question of maintaining our
+nurseries for seamen," he there said, "more important
+than commercial considerations, I should not
+venture, through your favour, to trespass on public
+attention regarding the North American fisheries;
+but, perceiving that impressions are likely to be made
+by writers, avoiding responsibility for erroneous
+opinions by withholding their names, I feel it a duty
+explicitly to state that it is not to the amount of
+fish caught and cured, to the price at which it can be
+sold at home or abroad, or to the number of persons
+employed in the fishery, but to their nationality and
+vocation, to which I attach importance, in order that
+our fisheries shall form hardy British seamen in
+oceanic vessels, like those employed under the
+bounties paid by North America and France. These
+being the considerations, the question is not whether
+it is consistent with the enlightened theory of free
+trade to pay a premium which shall transfer capital
+from the pockets of one class to those of another, but
+whether it is wiser and more economical for the community
+at large to uphold such nursery, or to maintain
+even a skeleton of warlike establishments&mdash;perhaps
+to build, equip, and employ additional ships
+of war, squadrons, or fleets, to watch, perchance to
+contend with, power thus cheaply developed by rival
+nations. I ask whether the bounty given to enable
+steam-packets to cross the ocean is more consistent
+with free-trade principles than a bounty awarded to
+our fisheries as a nursery for seamen. A colonial
+premium is indeed talked of, and by those unacquainted
+with facts, who do not foresee its operation,
+it may be deemed a substitute for a bounty by the
+parent State; but I advisedly assert that such colonial
+premium would not rear one disposable seaman for
+our naval service, and that even the colonial fishermen
+would derive no commensurate advantage, such
+is the impoverishing effect of the inveterate system
+of truck-dealing that boat fishermen, even from the
+harbour of the capital of Newfoundland, are chiefly
+paid by daily wages; the advantages derived from
+the employment of two half-idle fishermen being
+greater to the truckmaster, in the absence of an
+available market, than the like amount of fish caught
+by one customer. It is manifest, by the true theory
+of free trade, that it is unimportant whether the
+French and Americans obtain their bait and catch
+fish within our limits or not, or even whether the
+world is supplied by them or by us; but it is not so
+if foreign nations thereby rear, employ, and maintain
+in time of peace fifty thousand seamen, who, in the
+event of war, are at the beck of their respective
+Governments, while Britain, the rightful owner, has
+not one available seaman from the fisheries. On
+subjects of such vital importance it is essential that
+general theories, however good, shall not be supported
+in detail by false reasoning, or by captivating
+appellations inconsistent with truth. Nine-tenths of
+our western colonies are still taxed on every article
+of food, and on all existing property, animate and
+inanimate; a state of things alike adverse to production
+and trade. Is it reasonable to imagine, if the
+interests of colonists are not considered jointly with
+those of the parent State, that they can continue to
+administer to our wants, comforts, and luxuries&mdash;above
+all, to our commercial nursery for seamen, the
+source of our national greatness? A Parliamentary
+investigation is indispensable to afford a chance of
+escape to these noble possessions of the Crown from
+impending ruin."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+For the relief of the West Indian colonies Lord
+Dundonald was also anxious to obtain the intervention
+of Parliament; but he believed that he had himself
+discovered one source of possible advancement
+for them. His remarks concerning the pitch lake of
+Trinidad have already been partly quoted. Having
+first explored that lake in the beginning of 1849, he
+at once recognized the importance of its stores of
+bitumen, and much of his leisure from official duties
+was employed in observations and experiments with
+a view to its being utilized. He was soon convinced
+as to its great and various importance. The
+decomposed bitumen that lay in vast beds around the
+lake he found exceedingly valuable as a manure; and
+he perceived that the liquid mass, of which boundless
+supplies might be obtained, could be put to many
+very valuable uses. Here he discerned the presence
+of a new material of commerce which might prove
+of incalculable benefit not only to Trinidad but also
+to all the other West India Islands; therefore he
+urged its employment, and, though but little heed
+was paid to his advice, the successful results of the
+few cases in which it was adopted fully justified his
+opinions.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+After his return to England he also sought zealously
+to make his discovery beneficial to himself.
+He was to a great extent baffled by the obstacles
+common to new projects; but his projects afford
+curious illustration of the activity of his mind and
+the fertility of his inventive powers. "Used as a
+mastic," he said in a concise enumeration of the uses
+to which he found that the bitumen might be put,
+"it is peculiarly suited to unite and ensure the durability
+of hydraulic works. It renders the foundations
+and superstructure of buildings impermeable to humidity.
+It is admirably adapted, by its resistance to
+decomposition by the most powerful solvents, to the
+construction of sewers, and, being tasteless, it is an
+excellent coating to water-pipes, aqueducts, and reservoirs.
+When masticated and prepared, it is a substitute
+for costly gums as applied to numerous purposes.
+Combined with a small portion of ligneous matter, it
+constitutes a fuel of greater evaporating power than
+coal, and, when pulverized and scattered over growing
+potato-plants or other vegetables, it prevents their
+destruction by insects or blight, and acts also as a
+fertiliser of the soil. Essential and viscid oils are
+obtained by various well-known processes from bituminous
+substances, but from none in such abundance
+and possessing such valuable properties as the oils
+extracted from the bitumen of the lake of Trinidad,
+as well as from the petroleum of springs still in
+activity."<a class="fnref" href="#fn23" id="ref23">[23]</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+While thus urging the importance of bitumen, and
+initiating many mechanical operations which have
+quickly and extensively been turned to the great
+advantage of society, Lord Dundonald was not unmindful
+of his older inventions and the arguments
+by which he had long sought to promote the naval
+strength of England. Of these inventions one in
+particular&mdash;that of his improved steam-boilers&mdash;had
+been largely adopted, and found highly beneficial
+during his absence from England, and its use continued
+after his return. From them he hoped, and
+not in vain, that good would result to the general
+extension of naval science. He was cheered during
+the last years of his life by seeing the adoption of
+many of the views on these matters which he had
+advocated long before. Others have yet to be enforced.
+</p>
+
+</div><!--end chapter-->
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h2 id="ch30">CHAPTER XXX.</h2>
+
+<p class="small">
+THE RUSSIAN WAR.&mdash;LORD DUNDONALD'S PROPOSALS TO EMPLOY HIS SECRET
+PLANS AGAINST CRONSTADT, SEBASTOPOL, AND OTHER STRONGHOLDS.&mdash;HIS
+CORRESPONDENCE THEREUPON WITH SIR JAMES GRAHAM AND LORD PALMERSTON.&mdash;THEIR
+REJECTION.&mdash;LORD DUNDONALD'S APPOINTMENT AS REAR-ADMIRAL
+OF THE UNITED KINGDOM.&mdash;PRINCE ALBERT'S INVITATION TO
+HIM TO BECOME AN ELDER BROTHER OF THE TRINITY HOUSE.&mdash;HIS
+CORRESPONDENCE WITH LORD PALMERSTON RESPECTING THE RESTITUTION
+OF HIS HALF-PAY.&mdash;HIS LAST WORK.&mdash;HIS DEATH AND BURIAL.&mdash;CONCLUSION.
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr">
+[1851-1860.]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When in June, 1851, he returned to England and
+surrendered his office as Commander-in-Chief of the
+North American and West Indian squadron, the Earl
+of Dundonald was in his seventy-sixth year. That
+he was still young and vigorous in mind is sufficiently
+shown by the illustrations of his inventive genius
+and philanthropic earnestness that have been given
+in the last chapter. The most striking proof of this,
+however, so far as he was allowed to prove it, has
+yet to be given.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Very soon after his return he sought to impress
+upon Sir James Graham, then First Lord of the
+Admiralty, under the Earl of Aberdeen's administration,
+the value of his secret war-plans, and before
+long a special reason for advocating their adoption
+arose. Their efficacy had been frequently acknowledged
+by the highest authorities, but as England
+was at peace, nothing more than an acknowledgment
+was made. The outbreak of our war with Russia
+induced Lord Dundonald to bring them forward again
+in 1853. At first Sir James Graham declined to
+entertain the subject. The Government believed
+that Russia would be easily and promptly defeated
+by the ordinary means of warfare, and therefore contented
+itself with them. In this decision Lord Dundonald
+acquiesced perforce; but, on its appearing
+that the fight would be harder than had been anticipated,
+he again claimed a hearing for his proposals,
+believing that by their acceptance he could not only
+bring his own career as a British seaman to a glorious
+termination, but also&mdash;a yet dearer object to him&mdash;by
+so doing render inestimable service to his country.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In this spirit he wrote again to Sir James Graham
+on the 22nd of July, 1854. "Important aggressive enterprises,"
+he said, "being now suspended by Russia,
+whose armies, on the defensive, may indefinitely prolong
+the war, and thereby expose our country to
+perilous consequences, resulting from protracted naval
+co-operation, I am desirous, through you, respectfully
+to offer for the consideration of her Majesty's Cabinet
+Ministers a simple yet effective plan of operations,
+showing that the maritime defences of Cronstadt,
+however strong against ordinary means of attack,
+may be captured, and their red-hot shot and incendiary
+missiles, prepared for the destruction of our
+ships, turned on those they protect; a result of paramount
+importance, now that the forces in the Black
+Sea have been diverted from the judiciously-contemplated
+attack on Sebastopol, compared to the success
+of which any secondary enterprise in the Baltic would
+prove of very small importance to the successful
+result of the war. Permit me, therefore, in the event
+of my plans being approved, unreservedly to offer my
+services, without command or authority, except over
+the very limited means of attack, the success whereof
+cannot fail in its consequences to free and ensure,
+perhaps for ever, all minor states from Russian dominion.
+Personal acquaintance with Vice-Admiral Sir
+Charles Napier and Rear-Admiral Chads warrants
+my conviction that no feeling of rivalry could exist,
+save in the zealous performance of the service."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Sir James Graham's reply was complimentary.
+"You offer for the consideration of her Majesty's
+Government," he wrote on the 26th of July, "a plan
+of operations by which the maritime defences of
+Cronstadt may, in your opinion, be captured; and in
+the most handsome manner you declare your readiness
+to direct and superintend the execution of your plan,
+if it should be adopted. When the great interests at
+stake are considered, and when the fatal effects of a
+possible failure are duly regarded, it is apparent that
+the merits of your plan and the chances of success
+must be fully investigated and weighed by competent
+authority. The Cabinet, unaided, can form no
+judgment in this matter, and the tender of your services
+is most properly made by you dependent on
+the previous approval of your plan. The question
+is a naval one, into which professional considerations
+must enter largely. Naval officers, therefore, of experience
+and high character are the judges to whom,
+in the first instance, this question ought to be submitted.
+Let me therefore ask you, before I take any
+further step, whether you are willing, in strict confidence,
+to lay your whole plan before Sir Bryan
+Martin, Sir William Parker, and Admiral Berkeley,
+who, from his place at this Board, is my first naval
+adviser? If you do not object to this measure, or to
+any of the naval officers whom I have named, I
+should be disposed to add Sir John Burgoyne, the
+head of the Engineers, on whose judgment I place
+great reliance. I am sure that you will not regard
+this mode of treating your proposal as inconsistent
+with the respect which I sincerely entertain for your
+high professional character, resting on past services
+of no ordinary merit, which I have never failed to
+recognise. But my duty on this occasion prescribes
+caution and deliberate care; and you will do justice
+to the motives by which this answer to your request
+is guided."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To this suggestion Lord Dundonald readily acceded,
+and his secret war-plans were once more referred to
+a committee of investigation. Nothing, however,
+was gained by this step. "I have received," wrote
+Sir James Graham on the 15th of August, "the
+report of the committee of officers to whom, with
+your consent, the plan for the attack on Cronstadt
+was submitted. On the whole, after careful consideration,
+they have come to the unanimous conclusion
+that it is inexpedient to try experiments in present
+circumstances. They do full justice to your lordship,
+and they expressly state that, if such an enterprise
+were to be undertaken, it could not be confided to
+fitter or abler hands than yours; for your professional
+career has been distinguished by remarkable instances
+of skill and courage, in all of which you have been
+the foremost to lead the way, and by your personal
+heroism you have gained an honourable celebrity in
+the naval history of this country."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+That letter was disappointing to Lord Dundonald;
+but, as the value of his plans was not disputed, he
+hoped that he might yet be allowed to put them in
+execution. "Be pleased," he said in his reply to Sir
+James Graham, "to accept the sincere assurance of
+the high estimation in which I hold the kind and
+favourable expression of your sentiments towards me.
+It is indeed gratifying to perceive that the experienced
+admirals to whom you referred the professional
+consideration of my secret plan have not
+expressed any doubt of its practicability."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The report of the admirals, however, had as unfavourable
+an effect as could have resulted had they
+declared openly against the project. Week followed
+week without any successful issue to the efforts of
+the Baltic fleet; and added to Lord Dundonald's
+chagrin at not being permitted to achieve the desired
+success, was his distress at finding unmerited blame
+thrown by the Government, and by nearly all
+classes of the public, upon a brave and skilful seaman,
+for not doing what, with the means at his disposal,
+it was impossible for him to do. Admiral
+Sir Charles Napier had failed, through no fault of
+his own, in the project for attacking Cronstadt, a
+fortress of almost unrivalled strength, and, by reason
+of the shallow water surrounding it, unapproachable
+by the heavy line-of-battle ships and frigates which
+constituted all his force; and during the months of his
+necessary inactivity, and after his return to England,
+Lord Dundonald was almost his only defender.
+"In justice to Admiral Napier, against whom 'the
+indignant dissatisfaction of the nation' is said to be
+directed," he wrote in a letter to the "Morning
+Post," on the 21st of September, "permit me to say
+that success could not have attended the operations
+of ships against stone batteries firing red-hot shot,
+however easily unresisting walls may be leisurely
+demolished. There is but one means to place these
+parties on an equal footing, and that I confidentially
+laid before the Government."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"The unreasoning portion of the public," he wrote
+to Sir James Graham on the 11th of November,
+"have made an outcry against old admirals, as if it
+were essential that they should be able to clear their
+way with a broadsword. But, my dear Sir James,
+were it necessary&mdash;which it is not&mdash;that I should
+place myself in an arm-chair on the poop, with each
+leg on a cushion, I will undertake to subdue every
+insular fortification at Cronstadt within four hours
+from the commencement of the attack." And Sebastopol,
+he urged, could be as easily captured, if he were
+only allowed to put his plans in operation. But it
+was not allowed. "Nothing new can be attempted
+at the present moment," answered Sir James
+Graham. "Winter will put an end to all active
+operations in the Baltic; and I still venture to hope
+that at Sebastopol our arms will be triumphant."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Lord Dundonald, though pained, not so much on
+his own account as in the interests of the nation, at
+the way in which his offers were treated, persevered
+in making them. It was now too late in the season
+to effect anything in the Baltic; but the siege of
+Sebastopol was being carried on without any immediate
+prospect of success; and he yearned, with all
+the ardour that he had displayed half a century
+before, for an opportunity of rendering success both
+certain and immediate.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To this end he wrote again to Sir James Graham,
+and also for the first time to the Earl of Aberdeen,
+on the 30th of December. "The pertinacious resistance
+made at Sebastopol, and the possibility of events
+that may still further disappoint expectation," he
+said to Sir James, "have induced me to address Lord
+Aberdeen, saying that 'if it is the opinion of the
+Cabinet, or of those whom they consult on military
+affairs, that, failing the early capture of Sebastopol,
+the British army may be in danger, I offer to the
+discernment of the Cabinet my still secret plans of
+attack,' whereby the garrisons would be expelled
+from the forts or annihilated, in defiance of numerical
+force, and possession obtained, at least during
+sufficient time to enable the chief defences to be
+blown up and the harbour fleet to be destroyed. If
+you will so far favour me, I should be gratified by
+having an opportunity of demonstrating to your
+strong mind, free from professional bias, the fact that
+combustible ships may be not only placed on a parity
+with stone forts fitted to fire red-hot shot, but secured
+from injury more effectually than if incased in iron."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Sir James Graham's answer was, like its forerunners,
+complimentary, but nothing more. "I can
+never cease," he wrote, "to do justice to your
+patriotic desire to serve your country, which is
+evinced by your desire to encounter, in your own
+person, the dangers attendant on your experiment,
+and not to transfer the hazard of the enterprise to
+others." But to the enterprise itself he would give
+no sanction. "Your plans," he said, "by my desire
+were submitted to the consideration of most competent
+naval and military officers, whose impartial
+judgment cannot be impugned, and, on the whole,
+they did not recommend the trial of the experiment
+which you are anxious to make. Neither Lord
+Aberdeen nor I can venture to place our individual
+opinions in opposition to a recorded judgment of the
+highest authority on a question which is purely professional.
+I see no advantage, therefore, in renewing
+the discussion with you at the present moment."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Had the "impartial judgment" by which Sir
+James Graham held himself bound been adverse to
+the principle of Lord Dundonald's plans, or declared
+them to be anything more than "inexpedient in present
+circumstances," more weight might have been
+attached to it; although even then he could have
+pointed to the opposite verdict, given in 1847, by
+other judges quite as impartial and competent, who,
+while objecting to part of them on the score of their
+deadly efficacy, had officially announced their belief
+in the applicability of another part&mdash;the part of
+which Lord Dundonald now proposed to make most
+use&mdash;and recommended its adoption "when the opportunity
+of employing it may occur."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+He therefore refused to be thwarted in his efforts to
+render to his country the great service that he considered
+to be in his power, and Sir Charles Napier's
+removal from the command of the Baltic fleet, in
+January, 1855, gave him an opportunity of offering
+to use that power under conditions that would relieve
+the Admiralty of all direct responsibility in the event
+of his failure. "I am much gratified," he said in
+another letter to Sir James Graham, "to learn that
+her most gracious Majesty has been pleased to reserve
+the high dignity of Admiral of the Fleet as a reward
+for services. Under this impression, permit me to
+solicit the favour of being allowed to contend for that
+distinction, not by reference again to opinions, which
+may prove fallacious, but by actual experimental
+proof of the safety and facility of assailing fortifications
+by my secret plans. By them, the damage and
+loss of life sustained by the allied squadron in their
+late attack on the fortifications of Sebastopol might
+have been partly if not wholly averted, and probably
+a tenfold destruction inflicted on the enemy. If this
+is admitted&mdash;and I do not think it can be disputed&mdash;I
+hope you will allow me to demonstrate the general
+applicability of these simple, comparatively costless,
+and in my opinion infallible means of annihilating
+the power of all kinds of batteries that can be
+approached to windward within half a mile. These
+plans have been entertained and pondered over by
+me during forty years, and now again I offer to
+explain, to test, and to put them in execution."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Sir James Graham's answer was very terse. "I
+have had the honour," he wrote on the 23rd of
+January, "of receiving your lordship's letter, in
+which you tender your services to take command of
+the Baltic Fleet. I consider the tender highly
+honourable to you; but I cannot give any other assurance."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+No other assurance would have been of any avail.
+The Earl of Aberdeen's Cabinet, having lost the confidence
+of the country, was dissolved almost immediately
+after that letter was written, to be replaced
+by an Administration in which Lord Palmerston was
+Premier, and Sir Charles Wood First Lord of the
+Admiralty.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To Lord Palmerston the Earl of Dundonald wrote
+on the 13th of February. "The high position of our
+country being at stake on the result of the war," he
+said, "and our long-established naval renown pledged
+on the successful conduct of affairs in the Baltic, I addressed
+my kind friend Lord Lansdowne, who has
+been long conversant with the objects which, by his
+advice, I now offer to your lordship's notice as First
+Minister of the Crown, conjointly, if you judge proper,
+with that of the Cabinet over which you preside."
+He then briefly described the principle of his secret
+plan, adding, "I respectfully offer to execute this
+plan, and answer for its success, against Cronstadt,
+and against all minor strongholds in the Baltic."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Four weeks elapsed before that letter was answered.
+In the meanwhile Lord Dundonald, beginning to
+despair of a satisfactory hearing from any Minister of
+State, unless he was induced thereto by a popular demand,
+addressed a petition to the House of Commons,
+urging the importance of his plans, and praying for
+"a searching inquiry, to ascertain whether the aforesaid
+secret plans are capable speedily, certainly, and
+cheaply to surmount obstacles which our gallant, persevering,
+and costly armies and fleets have failed to
+accomplish." His reasons for so doing he explained
+in a letter addressed to the "Times" on the 10th of
+March.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Peace," he there said, "being desirable not only
+for the interests of our country, but for those of the
+world at large, and the negotiations now pending
+being doubtless injuriously influenced by the obstinate
+resistance of Sebastopol (which could be overcome
+in a day), and by the impossibility of successfully
+attacking Cronstadt by naval means (which
+might be as speedily reduced), I have drawn up a
+petition to Parliament in order that secrecy and
+silence on my part, and deficiency of information on
+that of the public, may no longer prove injurious to
+the success of our arms. Hostilities having proceeded
+so far, assuredly it is more expedient to reduce
+a restless nation to a third- or fourth-rate power,
+than be ourselves reduced. Let not my motive be
+mistaken. I have no wish to command a fleet of
+100-gun ships, or to attack first-rate fortresses by
+incased batteries or steam gunboats. That which
+I desire is, first, secretly to demonstrate to competent
+persons the efficiency of my plans, and then to obtain
+authority, during eight or ten days of fine weather,
+to put them in execution. The means I contemplate
+are simple, cheap, and safe. They would spare
+thousands of lives, millions of money, great havoc
+and uncertainty of results. Their consequences might,
+and probably would, effect the emancipation of Poland,
+and give freedom to the usurped territories of
+Sweden. Those who judge unfavourably of all aged
+naval commanders assuredly do not reflect that the
+useful employment of the energies of thousands and
+tens of thousands of men can best be developed and
+directed by a mind instructed by long observation
+matured by reflection;&mdash;an advantage to which physical
+power, that could clear its way by a broadsword,
+can bear no comparison. My unsupported opinion
+in regard to a naval enterprise in 1809 proved to
+be correct. Every other undertaking in the British
+service, and as Commander-in-Chief in Chili, Peru,
+Brazil, and Greece, was successful, and so would the
+protracted and unaccomplished undertaking, so injurious
+to the result of negotiation, have succeeded,
+had I possessed sufficient influence to be patiently
+listened to."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The petition aroused much interest among the
+public, but was unheeded by the House of Commons,
+and therefore produced very slight effect on the
+Ministry. "My published petition," wrote Lord
+Dundonald to Viscount Palmerston on the 17th
+of March, "has brought me numerous letters,
+and, amongst others, a communication, I believe
+from high authority, that if I do know any means
+whereby to spare the slaughter that must take place
+on storming Sebastopol, I ought to make it known.
+I wish I could impart to your lordship what
+I feel under the present circumstances, and how
+anxiously I desire that a speedy decision may succeed
+the lingering delays that I have so long endured."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A few days after that, chiefly through the assistance
+of his friend Lord Brougham, Lord Dundonald
+obtained an interview with Lord Palmerston, at which
+he further detailed his plans, and urged that they
+should be promptly employed in hastening a conclusion
+of the war with Russia. To Lord Palmerston
+he also wrote again on the 31st of March. "It has
+occurred to me," he said, "that the supposed inhumanity
+of my plans may have caused the use of
+the word 'inexpedient' in the report of the commission
+appointed in July last by the Admiralty, and
+may even now influence the decision of the Cabinet.
+Perhaps another view may have been taken of the
+consequences of divulging my plans, as regards the
+security of this kingdom." To these possible objections
+he urged that no conduct that brought to a
+speedy termination a war which might otherwise last
+for years, and be attended by terrible bloodshed in
+numerous battles, could be called inhuman; and that
+the most powerful means of averting invasion, and,
+indeed, all future war, would be the introduction of
+a method of fighting which, rendering all vigorous
+defence impossible, would frighten every nation from
+running the risks of warfare at all.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Those arguments appear to have had some weight;
+but, after further correspondence, Lord Palmerston's
+Government, like all the other Governments to which
+they had been offered, refused to put the plans in
+execution. Further evidence in their favour was
+obtained from some eminent scientific men; and it
+was put beyond dispute that, though they might not
+have such deadly efficacy as Lord Dundonald anticipated&mdash;on
+which point the critics spoke with
+hesitation&mdash;they could not fail, if properly applied,
+in producing very important results. But it was all
+in vain. All that Lord Palmerston would agree to
+was to have the experiment tried on a small scale at
+Sebastopol, and by two Engineer officers who were
+to be instructed in their work by Lord Dundonald.
+Lord Dundonald consented to the trial, if it was conducted
+by his son, Captain the Honourable Arthur
+Cochrane, R.N. But this was not agreed to, and the
+whole project fell to the ground.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+At that result Lord Dundonald was hardly more
+disappointed than was a large section of the English
+public. Friends and strangers, soldiers, sailors,
+newspaper writers, and merchants, wrote to him from
+London, Edinburgh, Liverpool, Birmingham, Belfast,
+and all other parts of the kingdom, urging that, if
+the enterprise was not undertaken by Government,
+it should be executed by means of a private subscription.
+"I am perfectly convinced," wrote one, "that
+you can do all the injury to the Russian fortifications
+that you say you can do. If miserable jealousy at
+the Admiralty refuses you the means, take them from
+those who, like myself, are very proud to be your
+countrymen. I am not a rich man, but I shall gladly
+subscribe one hundred pounds to any scheme that you
+will propose and carry out yourself." "If your
+lordship will appeal to the country," wrote another,
+"in less than a week you will receive subscriptions
+to any amount. You will then be independent of
+Government routine, and the public will, without
+further delay, have an opportunity of testing the
+value of your invention, towards which the eyes of
+all Europe are anxiously turned at the present
+juncture."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Those suggestions, and the evidence afforded by
+them of a widespread sympathy in his efforts to
+render a last great service to his country, afforded
+real satisfaction to Lord Dundonald; but their
+adoption was quite impossible. As a British officer,
+he could not for a moment think of entering upon a
+warlike project independently of the State. Therefore
+he left the work on which his heart was set
+undone, and soon&mdash;though by no means so soon as
+he could have made it&mdash;the Russian war was brought
+to a conclusion.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Whatever may have been the cause of the rejection
+of his offer to hasten that conclusion by means of his
+secret war-plans, the Earl of Dundonald experienced
+no lack of personal courtesy during the period of the
+correspondence, or throughout the brief remainder of
+his life. His closing years were cheered by many
+acts by which was nearly completed the tardy reparation
+for former injuries which was begun with his
+reinstatement in the navy by King William IV., and
+in which the most gratifying circumstance of all was
+the restoration of his honours as a Knight of the
+Bath by her gracious Majesty Queen Victoria.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"The death of Sir Byam Martin, and the promotion
+of Sir William Gage to the office of Vice-Admiral
+of the United Kingdom," wrote Sir James Graham
+on the 23rd of October, 1854, "vacate the appointment
+of Rear-Admiral. It is an honorary distinction;
+and your standing in the naval service and your
+gallant achievements entitle you to this reward. I
+have taken her Majesty's pleasure, and the Queen
+has graciously approved my recommendation. I
+propose, therefore, with your lordship's permission,
+that you shall be gazetted Rear-Admiral of the United
+Kingdom." "I accept the proposed honour with
+gratitude to her Majesty and with thanks to you,"
+answered Lord Dundonald, on the 24th. "Permit
+me, however, to express a hope that such distinction
+shall not preclude my further service to the Crown
+and country, which long and matured consideration
+on professional subjects assures me I could now perform
+even more effectually than at an earlier period."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A month later he was honoured by a compliment
+from one who, kind and gracious in all his acts, had
+never failed in showing towards him special grace
+and kindness. "My dear lord," wrote Prince Albert
+on the 26th of November, "a vacancy has occurred
+in the list of Honorary Brethren of the Trinity House,
+by the lamented death of Sir Byam Martin. It has
+always been customary in that corporation to have the
+Royal Navy represented amongst the Elder Brethren
+by one of its most distinguished officers. I therefore
+write to inquire whether it would be agreeable to
+you to be elected a member of that body; as I should,
+in that case, have much pleasure in proposing, as
+Master of the Corporation, your name for the election
+of the Elder Brethren. Believe me always, my dear
+lord, yours truly,&mdash;Albert."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"May it please your Royal Highness," Lord Dundonald
+wrote in reply, on the 27th, "to accept my
+dutiful and most grateful thanks for the honour your
+Royal Highness is pleased to confer. I assure your
+Royal Highness that I shall ever look forward with
+anxiety to prove my devotion and gratitude to her
+most gracious Majesty, for signal acts of justice and
+favour, and to your Royal Highness for this highly-appreciated
+mark of your consideration."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A token of the estimation in which Lord Dundonald
+was at length held by all classes of his countrymen
+may here be recorded. After frequent refusal,
+on the ground of his age and love of privacy, he
+consented, in May, 1856, to seek admission to the
+United Service Club. Its members, thereupon, at
+once resolved, at the proposal of Vice-Admiral
+Sir George F. Seymour, which was seconded by
+Lieutenant-General Sir C. F. Smith, "to invite that
+highly-distinguished officer, Admiral the Earl of Dundonald,
+to become an honorary member of the Club,
+until the time of his lordship's ballot takes place."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In spite of compliments like these, however,
+it was his earnest desire that, before his life was
+ended, every shadow which had darkened it might
+be cleared away, and that he might not pass into
+the grave without the assurance that he was formally,
+and in every respect, acquitted of the unjust
+charges brought against him nearly half a century
+before. While one single consequence of those charges
+remained in force, he considered that he was not so
+acquitted, and with this object he laboured to
+the last.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"I venture to remind your lordship," he wrote to
+Lord Palmerston, on the 26th of May, "that the
+undeviating rectitude of my conduct through a
+long life has already induced the Crown, in the
+exercise of its justice, to restore my rank and
+honours. There yet remains, my dear lord, a gracious
+and important act to perform, namely, to order my
+banner to be replaced in King Henry VII.'s Chapel,
+and to direct the repayment of the fine inflicted by
+the Court of King's Bench, and the restoration of my
+half-pay suspended during my removal from the
+naval service. Unless these be done, I shall descend
+to my grave with the consciousness, not only that
+justice has not fully been done to me, but under the
+painful conviction that its omission will be construed
+to the injury of my character in the estimation of
+posterity. Independently of the justice of this claim
+on its own merits, I venture to express a hope that
+your lordship will admit that, during my temporary
+absence from the naval service, my exertions tended
+materially to promote the interests of our country by
+opening to commerce the ports of the Pacific and
+those of all the northern provinces of Brazil."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The appeal was unsuccessful. The part of it
+having reference to the replacement of Lord Dundonald's
+banner in Westminster Abbey was considered
+by Lord Palmerston to be a question with
+which it was not in his province to deal. "With
+regard to the fine," he said, "I am afraid that there
+are no funds out of which it could be repaid, and I
+should doubt there being any precedent for such a
+proceeding; and I find, on inquiry, that pay or half-pay
+has not been granted to any naval officer for
+any period during which he may have been out of
+the service." That reply induced Lord Dundonald
+to write again to Lord Palmerston on the 7th of
+June. "I submit," he then said, "that, the fine
+being imposed for an alleged offence of which I was
+wholly innocent, it ought to be repaid, even if there
+be no special fund appropriated to such a purpose.
+The peculiarity of my case may account for there
+being no precedent for such a proceeding, if none
+there be. The same peculiarity may distinguish my
+case from that of all other naval officers to whom no
+pay or half-pay has been allowed for any period
+during which they may have been out of the service.
+I may have been the only naval officer unjustly
+expelled, and assuredly I have been the only one so
+expelled after manifesting, by various acts, a truly
+patriotic zeal for the honour and interest of our
+country. No other naval officer, after such acts,
+was ever expelled the service and otherwise punished
+on mere conjectural evidence, since demonstrated to
+have been utterly groundless. I submit that instances
+have occurred of military officers recovering
+pay or half-pay after unjust expulsion, as in the case
+of Sir Robert Wilson; and I am not aware of the
+existence of any cause for a distinction in this respect
+between the two services. I feel the deepest
+gratitude and satisfaction that my life has been
+spared to a period when I may reasonably hope that
+the portion of justice yet due to me for the erroneous
+verdict and its injurious consequences will not be
+withheld. Of that justice, the first instalment,
+namely, the restoration of my naval rank, was
+granted by his late Majesty King William, and the
+second by her present most gracious Majesty, who, on
+the representation of my noble friend the Marquess of
+Lansdowne, was pleased to reinstate me in the Order
+of the Bath. For the third and conclusive portion of
+justice still remaining due to me, I cannot desist
+from looking to your lordship."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is not necessary to detail the later correspondence
+that ensued upon this subject. Lord Dundonald
+found that the final reparation which he
+sought was not, then at any rate, to be conceded to
+him by the Government; and therefore he resolved
+to employ his last remaining powers in seeking from
+his countrymen that thorough justice which he
+rightly considered would result from an honest
+review of the incidents of his life.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+During 1858, and in the beginning of 1859, he
+was engaged in the preparation of his "Narrative of
+Services in the Liberation of Chili, Peru, and Brazil
+from Spanish and Portuguese Domination."<a class="fnref" href="#fn24" id="ref24">[24]</a> That
+work was immediately followed by his "Autobiography
+of a Seaman," of which the first volume was
+completed in December, 1859, the second in September,
+1860; bringing down the story to the date
+from which it has been continued in the present
+work.<a class="fnref" href="#fn25" id="ref25">[25]</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+That his mind was full of vigour to the last is best
+proved by that autobiography. But the body was
+worn out. After two years of great physical suffering,
+passed in the house of his eldest son at Queen's
+Gate, Kensington, he died on the 31st of October,
+1860, eighty-five years old.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+He was buried in Westminster Abbey, where in
+his last moments he had expressed a desire to rest,
+in company with other great servants of the nation.
+A public funeral was not granted to him; but his
+son was permitted to conduct that funeral in a
+way worthy of his great reputation, and agreeable
+to the wishes of all classes of his countrymen.
+Through the personal intervention of her most
+gracious Majesty and the Prince Consort, moreover,
+who counteracted the efforts of subordinates,
+his insignia of the Order of the Bath, which had
+been ignominiously spurned from King Henry the
+Seventh's chapel, one-and-fifty years before, were
+restored to their place on the 13th of November.
+Thus his last and most cherished wish was fulfilled,
+and another precious boon was added to the many
+favours for which his family can never cease to be
+grateful to their Sovereign and her noble husband.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The burial was on the 14th of November. The
+pall-bearers were Admiral Sir George Seymour, the
+Brazilian Minister, Admiral Grenfell&mdash;who five-and-thirty
+years before had been associated with Lord
+Dundonald in securing the independence of Brazil&mdash;Captain
+Goldsmith, Captain Schomberg, Captain
+Hay, and Captain Nolloth. Among the mourners
+was Lord Brougham, who had come from Paris to
+render this last honour to one who had been his
+friend through fifty years. Standing over the grave,
+and looking round upon the assemblage, he exclaimed,
+"No Cabinet minister here! no officer of
+State to grace this great man's funeral!" But the
+funeral was graced by the reverent homage of hundreds
+gathered within the Abbey walls, and of the
+thousands who, though absent, acknowledged that
+England had lost one of her bravest warriors and
+most unselfish patriots, one whose warfare had been
+marked by acts of daring rarely equalled, and whose
+patriotism had brought upon him sufferings such as
+few in modern times have had to endure. The
+solemn anthem chanted over his grave, "His body is
+buried in peace, but his memory shall live for ever,"
+echoed far and wide, and awakened in every breast
+keen sentiments of sympathy for what he had borne
+and of pride in what he had done.
+</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>
+Ashes to Ashes! Lay the hero down<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Within the grey old Abbey's glorious shade.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In our Walhalla ne'er was worthier laid<br />
+Since martyr first won palm, or victor crown.
+</p>
+<p>
+'Tis well the State he served no farthing pays<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;To grace with pomp and honour all too late<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;His grave, whom, living, Statesmen dogged with hate,<br />
+Denying justice, and withholding praise.
+</p>
+<p>
+Let England hide her face above his tomb,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;As much for shame as sorrow. Let her think<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Upon the bitter cup he had to drink&mdash;<br />
+Heroic soul, branded with felon's doom.
+</p>
+<p>
+A Sea-King, whose fit place had been by Blake,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Or our own Nelson, had he been but free<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;To follow glory's quest upon the sea,<br />
+Leading the conquered navies in his wake&mdash;
+</p>
+<p>
+A Captain, whom it had been ours to cheer<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;From conquest on to conquest, had our land<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;But set its wisest, worthiest in command,<br />
+Not such as hated all the good revere.
+</p>
+<p>
+We let them cage the Lion while the fire<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In his high heart burnt clear and unsubdued;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We let them stir that frank and forward mood<br />
+From greatness to the self-consuming ire,
+</p>
+<p>
+The fret and chafe that wait on service scorned,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Justice denied, and truth to silence driven;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;From men we left him to appeal to Heaven,<br />
+'Gainst fraud set high, and evidence suborned&mdash;
+</p>
+<p>
+We left him, with bound arms, to mark the sword<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Given to weak hands; left him, with working brain,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;To see rogues traffic, and fools rashly reign,<br />
+Where Strength should have been guide, and Honour lord&mdash;
+</p>
+<p>
+Left him to cry aloud, without support,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Against the creeping things that eat away<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Our wooden walls, and boast as they betray,<br />
+The base supporters of a baser Court,
+</p>
+<p>
+The crawling worms that in corruption breed,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And on corruption batten, till at last<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mistaken honour the proud victim cast<br />
+Out to their spite, to writhe, and pant, and bleed
+</p>
+<p>
+Under their stings and slime; and bleed he did<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;For years, till hope into heart-sickness grew,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And he sought other seas and service new,<br />
+And his bright sword in alien laurels hid&mdash;
+</p>
+<p>
+Nor even so found gratitude, but came<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Back to his England, bankrupt, save of praise,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;To eat his heart, through weary wishful days,<br />
+And shape his strength to bearing of his shame,
+</p>
+<p>
+Till, slow but sure, drew on a better time,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And Statesmen owned the check of public will;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And, at the last, light pierced the shadow chill<br />
+That fouled his honour with the taint of crime.
+</p>
+<p>
+And then they gave him back the knightly spurs<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Which he had never forfeited&mdash;the rank<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;From which he ne'er by ill-deserving sank,<br />
+More than the Lion sinks for yelp of curs.
+</p>
+<p>
+Justice had lingered on its road too long:<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Lion was grown old; the time gone by,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;When for his aid we vainly raised a cry,<br />
+To save our flag from shame, our decks from wrong.
+</p>
+<p>
+The infamy is <i>theirs</i>, whose evil deed<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Is past undoing; yet not guiltless we,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Who, penniless, that brave old man could see,<br />
+Restored to honour, but denied its meed.
+</p>
+<p>
+A Belisarius, old and sad and poor,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;To <i>our</i> shame, not to <i>his</i>&mdash;so he lived on,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Till man's allotted fourscore years were gone,<br />
+And scarcely then had leave to 'stablish sure
+</p>
+<p>
+Proofs of <i>his</i> innocence, and <i>their</i> shame,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That had so wronged him; and, this done, came death,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;To seal the assurance of his dying breath,<br />
+And wipe the last faint tarnish from his name.
+</p>
+<p>
+At last his fame stands fair, and full of years<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He seeks that judgment which his wrongers all<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Have sought before him&mdash;and above his pall<br />
+His flag, replaced at length, waves with his peers.
+</p>
+<p>
+He did not live to see it, but he knew<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;His country with one voice had set it high;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And knowing this he was content to die,<br />
+And leave to gracious Heaven what might ensue.
+</p>
+<p>
+Ashes to ashes! Lay the hero down,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No nobler heart e'er knew the bitter lot<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;To be misjudged, maligned, accused, forgot&mdash;<br />
+Twine martyr's palm among his victor's crown.<a class="fnref" href="#fn26" id="ref26">[26]</a>
+</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>
+"Victor and Martyr." Those are the words fittest
+to be inscribed on the monument that will be set
+up in the hearts of Englishmen in honour of the
+Earl of Dundonald. Entering life with great powers
+of mind and great physical endowments for his
+only fortune, he made his name famous, and won
+immortal honour to himself by daring and successful
+enterprises in the naval service of his country, which
+none have surpassed at an age so young as his, and
+which few have rivalled during a long life-time
+spent in war. But he sought to follow up those
+triumphs of his prowess on the sea by peaceful victories
+at home over private jealousy, official intrigue,
+and political wrong-doing, and thereby he brought
+on himself opposition which, boldly resented, caused
+the unjust forfeiture of the rewards that were his due,
+and weighed him down with a terrible load of disappointed
+hope and undeserved reproach. Seeking
+relief from these grievous sufferings, and opportunity
+of further work in a profession very dear to him and
+in generous aid of nations striving to throw off the
+tyranny to which they had long been subjected, he
+entered the service of three foreign states in succession.
+But in helping others he only brought fresh
+trouble on himself. He rescued Chili and Peru from
+Spanish thraldom, only to find that the people whom
+he had freed therefrom were themselves enthralled
+by passions which even he could do nothing to overcome,
+and which drove him from their shores, barely
+thanked and quite unrecompensed. He fought the
+battles of the young empire of Brazil against Portugal,
+doubled her territories, and more than doubled
+her opportunities of future development, only to be
+cruelly spurned by the faction then in power, and
+denied the fulfilment of national pledges which a later
+generation has but tardily and slightly regarded.
+Harder yet was his treatment by the Greeks, who,
+having asked him to lead them in their contest with
+their Turkish masters, refused to follow his leadership,
+gave him no assistance in his plans for fighting on
+their behalf, and, in return for the services which, in
+spite of all the difficulties in his way, he was able to
+render them, offered him little but insult. Thus
+more than half his life was wasted&mdash;wasted as far as
+he himself was concerned, though the gain to others
+from every one of his achievements was great indeed.
+Returning then to peaceful work in England, he
+chiefly spent the years remaining to him in efforts to
+win back the justice of which he had been deprived,
+and in efforts, yet more zealous, to benefit his country
+by exercise of the inventive talents in which he
+was almost as eminent as in warlike powers. But
+those talents were slighted, though from them has,
+in part, resulted an entire and wholly beneficial revolution
+in the science and practice of naval warfare.
+And, though many of his personal wrongs were
+redressed, he was allowed to die without the complete
+wiping out of the stain that had been put upon
+his honour.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Of this long course of suffering, it must be
+admitted, he was himself in some measure the cause.
+Endowed, as few others have been endowed, with the
+highest mental qualities, he lacked other qualities
+necessary to worldly advancement and the prosperous
+enjoyment of life. Truth and justice he made
+the guiding principles of all his actions; but he knew
+nothing of expediency, and was no adept in the arts
+of prudence. Unrivalled strategy was displayed by
+him in all his warlike enterprises; but against the
+strategy of his fellow-workers he was utterly defenceless.
+He made enemies where a cautious man might
+have made friends, and he allowed those enemies to
+assail him, and to inflict upon him injuries almost
+irreparable, with weapons and by onslaughts which
+a cautious man would easily have warded off.
+Judged by the harshest rules of worldly wisdom,
+however, it must be acknowledged that these faults
+brought upon him far heavier punishment than he
+merited. And perhaps it will be deemed by posterity
+that they were faults very nearly akin to
+virtues.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The same want of prudence caused trouble to him
+in other respects. It led him, in furtherance of the
+inventions and other projects by which he sought to
+benefit the world, into expenses by which his scanty
+sources of income were very heavily taxed. It also
+sometimes made him the victim of others. Guileless
+himself, he was not proof against the guile of many
+with whom he came in contact. Every kind word
+sounded in his ear, every kind act appeared in his
+eye, as if it proceeded from a heart as full of kindness
+as his own, and he often lavished sympathy and gratitude
+on unworthy objects. But shall we blame
+him for this?
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Kindness, indeed, was as much a characteristic of
+him as valour. While the world was full of the
+fame of his warlike achievements, all who came
+within the circle of his acquaintance marvelled to
+find a man so simple, so tender, so generous, and so
+courteous. When he was bowed down by sorrows
+that nearly crushed him, he sought comfort in
+zealous efforts for alleviating the sufferings of
+others.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Fortunate circumstances would have placed him
+in a station of universal honour, which he could
+have occupied to the admiration of all on-lookers.
+But the circumstances of his life were unfortunate;
+and therefore he had to endure such hardship as
+falls to the lot of few. The harsh judgment by
+which he suffered has already been reversed. It will
+be atoned for when his worth is properly acknowledged
+by his fellow-men.
+</p>
+
+</div><!--end chapter-->
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h2 id="app">APPENDIX.</h2>
+
+<p class="ctr">
+<a href="#ref12">(Page 161.)</a>
+</p>
+
+<h3>CAPTAIN ABNEY HASTINGS'S LETTERS TO LORD COCHRANE</h3>
+
+<p>
+So much had to be said in the body of this volume in evidence
+of the insurmountable difficulties raised by the Greeks
+themselves to Lord Cochrane's efforts to aid them as
+efficiently as he desired, that there seemed no room, without
+wearying the reader, for there citing more than two or three
+of the letters addressed to him by Captain Abney Hastings.
+They have, therefore, been reserved for quotation here.
+Their publication is desirable for two reasons. In the first
+place, they show how Captain Hastings, whom all the historians
+of the Greek Revolution join in praising, was harassed,
+and his work rendered almost useless, by causes which Lord
+Cochrane, in a much more difficult position, was blamed for
+not overcoming. In the second place, they will serve as a
+contribution to the biography of a high-minded and valiant
+man, a sharer in Lord Cochrane's zealous efforts on behalf
+of Greece, and in the misfortunes incident thereto, of whose
+memorable career the world knows little.
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr gap">
+I.
+</p>
+
+<p class="middle">
+<i>Karteria</i>, Hydra, March 26th, 1827.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="sc">My Lord</span>,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The usual contrarieties of the machine prevented my following
+you yesterday according to your desire. Observing you
+went to Poros, I thought I should act in conformity with your
+wishes by coming here to take in coals, and avoid all possible
+delay. I have got on board enough for about four days more. I
+have expected you all day, and not seeing you I have taken upon
+myself to depart for the service you destined me for; although
+I am not quite certain I know the exact station. I shall go off
+Grabousa and endeavour to find Captain St. George. I leave a
+letter here for the primates, requesting them to load a small vessel
+with coals for my return, which I wish to take in on the opposite
+side. This measure, far from occasioning delay, would be advantageous
+in that respect as well as having less close connection
+with the Hydriots, whose presence always has the effect of setting
+a bad example to the Greeks I have on board. I should feel
+obliged to your lordship to insist on this measure. Perhaps it
+would be advantageous for your lordship to decide upon the port
+you intend to occupy immediately, and send there all the coals and
+other stores wanted for your naval force. Since you object to an
+island in the Great Archipelago, I am of opinion, with Colonel
+Gordon, that Ambalaki is the best suited for your station. If all
+the coals were there, much delay would be saved to the steam-vessels.
+One of the causes our engine went so badly was that
+some fire-bars being burnt the fire fell through, and we could not
+keep up the steam; another was, I had taken up the paddles
+(which previously had two-feet dip) six inches; the engine consequently
+went faster, but the pumps would not supply sufficient
+water. I have lowered them again. Pray leave your further
+orders for me here, as I shall touch for coals as aforesaid on my
+return.
+</p>
+
+<p class="middle">
+I have the honour to be, &amp;c.,
+</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="sc">F. A. Hastings.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr gap">
+II.
+</p>
+
+<p class="middle">
+<i>Karteria</i>, Poros, April 9th, 1827
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="sc">My Lord</span>,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+I have the honour to transmit you an account of the
+<i>Karteria</i> steam-vessel up to March 16th, by which you will perceive
+that with the 500<i>l</i>. credit I have on Messrs. Baif at Zante,
+I still have a credit of 363 dollars in my favour. Not accustomed
+to keep such accounts, there may be errors, but if any they are
+certainly against myself, as I may have omitted charging expenses;
+whereas, I have never charged but what has really been expended,
+nor have I ever charged anything for myself, directly or indirectly.
+Wages will become due again the 16th of this month,
+for which I shall require about 800 dollars. Having but a few
+days' salt meat on board, I beg your lordship to cause an order to
+be written, enabling me to receive such quantity as you may deem
+requisite.
+</p>
+
+<p class="middle">
+I have the honour to be, &amp;c.,
+</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="sc">F. A. Hastings</span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr gap">
+III.
+</p>
+
+<p class="middle">
+<i>Karteria</i>, Scopulo, April 19th, N.S., 1827.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="sc">My Lord</span>,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Northerly winds prevented my passing Cape Doro until the
+15th. Having spoken a vessel from Skyro, I learnt that an
+Austrian merchant vessel loaded with corn and ammunition for
+Negropont was laying at that island under convoy of an Austrian
+vessel of war, and that the corvette of Tombasi was there watching
+the merchant vessel. I touched at Skyro the night of the 15th,
+and found that the Austrian was gone, supposed for Syra, followed
+by an Hydriot schooner of Konduriottes, who is supposed to have
+made some arrangement with the Austrian to deliver the cargo to
+him. The Greek corvette had sailed, as I was told, for this. I
+arrived here the night of the 16th, and found that the brig and
+schooner were zealously employed on the service they had been
+sent upon. Having steamed more than I had at first intended, I
+was in want of fuel, and set them at work here to obtain me wood,
+which they have done with more alacrity than I expected during
+Easter holidays. The engine of course required repairs. I sent off
+the schooner to inform the vessels of the blockade, when I should
+join them, and appointing a rendezvous. I sail immediately, and
+hope to take or destroy the vessels at Tricheri and Volo tomorrow.
+I send this by the primates of this island, who carry a
+letter to your lordship offering their services. They have been
+apparently much oppressed in all these islands by the heroes of
+the earth, and are anxious to obtain protection from the naval
+force. This island is fertile, and could (and could be made to) pay
+well for protection. The others have claims equally strong for
+protection. St. George, De Skyro, Scopulo, Skatho, &amp;c., &amp;c., have
+more than 2,000 Liapis quartered upon them at this moment. If
+Athens is relieved, these worthies might be turned into Negropont
+with much effect. I am told the Turkish transports are still at
+Tricheri and Volo, not doubting to clear the Gulf of Greeks
+<i>à force d'argent</i>&mdash;however, I hope to be with them to-morrow.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+I suspect fuel could be obtained cheaper here than at Megara;
+and I see no reason for incurring the expense of transport of wood
+to Poros for construction of gunboats when a great majority of the
+Greek vessels are constructed here. The wood does not grow here.
+It is brought from Agora on the main. The deputies&mdash;<i>tout bêtes
+comme ils sont</i>&mdash;can inform your lordship of these things.
+</p>
+
+<p class="middle">
+I have the honour to be, &amp;c.,
+</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="sc">F. A. Hastings</span>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+P.S.&mdash;Having taken the coals out from between the boilers and
+side of the ship, I am anxious to fill this space with wool, as a
+protection against shot. The coals stowed there are an inconvenience
+for many reasons, and something is necessary to replace
+them as a protection for the boilers. If your lordship would be
+good enough to order Tombasi to procure me wool for that
+purpose, I think you would be ultimately satisfied of its utility.
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr gap">
+IV.
+</p>
+
+<p class="middle">
+<i>Karteria</i>, off Tricheri, Monday,<br />April 23rd, N.S., 1827.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="sc">My Lord</span>,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+I have the honour to inform you that in pursuance of your
+orders, I carried the squadron under my command, consisting of
+corvette <i>Themistocles</i>, brig <i>Aris</i>, schooner <i>Aspasia</i>, and schooner
+<i>Panayia</i>, before the port of Volo, the evening of the 20th. I found
+eight vessels at anchor in the port; immediately I directed the
+<i>Themistocles</i> and <i>Aris</i> to anchor off a battery at the point, and
+cannonade it whilst I entered the harbour with boats and
+schooners. At 4.30 <span class="sc">p.m.</span> they anchored with much gallantry,
+and soon silenced the musket-shot from the battery. At the same
+moment I entered the harbour with the boats and schooners, and
+we shortly took possession of seven brigs: they were all on shore,
+and most without sails bent. However, by 9 <span class="sc">p.m.</span> we succeeded
+in getting out five prizes, three loaded with provisions and
+ammunition, two light; and this most fortunately without the loss
+of a man killed or wounded, although we lay at anchor in the
+harbour four hours and a half, exposed to the fire of the Castle of
+Volo. The ship has received no material injury, although several
+shot struck her. We set fire to two prizes we could not succeed in
+getting out; one light brig remains, but we shot away her foremast
+and did her such damage in her hull as will (I hope) prevent
+her putting to sea again. Last night I entered Tricheri with the
+boats of <i>Themistocles</i>, <i>Aris</i>, and <i>Aspasia</i>, to endeavour to carry out
+a brig of war, Turkish, of sixteen guns and two mortars, but found
+her protected too advantageously by batteries and musketry. I send
+the prizes to your lordship under the convoy of the <i>Aspasia</i>, and
+shall remain here a few days to endeavour to destroy the Turkish
+brig of war, and shall then return to join your lordship. I beg
+leave to assure your lordship before I conclude that in these
+affairs I have met with the most cordial support from the captains
+of the vessels under my orders, and that their conduct, as well as
+that of all the officers and men of the squadron, has been highly
+meritorious.
+</p>
+
+<p class="middle">
+I have the honour to be, &amp;c.,
+</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="sc">F. A. Hastings</span>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+P.S.&mdash;As the schooner <i>Panayia</i> will participate in the prizes, I
+have ordered her to remain on the blockade, although not sent by
+your lordship.
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr gap">
+V.
+</p>
+
+<p class="middle">
+<i>Karteria</i>, at Sea, April 24th, 1827.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="sc">My Lord</span>,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+An hour after I had the honour of sending you my last
+letter, detailing the affair of Volo, I stood into Tricheri with
+the vessels under my command, viz., <i>Themistocles</i>, <i>Aris</i>, <i>Panayia</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Turks in this place had one brig-of-war which (erroneously
+in my last I rated at sixteen guns) mounted but fourteen long
+24-pounders and two mortars; she was made fast in a small
+bight, with a plank on shore and high rocks on each side of her,
+behind which were posted a strong corps of Albanian troops;
+she was likewise protected by a battery close under her bow and
+five other batteries in other parts. Four small schooners lay
+quite hauled up on the beach. To attempt to carry away vessels
+so posted and defended by men who wanted neither alacrity nor
+resolution would have been exposing the lives of the crews in
+a very unwarrantable manner. I therefore resolved to burn the
+brig, which we effected in less than an hour. I did not make
+any attempt upon the schooners, which I considered too inconsiderable
+to justify a loss in capturing them. In this affair
+the captains, officers, and crews conducted themselves all much
+to my satisfaction.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Inclosed I have the honour to transmit to you a return of
+the killed and wounded in this affair, which, I am happy to say, is
+trifling. I have left the rest of the squadron to maintain the
+blockade.
+</p>
+
+<p class="middle">
+I have the honour to be, &amp;c.,
+</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="sc">F. A. Hastings</span>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A return of the killed and wounded on board of the Greek
+squadron, at Tricheri, April 23rd./11th.
+</p>
+
+<table summary="List of involved ships">
+<tr>
+	<td>
+	<i>Karteria</i>, killed</td>
+	<td>one seaman, Ralph Hall.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td><i>Aris</i>, killed</td>
+	<td>one seaman.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td>"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wounded</td>
+	<td>two seamen.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td style="padding-right:1em;"><i>Panayia</i>, wounded</td>
+	<td>one seaman.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+	<td>Total</td>
+	<td>two killed and three wounded.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="sc">F. A. Hastings</span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr gap">
+VI.
+</p>
+
+<p class="middle">
+<i>Karteria</i>, at Sea, April 26th, N.S., 1827.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="sc">My Lord</span>,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Passing by Kumi, I observed several vessels at anchor
+there, and a great number of large kyekes, &amp;c., hauled up on the
+beach. I stood in, and overhauled them, and found, as I suspected,
+that a most scandalous and extensive commerce in grain is carrying
+on to that place with the Turks, chiefly in Greek vessels. A brig
+under Russian colours was chiefly discharged; a Psarian schooner
+was nearly full, and the magazines on shore were full. I set
+about loading the grain from the magazines, but was unable to
+take off more than one-third of what was in them; and I have good
+reason for supposing that other magazines equally stored are to be
+found in the town, about an hour's distance.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Here there were only a dozen Turks, who fled at our approach.
+In the evening no less than nine small vessels were seen standing
+in to Kumi. I weighed and boarded six of them; three being
+entirely empty, I allowed to pass; two I detained and have
+brought with me.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The want of men, of time, &amp;c., has prevented my putting a
+finishing hand to this infamous traffic; but I have no doubt your
+lordship will see the propriety of sending a vessel of war without
+delay to destroy these depôts. It is idle to talk of blockading
+the Gulf of Negropont whilst such an extensive commerce is
+carrying on at other points of the island.
+</p>
+
+<p class="middle">
+I have the honour to be, &amp;c.,
+</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="sc">F. A. Hastings</span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr gap">
+VII.
+</p>
+
+<p class="middle">
+<i>Karteria</i>, Poros, April 28th, 1827.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="sc">My Lord</span>,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Captain St. George going to join you, I take the opportunity
+of informing you, besides what my other letters contain, that my
+information from Kumi imports that Negropont contains two
+months' provisions for the army of Kutayi and fortress, and that
+all their hopes are in the Turkish fleet, expected daily. It seems
+to me of the first importance that the Greek fleet should be ready
+to encounter the Turks; and the Gulf is a place particularly
+favourable to the smaller, lighter, and more skilful party. Might
+I suggest, my lord, the propriety of sending a couple of light
+vessels upon whom you could depend to cruise off the Dardanelles,
+and give information in time? The corvette, brig, and schooner
+off Tricheri requested me to represent their want of provisions, and
+the necessity they have of paying their crew regularly; many I
+suspect have already quitted them: with Greek sailors no arrears
+of pay can exist&mdash;hitherto they have been accustomed to receive
+their wages in advance; if they can be made to go to sea without
+that advance it is a great point gained; to omit fulfilling the
+engagement would be to ruin all confidence and oblige the sailors
+to return to their ancient demands.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+With respect to Kumi, I beg leave to urge the necessity of
+sending a vessel (perhaps better Captain St. George than a Greek,
+who probably would not dare do his duty there, was he so disposed)
+to destroy the infamous traffic existing there. May I beg of your
+lordship to order here the Marine Tribunal from Napoli to adjudge
+the prizes taken; also to issue a public order respecting the
+distribution of prize-money, by which I may be guided in my
+payments? You will observe that in my letter respecting the affair
+of Tricheri I mention simply having burnt the brig-of-war without
+saying how. That letter being a despatch for publication, I thought
+it as well not to proclaim to the enemy the use we made of
+red-hot shot. It was by those I burnt the brig, and could quite
+as easily burn by the same means the largest ship ever built.
+Might I suggest the advantage that would result from using the
+same projectile from almost every ship? each vessel might as well
+as me have a furnace in her hold for the feeding of two of her
+guns&mdash;the effect would be tremendous. If the fleet was ready
+before the Turks came out, a slight excursion to Salonica might
+be attended with profit and advantage. I shall require a little
+time to repair damages. I have lost my larboard cat-head, my
+jib-boom, second topmast, main-gaff, bowsprit shot through, and
+the engine requires various repairs&mdash;the steam waste-pipe is
+completely gone, and I must get another made. I hope and trust
+your lordship has still the intention of forming a national fleet
+and a dockyard; without this your difficulties will be multiplied
+beyond measure. I merely mention this because I hear intrigues
+are on foot to prevent such measures. I, a stranger, who belong
+to no party, and who neither fear nor love the Hydriots and
+Spetziots, will tell you the truth on these points. Although your
+orders prescribed for me to remain a fortnight on the blockade
+of the Gulf of Negropont, I was forced to return&mdash;wanting ammunition,
+fuel, provisions, and various repairs. I shall use my
+endeavours to be ready for sea as speedily as possible. Before
+I conclude, give me leave to congratulate your lordship upon your
+brilliant success at the Piræus. I have no doubt it is but a
+prelude to more important successes.
+</p>
+
+<p class="middle">
+I have the honour to be, &amp;c.,
+</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="sc">F. A. Hastings</span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr gap">
+VIII.
+</p>
+
+<p class="middle">
+<i>Karteria</i>, Poros, April 30th, 1827.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="sc">My Lord</span>,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+May I beg leave to present to you my very particular friend,
+Mr. Nicolo Kalergy? You will find him a young man of good
+education, talent, and, what is of still greater value, of great
+probity. I have known him many years, and esteemed him
+equally long. By his private fortune he is independent, and has
+consequently always refused to meddle in the intrigues he regrets
+so much to see cause the misfortunes of his country. So much for
+introduction. Mr. Nicolo Kalergy has been good enough to wait
+upon you to receive your orders respecting the prizes I have lately
+captured. These vessels contain grain chiefly, and therefore would
+in that state be of no use to you. Your commissaries must
+turn it into biscuit before it is sent to the Piraeus. The Government
+has sent for the Admiralty Court from Napoli to sit here upon
+the judgment of vessels detained. As to the sale, I am of opinion
+that to appease the jealousy of the seamen a public sale should be
+held, and your commissaries purchase it if they please. They
+will thus always obtain it cheaper than they could buy it at Syra, and
+thus nobody can complain. I am anxious to receive from your
+lordship an order respecting the distribution of prize-money, and
+this, I think, should be public. Hitherto the Government has
+received fifteen per cent. upon all prizes. Of course your lordship
+will arrange as you think proper upon this subject; but if
+any part of a prize goes to the public purse, it is only but just it
+should aid in the payment of the wages of seamen. I am now paying
+a month's wages out of my own pocket, which I hope and trust
+your lordship will reimburse me, as I cannot continue this
+system. Anything can be done in Greece by prompt payments;
+with arrears nothing is to be done. My friend has much and
+various information respecting every part of Greece, and can
+furnish you with much useful matter. I do not doubt but you will
+shortly appreciate his merit.
+</p>
+
+<p class="middle">
+I have the honour to be, &amp;c.,
+</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="sc">F. A. Hastings</span>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+P.S.&mdash;May I beg of you, my lord, to furnish me with a commission
+of lieutenant for Mr. Darby, the only officer doing duty as a
+sailor on board&mdash;in truth, he is no sailor, and does not pretend,
+but he is brave, diligent, and a gentleman, and has served with me
+for about four months?
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr gap">
+IX.
+</p>
+
+<p class="middle">
+<i>Karteria</i>, Poros, April 30th, 1827.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="sc">My Lord</span>,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+I had the honour to receive your orders of the 28th inst.
+Your lordship will have observed, by the letters I had the honour
+of transmitting to you, that the condition of this vessel is such as
+to render it impossible for her to put to sea immediately. Dr.
+Gosse last night was occupied sending you off 68-pounders, and
+I am happy to hear this morning that the monastery has fallen
+without them. I must again repeat how indispensable it is that
+this fleet should be in readiness to encounter the Turks, who cannot
+now delay long their departure.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is with deep regret I see the extreme discontent existing on
+board the <i>Sauveur</i> brig, which seems to me to be greatly augmented,
+if not entirely owing to the Greeks being paid in advance and the
+English being in arrears of wages. In this country, my lord,
+I must repeat, nothing can be done without regular payments.
+By paying out of my own funds, when others could not be obtained,
+I have established the confidence of the Greeks and English in this
+vessel, as far as money is concerned; but I cannot continue to pay
+out of my own pocket. If funds are not forthcoming for the wages
+of this vessel, I must beg leave to resign. Whilst I am on board
+my people will always consider me personally responsible for their
+wages; and I must again remark I have suffered already much too
+severely in my private fortune to admit of my making further
+sacrifices. Besides wages for the crew, I have various expenses
+here to repair damage sustained by the <ins class="correction" title="Transcriber's note: original reads 'vessel,'" id="corr2">
+vessel.
+</ins>
+</p>
+
+<p class="middle">
+I have the honour to be, &amp;c.,
+</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="sc">F. A. Hastings</span>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+P.S.&mdash;It seems to me necessary to relieve the vessels at Volo, or
+they will quit their station. Greek sailors on board their own ships
+will not remain more than a month at sea.
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr gap">
+X.
+</p>
+
+<p class="middle">
+<i>Karteria</i>, Poros, May 6th, 1827.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="sc">My Lord</span>,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+I do myself the honour of enclosing for your perusal two
+different extracts from public papers sent me lately from Zante.
+I am now ready for sea, excepting powder, of which I have only
+two quarter-casks of very vile French stuff, received from Captain
+St. George. Mr. Hesketh, amongst the other prizes made at
+Napoli, has brought some flannel cartridges for our guns filled,
+and forty casks of powder. Would your lordship have the goodness
+to cause an order to be sent me to receive this powder? There
+is still a great quantity of the stores sent out from England missing.
+I have the bills of lading, and can give copies to Mr.
+Hesketh, if you think proper to send to Hydra, Spetzas, and
+Napoli again to collect them. I suspect the Hydriots have now in
+their possession about one hundred and sixty carbines such as I
+have on board.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It appears strange to everybody here that all the Commissary
+Department should be absent. I am informed provisions are
+wanted, and yet nobody comes to buy the prize provisions. As
+every Greek is by nature a thief, things disappear daily; and if they
+remain much longer, nothing will be forthcoming. Already my
+Greeks have petitioned me about the prizes; and everybody acquainted
+with Greek sailors must be aware they will not go to sea
+again until they have been paid their prize-money. Till now there
+never was no example of a ship quitting her prize until sold and
+the proceeds distributed. I am sorry to be obliged to remind your
+lordship again that on my arrival here I paid my crew one month's
+wages, due the 16th of last month, and in ten days more another
+month's wages are due, and pay I must, for, as I have frequently
+remarked to your lordship, no arrears can exist in this country.
+The wages also is not the only expense. I was obliged to purchase
+about one hundred tons of firewood at Scopulo. Fresh meat in
+harbour runs away with great sums; and when the engine works, it
+consumes about half a dollar a day of oil. Besides all this, I have been
+obliged to hire three carpenters for ten days to repair damages
+done in late expedition. I had a fluke shot off a bower anchor at
+Tricheri, and ought to have another one. I must get a new main-sail
+made here. It is disagreeable to me to torment your lordship
+with all these statements, but you must be aware that a vessel like
+this cannot be sailed without great expense. There are here a
+number of seamen from the brig who want to enter with me. I
+have as yet refused to receive them; but, if you thought proper to
+give me an order, I should then be justified in so doing.
+</p>
+
+<p class="middle">
+I have the honour to be, &amp;c.,
+</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="sc">F. A. Hastings</span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr gap">
+XI.
+</p>
+
+<p class="middle">
+<i>Karteria</i>, Spetzas, May 30th, 1827.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="sc">My Lord</span>,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Having lost my two masts in a squall off Cape Malea, and
+having business at Poros requiring my presence, I have thought it
+the most expeditious way to go myself to purchase other masts
+at Hydra, and settle my affairs at Poros. I therefore do myself
+the honour to transmit to your lordship a report of my proceedings
+after you left me near Stamphane. At sunset I lighted the fires,
+and, as soon as steam was up, steered for the passage between Zante
+and the Morea. The wind freshening much in a contrary direction,
+I found myself about ten miles to the southward of Zante in
+the morning. About three <span class="sc">a.m.</span> we perceived a large vessel standing
+towards us from the Morea, and we went to quarters for her.
+I thought at first she might be the <i>Hellas</i>; but on approaching
+she stood back to the mainland, which made me conclude that it
+was a stranger; the wind increasing, I could not remain head to
+wind, and made sail under the lee of Zante. In the forenoon I saw
+a large ship under the land far off steering to the south, which
+I concluded was a Turkish or neutral ship of war. The wind
+abating, I steamed up round the eastern point of Zante, and not
+finding the <i>Hellas</i> on the other side of the island, I stood towards
+Cephalonia, opening out the two Turkish frigates laying at Clarenza.
+In the evening I saw a large ship very far astern coming
+northward, and supposed she was the <i>Hellas</i> and the same I had
+seen in the forenoon under the land. At sunset I altered course
+and steered for Clarenza, and in the first watch we saw a good
+deal of firing in that direction. The wind and sea augmenting, I
+was unable to keep the ship head to sea, and therefore bore up
+for the <i>rendezvous</i> of Oxia. Not finding the <i>Hellas</i> at this station,
+the wind augmenting, the starboard wheel being out of repair, and
+threatening to come to pieces if not looked to, the water requiring
+to be drawn off the boilers, &amp;c., all these things made it necessary
+for me to search a port. I looked inside Oxia, but found it
+unsafe, and therefore bore up for the Port of Petala, where I put
+things to rights as well as I could; but found on examination we
+had but three days and a half's coals, little water, and only a few
+days' bread. Under these circumstances, I felt myself called upon
+to return whilst the means were still left me of hoping to accomplish
+it. Having obtained an offing west of Cephalonia, I took off
+the paddles and sailed, which gave us an opportunity of again
+repairing the wheels&mdash;again in an unsound condition&mdash;and saved
+our fuel. The wind and sea calming, I got up my steam; and there
+being every appearance of calm weather, I stood within five or six
+miles of Modon, hoping to meet the two frigates we saw off there
+when we passed northward. However, we saw nothing but a brig
+inside the harbour, sailing close along the land. Late on the
+evening of the 28th, when rounding Cape St. Angelo, a squall
+from the high land carried away our fore and second masts, and
+left us in a very unenviable situation, considering we had but a
+few hours' coals on board. However, a breeze favouring us all
+night, we arrived here at ten A.M., 29th May. Upon the foremast
+we lost one man&mdash;Jani Patinioti.
+</p>
+
+<p class="middle">
+I have the honour to be, &amp;c.,
+</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="sc">F. A. Hastings</span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr gap">
+XII.
+</p>
+
+<p class="middle">
+<i>Karteria</i>, Spetzas, June 7th, N.S., 1827.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="sc">My Lord</span>,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+I had the honour of sending you a report of my proceedings
+since I left you, and hoped to have found you here on my return
+from Poros, that I might receive your further orders. I returned
+last night, having been subjected to more delay and vexation than
+can be imagined or expressed, respecting the prizes taken at Volo.
+I could only procure one mast at Poros, sold me by Tombasi&mdash;others
+there were both at Hydra and Poros, but the proprietors
+would not part with them; I have therefore been obliged to
+purchase one here, considerably too large and expensive, but there
+is no remedy. I hope to be ready for sea in three days, but fear
+I shall have some embarrassment about money matters. The
+purchase of masts, of salt provisions, sails, &amp;c., besides the pay
+due to crew, puts me to considerable straits, particularly as I
+had lent all the ready money I possessed to Kalergy to redeem
+his brother; however, I shall do my utmost to get to sea, and I
+am anxious to know how, when, and where, I can have the honour
+of rejoining your lordship. A fireship that departs to-day will
+deliver you this letter, and your lordship may perhaps think it
+worth while to send a vessel here with orders for my further
+guidance. May I beg of you also to add a private signal by which
+I may know all Greek vessels at a tolerable distance by day&mdash;also
+a night private signal?
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The British squadron is assembled at Smyrna, awaiting the
+admiral. The camp at Phalerum is broken up, and General
+Church is returned to Egina. The puppet of Government is
+occupied voting for the nomination of ministers, if possible more
+incapable than themselves; they talk of going to Napoli&mdash;Griva
+and Fotomana propose this. The former as usual seized upon an
+American ship; and Dr. Howe, charged with the distribution of the
+cargo, applied to Captain Patterson of the <i>Constitution</i>, who is now
+at Napoli guarding it. I am sorry to add that Mr. Lee received
+a letter from England announcing that the <i>Enterprise</i> having sailed,
+her boilers burst opposite Plymouth, and she was towed into that
+port by a brig-of-war.
+</p>
+
+<p class="middle">
+I have the honour to be, &amp;c.,
+</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="sc">F. A. Hastings</span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr gap">
+XIII.
+</p>
+
+<p class="middle">
+<i>Karteria</i>, Spetzas, June 9th, 1827.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="sc">My Lord</span>,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+I had the honour to receive your order of the 7th, enjoining
+me to repair to your lordship without delay, if ready for sea. A
+variety of circumstances (unavoidable in a country deprived of
+even the shadow of organization) has prevented my being yet
+ready to sail. I received my foremast on board to-day, but the
+majority and best of my crew has left me. I must look for others,
+and intend to weigh to-night and go to Poros, where I was tormented
+by hundreds to take them. Here I can get men&mdash;but shall
+confine myself to half-a-dozen, as I find it necessary to mix my
+crew. In going to Poros I shall not delay anything, since I shall
+be occupied getting up my masts and rigging there, making sails,
+&amp;c., &amp;c., <i>en route</i>, and I can water more easily at Poros than here.
+I have informed the captain of the brig that brought this, that if I
+am ready to sail before any further orders of yours arrive, I shall
+repair to Cerigotto, and there await instructions from you; if I am
+not at Cerigotto I shall be found here.
+</p>
+
+<p class="middle">
+I have the honour to be, &amp;c.,
+</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="sc">F. A. Hastings</span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr gap">
+XIV.
+</p>
+
+<p class="middle">
+<i>Karteria</i>, Syra, August 1st, 1827.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="sc">My Lord</span>,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In hopes of seeing your lordship here I have waited two
+days, since which, although not finished, all the work of our
+machinery can be done on board. There are two things which
+retain me, namely, money, of which I require about seven hundred
+dollars, and the fire-bars, which they continually civilly refuse me&mdash;acting
+the true Greek or in other words, the dog in the manger.
+If your lordship remains long absent, I shall be sadly puzzled how
+to act. Without new fire-bars we cannot steam again. The local
+authorities here are so afraid of the Hydriots and Spetziots that
+they dare not take any steps against them. To leave this without
+the fire-bars is useless. If I can obtain these bars, and your
+lordship does not arrive, I will pay myself the necessary sums to
+get the vessel out of this port, hoping you will reimburse me&mdash;but
+to go without the bars is only going to return again. What
+I can do to forward the service I will readily perform, and anxious
+enough I am to get away from this place.
+</p>
+
+<p class="middle">
+I have the honour to be, &amp;c.,
+</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="sc">F. A. Hastings</span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr gap">
+XV.
+</p>
+
+<p class="middle">
+<i>Karteria</i>, Poros, August 19th, 1827,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="sc">My Lord</span>,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On my arrival here I wrote to Hydra to request the local
+authorities there to send me the necessary coals, since you do not
+wish the last cargo to be used. I have received no answer, and
+upon inquiring yesterday from persons arrived from Hydra, I find
+they are not taking any measures to forward them to me. My
+officer wrote me under date of the 15th from Napoli that he hoped
+to be able to cast the bars there, in which case I shall have to wait
+for the coals from Hydra. The impertinence of these shopkeepers
+has at length attained a pitch that is scarcely endurable&mdash;it is
+to be hoped your lordship will make them send the coals&mdash;[The
+remainder is lost.]
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr gap">
+XVI.
+</p>
+
+<p class="middle">
+<i>Karteria</i>, Poros, August 20th, 1827.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="sc">My Lord</span>,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+I am delighted to find you have an expedition in progress.
+This vessel shall be ready to accompany your lordship, whether
+I can get the bars cast at Napoli or not. The ones we now have
+can be made to answer for twenty-four hours. I shall write to
+Napoli to order the engineers to be here by the 23rd, whether they
+succeed in casting the bars or not. The coals I wrote for from
+Hydra are Government coals; and it is well they should be used the
+first, as I have been informed they are greatly diminishing without
+our consumption. I should like to complete as speedily as
+possible, and there is no time to spare between this and the 24th
+for shipping 100 tons of coal from Hydra.
+</p>
+
+<p class="middle">
+I have the honour to be, &amp;c.,
+</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="sc">F. A. Hastings</span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr gap">
+XVII.
+</p>
+
+<p class="middle">
+<i>Karteria</i>, Poros, August 22nd, 1827.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="sc">My Lord</span>,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+I am making a sail according to your lordship's plan, to
+becalm the hull of the ship, but want sailcloth for completing it.
+I understand M. Koering has some in store; would your lordship
+be kind enough to allow me to take a hundred piques? I have a
+good deal of very bad French powder on board, and even of
+Turkish, I suspect, put into French barrels, which I received from
+Methana&mdash;could your lordship permit me to exchange it against
+English powder? It is of very great importance that our
+cartridge powder should be good.
+</p>
+
+<p class="middle">
+I have the honour to be, &amp;c.,
+</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="sc">F. A. Hastings</span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr gap">
+XVIII.
+</p>
+
+<p class="middle">
+<i>Karteria</i>, Gulf of Lepanto, Sept. 27th, 1827.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="sc">My Lord</span>,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+I have the honour to transmit you a report of my proceedings
+from the day I left you till this moment. Captain
+Thomas, of the <i>Sauveur</i>, joined me the 21st, and proposed with
+much gallantry to go into the Gulf in the daytime. The wind
+being usually out at night I consented with some difficulty, in
+consequence of the little dependence I can place on my engine,
+which might render it impossible for me to follow him immediately.
+The <i>Sauveur</i>, with gunboat <i>Bavaroise</i> in tow, and accompanied by
+two schooners (you had left to keep the blockade at Missolonghi,
+but who, contrary to my knowledge, thus disobeyed your orders),
+passed into the Gulf the evening of the 21st in most gallant style,
+in despite of the enemy's very formidable batteries and one brig of
+war and two schooners at the Morea Castles, and several vessels at
+Lepanto. I attempted to steam in that night, but the engine failed
+me within two miles of the Castles. The next day, the wind being
+strong in, I attempted to sail in, but when within gunshot of the
+Castles the wind failed me, and it was not until the evening of the
+23rd that I could get passed, towing after me the <i>Philhellene</i> gunboat,
+of whose commander I have always had particular occasion
+to be satisfied. All our damage amounted to a few ropes cut. On
+communicating with the Morea, the 24th, I was informed that the
+enemy had nine vessels at Salona, and there were three Austrians
+there, that Captain Thomas had attacked them the 23rd, but in consequence
+of unfavorable weather he had not made any impression,
+and that he retired to Loutraki. I immediately despatched a
+mistico to desire Captain Thomas to join me with all the vessels
+he could collect; but not seeing him on the 26th, and fearing that
+the Turks might strengthen themselves during a delay, I stood in
+on the 26th with the gunboat <i>Philhellene</i>; but we no sooner approached
+than the wind came so strong out that we could not keep
+the ship head to wind, and found it necessary to retire. The
+Turks have at Salona a very fine Algerine schooner brig, of fourteen
+guns, brig of sixteen guns, bearing an admiral's flag, three smaller
+schooners, two armed transport brigs, and two large boats with guns,
+and they have a battery on shore. There are also three Austrians.
+While under their fire one of my engineers was slightly wounded.
+I am now waiting for the arrival of Captain Thomas, for whom I
+have sent again, and preparing for a final trial.
+</p>
+
+<p class="middle">
+I have the honour to be, &amp;c.,
+</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="sc">F. A. Hastings</span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr gap">
+XIX.
+</p>
+
+<p class="middle">
+<i>Karteria</i>, Loutraki, Oct. 7th, 1827.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="sc">My Lord</span>,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Captain Thomas arrived here after our affair at Salona with
+the prizes, and sent off immediately to Poros for provisions and
+ammunition. I could not (notwithstanding your orders for him to
+remain only seven days in the Gulf) allow him to depart in the
+state he then was&mdash;having only five days' provisions, and four
+cartridges a gun. He received some powder and provisions
+yesterday, and in consequence of your order of the 27th, which he
+received yesterday, departs immediately. If the length of time
+Captain Thomas has remained in the Gulf is contrary to your
+intentions, I am alone responsible; he was always anxious to
+depart. My crew is in a very discontented state, in consequence of
+the month being expired without their receiving their wages.
+Twelve have left me, and if I do not get money I fear the whole
+crew will follow their example. I have sent an officer to Poros for
+provisions, ammunition, and money, if possible. I understand the
+English are about to prevent any offensive operations of General
+Church, and if not, he would never be able to undertake any,
+situated as he is for money and provisions. This seems to render
+my remaining here any longer of no use. As soon as I can get
+any money and provisions and arrange about the prizes I will quit
+the Gulf; but as I have no orders from you where to go, I shall
+return to Poros unless you contrive to send me some directions in
+the interim.
+</p>
+
+<p class="middle">
+I have the honour to be, &amp;c.,
+</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="sc">F. A. Hastings</span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr gap">
+XX.
+</p>
+
+<p class="middle">
+<i>Karteria</i>, Loutraki, Oct. 8th, 1827.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="sc">My Lord</span>,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+I have the honour to receive your letter of the 3rd, and am
+happy to hear that the <i>Enterprise</i> is arrived. I have also received
+one thousand dollars with the stores, &amp;c., which are very acceptable.
+I despatched the <i>Sauveur</i> yesterday, according to your order
+of the 27th ult. I still retain the gunboats, which are very
+useful. I wish further orders from your lordship to know
+whether we are to remain in the Gulf, and if you wish us to go out.
+There is yet at the Castles a brig and three or four Turkish
+schooners. I do not exactly know their position. I intend to run
+down there one of these days and see what can be done with them;
+if close under the walls of the Castles, which are very strong, we
+could burn them some dark night if you would send me a dozen
+rockets. I would go with a small boat close to them and do their
+business. Mr. Hane announces to me that your lordship proposes
+coming up to Corinth, in which case I will do myself the honour
+of waiting upon you, and receiving your further orders. I have
+despatched a gunboat to General Church to inform him of your
+intention, and to bring him here if he wishes to confer with your
+lordship.
+</p>
+
+<p class="middle">
+I have the honour to be, &amp;c.,
+</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="sc">F. A. Hastings</span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr gap">
+XXI.
+</p>
+
+<p class="middle">
+<i>Karteria</i>, Loutraki, Oct. 14th, 1827.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="sc">My Lord</span>,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Mr. Hane writes me that the Turkish fleet is off Patras.
+From time to time I have received vague accounts of vessels off
+there, but nothing certain. I shall fortify myself either here or
+at the port on the other side, under the village of Pera Xora&mdash;I
+think the latter. I want fuzes for shells. A box was sent (I suppose
+in mistake for fuzes), but it contained blue lights. Pray give
+an officer an order to send me at least five hundred fuzes. In my
+last to your lordship I mentioned of what service rockets would be
+to us as means of attack on the enemy's vessels at the Castles; they
+will be of no less service as weapons of defence. Pray, my lord,
+let me have as large a quantity as possible. I understood you were
+coming to Corinth, which has detained me here, or I would by this
+have been at the other end of the Gulf to gain information, and see
+after the brig, for I fear Thomas is not too prudent. I have just
+been informed that much cannonading was heard in the quarter of
+Lepanto the day before yesterday. I hope no misfortune has
+befallen him. I have the two gunboats and one mistico out to bring
+me information, and I can receive nothing. Pray let me have the
+rockets.
+</p>
+
+<p class="middle">
+I have the honour to be, &amp;c.,
+</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="sc">F. A. Hastings</span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr gap">
+XXII.
+</p>
+
+<p class="middle">
+<i>Karteria</i>, Port Strava, Gulf of Lepanto,<br />Oct. 17th, 1827.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="sc">My Lord</span>,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Not having received any orders from your lordship, I am
+still in the Gulf. In consequence of an order from your lordship
+to Captain Thomas, I despatched the <i>Sauveur</i> on the 7th inst., and
+sent the gunboat <i>Philhellene</i> with her with letters to General
+Church, and orders to wait and bring me information how the
+<i>Sauveur</i> got past the Castles; for I was a good deal anxious on
+her account, and should have gone myself to give her any assistance
+in case of need, but that I understood you intended coming over to
+Corinth. Mr. Hane bringing me letters for General Church, I despatched
+the other gunboat, <i>Bavaroise</i>, with these, and also some for
+the <i>Sauveur</i>, in case she was still in the Gulf. Mr. Darby, the
+commander of the <i>Bavaroise</i>, had directions to bring General
+Church if he was anxious to communicate personally with your
+lordship. Day after day I awaited anxiously an answer, till at
+length the mistico I had sent three days ago to General Church, to
+learn something of the fleet outside, which Mr. Hane wrote me for
+certain was Turkish, returned yesterday evening, informing me that
+the <i>Sauveur</i> and two gunboats had gone out on Wednesday. General
+Church writes me that he positively intends passing into
+Roumelia, and wants my aid; but I am now quite alone (except the
+mistico, with whom I know not what to do). He continually
+applies to me for provisions, and will soon probably for money.
+What am I to do about him? Although wishing to aid General
+Church and the service in all I can, I must acknowledge I have
+no confidence in his intended movement, more particularly as he
+tells me he has no provisions, and wants me to seize by force what I
+find in boats. All I could get by this discreditable way of raising
+provisions would not certainly feed one hundred men for three
+days, and therefore could not aid General Church, and would be
+a gratuitous vexation of these miserable peasantry. If General
+Church had money and provisions, much is to be done in Roumelia,
+but without these nothing can be achieved anywhere. As soon as
+I have got the prizes back to Loutraki, and formed batteries, I will
+go and visit General Church, and learn more particulars. But I
+am very anxious for some orders from your lordship, having
+received nothing but the official letter of thanks since I left you.
+I write in haste, and beg your lordship to let me have an answer as
+soon as possible.
+</p>
+
+<p class="middle">
+I have the honour to be, &amp;c.,
+</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="sc">F. A. Hastings</span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr gap">
+XXIII.
+</p>
+
+<p class="middle">
+<i>Karteria</i>, Loutraki, Oct. 27th, 1827.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="sc">My Lord</span>,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+I am ready to do all and anything for the good of the service,
+but I fear General Church has no means. I had him on board
+for two days, making reconnaissances round the Gulf, and from
+what I can gather, the money said to be at Corfu is a chimera. I
+suspect he has not a shilling anywhere, and cannot stir. He talks,
+it is true, of expeditions, and I have always assured him of my readiness
+to aid him, but we cannot be consuming months after months
+in the hopes of his receiving supplies. I must limit the period of
+his embarkation, and if he cannot then act, I think I shall be justified
+in quitting him. I shall try, however, to destroy the other
+vessels in the Gulf first. We are in great want of fire-bars. I am
+laying in a stock of wood, but we have not yet been able to succeed
+perfectly with it. I have taken out the bars and filled the ash-pits;
+this we find does better than with any bars in, but we cannot as
+yet keep up steam with it. I hope, however, ultimately to succeed&mdash;in
+fact our coals are nearly finished. To show you how General
+Church goes on&mdash;his gunboat has only advanced twenty feet from
+the beach, and yet he will not send away that swindler Allen, who
+commands her. I told him I would not meddle with her until he
+dismissed that man, and things remain thus. General Church,
+while on board, received letters announcing the unlooked-for destruction
+of the Turkish fleet; still I have not entirely credited
+it, and I am in anxious expectation of some decisive information
+about it. I am obliged to your lordship for the fuzes, and hoped
+to have had also some rockets. We are beginning to get short again
+of provisions, viz., biscuit. The loaded prize is condemned, with
+a ridiculous clause for me to pay the crew. They say nothing of
+the other vessels. I send Captain Hane to Egina, to hasten the
+condemnation of the light vessels and counteract the intrigues
+which I have no doubt Tombasi has recommenced. I shall also
+endeavour by him to have more biscuit; we have now but for a
+fortnight.
+</p>
+
+<p class="middle">
+I have the honour to be, &amp;c.,
+</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="sc">F. A. Hastings</span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr gap">
+XXIV.
+</p>
+
+<p class="middle">
+<i>Karteria</i>, Loutraki, Nov. 8th, 1827.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="sc">My Lord</span>,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The General Church has at length put himself in motion.
+Some provisions and money have arrived on the other side for him
+(I mean at Calamachi), and I hope to sail with it to join him to-night.
+I fortunately received a fortnight's provisions yesterday,
+when I had only one day's biscuit on board. After destroying, or
+ascertaining that I cannot destroy, the vessels at Lepanto, I will go
+outside the Gulf and blockade Missolonghi, Patras, and the Gulf,
+hoping the General will blockade them by land. I fear much,
+however, for provisions; I will endeavour to get some from the
+Ionian Islands; but money and everything else is scarce with me,&mdash;but
+I hear your lordship is in the same predicament, and therefore
+I cannot complain. May I beg of your lordship to grant a
+commission of naval lieutenant to M. Falanga, who has served on
+board this vessel from 29th March, 1827, and is a most deserving
+officer? he is the only sailor officer I have, and was always the only
+one of any use in that capacity. He behaved extremely well both
+at Volo, Tricheri, and Salona, at which latter place he was wounded
+in the neck with a musket-ball, while setting fire to one of the
+abandoned vessels. I may really say he is the only Greek I ever
+saw who seems to conceive what an officer ought to be. Although
+he would be a great loss to me, and I should be sorry to part with
+him but for his own advantage, I can strongly recommend him for
+promotion in the command of a vessel, since (as I hear) your lordship
+is in such dreadful want of officers to command. I am sure
+he would give you the highest satisfaction.
+</p>
+
+<p class="middle">
+I have the honour to be, &amp;c.,
+</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="sc">F. A. Hastings</span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr gap">
+XXV.
+</p>
+
+<p class="middle">
+<i>Karteria</i>, Nov. 17th, 1827.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="sc">My Lord</span>,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+I have the honour to announce to you that, after much delay
+and disappointment&mdash;usual in Greece&mdash;I am about to proceed to
+Lepanto to-morrow, and endeavour to destroy the Turkish vessels
+there. I then go outside, to pass General Church over into Roumelia,
+and afterwards blockade Missolonghi, Patras, and Lepanto.
+The want of the gunboats here is much felt by me at this moment,
+as, in going out, I must leave the Gulf to the Turks; who, even
+should I be fortunate enough to destroy the enemy's vessels at
+Lepanto, will always have here armed boats enough to command
+the Gulf.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+I must also beg of your lordship to consider us in money matters.
+I am now seven thousand pounds out of pocket by Greek affairs,
+and I am daily now expending my own money for the public service.
+Our prizes are serving for transports for the army, and I
+must either shortly abandon this important position or be paid.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is most likely that if all the important points I have mentioned
+could be blockaded, the Turks would be soon reduced, from
+the blockade being so much more easily maintained than elsewhere.
+Without money, you must be aware I cannot maintain this vessel;
+and all to be expected from General Church, you must be aware,
+is plenty of promises. The General is already overwhelmed with
+expectants, and if he had millions would not be able to command
+a farthing. I will do all I can; but I must repeat, it is not quite
+fair I should end a beggar after all the labour, vexation, and disappointment
+I have experienced for so many years.
+</p>
+
+<p class="middle">
+I have the honour to be, &amp;c.,
+</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="sc">F. A. Hastings</span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr gap">
+XXVI.
+</p>
+
+<p class="middle">
+<i>Karteria</i>, off Cape Papas, Nov. 20th, 1827.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="sc">My Lord</span>,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+I have the honour to inform you I passed the Castles on the
+18th, with the three prizes and mistico in company. I lost two
+men killed and one wounded in passing; the other vessels passed
+without suffering any damage. It had been my intention to attack
+the Turkish squadron at Lepanto, but the wind was so strong on
+the land, that I felt I could not effect my object; and, anxious to
+profit by the same wind to go out and aid the operations of the
+army outside, and blockade the fortresses, I passed through without
+waiting a more favourable moment of attack. At Patras I found a
+schooner, whose suspicious conduct&mdash;in abstaining for a long time
+from hoisting any colours, and, when she afterwards showed Austrian,
+persisting in drawing closer under the Turkish battery&mdash;induced
+me to fire and bring her out. After waiting a little, and
+finding no attention paid to my warning, I fired again, and sunk
+her. I hear she was Austrian.
+</p>
+
+<p class="middle">
+I have the honour to be, &amp;c.,
+</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="sc">F. A. Hastings</span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr gap">
+XXVII.
+</p>
+
+<p class="middle">
+<i>Karteria</i>, Petala, Dec. 2nd, 1827.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="sc">My Lord</span>,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+I had the honour to write to you from Cape Papas, informing
+you that I had come out of the Gulf of Lepanto, and was waiting
+to embark the troops of General Church. I now beg leave to
+acquaint you that I arrived at Dragomestre the day before yesterday
+with the three prizes, which have been serving as transports to
+General Church's army for six weeks. We brought over six hundred
+soldiers, artillery, horses, &amp;c.; and I am now returning to Cape
+Papas to embark a second division. I heard of the gunboat <i>Helvetia</i>,
+M. Fabricius, being at Kataculo, and I sent immediately to
+order him to join me, which he did, and is now at Cape Papas.
+While at Kataculo, the gunboat was attacked by a Turkish brig of
+twenty-four guns. M. Fabricius defended himself with much
+spirit, and obliged the brig to retire. I have since heard that the
+same brig is now off Previsa. If the service here will permit my
+absence, I think of going to look after her. The Gulf of Lepanto
+is now left entirely in the hands of the Turks, and I wish to send
+the gunboat in to assist the expedition against Salona, but the
+crew having been so long about here, suffering much hardship and
+without pay, are very dissatisfied. I have given the boat a new
+mast, anchor, cable, provisions, ammunition, &amp;c., and I will even
+advance them a little money, if they will go into the Gulf. I should
+hope, however, that your lordship will reimburse me for these expenses,
+extra of my own vessel. As you may imagine, I am almost
+entirely without coals, and cannot get a sufficient quantity of the
+pitch-pine to burn; the other pine will not answer, and therefore I
+am reduced to sails. General Church had ordered round here a
+Psariot brig he had at Kenkness, and I wrote to M. Koering to
+request him to put coals on board of her, which, I understand, M.
+Koering refused. From the manner in which I have been frequently
+treated, one would imagine that this vessel was not a Greek
+but an enemy's vessel. I trust your lordship will remedy this, and
+put me on a fair footing with the other Greek national vessels. I
+wish your lordship could also contrive to let me have some money,
+to cover the expenses of this vessel, which, for three months that
+we have been absent from Poros, cannot be supposed trifling. As I
+conceive it important, under existing circumstances, to keep the
+blockade of Patras, Missolonghi, and the Gulf, I will remain as long
+as my destitute situation will permit me. Since I have been here
+I do not think any vessels have entered the Gulf.
+</p>
+
+<p class="middle">
+I have the honour to be, &amp;c.,
+</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="sc">F. A. Hastings</span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr gap">
+XXVIII.
+</p>
+
+<p class="middle">
+<i>Karteria</i>, Dragomestre, Dec. 8th, 1827.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="sc">My Lord</span>,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+I have the honour to inform you that I have passed over the
+army of General Church to this port, amounting to about twelve
+hundred men, with six pieces of artillery, and about sixty horses,
+mules, &amp;c. The General has been joined by Maori and some other
+captains, which may have increased his force to two thousand men.
+He is in hourly expectation of being joined by Zouga, and even
+Varnachioti is expected to come over. The Monastery of Ligovitza,
+on the road from Arta to Lepanto and Missolonghi, is said to
+have been possessed by the troops of the General. This post is of
+importance. The troops have all marched from Patras to Navarino,
+and nothing remains but some Albanians and the inhabitants.
+Lepanto is thinly peopled; all have little provisions as well as
+Missolonghi. From what I know of Lepanto and the Castles, I am
+confident that, if your lordship was to attack it with the squadron
+you command, and General Church was to make even a demonstration
+of attack by land, it must fall in forty-eight hours' time. Lepanto
+lies on the face of a hill open to the sea; every shot and shell
+and rocket must tell somewhere, and they would readily capitulate.
+We must not take the Monastery of the Piraeus as an example. At
+Lepanto the Turks have their families&mdash;this particular always
+operates upon them; but whether it did or not, the place would
+be taken, and I am not one who overrates the capabilities of the
+Greeks. I fear, however, that General Church has other projects,
+and such as, according to my opinion, are very unlikely to succeed.
+So much so that, if your lordship does not arrive or send me orders,
+I shall return to the Archipelago, rather than lend myself to
+measures which appear to me worse than useless. I must again beg
+of your lordship not to forget us in the way of money, provisions,
+ammunition, coals, &amp;c. We are now more than three months
+absent from Poros.
+</p>
+
+<p class="middle">
+I have the honour to be, &amp;c.,
+</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="sc">F. A. Hastings</span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr gap">
+XXIX.
+</p>
+
+<p class="middle">
+<i>Karteria</i>, off Vasiladhi, Dec. 27th, 1827.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="sc">My Lord</span>,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+I have now been twelve days before Vasiladhi, and since our
+arrival I have every reason to believe they have neither received
+provisions nor water. The weather has usually been so bad, that I
+have only been able to bombard it twice, and the gunboat having
+few shot, I have exchanged her 32 for one of our 68's, with shells;
+since which I have not been able to batter it, owing to the weather.
+I am satisfied they are now at their last shifts in the fort; and if I
+could remain before it a week longer, and bombard it for a couple
+of days, I doubt not it would fall into our hands. I regret of all
+things not having the flat-bottomed gunboat here; with her we would
+have had the fort before this. General Church was to have attacked
+Anatolico, and might have taken it, in the first instance, with little
+or no resistance; but he delayed till too late, and then came
+without an ounce of provisions, and returned the day after to
+Dragomestre. This man is such an insufferable quack, that I cannot
+act any longer with him; he affects to command the navy as well
+as the army; and although I have given him one or two rather
+rough lessons, he, the other day, captured with a boat of his a spy
+of mine, on his way to me, and carried him off without mentioning
+a word of it to me. The man merely came here the other day,
+supposing Vasiladhi about to surrender, that he might say he
+took it. God knows there is no merit due, unless to the boats
+blockading inside. I have received letters to-day from the Gulf, and
+I find the expedition at Trisonia is in alarm of being blockaded by
+the Turkish vessels at Lepanto. The loss of the gunboats from the
+Gulf is almost irreparable. If your lordship could send them
+round here with a brig, it would be of infinite service. I am
+so in want of ammunition, provisions, fuel, &amp;c., that I hardly know
+what to do, but if possible I will re-enter the Gulf to assist them
+there. I wrote by Mr. Finlay, announcing to your lordship that
+if the whole squadron was to come round here, I am satisfied that
+Missolonghi, Patras, Lepanto, and the Castles might be taken.
+They are much straitened for provisions at all, but particularly at
+Missolonghi and Lepanto, and the Castles could be taken by force.
+Patras is now provisioned daily by one of Church's generals,
+Neneka, from Zante, <i>viâ</i> Clarenza. Dr. Gosse informs me how much
+you are in want of money. I trust, however, if you obtain any, I
+shall not be forgotten. I have only received six hundred dollars
+from General Church, and my expenses have been enormous, for
+fuel, provisions, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p class="middle">
+I have the honour to be, &amp;c.,
+</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="sc">F. A. Hastings</span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="ctr gap">
+XXX.
+</p>
+
+<p class="middle">
+<i>Karteria</i>, off Vasiladhi, Dec. 29th, 1827.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="sc">My Lord</span>,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+I have the honour to inform you that, after having transported
+the troops of General Church from Cape Papas to Dragomestre,
+I undertook the blockade of Vasiladhi, for which purpose I
+put in requisition the small craft after-mentioned, and employed them
+to intercept all communication with Vasiladhi. This flotilla I placed
+under the orders of my first lieutenant, M. Falanga; and on the
+night of the 16th they entered, and commenced the blockade, which
+has been so strictly observed up to this day, that nothing had entered
+Vasiladhi. One boat, with a letter and fresh provisions, was captured
+by our flotilla. I anchored, the gunboat <i>Helvetia</i> in company,
+outside Vasiladhi. Your lordship is aware that the <i>Helvetia</i> was
+armed with a long 32-pounder, which, in my opinion, is very
+inferior in every point of view to a 68, but indisputably so for
+cannonading a fort only to be reduced by shells. For this reason I
+changed her 32-pounder long gun for a 68-pounder cannonade. On
+the 22nd I bombarded Vasiladhi alone (the gunboat having been
+detached), with little effect, the weather being unfavourable; nor
+could I recommence until to-day, when, considering the distance
+we were off (about one and three-quarter mile), and the diminutive
+size of the object fired at, better practice has rarely been displayed:
+four shells out of seven from this ship and gunboat exploded in, and
+one blew up, their magazine. I immediately ordered an assault,
+in which all the boats took part. The Turks, intimidated by the
+explosion, and by our attitude of attack, called for quarter, which
+I granted them, although they had previously forfeited their lives
+by firing on a flag of truce I sent to them with terms of capitulation.
+I embarked the prisoners on board this ship, and from thence
+conveyed them in safety to near Missolonghi. They were thirty in
+number; and one Greek badly wounded I have retained on board to
+be treated by our surgeon. The original number was from forty to
+fifty, the deficit having been killed off by our previous cannonading
+and by the explosion. I am happy, my lord, to testify to the
+exemplary conduct of the Greeks during the whole of this service;
+they have borne the fatigues and privations of a winter's blockade
+in open boats with extraordinary patience, and the forbearance
+they displayed towards the Turks rendered any interference of
+mine in their favour superfluous. Of my officers, Lieutenant
+Falanga and Captain Hane, M.A., I have only to repeat the often-told
+tale of their meritorious conduct. To M. Fabricius, commanding
+the gunboat <i>Helvetia</i>, I feel much indebted for his zeal
+and activity, and I am happy to have so deserving an officer under
+my orders. The fort of Vasiladhi mounts twelve guns, three
+of which are of that remarkably useful piece of ordnance, the
+Turkish licorne. I have offered to deliver the Fort of Vasiladhi to
+General Church upon his remunerating for their services those
+employed in taking it.
+</p>
+
+<p class="middle">
+I have the honour to be, &amp;c.,
+</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="sc">F. A. Hastings</span>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+  List of small vessels employed in taking Vasiladhi.
+</p>
+<ul style="list-style-type:none;">
+	<li>  A mistico, Galaxidhiote, Captain Urgaki; the same sent with me into
+	  the Gulf of Lepanto, and who has served with me ever since.</li>
+
+	<li>  A mistico, Galaxidhiote.</li>
+
+	<li>  A bonée.</li>
+
+	<li>  An armed row-boat.</li>
+
+	<li>  Two of my prize launches, armed each with a 9-pounder.</li>
+
+	<li>  A bratsiera.</li>
+
+	<li>  Five monoxolies, or canoes, for the shallows.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="ctr gap">
+XXXI.
+</p>
+
+<p class="middle">
+<i>Karteria</i>, Dragomestre, Jan. 7th, 1828.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="sc">My Lord</span>,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+I have the honour to acquaint you that General Church
+arrived before Vasiladhi on the 2nd inst.; and I resigned to him
+that fort on the third, requesting him to refund the expenses of
+taking it; these consist of five dollars per man bounty, besides the
+provisions of the flotilla employed in the blockade. The General
+has promised to repay this, although not without expressing some
+surprise at the demand; yet the guns he receives in the fort would
+pay the whole sum.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On the same day I received an official letter from General
+Church, requesting me to inform him what co-operation he might
+expect from the navy in a projected attack of his on Anatolico.
+According to the wish of General Church, I agreed to send all the
+boats at my disposal that night, to attempt to capture an island
+named Poros, commanding the entrance into the Lake of Anatolico,
+where the Turks had a post, and we heard he was filling up the passage,
+and about to place guns on another island, which would
+render him entirely master of the entrance. I soon discovered
+that what General Church calls the cooperation of the navy is in
+reality the navy executing the service, and the army looking on at
+its leisure, ready to take possession if success attended the arms of
+the former. I had understood that I was to be supported by two
+rocket-boats of General Church, and by the launch of the Psarian
+brig, carrying a carronade to throw grenades; but these did not
+appear. A dozen policaries arrived from General Church, and
+were embarked in the expedition. At half-past three <span class="sc">a.m.</span> of the
+4th inst. I arrived with five boats out of nine (the rest having unaccountably
+kept behind) at a narrow part of the passage of the lake,
+across which the Turks had built a wall, and stationed a gunboat
+behind it. The Turkish boat was soon put to flight; the sailors
+jumping into the water soon cleared away a passage for the boats,
+and the five of our boats rowed upon Poros, the Turks keeping up
+a brisk fire of musketry from that island, and of cannon from
+Anatolico. We were now within pistol-shot of Poros, when I
+found, to my surprise, a fort on it&mdash;which I had been assured there
+was not, or I would not have attempted the attack, knowing that in
+our warfare their holds are not to be thus taken. Seeing no reasonable
+hope of succeeding, I ordered a retreat; and having repassed
+by the way we entered, found General Church's detachment
+lying flat in the bottom of their boats out of gun-shot. To
+say that my officers, Captain Hane, M.A., and Lieutenant Falanga,
+also M. Fabricius, commanding the gunboat <i>Helvetia</i>, accompanied
+me, is to commend them for their accustomed zeal and gallantry. I
+cannot conclude without mentioning the name of Chrysanto, who,
+after having aided at Vasiladhi, was with me here in his own boat,
+and displayed much courage. He had one man wounded, the only
+loss we sustained. Perceiving that Anatolico was not to be taken
+by us; that General Church's troops were (without provisions)
+somewhere in a marsh, where our boats could not get to embark
+them, and that they might have marched on the mainland close
+to Anatolico; being without provisions in this ship, and seeing no
+possibility of rendering any service by remaining longer before
+Vasiladhi, I returned to this port to provide for our immediate
+wants, and in the hopes of meeting Dr. Gosse, and procuring from
+him some funds for the maintenance of my crew, which I think
+your lordship will see the necessity of providing me with, as I have
+not received more than two thousand dollars during five months,
+and I have latterly been maintaining this ship in provisions and
+fuel, besides furnishing money and provisions to the gunboat and
+flotilla inside Vasiladhi.
+</p>
+
+<p class="middle">
+I have the honour to be, &amp;c.,
+</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="sc">F. A. Hastings</span>.
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="small ctr">
+LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS.
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+</div><!--end chapter-->
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h2>Footnotes</h2>
+
+<p>
+<a href="#ref01" id="fn01">[1]</a> "These men," says the same authority, "generally speaking, from
+their complexions, evinced that they had been mariners all their lives, the
+sun having well tanned them. They wore small red caps, from which
+their hair flowed wildly down their shoulders. On the upper lip they
+wore very long mustachios, which the older ones were continually curling,
+and bringing out the point. They wore trousers of blue cotton, and a
+jacket; and by the immense capacity of the former, I should suppose they
+must have contained at least twelve yards. This was gathered into plaits
+round the waist, and only descended to the knees, which were left open.
+The hinder part presented a most singular appearance. It hung down
+almost trailing upon the ground in a huge bag, which kept moving backwards
+and forwards in a ludicrous manner at every motion of the body.
+They wore shoes, but no stockings; and their legs were as dark as their
+countenances, and covered with hair. Round their waist they wore a large
+red sash in several folds. Their jacket was similar to a waistcoat, with
+sleeves, and ornamented with small buttons from the wrist to the elbow,
+and the same on the bosom."&mdash;"Wanderings in Greece."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<a href="#ref02" id="fn02">[2]</a> See especially Trikoupes, vol. iv., p. 126, and Gordon, vol. ii., p. 364.
+Mr. Finlay approves of the choice, but, not caring to say anything in favour
+of Lord Cochrane, makes no mention of his share in the work. Vol. ii.,
+p. 139.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<a href="#ref03" id="fn03">[3]</a> Gordon, vol. ii., p. 386. As Gordon was with Lord Cochrane at the
+time, and on intimate relations with him, it is strange, unless he himself,
+with far less excuse, shared the error for which he blamed him, that he did
+not advise him to pursue his former plan. Compare Trikoupes, vol. iv.,
+p. 137, who blames and involuntarily acquits Lord Cochrane almost in the
+same breath.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<a href="#ref04" id="fn04">[4]</a> Trikoupes, Gordon, Finlay, and all the other authorities, say that
+Lord Cochrane had 20,000<i>l</i>. He had only been supplied with 8,000<i>l</i>;
+and nearly all this sum had been already disposed of in fitting out the fleet
+at Poros, and paying the seamen's wages.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<a href="#ref05" id="fn05">[5]</a> Finlay, vol. ii., p. 148.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<a href="#ref06" id="fn06">[6]</a> Trikoupes, vol. iv., p. 152.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<a href="#ref07" id="fn07">[7]</a> Gordon, vol. ii., p. 392.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<a href="#ref08" id="fn08">[8]</a> "The admiral," says Gordon, "weighed with the <i>Hellas</i> and <i>Karteria</i>
+alone, leaving the rest of his squadron to draw pay and rations at Porto Kheli"
+(vol. ii., p. 415). The fact was that all the rest of his squadron that was fit
+for service was sent to the Negropont; and Lord Cochrane left directions
+that the other vessels, as soon as there were men to be rationed and funds
+for paying them, should follow him to Clarenza. But they only came to
+run away.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<a href="#ref09" id="fn09">[9]</a> It is singular that at this early date Lord Cochrane should thus have
+advised and prognosticated the construction of the Suez Canal.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<a href="#ref10" id="fn10">[10]</a> "The admiral," says Gordon (vol. ii., pp. 421, 422), "was less gratified
+at his victory than mortified that so inferior a vessel should have fought
+the <i>Hellas</i> for three-quarters of an hour, and disgusted at the backwardness
+of his crew. In his first cruise he carried with him four hundred men
+recruited in the Cyclades; but as they ran below in his engagement with
+the two Egyptian corvettes, he discharged them and took Hydriots alone.
+These last, though better mariners, and really more courageous, were disconcerted
+by his system of reserving fire till within pistol-shot&mdash;so different
+from their own plan of cannonading at a mile's distance. 'The boys,' said
+Cochrane, 'behaved pretty well; but the oldest, and ugliest, and fiercest-looking
+bravoes of Hydra ran to the other side of the deck, roaring like
+market-bulls.' His lordship took summary satisfaction by knocking them
+down with his fists, right and left."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<a href="#ref11" id="fn11">[11]</a> Gordon, vol. ii., pp. 403, 404.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<a href="#ref12" id="fn12">[12]</a> See <a href="#app">Appendix</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<a href="#ref13" id="fn13">[13]</a> Dr. Gosse had remained in Greece during Lord Cochrane's absence,
+and he continued to reside in Greece for a few months after his friend's
+final departure. He won for himself much gratitude, not only by his
+zealous work in war time, but by the skill and patience with which he
+sought to reduce the plague which raged in Greece in 1827 and 1828.
+Two proofs of the popularity which he fairly won are as follows. The
+first, dated the 17th of June, 1828, was signed by twenty-three leading
+inhabitants of Poros.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Nous citoyens de Poros, reconnaissant dans la personne de M. le
+Docteur Louis André Gosse, un homme animé du philhellénisme le plus
+sincère et doué de vertus éminentes, considérant son zèle ardent et infatigable
+pourtant en ce qui concerne le bien de la patrie et pour la cause
+sacrée de la Grèce et en particulier témoins des soins philanthropiques
+qu'il a prodigués aux indigens, persuadés d'autre part que ses qualités rares
+contribueront à l'amélioration de la morale du peuple Grec, et animés du
+désir d'attacher à notre Ile cette homme vertueux; d'une voix unanime et
+d'un accord commun concédons le droit de bourgeoisie au susdit M.L.A.
+Gosse, pour qu'il jonisse dorénavant du titre et des droits de citoyen
+Poriote indigène. En foi de quoi nous lui avons délivré la présente."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The other document was issued by President Capodistrias on the 23rd of
+February, 1829.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"La lettre que vous venez de m'adresser, datée du 21 Février, et les
+comptes qu'elle renferme, sont une nouvelle preuve du zèle et de l'extrême
+exactitude, par laquelle vous vous êtes toujours montré digne de la confiance
+des amis généreux de la Grèce.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Je n'ai pas besoin de vous répéter combien la nation sait apprécier les
+services que vous lui avez rendus, et combien de reconnaissance je vous
+dois en particulier. C'est à mon instance que vous avez prolongé d'un an
+votre séjour en Grèce. Dans cet espace, et surtout dans l'été dernier, la
+peste et les maladies qui vinrent augmenter nos malheurs et nos souffrances,
+vous ont fourni l'occasion de co-opérer par un noble dénouement a l'accomplissement
+des mesures sanitaires qui à l'aide de la Providence ont
+conjuré les manx majeurs, dont la Patrie était menacée.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Maintenant vous devez remplir des désirs qui honorent vos sentiments,
+vous allez retourner dans votre heureuse patrie, auprès de votre mère.
+Mes voeux vous y accompagneront, je vous souhaite toute sorte de bonheur.
+La Grèce ne peut dans ce moment vous exprimer d'autre manière sa
+reconnaissance, mais un jour viendra, je l'espère, dans lequel elle le pourra
+et son Gouvernement s'empressera alors d'acquitter sa dette envers vous,
+ainsi qu'envers les autres étrangers, qui sincèrement et généreusement ont
+servi sa cause sacrée.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Lorsque vos affaires et vos intérêts le permettront, vous vous occuperez
+toujours du bien de la Grèce; vous lui serez toujours utile partout où vous
+vous trouverez; mais si vous voulez lui être utile plus directement, revenez
+encore au milieu d'un peuple qui vous connaît et qui vous aime, et
+son gouvernement se hâtera de vous mettre à même de lui rendre encore de
+grands services.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Recevez en attendant l'expression de ces sentiments, avec l'assurance de
+la considération le plus distinguée."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<a href="#ref14" id="fn14">[14]</a> "My dear Lord Durham," wrote the Earl of Dundonald, on the 15th
+of April, "allow me most sincerely to congratulate you on the attainment
+of the great object which the present Administration has now, so honourably
+for themselves and so fortunately for the country, brought to a pass wherein
+no retrograde movement can take place, whatever may be the obstructions
+offered by the interested proprietors of borough influence, or by persons
+whose ideas of Government have been formed under the tuition of preceding
+Administrations. It is rare felicity for a nation to be governed by men
+having the liberality and justice which induce them to confer free institutions
+peacefully on the country; institutions which merit the gratitude
+of all who now exist, and will receive the unqualified applause of future
+generations. The page of history affords no parallel to the present event."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<a href="#ref15" id="fn15">[15]</a> It is interesting to note that the recent introduction among us of the
+Turkish bath was due to Lord Dundonald. "Having recovered," says
+Dr. Gosse, in his treatise "Du Bain Turc," p. 58, "from two attacks of
+intermitting fever, I visited the islands of the Archipelago until summoned
+to Nauplia by Admiral Cochrane, who was then on board the little steam-vessel
+<i>Mercury</i>. There the air of the gulf, and the marshy miasma,
+brought on another attack of fever, from which I feared a fatal issue. Lord
+Cochrane had the kindness to take me in his arms, and to place me in
+the current of steam, which caused me to perspire freely. My illness
+disappeared as by enchantment." A similar service was rendered by Lord
+Dundonald to Mr. David Urquhart, whose attention was thus called to the
+advantages of the Turkish bath, and who became its great advocate.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<a href="#ref16" id="fn16">[16]</a> John Bourne. "A Treatise on the Steam-Engine" (1861), p. 392.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<a href="#ref17" id="fn17">[17]</a> John Bourne. "A Treatise on the Screw Propeller, Screw Vessels,
+and Screw Engines" (1867), p. 42.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<a href="#ref18" id="fn18">[18]</a> John Bourne. "A Treatise on the Steam Engine" (1861), p. 233.
+These boilers, extensively used in London, America, and elsewhere, and
+now introduced in the Admiralty ship-building, have been greatly improved
+by Lord Dundonald's son, Captain the Hon. A. A. Cochrane, C.B.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<a href="#ref19" id="fn19">[19]</a> The following statement of Lord Dundonald's "axiom" accompanied
+the model which was submitted to the Admiralty:&mdash;"It is universally
+admitted that a sharp <i>bow</i> and a clear <i>run</i> contribute to the speed of
+vessels; but what the consecutive lines ought to be, in order to constitute a
+perfect <i>bow</i>, or what those to form the <i>run</i>, no builder has yet exemplified
+by uniformity of practice, or theoretically defined. Ship-delineators profess
+the art as a mystery, and arbitrary forms are assumed as the result of
+science. These lines ought to be, by an axiom, founded on a law imposed
+by Infinite Wisdom for the perfect guidance of inanimate matter. Projectiles,
+thrown obliquely, take their flight in convex parabolic curves,
+wherein resistance is overcome by a minimum of force; and elastic surfaces
+obey the converse of that law in opposing certain external influences. It
+is a property of conic sections that a straight line, centred in the apex, and
+caused to circumscribe the surface of the cone, will apply itself continuously
+to all consecutive parabolic curves. Hence curves similar to the flight of
+projectiles, and to those formed by the flection of elastic surfaces, may be
+described on a large scale simply by causing a straight line or beam to
+revolve as on the axis of a cone, in contact with a parabolic or elliptical
+section. Thus a consecutive series of convex parabolic or elliptical curves
+may be substituted in ship-building for hollow fantastical lines. The
+benefits from which application are, increased velocity, capacity, strength,
+buoyancy, facility of steering, ease in hard seas, and exemption from
+breaking or 'hogging.'" Diagrams and explanations thereof accompanied
+this concise statement of the principle.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<a href="#ref20" id="fn20">[20]</a> Part of a letter which Lord Dundonald received on this subject four
+years afterwards from Mr. Joseph Hume, though quoted in his "Autobiography,"
+is too important to be here omitted. "I considered," wrote
+the great champion of public economy, on the 10th of May, 1852, "that
+you were incapable of taking the means that were resorted to by Mr. Cochrane
+Johnstone, and for which you suffered; and I was pleased to learn
+that you had been restored to your rank. I considered that act a proof
+that the Government which had restored you to the rank and honours of
+your profession, and had afterwards appointed you to the command in the
+West Indies, must have come to the same conclusion; and, until the
+perusal of your draft petition, I concluded that you had all your arrears
+paid to you as a tardy, though inadequate, return to your lordship, whose
+early exploits did honour to yourself, and gave additional lustre to the
+naval service of the country to which you belonged.... His Majesty
+King William IV. was satisfied with the innocence of Sir Robert Wilson,
+and he was restored to the service&mdash;was, I understand, paid all the arrears
+of pay and allowances during his suspension, and afterwards appointed to
+the command of Gibraltar. I was pleased at the result; and it would give
+me equal pleasure to learn that your application to her Majesty should be
+attended with an act of justice to you equally merited." Lord Palmerston
+subsequently, in answer to an application from Lord Dundonald&mdash;forgetting
+Sir Robert Wilson's case&mdash;said there was no precedent for such an act.
+Lord Dundonald answered that there was no precedent for such injustice as
+had been done to him.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<a href="#ref21" id="fn21">[21]</a> The great Chartist who, having been tried and sentenced to
+transportation, had been sent to Bermuda in May, 1848.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<a href="#ref22" id="fn22">[22]</a> Published in 1861 as a pamphlet, entitled, "Notes on the Mineralogy,
+Government, and Condition of the British West India Islands and North
+American Maritime Colonies."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<a href="#ref23" id="fn23">[23]</a> The following patents, for the use of the Trinidad bitumen, were taken
+out by Lord Dundonald:&mdash;1851. "Improvements in the construction and
+manufacture of sewers, drains, waterways, pipes, reservoirs, and receptacles
+for liquids or solids, and for the making of columns, pillars, capitals, pedestals,
+bases, and other useful and ornamental objects, from a substance
+never heretofore employed for such manufactures."&mdash;1852. "Improvements
+in coating and insulating wire."&mdash;1852. "Improving bituminous substances,
+thereby rendering them available for purposes to which they never
+heretofore have been successfully applied."&mdash;1853. "Improvements in
+producing compositions or combinations of bituminous, resinous, and
+gummy matters, and thereby obtaining products useful in the arts and
+manufactures."&mdash;1853. "Improvements in apparatus for laying pipes in
+the earth, and in the juncture of such pipes."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The "Observations on the long-desired, yet still unaccomplished
+proceeding, whereby to effect the embankment of the Thames and free
+the river from pollution," by the Earl of Dundonald, are especially interesting
+at the present time:&mdash;"It will probably be admitted that the
+Thames above bridge is unnecessarily broad, unless considered as a recipient
+for back-water; and that the long margin of shallow water between London
+Bridge and that of Vauxhall is of little importance, even for that purpose,
+as gravel, sand, and other substances, may advantageously be removed
+from the central bed of the river, fully to compensate for the water that
+would be excluded by an embankment of one-sixth on both sides of the
+channel.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"An easy method of accomplishing this object would be to cut a ditch
+on each shore, equidistant from the centre, and fill it with bituminous
+concrete, as the foundation of a parapet or wharf to be formed of similar
+materials. Within this a main sewer might be excavated, and constructed
+in like manner of conglomerated gravel and sand from the spot.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"It will of course occur that, although roads may be carried over the
+entrances of the various docks by swing-bridges, yet these entrances present
+obstacles to a direct line of sewers.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"To enable this difficulty to be overcome, very solid tunnels, floored with
+hard pavement stones, set in bitumen, may be caused to descend in subverted
+curves below the entrances of the docks, whence all matters deposited
+may occasionally be removed by see-saw locomotive dredges on wheels,
+worked either by mechanical power, or by the current acting directly on
+the dredge."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<a href="#ref24" id="fn24">[24]</a> The following letter, dated "Buckingham Palace, March 4, 1859,"
+gave pleasure to Lord Dundonald:&mdash;"My Lord,&mdash;I have received the
+commands of His Royal Highness the Prince Consort to return you his best
+thanks for the copy of your 'Narrative,' which you have been good enough
+to send to his Royal Highness, and upon which his Royal Highness will
+place a high value. I am directed further to say that it would add materially
+to that value if you would have the kindness to write in the first
+page of the accompanying volume that it was presented by your lordship to
+the Prince. I have the honour to be, my lord, your most obedient humble
+servant,&mdash;C.B. Phipps."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<a href="#ref25" id="fn25">[25]</a> Almost the last letter written by Lord Dundonald was this to
+Lord Brougham:&mdash;"My dear Lord Brougham,&mdash;I have the pleasure to
+forward you the second volume of my 'Autobiography,' in which you will
+find that use has been made of the kind expressions towards myself contained
+in your works. Of the injustice done to me I need not tell you,
+who are so well acquainted with the subject. If the accompanying volume
+succeeds in impressing on the public mind the sentiments so unflinchingly
+set forth in your works, it will have answered its purpose; and that it will
+do so I see no reason to doubt, now that the subject can be canvassed apart
+from political rancour. I am, my dear Lord Brougham, ever faithfully
+yours,&mdash;Dundonald." Lord Brougham's answer was dated from Paris, on
+the 31st of October, the very day of his friend's death. "I have just received
+your very kind letter, and I daresay the volume will very speedily
+reach me.... One thing I fear you do not come down late enough to
+relate. I mean the impression made upon all present when I took you to
+the Tuileries; and when the name of Cochrane, so well known to them
+(and which I cannot bring myself to change for your present title), was no
+sooner heard than there was a general start and shudder. I remember
+saying, as we drove away, that it ought to satisfy you as to your disappointment
+at Basque Roads; and you answered that you would rather
+have had the ships."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<a href="#ref26" id="fn26">[26]</a> These lines, by Mr. Tom Taylor, were published in "Punch."
+</p>
+
+<div class="notes gap">
+<p>
+<strong>Transcriber's note:</strong>
+</p>
+<p>
+The following typographical errors were corrected:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<a href="#corr1">Chapter VII, page 25</a>: "intrusted" changed to "entrusted"
+</li>
+<li>
+<a href="#corr2">Appendix, letter IX, page 380</a>: "vessel," changed to "vessel."
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+</div><!--end chapter-->
+
+<div style='display:block;margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LIFE OF THOMAS, LORD COCHRANE ***</div>
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